kate mara (born february 27, 1983) is an american actress. she played alma del mar jr. in the movie "brokeback mountain". she also played jessica chandler for "random hearts" in 1999. she has also performed on stage. in 2017, she starred as mary jo kopechne in "chappaquiddick". she played zoe barnes on "house of cards".
mara was born in bedford, new york.
hop or hops can mean several things:
the battle of wilson's creek, also called the "bull run of the west", was a battle of the american civil war. it was the first battle that took place west of the mississippi river. nathaniel lyon, the union general, was the first general killed in the civil war.
prelude to the battle.
during the summer of 1861, the union and confederate armies were both trying to control missouri. by the second week of july 1861, the union army of the west commanded by brigadier general nathaniel lyon, camped at springfield, missouri. in total, he had about 5,400 soldiers in his command.
about 75 miles to the southwest of springfield, the pro-southern missouri state guard were camped. they were under the command of major general sterling price. price was joined by confederate generals benjamin mcculloch and nicholas bartlett pearce. combined their forces numbered about 12,000. in late july both forces started moving closer to together, each army trying to learn what they could about the other. there was a skirmish at dug springs, missouri on august 2. this is near present-day clever, missouri. the union forces won but this is when lyon realized the confederates had more than twice the forces he had. the union forces retreated back to springfield.
on august 9, 1861, lyon marched his troops from springfield to where the confederates were now camped at wilson creek. his plan called for colonel franz sigel to do a flanking maneuver on the confederates and attack them from their rear. the rest of lyon's forces would attack from the north.
on august 10, sigel's flanking maneuver surprised the confederate army. it allowed the union army an early advantage. the two armies fought fiercely in the fields and hills around wilson's creek. after six hours of fighting and numerous casualties on both sides, the union forces withdrew. siegel's attack had at first proved very successful, but fell apart when he mistook the confederate 3rd louisiana for federal troops and allowed them to get too close without being challenged.
three times the confederates attacked the union line and failed to break through all three times. during the battle, lyon was killed and major samuel d. sturgis replaced him. meanwhile, sigel's mistake had cost him the advantage and his forces were routed. after the third attack at about 11:00 am, the confederates withdrew. with his ammunition running low and his men exhausted he withdrew to springfield. too disorganized to follow, the confederate army did not pursue. technically, it was a victory for the confederate army since the union army left the field. however, it can be considered a victory for the union since they still kept control of missouri. the confederate army called the battle of wilson’s creek, the battle of “oak hill(s)”.
medal of honor recipients.
five union soldiers received the medal of honor for their parts in the battle. they were:
the philadelphia brigade was a brigade in the union army during the american civil war. it got its name because its soldiers came from the city of philadelphia, pennsylvania. it was part of the army of the potomac.
christina victoria grimmie (march 12, 1994 - june 10, 2016) was an american singer, actress and youtuber. she has performed cover versions of songs by christina aguilera, selena gomez and demi lovato. she released an extended play, "find me", in june 2011. her studio album "with love" was released in 2013. a second ep, "side a", was released in 2016.
christina victoria grimmie was born and raised in new jersey.
grimmie was shot by 27-year-old kevin james loibl in orlando, florida at her concert. she later died in a hospital on june 10, 2016 at age of 22.
bianca taylor ryan (born september 1, 1994) is an american singer. she was the winner of nbc's "america's got talent" in its first season. her first album, "bianca ryan", was released in autumn 2006. in 2012, ryan joined the cast of the independent movie "we be kings". she played a teenaged musician who is guided by an angel to an ancient blues musician frozen in a blizzard.
ryan was born and raised in philadelphia.
jodelle micah ferland (born october 9, 1994) is a canadian actress. she played sharon and alessa in the thriller movie "silent hill" (2006). she also played mary jensen in the miniseries "kingdom hospital" (2004) and bree tanner in the movie "" (2010). she began acting at age two.
ferland was born in nanaimo, british columbia.
dean spielmann (born 26 october 1962) is a lawyer from luxembourg. he is the president of the european court of human rights. he has been a judge of the european court of human rights from luxembourg since 2004. he was made president of the fifth section of the court in 2011. he was made vice-president and then later president in 2012.
wamba is a small town in kenya. it is in the samburu district. the wamba administrative division is there. the town has a big catholic hospital. the hospital is considered important to the samburu district. the town plays a role in the tourism industry in kenya. it has strong ties with prince william of britain due to his efforts to promote conservation and ties with samburu communities.
hockley county is a county in the state of texas in the united states. in 2010, 22,935 people lived there. the county seat is levelland. the county was named for george washington hockley, who was secretary of war for the republic of texas.
weld county is a county in the state of colorado. the county seat is greeley. as of the 2010 census, 252,825 people lived there.
gunnison county is a county in the state of colorado. the county seat is gunnison. as of the 2010 census, 15,324 people lived there.
claiborne parish is a parish of the state of louisiana. the county seat is homer. as of the 2010 census, 17,195 people lived there.
sergey semenovich kozlov (4 may 1960 – 4 january 2014) was a russian football player and manager. kozlov played as a midfielder and defender.
kozlov died from problems after a heart attack on 4 january 2014. he was aged 53. he died in his hometown of khabarovsk.
bernard m. glasser (june 3, 1924 – january 2, 2014) was an american movie producer and director. he was known for producing many science-fiction movies such as "space master x-7", "the return of the fly", "run like a thief" and "triangle".
glasser was born in chicago, illinois. he was married to joan glasser until his death. they had four children. glasser died on january 2, 2014 from natural causes at his home in los angeles. he was aged 89.
st. cross college is one of the colleges of the university of oxford. it is a graduate college only. it does not have any undergraduate students. the college was founded in 1965. it was named after st. cross road, where the college's first buildings were located. in 1981 it moved to its current location on st. giles road. 
brad renfro (july 25, 1982 — january 15, 2008) was an american actor. he played mark sway in "the client" in 1994. he played huckleberry finn in the movie "tom and huck" in 1995 and also appeared in the family drama "the cure" in the same year. he made many feature movies in his career. his career ended because of alcoholism and drugs.
renfro was born in knoxville, tennessee. he died at age 25 due to heroin intoxication. for reasons unknown, renfro, was not included in the annual academy awards tribute for hollywood performers who had died during the past year.
tricia janine helfer (born april 11, 1974) is a canadian model and actress. she is best known for playing the cylon "number 6" in "battlestar galactica". in "supernatural", she played molly mcnamara. she also played alex rice in "dark blue". she also played in other television series.
helfer was born in donalda, alberta.
athelwald (also spelled oethelwald or œthelwald) was a king of deira. he was the nephew of king oswiu of northumbria, his overlord, but he turned on his family to support the pagan penda of mercia. when penda was killed, athelwald lost his kingdom. 
he was the son of king oswald of northumbria, who was killed by penda of mercia at the battle of maserfield in 642. at oswald's death northumbria was reduced back to the two kingdoms of bernicia and deira. oswiu was the king of bernicia and was acknowledge as overlord of deira. 
penda had placed oswine of deira on the throne of deira. but oswine did not get along with his overlord oswiu. he raised an army against oswiu but then realized his army wasn't large enough and he sent them home. he was betrayed by one of his nobleman to oswiu and was murdered in 651.
king of deira.
after oswine's death, athelwald became king. it is uncertain whether oswiu (who was athelwald's uncle) installed him as king or whether athelwald took the kingship in opposition to oswiu. at some point he allied himself with oswiu's enemy, penda of mercia. he guided penda during his invasion of northumbria in 655. but, when the armies of oswiu and penda met on 15 november at the battle of the winwaed, athelwald withdrew to safety. penda was defeated and killed. perhaps in part because of this desertion, and afterward athelwald was not heard of again. 
king athelwald gave st. cedd the lands of lastingham to build a monastery.
department can mean several things:
the polar vortex (alternate names: arctic cyclone or polar vortice) is a persistent large-scale cyclone located near geographical poles of a planet. on earth, a polar vortex is usually in the middle and upper troposphere and stratosphere. the cyclone surrounds the polar highs. polar storms lie in the wake of the polar front. they strengthen in the winter and weaken near summer. these vortexes span usually between 620 to 1,240 miles. they circulate counter-clockwise in the northern hemisphere.
similar to hurricanes, a coriolis effect causes the rotation of a polar vortex. the arctic vortex has two main centers: one is over the baffin island, the other is over northeastern siberia.
climate change may be increasing arctic polar vortex stretching events. this would cause more extreme cold in the united states.
the department of alto adige (, ) was a department of napoleon's kingdom of italy. it was named after the river adige (etsch), which flowed through it. the capital of the department was trento.
the department's territory was not the same as that of the modern italian province of alto adige. some of the territory is the same, such as the city of bolzano, but most of the rest is now part of the province of trento. these two provinces form the region trentino-alto adige/südtirol.
the name "alto adige" was created in the late 18th century by napoleon bonaparte, when he occupied the territory of northern italy near the alps. this was the name of the french administrative division known as the "department of alto adige" ("dipartimento dell'alto adige"), created during napoleon's kingdom of italy in 1810. it was officially named "haut adige" to get rid of relation to the historic "county of tyrol" of austria. the district of alto adige was created by napoleon as part of the dipartamento del benaco in his cisalpine republic, and was near verona. this benaco department, created in 1797, was gotten rid of in 1798 as a result of administrative changes to the cisalpine republic.
some years later, napoleon created the department of alto adige further north. this department was a part of the kingdom of italy from 1810 to 1814. it was created with the division of the austrian tyrol between french bavaria and the kingdom of italy, and included the southern part of tyrol with the city of bolzano with surroundings (along with the trentino). the boundaries were made by austrian and german commissioners, who said that a territory would belong to the kingdom of italy if it is inhabited by italians.
the department was ended after the defeat of napoleon in 1814. its territory is now divided between the italian provinces of trentino and south tyrol.
the name "alto adige" was reused. today it is the italian name of the part of tyrol south of the brenner pass. ettore tolomei made it official in italy after world war i.
josep casadevall (born 10 september 1946) is a lawyer from andorra. he was born in spain and received his law degree in madrid in 1978. he is now a judge at the european court of human rights. he represents andorra.
ineta ziemele (born 12 february 1970) is a judge from latvia. she has been a judge at the european court of human rights since april 27, 2005. she is president of the fourth section since 2012.
suzanne pleshette (january 31, 1937 – january 19, 2008) was an american actress. she played jeanne greene in "youngblood hawke" in 1964. she also played annie hayworth in "the birds" one year earlier. she also voiced characters during certain movies. she then played emily in the sitcom "the bob newhart show" (1972-78).
pleshette was born in brooklyn, new york. she died from lung cancer, after an operation removed part of her lung. she was 70.
the gleneagles hotel is a hotel in torquay, devon, england. it is best known for being the inspiration for the british situation comedy, "fawlty towers".
patricia hill collins (born may 1, 1948) is a distinguished university professor of sociology at the university of maryland, college park. her first book, "black feminist thought", was published in 1990. a book collins wrote with margaret andersen called "race, class and gender: an anthology" was published in 1992. the sixth edition was published in 2007.
early life and career.
collins was born in philadelphia to working-class parents. she became a student at brandeis university in 1965.
in 1982 collins started work as an assistant professor at the university of cincinnati.
"(you drive me) crazy" is a popular romance song by britney spears. it was released in late august 1999. the song charted at #10 on the "billboard" hot 100 and #9 in the rhythmic top 40. it performed better in united kingdom.
the original version on the album "...baby one more time" is different from the single version usually heard.
the spectator is a british conservative magazine. it was first published on 6 july 1828. the editor was robert stephen rintoul. in april 1858 he died. the magazine was then sold. david and frederick barclay own the magazine. boris johnson was the magazine's editor. fraser nelson has been the magazine's editor since 2009. the magazine supports the conservative party. a lot of famous people have written in "the spectator".
rookie is an american online magazine for teenage girls. it was started by the fashion blogger tavi gevinson in september 2011 with anaheed alani as the editorial director. gevinson was going to make the magazine with jane pratt. pratt decided not to be part of the magazine. however, gevinson said that she is the magazine's "fairy godmother." rookie has published interviews with famous people including lorde, emma watson, and kathleen hanna. rookie posts three times every weekday. each month it has a theme. rookie has released two yearbooks.
the tna king of the mountain championship is a professional wrestling championship in total nonstop action wrestling (tna). the championship was debuted on the october 23, 2008 episode of "tna impact!" and was originally called the "tna legends championship". it was considered the second highest-ranking title in tna. it was declared defunct by the (storyline) tna executive director kurt angle on july 3, 2014. the title was reactivated under the new name "tna king of the mountain championship" on june 25, 2015.
booker t revealed the championship after he took it out of a steel briefcase that he had been carrying around in the weeks leading up to the reveal. he named it the "tna legends championship" and declared himself as the first champion. a.j. styles defeated booker t at destination x on march 15, 2009 to win the championship.
winning the title made styles the first-ever tna grand slam champion after he had won the world heavyweight (nwa or tna), the world tag team (nwa or tna), and the tna x division championship along with the legends championship. the management director of tna jim cornette announced that the championship became an official tna sanctioned championship because styles defeated booker t for it legally by the contract the two had signed to make the match official.
when eric young held the championship, he renamed it the "tna global championship" on the october 29, 2009 episode of "impact!" and said that he was not going to defend it against any american wrestlers or on american soil. young was defeated by rob terry during a live event in cardiff, wales on january 27, 2010.
terry lost the championship to a.j. styles on the july 22 episode of "impact!". styles renamed it the "tna television championship" on the july 29 episode.
on july 3, 2014, the tna executive director kurt angle declared that the television championship would become inactive.
on june 25, 2015, the championship was reactivated under the new name "tna king of the mountain championship." it was announced by tna that there would be a new champion crowned in a king of the mountain match at slammiversary. at slammiversary, jeff jarrett defeated matt hardy, eric young, drew galloway, and bobby roode to win the championship. since jarrett was the founder and running gfw, there were suspicions of jarrett defending the championship in gfw. the championship did appear at a gfw live event on july 9 where young attacked jarrett and stole the championship.
the current champion is bobby roode. roode is in his first reign as champion. he won the championship after defeating pj black during "impact wrestling" tapings on july 28, 2015.
the first champion was booker t. he awarded himself the championship on the october 23, 2008 episode of "impact!". the longest reigns in the championship's history was abyss' second reign which lasted 396 days. the shortest reign was pj black's first reign which lasted only 1 day.
amy ryan (born may 3, 1968) is an american actress. in "gone baby gone" she played helene. she was nominated for several awards, including the academy award for best supporting actress. she did not win; however, she received other awards for her performance. ryan played beadie russell in "the wire".
ryan was born in queens, new york.
escape plan is an action, melodrama and thriller movie of 2013. the movie is about an engineer who is kept in a secret prison. the engineer is a former prosecutor. sylvester stallone plays ray (the engineer), arnold schwarzenegger plays emil rottmayer and victor mannheim, and 50 cent plays hush. this movie was rated r by mpaa officials.
this movie was released in october 2013 with mixed critical reviews. the box office sales were somewhat low in the united states. overseas, however, the movie performed quite well. it made over us$137 million.
long and foster is the largest privately owned real estate company in the united states. the company currently has around 170 sales offices with over 10,000 agents, mainly in the mid-atlantic region.
in 1968, long and foster was founded by henry long and wesley foster. eleven years later, the company transferred complete ownership to wesley foster. since its creation, the company has set up offices in virginia, maryland, washington, d.c., pennsylvania, new jersey, west virginia, delaware, and north carolina.
long and foster provides sales and purchases of homes, land, and commercial properties; mortgage, title, and insurance assistance; insurance offerings; and relocation and settlement services.
the fight-or-flight response (or acute stress response) is a set of physiological changes that occur when an animal is threatened. the changes include increased heart rate, breathing rate and blood pressure.
this response was first described by w.b cannon. he found that animals react to threats with a general discharge of the sympathetic nervous system. this leads to changes such as those mentioned above. the changes prepare the animal for fighting or fleeing. this response is the first stage of a general adaptation that regulates stress responses among vertebrates and other organisms.
the fight or flight response lets animals respond quickly to threats. this system is universal in vertebrates. that shows it is ancient in origin, and very important.
humans have some problems with the system, because though they share the physiology with other animals, they rarely face a clear-cut fight or flight choice. humans can try to talk their way through various problems and semi-threats, but they may suffer stress when the issues are not easily solved.
animals respond in many ways to situations which threaten them. the fight/flight choice is just one alternative. at one extreme is the way mother cats with kittens will defend them to the death if necessary. another situation is the way many animals keep still when a predator is nearby. their camouflage is often effective.
ormoc is a city in the philippines. it is in the eastern visayas region in the province of leyte. it is the second largest city in the province. in 2010, 190,000 people lived in ormoc.
in 1991, ormoc was hit by tropical storm thelma. on 8 november 2013, the city was affected by super typhoon yolanda (haiyan).
ormoc is one of a few cities in the philippines where people use e-tricycles.
the city and nearby areas are sometimes attacked by the new people's army (npa).
the city got its name from "ogmok", an old visayan term for lowland.
gail dines (july 29, 1958 in manchester) is a british-american radical feminist and anti-pornography activist. her book "pornland: how porn has hijacked our sexuality" was published in 2010. she is jewish.
she moved to the united states in 1986. she is professor of sociology and women's studies at wheelock college in boston.
dines says that modern pornography is cruel and violent. she started a group called stop porn culture.
brown county is a county in indiana. its county seat is nashville.
there are no cities in brown county
larry d. mann (18 december 1922 – 6 january 2014) was a canadian actor. he was known for his voice role as rudolph on "rudolph the red nose reindeer".
mann died on 6 january 2014 at his home in los angeles. he died from alzheimer's disease. he was aged 91.
alma muriel (20 october 1951 – 5 january 2014) was a mexican actress. she was known for playing villain roles on telenovelas.
muriel was born in mexico city on 20 october 1951. she was partners with actor joaquín cordero.
muriel died from a heart attack on 5 january 2014 at her apartment in playa del carmen, quintana roo. she was aged 62.
cutthroat kitchen is a reality cooking television show that airs on food network. it began on august 11, 2013. it is hosted by alton brown.
four chefs are given three cooking challenges. each challenge has a type of dish that the chefs have to make in 30 minutes. before then, the chefs have one minute to get ingredients out of a pantry. after 30 minutes, a judge tastes each dish, and the chef with the worst dish is eliminated.
at the start of the game, the chefs are each given $25,000. in the first two challenges, brown shows items that are put up to auction for the chefs to buy using their money. the chefs can use these items on other chefs to change their ingredients, what cooking tools they can use, and other things. for example, an item may force a chef to cook using canned ingredients instead of fresh ones. the chef who is eliminated has to give back the money that they have. in the last challenge, no items are shown at first, but during the first minutes of the challenge, brown will put items up for auction. this makes it so the person who gets the item has to change their dish based on what the item does. the chef that wins keeps the money that they have left.
pescetarianism means having a diet that is vegetarianism but with fish and other seafoods.
semi-vegetarianism means eating seafood or poultry, or both, but no red meat. people who eat red meat on rare occasion are "flexitarians". real or semi-vegetarians, though, usually resent "flexitarian", looking down on this term and calling it cheating. 
a pescetarian is a person who eats fish, shrimp and seafood. they do not eat poultry.
a "pollotarian" is a person who eats chicken. they do not eat red meat, seafood or fish.
"pollo-pescetarians" eat seafood, shrimp and poultry but no red meat.
people who have semi-vegetarian diets are usually doing so for health reasons, including avoiding heart disease, diabetes and strokes.
ovo-lacto vegetarianism (alternate: lacto-ovo) is a diet in which people do not eat the flesh of animals. they do, though, eat eggs and dairy. ovo-lacto vegetarians are the most prevalent types in the western world. such people are well served in restaurants, especially in certain parts of europe and in north america.
ovo-lacto vegetarians use this diet sometimes for religious reasons. others use it for health.
béla károlyi (; born september 13, 1942) is a romanian gymnastics coach. he was born in kolozsvár (now cluj-napoca). at the time it was part of hungary. he helped coach several gymnasts during the 1996 summer olympics.
liam cosgrave (13 april 1920 – 4 october 2017) was an irish politician. cosgrave served as prime minister of ireland (1973–77) and as leader of fine gael (1965–77). he was a teachta dála (td) from 1943 to 1981.
cosgrave died in dublin on 4 october 2017 at the age of 97, after a long illness.
general prem tinsulanonda (august 26, 1920 – may 26, 2019) was a thai retired military officer. he was prime minister of thailand from march 3, 1980 to august 4, 1988. he was the regent of thailand and the head of the privy council.
tinsulanonda died on may 26, 2019 from heart failure at a bangkok hospital at the age of 98.
thura u tun tin (, ; 2 october 1920 – 1 may 2020) was an burmese politician. tin served as the 9th prime minister of burma for a few months in 1988.
he was born in myitkyina on 2 october 1920. he studied at mandalay college in 1941.
tin died on 1 may 2020 in yangon at the age of 99.
lê đức anh (1 december 1920 – 22 april 2019) was an vietnamese general and politician. he was president of vietnam from 1992 until 1997. he became president after leading the vietnamese forces in cambodia throughout the 1980s. he was regarded as a conservative. he supported maintaining strict party control over local policies.
he was born in phú lộc district, thừa thiên–huế province on 1 december 1920. he died of stroke-related problems on 22 april 2019 in hanoi, aged 98.
year 40 (xl) was a leap year starting on friday of the julian calendar. at the time, it was known as the year of the consulship of augustus without colleague.
antonio imbert barrera (december 3, 1920 – may 31, 2016) was a politician of the dominican republic. he served as president of the dominican republic from may 7, 1965 until august 30, 1965. the president before him was pedro bartolomé benoit. the president after him was héctor garcía godoy.
pedro richter prada (january 4, 1921 – july 14, 2017) was a peruvian politician. prada was the prime minister of peru from 31 january 1979 to 28 july 1980. on december 28, 2007, the italian government arrested prada for the disappearance of 25 italian citizens in the 1970s.
in february 2015 a trial started in italy related to operation condor, there were indictments against 32 people, including richter prada. he was charged with aggravated murder.
prada died in lima, peru on july 14, 2017 at the age of 96.
grand duke jean of luxembourg (5 january 1921 – 23 april 2019) ruled luxembourg from 1964 to 2000. he was the father of the current ruler, grand duke henri. he was the son of grand duchess charlotte and prince felix of bourbon-parma.
jean was born at berg castle, in central luxembourg. his name at birth was jean benoît guillaume robert antoine louis marie adolphe marc d'aviano.
he became grand duke when his mother, the grand duchess charlotte, abdicated on 12 november 1964.
grand duke jean abdicated on 7 october 2000. he was succeeded on the throne by his son henri. grand duke jean lived at fischbach castle.
jean died at a hospital in luxembourg city on 23 april 2019 from a lung infection at the age of 98.
the 2014 north american polar vortex was a weather system that caused extremely cold weather through canada and the united states. freezing temperatures went all the way down to nashville, tennessee. several cities broke records: chicago o'hare international airport set a record on 6 january with a temperature of , beating the record in 1884 and 1988. there were also power failures throughout canada and united states. one in newfoundland on 5 january took out the power of 190,000 customers. almost 24,000 people lost electricity across missouri, illinois and indiana.
in minnesota, governor mark dayton ordered all schools closed down due to weather. across indiana, over fifty of the state's ninety-two counties ordered roads closed to all traffic except emergency vehicles, mostly north of indianapolis.
several people were killed because of the extreme weather all across north america.
simon blackburn (born 12 july 1944) is a british philosopher. he went to clifton college. he was professor of philosophy at the university of cambridge. he is also a fellow of trinity college, cambridge. he wrote "the oxford dictionary of philosophy".
strange days is a cyberpunk thriller movie. it was released on october 13, 1995. the story is about celebrations for the new millennium in los angeles, in december 1999. the area is a dangerous war zone. the movie is also about coverups, murders and deception. ralph fiennes plays lenny, angela bassett plays mace and juliette lewis plays faith. its run time was 145 minutes.
the reviews of the movie were positive. the movie, however, did not make much money at the box office.
marcia griffiths (born november 23, 1949) is a jamaican singer. she had "electric boogie" (also called the "electric slide") in the late 1980s as a hit single. griffiths began her singing career in 1964. she usually performs reggae music. she was in a duet named bob and marcia. 
griffiths was born in kingston.
elizabeth ann "liz" jones (born 5 september 1958) is a british journalist. she is known for writing for the daily mail. in 2014 jones became a contestant on "celebrity big brother (uk)". she was one of the contestants nominated for the first eviction.
in april 1999 jones became the editor of "marie claire" magazine. she was sacked two years later.
she became anorexic when she was 11 years old. she is deaf. she married nirpal singh dhaliwa in 2002. in 2007 she divorced him.
st. edmund hall is one of the colleges of the university of oxford. it was founded as a hall for undergraduate students sometime prior to 1317. there is no record of the date it was founded, but it likely existed as a hall in the early 13th century. because the other oxford colleges did not begin to admit undergraduates until the 16th century, it claims to be the oldest academic society for undergraduates at any university. the hall became a full college of the university in 1957.
st. john's college is one of the colleges of the university of oxford. it was founded in 1555 by sir thomas white. white was a rich merchant from london.
"soldiers of christ, arise" is an english hymn from the 18th century. the words were written by charles wesley (1707–1788), and came from a poem called "the whole armour of god, ephesians vi" in 1747.
robert zulj (born 5 february 1992) is an austrian football player. he plays for red bull salzburg in the austrian bundesliga.
he also played in the austrian under-18 and under-19 national team. at the moment he plays in the under-21 national team. in january 2014 he went from sv ried to fc red bull salzburg.
sir thomas white (1492–12 february 1567) was an english cloth merchant, civic leader and founder of st john's college, oxford.
thomas white was born in reading, berkshire. he was the son of william white, a clothier of reading, and his wife, mary, daughter of henry kibblewhite. at age 12 he became an apprentice to a london merchant. in time he became a prosperous clothier. in 1546 he served as of london. in 1553 he was lord mayor of london. thomas white became sir thomas white when he was knighted by queen mary ii of england the same year. sir thomas founded st john's college, oxford in 1555. he died on 12 february 1567 at oxford university. sir thomas was buried in the chapel of st. john's college, oxford.
the sir thomas white loan charity was started in 1542 and it still exists. it gives interest-free loans to new businesses in leicestershire and rutland. there are several memorials to sir thomas white in england and he is memorialized on leicester's .
sir thomas first married a woman named avice. she died on 26 february 1558. he married secondly joan, daughter of john lake. she was the widow of ralph warren, lord mayor of london. sir thomas white did not have any children by either wife.
simon david hoggart (26 may 1946 – 5 january 2014) was an english journalist and broadcaster. 
he was born in ashton-under-lyne, lancashire, the son of richard hoggart and elder brother of paul hoggart. 
hoggart wrote opinions about politics for "the guardian". he also wrote opinions about wine for "the spectator". until 2006, he presented "the news quiz" on radio 4. his journalism sketches have been published in a series of books.
hoggart died from pancreatic cancer on 5 january 2014. he was aged 67.
mustafa ahmed ben halim (; 29 january 1921 – 7 december 2021) was an libyan politician. he served as the prime minister of libya from 12 april 1954 to 25 may 1957.
ben halim is the last surviving of the kingdom of libya's premiers. he is the only one of them who survived the removal of muammar gaddafi in 2011.
he was also foreign and transport minister, and libyan ambassador to france.
yitzhak navon (‎; 9 april 1921 – 6 november 2015) was an israeli politician, diplomat and author. he was the fifth president of israel between 1978 and 1983. he was the first israeli president to be born in jerusalem and not russia.
in 2005, people voted him as the 108th-greatest israeli of all time, in a poll by the israeli news website "ynet".
abdelmalek benhabyles (27 april 1921 – 28 december 2018) was an algerian politician. he was born in chevreuil. he was a chairman of the constitutional council (president of algeria) from 11 january 1992 until 14 january 1992.
in his later political career, he was the country's ambassador to japan, tunisia, switzerland and the vatican.
benhabyles died in algiers, algeria on 28 december 2018 at the age of 97.
port talbot is a town and community in the principal area of neath port talbot, wales. it is located 7 miles (11 km) to the east of swansea across the swansea bay.
in 2011, the town had a population of 37,276.
the town is best known for port talbot steelworks, one of the biggest steelworks in the world. however, for many years, the steelworks has been under threat of closure.
arguably port talbot's most famous son is actor, director and film producer sir anthony hopkins, who was born in the margam suburb of the town.
psr b1257+12 b is an extrasolar planet in the constellation of virgo. it is around 980 light years away from earth. it was the first planet ever discovered outside of the solar system. it is over four times bigger than earth. it orbits the pulsar psr b1257+12, going around it approximately every 66 days at a distance of 0.36 au.
robert "rob" gonsalves (july 10, 1959 – june 14, 2017) is a canadian painter of magic and surreal events.
gonsalves's art was not recognized until several years after he started, in the toronto outdoor art exhibit. he was given a small spot there to show off his most recent art. during the exhibit, he received a large amount of encouragement.
gonsalves currently sells his latest work at exhibits and multiple websites. his most visited exhibits include the art expo in new york and los angeles, decor atlanta and las vegas, fine art forum, as well as one-man shows at discovery galleries, ltd., marcus ashley gallery, and the hudson river art gallery.
in june 2003, simon & schuster produced gonsalves's first book, "imagine a night". a second book, "imagine a day", was produced in 2004. that book received the 2005 governor general's award. in 2008, gonsalves produced another book, "imagine a place".
metropolis is a fictional city in dc comics. it is where superman lives. the city is based on new york city, chicago and toronto. it became superman's home in 1939. within the dc universe, metropolis is one of the largest and richest cities on earth. it has a population of nearly 11 million people. 
the daily planet is a fictional newspaper in the universe of dc comics. superman's ego clark kent works here with lois lane, jimmy olsen and perry white.
the "daily planet" office building has a large globe on its roof. jerry siegel said that the design of the building was based on the old toronto star building. future appearances of the building were soon inspired by the chicago board of trade building and the empire state building.
it's my party is a romance and drama movie. it was released march 1996. the story is about a two-day-long party given by nick stark, a man with aids. instead of dying slowly, he decides to kill himself using seconal. eric roberts plays nick, marlee matlin plays daphne, margaret cho plays charlene lee, sally kellerman plays sara, olivia newton-john plays lina.
the movie had mixed to positive reviews. its running time was 110 minutes.
"it's my party" is a song by lesley gore from 1963. the song is about a teenage girl during a party on her birthday. her boyfriend, johnny, goes missing during the party. he comes back with another girl, judy, who is wearing his ring. the girl johnny left becomes so unhappy that she cries.
the song was written in 1962. the single peaked near #1 for the pop and rhythm and blues musical charts. other musicians have recorded the song.
florence arnold (or florrie; born 28 december 1988) is a british singer-songwriter and a model. she began singing around 2008. her debut ep record, "introduction", came out in 2010. she has released two albums since then, in 2011 and 2012.
florrie was born in bristol, england.
sasheer zamata moore (; born may 6, 1986) is an american actress and comedienne. in 2014, she started appearing on "saturday night live". she was the first black woman on the show since 2007. 
zamamta was raised in indianapolis, indiana. she lives in new york city.
jura is an island in the inner hebrides of scotland, just north-east of islay. compared with its fertile and more populous neighbour, jura is mountainous, bare and infertile. it is covered largely by vast areas of blanket bog, hence its small population. in a list of the islands of scotland ranked by size, jura comes eighth, whereas ranked by population it comes thirty-first. it is in the council area of argyll and bute.
krip-hop is a movement that draws attention to hip-hop artists with disabilities. leroy moore's krip hop nation has released two mix tape cds. the 'krip' in krip hop is short for 'cripple'. the word is used by some disabled people to describe themselves. moore chose to change the 'c' in 'crip' to a 'k' because there is a gang called the crips. krip hop nation performed at the happening weekend at dadafest 2010.
krip-hop musicians include miss money and kalyn heffernan. heffernan has brittle bone disease. she is the frontwoman of a group called wheelchair sports camp. 
bryan loren hudson (born 1966) is an american singer-songwriter.
loren started writing music when he was 12 years old. in 1984 loren's first album, "bryan loren", was released. "lollipop luv" was released as a single from it. it reached number 23 in the r&b chart. in 1992 he released his second album, "music from the new world". he was a member of fat larry's band. he wrote "feels so good" for whitney houston.
work with michael jackson.
loren wrote the number one single "do the bartman" with michael jackson. he made a song with jackson called "satisfy you" in 1990, but it was never released. he wrote "superfly sister" with michael jackson. it was on jackson's 1997 album "".
lupita nyong'o (born 1983) is a kenyan-mexican actress and filmmaker. the first american movie she acted in was "12 years a slave". nyong’o won several awards, including the academy award for best supporting actress, for her role in "12 years a slave". she was also in "black panther" (2018) and "us" (2019).
early life and career.
nyong'o was born in mexico city, mexico, in 1983 to dorothy and peter anyang' nyong'o. her parents had fled kenya because they were being harassed by the government there; her uncle was killed in 1980. the family moved back in 1987 but they were still harassed by daniel arap moi's government, which was supported by the united states and united kingdom. 
nyong'o was raised mostly in kenya, but returned to mexico as a teenager and attended university in the united states. after graduating, she played a role in the 2009 nigerian television show "shuga". she went back to school and got a master's degree from yale's school of drama in 2012. 
in 2014, nyong’o won several awards, including the academy award for best supporting actress, for her role in "12 years a slave". she said her acting in "12 years a slave" was inspired by michael jackson and whoopi goldberg. nyong'o was nominated for the british film academy’s rising star award and on the cover of "dazed & confused" and "w" magazine's february 2014 issues. she was named the most beautiful in the world by people magazine in april 2014.
nyong'o continued to act in major hollywood movies including "" (2015), "the jungle book" (2016), "black panther", and "us". as well as acting, in 2019 and 2020 she wrote a children's book, "sulwe", which was released in english, swahili, and luo.
numerical integration is the term used for a number of methods to find an approximation for an integral. numerical integration has also been called quadrature. very often, it is not possible to solve integration analytically, for example when the data consists of a number of distinct measurements, or when the antiderivative is not known, and it is difficult, impractical or impossible to find it. in such cases, the integral can be written as a mathematical function defined over the interval in question, plus a function giving the error. 
one way to find a numerical integral is using interpolation. very often these interpolating functions are polynomials.
various formulas have been studied for many years and become famous. for example, there is the gaussian quadrature (named after gauss), the newton-cotes formula (named after isaac newton), and the euler-maclaurin formula (named after leonhard euler).
numerical errors can occur in any kind of numerical computation including numerical integration. errors in numerical integration are considered in another area called "validated numerics".
"another brick in the wall" is a rock and roll song by pink floyd. it is divided into three parts. it was released on their album "the wall" in 1979. part 1 is a song about the sadness of a child (later to become a rockstar). part 2 continues from "the happiest days of our lives". it is a rock opera protest song against the cruelty of teachers in britain. part 3 is the loudest and shortest part of "another brick in the wall". it is about the rockstar's anger and the completion of his "metaphorical wall". it cross-fades to "goodbye cruel world". in 2004, korn made a studio version of "another brick in the wall". the pink floyd version reached 57 on the disco chart.
the tunes of all three parts are exactly the same, but one part will be louder than the previous part. it starts off with the tragedy of part 1 to the protesting of part 2 to the fury of part 3. 
harry benjamin (january 12, 1885 – august 24, 1986) was an american sexologist and endocrinology. a book he wrote about transsexualism called "the transsexual phenomenon" was published in 1966. he died when he was 101. he made the sex orientation scale. it is also known as the benjamin scale.
benjamin was born in berlin. he was raised in an ashkenazi jewish home.
benjamin was married to a woman called gretchen.
michael jackson's vision is a dvd box-set by michael jackson. it was released on november 22, 2010 by epic records, legacy recordings and, michael's own label, mjj productions. it has three dvds in it. these contain 42 of jackson's music videos. they are in order. "one more chance" was released on "michael jackson's vision".
the adventures of elmo in grouchland is a 1999 american children's film. it was directed by gary halvorson. it made $11,683,047. the movie soundtrack was released by michael jackson's record label mjj music.
the division of richmond is an australian electoral division in the state of new south wales. it was set up for the first australian federal election in 1901. it is named after its local area, the richmond valley and richmond river. these were named for charles, the fifth duke of richmond.
richmond is in the north-east corner of nsw, next to the queensland border. the main towns are bangalow, brunswick heads, byron bay, kingscliff, lennox head, mullumbimby, murwillumbah, nimbin, ocean shores, pottsville, suffolk park and tweed heads. 
richmond was held for 55 years by three generations of the anthony family -- hubert lawrence anthony (a minister in the fadden and menzies governments), doug anthony (leader of the national party from 1971 to 1984 and deputy prime minister in the gorton, mcmahon and fraser governments) and larry anthony (a minister in the howard government) -- the first three-generation dynasty in the australian house of representatives. charles blunt was the leader of the nationals and one of only three major party leaders to lose their own seat in an election. 
michael jackson's ghosts is a 52-minute short movie by michael jackson. it was written by stephen king and mick garris. stan winston directed it. jackson plays three roles in it. there are four songs in the movie. these are "ghost", "addam's groove", "2 bad", and "is it scary". mos def plays seth in the movie. "ghosts" was shown at the 2017 cannes film festival.
the movie tells the story of a scary maestro who is being invited to a party by its mayor at his mansion. the mayor looks like thomas w. sneddon, the main prosecutor in jackson's child sexual abuse case twenty-three years before the movie will be made. jackson will play both the maestro and the mayor.
the 20/20 experience (also known as the 20/20 experience – 1 of 2) is the third studio album by justin timberlake. it was released on march 15, 2013, by rca records three singles were released from the album. it was the best selling album of 2013 in the us.
"michael" is an album by michael jackson. it was released in 2010. eight of the album's ten songs were written by jackson. jackson died in 2009. will.i.am said before the album's release that the album should not be released.
four singles were released from the album. "hold my hand" was released as the first single. it reached number ten in the uk singles chart. "hollywood tonight" was released as the second single. the third single was "behind the mask". "(i like) the way you love me" was released as the fourth single.
"rolling stone" gave the album three out of five stars.
euromaidan () was a period of demonstrations and civil unrest in ukraine. it began on the night of 21 november 2013 with protests demanding that ukraine become part of the european union. on 30 november 2013 riot police attacked protestors, violently putting a stop to the protests. the protesters then demanded the resignation of president viktor yanukovych. many people were killed in the riots.
many people in ukraine, particularly in the western part of the country, wanted to be part of the european union. but president yanukovych wanted to maintain close relationships with russia. this angered pro-eu civilians. they started euromaidan. on 30 november, the police intervened, sometimes violently. as a result, more people came out to protest. many people blocked the streets with their cars in a protest called "automaidan".
the president fled in february 2014 but protests continued. in march 2014 the russian federation captured crimea which angered many other nations. some people feared this might lead to a global war. 
as the riots continued, the protesters were attacked. hundreds were killed or injured. ukrainians got the freedom they wanted and a new government, although they have not yet entered into the european union. meanwhile ukraine lost crimea to russia.
russia did not like that the ukrainian government was overthrown as the new more nationalist and anti-russian government did not favor them. some of the people in the east, in the donbas, preferred the old president, and declared independence and wanted to join russia. many people in ukraine, particularly in the east, suffered in fighting.
10 things i hate about you is a 1999 american teen movie. it is directed by gil junger. it was the first movie he directed. the movie is a modern version of william shakespeare's play "the taming of the shrew". the main character is katarina "kat" stratford. she is played by julia stiles. heath ledger plays her love interest patrick verona. kat is a feminist. her sister bianca is trying to find kat a boyfriend. she decides that patrick would suit kat because he is also an outcast. the scholastic corporation published a novel of the story in june 1999. it was written by david levithan.
carbapenems are a class of antibiotics which act against a wide range of bacteria. their structure is difficult for bacterial enzymes to break down. they were originally developed from a product of "streptomyces cattleya".
carbapenems are one of the "antibiotics of last resort" for many bacterial infections, such as "escherichia coli" ("e. coli") and "klebsiella pneumoniae".
recently, alarm has been raised about an "indian superbug". this is a strain resistant to carapenems, which was discovered in delhi. this strain produces an enzyme which chops up the antibiotic molecule.
at present there are no new antibiotics in development to replace carbapenems. however, some older antibiotics may treat bacteria that are resistant to carbapenems.
the french wars of religion were a total of eight wars that were fought in france in the 16th century. between catholics and protestants (also known as "huguenots"). in all of the wars until 1585, the catholics were supported by the french kings.
the first war started in 1562, when the protestant prince of condé, louis de bourbon, fled paris with his supporters and captured the city of orléans. his army was defeated by the catholics at the battle of dreux in december, and the catholics placed orléans under siege. during the siege, a huguenot killed the catholic leader, duke francis of guise. a peace treaty was signed in march, ending the first war.
the second war began in 1567, when the prince of condé tried to kidnap king charles ix in an incident known as the "surprise at meaux." condé put paris under siege, but the catholics attacked his army and defeated him. the protestants and the catholics raised large armies, but there were no more major battles. in march 1568, another peace treaty was signed.
the third war began in 1568, when condé and his ally, gaspard de coligny, suspected that the catholics would try to murder them. they went south and raised an army. a catholic army, led by the king's brother, henry of valois, who would later become henry iii of france, attacked them and won a victory at jarnac. at the battle of jarnac, condé was captured and executed. coligny, now the leader of the main protestant army, fought another battle against the catholics at moncontour. this battle, one of the deadliest of the era, was another protestant defeat. many of the protestants withdrew into the fortress town of saint jean d'angély, and the catholics besieged them there. while the catholics besieged saint jean d'angély and lost thousands of troops, coligny joined forces with the protestant count of montgomery and his army. the protestants marched across france and, in june 1570, defeated the catholics at the battle of arnay-le-duc. the catholics, running out of money, made a peace treaty with the protestants.
in 1572, the fourth war broke out when the catholics, led by henry of valois and henry of guise, the son of duke francis, who was killed during the first war, killed coligny and thousands of other protestants during the saint bartholomew's day massacre. many protestant survivors fled to la rochelle, one of the main centres of protestantism in france. the catholic army put la rochelle under siege but could not conquer the city. after losing thousands of soldiers, the catholics agreed to a peace treaty. between the fourth and the fifth wars, king charles ix died, and his younger brother, henry, became king henry iii. 
in 1574, the fifth war began. the catholic monarchy faced an alliance between the protestants and a new group, known as the "malcontents," who were were catholic noblemen who opposed the policies of the monarchy and wanted religious toleration for the protestants. in 1575, king henry iii's younger brother, francis, known as the duke of alençon, joined the malcontents and raised an army. henry iii gave up and in 1576 agreed to a peace treaty with the malcontents and protestants. called the peace of beaulieu, gave a lot of land and money to the duke of alençon and to the malcontents. many of the malcontents, including alençon, were satisfied and became loyal to the king and the catholics again.
in late 1576, the sixth war began. the protestants no longer had as many allies and lost the important cities of la charité and issoire. however, the king did not have enough money to continue the war and defeat the protestants totally and so the war ended in 1577.
the seventh war began in 1580 when henry of navarre, the most important protestant leader, attacked the catholic city of cahors. he conquered the city, but the catholics captured the protestant city of la mure later that year. in november 1580, another peace treaty was signed. 
in 1584, the duke of alençon died. king henry iii was the only living son of king henry ii (reigned from 1547 to 1559), and the next man in line to become king was the protestant henry of navarre. many catholics wanted king henry iii to disown henry of navarre and to make someone else the heir to the throne because were scared of a protestant becoming king, but henry iii refused. 
in 1585, the catholics, led by henry of guise, raised an army and forced king henry iii to outlaw protestantism in france. the war that followed, the eighth war, is also known as the "war of the three henrys" and is named after king henry iii, henry of guise, and henry of navarre. even though henry iii and henry of guise were on the same side in 1585, many catholics feared that henry iii secretly wanted henry of navarre to be the next king. in 1588, the supporters of henry of guise, known as "leaguers," chased king henry iii out of paris. in 1589, afraid that henry of guise wanted to take the throne from him, henry iii had him murdered, fled to the protestant army, and joined forces with henry of navarre. charles of mayenne, henry of guise's brother, became the leader of the leaguers.
the royal-protestant army defeated the leaguers at the battle of senlis and surrounded paris. before they could capture the city, king henry iii was killed by a leaguer but named as his heir henry of navarre, a protestant, before he died. the king if france was now henry iv, who defeated leaguer armies at the battle of arques (1589) and the battle of ivry (1590) but could not completely defeat the leaguers. in 1593, king henry iv converted to catholicism.
after six more years of fighting, the leaguers gave up, and the war ended. henry iv pardoned those who had fought against him, and made a settlement allowing catholics and protestants to practice their faith within certain limits.
issa rae is an american actress and writer. in 2011 she started a youtube comedy series called "awkward black girl". in 2013 it won the shorty award for best web show. forbes put her in their 30 under 30 list in 2013 and 2014.
early life and career.
rae was born jo-issa diop.
in the third grade, rae entered a program for gifted and talented students. she went to stanford university.
robyn lawley (born 13 june, 1989) is an australian plus size model and fashion designer. lawley was born in girraween, new south wales. she started modelling when she was sixteen years old. she was on the covers of french elle and vogue italia. she was the first model for mango's plus-size line, violeta by mango. she designed a swimwear line. 
barkhad abdi (born 10 april 1985) is an actor from minneapolis, minnesota. he was born in somalia. he has a nomination for a golden globe award. he also has an oscar nomination for his role in the movie "captain phillips".
streptomyces is the largest genus of actinobacteria, gram-positive bacteria. "streptomyces" is often found in soil and is very much similar to fungi by its shape. they form long thin threads called hyphae that can differentiate into a chain of spores for reproduction. almost all of the bioactive compounds produced by "streptomyces" are made while the hyphae are forming from the substrate mycelium.
use in medicine and science.
streptomyces are medically important, as they produce antifungals, antiparasitic drugs, antivirals, antitumorals, anti-hypertensives, immunosuppressants and antibiotics. different species of streptomyces are used to produce different antibiotics. over 500 species of "streptomyces" bacteria have been described. for example, widely studied "s. griseus" was the first to be used in production of an antibiotic streptomycin, while "s. avermitilis" as a source of avermictin. another well-studied species, "s coelicolor", is widely used in genetic studies. overall, streptomyces produce over two-thirds of the clinically useful antibiotics of natural origin, such as tetracycline, neomycin and chloramphenicol.
antibiotics target essential proteins for pathogens’ growth and survival, inhibiting essential functions. for example, streptomycin, which is made from "s. griseus," irreversibly binds to bacterial genetic material and causes errors in the production of new proteins, which leads to cell death. it can be used for treating severe infections, such as tuberculosis and plague. another example is avermectin, made from "s. avermitili." it causes invertebrate paralysis (inability to make and pass nerve impulses), which is used as a drug and pesticide against parasitic worms and insects. avermectin enhances glutamate (neurotransmitter) at the glutamate-gated chloride channels that mammals don’t possess. it causes the excess of chloride ions inside the cell (hyperpolarisation), so the action potential cannot be further induced, ultimately leading to paralysis.
genetic changes in bacteria might result in antibiotic resistance. they might be acquired through spontaneous mutations (vertical gene transfer) or through other bacteria passing their genes (horizontal gene transfer). self-medications or improper medication use can result in the emergence of resistant bacteria. it is difficult to obtain new antibiotics, that is why researchers seek to improve existing ones, as well as working to discover new drugs.
rosie the riveter is a cultural icon of the united states who appeared in a world war ii propaganda poster titled "we can do it!". she is often used as a symbol of feminism. in 1944 a movie called "rosie the riveter" was released. 
rosie the riveter became associated with a real woman called naomi parker, who inspired the icon. rosie the riveter was named after rosalind p. walter.
in 1997 the rosie the riveter memorial committee was started.
the title of prince of conti was an old title at the old french court. the prince held the prestigious rank of "prince of the blood" at the court and was also entitled to the style of serene highness. the eldest son of the prince usually used the title of "prince of la roche-sur-yon" and at other times used the title "count of la marche"
marquess and princes of conti.
"at his death, the title was not passed on, because of the lack of direct descendants. the title was bestowed in 1629 upon:"
"at his death, the title was not passed on, because of the lack of legitimate descendants."
randall william "randy" rhoads (december 6, 1956 – march 19, 1982) was an american heavy metal guitarist. he was best known for performing with ozzy osbourne and the band quiet riot.
rhoads first formed a band with kelly garni called little women. kevin dubrow was recruited into the band and they changed their name to quiet riot. the band became popular by playing in clubs in los angeles. by late 1976 they were signed to cbs/sony records.
dana strum contacted rhoads to see if he was wanted to audition for ozzy osbourne's new band. he asked his mother if he should join osbourne's band since he was still in quiet riot. she asked him if he would accept "an offer like this one" and rhodes replied "of course!"
he went to audition in osbourne's hotel room in los angeles with his guitar and a practice amplifier. as he started getting ready he was given the job. osbourne was very drunk, and had fallen asleep during the audition. rhoads remembered later, "i just tuned up and did some riffs, and he said, 'you've got the gig'; i had the weirdest feeling, because i thought, 'you didn't even hear me yet'".
rhoads flew to england on the november 27, 1979. he stayed with osbourne, his wife at the time thelma, and their two children. after a short while, lee kerslake joined the band, which was at the time called the blizzard of ozz. the band recorded their debut album "blizzard of ozz" which was released on september 20, 1980 and became a success. "diary of a madman", their second studio album, was recorded between february and march 1981. it was released on november 7, 1981.
rhoads died on march 19, 1982. he was touring with his band at the time. while driving in their tour bus, the band stopped in leesburg, florida, to fix the bus' air conditioner. osbourne stayed asleep because he had been drinking heavily earlier in the evening. while stopped, their driver andrew aycock noticed an airstrip with small helicopters and planes. aycock had previously worked as a commercial pilot. he decided to take a small beechcraft f35 plane registered to a man named mike partin. he took it without partin's permission. he took keyboardist don airey and tour manager jake duncan for a flight. he took rhoads and makeup artist rachel youngblood on for the second flight. aycock tried to fly the plane very low over their tour bus, where the other band members were sleeping. he made two close passes but caused an accident on the third one. one of the plane's wings had clipped the top of the tour bus. this broke the wing into two parts and sent the plane spiraling out of control. both rhoads and youngblood were thrown out of the plane's windshield by the initial impact. while traveling at about , the plane crashed into a nearby garage. all three passengers were killed instantly. they were burned beyond recognition from the fire of the plane. the only person to witness the accident was keyboardist don airey.
the net is a 1995 american melodramatic thriller movie. it was released on july 28, 1995. the story is about a computer systems analyst, angela bennett, who becomes a victim of identity theft. she is also framed for murder. sandra bullock plays angela bennett.
reviews for "the net" were very mixed. the movie, however, made over us$110 million worldwide. roger ebert gave the movie three out of four stars.
the iran-contra affair was a scandal that happened from august 1985 to march 1987. the scandal involved the united states government selling weapons to iran in exchange for hostages and to fund the nicaraguan contras. it happened under president ronald reagan's government. when 1,500 missiles were shipped three hostages were released but those three hostages were soon replaced with three more hostages. secretary of state george shultz called it “a hostage bazaar”
oliver north was tried in court for the affair because he took the blame instead of reagan. the court found north to be not guilty.
on march 4, 1987, reagan himself apologized to the american people and said it was all his fault. george h. w. bush later pardoned anyone who was involved in the affair.
while president ronald reagan was a supporter of the contra cause, the evidence is unclear as to whether he knew about the scandal.
on november 25, 1986, president reagan announced the creation of a special review board to look into the matter; the following day, he appointed former senator john tower, former secretary of state edmund muskie, and former national security adviser brent scowcroft to serve as members. this commission was called the tower commission. towards the end, the committee said that there was no evidence to say that reagan had anything to do with the affair.
maureen elizabeth reagan (january 4, 1941 – august 8, 2001) was an american television and movie actress. she was the first child of ronald reagan and his first wife, jane wyman. her brother was michael reagan (adopted). she also had a sister, christine, who died shortly after birth. she also has a brother and sister from her father's second marriage, to nancy davis: patti davis and ron reagan.
maureen reagan died from melanoma in granite bay, california. she was aged 60.
michael edward reagan (born john flaugher; march 18, 1945) is an american radio show host. he is the adopted son of ronald reagan and jane wyman. he hosted the radio show "the michael reagan talk show".
early life and careers.
he was born at queen of angels - hollywood presbyterian medical center in los angeles, california to irene flaugher. 
he has studied at loyola high school and judson school, and arizona state university and los angeles valley college, he has doing four kinds of jobs, he would be sale-man by hart schaffner marx on 1970s, and then he then became a director of special events catering at michaelson food service company in los angeles. reagan has had small roles in movies and television shows since 1985, including "falcon crest" which starred his mother, jane wyman. 
in 1971 reagan has married pamela gail putnam (born 1952). she is the daughter of duane putnam, who was then the atlanta falcons football line coach. the couple divorced in 1972.
1975, michael remarried to colleen sterns at the church on the way from the foursquare church, their had two children is cameron and ashley by his marriage.
patti davis (born october 21, 1952) is an american actress, model and author. she is the daughter of late u.s. president ronald reagan and reagan's second wife, nancy reagan.
davis was born in los angeles. in 2013, she published a book called "till human voices wake us".
ronald prescott "ron" reagan (born may 20, 1958 in los angeles, california) is an american political commentator. he presents his commentary on the radio. he currently works for msnbc as a political analyst.
reagan is a democrat and an atheist despite being the son of republican president ronald reagan. his mother was nancy reagan. he is often incorrectly called ronald reagan jr. or ronald reagan ii. in 2011 he wrote a book on his father called "my father at 100".
eureka college is a christian liberal arts college in the united states. it is in eureka, illinois. it was established in 1855. abraham lincoln once spoke on the campus of the college in 1856. ronald reagan graduated from the college in 1932. in 2010, eureka college was made a national historic district by the national park service.
the lieutenant governor of california is a constitutional statewide elected office in the executive branch of the state government of the u.s. state of california. it is the second highest-ranking official in the state government. the lieutenant governor is elected on a ticket with the governor for a four-year term. official duties of the lieutenant governor are under the current california constitution are to serve as the president of the california senate, serve as the acting governor in the absence of the governor from the state or to become the governor in the event of the governor's death, resignation or impeachment.
eleni kounalakis is the current lieutenant governor of california, in office since january 2019, under gavin newsom.
robert hutchison finch (october 9, 1925 - october 10, 1995) was an american politician. he was a republican politician from la canada flintridge, california. he served as the lieutenant governor of california under the term of ronald reagan from 1967 to 1969.
he was born in tempe, arizona. he was the son of robert l. finch, a member of the arizona house of representatives.
edwin "ed" reinecke (january 7, 1924 – december 24, 2016) was an american politician. he served in the u.s. house of representatives. he also served under ronald reagan as the 39th lieutenant governor of california from 1969 to 1974.
reinecke was born on january 7, 1924 in medford, oregon. he died on december 24, 2016 in laguna hills, california of natural causes, aged 92.
john loren harmer (april 28, 1934 – december 6, 2019) was an american politician. harmer served in the california state senate from 1966 to 1974. he was a member of the republican party. he served as the 40th lieutenant governor of california from 1974 to 1975. he was given the job by governor ronald reagan, who was leaving office at the time.
harmer wrote the book "reagan: man of principle".
harmer died on december 6, 2019 in bountiful, utah at the age of 85.
edmund gerald "pat" brown, sr. (april 21, 1905 – february 16, 1996) was an american politician. brown served as the 32nd governor of california from 1959 to 1967. he is the father of the 34th and 39th governor of california, jerry brown. he was succeeded by ronald reagan as governor, but reagan was soon succeeded by brown's son jerry. brown ran for president of the united states three times; in 1976, 1980 and in 1992.
robert montgomery (may 21, 1904 – september 27, 1981) was an american actor and director. he was born in beacon, new york. he starred in many movies, including "night must fall". he died in new york city from cancer. he was cremated.
howard clifford keel (april 13, 1919 – november 7, 2004) was an american actor and singer. he was born in 1919. he starred in many movies, including "man of la mancha" and "kiss me, kate". he died of colon cancer in 2004.
george chandler (june 30, 1898 – june 10, 1985) was an american actor. he starred in many movies, including "the fatal glass of bear" and in "brother, can you spare a dime?". he also starred in the 1954 television series "lassie".
chandler was born in waukegan, illinois. he served in the united states army during world war ii. in his early career, he was a vaudeville performer.
chandler's first movie appearance was in 1928. in 1960, chandler was elected president of the screen actors guild.
chandler died in los angeles from complications of cancer-related surgery on june 10, 1985, aged 86.
the bombing of libya by the united states in 1986 was codenamed operation el dorado canyon. it was a series of airstrikes against libya on 15 april 1986 ordered by president ronald reagan. the attack was made by the u.s. air force, u.s. navy and the u.s. marine corps. it was in response to the bombing of a discotheque in berlin, west germany. it was reported that 40 libyans were killed. one u.s. plane was shot down, killing two soldiers.
century city is a small city west of los angeles, in the united states. it is next to beverly hills. about 5,900 people live here.
ghazi mashal ajil al-yawar (, born 1958) is an iraqi politician. he was the vice president of iraq from 2005 to 2006. he then served as president of iraq from 2004 to 2005.
lesley rene stahl (born december 16, 1941) is an american television journalist. since 1991, she has reported for cbs on "60 minutes".
stahl was born in lynn, massachusetts. she was raised in swampscott, massachusetts.
edith "edie" windsor (née schlain; june 20, 1929 – september 12, 2017) was an american lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (lgbt) rights activist and a former technology manager at ibm.
windsor was the lead plaintiff in the supreme court of the united states case "united states v. windsor", which successfully overturned section 3 of the defense of marriage act and was considered a landmark legal victory for the same-sex marriage movement in the united states.
windsor died in manhattan, new york on september 12, 2017 at the age of 88.
early life and education.
windsor was born in philadelphia, pennsylvania, to james and celia schlain, a russian jewish immigrant family of modest means. she was the youngest of three children. during her childhood, her family suffered as a result of the great depression, and her father lost both his candy-and-ice-cream store and their home above it. in school, she at times experienced anti-semitism. throughout school, she dated boys her age, but said later she recalls having crushes on girls.
windsor received her bachelor's degree from temple university in 1950. in 1955, she began pursuing a master's degree in mathematics, which she obtained from new york university in 1957. she then joined ibm, where she worked for the next sixteen years. during this time, she spent two semesters studying applied mathematics at harvard university on an ibm fellowship.
the national flag of ecuador was created in september 1860.
it has three horizontal bands in light yellow, blue and red. in the center it features an eagle over the seal of ecuador.
the flag of chicago was created in 1917 by wallace rice. stars were added to the flag in 1933 and 1939.
it has five horizontal bands. the first, third and last are white and the second and fourth are light blue. there are four stars in the middle in which each represents an important event in the city's history.
in a review by the north american vexillological association of 150 american city flags, the chicago city flag was ranked second best with a rating of 9.03 out of 10, behind only the flag of washington, d.c.
the flag of illinois was adopted in 1915. the flag has the state seal of illinois surrounded by white. this original design was changed in 1961 to add the name of the state at the bottom of the flag.
the national flag of the vatican city is also the flag of the holy see. it was created in 1929 as a direct order from pope pius xi.
it has two vertical stripes in light yellow and white. the original flag had yellow and red stripes. the flag also features the vatican city's coat of arms.
st peter's college is one of the colleges of the university of oxford. the college was founded in 1929. it became a full college of the university in 1961.
the college is located on the site of the former new hall inn. its oldest buildings are linden house (1794) and canal house (1828). both were former headquarters of the oxford canal company.
somerville college is one of the colleges of the university of oxford. it was founded in 1879 as a women's college. the college was named after mary somerville, a prominent scientist, mathematician and astronomer. somerville supported women's suffrage and education. the college first admitted male students in 1994.
famous graduates of the college include anthea bell, indira gandhi, sam gyimah, dorothy hodgkin, iris murdoch and margaret thatcher.
william reibert mapother, jr. (; born april 17, 1965) is an american actor. he is best known for his role as ethan rom on the television series "lost".
mapother was born in louisville, kentucky. he is the son of louisa (née riehm) and william reibert mapother, sr. he is of english, irish, and mostly german ancestry.
he is a first cousin of actor tom cruise, whose real name is thomas cruise mapother iv. mapother has appeared in five movies starring cruise. he had tiny roles in "minority report" and "vanilla sky", and supporting roles in "", "born on the fourth of july" and "magnolia". mapother has two sisters, katherine and amy. his father was a lawyer and judge in louisville, between 1967 and 1970. his father died on june 22, 2006.
mapother graduated from the university of notre dame. he majored in english. then, he taught high school in east los angeles for three years before becoming an actor.
mapother has become widely known as a character actor. he sometimes plays scary or otherwise dark characters. he played an important role in todd field's "in the bedroom". mapother is more widely known as ethan rom in the tv show "lost". the character was killed early in the first season. since then, however, he has appeared in seven episodes mainly through flashbacks, once due to time travel and another in an alternate timeline. in total, he appeared in eleven episodes of "lost".
mapother has also had major roles in several independent movies, such as "the lather effect", "moola", "hurt" and "another earth". mapother starred in "the burrowers" as a native american fighter who joins a posse to help find missing white settlers, only to discover that the hunters have become the hunted.
in september 2007, he was elected to a three-year term on the national board of directors for the screen actors guild.
popmatters is an online magazine about popular culture. it was started in 1999 by sarah zupko. "popmatters" publishes reviews, interviews, and essays about music, television, movies, books, video games, comics, sports, and the internet.
rachel lloyd (born 1975) is an english activist against sex trafficking. lloyd moved to the united states in 1997. in 1998 she started the girls educational and mentoring services. a documentary was made about it called "very young girls". it was released in 2007. in 2011 her book " girls like us: fighting for a world where girls are not for sale, an activist finds her calling and heals herself" was published.
lloyd was born in portsmouth. she left school when she was 13 to work. she tried to kill herself three times. when she was 17 years old, she moved to germany. she worked there as a prostitute for two years. when her pimp tried to kill her, she went to a church to live. lloyd moved to the united states in 1997. she went back to school and got a general educational diploma. then she went to university. there she got a master’s degree in urban anthropology. 
mark duggan, a 29-year-old who lived in tottenham, north london, was shot in tottenham by a metropolitan police officer on 4 august 2011. police had been trying to arrest duggan because he had been carrying a handgun and they thought he was planning to shoot someone. duggan died at the scene from a bullet wound to his chest. the 2011 england riots started on 6 august 2011 because some criminals used duggan's death as an excuse to burgle shops and set fire to things. they lasted until 11 august 2011. five people were killed.
on 31 january 2013, kevin hutchinson-foster was found guilty of giving duggan a gun and was sent to prison.
an inquest into duggan's death began on 16 september 2013. on 8 january 2014 a jury decided that his death was a lawful killing. it was decided that it was lawful because the police officer who shot duggan told the jury he believed that duggan was holding a gun and was going to shoot it. witness b said that duggan was not holding a gun. he said that duggan was holding a mobile phone. there was a gun in a sock 10–14 feet away from where duggan was shot. the sock and the gun did not have duggan's dna on them. duggan's family were angry about the jury's verdict.
on 11 january there was a vigil for duggan outside tottenham police station. hundreds of prostesters were there.
tension with police.
there was tension between black people and the police in tottenham before and since the broadwater farm riot in 1985.
duggan was born on 15 september 1981 to a white mother, pamela duggan, and a black father, bruno hall. he grew up in broadwater farm. at age 13, he left home to live with one of his maternal aunts in manchester. duggan had three children with his partner semone wilson at the time of his death, as well as three other children by other women.
after his death police and other people said that he was a drug dealer. his family and friends said that he was not. tony thompson of the "london evening standard" wrote that duggan may have been one of the first members of north london's "star gang". duggan's family said that "he was not a gang member and he had no criminal record." duggan had been convicted of having cannabis in 2000 and having things that he knew had been stolen in 2007. "the daily mail" said that he had also been arrested many times. the things he was arrested for included the murder of gavin smith and attempted murder. he was not charged with the murder of smith because there was not enough evidence.
in march 2011 duggan's cousin had been stabbed to death at a nightclub. some people said that this made duggan want to carry a gun.
duggan was under investigation by operation trident. "trident have jammed me," he wrote in a text message minutes before his death.
officers of the metropolitan police service stopped a cab that was carrying duggan as a passenger at about 6:15pm on 4 august 2011. they did this because they had been told that duggan had a gun. a firearms officer said that duggan got out of the cab and pulled a gun from his waistband. he then ran away. police shot him twice. an eyewitness said that duggan "was shot while he was pinned to the floor by police." paramedics came, but he died before he could be taken to hospital. a 9mm gun was found 10–14 feet away from where duggan was shot on the other side of the fence. witnesses told the ipcc that they saw police throw the gun over the fence.
police waited a day and a half to tell duggan's family to tell them that duggan was dead.
the 2011 riots started with the peaceful protest of duggan's death.
at about 5:30pm on 6 august 2011, duggan's family and people living in the area marched from broadwater farm to tottenham police station. they chanted "we want answers". around 8pm a 16-year-old girl was beaten by police with a baton. a witness said that she had thrown something at the police. around 8:20pm members of a crowd waiting to speak to a police officer set fire to two police cars. the next day people rioted in other areas of london. most of the rioters were young men. on august 9 a man died after being shot in croydon on august 8. on august 10 three men were killed in a hit-and-run. a man died on 8 august from injuries from an attack by a mob. by 15 august 2011, about 3,100 people had been arrested.
duggan's death quickly became a big news story. duggan was called a 'gangster' and a 'thug' by the "daily mail". on september 8 2011 an article by martin samuda, a friend of duggan, was published in "the guardian". duggan's brother shaun hall also wrote an article for "the guardian" in september 2013 which said that duggan's family did not trust the police anymore.
on 9 september 2011 there was a funeral for duggan. thousands of people were there.
in 2012 duggan's father died from cancer.
a public inquest into duggan's death started on 16 september 2013. the jury learned that duggan had been killed by a 9mm hollow-point round. a hollow-point bullet. two witnesses said that they saw a police officer move something from the minicab to the place where the gun was found. duggan's lawyers argued that police had put the gun found near where duggan was killed there to make duggan's killing look lawful. the officer who killed duggan said duggan was still holding a gun when both shots were fired. 9 of the jury decided that mark duggan threw the firearm on to the grass.
on 11 december 2013 students protested outside the royal courts of justice during the inquest.
on 8 january 2014 the jury decided that duggan's death had been a lawful killing. people living in tottenham said that there may be more riots because of this.
the title of prince of condé was a title used in france while the country was a monarchy for example prior to 1793. the holder of the title was a member of the extended royal family and therefore held the rank and further title of prince of the blood and the style of serene highness but the style was only used when in writing. the holder of the title also held the important further rank of first prince of the blood. the heir was usually given the title of duke of bourbon and at other times the duke of enghien. the title was "only" to be inherited by the male line as females were expelled from to succeeding to titles. the title existed for almost two centuries and during that time the prince was one of the highest ranking prince behind that of the actual royal family.
over the years the princes were used to make political and financial marriages with member of the wealthy french nobility as well as princesses of other european ruling houses. the prince was a member of the french house of bourbon.
princes and princesses of this line of the house of bourbon are often "incorrectly" surnamed as "bourbon-condé". which is incorrect. their surname was just "de bourbon".
thomas victor o'carroll (born 1945) is an irish writer. he is an activist for pedophiles. he lives in cumbria. 
in 1980 o'carroll's first book, "paedophilia: the radical case", was published. in the book, o'carroll talks about his own experiences as a pedophile and about how sex between children and adults is not wrong. the book was taken off amazon in 2010.
in june 2010 "michael jackson's dangerous liaisons", a book he wrote about michael jackson was published under a pen name.
o'carroll was first jailed in 1981 for the contact ads in the paedophile information exchange's magazine. in august 2002, o'carroll was imprisoned for nine months, and jailed again in 2006 for two and a half years for having child pornography.
the école polytechnique massacre, known also as the montreal massacre was a school shooting on december 6, 1989. it took place at the école polytechnique de montréal, an engineering school and faculty that is affiliated with the université de montréal in montreal, quebec, canada.
marc lépine, a twenty-five year old, shot 28 people and killed 15 people as well as himself (suicide). the shooter targeted women in the attack and said that he was "fighting feminism" and called the women "a bunch of feminists".
he entered the building sometime at 4 p.m. on december 6, 1989 with a ruger mini-14 rifle and hunting knife. after he entered a second floor mechanical engineering class of about sixty students at about 5:10 p.m., he approached a student that was giving a presentation. he ordered that everyone stop what they were doing and both men and women to go to opposite sides of the classroom. nobody moved at first, believing it to be a joke until he fired a shot into the ceiling. he killed six women and wounded three others there.
after that, he moved to the second floor corridor and wounded three other students before he entered another room where he tried to shoot a female student twice but failed. he reloaded the gun in the emergency staircase and tried to enter the room that he left but the students locked the door. he attempted to unlock it with three gunshots but failed. he moved through the corridor where he shot wounded a student. he went to the financial services office and shot and killed a woman through the window of a door she had locked.
he went down the stairs to the first floor cafeteria which had around a hundred people in it. he shot a woman standing near the kitchens and wounded another student. after hearing the gunshots, everyone scattered. he killed two more women after finding them hiding. 
he went up the escalator to the third floor shooting and wounding three students in the corridor. after entering a classroom where a presentation was being held, he shot at the front row and killed two women who were trying to escape. he shot three more female students and killed another. after hearing maryse leclair, a student he had shot, ask for help, he took out his hunting knife and stabbed her three times, killing her. he then took off his hat, wrapped his jacket around the gun, said "ah shit," and then killed himself.
ezra matthew miller (born september 30, 1992) is an american actor of jewish descent. they played patrick in the 2012 movie "the perks of being a wallflower". for the role they won the boston society of film critics award for best supporting actor.
miller appeared in the 2016 movie "" as the flash. they played the role again on "suicide squad", the 2017 movie "justice league" and in their own 2023 movie.
miller portrayed credence barebone in the 2016 movie "fantastic beasts and where to find them".
miller came out as queer in 2012.
5 tracks is second ep by multi-instrumentalist john cale. it was released in may 2003. it was his first album on emi records label. song called "wilderness approaching" features in the ramin niami movie "paris" (2003).
all songs written by john cale.
the british armed forces are the armed forces of the united kingdom. the british armed forces are officially called her majesty's armed forces, and they are sometimes called the armed forces of the crown. the british armed forces is made up of three parts: the british army, the royal navy (and the royal marines) and the royal air force.
the commander-in-chief of the british armed forces is the british monarch. members of the british armed forces must swear that they will obey the orders of the monarch (swear allegiance). under the constitution of the united kingdom, the armed forces controlled by the crown, however, because of the 1689 bill of rights, the uk cannot have an army during peacetime unless the british parliament allows it. nowadays, the british parliament passes an armed forces act every five years, which means the uk can keep its military. the british prime minister is the "de facto" commander of the british armed forces.<ref name="united kingdom 05/06"></ref> the armed forces are managed by the ministry of defence.
the british armed forces protect the united kingdom, the british overseas territories and the crown dependencies. they also take part in united nations peacekeeping missions. the british armed forces often take part in nato missions. the most recent wars the british armed forces have fought are the wars in afghanistan and iraq, operation palliser, peacekeeping in the balkans and cyprus, and defending the no-fly zone over libya. the british armed forces have bases in the following places: ascension island, belize, brunei, canada, diego garcia, the falkland islands, germany, gibraltar, kenya, qatar and the sovereign base areas (cyprus).
the united kingdom tested its first nuclear weapon in operation hurricane in 1952. , britain is one of the five recognised nuclear powers. it has around 225 nuclear warheads. the united kingdom's nuclear weapons are controlled by the royal navy.
christina onassis (december 11, 1950 – november 19, 1988) was a greek-argentine businesswoman and socialite. she was the heiress to the onassis family fortune. she was the only daughter of aristotle onassis, a wealthy shipping businessman, and athina livanos.
onassis was born at leroy sanitarium in new york city, united states, but she gave up her american citizenship. she had a brother, alexander onassis. her daughter, by thierry roussel, is athina onassis roussel (named after christina's mother). christina died in buenos aires from a heart attack. she was aged 37. her heart attack was caused by pulmonary edema.
athina onassis roussel (alternate: athina onassis de miranda; born 28 january 1985) is a french-greek heiress. her grandfather was aristotle onassis, a wealthy shipping businessman. she is his only living descendant. her mother was christina onassis. athina inherited her grandfather's fortune when her mother died in 1988.
roussel was born at american hospital of paris in neuilly-sur-seine, france. she is the eldest of thierry roussel's four children. she is a horse rider.
arrogance (also called hubris) indicates strong pride or acting extremely self-important. in particular, a loss of contact with reality and overestimating one's own competence or capability.
it is when you try to reason out or state your case over a traffic violation to an enforcer - only in the philippines.
arrogance is also associated with lack of humility and love toward oneself. examples include making oneself far more important than others or superiority. children raised around arrogance may be arrogant themselves.
arrogance is usually detrimental and fosters a negative-minded culture. some sources, however, also indicate arrogance means taking and receiving pride with one's work.
arrogance is different from confidence. arrogance may be associated with insecurity. confidence has an association with improving and examining one's own weaknesses.
hubris is the ancient greek concept. it is similar to arrogance, but is usually translated as "pride". because their societies were more concerned with honour, it works out as somewhat different from arrogance. to understand it fully one needs to work through the greek passages where it is used, which is beyond our scope. for example, the use of force to shame someone would have been considered hubris.
steven yeun (born december 21, 1983) is a south korean,american actor, voice actor and singer. he is most well known for his role as "glenn" in the amc original series "the walking dead". yeun was born in seoul, south korea and grew up in troy, michigan. along with "the walking dead", he has acted in multiple movies and television series, such as "the big bang theory" and "the lemons show".
in 2021, he was nominated for an academy award and golden globe award.
the dawson college shooting was a school shooting on september 13, 2006. it took place at the dawson college in montreal, quebec, canada.
kimveer gill, a twenty-five year old indo-canadian, shot 20 people and killed 1 person as well as himself (suicide) after being shot in the arm by a police officer.
gill had a vampirefreaks.com profile and mentioned the song "à tout le monde" by thrash metal band megadeth on the day of the shooting. news outlets blamed megadeth for the shooting. later in 2006, megadeth performed a live concert in montreal and responded to the blame they and their music received. lead singer and guitarist dave mustaine said to the crowd:
mustaine was also interviewed by cbc news before megadeth's concert and said :
gill drove to the college campus and parked his car. bystanders saw that gill took weapons out of his trunk. he took a person as a hostage and forced him to carry a bag which had a fourth gun and more ammunition in it. gill shot at students that were outside on the steps of the college near the rear entrance. the hostage ran away with gill's bag and hid it. 
gill entered the school and went to cafeteria. he walked to the corner of the room and shot students that were standing in front of him. he ordered the students to lie on the floor and shot at more students. two police officers that were visiting the school at the time because of an unrelated incident rushed to the cafeteria after hearing the gunfire. more officers surrounded the college and gill took two more people hostage. officer denis côté shot him in the arm and gill killed himself. the officers tried to bring him back to life but they failed.
crisis hotlines are telephone numbers that people can call to get urgent and immediate counseling. since the 1970s, most areas around the united states have had these lines. the lines were originally for suicides or stopping suicide. now they also deal with family abuse, emotional troubles, and depression. there are also special text and call lines especially for teenagers.
in the united states, the first crisis help line began in 1958; the los angeles suicide prevention center. it used trained voluneers to answer calls 24 hours a day. san francisco suicide prevention started a hotline "call bruce" in 1962.
a similar service, lifeline, was started in australia in 1963.
lifelink samaritans tas. inc, began in launceston, tasmania in 1968. it was started as a way to help people in emotional pain that could not talk with family and friends.
it answered calls 24 hours a day throughout the country of tasmania.
boys town is an american non-profit organization based in boys town, nebraska. it used to be called girls and boys town and father flanagan's home for boys.
the original boys town organization was an orphanage that was established in december 1917 by edward j. flanagan. it has since expanded into twelve regions across the united states, including louisiana, nevada and the northeastern united states.
boys town is a village in eastern nebraska. it is a suburb of omaha. the population was 745 at the 2010 census. by the 2012 estimate, it was 671. the boys town organization was established here.
selçuk uluergüven (1 january 1941 – 8 january 2014) was a turkish actor. he appeared in over 80 movies and many television and stage roles. uluergüven began his theatre career in 1962, at meydan stage in ankara.
uluergüven died on 8 january 2014 in aydın, turkey. he was 73.
dale thomas mortensen (february 2, 1939 – january 9, 2014) was an american economist. he received his bachelor of arts in economics from willamette university and his phd in economics from carnegie mellon university.
mortensen was born in enterprise, oregon on february 2, 1939.
he was awarded the nobel prize in economics in 2010. he won the award with christopher a. pissarides from the london school of economics and peter a. diamond from the massachusetts institute of technology. they were awarded it for "their analysis of markets with search frictions".
mortensen died on january 9, 2014 from a stroke and cancer. he died at his home in wilmette, illinois. he was aged 74.
josep maria castellet díaz de cossío (15 december 1926 – 9 january 2014), also known as josé maría castellet, was an spanish writer, poet, critic, publisher and editor.
castellet was born in barcelona on 15 december 1926. he began his career in writing in 1955. he wrote novels and poetry in both catalan and spanish. his last novel was published in 2012.
castellet died on 9 january 2014 from pneumonia. he was aged 87. he died in his hometown of barcelona.
wilmette is a village in cook county, illinois. it is north from chicago. about 28,000 people live here. the village was established in 1872.
trinity college is one of the colleges of the university of oxford. it was founded in 1555 by thomas pope. pope purchased the buildings of the former durham college, which dated from 1286, to house the college. the oldest surviving building at the college is the old library, which was built in 1421. 
albert i (april 8, 1875 – february 17, 1934) reigned as king of the belgians from 1909 to 1934. this was an eventful period in the history of belgium. it included the period of world war i (1914-1918). 
knute rockne, all american is an american biographical drama movie. it is directed by lloyd bacon and william k. howard. the movie was based on the early career of knute rockne. it stars pat o'brien, gale page, and ronald reagan. it was released on october 4, 1940.
love is on the air is an american crime drama movie. it is directed by nick grinde. it was ronald reagan's first movie. the movie also stars june travis, hal b. wallis, and jack l. warner. it was released on october 2, 1937.
kings row is an american drama movie. it is directed by sam wood and produced by hal b. wallis. it stars ann sheridan, robert cummings, and ronald reagan. it was released on february 2, 1942.
the voice of the turtle is an american romantic comedy movie. it is directed by irving rapper. it stars ronald reagan and eleanor parker. it was released on december 25, 1947.
john loves mary is an american romance movie. it is directed by david butler. it stars ronald reagan, patricia neal and jack carson. it was released on february 19, 1949.
the hasty heart is a british-american romantic comedy movie. it is directed by vincent sherman. it stars richard todd, patricia neal, and ronald reagan. it was released on december 2, 1949.
darrell lance abbott (august 20, 1966 – december 8, 2004), also called diamond darrell and dimebag darrell, was an american heavy metal musician. he was best known for performing with the bands pantera and damageplan. he was #92 in "rolling stone" magazine's 100 greatest guitarists and #1 in the magazine "metal hammer".
on the night of december 8, 2004, he was shot dead on stage while performing with damageplan at the alrosa villa in columbus, ohio. the suspect, nathan gale, fatally shoots three other people and injured seven others. police officer, james niggemeyer shot gale to death after the attack.
2015 damage to the site where abbott was buried.
on february 28th, 2015, someone said that the site where darrell abbott's dead body was buried at moore memorial gardens cemetery was damaged. it is suspected but not proven that american heavy metal music group nuclear hellfrost from fort wayne, indiana damaged the site. pantera told law enforcement about this, who are trying to find answers.
close to 4:12 p.m. (central standard time) on february 28th, nuclear hellfrost said on facebook that their former lead singer damaged the site by himself without the other members of the group.
cattle queen of montana is an american western movie. it is directed by allan dwan. it stars barbara stanwyck and ronald reagan. the supporting cast includes gene evans, jack elam, chubby johnson, and morris ankrum. it was released on november 18, 1954.
tennessee's partner is an american western movie. it is directed by allan dwan. it stars john payne, ronald reagan, rhonda fleming, and coleen gray. it was released on september 1, 1955.
the killers is an american crime-drama movie. it is directed by don siegel. the story is based on a book by ernest hemingway. it stars lee marvin, angie dickinson, clu gulager, john cassavetes, and ronald reagan. this was reagan's last movie. it was composed by john williams. it was released on july 7, 1964.
charles clarence robert orville cummings (june 9, 1910 – december 2, 1990) was an american television and movie actor. he starred in many television programs and lots of movies in the 1940s and 1950s. he was born in joplin, missouri.
on december 2, 1990, cummings died of kidney failure and complications from pneumonia. he died at the motion picture & television country house and hospital in woodland hills, california.
susan hayward (30 june 1917 — 14 march 1975) was an american actress. her original name was edythe marrenner. she began her career as a fashion model in new york city. she began acting in hollywood in 1937. she played janice blair in "and now tomorrow". for her role as lillian roth in the movie "i'll cry tomorrow", she received a best actress award at the cannes film festival.
hayward was born in brooklyn, new york. she died of brain cancer at age 57. hayward was born the same day as singer lena horne.
with a song in my heart is a musical biographical movie. it was released in 1952. the story is about the life of jane froman, who was paralyzed in an airplane crash in 1943. the cast includes thelma ritter, susan hayward and robert wagner.
the movie won the academy award for original music score and a golden globe award for best musical/comedy picture.
jane froman (november 10, 1907 – april 22, 1980) was an american singer and actress. she acted in several movies, such as "kissing time" and "radio city rebels". she hosted her own television show "the jane froman show" from 1952 to 1955.
in february 1953, froman was in an airplane crash. she was badly injured and crippled. after this she had to use crutches to walk.
froman was born in the st. louis suburb of university city, missouri. she died from cardiac arrest, in columbia, missouri. she was aged 72.
madelyn lee payne dunham ( ; october 26, 1922 – november 2, 2008) was the grandmother of barack obama, the 44th president of the united states. her daughter was obama mother's, ann dunham. madelyn and her husband stanley armour dunham raised obama from age ten in their apartment in honolulu, hawaii. she died two days before her grandson was elected president.
madelyn lee payne was born in peru, kansas. she was the eldest of four children. her younger brother was charles t. payne. their parents were rolla charles "r.c." payne (august 23, 1892 – october 15, 1968) and leona belle (mccurry) payne (may 7, 1897 – march 22, 1968). in barack obama's memoir, "dreams from my father", he describes them as "stern methodist parents who did not believe in drinking, playing cards or dancing." she moved with her parents to augusta, kansas at the age of three. madelyn was one of the best students at augusta high school. she graduated from there in 1940.
madelyn died in hawaii, on november 2, 2008. it was two days before the presidential election. obama's campaign team announced that she had died "peacefully" after suffering from cancer. at a rally in charlotte, north carolina on november 3, obama said, "she was one of those quiet heroes that we have all across america. they're not famous. their names are not in the newspapers, but each and every day they work hard. they aren't seeking [fame]. all they try to do is just do the right thing." dunham's absentee vote, received by the election office on october 27, was included in hawaii's total vote count.
a private funeral was held on december 23, 2008, at the first unitarian church of honolulu. obama and his sister maya scattered their grandmother's ashes in the ocean at lanai lookout. it was the same spot where they had scattered their mother's ashes in 1995. obama was staying at plantation estate at the time.
the swedish alliance mission ("sam", ) is a christian denomination in sweden. it is mainly based in the town of jönköping. in 2009 the denomination had 13,448 members. within 167 congregations both inside and outside sweden.
the denomination was created in 1919 from a merger of jönköping mission society, the jönköping circle christian youth association and the scandinavian alliance mission in sweden.
the united methodist church of sweden () was a christian denomination in sweden. it existed between 1868 and 2012. it contributed towards the creation of the uniting church in sweden. according to a report from 2009, the denomination had 6,436 members.
the baptist union of sweden () was a baptist denomination in sweden. in 2012, it participated in creating the uniting church in sweden.
broadwater farm is an area in tottenham in north london. it is often simply called "the farm". between 3800 and 4000 people live there. in 1985 the broadwater farm riot happened there. after this some people left broadwater farm. about 70% of the people who live there are ethnic minorities. 39 languages are spoken there.
"when the tigers broke free" is a song by pink floyd featured in the musical movie "pink floyd - the wall". it is about the main character, pink, remembering the death of his father in world war ii's operation shingle in anzio, italy. in 2004, a new version of the song was released on "the final cut".
chandler riggs is an american actor. he is most well known for his role on the amc original series "the walking dead", as carl grimes. he was born in june 27, 1999 in atlanta, georgia. along with his role in "the walking dead", he has starred in several other movies such as "get low" and "mercy". chandler has been nominated for "best child actor" in both 2012 and 2013.
myliobatiformes is one of the four groups of batoids. it is made up of cartilaginous fishes. they are related to the shark family. they were recently re-classified as part of the monophyletic group, after being part of the rajiformes group. another relative to myliobatiformes is the common form of skates.
celtic shields were used in battle by the celts and other ancient tribes as their main weapon for defense. they are often found in iron age male burial sites. the witham shield and the battersea shield are two of the most well-known celtic shields.
celtic shields were usually oval or elongated oval in shape. they could also be round or hexagon shaped. on the front was usually a hollow wood shield to protect the hand. the boss was usually elongated to make the shield stronger and was sometimes covered by a metal plate. on the inside of the boss hole was a handle to hold the shield. the shields were made of wood, usually oak or linden (also called lime). most often they were covered with leather.
battle shields were often individually decorated with various symbols. they were designed to be both light and strong. celts used their shields defensively but also as an offensive weapon. a favorite tactic of a celtic warrior was to strike the enemy with his shield. the celts in britain used smaller shields in battle while continental celts used larger shields. shields sometimes shattered in combat and were an expendable item. 
celtic shields have been found in the river thames at battersea. some were also found in lincolnshire in the river witham. they were covered with thin sheets of metal with celtic designs embossed on them. they were larger, but like others constructed of wood. these were clearly for use in ceremonies and not designed for battle.
aït benhaddou is a fortified city along the caravan route between the sahara and marrakech, in morocco. today, very few people live in the city. most have moved to more modern cities. it has been an ideal place for movies to be filmed due to its scenery and lack of people. many famous movies were shot there, including "marco polo", "the mummy", and "prince of persia".
mary daly (october 16, 1928 – january 3, 2010) was an american radical feminist philosopher. daly taught classes at boston college from 1967 to 1999. daly argued that instead of a patriarchy we should have a matriarchy. her first book, "the church and the second sex", was published in 1968. 
daly died when she was 81 years old. daly was the dissertation adviser of janice raymond.
erwarton or arwarton, commonly called shop corner, is a village in suffolk, england, on the shotley peninsula. it is a civil parish, and has a population of around 150 people.
"my story" is a song by r&b singer r. kelly. it was the first single on his studio album "black panties", released in 2013. the song charted at number #89 on the "billboard" hot 100 chart.
hugh dowding (24 april 1882 – 15 february 1970) was a british officer in the royal air force during world war ii. he was the commander of raf fighter command during the battle of britain. he played a very important role in britain's defence, and hence, the defeat of hitler's plan to invade britain.
alexander kerensky (4 may 1881 – 11 june 1970) was a major political leader before and during the russian revolution. kerensky served as the second prime minister of the russian provisional government until it was overthrown by the bolsheviks under vladimir lenin in the october revolution. he spent the rest of his life in exile. he died in new york city in 1970 at the age of 89.
ralph bunche (7 august 1903 – 9 december 1971) was an american political scientist and diplomat. he received the nobel peace prize in 1950. he won it for leading peace talks in palestine in the late 1940s. he was the first african american person to win the prize.
bunche was involved in the formation and administration of the united nations. in 1963, he was awarded the medal of freedom by president john f. kennedy. for more than 20 years, bunche served as chairman of the department of political science at howard university (1928 to 1950). he also taught at the university. he served as a member of the board of overseers of harvard univesity (1960–1965) from which he had. he also served as a member of the board of the institute of international education and as a trustee of oberlin college, lincoln university, and new lincoln school.
a relish is a cooked, chopped, or pickled vegetable or fruit.
origin and use.
relish originated in india, and has spread worldwide. although it is used as an ingredient in many different dishes in india, it is mainly used as a condiment in most other countries. this use has made it one of the world's largest selling condiments. it is mainly used on hot dogs and hamburgers.
takanori nishikawa (born september 19, 1970) is a japanese singer and actor. he performs as t.m.revolution. t.m.revolution were the first group to be signed to tofu records. nishikawa has released 8 studio albums. he first acted in the television series "beautiful life" in 2000.
nishikawa was born in hikone, shiga and moved to yasu, shiga when he was young.
entronque de herradura is a village in the western province of pinar del río, cuba. it is one of the 13 villages of the municipality consolación del sur. it covers 59.84 km². it was founded in 1907.
captain eo is an american-british short 3d science fiction movie. it is 17 minutes long. it is about an astronaut and hero called "captain eo". he is played by michael jackson. anjelica huston plays the alien villain called the "supreme leader". the executive producer was george lucas and the movie director was francis ford coppola (who came up with the name "captain eo" from eos, the greek goddess of dawn). "captain eo" is one of the first 4d movies. the movie played at disneyland and epcot. in 1996 "captain eo" was shown on mtv. this is the only time it was shown on television. it has never been released on video or dvd. the movie can be watched on the internet from video sharing websites such as youtube.
paris lees is a british journalist and activist for transgender rights. she is a bisexual trans woman. she is an editor for "meta" magazine. she has written for newspapers including "the independent", "the guardian", and "the daily telegraph". she works with trans media watch. in october 2013 lees was the first transgender person to be on "question time". that month she was named by "the independent" as the most influential lgbt person in the uk.
lees grew up in hucknall in nottingham. until she was eighteen she thought that she was gay.
when lees was eighteen she was in prison for 8 months for robbery. while she was there she stopped smoking and decided she wanted to live as a woman and go back to college to do her a levels. she moved to brighton to study english at university after getting her a levels.
zbigniew stefan messner (13 march 1929 – 10 january 2014) was a polish economist and politician. he was a member of the central committee of polish united workers' party from 1981 until 1988. this is a communist party. messner was deputy prime minister from 1983 to 1985, and prime minister from 1985 to 1988.
he was born in stryj.
reagan is an american documentary movie from 2011. it is directed and written by eugene jarecki. it is about the life and presidency of ronald reagan. it was released to honor reagan's 100 birthday. it received positive reviews by the new york times.
christine cavanaugh (august 16, 1963 – december 22, 2014) was an american voice actress. during her career, she has voiced many different animated characters. her best known roles were as the voice of the main character babe in the movie "babe" (1995), chuckie finster in the nickelodeon series "rugrats" and original voice of dexter in the cartoon network series "dexter's laboratory" and "the powerpuff girls".
in 2000, she won an annie award for "voice acting by a female performer in an animated television production" for her performance of dexter in the television special "dexter's laboratory: ego trip".
cavanaugh retired from voice acting for personal reasons.
she was born in layton, utah. cavanaugh died on december 22, 2014 in cedar city, utah from unknown causes, aged 51. her death was announced on december 30, 2014. her cause of death was said to be leukemia.
james "jay" carney (born may 22, 1965) is an american journalist. he was the 28th white house press secretary. he worked for president barack obama's cabinet. his term began in february 2011. he resigned (decided to start working in a new place) in may 2014 and left office in june 2014. he was succeeded by josh earnest.
the white house press secretary is a job at the white house. press secretaries act as the primary spokesperson for the united states government and the president, senior executives, and policies. karine jean-pierre is the current white house press secretary.
list of press secretaries.
1 did not brief the press after being wounded in the reagan assassination attempt.2 "de facto" press secretary (as white house deputy press secretary).3 did not brief the press while stephanopoulos was communications director. first female press secretary.4 "de facto" press secretary (as white house communications director).
loretta de luca (september 17, 1940 – january 9, 2014) was an italian movie and television actress. she began acting in movies at age 14. de luca played marcella corella in the 1957 comedy "fathers and sons" (or "a tailor's maid"). most of her movies were made in 1984 or before.
de luca was born in florence, italy. she died of a brain tumour in civitavecchia, lazio, aged 73.
sheila escovedo (or sheila e.; born december 12, 1957) is an american musician and singer. she has worked with lionel richie, kanye west, prince, beyoncé and jennifer lopez. she put out "let's go crazy" and many other popular hit songs during her career. she was nominated for a grammy award for her song "the glamorous life".
sheila e. was born in oakland, california, a suburb of san francisco.
bangerz is a pop, southern hip hop and r&b album by miley cyrus. it was released in 2013. the album contains hit songs "wrecking ball" and "we can't stop". the record has received mixed reviews from music critics.
"we can't stop" is a popular hit song from singer and songwriter miley cyrus. the lyrics are about recreational drug use at house parties. the single sold well beyond two million units in the united states. the song managed to reach number one in the uk, number two in the us, and number three on the charts in canada. cyrus performed the song at the 2013 mtv video music awards with american-canadian singer-songwriter robin thicke as a medley with his 2013 hit song, "blurred lines". this performance was very provocative and was widely reported following the award show.
a music video of the song came out on june 19, 2013. the video got mixed reviews from the critics.
the 1982 lebanon war was part of the israeli–palestinian conflict and the lebanese civil war. it began on 6 june 1982. israel called it operation peace for galilee. it was later known as the lebanon war or first lebanon war. the war started when the israel defence forces (idf) attacked southern lebanon. on 3 june 1982 the tried to assassinate israel's ambassador to the united kingdom, shlomo argov. this may have been done to hurt the plo's reputation. at the time, however, israel blamed the plo for the attempt. the shooting of the ambassador was the trigger that caused israel’s invasion of lebanon.
francisco morales bermúdez cerruti (4 october 1921 – 14 july 2022) was a peruvian general and politician. bermudez was president of peru from august 1975 through july 1980. he ran for president in 1985, however he only got less than 1% of the vote.
at the time of his death, he was the oldest living former peruvian president.
born in lima in 1921, he is the son of army colonel remigio morales bermúdez and grandson of ex-president remigio morales bermúdez. he received most of his education at lima's "colegio inmaculada". in 1939, he was accepted to the "escuela militar de chorrillos" (chorrillos military school). after his graduation, he was an important member of the "centro de altos estudios militares" (caem).
morales bermúdez led a military coup against general juan velasco alvarado and took over as president of peru on 29 august 1975, leading the country through one of its worst economic problems. he moved away from the socialist-leaning policies that the country had.
his regime took place in operation condor, the peruvian services working with the intelligence battalion 601 in the kidnapping of argentines in lima in 1980. around the end of morales bermúdez's tenure, a housing crisis happened.
morales bermúdez was prosecuted by an italian judge for the forced disappearance of 25 italian citizens during operation condor, a campaign run by the united states government and his dictatorship. on 17 january 2017, the corte d'assise in rome found morales bermúdez guilty and sentenced him to life imprisonment.
2021 coup comment.
in june 2021, after left wing pedro castillo was elected president, morales bermúdez said he wanted the country's armed forces to do a coup d'état and removed castillo from power. he believed that the election was stolen from right-wing candidate keiko fujimori and that the results were not legitimate.
morales-bermúdez died on 14 july 2022 in lima at the age of 100.
sir cuthbert montraville sebastian, gcmg, obe (22 october 1921 – 25 march 2017) was the former governor-general of saint kitts and nevis. he was appointed governor-general in 1995 and was sworn in on 1 january 1996. while in office, he was the world's oldest "de facto" head of state.
his retirement was announced on 25 december 2012. he left office on 1 january 2013.
sebastian died on 25 march 2017 in basseterre from complications of pneumonia at the age of 95.
dobrica ćosić (29 december 1921 – 18 may 2014) was a serbian writer, theorist and politician. he was the first president of the federal republic of yugoslavia from 1992 to 1993. he is often known as the "father of the nation".
luis echeverría álvarez (; 17 january 1922 – 8 july 2022) was an mexican politician, lawyer and writer. he was president of mexico from 1970 to 1976. he wrote several books about his years in office and about his retirement. during his presidency, his administration was criticized because of their handling of the mexican dirty war. he was a member of the institutional revolutionary party. from 1978 to 1979, he was the mexican ambassador to australia and new zealand.
when he was president, echeverría banned almost every form of rock music in mexico because of the rise of youth protestors in the 1970s. in 1971, he created the country's first environmental law.
he was a critic of dictators such as augusto pinochet and gave refugees asylum in mexico. he also had a close partnership with chairman mao zedong. he was an unsuccessful candidate for secretary-general of the united nations.
echeverría did not have good relations with israel after supporting a un resolution that made zionism the same as racism.
when he was president, echeverría brought economic growth to the mexican economy, as it grew by 6.1% and fixed the country's infrastructure. however, many saw that his presidency was authoritarian. many blamed him for the 1971 corpus christi massacre against student protesters, the dirty war against leftist critics in the country, and the economic crisis that happened in mexico towards the end of his term. 
echeverría was born in mexico city, mexico and studied at the national autonomous university of mexico. he turned 100 in january 2022. he was married to maría esther zuno from 1945 until her death in 1999. they had eight children.
in 2006, he was indicted and ordered under house arrest for his role in the 1968 tlatelolco massacre and the 1971 corpus christi massacre, but in 2009 the charges against him were dropped.
echeverría died at his home in cuernavaca, mexico from problems caused by pneumonia on 8 july 2022 at the age of 100.
benefits street is a documentary series on the british television channel channel 4. it started on 6 january 2014. five episodes will be shown. it is about some of the people who live on james turner street in birmingham. 90% of the people on the street claim benefits. 4.3 million people watched the first episode. it was channel 4's most-watched shown in more than a year. it shows some people who claim benefits (claimants) doing crimes.
almost 300 complaints were made to ofcom after the first episode was shown. dee roberts complained that she had been tricked into being on the programme. she said that the people on the programme thought the show was about a working class community, but that instead they had been portrayed as "complete scum". almost 10,000 people signed a petition asking channel 4 to show no more episodes of the show. steve haywood, a friend of an alcoholic in the programme known as fungi, said that channel 4 gave fungi beer so that he would be on the show.
frederick ix of denmark (11 march 1899 - 14 january 1972) was king of denmark from 20 april 1947 until his death on 14 january 1972. he was the son of king christian x of denmark and queen alexandrine, born duchess of mecklenburg. he was the fourth danish monarch of the house of glucksburg.
ferdinand rudolph von grofé also known as ferde grofé (27 march 1892 – 3 april 1972) was an american musician, composer, arranger and pianist. he is best known for his 1931 five-movement tone poem, "grand canyon suite", and for having orchestrated george gershwin's "rhapsody in blue" prior to its 1924 premiere.
during the 1920s and 1930s, he went by the name ferdie grofé.
ken maynard (21 july 1895 – 23 march 1973) was an american movie actor. he was also a stuntman.
gustaf vi adolf of sweden (11 november 1882-15 september 1973) was king of sweden from 29 october 1950 until his death. 
gustaf vi was the eldest son of gustaf v and his wife, victoria of baden. before becoming king he had been crown prince of sweden. during this long period of time he became a scholar and an archaeologist. he was also a well regarded expert on chinese art. at his death he left his large collection of chinese art to the museum of far eastern antiquities ("östasiatiska museet") in stockholm, sweden. in world war ii gustaf, as crown prince, spoke out publicly against sending jews to auschwitz. this was after the public learned of the extermination camps in germany. he was the last king to rule under a constitutional monarchy with any power. gustaf vi died in 1973. his grandson, carl xvi gustaf, succeeded him as king.
gustaf vi married margaret of connaught in 1905. she died in 1920. together they had four sons and one daughter:
gustaf vi married as his second wife, lady louise mountbatten, in 1923. she died in 1965.
ana konjuh (born 27 december 1997 in dubrovnik) is a croatian tennis player.
konjuh has won one singles title on the itf tour in her career. on 10 february 2014, she reached her best singles ranking: 201st in the world.
in 2013, konjuh was ranked number one in the itf junior world rankings.
konjuh won both the junior singles and doubles events at the australian open in january 2013. later in the year, she won the girl's singles event at the us open.
abebe bikila (7 august 1932 - 25 october 1973) was a double olympic marathon champion from ethiopia. he was the first black african olympian to win a gold medal representing his own country. he is most famous for the gold medal he won in the 1960 summer olympics at rome. he won the marathon while running barefoot. he won his second gold medal in the 1964 olympics in tokyo. this made him the first man ever to win two olympic marathons. he competed in the 1968 summer olympics. bikila was injured in an automobile accident in 1970. it left him a paraplegic. he died at the age of forty-one on 23 october 1973. this was due to complications from his earlier accident. a stadium in addis ababa is named after him.
david oistrakh (30 september 1908 - 24 october 1974) was a classical violinist. he is considered one of the most important violinists of the 20th century. oistrakh worked with major orchestras and musicians from many parts of the world, including the soviet union, europe, and the united states. many musical pieces for the violin have been dedicated to oistrakh. this includes both of dmitri shostakovich's violin concerti, and the violin concerto by adam khachaturian.
pier paolo pasolini (5 march 1922 – 2 november 1975) was an italian movie director, poet and writer. pasolini was born in bologna and raised in veneto and fruili. his poetry was first published when he was 19 years old. he wrote many novels and essays. he wrote his first screenplay in 1954. the first movie he directed was "accattone" in 1961. this and many of his other works were controversial during his lifetime. in the years since his death, however, pasolini has come to be valued by many as a visionary thinker and a major figure in italian literature and art. literary critic harold bloom considered pasolini to be a major european poet and a major voice in 20th-century poetry.
pasolini was gay. he was murdered on 2 november 1975. he was run over several times with his own car. he died on the beach at ostia, near rome. he was buried in casarsa, in friuli.
paul leroy robeson ( april 9, 1898 – january 23, 1976) was an african-american singer and actor who became involved with the civil rights movement. he was a consensus first-team all-american football player at rutgers, as well as class valedictorian. he had an international career in singing, as well as acting in theater and movies. he was politically involved in many issues, including the spanish civil war, fascism, and social injustices. his supported anti-imperialism and communism. because he was critical of the u.s. government he was blacklisted during mccarthyism. he was forced to retire because of poor health.
arnold william klein (february 27, 1945 – october 22, 2015) was an american dermatologist. in 1983 michael jackson became one of klein's patients. he was a member of the advisory board of the aids services foundation orange county. he has published over 150 scientific papers.
klein was born in michigan. his father was a jewish orthodox rabbi. in 1971 he got his doctorate in medicine from the university of pennsylvania school of medicine.
klein was gay. in 2015, klein died at the age of 70. no cause of death was given. 
caroline esmeralda van der leeuw (born 26 april 1981), best known by her stage name of caro emerald, is a dutch pop and jazz singer. she released her first song "back it up" on 6 july 2009. her single "a night like this" in 2009 reached the number 1 position in the netherlands.
her second and latest album, "the shocking miss emerald", reached the #1 peak in the uk and the netherlands.
"back it up" is the first single by the dutch singer caro emerald. it is from her first album "deleted scenes from the cutting room floor". it was released on 6 july 2009. the single has two music videos, the original one and the official one. the official one was made because of the international career of caro emerald. the single was in the charts in the netherlands, germany, italy and other european countries. the single also charted in suriname.
"we be clubbin'" is the first single from ice cube's soundtrack, "the player's club". it was released in 1998. it reached number 32 in the rhythmic top 40.
"we be ballin'".
a remix of the song called "we be ballin'" was made. michael jackson sung in it. unlike "we be clubbin'", there is no swearing.
frank michael dileo (october 23, 1947 – august 24, 2011) was an american music industry executive and actor. from 1984 to 1989 he was michael jackson's manager. in 2009 he became jackson's manager again. he was his manager until jackson died in june 2009.
in 1979 he was hired as the vice president of national promotion for epic records. dileo acted for the first time in michael jackson's 1988 movie "moonwalker". he also executive produced the movie. from 1991 to 1993 dileo was co-president of savage records. he played "mr. big" in "wayne's world" and "wayne's world 2".
dileo died when he was 63.
joseph edgar foreman (born july 28, 1974 in palmdale, california) is an american rapper. he is better known by his stage name afroman.
he was nominated for a grammy award for "best rap solo performance" for his song "because i got high" in 2002. he released his first studio album "because i got high" on june 20, 2000. the album featured the song "because i got high". his second studio album "sell your dope" was released on september 12, 2000. it featured the song "crazy rap" which is also called "colt 45 and 2 zig zags".
cree summer francks (born july 7, 1969), best known as cree summer, is an american born canadian voice actress, actress and singer. her career began in 1983 when she was cast as the voice of penny in the cartoon "inspector gadget". as of 2006 she did the voices of over 100 animated characters in tv shows, movies, and video games such as foxxy love in "drawn together", iris moss in the dreamworks "trolls" franchise and cleo in "clifford the big red dog". in 1991 she started a band called subject to change. the band broke up in 1993. in 1999 summer released her first album, "street faërie".
summer was born to the white actor don francks and african american actress lili francks. she started school when she was 8 years old.
muhammad habibur rahman (december 3, 1928 – january 11, 2014) was a bangladeshi politician and jurist. he was the chief justice of the bangladesh supreme court from march 31 to june 23, 1996. he was also the first chief advisor of the caretaker government of bangladesh for a month in 1996.
birth and early life.
born in 1928 in murshidabad of the then undivided indian subcontinent (now west bengal), he completed higher secondary from kolkata presidency college. later, he moved to rajshahi along his family.
after completing ba honours from rajshahi college, he took admission in dhaka university and completed ba honours (1949) and ma (1951) in history from dhaka university. he also obtained llb from the du and subsequently, ba honours (1958) and ma (1962) in modern history from the university of oxford.
habibur rahman began his career as a temporary lecturer in history of dhaka university on may 1, 1952. but he had to step down four days later for participating in the language movement. he also taught history at sirajganj college, jagannath university (formerly jagannath college).later he joined rajshahi university where he subsequently held the office of dean of the faculty of law (1961) and of reader in history (1962-64).
habibur rahman changed his profession in 1964 when he took to law and joined the dhaka high court bar. in his legal career he held the offices of assistant advocate general (1969), vice president of high court bar association (1972) (now supreme court bar association) and member of bangladesh bar council (1972).
he served as a judge of the high court division (1976-85), judge of the appellate division of the supreme court of bangladesh (1985-95), acting chief justice (1990-91) and as the chief justice of the supreme court of bangladesh (1995). justice habibur rahman retired from service as the chief justice of bangladesh in 1995.
his juristic competence is demonstrated in his opinions and interpretations as pronounced in many of the bangladesh supreme court's decisions concerning vital issues, such as, admiralty jurisdiction, amendment of the constitution, citizenship, habeas corpus, administrative tribunals and court jurisdictions. however, in 1994, he delivered a controversial verdict in favour of ghulam azam that restored citizenship for the former jamaat-e-islami chief.
he participated in many international conferences of lawyers and jurists including the conference of chief justices of asia-pacific in perth, australia (1991), fourth commonwealth chief justices conference in abuza, nigeria (1992), first saarc chief justices conference in kathmandu, nepal (1995). 
a researcher and writer habibur rahman has substantial contribution in literature and in varied intellectual arena. the noted scholar authored some 70 books on law, language, literature, rabindranath tagore, anthropology and religion. some of his literary and other noted publications are as follows: law of requisition (1966), রবীন্দ্র প্রবন্ধেসঞ্জনা ও পার্থক্য বিচার (rabindra prabandhey sanjna o parthakya bichar) (1968), যথা-শব্দ (jatha-sabda) (1974), মাতৃভাষার স্বপক্ষেরবীন্দ্রনাথ (matri-bhashar sapakshey rabindranath) (1983), কোরআন সূত্র (qoran-sutra) (1984), বচন ও প্রবাচন (bachan o prabachan) (1985), গঙ্গারিদ্ধী থেকে বাংলাদেশ (gangariddhi thekey bangladesh) (1985), রবীন্দ্র রচনার রবীন্দ্র ব্যাখ্যা (rabindra rachanar rabindra-byaksha) (1986), রবীন্দ্র কাব্যে, শীল্পে, সঙ্গীত ও সাহিত্যে(rabindra- kabyey art, sangeet o sahitya) (1986), on rights and remedies, আমরা কি যাবো না তাদের কাছে যারা শুধু বাঙলায় কথা বলে (amara ki jabo-na tader kachhey jara shudhu banglai katha baley) (1996). 
justice rahman was conferred a bangla academy award for his contribution to literature in 1984 and the ekushey padak in 2007. he is a fellow of the asiatic society of bangladesh; fellow of the bangla academy; honorary bencher, lincoln's inn.  
during his time in dhaka university, he had been the vice-president of fazlul huq muslim hall students’ council in 1951 and played a key role in the 1952 language movement. he was also arrested on february 21, 1952 along with many others from a procession that was brought out defying the section 144 imposed by the pakistani ruler.
as the last retiring chief justice and according to the then new constitutional provision for caretaker government, he took oath as the very first chief advisor of the caretaker government of bangladesh for conducting the elections of the jatiya sangsad (national parliament) from march 31 to june 23, 1996. 
on 11 january 2014, doctors declared him dead on arrival at united hospital, dhaka at the age of 85.
wadham college is one of the colleges of the university of oxford. nicholas and dorothy wadham founded the college in 1610. the college, founded for male students only, first admitted female students in 1974. 
wolfson college is one of the colleges of the university of oxford. the college was founded in 1966 with large donations from the wolfson foundation and ford foundation. it is the largest graduate college at the university.
allard jan van der scheer (21 august 1928 – 10 january 2014) was a dutch actor. he was known for his roles in "daar gaat de bruid" (1986), "hotel de botel" (1976) and "die vrouwtjes van de wereld" (1963). he was also an actor of television and stage.
allard van der scheer was born on 21 august 1928 in the hague, netherlands. his daughter was also an actress. scheer died on 9 january 2014 in muiderberg, north holland. he died from lung cancer. he was aged 85.
worcester college is one of the colleges of the university of oxford. it was founded in 1714. the college is located on the site of gloucester college, which was founded in 1283 as place of study by a benedictine abbey. eventually fifteen abbeys shared the college. in 1539 the abbeys were dissolved. for a time, the college served as the palace of the bishop of oxford. in 1560, the buildings were purchased by thomas white, and became known as gloucester hall. some of the original buildings survive today.
 was a japanese movie actress. she was known for her role in akira kurosawa's "stray dog" and as kimiko in "the bridges at toko-ri". in "the bridges at toko-ri", she acted alongside william holden and mickey rooney.
she died of esophageal cancer in tokyo.
dark shadows is an american-british comedic horror movie. it is based on the gothic television soap opera that aired in the united states from 1966 until 1971.
it was directed by tim burton and produced by richard d. zanuck. it stars johnny depp, michelle pfeiffer, helena bonham carter, jackie earle haley, eva green, and christopher lee. jonathan frid had a cameo role. it was composed by danny elfman. it was released on may 11, 2012. 
43 is a year in the 1st century. it was a common year starting on tuesday of the julian calendar. at the time, it was known as the year of the consulship of caesar and vitellius.
44 is a year in the 1st century. it was a leap year starting on wednesday of the julian calendar. at the time, it was known as the year of the consulship of crispus and taurus.
45 is a year in the 1st century. it was a common year starting on friday of the julian calendar. at the time, it was known as the year of the consulship of vinicius and sabinus.
46 is a year in the 1st century. it was a common year starting on saturday of the julian calendar. at the time, it was known as the year of the consulship of asiaticus and silanus.
47 is a year in the 1st century. it was a common year starting on sunday of the julian calendar. at the time, it was known as the year of the consulship of caesar and vitellius.
49 is a year in the 1st century. it was a common year starting on wednesday of the julian calendar. at the time, it was known as the year of the consulship of longus and veranius.
cold waves are weather incidents that involve cooling of temperatures and air. cold waves can cause death and injury for animals, people and livestock. extreme winter cold causes freezing of water pipelines if they are poorly insulated. motor vehicles often fail if the motor oil gels or the antifreeze fails.
examples of cold incidents in the united states are 1994, during january of which almost 70 percent of the country, along with southern canada saw intense cold spells. the 2014 north american polar vortex created extremely cold temperatures across almost the whole united states and across canada. the 2014 spell took close to two dozen human lives.
sally cecilia hawkins (born 27 april 1976) is an english actress. she played ginger in "blue jasmine" (2013). she plays mary brown in the movie "paddington" (2014) and "paddington 2" (2017) and elisa esposito in "the shape of water" (2017).
hawkins was born in dulwich, south london.
erica lei leerhsen (born february 14, 1976) is an american actress. she played connie in "anything else". she also played amanda bowles in the television show "the guardian"
leerhsen was born in new york city.
anything else is an american romantic comedy movie. it was released on august 27, 2003. the story is about an aspiring writer who falls in love at first sight. stockard channing plays paula chase, christina ricci plays amanda chase and erica leerhsen plays connie. this movie was directed and produced by woody allen, who also stars in the movie.
critics gave it mixed reviews. leonard maltin gave it a "bomb" rating.
bérénice bejo (born july 7, 1976) is a french and argentine actress. she played peppy miller in "the artist" (2011). for that role, she was nominated for the academy award for best supporting actress. she also played christiana in "a knight's tale" (2001).
bejo was born in buenos aires, argentina.
chocolat is a british-american romance and drama movie. it was released december 15, 2000. it is about events in a fictional dull french village during the autumn-winter of 1959. a woman opens a chocolate shop. one customer, armande, is diabetic. she, however, continues eating chocolate. armande later dies from her illness. juliette binoche plays vianne, carrie-anne moss plays caroline clairmont and judi dench plays armande (the diabetic woman).
the reviews from critics were very positive. it was nominated for several academy awards. it did not win any.
marly marley (5 april 1938 – 10 january 2014) was a brazilian actress. she was known for her roles in "chega de saudade" (2007), "o puritano da rua augusta" (1965) and "casinha pequenina" (1963). she also appeared on many brazilian sitcoms and telenovelas.
marley died from pancreatic cancer on 10 january 2014. she was aged 75. she died in são paulo. her widower is the actor and comedian ary toledo.
the babysitter is an american melodrama and erotic thriller movie from 1995. it is about a teenage babysitter who is fantasized about by several people. her name, jennifer, is revealed 83 minutes into the movie. alicia silverstone plays jennifer.
this movie was released on october 17, 1995. reviews were very negative. paramount pictures released this movie in the united states.
hideaway is a 1995 melodramatic horror movie. it is about a man who dies during a car accident. however, this man is revived two hours afterwards. he begins having frightening visions. he thinks he may have become connected to a serial killer. jeff goldblum plays the accident victim, alicia silverstone plays regina harrison and christine lahti plays lindsey.
the movie was released march 3, 1995 in the united states. reviews were mixed to very negative. it made almost us$3 million below its budget of $15 million.
barbados is a dansband from sweden. it was formed in 1992. they have had several successes in the swedish record charts. the band's original lead singer was magnus carlsson. they became widely known after winning second place in melodifestivalen contest in 2000. the band has replaced their lead singer three times. carlsson left the group in 2002 and later became a member of the group alcazar. mathias holmgren, a former fame factory student, replaced carlsson. he was forced to leave the band in 2004. chris lindh replaced him, before leaving the band in 2007. the current lead singer is björn lagerström.
the band won its first grammis award in february of the year 2000.
the band has participated in the melodifestivalen music contest four times:
both lead singer mathias holmgren and magnus carlsson have participated in melodifestivalen as solo singers.
david mark morrissey (born 21 june 1964) is an english actor and film director. he was born in liverpool. he decided to be an actor after he saw the film "kes". he became known in england after he started acting in "one summer" in 1983 when he was 18. after making "one summer" morrissey went to the "royal academy of dramatic art". he narrated the 2004 documentary "the boy that michael jackson paid off". morrissey has directed six films. recently he played as the governor in the amc original series "the walking dead".
social stigma is when society thinks that something is bad.
the sociologist erving goffman wrote that there are three kinds of social stigma:
1. physical differences such as obesity, scars, and leprosy.
2. differences in personal traits, such as mental illness, drug addiction, and alcoholism.
3. "tribal stigmas" are traits of ethnic group, nationality, or of religion that are thought as different to that of the majority ethnicity, nationality or religion.
christine chubbuck (august 24, 1944 – july 15, 1974) was the host of a morning talk show in sarasota, florida. she was also a volunteer at a local hospital. there she gave puppet shows for the mentally handicapped children. she is best known as the television broadcaster who committed suicide during a live television program.
chubbuck was born in hudson, ohio, on 24 august 1944. she grew up in a middle-class family and attended laurel school for girls. she went to college at ohio state university. then she graduated from boston university with a degree in broadcasting. she held several jobs with small television stations. in 1973 she was hired by wxlt-tv in sarasota, florida as the host of a morning talk show. according to her co-workers she was pretty, easy to get along with and did a good job. according to her mother she wanted a family but had not found the right person to marry yet. in her spare time she held puppet shows for mentally handicapped children at a local hospital.
three weeks before her death she had received approval to do a program on suicide. on the morning of monday, july 15, 1974, during her broadcast, chubbuck read a prepared script. she said: "in keeping with channel 40's policy of bringing you the latest in blood and guts, and in living color, you are going to see another first, an attempted suicide." chubbuck then shot herself with a handgun. it was not a quick decision but an event she had planned for months. chubbuck had even joked about shooting herself on the air but nobody had apparently paid much attention. she had been dealing with depression for several years before she died. chubbuck was 29 years old.
erving goffman (11 june 1922 – 19 november 1982) was a canadian sociologist and writer. he moved to the united states. goffman wrote about social stigma. 
his first book was published in 1959. in 1961, goffman published the book "asylums: essays on the social situation of mental patients and other inmates". in 1968 he became a chair in sociology and anthropology at the university of pennsylvania. his last book, "forms of talk", was nominated for a national book critics circle award. he died november 20, 1982 of stomach cancer.
nora jill bennett (24 december 1931 — 4 october 1990) was a british actress. she played mrs. ellen in "lady jane" (1986). she also played margaret stevenson in "i want what i want". she also worked in stage plays and television shows.
bennett was born in penang, in the straits settlements. she killed herself with barbiturate drugs at age 58 in london. she was cremated. her ashes were scattered into the river thames along with her friend rachel roberts' ashes.
eva may (may 29, 1902 — september 10, 1924) was an austrian actress. she played lady rutland in "the earl of essex". she also played kaethi in "old heidelberg".
eva may was born in vienna, austria. she shot herself to death at the age of 22, but nobody knows why.
christine pascal (november 29, 1953 – august 30, 1996) was a french actress and director. she played sylvie in "round midnight" (1986). she also acted in other movies. most of those movies were french. pascal was also a writer.
pascal was born, lyon, rhône. she died after jumping from the window of a psychiatric ward near paris. she was aged 42.
imogen hassall (25 august 1942 – 16 november 1980) was an english actress. she was in over 30 movies in the 1960s and 1970s. she played sir roger's secretary in "the early bird". she also played samantha in "take a girl like you" (1971).
hassall was born in surrey in england. she killed herself using barbiturates (drugs). she died in the wimbledon area of london, aged 38.
the eelam war iii began on 19 april 1995 when the liberation tigers of tamil eelam (ltte, also called tamil tigers) sank two sri lankan naval craft in sri lanka. this was the third armed conflict in the sri lankan civil war between the military of sri lanka and the tamil tigers. there were also eelam wars i and ii before this conflict and eelam war iv afterwards.
on the night of 18 july 1996 ltte forces attacked and overran the military base at mullaithivu. it was the brigade headquarters of the 215 sri lankan army. about 1,600 soldiers were killed or missing. in april 2000 the ltte sea tigers captured elephant pass. this was a major victory since they had lost the last battle at elephant pass in 1991. by 2001 both sides were exhausted and ended the war. the ltte came away with a reputation for their fighting skills. but this led to an eelam war iv.
on 25 may 1995, ltte (liberation of tamil tigers) killed 42 men, women, and children in kallarawa, sri lanka. everyone else who lived there escaped the bloodshed.
in the ampara district of sri lanka on 18 september 1999, another massacre took place. over 50 women, men, and children were hacked to death in the middle of the night in their sleep.
evan chandler (born evan robert charmatz) (january 25, 1944 – november 5, 2009) was an american screenwriter and dentist. he is best known for accusing michael jackson of sexually abusing his son jordan chandler in 1993.
chandler was born in the bronx to jewish parents. he changed his name from charmatz to chandler because he thought charmatz was “too jewish-sounding”.
chandler wrote the 1993 movie "". in her book "shockaholic", carrie fisher said that chandler was her dentist.
accusations against michael jackson.
in 1993, chandler accused michael jackson of molesting his son jordan. jordan had made the hebephilia allegations after taking . the 1993 molestation case ended in 1994 after jackson reached a settlement with chandler for a reported u.s. $20 million. jordan legally emancipated himself from his parents in 1995.
an article in "usa today" said that chandler tried to sue jackson again in 1996 but the case was dismissed in 1998. in 2006, jordan took out a against evan after claiming that he attacked him with a dumbbell weight. 
fourteen weeks after the death of michael jackson, chandler shot himself in the head on november 5 2009. he suffered with depression for many years.
corey scott feldman (born july 16, 1971) is an american actor and singer. he was born in los angeles. he is the singer of the ska band truth movement. he first acted when he was 3 years old in a mcdonald's advert. he was friends with michael jackson. 
feldman was a contestant in the first season of "the surreal life". 
on october 28, 2013 "coreyography" was published. in the book feldman wrote about how he started taking drugs when he was 14 years old. when he was 17, joe dante and carrie fisher told him to stop taking drugs. he did not listen to them.
lard is rendered pig fat that is used in cooking. before, many cuisines used it as a cooking fat or shortening, or as a spread similar to butter. it is not used as much as before. many cooks and bakers still like it better than other fats for some things. it also has a high smoke point.
ewarton is a town in the saint catherine parish, jamaica.
it had about 14,000 people in 2009.
in the summer of 1993, evan chandler accused michael jackson of sexually abusing his 13-year-old son, jordan. evan chandler killed himself on november 5, 2009. his death was four months after that of michael jackson.
jackson first met jordan chandler when chandler was five years old.
jackson had become good friends with jordan chandler and his family after meeting chandler in may 1992. evan became jealous of jackson because his son liked spending time with him more. in july 1993 jackson and jordan's relationship ended. chandler, who was a dentist, was made to admit that he gave his son a barbiturate called sodium amytal to take out his tooth in august 1993. while he was under the influence of the drug jordan told his father that jackson had sexually abused him. jordan chandler told the police about the abuse. los angeles police department's sexually exploited child unit began a criminal investigation on jackson on august 18. police searched jackson's neverland ranch. they found books and photographs in his bedroom that had young boys wearing little or no clothing in them.
jackson ended his dangerous world tour on november 11, 1993 to go to rehab. he had become addicted to painkillers, which he used for the stress of the allegations.
la toya jackson, michael's sister, said at a press conference on december 9, 1993 that "this has been going on since 1981, and it's not just one child." her husband and manager at the time jack gordon said that michael jackson had said that he would kill la toya if she told. in 2011 la toya said "i never for a minute believed my brother was guilty of anything like that".
in december 1993, jackson was strip searched. jordan had told the police what jackson's genitals looked like. chandler said that jackson was circumcised, but he was not.
on december 22 jackson talked about what had happened via satellite from his ranch. he said,
'as you may already know, after my tour ended i remained out of the country undergoing treatment for a dependency on pain medication...there have been many disgusting statements made recently concerning allegations of improper conduct on my part. these statements about me are totally false...i will say i am particularly upset by the handling of the mass—matter by the incredible, terrible mass media. at every opportunity, the media has dissected and manipulated these allegations to reach their own conclusions. i ask all of you to wait and hear the truth before you label or condemn me. don't treat me like a criminal, because i am innocent. i have been forced to submit to a dehumanizing and humiliating examination...it was the most humiliating ordeal of my life...but if this is what i have to endure to prove my innocence, my complete innocence, so be it.'
the case was settled in 1994 with a payment of over $15 million to be put in jordan chandler's trust fund, $1.5 million for each of his parents, and $5 million for the family's lawyer. no criminal charges were ever made against jackson. in 2004 jackson's attorney for the 2005 michael jackson trial thomas mesereau jr. said that jackson regretted making these payments.
three years later a book by a journalist called victor m. gutierrez was published called "michael jackson was my lover". it claimed to be the diaries of jordan from the time period in which he was molested by jackson. jackson sued gutierrez for slander. it was banned in the united states.
effect on jackson's career.
after the allegations pepsico ended its sponsorship of jackson. dubai would not let jackson perform. "dangerous" was going to be released as the tenth single from "dangerous" but was cancelled.
jackson's first album after the allegations was "". it has sold 25 million copies. this makes it one of the best-selling albums ever released. however, "dangerous" sold more.
people v. jackson.
on december 18, 2003 jackson was charged with seven child sexual abuse offences. earlier that year a documentary called "living with michael jackson" had been on television. in the documentary jackson was shown holding hands with his accuser, 13-year-old gavin arvizo. jackson said in the documentary that he shared his bed with children who were not family. arvizo said that jackson started molesting him after the documentary was shown. jackson was found not guilty of all charges on june 13 2005.
2013 child molestation allegations.
michael jackson died in 2009. on may 1, 2013 wade robson's lawyer sent a private complaint against the michael jackson estate 'for childhood sexual abuse'. in the 1993 investigation and 2005 trial robson had said that jackson had not molested him. robson had been jackson's "special friend" in 1990. robson said on "the today show" on may 16, 2013 that jackson as a "pedophile" who sexually abused him from ages 7 to 14.
michael ealy (born august 3, 1973) is an american actor. his real name is michael brown; ealy is the name he uses for acting. he is perhaps best known for his roles in the movies "barbershop" (2002), its sequel ' (2004), "2 fast 2 furious" (2003), "their eyes were watching god" (2005), "seven pounds" (2008), "for colored girls" (2010), and ' (2012). on television, ealy stars as dorian in the science-fiction police drama, "almost human".
life and career.
ealy was born in washington, d.c.. he was raised in silver spring, maryland. his mother worked for ibm. his father worked in the grocery business. he attended the university of maryland in college park, maryland.
he started his acting career in the late 1990s. he appeared in off-broadway stage productions. among his first movie roles were "bad company" and "kissing jessica stein". his breakout role was in 2002's "barbershop", in which he played a reformed street criminal named ricky nash. he played that role again in the sequel, "barbershop 2: back in business", in 2004. in 2003, he played slap jack in "2 fast 2 furious". later in 2004, ealy appeared in "never die alone" with dmx. he appeared in mariah carey's music video for her hit single "get your number". he played dominic in "think like a man" in 2012.
in october 2012, ealy married khatira rafiqzada, in los angeles. they had been together for four years before this.
lance darnell gross (born july 8, 1981) is an american actor. he is best known for his role as calvin payne on the sitcom "tyler perry's house of payne".
early life and career.
gross was born and raised in oakland, california. he graduated from bonanza high school. he attended howard university. while there, he decided to work on becoming an actor instead of becoming a professional track and field athlete. he received a bachelor of arts degree in theater. 
 is a japanese manga series. it is written by ryumon ryo and drawn by megumi koji. it was first published in april 2007. the story is about a virus called "bloody x" and a group of terrorists trying to kill everyone in the country. third i, which is a special police force, and a teenaged hacker named falcon try to stop these terrorists from destroying the country.
it has been turned into a television series. it began on 11 october 2008.
alexandra bastedo (9 march 1946 – 12 january 2014) was a british actress and activist. she was best known for her role as secret agent sharron macready in the television series "the champions" (1968). bastedo was a vegetarian. she was well known as an animal welfare activist.
she died in hospital on 12 january 2014 from breast cancer.
leslie "les" h. martinson (born january 16, 1915) is an american television and movie director. he is known for directing "maverick", "pt 109", "temple houston", "batman", "", "mannix", "diff'rent strokes", and "airwolf".
martinson is president of the west coast jewish theatre, although he is no longer active in the role.
árpád göncz ("göncz árpád"; february 10, 1922 – october 6, 2015) was a hungarian liberal politician. he was president of hungary from may 2, 1990 to august 4, 2000. he was the first democratically elected president of hungary.
göncz played a role in the hungarian revolution of 1956. he was also founding member and vice chairman of alliance of free democrats (szdsz) and speaker of the national assembly before becoming president.
he was a member of the international advisory council of the victims of communism memorial foundation.
leonard clemence "leo" tindemans () (16 april 1922 – 26 december 2014) was a belgian politician. tindemans was the 43rd prime minister of belgium. 
he was also mayor of edegem.
he was born in zwijndrecht on 16 april 1922. tindemans died on 26 december 2014 in edegem, antwerp, belgium, aged 92.
steven adler (born michael coletti, january 22, 1965) is an american musician. he is best known as the drummer and co-songwriter of the hard rock band guns n' roses during the late 1980s. he is the current drummer for the rock band adler.
during his time in guns n' roses, adler suffered from drug addiction. in 1990, the band fired adler. he later rejoined the band after he signed a contract in which he promised to stop taking drugs. he was fired from the band again on july 11, 1990, after his addiction left him unable to perform.
adler appeared on the second and fifth seasons of the reality television show "celebrity rehab with dr. drew" for his drug rehabilitation. he also appeared on the first season of its spin-off show "sober house".
a black operation (black op for short) is a covert operation which is done by a government or military. black operations are secret and whoever does them does not admit that they ever happened. there are differences between black operations and ones which are just secret. the main difference is that a black operation often uses deception. this deception might be not telling anybody who did the operation. it might also be blaming the operation on someone else ("false flag" operations). 
one example of a black operation is a "black bag operation". a black bag operation is when agents or soldiers secretly go into buildings and collect intelligence. it is known that the federal bureau of investigation, the central intelligence agency, mossad, mi6 and other intelligence services have done operations like these.
where the word comes from.
the word "black" can be used for any secret action done by a government. for example, some militaries and intelligence services have classified "black budgets" to carry out black operations. almost all details about this budget is hidden from the public.
a covert operation is an operation that is done in a way that keeps it secret. the term suggests some kind of important reason. examples might be: 
covert operations may be done by police. they can also be done by security agencies such as the central intelligence agency (us) or mi5 (uk).
spy movies are a genre of thriller and action movies. these movies deal with fictional espionage, either in fantasy way (james bond) or in a realistic way. many spy fiction novels have been made into movies.
movies in this genre range from the 1940s nazi thriller movies to the thriller movies of the 2010s. they have been popular worldwide with audiences.
the genre began with the silent era, beginning in 1914. the spy movies in the 2000s and 2010s are more realistic than fantasy movies. examples of this are the james bond movies "casino royale" (2006) and "skyfall".
dame enid diana elizabeth rigg (20 july 1938 – 10 september 2020) was an english actress, known professionally as diana rigg. rigg played emma peel in the television thriller "the avengers" (1965–68). she played helena in a "midsummer night's dream" and arlene marshall in "evil under the sun". she also performed on stage.
rigg was born in doncaster, west riding of yorkshire, england. rigg was made a commander of the order of the british empire (cbe) in 1988. she was made a dame commander of the order of the british empire (dbe) in 1994.
in 1990, she won a bafta award. in 1994, rigg won a tony award. in 1997, she won an emmy award. 
in march 2020, rigg was diagnosed with lung cancer. she died on 10 september 2020 in london from the disease, aged 82.
emma peel is a fictional spy in the british television thriller "the avengers". peel was born as emma knight.
peel was introduced to the series to replace the character cathy gale. in the television series, diana rigg played her. uma thurman played peel in the 1998 movie.
peel is a heroine who is rarely bested in fights.
the steubenville high school rape happened in steubenville, ohio, united states, on the night of august 11, 2012. a 16-year-old girl was raped at a party by two 16-year-old high school footballer players, trent mays and ma'lik richmond. the girl did not remember because she was very drunk at the time. on august 12, 2012 mays was sentenced to at least two years in prison for juvenile criminals. richmond was sentenced to at least a year there. he was released in january 2014. the case got attention all over the united states after it was written about by the "new york times".
the count of soissons (french: "comte de soissons") was a member of the french court when the country was still a monarchy. they held the rank of prince of the blood and as a result entitled to the style of "serene highness" but this was used in writing only. the counts were the owners of the one time famous "hôtel de soissons" in paris. the title is unique in the sense that it was later inherited by a woman which was actually forbidden in france at the time. 
françois de bourbon, the first prince of conti was also the brother of the founder of the soissons line. charles de bourbon, count of soissons. the counts soissons were addressed at court as "monsieur le comte" and their wives as "madame la comtesse". the members of the house were: 
pink floyd - the wall is a british movie from 1982. it was inspired by pink floyd's album "the wall". it was directed by alan parker (for the non-animation) and gerald scarfe (for the animation). it was distributed by metro-goldwyn-mayer (for the original version) and warner bros. (for the current version).
the movie is about a rock star named "pink", after the band. he builds a wall to separate everyone from his life. but when pink is on trial the judge orders the wall to be pulled down. at the cannes film festival in 1982, the movie was shown "out of competition". this means it was shown in the festival theatre but could not win the main prize. 
margot elise robbie ( ; born 2 july 1990) is an australian film and television actress, and film producer. she first gained recognition for her role as donna freedman in the australian soap opera "neighbours" (2008–2011, 2022). she played charlotte in the comedy-drama film "about time" (2013). robbie gained further success for her portrayal of harley quinn in the dc extended universe film "suicide squad" (2016), later reprising the role in "birds of prey" (2020) and "the suicide squad" (2021). in 2019, she starred as sharon tate in the quentin tarantino film "once upon a time in hollywood", which earned her a nomination for the bafta award for best actress in a supporting role.
in 2017, robbie was nominated for an academy award for best actress for her role as tonya harding in "i, tonya".
robbie was born in gold coast, queensland and grew up in dalby. in 2016, she married british filmmaker tom ackerley.
maria de la soledad teresa o'brien (born september 19, 1966) is an american broadcast journalist. she does broadcasts for cnn and hbo. she has received an emmy award.
o'brien was born in st. james, new york.
multilevel marketing is a marketing strategy. in normal marketing, salespeople get revenue which is based on their sales. in multilevel marketing, there are also rewards for recruiting new salespeople. multilevel marketing has also been called network marketing, and referral marketing. depending on the details, the difference between multilevel marketing and a pyramid scheme can be very small.
naomi r. wolf (born november 12, 1962) is an american feminist writer. she was born in san francisco. she gained a bachelor of arts from yale university. her first book "the beauty myth" was published in 1990. in the book, wolf writes that there needs to be a third wave of feminism. "the telegraph" described wolf as "the woman who made feminism sexy".
wolf was born to a jewish family. her father is leonard wolf.
in 2012 "vagina: a new biography" was published. the book got bad reviews.
"do what u want" is a song by lady gaga. it is the second single from her third studio album, "artpop". the song features the r&b singer r. kelly. the song was written by both kelly and gaga with dj snake, tchami, and dj white shadow, while it was produced by white shadow and gaga. "do what u want" has reached the top ten in canada and the uk and the top twenty on the "billboard" hot 100. it charted moderately on other charts around the world. a music video has been made for the single but was never commercially released.
a remix was released on january 1, 2014, featuring fellow pop singer christina aguilera, after she and gaga performed the song on the competition series "the voice", where aguilera was a coach.
in january 2019, a documentary called "surviving r. kelly" was released which talked about kelly's allegedly abusive relationships with women. gaga later regretted working with him on the song and had the album version removed from all music stores and streaming services. she also claimed that she was a supporter for kelly's alleged victims. other than remixes, only the christina aguilera version of the song is still available.
clifford a. carpenter (march 2, 1915 – january 9, 2014) was an american actor. he was known for his radio role in "terry and the pirates". the show was adapted from the comic strip of the same name. carpenter provided the voice for the main character terry lee.
carpenter died on january 9, 2014 in new milford, connecticut from natural causes. he was aged 98.
death by natural causes is often added to death records as the cause of a person's death. death from natural causes might be a heart attack, stroke, cancer, infection, or any other illness. 
by contrast, death caused by active intervention is known as unnatural death. the "unnatural" causes are usually given as accident (implying no unreasonable voluntary risk), misadventure (accident following a willful and dangerous risk, which can include drug or alcohol overdose), suicide, or homicide. in some settings, other categories may be added. for example, a prison may track the deaths of inmates caused by acute intoxication separately. additionally, a cause of death can be recorded as "undetermined".
frank marth (july 29, 1922 – january 12, 2014) was an american movie and television actor. he was best known as a cast member of "cavalcade of stars" (1949; 1950–1957). he frequently appeared on "the honeymooners" (1955–56). his career lasted for over 50 years.
marth died of congestive heart failure and alzheimer's disease on january 12, 2014. he was aged 91.
paracanthurus is a genus of surgeonfish. it contains a single member species, paracanthurus hepatus. it is often called a palette tang. it lives in the indian ocean and the western and central pacific ocean. it is a popular fish in marine aquariums.
the palette tang has a body, a yellow tail, and a black area that looks like an artist's palette. the lower body is yellow in the west-central indian ocean. it grows to 30 cm (12 in.). this fish has a flat shape, like a pancake, with a circular body shape, a pointed snout-like nose, and small scales. the palette tang has 9 on its back. it also has 3 spines on the bottom near the tail. other names this species is known by include regal tang, palette surgeonfish, blue tang (sometimes confused with the atlantic "acanthurus coeruleus"), royal blue tang, hippo tang, flagtail surgeonfish, pacific regal blue tang and blue surgeonfish.
the species' range is broad. it can be found throughout the tropical waters of the indian ocean and the western and central pacific ocean. it is also found in the seas connecting the two oceans. it is seen in reefs of east africa, japan, samoa, new caledonia, and the great barrier reef. they live in pairs or in a small groups of up to 10 or 12 individuals. these fish reach sexual maturity at 9–12 months of age. the palette tang is one of the most common and most popular marine aquarium fish all over the world. in an aquarium they must be given more space or they will act aggressively towards each other.
as a young fish it eats mostly plankton. adults fish are omnivorous and feed on plankton and algae. spawning occurs during late afternoon and evening hours. while it is spawning the fish's color changes from an even dark blue to a pale blue.
john l. horsley (21 july 1920 – 12 january 2014) was an english actor. he was known for his role on "hell drivers" (1957) and for his role as doc morrissey in the bbc sitcom "the fall and rise of reginald perrin". 
horsley died on 12 january 2014 from natural causes.
anjali devi () ; 24 august 1927 – 13 january 2014) was a telugu and tamil actress and movie producer. she was known for her role as sita in "lava kusha" and roles in movies like "suvarna sundari" and "anarkali".
she died at the age of 86 on 13 january 2014. she died at vijaya hospital in chennai from multiple organ failure.
mihai matei fotino (also known as mișu fotino; 14 september 1930 – 13 january 2014) was a romanian actor. he appeared in over 100 movies. fotino's career lasted for 70 years.
he was awarded the romanian order of cultural merit in 1967 and 2004.
fotino died on 13 january 2014 in bucharest from a heart attack. he was aged 83.
harry caray (harry christopher carabina; march 1, 1914 – february 18, 1998) was an american baseball broadcaster on radio and television. he covered four baseball teams; st. louis cardinals, oakland athletics, chicago white sox and for the chicago cubs. he was known for broadcasting for the chicago cubs for sixteen years. he is the father of skip caray.
caray died from a cardiac arrest after hitting his head on a dinner table. this was on february 18, 1998 in rancho mirage, california. he was 83 years old. he was soon buried in des plaines, illinois.
kang young-hoon (may 30, 1922 – may 10, 2016) was a south korean politician. he was the prime minister of south korea from 5 december 1988 until 27 december 1990, and acting prime minister until 16 december 1988. 
anker henrik jørgensen (13 july 1922 – 20 march 2016) was a danish politician. he served as the prime minister of denmark from 1972 to 1973, then again from 1975 to 1982. he was also the minister of foreign affairs.
jørgensen was born on 13 july 1922 in copenhagen. he died in copenhagen at the age of 93.
miloš jakeš (august 12, 1922 – july 10, 2020) was a czechoslovak politician. he was the first general secretary of the communist party of czechoslovakia from 1987 until 1989. he resigned from his position in late november 1989, during the so-called "velvet revolution".
jakeš died on july 10, 2020 at the age of 97.
parker is an american action crime thriller movie. it is about betrayal and revenge. jason statham plays parker, a thief. jennifer lopez plays leslie rodgers. patti lupone plays ascension.
the movie was released on january 25, 2013 (one day earlier in las vegas). reviews for the movie were mixed. the movie made us$11 million beyond its budget of $35 million. however, it was not very successful in the united states box office.
killer elite is a melodramatic action-thriller movie. it was released in 2011. it is about assassins during the early 1980s in several countries. jason statham plays danny bryce, robert de niro plays hunter.
this movie got mixed to negative reviews by critics. roger ebert gave it three out of four stars, calling it "impressive".
the pueblo people are a group of native american people who live in the southwestern part of the united states. they are in the north american southwest region. they speak several different native languages. they are split into two major cultures, based on different systems of kinship. when the spanish arrived in the 16th century, they were living in communities that the spanish called pueblos, meaning "towns". today there are 21 pueblos remaining. the main pueblos are located in the states of new mexico and arizona.
nadya denise suleman (or natalie denise suleman; born on july 11, 1975), called octomom in the media, is an american mother. she came to worldwide attention in january 2009 when she gave birth to octuplets (eight babies).
public reaction became very negative, however, when it was discovered she already had six children and was not employed. she also received welfare. suleman conceived the octuplets through in vitro fertilization.
suleman is also a dancer.
loki is a fictional villain who appears in comic books by marvel comics. he has a range of superpowers, and is therefore called a "supervillain". his powers consist of shape-shifting and also some sorcery. he is based on the god loki from norse mythology. the character first appeared historically in "venus" no. 6 (august 1949). the character was created by stan lee, larry lieber and jack kirby.
loki is the brother and enemy of thor. in the marvel cinematic universe, loki is one of the main characters and one of the most iconic characters of the franchise. he's initially a villain but later he becomes an antihero. the character loki is played by tom hiddleston. in the movies, loki is said to be thor's brother (therefore odin's son), only to discover he was adopted and is in fact a jötunn and son of king laufey, ruler of jötunheim.
the division of riverina is an australian electoral division in the state of new south wales. it is located in south-west rural new south wales, generally following the murrumbidgee river valley. it was one of the original 75 divisions set up for the first australian federal election in 1901. it was named after the riverina region in which it is located. 
the division includes the cities of wagga wagga and griffith and the towns of coleambally, coolamon, gundagai, hillston,junee, leeton, narrandera, temora, tumut, tumbarumba and west wyalong. the sturt highway runs along the length of the division.
there was a by-election in riverina in 1904. robert blackwood won the seat by only a few votes from john chanter. the results were challenged in the courts and a new election was held in which chanter won the seat. there was another by-election in 1965 after hugh roberton resigned.
in the 1984 the division was abolished and replaced by the division of riverina-darling. in 1992 the division was re-created.
originally the division included the labor-voting mining towns of broken hill and cobar, but these are now in the divisions of farrer and parkes. this has made riverina a safe national party seat.
al grassby was the minister for immigration in the whitlam government.
chamber can mean several things:
a nonverbal learning disorder (or nonverbal learning disability), or nvld, is a neurological problem. people with the disorder have good verbal skills, but they have problems with motor skills, social skills and other areas. a person with nvld also has problems in non-verbal problem solving, understanding humor and rote learning (remembering something by repeating it).
nvld is linked with autism spectrum disorders, mostly autism or asperger's. most people with either high-functioning autism or asperger fit this actual type. this condition, though, is also tied to depression and anxiety.
nonverbal learning disabilities affect one in ten learning disabled children.
red snapper ("lutjanus campechanus") is a fish from the western atlantic ocean. they are game fish. they live in the gulf of mexico and off the coast of the southeastern united states. they live as far north as massachusetts and rhode island, though this is far less common.
some species sold as red snapper may be other fish in the family. the red snapper can be served in various ways for food.
edward schultz (january 27, 1954 – july 5, 2018) was an american television and radio host. his shows are about liberal politics. he had been a conservative before becoming liberal. he hosts "the ed show" on msnbc and "ed schultz show" on the radio.
he was born in norfolk, virginia. he hosted at many local stations in fargo, north dakota and its nearby areas.
in the 2016 presidential election, schultz endorsed u.s. senator bernie sanders for president of the united states.
schultz died on july 5, 2018 in washington, d.c., aged 64.
a corkscrew is a tool which is used to open wine bottles. it is inserted into the cork and used to pull the cork out of the wine bottle. corkscrews are needed because the cork cannot be gripped otherwise.
basic wine tool.
in 1732 an anonymous poem shows just how far a man was willing to go to open a bottle of wine: 
with the popularity of wine today, a corkscrew is a common item in kitchens, pubs (bars) and restaurants. it takes between 50 and 100 pounds of force to remove a cork from a wine bottle. 
the basic design of a corkscrew is been based on a tool called a gun worm. this was used by a to remove an unfired bullet from a musket's barrel. in the 1800s, many manufacturers that made gun worms also made corkscrews. the first patented corkscrew in england was by samuel henshall in 1795. in 1883 a flat, lever-style corkscrew called the waiter's friend was invented in germany by karl wienke. it is commonly used in restaurants today. 
ronan farrow (born satchel ronan o'sullivan farrow; december 19, 1987) is an american activist. he is the son of actress mia farrow. it is not known who his father is - it may be filmmaker woody allen or singer frank sinatra. he was born in new york city. he has written for "the guardian", "the wall street journal", and other newspapers.
people v. jackson was a 2005 trial against singer michael jackson. a 13-year-old boy called gavin arvizo accused him of sexual abuse in 2003. jackson was charged with fourteen offences. these were four counts of molesting a child, four counts of getting a child drunk so that he could molest him, one count of trying to molest a child, and one count of secretly planning (conspiring) to hold the boy and his family captive at his neverland ranch. he called the charges “a big lie”. he was found not guilty of all charges. if jackson was found guilty of all charges he could have been put in prison for 20 years.
on february 3 2003 a documentary called "living with michael jackson" was shown on itv in the united kingdom. three days later it was shown in the united states. in the documentary a british journalist called martin bashir asked jackson questions about his life. in the documentary jackson's accuser gavin arvizo was 12 years old. at one point he is filmed with jackson. jackson holds hands with gavin. gavin rests his head on jackson's shoulder. at the trial gavin said he did this because jackson was his "best friend". gavin tells bashir that he slept in jackson’s bed with his brother star while jackson slept on the floor. jackson said many children had slept in his bed, including macaulay culkin, his brother kieran, and his sisters.
gavin later complained that he did not realize that the video was going to be shown all over the world. janet arvizo said that she did not say that bashir could film her son. she did not know that he had been filmed until the show was on tv. after the video was shown he was teased at school about being 'the kid that got raped by michael jackson'.
the court and the media called arvizo "john doe" until february 2005. gavin arvizo was born to david and janet arvizo in december 1989. he lived in a small apartment in los angeles with his parents, his sister and his brother. in 2000 arvizo was diagnosed with cancer. jackson rung him at the hospital. in august 2000 arvizo stayed at jackson's home neverland ranch for the first time. he slept in jackson's bed with his brother while jackson slept on the floor.
gavin's father, david arvizo, visited neverland several times in 2000.
a psychiatrist said that arvizo was schizophrenic.
maria gomez, a maid at neverland ranch, said that gavin's mother janet encouraged her children to call jackson "dad".
arrest and investigation.
on november 25 2003 jackson was arrested. he was released an hour after paying $3 million bail. in an interview with "60 minutes" he said that he was locked in the toilet for 45 minutes. he showed big bruises on his arm, which he said were caused by handcuffs.
on december 18, 2003 he was charged.
on january 31, 2005 the trial began. each day sky one showed a re-enactment of the day's events in the trial, because cameras were not allowed in the courtroom. the first witness that the prosecution called was martin bashir. "living with michael jackson" was shown to the jury.
on march 10, 2005 jackson went to hospital because of a back injury. jackson went into court an hour and thirty minutes late. he was wearing pyjama pants and slippers. bill fallon suggested that jackson was guilty.
starr and janet arvizo said that they saw jackson licking gavin's head on february 7, 2003.
on march 15, sgt robel told the court that arvizo said he had been molested five to seven times but could only describe two of the molestations in detail.
on may 10, 2005 macaulay culkin gave evidence. he said that he had slept in jackson's bed, but had never been molested. phillip lemarque, who was a chef at neverland from 1991 to 1992, said that he saw jackson with one hand in culkin's shorts.
on june 13, 2005 jackson was found not guilty of all charges. everyone was happy about the decision. 
michael jackson died on june 25, 2009.
in may 2013 wade robson filed a complaint against the michael jackson estate for "childhood sexual abuse". robson was jackson's first defense witness for people v. jackson. 
oswiu (–15 february 670), also known as oswy or , became the king of bernicia at the death of his brother oswald. later he became the king of northumbria. when oswiu defeated and killed penda of mercia at the battle of the winwaed, he became the seventh over the southern english kings. he took the throne of mercia and appointed his son-in-law peada (penda's son) as a client king. oswiu was one of those rare kings of northumbria who died of natural causes and not in battle.
oswiu was born he was a son of king athelfrith of bernicia and his second wife acha of deira. he was a younger brother of king oswald of northumbria. when he was about 6 years old his father was killed in battle by edwin who became king of northumbria. along with his brothers eanfrith and oswald and their sister aebbe, he found safety with the scots in dál riata. the monks of iona baptized the children and raised them in the celtic christian faith.
about 634 oswiu married rhiainmelt, daughter of rhoeth of rheged, a marriage alliance arranged by his brother king oswald. he had a son by this marriage, alfrith of deira. rhiainmelt seems to have died as a year later oswiu was in ireland with the dál riatans. there he was involved with fina, the daughter of the high king colman. there is no record they married but they had a son aldfrith of northumbria (irish name "flann fína mac oswiu").
king of bernicia.
when his brother oswald was killed in 642, the overlordship died with him. oswald had been king of a combined bernicia, deira and lindsey (kingdom). but northumbria was divided back into its earlier weaker sub-kingdoms. penda, now the most powerful king in england took lindsey. oswiu became king of bernicia. oswine claimed deira, preventing oswiu from keeping it with bernicia. a year after it happened oswiu recovered parts of his brother's body from the battlefield where he died. oswiu had oswald's arm enshrined in his royal centre at bamburgh and his head was taken to lindisfarne.
oswiu invaded deira in 651 seeking to reunite deira with bernicia. oswine was betrayed by one of his own noblemen and was murdered in 651 on oswiu's orders. but the deirans chose athelwald, oswiu's nephew, as their king. athelwald then aligned himself with oswiu's enemy, penda. deira was under the protection of mercia for the next three years. but penda was determined to defeat oswiu and take bernicia as well. in 654 penda raised a large army of some thirty 'legions'. according to bede, penda attacked oswiu several times. with a much smaller force oswiu attacked penda's army near the banks of the river winwaed. most of the commanders of the thirty legions were killed including king anna of east anglia and penda. from this time oswiu became the or overlord over all the southern english people including mercia. mercia was then divided. north of the river trent was controlled directly by oswiu. he made peada of mercia, penda's son, king over the part of mercia south of the trent. peada had married oswiu's daughter, alflaed. peada was murdered five months later by alflaed, possibly on oswiu's orders. mercians rebelled against oswiu and peada's brother wulfhere became king of mercia.
when oswiu and eanflaed were married, he was raised in the celtic church while she was raised in the roman church. the main difference was how each calculated the date of easter. members of the celtic church might be celebrating easter while the roman church was celebrating lent. in 658 his son alfrith, who now supported the roman church, replaced several of his celtic church officials with those from the roman church.
to resolve the differences between the two religions in his kingdom, oswiu called for a in 664. called the synod of whitby it was to decide on when to celebrate easter and what rules the monasteries in northumbria would follow. members of the church were summoned from all over the north. the roman position was given by wilfrid who would afterwards become bishop of northumbria. bishop colmán argued for the ionan calculation of easter given them by columba, founder of their order. oswiu made the decision in favor of the roman practice, uniting northumbria under one religion. it joined northumbrian religious practices to those of the southern english.
bede, in his "ecclesiastical history", book iv, chapter 5 gives the date of oswiu's death as 15 february, 670 and his age at 58. his wife eanflaed retired to the monastery at whitby. this is where their daughter, also named enflaed, was brought up. in 680 enflaed and her daughter became joint abbesses at whitby. enflaed died .
based on nennius' "historia brittonum" oswiu's first wife was a briton named reinmelth. she was the daughter of royth, king of rheged. together they had a son:
by fina, daughter of the irish high king coleman, he had:
oswiu married eanflaed, daughter of king edwin of deira. together they had:
john button (27 july 1943 – 12 january 2014) was an english rallycross driver. he was also the father of 2009 formula one world champion jenson button. his best overall results were both in 1976. he finished second in the embassy/rac-msa british rallycross and teac/lydden rallycross championships that year. 
button was born in london. he died at his home in the south of france on 12 january 2014. it was suspected to be a heart attack. he was aged 70.
christopher nash "chris" elliott (born may 31, 1960) is an american actor, comedian, author, screenwriter, and television director. he is known for his roles in "cabin boy", "there's something about mary", "scary movie 2", and in "groundhog day".
the division of robertson is an australian electoral division in the state of new south wales. it was one of the 75 divisions set up for the first federal election in 1901. it was named after sir john robertson, the fifth premier of new south wales.
the division is located on the coast north of the hawkesbury river. it includes the towns of woy woy, gosford and terrigal.
roger dean resigned in 1964 to become the administrator of the northern territory. barry cohen was the minister for home affairs and the environment from 1983 to 1984 and then minister for arts, heritage and the environment until 1987 in the hawke government.
robert brackett "bob" elliott (march 26, 1923 – february 2, 2016) was an american actor and comedian. he was known for acting in the comedy duo of bob and ray. he is the father of comedian/actor chris elliott and the grandfather of former "saturday night live" cast member abby elliott.
elliott was born on march 26, 1923 in boston, massachusetts. he died at his home in cundy harbor, maine from throat cancer on february 2, 2016 at the age of 92.
scary movie is an american comedy movie. it is a parody of a horror movie. it is directed by keenan ivory wayans. it stars anna faris, jon abrahams, shannon elizabeth, regina hall, marlon wayans, shawn wayans and carmen electra. it was released to mixed reviews on july 7, 2000. it was followed by four sequels: scary movie 2, scary movie 3, scary movie 4 and scary movie 5.
mishon ratliff (born february 3, 1993), also simply called mishon, is an american singer, dancer and actor. ratliff is best known for his role as taylor "tay" sutton on the abc family television series "lincoln heights". he has appeared on music television broadcast such as "soul train", "america's most talented kid", "the mo'nique show" and "106 & park". as well as being an actor, mishon is a musician who plays the keyboard and both acoustic and electric guitar.
juan gelman (3 may 1930 – 14 january 2014) was an argentine poet of jewish descent. he published more than twenty books of poetry. he began publishing in 1956. he won the cervantes prize in 2007.
gelman died on 14 january 2014 in mexico city from heart failure. he was aged 83.
dr. samuel "sammy" lee (august 1, 1920 – december 2, 2016) was an korean-american diver. he was the first asian-american to win an olympic gold medal for the united states in 1948.
lee was born in fresno, california. he was raised in san francisco, california. lee studied at the occidental college in los angeles and studied briefly at the university of southern california.
he was also the first man to win gold medals "back-to-back" in olympic platform diving. this means he won a second gold medal for the same event in the next olympics, in 1952.
lee, who suffered from dementia and heart disease, died of complications from pneumonia on december 2, 2016 at his home in newport beach, california, aged 96.
about time is a romantic drama movie. it is about a man, played by domhnall gleeson, who can time travel. it is set in cornwall and london. rachel mcadams plays mary, and margot robbie plays charlotte. the movie was rated r by mpaa mostly for profanity.
"about time" was released in the united kingdom on september 4, 2013 and the united states on november 1, 2013.
inside llewyn davis is a comedy-drama movie. it is about the title character living life in the 1960s in new york city. carey mulligan plays jean, john goodman plays roland. this movie was rated r for profanity and sexual references.
the movie was released december 6, 2013 in limited, january 10, 2014 elsewhere.
other people's money is a 1991 american romantic comedy-drama movie. the movie is about a successful corporate raider, lawrence garfield, who has become rich buying companies and selling their assets. garfield has just decided on new england wire and cable as his next focus. the company is run by andrew jorgensen. danny devito plays the raider, lawrence garfield. piper laurie plays bea sullivan. penelope ann miller plays the lawyer kate. the movie was released by warner bros.
it was released october 18, 1991. reviews were mixed.
hello i must be going is a 2012 romantic comedy and drama movie. this movie is about problems with a family in connecticut that force a very young woman to move back to live with her parents. blythe danner plays ruth, melanie lynskey plays amy. the movie was rated r for profanity by the motion picture association of america.
this was released in september 2012 in the united states.
the division of sydney is an australian electoral division in the state of new south wales. it is named for sydney, which itself was named after former british home secretary thomas townshend, 1st viscount sydney. it was set up for the 1969 election to replace the old division of east sydney and division of west sydney.
the division is located around sydney, and includes the suburbs of alexandria, balmain, beaconsfield, birchgrove, broadway, chippendale, darlington, erskineville, forest lodge, glebe, haymarket, millers point, pyrmont, redfern, rosebery, surry hills, the rocks, ultimo, waterloo, zetland and parts of annandale, camperdown, newtown, and rozelle. the islands in port jackson from spectacle island to the sydney heads are included as well as lord howe island in the tasman.
tanya plibersek served in both the rudd and gillard governments as minister for health, minister for human services and minister for housing. she has been deputy leader of the opposition and deputy leader of the labor party since 2013.
in sumerian mythology, anu (also an) was a sky-god. he was the god of heaven, lord of constellations, and king of the gods, spirits and demons. he lived in the highest heavenly regions. people believed that he could judge people who had committed crimes. his attendant and minister of state was the god ilabrat.
he was one of the oldest gods in the sumerian religion. he was a part of a triad with enlil (god of the air) and enki (god of water). he was called anu by the akkadians in babylonian culture. his greek name is uranos. the planet uranus got its name from the greek god uranos.
"just a girl" is a popular song by no doubt. it was released in 1995. the song peaked at #23 on the "billboard" hot 100 around the united states. this helped no doubt get into the mainstream music.
the single was released in the united kingdom in 1996. it reached only #38. when "don't speak" was released, however, "just a girl" was released again and peaked at #3.
the song was featured in two movies in the 1990s.
"spiderwebs" is a pop rock song by no doubt. the lyrics are about a man who keeps calling gwen and reciting bad poetry to her. it was released as a single in 1995. on the record charts it peaked near #5 three weeks after release.
two separate music videos were made. one had exploding telephones. the other was set in a japanese restaurant. music television (mtv) thought the telephone explosions were not good for young viewers to see, so they added more footage of the band.
"don't speak" is a popular song by no doubt. the lyrics are about heartache, pain and trouble in relationships. it was released as a single in 1995. the single did not chart on the "billboard" hot 100 (rules at the time required that a commercial single were released, one was not issued on the song). it did, however, reach #1 on hot 100 airplay for 16 weeks. the song also hit #1 in united kingdom, canada, australia, the netherlands and new zealand.
this was the most successful international song from the group.
albert william suomi (october 29, 1913 – september 23, 2014) was an american retired professional ice hockey player. he played as a left winger. he played a total of five games in the national hockey league (nhl) with the chicago black hawks during the 1936-37 season.
he played his final season in professional hockey with the chicago hornets of the arena hockey league. he retired in 1937. since retiring, suomi started a hardware store called "al's hardware" in countryside, illinois. this is now run by his children. he is currently the oldest living former nhl player since louis holmes died in march 2010.
allison williams (born april 13, 1988) is an american actress and comedian. she plays marnie michaels in the television drama "girls". she plays jillian in "the mindy project".
allison williams was born in new canaan, connecticut. sources claim either 1987 or 1988 as her year of birth.
agent orange is an american punk rock band. they are from orange county, california. the band became well known after the release of their song "bloodstains". this was released on their first extended play "bloodstains 7" e.p." the song was featured in the video game "tony hawk's pro skater 4" in 2002. their song "bored of you" was featured on the channel x radio station in the video game "grand theft auto v" (2013).
gherkin might mean:
willow camille reign smith (born october 31, 2000) is an american actress and singer. she is the daughter of actors will smith and jada pinkett smith. she began acting in 2007 in the movie "i am legend". she released her first single "whip my hair" in 2010. she released a single with nicki minaj in 2011.
willow camilie reign smith singer and actress. as her acting career kick started, smith made her acting debut in "i am legend a post-apocalyptic action thriller film" alongside her father. her next film, "kit kittredge: an american girl", a comedy-drama film was released on july 2, 2008. in 2008, she voiced in "madagascar: escape 2 africa, a 2008 american computer-animated comedy film produced by dreamworks animation and distributed by paramount pictures," as character young gloria the hippo alongside her mother as character of gloria the hippo.
smith's mother jada pinkett smith announced in an interview on "lopez tonight" that smith would be releasing an album. smith then released her first single, "whip my hair", which went platinum in the us and peaked at number eleven. in the uk the single peaked at number two. it sold 1,216,000 digital copies in the us. smith soon after announced her next single, "21st century girl". the video clip of the song shows willow on the set of the music video. 21st century girl is an upbeat dance song and was produced by swedish production team twin. she performed the song on "the oprah winfrey show", she released it the next day on february 3, 2011. the video was released march 9, 2011.
on october 6, 2011, "fireball", a collaboration between smith and rapper nicki minaj, was released. it was released on itunes two days later and was released to u.s. urban radio on october 18, 2011. in the song, minaj says: "ok, i'm the street fighter, call me chun-li" making referring to the character chun-li from the video game franchise street fighter. the song was a commercial failure, failing to chart in any type of music market, except the us r&b chart, charting at 121. it was her first song to miss the "billboard" hot 100. smith's producer announced that they were almost finished working on her debut album, and that it would be done soon. he also said it has a similar style to "whip my hair". the name of the album was later announced to be "knees and elbows". it was scheduled to be released around april 2012, but was later announced that it would be released later in the year.
may 1, 2012.
she released a music video for "do it like me (rockstar)", saying that it was her "first video ever".
july 2, 2012.
smith released the "i am me" music video at the bet awards.
july 17, 2012: "i am me".
she released her fourth single, "i am me" via itunes and amazon.
"knees and elbows" has still not been released yet and has most likely been abandoned and scrapped.
summer, 2013: "melodic chaotic".
smith and dj fabrega started a duo named "melodic chaotic". "the intro" was released as the first track,
july 6, 2013: "summer fling".
"summer fling" was released as the second track of the two. the music video was directed by smith and mike vargas who previously directed her single "i am me". the song has been loads of criticism for its mature tone, the use of the word "fling", and the fake english accent she tries to speak.
september 16, 2013.
smith performed "summer fling" on the series premiere of "the queen latifah show". during the performance, she said: "just for clarity, the word "fling" means something that's short lived...and this song is dedicated to all the kids around the world whose summer is never long enough."
october 24, 2014: "3".
smith and fader announced that smith would be releasing her first ep, titled "3", on october 31, 2014 for free via google play for limited time and november 10, 2014, but it was later pushed to november 17, 2014 via itunes.
the same day, she held a concert in new york city at the fader fort, where she performed select tracks from her new ep with sza. she also performed the song "5" with her brother, as well as "summer fling" and a new mix of her famous hit "whip my hair".
may 7, 2015: "f q-c #7".
smith released the single "f q-c #7" which was a major commercial failure, failing to get on any charts. an music video was released for the song the same day on vevo.
after release, a video to the track "why don't you cry" was released.
december 11, 2015: "ardipithecus".
willow released her first album "ardipithecus". about her debut's title album, willow said "ardipithecus ramidus sahelanthropus tchadensis is the scientific name of the first hominid bones found on earth. i wanted to name my musical compilation after it because, while i was making these songs, i was in such a transitional state. digging deep in the soil of my heart and finding bits and pieces of my ancient self that tell stories, which end up being the lyrics to the songs."
fashion awards smith won an award for new fashion icon.
december 7, 2016: "mellifluous".
she self-released a only streaming album titled "mellifluous"
december 11, 2016.
her single "wait a minute" taken from her album ""mellifluous" saw little success upon it's release" and which saw it's sales and streams go up to a million in the united states.
october 31, 2017: birthday.
on her birthday, october 31, 2017, she released her second studio album "the 1st" which is praised for its musical development, but mostly focusing willow's ability to create music following her 1990s r&b predecessors, apart from not having been lively during the time.
end of 2017.
she toured the album with jhene aiko alongside st. beauty, kodie shane, and kitty cash. along with her mother and grandmother, adrienne banfield-norris, smith hosts "red table talk", a web talk show for which she received a daytime emmy award nomination.
june 24, 2019.
smith announced her third studio album, "willow".
july 19, 2019: "willow".
it was released and was co-produced by herself and tyler cole. the album includes a feature from her brother jaden smith which is the song "u know" anc was produced by tyler cole.
2020: "the anxiety".
smith and cole later released a collaborative album titled "the anxiety".
april 27, 2021: "transparent soul".
smith released "transparent soul" featuring travis barker, a pop-punk song that was her first song into that genre. willow described the song as having been written during a very introspective time at the beginning of the covid-19 pandemic, and inspired by a quote from hindu guru radhanath swami. smith was also inspired to enter the genre by her mother, jada pinkett smith, who previously was in nu metal band wicked wisdom in the early 2000s
july 16, 2021: "lately i feel" everything.
smith released her fourth album "lately i feel everything", featuring guests artists including tierra whack, avril lavigne and travis barker.the album has two singles, "transparent soul" and "lipstick"
criminal law is the part of law that is about social norms. people who violate these norms are punished for their violation. it is different from civil law. criminal law wants to protect certain values, such as life and limb, or property. 
criminal law has different objectives: 
emmalyn estrada (born april 5, 1992) is a canadian pop/r&b singer-songwriter, dancer, actress and musician. she sang hit songs such as "get down" in 2009.
estrada was born in vancouver, british columbia. she is of filipino descent.
a loan shark is a person that sells loans with very high interest rates. people go to loan sharks for many reasons. it is often because no one else will lend them money. loan sharks tend to ask for something beforehand, like someone's passport. loan sharks are often illegal.
loan sharks are called 'loan sharks' because they are like sharks; aggressive, angry, and greedy. they can do many illegal things to just get repayment, like kidnapping or even killing.
thomas arthur mesereau, jr. (born 1950) is an american lawyer. he is best known for defending michael jackson in his child molestation trial during 2005. he works with another lawyer called susan yu. mesereau lives in los angeles.
he was born in new york. 
mesereau started a free legal clinic in the morningside united church of christ in los angeles. he wrote the foreword for aphrodite jones' book "michael jackson conspiracy" (2007).
in 2005 the magazine "gq" put him on their list of "men of the year".
the freie universität berlin ("free university of berlin", often abbreviated as "fu berlin") is a university in berlin. it is known for its research in the humanities and social sciences, as well as in the field of natural and life sciences.
the university was founded in berlin-dahlem, a district in the south west of berlin during the time of the cold war in 1948. today, the university has three bigger campuses: the main campus dahlem, the "campus düppel" with animal clinics and other institutes related to veterinary medicine and the "geocampus" in lankwitz, which is home to the "department of earth sciences". the medical department of the fu berlin is part of the "charité - university medicine berlin", a joint institution with the humboldt university.
the university library has a total of about 8.5 million volumes and is the biggest university library system in germany. freie universität has over 400 partner universities all over the world, many of them through the "erasmus programme". according to various international rankings, freie universität is one of the best universities in germany. in 2007 (and 2012 again), the freie universität was one of eleven universities to be successful in the "german excellence initiative", a national competition by the german government. university alumni include five nobel prize winners and 15 winners of the national leibniz prize.
freie universität offers over 150 different subjects in 12 departments and three central institutes:
interdisciplinary central institutes.
the "botanical garden" with over 22,000 different kinds of plants is one of the biggest in the world.
shmuel "shmuley" boteach (born november 19, 1966 in los angeles) is an american orthodox rabbi, politician and writer. he hosted a reality television series called "shalom in the home" on the tlc network.
2012 u.s. congress run.
boteach ran for the u.s. house of representatives in the 2012 elections. he received the support of then-house majority leader eric cantor in april. boteach won the republican primary for new jersey's 9th congressional district seat on june 5, and lost to 8th district representative bill pascrell in the november election, by a margin of 73.6% to 25.4%.
boteach is married to debbie boteach. he became friends with michael jackson in the 1990s. he was jackson's rabbi for two years.
gloria rachel allred (born july 3, 1941) is an american civil rights lawyer. she was born to a jewish family. she is a feminist. her book "fight back and win: my thirty-year fight against injustice and how you can win your own battles" was published in 2007. her daughter, lisa bloom, is also a lawyer.
allred was born in philadelphia, pennsylvania.
the miami cannibal attack happened on may 26, 2012. rudy eugene assaulted ronald poppo, a homeless man on the macarthur causeway in miami, florida, united states. eugene bit off most of poppo's face above his beard. the attack ended when eugene was shot dead by a police officer. it is not known why the attack happened.
the vesper bat is a species of bat belonging to the microchiroptera family. it is the largest and most well-known species belonging to that family. the bats can be found in different parts of all continents except antarctica. they are thought to have originally come from somewhere in north america.
the vesper bat can range from in length. they have brown or grey colored fur. like most bats, the vesper bat relies on echolocation to navigate in flight, and find its prey. this is very useful because they cannot see, and live in caves or other dark, empty, damp areas.
a time for choosing (also called the speech) was a speech made by ronald reagan in 1964 in los angeles. it was given during the campaign for the 1964 united states presidential election. he gave the speech on behalf of republican candidate barry goldwater. soon afterward, reagan was asked to run for governor of california.
the reagan doctrine was a document by the united states under the reagan administration. it was about being against the global influence of the soviet union during the final years of the cold war. the doctrine lasted for less than a decade, it was the most important document of united states foreign policy from the early 1980s until the end of the cold war in 1991.
john edward "jack" reagan (july 13, 1883 – may 18, 1941) was the father of united states president ronald reagan and his older brother neil "moon" reagan. he was married to nelle wilson reagan from 1904 until his death in 1941.
john neil reagan (september 16, 1908 – december 11, 1996) was an american business executive. he was the manager of a radio station. he was also a senior producer at cbs and senior vice president of mccann erickson. he was the older brother of ronald reagan.
nelle clyde wilson reagan (july 24, 1883 – july 25, 1962) was the mother of united states president ronald reagan and his older brother neil "moon" reagan.
nelle was of scots-english ancestry. she met jack reagan in a farming town on the prairie of illinois. the two were married in fulton in november 1904. they had two children: neil and ronald reagan. after the birth of her second son, nelle was told not to have any more children. the reagan family moved from tampico to chicago and many small towns in illinois. where they lived depended on where jack was working.
nelle died from complications of alzheimer's disease. she died on july 25, 1962, aged 79. her son, ronald, would die of the same disease.
martha mary coakley (born july 14, 1953) is the attorney general of massachusetts. before that, she was the district attorney for middlesex county, massachusetts (1999-2007). she is a democrat.
in 2010, coakley was the democratic nominee for the united states senate in the special election to replace ted kennedy following his death, but lost to republican scott brown.
coakley was born in pittsfield, massachusetts.
an attorney general is the main legal advisor for governments. in some areas, he or she might be also in charge of law enforcement and public prosecutions.
in united kingdom, attorneys general are called law officers of the crown.
in most areas of the united states, a district attorney is the elected or appointed official that prosecutes (makes a case against) criminal offenses.
in the united kingdom, district attorneys are called crown prosecutors.
adolf "adi" dassler (3 november 1900 – 6 september 1978) was a german businessman and entrepreneur. he was born in herzogenaurach. he started the sportswear company adidas.
yegor kuzmich ligachev (, 29 november 1920 – 7 may 2021) was a soviet politician. he was a high-ranking official in the communist party of the soviet union (cpsu). he was the second secretary of the party when mikhail gorbachev was serving as general secretary.
ligachev was born on 29 november 1920 in dubinkino. it is close to novosibirsk. he died on 7 may 2021 in moscow, aged 100.
the south african defence force (sadf) was the name of the south african military from 1957 to 1994. it replaced the union defence force (udf) in 1957. the sadf, in turn, was replaced by the south african national defence force (sandf) in 1994.
the south african defence force had four branches: the south african army, the south african navy, the south african air force, and, the south african medical service.
the sadf implemented conscription of white south africans. however, black, indian, and coloured south africans could serve in the sadf as volunteers.
within south africa, the sadf was used to suppress opposition to apartheid, often directly supporting the south african police. south african military units were also involved in the angolan civil war an the side of the national union for the total independence of angola (unita) and angolan rebel leader jonas savimbi. the sadf was also deployed during the related south african border and namibian independence wars.
south africa was the only country in africa to have nuclear weapons, but these weapons were destroyed by the south african government during the transition to democracy. south africa has not built nuclear weapons since.
with the a multiracial democracy introduced to south africa in 1994, the sadf was merged with the defence forces of several formerly "independent" homelands, as well as the anc's umkhonto we sizwe (spear of the nation), the pac's azanian people's liberation army (apla), and the self-protection units of the inkatha freedom party (ipa). the new south african military became known as the south african national defence force.
joanna lumley (born 1 may 1946) is an english former model and actress. she played charlotte in the movie "late bloomers". she also played mary smiling in "cold comfort farm". she has acted more often on television than in movies. her best known acting role is patsy stone in the bbc sitcom "absolutely fabulous." she has a distinctive and recognisable voice that’s often heard on voiceover work. 
lumley was born to british parents in british india. she was raised in kent, england.
katarina čas (born september 23, 1976) is a slovenian actress. she played sophie in the movie "imagine" (2014). she played gabriela in the comedy movie "the guard" (2011).
čas was born in the former republic of yugoslavia.
jon bing (30 april 1944 – 15 january 2014) was a norwegian writer and law professor. he was a professor at the norwegian research center for computers and law (nrccl), and the faculty of law at the university of oslo.
bing was born on 30 april 1944 in tønsberg. he died on 15 january 2014, at the age of 69, in oslo. he died from a stroke.
dominique mcelligott (5 october 1986) is an irish actress. she appears in mostly independent movies. she played joy dietz in "not fade away". she also played emily in "dark floors".
mcelligott was born in dublin, ireland.
ivar giaever (; born april 5, 1929) is a norwegian-american physicist. he shared the nobel prize in physics in 1973 with leo esaki and brian josephson. they were awarded it for their discoveries about the tunnelling phenomena in solids. he is a professor at the university of oslo.
randall "duke" cunningham (born december 8, 1941) is a former member of the united states house of representatives. he served the 50th congressional district of california from 1991 to 2005 as a republican. he is also used to work in the united states navy.
scandals ended his political career. duke cunningham pleaded guilty to tax evasion, conspiracy to commit bribery and other charges. he was then sentenced to prison in tucson, arizona. he was released from prison in february 2013. he then moved to new orleans to spend time inside a halfway house.
justin pierre james trudeau (born december 25, 1971) is a canadian politician. he is the 23rd and current prime minister of canada. he is also the leader of the liberal party of canada. he was elected leader on april 14, 2013. after leading his party to a majority government win in the 2015 federal election, trudeau became the prime minister. since 2021, trudeau is the senior g7 leader.
trudeau is the eldest son of former prime minister pierre trudeau. he is the second child in canadian history to be born while one of his parents was prime minister; the first was john a. macdonald's youngest daughter margaret mary macdonald.
trudeau earned a bachelor of arts degree in literature from mcgill university and a bachelor of education degree from the university of british columbia. after he graduated, trudeau worked as a social studies, drama, math and french elementary and high school teacher. he taught at west point grey academy and sir winston churchill secondary school in vancouver, british columbia.
trudeau was elected for the first time in the 2008 federal election. he was the nominee for the liberal party in the electoral area of papineau. he won more votes than the incumbent, vivian barbot of the bloc québécois.
2015 federal election.
on october 19, 2015, trudeau and the liberals won the most seats in the federal election. this was after one of the longest campaigns in over 100 years. the liberals won 184 of the 338 seats in the house of commons and 39.5% of the total vote. because of this, they formed a majority government. their seat count went up by 150 compared to the 2011 federal election.
the results were the second-best in the history of the liberal party. they did very well in the eastern half of canada. they won all of the seats in atlantic canada and toronto and won 40 seats in quebec. in quebec, they won the most seats since pierre trudeau's win in the 1980 election. it was also the first time since 1980 that the liberals won more than half the seats in quebec. the 150 seat gain was the biggest gain for any party in an election since canadian confederation. it was also the first time that a party went from third place in seat count to a majority government.
prime minister of canada.
trudeau and the cabinet he chose were sworn in by the governor general david johnston on november 4, 2015.
in 2022, he invoked the emergencies act in response to the freedom convoy protests, the first time the act was brought into force since it was enacted in 1988.
2019 federal election.
trudeau visited the governor general, julie payette on september 11, 2019. this was to ask that parliament be dissolved and new elections would begin.
for the first time since 1979, the party that won the largest share of the national popular vote did not win the most seats. the liberals under trudeau had 33.1 per cent of the popular vote, while the conservatives under andrew scheer had 34.4 per cent. it was also the first time a government took power with less than 35 per cent of the national popular vote since 1867.
2021 federal election.
on september 20, 2021 trudeau and the liberal party won re-election as the party won 160 seats, allowing them to form a minority government.
trudeau first met his wife, sophie grégoire, when they were both children growing up in montreal. grégoire was a friend of trudeau's brother, michel. he married her on may 28, 2005 in a catholic wedding at the sainte-madeleine d'outremont church in montreal. they have three children together: a son, xavier james trudeau (born october 18, 2007), a daughter, ella-grace margaret trudeau (born february 5, 2009), and another son, hadrien grégoire trudeau (born february 28, 2014).
on march 12, 2020, trudeau and his wife sophie grégoire trudeau isolated themselves, after she showed flu-like symptoms during the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic. the prime minister's office announced later that day that she had tested positive for covid-19.
major nguyễn văn nhung (1919 or 1920 – 31 january 1964) was an officer in the army of the republic of vietnam. he was also a professional killer.
he joined the french army in 1944. this was when vietnam was still ruled by france. during the first indochina war, he left the french army and joined vietnamese national army, which was supported by france. after the republic of vietnam was formed, he became a soldier of the army of the republic of vietnam. in november 1963, he killed president ngo dinh diem and his brother.
jennifer odessa nettles (born september 12, 1974) is an american country musician. she is the lead singer of the country group sugarland. nettles' first solo album, "that girl", was released on january 14, 2014.
nettles was born in douglas, georgia.
in mathematics, homology is a certain procedure to associate a sequence of abelian groups or modules with a mathematical object, such as a topological space or a group. the word homology has the ancient greek root "homos", which means "identical". 
for a topological space, the homology groups are generally much easier to compute than the homotopy groups, and consequently one usually will have an easier time working with homology to help with the classification of spaces.
the original motivation for defining homology groups is the observation that shapes are distinguished by their "holes". since a "hole" is defined by something that is "not there", this poses the problem of how to define what a hole is, and how to distinguish between different kinds of holes. homology is a rigorous mathematical method for defining and categorizing holes in a shape. as it turns out, there are some kinds of holes that homology cannot "see" — in which case homotopy groups may be what is needed.
sue ane langdon (previously sue lookhoff; born 8 march 1936) is a retired american actress. 
she began her career with singing and theatre. on the television series "perry mason", she played rowena leach. she also acted in lots of movies. her character was opal ann in the 1970 movie "the cheyenne social club".
langdon was born in paterson, new jersey.
ellen hansen corby (june 3, 1911 — april 14, 1999) was an american actress. her most famous role was grandma esther walton in the television drama "the waltons". she played that role from 1972 to 1980. she received three emmy awards for it.
corby was born in racine, wisconsin. she grew up in philadelphia. she suffered a stroke in november 1976. she died in 1999 in los angeles, california.
chantico was the aztec goddess of both pain and pleasure. she is also the goddess of the family hearth, the home and volcanoes. according to aztec myths she brings wealth and stability to the home. chantico protects the home from thieves and losing things. she is sometimes shown wearing a crown of cactus spikes and red snakes. she is the 'lady of the chili pepper' and is sometimes shown with one or two pods of red chilies.
the meaning of her name is 'in the house', meaning she lives in the house. according to one myth she was changed into a dog and another name for her was quaxolotl. 
the unsinkable molly brown is a musical drama movie from 1964. it is about the title character (originally margaret brown) who survived the sinking of the rms "titanic" in 1912. debbie reynolds plays molly brown.
the movie received good reviews. it received several academy award nominations. it was released in the united states in june 1964.
hermione baddeley (13 november 1906 — 19 august 1986) was an english character actress. she played mrs. worth in "the happiest millionaire" in 1967. three years before that, she played ellen in the 1964 musical "mary poppins", which won several academy awards. she played madame adelaide in "the aristocats".
baddeley was born in broseley, shropshire, england. she died at age 79 in los angeles after suffering several strokes.
the trial of conrad murray (people of the state of california v. conrad robert murray) was the american criminal trial of michael jackson's personal physician, conrad murray. murray was charged with the involuntary manslaughter of the pop star for giving him an overdose of propofol. the trial started on september 27, 2011 at los angeles county superior court. in november 2011, the jury found murray guilty. murray was sentenced to four years in jail. in october 2013 murray was released two years early. this was of california prison overcrowding, plus good behavior. after murray was released from jail he was on "60 minutes". he said that jackson killed himself.
the 3rd century bc started the first day of 300 bc and ended the last day of 201 bc.
dave lee travis (born 25 may 1945), also known as dlt, is a british radio and television presenter. he was born in buxton, derbyshire. he started being a presenter for bbc radio 1 in 1967. from 1981 to 2001, travis presented "a jolly good show".
travis married his wife marianne in 1971. he said he has cheated on her "once or twice".
sex offence charges.
travis was arrested on 15 november 2012 as part of operation yewtree, an investigation into sexual abuse by jimmy savile and other people. travis was on trial for 14 counts of indecent assault and one count of sexual assault. he has pleaded not guilty to all charges. travis told police that if he had known savile was a pedophile he would have reported him. travis was cleared of all but two charges on 13 february 2014. he was retried on those two charges and another charge. on 23 september 2014, he was convicted of one count of indecent assault.
hebron is a palestinian city south of jerusalem. it is in the judaean mountains, 930 meters (3,050 ft) above sea level. it is the largest city in the west bank, and the second largest in the palestinian territories after gaza. there are about 215,000 people living in hebron (2016).
hebron is divided into two parts: h1, controlled by the palestinian national authority, and h2, about 20% of the city, controlled by israel.
the city is famous as the traditional burial site of the biblical patriarchs and matriarchs. this makes it a very important city in judaism. it is also very important to muslims because of its connections with abraham.
hebron is important to the economy of the area due to the sale of marble from quarries. it is known for its grapes, figs, limestone, pottery workshops and glassblowing factories. it is also the location of the major dairy-product maker, "al-junaidi". the old city of hebron has narrow, winding streets, flat-roofed stone houses, and old bazaars. the city is home to hebron university and the palestine polytechnic university. it has no cinemas or places of entertainment.
guy henry ourisson (march 26, 1926 – november 4, 2006) was a french chemist. he was vice president and later president of the academy of sciences.
in 1952 he got a phd from harvard university. in 1954, he got a doctorate in physics from the sorbonne under the direction of g. dupont. at the university of strasbourg, he was appointed as a lecturer in 1955, professor in 1958. he became a retired professor in 1995.
he died, aged 80, in strasbourg.
abraham cressy morrison (1888-1951) was an american chemist. he was president of the new york academy of sciences.
he was known to his close friends as "cressy". his wife was the former marguerite snow of new york. he loved to fish and entertain at their summer home on deer isle, south of bangor, maine.
morrison published a book called "man in a chemical world: the service of chemical industry" (new york: scribner's sons, 1937). it is a work on science for the general reader. he is better known for his book "man does not stand alone", which was published in 1944. his largest work was "the baking powder controversy" (new york: american baking powder association, 1904–07). this is a work in two volumes on the history of the baking powder industry in the u.s.
a hybrid plasmid is a plasmid that contains an inserted piece of foreign dna.
zeatin is a plant hormone taken from adenine. it is most commonly found in coconut milk and young corn seeds.
zeatin and multiple other hormones in its family are known to make plants grow faster. the hormone is used to start seed growth in young plants. it is also used in many anti-aging formulae.
megan charpentier (born may 26, 2001) is an american and canadian actress. she was born in california. she grew up in canada.
she appears as young valerie in the 2011 movie "red riding hood".
megan plays a girl named chrystal, who can hear a cat talk in the movie "grumpy cat's worst christmas ever". the movie was first shown on lifetime television on november 29, 2014.
mama is a 2013 spanish supernatural horror movie directed by andy muschietti. it is about two young girls abandoned in a forest cabin. the two girls, victoria and lilly, have different personality traits from one another. the story begins during the 2008 financial crisis and continues to 2013.
the movie got good reviews from critics. it became successful in the box office.
russell david johnson (november 10, 1924 – january 16, 2014) was an american television and movie actor. he was best known as "the professor" on the cbs television sitcom "gilligan's island". 
johnson died at his home in bainbridge island, washington on january 16, 2014. he died from kidney failure. he was 89 years old.
david joseph "dave" madden (december 17, 1931 – january 16, 2014) was a canadian-american actor. he was known for his role as reuben kincaid on "the partridge family".
madden died on january 16, 2014 in jacksonville, florida. he died from complications of myelodysplastic syndrome. he was aged 82.
roger lloyd-pack (8 february 1944 – 15 january 2014) was an english actor. he was best known for his roles as trigger in the television shows "only fools and horses", "the vicar of dibley" and "the old guys", and his role in the movie "harry potter and the goblet of fire".
lloyd-pack died from pancreatic cancer on 15 january 2014. he died at his home in kentish town. he was aged 69.
william jack baumol (february 26, 1922 – may 4, 2017) was an american economist. he was a professor of economics at new york university. he was also a retired professor at princeton university. baumol has written many books about labor market and other issues that affect the economy.
baumol died on may 4, 2017 in new york city at the age of 95.
tor åge bringsværd (born 16 november 1939 in skien) is an norwegian author, playwright, editor and translator. he is perhaps best known for his speculative fiction. together with jon bing, he is also considered the first norwegian author to write science fiction books. he and bing have been partners for a long time.
nils christie (february 24, 1928 – may 27, 2015) was a norwegian sociologist and criminologist. he was a professor of criminology at the faculty of law, university of oslo since 1966. among his books is "limits to pain". it was printed in norwegian in 1981, "pinens begrensning". it has been translated into eleven languages.
thomas fredrik weybye barth (22 december 1928 – 24 january 2016) was a norwegian social anthropologist. he published several ethnographic books with a clear formalistic view. he was born in leipzig.
he was a professor in the department of anthropology at boston university. he had previously been a professor at the university of oslo, the university of bergen, emory university and harvard university. he started the department of social anthropology at the university of bergen.
barth died in oslo, norway on 24 january 2016 at the age of 87.
clifford james geertz (august 23, 1926 – october 30, 2006) was an american anthropologist. he is known for his strong support for and influence on the practice of symbolic anthropology. he was considered for 30 years one of the most important cultural anthropologists in the united states. he was also a retired professor or "emeritus" at the institute for advanced study, princeton, until his death.
the division of throsby was an australian electoral division in the state of new south wales. it was named after charles throsby (1777-1828), a pioneer and explorer in the areas south of sydney.
throsby included albion park, berkeley, berrima, blackbutt, bowral, cringila, dapto, exeter, fitzroy falls, horsley, kembla grange, lake illawarra, mittagong, moss vale, oak flats, port kembla, robertson, warrawong, welby, willow vale, and parts of warilla.
jennie george was the first woman to be the president of the australian council of trade unions (actu) 1996-2000.
biker mice from mars is a cartoon created by "rick ungar" that first aired in 1993 in the united states and lasted for three seasons before it was cancelled. it is about three human like mice named throttle, modo, and vinnie. although there are battles, no blood is shown, no guns are used and many villains are monsters, aliens, and robots.
in most episodes limburger tell karbunkle to use transporter to bring in one of the very powerful super villains. each of them have one special ability which is useful for limburger´s plan in hand.
a "biker mice from mars" video game was released by "konami" for the super nintendo in 1994. the european version features advertisements for snickers candy bars.
jordan michael houston (born april 5, 1975), better known by his stage name juicy j, is an american rapper, songwriter and record producer. he is from memphis, tennessee. he is a founding member of the southern hip hop group three 6 mafia. they formed in 1991.
louis johnson jr. (born december 27, 1987), better known by his stage name king louie (or king l), is an american rapper. he is from chicago, illinois. he is signed to the record label epic records. king l collaborated with the likes of 2 chainz, chief keef, lil durk, lil bibby, and kanye west.
that awkward moment is a 2014 american romantic comedy movie written by tom gormican in his drectorial debut. it stars zac efron, miles teller, michael b. jordan, imogen poots, mackenzie davis and jessica lucas.
after mikey's break-up, jason and daniel promise to stay single with him. however, they both end up falling in love and have to avoid facing their promise.
the 7.92x57mm mauser, aka 8mm mauser round is a german bullet first used in the g98 mauser rifle. other german rifles chambered (size of the bullet the gun can take) in 7.92x57mm include weapons such as the k98, mg34, mg42, fg42, g41, and g43. 
a variant (different style) of the 7.92x57mm, the 7.92x33 mm "8mm kurz", was created as an intermediate cartridge intended to be used in urban warfare, as the german army learned from fighting in cities, mainly in russia after operation barbarossa. the 8mm kurz was used in the stg44 assault rifle. this round, weapon, and concept was picked up and expanded on by the russians after the war, and this led up to the development of the 7.62x39mm cartridge used in the sks45, ak47 (and variants), and the rpd light machine gun.
after world war ii, germany was split into two countries, west germany and east germany, and both countries stopped using 8mm mauser weapons. this was because the alliances they made required them to use the same ammunition for all their weapons as their allies. west germany would use nato weapons, and east germany would use warsaw pact weapons.
logan laurice browning (born june 9, 1989) is an american actress and singer-songwriter. she is best known for playing sasha in the movie "bratz: the movie" (2007) and brianna in "meet the browns". she currently stars as jelena howard on the vh1 series "hit the floor".
life and career.
browning joined the cast of "meet the browns" during the second season. she replaced brianne gould as the character brianna ortiz. she also makes a brief appearance in prima j's "rockstar" music video, as well as b5's music video "u got me". she also had a recurring role on the disney xd series "pair of kings".
olympus has fallen is an american action movie from 2013. it is about commandos from north korea holding people hostage in the white house. it stars gerard butler, morgan freeman, and aaron eckhart. it was released in summer of 2013.
a sequel, "london has fallen", was released in march 2016.
josé sulaimán chagnón (born may 30, 1931 – january 16, 2014) was a mexican boxing official. he was the president of the world boxing council. he was entered into the international boxing hall of fame on june 10, 2007.
sulaimán was born in ciudad victoria, tamaulipas. he died in los angeles, california.
arvid carlsson (25 january 1923 – 29 june 2018) was a swedish neuropharmacologist. he was best known for his work with the neurotransmitter dopamine and its effects on parkinson's disease. 
he won the wolf prize in medicine in 1979.
for his work on dopamine, carlsson was awarded the nobel prize in physiology or medicine in 2000. he won the award alongside eric kandel and paul greengard.
paul greengard (december 11, 1925 – april 13, 2019) was an american neuroscientist (neurobiologist), biochemist, and pharmacologist of jewish descent.
he was best known for his work on the molecular and cellular function of neurons. in 2000, greengard, arvid carlsson and eric kandel were awarded the nobel prize for physiology or medicine for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system.
greengard died on april 13, 2019 in new york city at the age of 93.
anne jeffreys (january 26, 1923 – september 27, 2017) was an american actress and singer. she was known for her works in "topper", "street scene", and the musicals "kiss me, kate" (1948) and the musical "three wishes for jamie" (1952). she replaced patricia morison in the musical "kiss me, kate".
jeffreys was born annie carmichael in goldsboro, north carolina on january 26, 1923.
jeffreys died on september 27, 2017 at the age of 94.
bảo đại (22 october 1913 – 30 july 1997) was the last king of vietnam. he was the 13th and last king of the nguyễn dynasty. he was the leader of the country during world war ii.
bảo đại ruled as the king of annam from 1926 to 1945. japan briefly took control of vietnam in 1945, and bảo đại was made emperor of vietnam but with little real power. france took back control of vietnam in 1949 as the state of vietnam. bảo đại served as chief of state from then to 1955, but the french had the real power.
bảo đại was born on 22 october 1913 and given the name of prince nguyễn phúc vĩnh thụy in the palace of doan-trang-vien. he was sent to france to be educated. on 8 january 1926, he was made the emperor after his father's death and took the name bảo đại (protector of grandeur).
independence and abdication.
in 1940, during the ww2, imperial japan took over french indochina. in 1945, the japanese made bảo đại into declaring vietnamese independence from france as a member of japan's sphere of influence; the country then became the empire of vietnam. the japanese surrendered to the allies in august 1945, the viet minh aimed to take power in vietnam. due to hồ chí minh's popular political stand against the french and the 1945 famine, he was able to persuade bảo đại to abdicate and hand over power to the communists.
return to power.
bảo đại was a advisor during the first indochina war. during the war, he signed many treaties which made him very unpopular.
after the first indochina war, a peace deal was made to split vietnam into two, with state of vietnam receiving the south. bảo đại remained "head of state" of south vietnam, but moved to paris and appointed ngô đình diệm as his prime minister.
second removal from power.
a rigged referendum made ngô đình diệm the president of the new republic of vietnam, so bảo đại was removed from power. 
hồ xuân hương (1772–1822) was a female vietnamese poet. she wrote poems using nôm characters. her poems criticize gender inequality in vietnam.
dominic wynn woods (born june 20, 1992), better known by his stage name sage the gemini, is an american rapper, singer, songwriter and record producer. he is from fairfield, california. he is a member of the hbk gang. he is known for his single "gas pedal", featuring iamsu!, which peaked at #29 on the billboard hot 100. this made it both artists' first top-40 hit. it was #6 on the "hot r&b/hip-hop songs" and #4 on the "hot rap songs charts" in 2013.
all is by my side is a british and irish drama movie about jimi hendrix. it was released in 2013. it was written and directed by john ridley.
imogen poots (born 3 june 1989) is a british movie and television actress. she is best known for playing tammy in "28 weeks later".
joshua james atwill "josh" pais (born june 21, 1958) is an american actor in movies and television.
pais married actress lisa emery on august 27, 1990; actor zane pais is their son. they divorced in 2003. pais is married to marie forleo.
villarroya de la sierra is a municipality in the province of zaragoza, aragon, spain. in 2004, 622 people lived here.
turki bin faisal al saud ( "turkī ibn fayṣal āl su‘ūd"; ) (born 15 february 1945), known also as turki al faisal, is a saudi prince and former politician. he is the chairman of king faisal foundation's center for research and islamic studies.
from 1979 to 2001, prince turki was the director general of al mukhabarat al 'ammah, saudi arabia's intelligence agency. he was ambassador to the united kingdom and the united states.
shalva papuashvili (; born 26 january 1976) is a georgian politician who is a member of the georgian parliament since 2020 and as speaker of parliament since 29 december 2021.
the chairperson of the parliament of georgia (, "sakartvelos p’arlament’is tavmjdomare") is the speaker of the house in the parliament of georgia. the current speaker is shalva papuashvili, since december 29, 2021.
"tavisupleba" (, ; "freedom") is the national anthem of georgia. it was adopted as the georgian national anthem in may 2004 after reform in the government.
the lari (; iso 4217: gel) is the currency of georgia. it is divided into 100 tetri ().
the coat of arms of georgia is one of the national symbols of the republic. it is based on the medieval coats of arms of the georgian royal family. 
nephelinite is a fine-grained or igneous rock made up mostly of nepheline and clinopyroxene (also augite).
nephelinite is dark and may look like basalt in a hand. however, basalt consists mostly of augite and calcic.
intense tropical cyclone gombe was a strong tropical cyclone that became the first storm to make a major landfall in nampula province, mozambique, since cyclone jokwe in 2008. it had a maximum 10-minute sustained winds of 165 km/h (105 mph), maximum 1-minute sustained winds of 185 km/h (115 mph), and a minimum central pressure of . it was formed on 5 march 2022 and finished on 17 march 2022.
cyclone gombe killed at least 62 people, and affected over 400,000 people in mozambique. tens of thousands of homes were heavily damaged by the storm in mozambique. some deaths were reported in madagascar and malawi.
aleksei aleksandrovich bakharev (; 12 october 1976 – 18 march 2022) was a russian-ukrainian footballer. bakharev was born in petrov val, russian sfsr. he played as a midfielder. from 1999 until 2006, he made 124 appearances for fc shakhtar donetsk. he also played once for the russian national team in 1998 and once for the ukrainian national team in 2002.
bakharev died on 18 march 2022 in ukraine at the age of 45.
petrov val () is a town in kamyshinsky district of volgograd oblast, russia. it is located on the left bank of the ilovlya river. it is north of volgograd, the administrative center of the oblast. the population was 
volgograd oblast (, "volgogradskaya oblast") is a federal subject (an oblast) of russia. it is located in the volga region of southern russia. its administrative center is volgograd. the population of the oblast was 2,610,161 in the 2010 census.
brovary (, ; before 1969 known as brovari) is a city in kyiv oblast (region) in northern ukraine, an eastern suburb of the country's capital, kyiv. it is the administrative centre of brovary raion (district).
yitzhak "itzik" mordechai (, born 22 november 1944) is an iraqi-born israeli former general and politician. he was a member of the knesset between 1996 and 2001. he was minister of defense from 1996 until 1999 and minister of transport from 1999 until 2000.
he retired from politics after being indicted for sexual assaults during his military service and later periods.
this is a list of named minor planets in number order. , it has over 23,081 named minor planets.
waynehead is a short-lived animated television series, created by damon wayans, and produced by warner bros. animation and canadian studio nelvana. it aired on both ytv and kids' wb from 1996 to 1997. it lasted for 13 episodes in a single season.
kamen rider 555 (officially "masked rider φ's", also read "kamen rider faiz" or "phi's") is a japanese tokusatsu television drama. it is the 13th installment in the kamen rider series. it is a joint collaboration between ishimori productions and toei, and was broadcast on tv asahi from january 26, 2003, to january 18, 2004. it aired as a part of tv asahi's 2003 super hero time block, alongside "bakuryū sentai abaranger".
the smart brain corporation, the world's most powerful corporation, is trying to take over the world using orphnoch, the "next stage in humanity's evolution", to covertly kill off the human population. in pursuit of this, they develop three suits of power armor, called rider gears (each for delta, faiz, and kaixa), to find and protect the orphnoch king, who can fix a defect within orphnoch dna which causes their genetic structure to break down, leading to death.
the rider gears are stolen by hanagata, the goat orphnoch and former chief of smart brain. he sends them to his foster children (dubbed the "ryuseiji", after the school they attended) so they can stop the orphnoch from achieving their goal. however, rider gears were designed to be worn by orphnoch, and humans are unable to activate the systems without undergoing genetic generation.
a young loner, takumi inui, is unwittingly drawn into the conflict between the orphnoch and humans and becomes kamen rider faiz to save the life of mari sonada, one of the ryuseiji. smart brain begins training him in an attempt to retrieve the faiz gear.
however, there is division amongst the orphnoch, as those who wish to co-exist with humans rather than kill him, begin resisting the smart brain, who in turn targets them as well. most of these "renegade" orphnochs are either killed, remain neutral or begin siding with the ryuseiji against the smart brain.
when the tokyo police discover the orphnoch are behind a series of bizarre murders, they begin operations to defeat the creatures, largely unaware of the various factions involved. they even begin performing experiments on captured orphnoch in an attempt to find ways of destroying them, though this does not go well.
the orphnoch king eventually awakens within a young boy named teruo suzuki, whom naoya kaido and keitaro kikuchi saved and befriended. now, it is up to the holders of the rider gears to band together and fight for humanity's survival.
hermann müller (18 may 1876 – 20 march 1931; ) was a german social democratic politician who was the foreign minister (1919–1920), and twice as the chancellor of germany (1920, 1928–1930) in the weimar republic. he was one of the german signatories of the treaty of versailles (28 june 1919).
neue deutsche biographie (ndb; "new german biography") is a biographical reference work. the 26 volumes published so far cover more than 22,500 biographies of peoples and families who lived in the german language area.
batumi (; ) is the second largest city of georgia and the capital of the autonomous republic of adjara, it is located on the coast of the black sea.
the oldsmobile custom cruiser was a full-size vehicle, manufactured by oldsmobile for three generations, from 1971-1992.
a dashcam, short for "dashboard camera" is a video camera inside a car or other road vehicle that records driving and sometimes what's happening inside the car (useful for taxi drivers) they normally suction onto the cars windscreen and are powered from the car, some have an extra camera that can be put in the rear windscreen to record what's happening behind.
dashcams are useful because video doesn't lie, it can for instance be used to see who caused a crash, important because some people deliberately crash into innocent peoples cars and blame them for causing the crash, so they can claim it on their insurance, dashcam footage can settle this, it's also important in other accident investigations, even ones that you weren't involved in, they have also recorded meteors and even airplane crashes.
early kinds of dashcam were used by police to film their patrols, but ones made for the average joe have become increasingly avalible in the last 10 or so years.
dashcams are very popular in russia.
beatlemania was the fanaticism surrounding the english rock band the beatles in the 1960s. the group's popularity grew in the united kingdom throughout 1963, propelled by the singles "please please me", "from me to you" and "she loves you".
yuan shikai (chinese: 袁世凱; pinyin: yuán shìkǎi; 16 september 1859 – 6 june 1916) was a chinese military and government official who rose to power during the late qing dynasty and eventually ended the qing dynasty rule of china in 1912 when it became the republic of china, in 1912 later becoming the emperor of china during world war 1 but died in 1916 in beijing . he joined the beiyang army in 1881 he was also involved in the first sino-japanese war (1894-1895) as well the boxer rebellion (1899-1901) led by empress dowager cixi and the xinhai revolution (1911-1912) led by sun yat-sen as well as world war 1 (1914-1918) which he tried to make himself the hongxian emperor trying to restore the qing dynasty known as the empire of china in 1915 but it failed in 1916 and it became the republic of china again in 1916 he was then replaced by general duan qirui (1865-1936) . 
erotic wrestling is a kind of wrestling, done by women or men, usually as a show, like at the burning man. when they do it, these wrestlers are often covered in oil, and they wear very little clothing (or they are completely naked). it often is part of adult entertainment. even though they are often also covered in oil, this has nothing to do with oil wrestling, which is done by clothed men, as a sport.
gori ( ) is a city in eastern georgia. gori is the regional capital of shida kartli.
dina (in spanish: "diesel nacional", in english: "national diesel") is a mexican truck and bus manufacturer, based in ciudad sahagún, hidalgo.
in the past, it collaborated with different companies, including the european fiat, renault, scania, škoda, perkins and eaton, the american chrysler, cummins, flxible, mci and caterpillar, and the brazilian marcopolo s.a..
through its history dina has produced a variety of passenger buses.
ossetian (, , ), commonly referred to as ossetic and rarely as ossete (), is an eastern iranian language that is spoken mostly in ossetia.
ossetia (; ; ; ) is a region in the greater caucasus mountains. most people living there are ethnic ossetians. the ossetian language is part of the eastern iranian branch of the family of indo-european languages. most countries recognise the southern area as part of georgia. but, russia has created arepublic of south ossetia there. most countries do not recognize the republic of south ossetia as an independent country. the northern part of the region is the republic of north ossetia–alania in the russian federation.
karakucak wrestling () is a non-oily wrestling specific to turkish people in turkey. this wrestling style traces back to the oghuz turks. the men wear pants called "pırpıt".these wrestlings are regularly held as festival organization in many citys of anatolia, especially in amasya, kahramanmaraş, tokat, çorum, sivas, erzurum, samsun, erzincan and yozgat etc.
kayleigh rae (born 11 august 1992) is a scottish professional wrestler. she is best known by her ring name kay lee ray. rae works for the wwe on the nxt brand with the ring name alba fyre. she was the longest reigning nxt uk women's champion. she is also a former three-time icw women's champion.
professional wrestling career.
independent circuit (2009–2019).
kay lee ray began wrestling at swa battlezone on 30 may 2009. she lost a match to be the number one contender for the nwa scottish heavyweight championship. her first singles match was a loss to viper on 26 march 2010. on 9 august 2014, ray beat martin kirby to become the swe speed king championship. on 28 february 2015, she defeated candice lerae, nixon newell and saraya knight to win the swe queen of southside championship. on 24 october 2015, ray lost the championship to newell. that match was a tag team match where newell's partner, jimmy havoc, defended his speed king championship against ray's partner, el ligero. on 7 august 2016, ray won the queen of southside championship in a tmatch against alex windsor and jade. she lost the title two months later to melina. on 16 june 2017, ray won the wcpw women's championship from viper.
insane championship wrestling (2011–present).
ray fought in her first insane championship wrestling match on 6 february 2011. she beat carmel. on 4 may 2013, she defeated viper to win the fierce females championship. this was, her first championship. on 29 may 2015, she lost the fierce females championship to viper in a 20-woman match. this ended ray's time as champion at 755 days. on 15 november 2015, ray faced nikki storm and viper to become the first icw women's champion. the match was won by viper. on 20 november 2016, ray won the icw women's championship. she beat viper and champion carmel jacob. on 29 july 2017 , ray lost the icw women's championship to kasey owens in 37 seconds. she won it back on 1 october 2017. she lost the title the next month to owens on 19 november in a steel cage match that also involving viper. on 2 december 2018, ray won the women's championship from viper.
total nonstop action wrestling (2014–2015).
ray appeared for total nonstop action wrestling (tna) in 2014. she was on the second season of "tna british boot camp". her first match was taped on 16 august. she lost in a match against nikki storm. kasey owens and leah owens. storm won that match her second match was taped on 6 september. in it, she lost in an eight-person tag team match. the match included her, al snow, grado, and mark andrews against angelina love, dave mastiff, rampage brown, and noam dar. in her final match , she learned that she was on of the top three competitors. she faced gail kim but lost. andrews won the show and the tna contract. ray was on two episodes of "tna xplosion". in the first episode, she teamed with noam dar and beat gail kim and rampage brown. in the second episode, ray. andrews, dar and crazzy steve beat brown, dave mastiff, madison rayne, and samuel shaw.
world of sport (2018–2019).
on 5 may 2018, ray won the "world of sport wrestling" women's championship in a match against bea priestley and viper. she defended the title in a battle royal and a singles match against viper. on 19 january 2019, ray lost the title to viper.
wwe debut and mae young classic (2015,2017).
ray made her first appearance in the wwe at the 8 october 2015 tapings of "nxt". she lost to nia jax. the next time she worked for wwe was in 2017. she was one of 32 people in the first mae young classic, she lost to princesa sugehit in the first round. the next night, she was in a six-woman tag team match as part of the "wwe mae young classic – road to the finals" event. she teamed with jazzy gabert and tessa blanchard to beat marti belle, santana garrett, and sarah logan.
nxt uk (2019–2021).
at on 12 january 2019, ray and jazzy gabert appeared at ringside. it was later confirmed that the two had signed with wwe, marking ray's first contract with wwe. her first match on nxt uk was on 13 march. ray beat candy floss in a singles match. on the june 19 episode of "nxt uk", ray won a battle royal. with the win, she got a chance to fight nxt uk women's champion toni storm at a time of her choice. on 3 july, ray said she will face storm at . at takeover: cardiff, ray defeated storm and became the nxt uk women's championship. she was the first british-born wrestler to hold the title.
on 13 november episode of "nxt", ray interfered in a ladder match between io shirai and mia yim. ray helped shirai win the match. it was soon learned that ray was the fourth member of shayna baszler along with shirai. their team would later face yim and the rest of rhea ripley's team at the first female war games ripley's team beat baszler's team at . on the 8 january 2021 episode of "nxt", ray teamed with bianca belair and io shirai. they lost against storm, ripley and candice lerae.
on the 12 december episode of "nxt uk", it was said that ray would defend the nxt uk women's championship against storm and piper niven in a triple threat match at . ray won the match at takeover: blackpool ii. on 27 february, she beat storm in a match for the title. because storm lost, she could no longer for the title as long as ray was champion. after the match, ray started a feud with niven.. on the 2 april episode of "nxt uk", ray and jinny defeated niven and dani luna.
on the 24 september episode of "nxt uk", ray beat nevin and kept her title. on the 5 november episode, ray and niven's feud continued after ray insulted niven. niven came out and attacked ray in the ring and backstage. on the 19 november episode, ray faced niven again for the title. ray won after jinny interfered in the match. over the next few weeks, ray defended the title against jinny and meiko satomura. on the 10 june 2021 episode, she lost the title to satomura. this ended her record-setting time as champion at 649 days.
on 22 august 2021, ray became a member if nxt roster. she made her first appearance at the end of the nxt womens championship match between raquel gonzález and dakota kai. on the 23 november episode ray distracted mandy rose during her match against cora jade. this caused rose to lose the match. later that night, she joined io shirai's team at nxt wargames. this was the first time while working for the wwe that she was a face. at wargames, her team was won. during the match, ray teased turning on her team. she moved near an injured cora jade with a kendo stick but turned and attacked kai instead. on the 7 december episode of "nxt", kay lee ray was a part of a segment witj cora jade and raquel gonzález. on the february 8 episode of nxt, ray fought mandy rose for the nxt women's championship, but lost.
in july 2021, rae married her boyfriend stephen kerr better known by his ring name stevie boy xavier.
meridian is a census-designated place (cdp) in sutter county, california. the 2010 united states census reported meridian's population was 358.
joel hasse ferreira (13 july 1944 – 19 march 2022) was a portuguese politician. he was a member of the socialist party of portugal. hasse ferreira was born in lisbon, portugal. he was a member of the assembly of the republic from 1983 until 1985, 1992 to 2001 and from 2002 until 2005. he was a member of the european parliament from 2004 until 2009.
hasse ferreira died on 19 march 2022 in lisbon at the age of 77.
christopher henry smith (born march 4, 1953) is an american politician. he is the u.s. representative for since 1981. 
smith is the dean of new jersey's congressional delegation. 
robert earl filner (born september 4, 1942) is an american former politician. he was the 35th mayor of san diego from december 2012 through august 2013. he resigned because of many allegations of sexual harassment. he is a member of the democratic party. filner was the u.s. representative for from 1993 to 2012.
the 2022 russian invasion of ukraine was widely condemned. international sanctions were given to russia, which set off a financial crisis, especially for russians living in the west. 
the invasion led to a widespread boycott of russia and belarus in entertainment, media, business, and sport.
u.s. president joe biden said there would be sanctions on banks veb.rf and promsvyazbank.
on 24 february, the prime minister of australia scott morrison said there would be travel bans. there would also be financial sanctions against eight members of russia's national security council.
the united kingdom, united nations, france, germany, spain, japan, sweden, turkey, norway, canada, and italy have also disagreed with the invasion.
on 24 february 2022, president of the european commission ursula von der leyen said the group has allowed "massive" actions that would target technological transfers, russian banks and russian assets. that same day, president putin said western countries that take part in the actions "will face consequences greater than any you have faced in history. all relevant decisions have been taken. i hope you hear me".
on 26 february, the european union, the united states and their allies say that they support in removing russian banks from the swift payment system. the next day, many european nations announced a ban on russian flights in their airspace.
on 28 february, switzerland, monaco, singapore, and south korea put in place economic sanctions on russia such as controlling exports and assets. these countries were once seen as neutral during global conflicts.
c. 15 military recruitment offices in russia, have been set on fire; many of the 15 fires were a result of use of molotov cocktails.
some famous people have come back to ukraine to join forces that are in opposition to the russian forces. as of march 2, oleksandr usyk, a world champion boxer is back. as of march 4, yuriy vernydub (manager of sheriff tiraspol), 
károly grósz (1 august 1930 – 7 january 1996) was a hungarian communist politician, who served as the general secretary of the hungarian socialist workers' party from 1988 to 1989.
marian zembala (11 february 1950 – 19 march 2022) was a polish cardiac surgeon, academic and politician. he was the minister of health in 2015. he was a deputy to the sejm from 2015 until 2019. zembala was born in krzepice, poland. he was a member of the civic platform.
zembala died on 19 march 2022 in zbrosławice, poland at the age of 72.
roberts ķīlis (14 march 1968 – 19 march 2022) was a latvian politician and social anthropologist. he was born in riga, latvia. he was the minister for education and science of latvia from 2011 until 2013. 
ķīlis died on 19 march 2022 in riga, five days after his 54th birthday.
nougat is a sweet food. it goes inside many candy bars. its texture is fluffy. it is made of egg whites with sugar or honey mixed in. in europe it is a christmas food. 
this is a list of ukrainians.
this is a list of mayors of lisbon, the capital city of portugal, and also the most populated city.
guillermo daniel rodríguez pérez (born 21 march 1984) is a uruguayan professional footballer. he played as a centre back. he played for the uruguay national football team twelve times from 2004 until 2005.
guillermo diaz may refer to:
guillermo díaz (born march 22, 1975) is an american actor. he is known for his roles in "half baked" (1998), "200 cigarettes" (1999) and "stonewall" (1995). he is best known for his role as diego "huck" muñoz in the drama series "scandal". 
díaz is openly gay.
guillermo eduardo díaz zambrano (29 december 1930 – 25 september 1997) was a chilean football midfielder. he played for chile in the 1950 fifa world cup. he made nineteen appearances from 1950 until 1957.
amol palekar (born 24 november 1944) is an indian actor, director and producer. his works were in hindi and marathi cinema. palekar was born in bombay, bombay presidency, british india. his career began in 1971. he was known for his roles in "chhoti si baat" (1977), "gol maal" (1980), "bangarwadi" (1995), "daayraa" (1996), "dhyaas parva" (2000) and "quest" (2006).
in february 2022, palekar was hospitalized in pune, india for covid-19 related problems.
the siege of lisbon was a battle in the city of lisbon. portugal. the seige to place from 1 july to 25 october 1147. portugal retook the city and removed the moors who controlled it. the siege of lisbon was one of the christian victories of the second crusade.
area code 306 is an area code for saskatchewan. it was one of the earliest area codes created in 1947, it covers the entire province of saskatchewan. it was overlaid by 639 in 2013 and by 474 on october 2, 2021.
area code 402 is an area code for nebraska. it was one of the first codes created in 1947. it initially covered the entire state of nebraska until 1954, which is when it was split by 308, which covers the western portion of the state, while 308 covers the eastern part of the state, including the towns lincoln, omaha, columbus, fremont, la vista, and norfolk. it was overlaid by 531 in march 26, 2011. permissive dialing in that area started on june 26, 2010 and ended on february 26, 2011, exactly a month before 531 was implemented.
christopher wolfgang alexander (4 october 1936 – 17 march 2022) was an austrian-born british-american architect, writer and design theorist. he was an emeritus professor at the university of california, berkeley. he talked about how architecture effects urban design, software, sociology and others. alexander designed and personally built over 100 buildings, both as an architect and a general contractor.
his written works include "notes on the synthesis of form, a city is not a tree", "the timeless way of building, a new theory of urban design," "the oregon experiment." and a four volume essay "the nature of order".
alexander died on 17 march 2022 at his home in walberton, west sussex, england after a long illness at the age of 85.
laurence francis rooney iii (born december 4, 1953) is an american politician. he was a u.s. representative for from 2017 to 2021. he was a republican. he was the united states ambassador to the holy see from 2005 until 2008.
rooney was the ceo of rooney holdings. he had a net worth of $22.6 million, rooney had been one of the wealthiest members of congress.
in october 2019, rooney announced that he would not run for re-election to congress in 2020.
area code 403 is an area code of alberta. it was one of the first area codes created in 1947. it initially covered the entire province of alberta, but after it was split by 780 in 1999, it now covers the southern portion of the province. the entire province was overlaid by 587 in 2008, 825 in 2016, and 368 in 2022.
kenneth francis hackett (born january 27, 1947) is an american politician and catholic official. he was the united states ambassador to the holy see from august 2013 until january 2017. he was president of catholic relief services (crs).
the kaiserstuhl is a small, low mountain range in germany. it is located on the upper rhine plain. the ranges rises in the southwest of baden-württemberg, germany.it is in the emmendingen and breisgau-hochschwarzwald ditricts. the mountain range was created by volcanic activiity.
mary ann glendon (born october 7, 1938) is an american politician, lawyer and academic. she is the learned hand professor of law at harvard law school. she was the united states ambassador to the holy see from 2008 until 2009.
glendon supported mitt romney in the 2012 presidential election. she also supported romney's campaign in the 2008 presidential election.
glendon was a mentor of mike pompeo, the former united states secretary of state, when pompeo was at harvard law school.
miguel humberto díaz (born september 29, 1963) is a cuban-born american theologian, diplomat and political commentator. he was the united states ambassador to the holy see from 2009 until 2012. he was nominated by president barack obama and confirmed by the u.s. senate on august 5, 2009. he resigned on november 5, 2012. 
oildale is a census-designated place (cdp) in kern county, california, united states. oildale is north-northwest of downtown bakersfield. the population was 32,684 at the 2010 census.
palo cedro (spanish for "cedar wood") is a census-designated place (cdp) in shasta county, california, united states. it is 8 miles (13 km) east of redding, california. its population is 2,931 as of the 2020 census.
cirit (in english: jereed) is a traditional turkish horse equestrian sport in which the aim is to score points by throwing a blunt wooden spear at the opposing team's riders. it was played by the turkic peoples of central asia as the main sport and ceremonial game, and was brought to anatolia during the westward migration in the early 11th century. today, cirit is mainly practiced in eastern turkey and much liked by the turkish people.
area code 404 is an area code for georgia. it was one of the first area codes created in october 1947. it covered the entire state until it was split by 912 in 1954, 706 in 1992, and 770 in 1995. it now covers the atlanta region of georgia. it covers counties such as clayton, dekalb, fulton, cobb, douglas, and gwinnett counties. it was overlaid by 678 in 1998, 470 in 2001, and 943 on march 15, 2022.
the meadow tree frog or gunther's costa rican tree frog ("isthmohyla pseudopuma") is a frog that lives in costa rica and panama. in panama and parts of costa rica, it lives between 1000 and 2400 meters above sea level. on the pacific side (west) of the mountains in costa rica, it lives no more than 864 meters above sea level.
the adult male frog is 37.6 to 42.9 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 41.1 and 45.6 mm long.
this frog is brown and light brown on the back and yellow on its belly. it has a white stripe on both back legs. some of them have blue color on their middles.
this frog hides during the day in bromeliad plants and other plants with large leaves. at night, it goes to trees and bushes to look for food.
these frogs lay eggs after heavy rains. the males go to water, deep water if they can, and sing for the females. the females choose the largest male frogs. the female lays 500 eggs at a time, 1800 to 2500 eggs per female per year.
the tadpoles eat plants and dead things. they will also eat frog eggs and smaller tadpoles. they will eat eggs and tadpoles from other species or other gunther's costa rican tree frogs. if the pond starts to dry up, the tadpoles become frogs quicker than if it did not dry up.
this frog is not in danger of dying out but there are fewer of them than there were. this is because human beings change the places where the frog lives, because of climate change, and because there is more ultraviolet b light than there was. this light can hurt this frog.
area code 405 is an area code created for oklahoma. it was one of the first area codes created in october 1947. it initially covered the entire state of oklahoma, but after it was split by 918 in 1953 and 580 in 1997, it now covers the central portion of the state. it was overlaid by 572 in 2021.
a failed supernova, also known as an unnova, is the opposite of a supernova. when a large enough star runs out of fuel, it turns into a red supergiant. when these stars die, they cause an incredible explosion. this is a supernova. in the case of a failed supernova, the star will just collapse into a black hole. it does not explode into a supernova.
failed supernovas may be a cause of rogue planets. rogue planets are planets without a star.
cross-polarization is originally called proton enhanced nuclear induction spectroscopy (penis). it is a technique used for high resolution nmr of dilute spins in solids.
gavin & stacey is a british sitcom written by james corden and ruth jones about two families: one in billericay, essex; one in barry, south wales. mathew horne and joanna page play the titular characters gavin and stacey and the writers star as smithy and nessa. alison steadman and larry lamb star as gavin's parents (pam and mick), and melanie walters (gwen) is stacey's mother and rob brydon (bryn) is stacey's uncle.
baby cow productions produced the sitcom for bbc wales. three series totalling twenty episodes were broadcast from 13 may 2007 to 1 january 2010 on bbc three and later on bbc one. broadcast on christmas day 2009 and new year's day 2010, episodes of the final series formed a significant part of the prime-time bbc seasonal programming.
gavin & stacey was directed by christine gernon who directed other bbc sitcoms such as "one foot in the grave". 
acclaimed as both a hit and a breakthrough show for the bbc, it was the most nominated show in the 2007 british comedy awards. it won several awards, including the british academy television awards (baftas) audience award, and the british comedy awards best tv comedy award, both in 2008. in 2019, "gavin & stacey" was named the 17th-greatest british sitcom in a poll by "radio times".
christmas day 2019 special.
corden and jones wrote a christmas day 2019 special for bbc one. with 18.49 million viewers, the broadcast in the united kingdom was the most-viewed non-sporting event in a decade and the most-watched comedy in 17 years.
alison steadman (born 26 august 1946) is an english actress. she received the 1991 national society of film critics award for best actress for the mike leigh film "life is sweet" and the 1993 olivier award for best actress for her role as mari in the original production of "the rise and fall of little voice". in a 2007 channel 4 poll, the ‘50 greatest actors’ voted for by other actors, she was ranked 42.
steadman made her professional stage debut in 1968 and went on to establish her career in mike leigh's 1970s tv plays "nuts in may" (1976) and "abigail's party" (1977). she received bafta tv award nominations for the 1986 bbc serial "the singing detective" and in 2001 for the itv drama series "fat friends" (2000–2005). other television roles include "pride and prejudice" (1995), "gavin & stacey" (2007–2010, 2019) and "orphan black" (2015–2016). her other film appearances include "a private function" (1984), "topsy-turvy" (1999), "the life and death of peter sellers" (2004), "dad's army" (2016) and "the king's man" (2021).
oghuz turks also known simply as oghuz were a historical turkic tribal confederation in central asia during the early middle ages. 
the oghuz tribe also appears in turkic mythology. for example, the oghuz tribe would consist of 24 branches, from which the current turkish people would descend. the oghuz people themselves are said to be descended from the legendary turkish ruler oghuz khagan.
reboleira station is the northern terminal station on the blue line of the lisbon metro.
amadora este station is part of the blue line of the lisbon metro, it is located on the east side of amadora.
area code 917 is an area code for new york. it was created in 1992, as an overlay to area codes 212 and 718. it covers the entirety of new york city, including the bronx. it was overlaid by 646 in july 1999, 347 in october 1999, 929 in 2011, and 332 in 2017.
alfornelos station is part of the blue line of the lisbon metro, it is located in the alfornelos neighbourhood of amadora.
pontinha station is part of the blue line of the lisbon metro and is located in the bairro mário madeira neighbourhood of lisbon, near amadora and odivelas.
carnide station is part of the blue line of the lisbon metro and is located near the bairro da horta nova neighbourhood of lisbon.
colégio militar station is part of the blue line of the lisbon metro and is located in lisbon.
alto dos moinhos station is part of the blue line of the lisbon metro and is located close to estádio da luz.
santa apolónia station is the southern terminus on the blue line of the lisbon metro. 
laranjeiras station is part of the blue line of the lisbon metro and is located in the palma de baixo neighbourhood.
area code 718 is an area code of new york. it was created in 1984 as a split from 212. it covers the boroughs of the bronx, brooklyn, queens, and staten island. it was overlaid by 917 in 1992, 347 in 1999, and 929 in 2011.
terreiro do paço station is part of the blue line of the lisbon metro.
jardim zoológico station is part of the blue line of the lisbon metro.
grange hill is a british children's television drama series, originally produced by the bbc and portraying life in a typical comprehensive school. the show began its run on 8 february 1978 on bbc1, and was one of the longest-running programmes on british television when it ended on 15 september 2008 after 31 series. it was created by phil redmond, who is also responsible for the channel 4 dramas "brookside" and "hollyoaks"; other notable production team members down the years have included producer colin cant and script editor anthony minghella.
the show was cancelled in 2008, having run every year for 30 years. it was felt by the bbc that the series had run its course.
baixa-chiado is an interchange station where the blue and green lines of the lisbon metro connect, it is located under rua ivens between baixa and chiado, where it got its name. 
the ss "great eastern" (nicknamed: "leviathan", or "great babe") was a british ship built during the victorian era, which held the title of the largest passenger ship in the world for 4 decades (1859-99).
it was designed by the engineer isambard kingdom brunel, famous for having designed bridges such as the clifton suspension bridge or the maidenhead railway bridge, it was 211 meters long, had a capacity of 4,000 passengers, 17,915 gross tons and was propelled by sail masts, lateral blades and a screw propeller.
area code 308 is an area code for nebraska. it was created as a split to area code 402 in 1954. it covers the western portion of the state, while 308 covers the eastern portion. as of now, it is projected to not exhaust until at least 2050.
darcy isa (born 9 october 1992) is an english actress. she is perhaps most famous for portraying the role of lauren andrews in the bbc one school-based drama series "waterloo road" (2009–2012). she is also known for her role as andrea o'mally in bbc's other long-running school drama "grange hill" (2005–2008).
area code 213 is an area code for california. it was one of the first area codes ever created in 1947. it initially covered the entire southern portion of california, but after it was split multiple times, it now covers downtown los angeles and its surrounding areas, which are overlaid by multiple other area codes. the current 213 area was also split by 323 in 1998, but the 323 area combined with the 213 area to form an overlay plan in 2017.
area code 501 is an area code for arkansas. it was one of the first area codes created in october 1947. it used to cover the entire state until 1997, when it was split by 870 in 1997 and 479 in 2002. 501 now covers the central portion of arkansas. it covers towns such as its state capital, little rock, jacksonville, hot springs, sherwood, and bryant.
area code 502 is an area code for kentucky. it was one of the earliest area codes created in october 1947. it initially covered the entire state. however, it was split by 606 in 1954, then it was split by 270 in 1999, and 859 in 2000. 502 now covers the north central portion of kentucky, including its state capital frankfort, as well as other towns such as louisville, georgetown, west point, shelbyville, and bardstown.
area codes 503 and 971 are area codes for oregon. area code 503 was one of earliest area codes ever created. it was made in 1947. it originally covered the entire state, but after it was split by 541 in 1995, 503 now covers only the northwest portion of the state. it covers towns such as its state capital salem, portland, and astoria. it was overlaid by 971 in 2000.
the prinzessin victoria luise was a german cruise ship belonging to the shipping company hamburg america line.
it was named in honor of victoria louise of prussia, daughter of emperor wilhelm ii of germany. the ship is considered by many to be the "first cruise ship", because its use was limited to trips in the caribbean and the antilles.
she ran aground off the jamaican coast on december 16, 1906 and a year later, she sank in a seaquake (caused by the 1907 kingston earthquake).
gustáv husák (10 january 1913 – 18 november 1991) was a czechoslovak communist politician of a slovak origin, who served as the long-time first secretary of the communist party of czechoslovakia from 1969 to 1987 and the president of czechoslovakia from 1975 to 1989. his rule is known as the period of the normalization (normalizace in czech, normalizácia in slovak) after the prague spring.
paria may refer to the following :
zetek's tree frog ("isthmohyla zeteki") is a frog that lives in costa rica and panama. scientists have seen it between 1200 and 1804 meters above sea level. it lives in premontane places, not too high up in the mountains.
praça de espanha station is part of the blue line of the lisbon metro.
são sebastião is an interchange station where the blue and red lines of the lisbon metro connect, it is located on avenida antónio augusto de aguiar in the são sebastião da pedreira neighbourhood.
saldanha is an interchange station in central lisbon, where the red and yellow lines of the lisbon metro connect.
the voiced labiodental approximant is a consonant. it is used in some languages. the letter for this sound in the international phonetic alphabet is ⟨ʋ⟩.
the red line () or orient line () is one of the four lines of the lisbon metro.
senhor roubado station is part of the yellow line of the lisbon metro.
cais do sodré is a station on the green line of the lisbon metro.
ameixoeira station is part of the yellow line of the lisbon metro.
cidade universitária station is part of the yellow line of the lisbon metro.
odivelas station is the northern terminal station on the yellow line of the lisbon metro in the odivelas neighbourhood, north west of central lisbon.
odivelas ( ) is a city and a municipality in lisbon metropolitan area, portugal.
picoas station is part of the yellow line of the lisbon metro, it is located on the north side of the city centre on avenida fontes pereira de melo.
parque station is part of the blue line of the lisbon metro. 
the blue line () or seagull line () is one of the four lines of lisbon metro. it is the only line of the lisbon metro that is entirely underground.
marquês de pombal is an interchange station where the blue and yellow lines of the lisbon metro connect, it is located on praça marquês de pombal.
restauradores station is on the blue line of the lisbon metro.
avenida station is part of the blue line of the lisbon metro.
aeroporto is the terminal station on the red line of the lisbon metro. the station was built to serve the lisbon airport.
 humberto delgado airport , known as lisbon airport or portela airport, is an international airport located northeast from the city centre of lisbon, the capital of portugal.
rato station is the southern terminal station of the yellow line of the lisbon metro. 
campo pequeno station is part of the yellow line of the lisbon metro. 
entre campos station is part of the yellow line of the lisbon metro. 
campo grande is an elevated interchange station on the yellow and green lines of the lisbon metro. it has a large bus terminal on the ground floor and is located north of avenida general norton de matos in the lisbon parish of campo grande.
quinta das conchas station is part of the yellow line of the lisbon metro.
lumiar station is part of the yellow line of the lisbon metro, it is serving the lumiar neighbourhood, which is close to the lisbon airport.
lumiar () is a "freguesia" (civil parish) and district of lisbon, the capital of portugal.
there interesting places in the neighbourhood.
people can travel to the parish with these lisbon metro lines and stations:
the yellow line () or sunflower line () is one of the four lines of lisbon metro.
telheiras station is the northern terminus on the green line of the lisbon metro.
houilles is a commune. it is in île-de-france in the yvelines department in north-central france. in 2019, 32,801 people lived there.
the commune is in the northwestern suburbs of paris, from the center.
this is a list of stations of the metro system in lisbon, portugal (lisbon metro).
goussainville is a commune. it is in île-de-france in the val-d'oise department in north-central france. in 2019, 31,068 people lived there.
the commune is in the north-northeastern suburbs of paris, from the center. it is near charles de gaulle airport.
poissy is a commune. it is in île-de-france in the yvelines department in north-central france. in 2019, 39,187 people lived there.
the commune is in the western suburbs of paris, from the center. it is one of peugeot's largest factories.
poissy is twinned with:
dragash is a municipality in the prizren district of kosovo. dragash has approximately 41,000 inhabitants, the majority are the gorani, a slavic language speaking muslim group. the area is 435 km², the population density is 94 inhabitants per km². the city is wellknown for his wrestlers, every year in june is hold a oil wreslting festival.
antonio salieri (18 august 17507 may 1825) was an italian opera composer who worked in vienna. people think that salieri and mozart were enemies. people also think that he poisoned mozart. this is probably not true.
encarnação is a station on the red line of the lisbon metro. the station is located in the parish of encarnação.
moscavide is a station on the red line of the lisbon metro.
rossio is a station on the green line of the lisbon metro.
the green line () or caravel line () is one of the four lines of lisbon metro.
aba wrestling () is an old anatolian turkish traditonal wrestling style since the seljuk sultanate of rûm, from the citys gaziantep and hatay in turkey, where the wrestlers (pehlivans) wear a special garment called aba, made from camel hair.
shalwar wrestling () is a common style of wrestling in the districts and villages of kahramanmaraş in turkey. in this wrestling style, which takes its name from the shalwar worn instead of the "kispet" in oil wrestling or the "pırpıt" in karakucak wrestling, the wrestlers wear shalwars and are bare feet. wrestling begins while standing, when the abdomen or knees touch the ground. defeat is the belly that sees the sky, like in oil and karakucak wrestling. once the opponent is down, a single move is given. if this move does not produce any result, it is usually straightened up.
area code 504 is an area code for louisiana. it was one of the first area codes created in october 1947. it initially covered the entire state but after it was split by 318 in 1957, 225 in 1998, and 985 in 2001, it now covers the new orleans territory of the state and its surrounding suburbs.
area code 505 is an area code for new mexico. it was one of the first area codes ever created in october 1947. it used to cover the entire state until 2007, when it was split by 575. it now covers the northwestern and central portions of the state, including albuquerque, gallup, santa fe, and farmington.
area code 506 is an area code that belongs to the canadian province of new brunswick. it was made in 1955 as a split of area code 902, which now covers nova scotia and prince edward island. it will be overlaid by area code 428 on april 29, 2023.
is it cake? is an american reality game show about cake artists competing to make cake replicas out of fast food, handbags, and more. it is hosted by mikey day. all 8 episodes of the show premiered on netflix on march 18, 2022.
skilled cake artists create mouthwatering replicas of handbags, sewing machines and more in a mind-bending baking contest inspired by a popular meme.
1. "fast-food fakeout" - flavourful cakes pose as fast-food favourites like burgers, tacos, and breakfast sandwiches.
2. "phony fashion" - bakers create delicious decoys of shoes, designer bags, and other department store finds.
3. "fake by the ocean" - clever contestants camouflage their cakes to look like things seen at the beach.
4. "imposter in aisle 5" - making veggies, challah, and cellophane-wrapped steak into a cake.
5. "cake crashers" - remarkable cake art mimics items found at a party like red solo cups and salty snacks.
6. "garage mirage" - cake takes the form of garage sale scores, including a bowling pin and an antique radio.
7. "toying around" - baking cakes that look like toys.
8. "winner fakes all!" - the top three contenders design the cakes of their dreams for a shot at a $50,000 prize.
area codes 215, 267 and 445 are area codes for pennsylvania. area code 215 was one of the initial area codes created in 1947. it initially covered the southeastern portion of pennsylvania, but after it was split by 610 in 1994, it now covers the entirety of philadelphia and its county, as well as parts of montgomery county, lehigh county, berks county, bucks county. it was overlaid by 267 in 1999 and 445 in 2018.
thomas joseph young (september 17, 1932 – march 2022) was an american basketball coach. he coached at american university, rutgers university, catholic university and old dominion university. his coaching career began in 1958 and he retired in 2007. young was born in natrona heights, pennsylvania.
young died in march 2022 in virginia beach, virginia at the age of 89.
natrona heights is an unincorporated community in harrison township, allegheny county in the u.s. state of pennsylvania. it is about northeast of pittsburgh. 
harrison township is a township in allegheny county in the u.s. state of pennsylvania. the population was 10,461 at the 2010 census. 
beach handball is a variation of handball, which is played on the beach, or on sand. the players are usually barefoot. two teams with four players each compete. a match has two rounds, which each last ten minutes. 
how to play.
matches are played as best two-out-of-three times. if teams are tied at the end of a normal game then the teams play for a golden goal. if the teams are tied at the end of 2 games then the teams will be part in a tie breaker. the tie break involves a goalie throwing the ball to their own player while that player tries to score one-on-one with the other goalie. 
in 2021, the norwegian women's team were fined €1500 because they were improperly dressed: at a european championship match in bulgaria they had worn bike-shorts (like the men), instead of bikini bottoms. critics laughed about the fine and the underlying rule. although the norwegian handball federation announced they would pay the fines, pop singer pink offered to pay for them. in november 2021, the international handball federation changed their dress rules to closely match the shorts that the norwegian team were fined for wearing.
jacob l'okori oulanyah (23 march 1965 – 20 march 2022) was a ugandan agricultural economist, lawyer and politician. he was the speaker of the 11th parliament of uganda from 2021 until his death. he was elected the parliament in 2011 and served until his death. he previously was a member of parliament from 2001 until 2006.
oulanyah died on 20 march 2022 at a hospital in seattle, washington from cardiopulmonary arrest caused by a short-illness at the age of 56.
trappes is a commune. it is in île-de-france in the yvelines department in north-central france. in 2019, 32,645 people lived there.
the commune is in the western suburbs of paris, from the center, in the new town of saint-quentin-en-yvelines.
trappes is twinned with:
adriana elisabeth hoffmann jacoby (29 january 1940 – 20 march 2022) was a chilean botanist, environmentalist, and writer. she was chile's environment minister in 2000 and 2001. she was a supporter of sustainable management and protection of chilean forests.
hoffmann died on 20 march 2022 at the age of 82.
lyell cresswell (13 october 1944 – 19 march 2022) was a new zealand composer of contemporary classical music. he was the younger brother of max cresswell. he lived and worked in edinburgh, scotland. he won the apra silver scroll for his work to new zealand music in 1979.
raimon carrasco azemar (17 february 1924 – 20 march 2022) was a spanish businessman and football executive. he was the 1st president of fc barcelona from 1977 until 1978. he was born in barcelona, spain.
carrasco died on 20 march 2022 in barcelona at the age of 98.
alan john hopgood am (29 september 1934 – 19 march 2022) credited also as alan hopwood, was an australian actor, producer, dramatist, playwright, screenwriter and educator. he was best known for writing the screenplay for movie "alvin purple" and his tv soap opera roles including "bellbird" as dr. reid, "prisoner" as wally wallace and "neighbours" as jack lassiter.
hopgood died on 19 march 2022 in melbourne, australia from cancer at the age of 87.
people who do not wear shoes and socks or tights are said to be barefoot. being barefoot is a natural way of walking. there are many receptors and muscles in the foot, which help sense the ground people are walking on. there's a thick layer of skin on the feet. this layer will get even thicker in people who often walk barefoot. this protection has its limits. likely shoes were developed to protect against heat or cold. the oldest known traces of shoes date to about 8.500 years ago. todaay, people think, that some kinds of shoes were used, when europe was setled, about 40.000 years ago.
federico martín aramburú (20 january 1980 – 19 march 2022) was an argentine rugby union footballer. he was born in la plata, argentina. he played as a wing but could also play centre for glasgow warriors in the pro12, and for the argentina. he also played in france with us dax, usa perpignan and originally with biarritz olympique. 
martín aramburú was killed on 19 march 2022, in a drive-by shooting after an argument in a bar in paris, aged 42.
oddrun helene hokland (née lange; 29 november 1942 – 18 march 2022) was a norwegian athlete. she competed in long jump and pentathlon at the 1964 summer olympics in tokyo. she finished 16th in both events. she was born in nesset, reichskommissariat norwegen (present day norway).
hokland died on 18 march 2022 at the age of 79.
 was a japanese professional footballer. he played as a goalkeeper. 
takada died on 17 march 2022 in takayama, japan from injuries caused by a fall while skiing at the age of 40.
jean-pierre demailly (25 september 1957 – 17 march 2022) was a french mathematician. he worked in complex geometry. he was a professor at université grenoble alpes. he was a permanent member of the french academy of sciences, elected in 2007. he was the editor-in-chief of the "annales de l'institut fourier" from 1998 to 2006 and the editor-in-chief of "comptes rendus mathématique" from 2010 to 2015.
demailly died on 17 march 2022 at the age of 64.
arnold webb braswell (october 3, 1925 – march 15, 2022) was an american air force lieutenant general and command pilot. he was commander in chief of pacific air forces. he was born in minden, louisiana.
braswell died on march 15, 2022 at a retirement home in potomac falls, virginia at the age of 96.
reine wisell (30 september 1941 – 20 march 2022) was a swedish racing driver. he participated in 23 formula one world championship grands prix. his career began in 1970 and he retired in 1974. wisell was born in motala, sweden.
wisell died on 20 march 2022 at his home in thailand from a heart attack at the age of 80.
the 1915 çanakkale bridge (), also known as the dardanelles bridge (), is a road suspension bridge in the province of çanakkale in northwestern turkey. it is south of the towns of lapseki and gelibolu. the bridge is on the dardanelles strait. it is about south of the sea of marmara.
the bridge is part of a planned 2.8 billion kınalı-balıkesir motorway. it has a span of and is the longest suspension bridge in the world.
the bridge was officially opened by president recep tayyip erdoğan on 18 march 2022. the bridge is the first fixed crossing over the dardanelles and the sixth one over the turkish straits.
on 16 may 2020, the second tower was completed. the toll bridge opened for traffic on 18 march 2022, at a toll price of 200 lira (€12.20).
the year "1915" in the official turkish name honors an important ottoman naval victory against the british and the french during world war i.
ahal region (; from persian "axāl") is one of five provinces of turkmenistan. it is in the south-center of the country. it borders iran and afghanistan along the kopet dag range. its area is and population 939,700 (2005 est.).
anau (also spelled annau, ) is a city in turkmenistan. it is the capital of ahal province. it is 8 km southeast of ashgabat.
tomas morgan johansson (born 14 may 1970) is a swedish politician of the social democrats. johansson was the deputy prime minister of sweden from 2019 to 2022. he was the minister for justice from 2014 to 2022 and minister of the interior from 2021 to 2022. he was minister for migration and asylum policy from 2014 to 2017 and again from 2019 to 2021.
in wrestling, there are competitions for men and for women. female competitors wear a dress which resembles a swimsuit. this dress has been criticized as being too revealing. the discussion that womens' sports dresses are too revealing also is also used for other sports such as beach handball, where norway's women team was fined, because they refused to wear bikini bottoms, and instead wore shorts, like the male team.
area code 507 is an area code for minnesota. it was created in 1954 as a split to area codes 218 and 612. it covers the southern portion of the state, including towns such as st. charles, lake crystal, lake wilson, blooming prairie, blue earth, and cannon falls.
oriente is a station on the red line of the lisbon metro.
campo grande was a portuguese parish ("freguesia") in the municipality of lisbon. on 8 december 2012, it became part of the parish alvalade.
the marquis of pombal square () is an important roundabout in the city of lisbon, portugal. it is located between the avenida da liberdade (liberty avenue) and the eduardo vii park.
hamburg-amerikanische packetfahrt-aktien-gesellschaft (hapag), or simply called hamburg america line, was a german shipping line founded in hamburg in 1847, it would merge with norddeutscher lloyd in 1970 to found hapag-lloyd.
it is known for having had three great ocean liners: ss imperator, ss vaterland and ss bismarck, which surpassed the british ocean liners in size and luxury, although after the end of the first world war they would pass into british (cunard and white star) and american (united states lines) hand as war reparations, the ss deutschland which would win the coveted blue riband between 1900-1903 and the ss amerika, which would be the first ship to alert the rms "titanic" of the presence of icebergs.
year 106 (cvi) was a common year starting on thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the julian calendar. at the time, it was known as the year of the consulship of commodus and civica (or, less commonly, year 859 "ab urbe condita"). writing out 106 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the anno domini calendar era became the normal method in europe for naming years.
area codes 508 and 774 are area codes for massachusetts. area code 508 was created in 1988 as a split from 617. it initially covered the central, northeastern, and southern portions of the state (excluding the 617 area), but after it was split by 978 in 1997, it now covers the central and southeastern portions of the state, while 978 covers the central and northeastern portions. the towns it covers include but are not limited to worcester, plymouth, new bedford, framingham, dartmouth, and bridgewater. it was overlaid by 774 in 2001.
girlstuff/boystuff is an animated series. it aired from 2002 to 2003.
the show is about six teenage friends. they talk about differences between girls and boys. they talk about topics such as hobbies, food, music and fashion.
azteca 7 (also called: "el siete") is a mexican television network, owned by tv azteca, is found both via cable and satellite.
this television network is in historical competition with the televisa channel: "canal 5".
the joro spider is a spider from asia, now spreading to the usa.
claudia naomi webbe (born 8 march 1965) is a british politician. she is the member of parliament for leicester east since 2019. she was suspended from the party whip in september 2020 after being charged with harassment of a woman. she was then removed from the party on 3 november 2021 after being convicted in october 2021.
linda garrou (january 17, 1943 – march 19, 2022) was an american democratic politician and educator. she was a member of the north carolina general assembly from 1999 until 2013. garoru was born in atlanta, georgia. 
garrou died on march 19, 2022 in winston-salem, north carolina at the age of 79.
datin paduka marina binti mahathir (born 9 june 1957) is a malaysian socio-political activist and writer. she graduated from the university of sussex. she is the eldest child of the 4th and 7th prime minister of malaysia, tun mahathir mohamad. 
she is a leader in many non-governmental organizations. she is a leader in the malaysian aids foundation. she is an active socio-political blogger. she also writes for the star newspaper since 1989 in her bi-weekly column called "musings'. some of her pieces in the column have been published in her books such as "50 days: rantings by mm", published in 1997 and "telling it straight. "the latter is a selection of her articles published in her column between 2003 and 2012. it includes a special written introduction on the topics discussed in the book. besides that, it contains two previously unpublished articles."
she is an active campaigner for women's rights. in 2006 she has described the status of muslim women in malaysia as similar to that of the black south africans under apartheid.
marina has called for an end to discrimination based on sexual orientations in 1998 and 1999. bbc news (1998-10-23).
she had appeared in tun dr mahathir mohamad's documentary released in late 2009 with the rest of the members of the mahathir family.
in 2010, she was awarded un person of the year for her volunteer work in combatting hiv/aids.
in 2016 marina denounced the destruction of malaysian culture and traditions by what she perceives as arab colonialism.
in january 2018, a viral video of a muslim man slapping a muslim woman for not wearing a hijab viral incident, marina alerted that islamization of malaysia will tear the country apart. she referred to islamization as "another form of colonisation, a concept that has never been known to being non-violent".
uberaba () is a city in the state of minas gerais, southeast brazil. 
it was founded in 1820 and the city status was granted in 1856. 
in 2021 about 340,277 people lived in uberaba. the name of the city comes from the tupi language, and means "bright water".
it covers an area of 4,529.7 km2 (1,748.9 sq mi).
svetlana vladimirovna medvedeva (, ; née linnik, ; born 15 march 1965) is a russian economist. she was the first lady of russia from 2008 to 2012. she is married to the former prime minister and president, dmitry medvedev.
antonina mykhailivna kravchuk (; november 3, 1935) is a ukrainian socialite. she was the first lady of ukraine from 1991 until 1994. she was married to leonid kravchuk from 1957 until his death in 2022.
lyudmyla nikolaevna kuchma (, ; june 19, 1940) is a ukrainian engineer and socialite. she is the wife of second ukrainian president leonid kuchma. she was the first lady of ukraine during his presidency from 1994 until 2005. 
jürgen rottmann (born october 8, 1941) is a chilean ornithologist. he is a founding member of the chilean committee for the defence of flora and fauna and founder and past president of the chilean union of ornithologists.
prince mabandla ndawombili fred dlamini (born 11 november 1930) is a eswatini politician. he was prime minister of swaziland from 23 november 1979 to 25 march 1983.
pié masumbuko (born 29 september 1931) is a burundian retired politician and physician. he was a member of the union for national progress. he was the acting prime minister of burundi from 15 january 1965 to 26 january 1965. he represented burundi in signing the partial test ban treaty on october 4, 1963.
this article lists the prime ministers of burundi since the creation of the post of prime minister of burundi in 1961 until the present day. the office of prime minister was abolished in 1998, and recreated in 2020 with the appointment of alain-guillaume bunyoni.
phytophthora (from greek ("phytón"), "plant" and (); means "the plant-destroyer". it is a genus of plant-damaging oomycetes (water molds). 
they can cause enormous economic losses on crops, and damage in natural ecosystems. the cell wall of "phytophthora" is made of cellulose. the genus was first described by heinrich anton de bary in 1875. about 170 species have been described, though there are many more undescribed.
china eastern airlines flight 5735 was a scheduled passenger flight from kunming to guangzhou in china. on 21 march 2022, the boeing 737-89p operating the flight crashed in guangxi, china. 
the flight left kunming changshui international airport, kunming at 13:15 local time (05:15 utc). it was going to baiyun international airport in guangzhou. at 14:22, the plane began to show signs of crashing. the wreckage of the plane was found near teng county, guangxi. the aircraft was carrying 132 people, including 123 passengers and 9 crew members.
according to the civil aviation administration of china (caac), contact with the aircraft was lost over the city of wuzhou, guangxi zhuang autonomous region. at 2:20pm cst, while preparing to descend into guangzhou, the aircraft entered a sharp descent. it fell 20,000 feet, to 7,400 feet. the plane gained 1,200 feet before crashing into a hillside.
the accident was caught by security camera, shown in a near vertical dive without a vertical stabilizer, and with a white trail behind it as it descended, before disappearing out of view. a piece of the aircraft was found miles away from the final crash site of the aircraft, hinting to a midair breakup.
the plane left a 65-foot deep hole in a surrounding forest.
stephen earl wilhite (march 3, 1948 – march 14, 2022) was an american computer scientist. he worked at compuserve and was the engineering lead on the team that created the gif image file format. he won a webby lifetime achievement award in 2013. he was born in west chester township, ohio.
wilhite died of covid-19 at a hospital in cincinnati, ohio, on march 14, 2022, eleven days after his 74th birthday.
mehbooba mufti (born 22 may 1959) is an indian politician who served as the last chief minister of jammu and kashmir as a state, from 4 april 2016 to 19 june 2018. she was the first woman chief minister of the state.
ruby neilam salvador adams (born july 10, 1932), known professionally as neile adams, is a filipina-american actress, singer, and dancer. she was in more than 20 movies and television series between 1952 and 1991. her best known movie roles were "women in chains" (1972), "fuzz" (1972), "so long, blue boy" (1973), "chu chu and the philly flash" (1981), and "buddy buddy" (1981).
adams was married to steve mcqueen from 1956 until 1972 when they divorced. they had two children.
steven chadwick mcqueen (born july 13, 1988), known professionally as steven r. mcqueen, is an american actor and former model. he is best known for his role as jeremy gilbert in the cw show "the vampire diaries" from 2009 to 2015 and in 2017, and its spin-off "legacies" in 2018. he also starred as jimmy borrelli in the nbc dramas "chicago fire" from 2015 to 2016 and "chicago p.d." in 2016.
his grandparents are actors steve mcqueen and neile adams.
luc jean-marie robitaille (born february 17, 1966) is a canadian–american professional ice hockey executive and former player. he is the president of the los angeles kings of the national hockey league (nhl). he was born in montreal, quebec. he played for the los angeles kings, pittsburgh penguins, new york rangers and the detroit red wings. he played from 1986 until 2006. robitaille was honored into the hockey hall of fame in 2009.
cabo ruivo is a station on the red line of the lisbon metro.
olivais is a station on the red line of the lisbon metro.
chelas metro is a metro station on the red line of the lisbon metro.
bela vista is a station on the red line of the lisbon metro.
olaias is a station on the red line of the lisbon metro.
alameda is a station on the green and red lines of the lisbon metro.
lancaster's's tree frog ("isthmohyla lancasteri") is a frog that lives in costa rica and panama. scientists have seen it between 40 and 1450 meters above sea level. it lives in premontane places, not too high up in the mountains.
buda was the historic capital of the kingdom of hungary and since 1873 has been the western part of the hungarian capital budapest, on the west side of the danube. popular landmarks include buda castle, the citadella, and the president of hungary's residence, sándor palace.
tarifit or tarifit berber, also known as riffian is a moroccan zenati berber language. it is spoken natively by around 7 million people.
swachh bharat abhiyan, or clean india mission is a country-wide campaign started by the government of india in 2014. it aims to eliminate open defecation and improve solid waste management. it is a restructured version of the nirmal bharat abhiyan launched in 2009 that failed to achieve its intended targets.
phase 1 of the swachh bharat mission lasted till october 2019.
phase 2 is being implemented between 2020–21 and 2024–25 to help cement the work of phase 1.
the campaign's official name is in hindi. in english, it translates to "clean india mission". the campaign was officially launched on 2 october 2014 at rajghat, new delhi by prime minister narendra modi. it is india's largest cleanliness drive to date with three million government employees and students from all parts of india participating in 4,043 cities, towns, and rural communities.
finnian of movilla (–589) was an irish christian missionary. his feast day is 10 september. finnian is sometimes called finbarr "the white head", because of his hair.
berberis microphylla, common name box-leaved barberry and magellan barberry, in spanish calafate and michay and other names, is a plant. it has shiny box-like leaves.
the mamey sapote is a tree native to mexico. it occurs in large parts of south and central america. it is known and grown for its large fruits which resemble berries. the berries are used as fruit. there are several cultivars. 
gaj's latin alphabet (, ; ) is the form of the latin script used for writing serbo-croatian, including bosnian, croatian, montenegrin, and serbian.
the nikola tesla museum () is a science museum located in belgrade, serbia. it is the final resting place of nikola tesla.
a hog fry is a traditional oklahoma cherokee social meal.
at the meal, large iron kettles filled with oil or lard are placed over open fires. after that, pieces of pork are then placed in the hot oil and fried. 
hog fries are held regularly by tribal, and church groups as well as by individual families.
the social aspect of cooking a whole hog at a hog fry is similar to the tradition of smoking whole hogs in north carolina.
sihar pangihutan hamonangan sitorus pane (born 12 july 1968) is an indonesian politician and businessman who is a member of the people's representative council.
nikolai viktorovich osyanin () (december 12, 1941 – march 21, 2022) was a soviet football player. he made his debut for ussr for a short time in 1965. he did not play again for the national team again until 1969.
osyanin died on march 21, 2022 at the age of 80.
john robert purvis, cbe (6 july 1938 – 20 march 2022) was a british conservative politician. he was a mep for mid scotland and fife from 1979 until 1984 and from 1999 to 2009. he was one of scotland's seven meps. purvis was born in st andrews, scotland.
purvis died on 20 march 2022 from cancer in edinburgh, scotland at the age of 83.
kiss me kosher (alternate title: kiss me before it blows up ) is a 2020 german–israeli movie. it was directed and scripted by shirel peleg. 
the story is based on the true-life love story of peleg and her partner. the movie is peleg's first as a director.
while on vacation in israel, maria, a german biologist, meets the bar owner shira and falls in love with her. shortly after the end of the vacation, maria has decided to stay in israel and move in with shira, when a misunderstanding happens and shira believes she is being given a wedding proposal. many complications arise. it is not only about the initial mistaken engagement but also the fact that some members of shira's family (especially her grandmother berta) are opposed to her marrying a german.
after hearing about the engagement, maria's parents soon appear in israel, and two different family worlds collide in jerusalem.
background and production.
"kiss me kosher" was mostly filmed in tel aviv, but with some shooting in jerusalem.
the movie was first released in germany and austria, and later in switzerland in late 2020. it has since been show in several international film festivals.
fevzi zemzem (27 june 1941 – 21 march 2022) was a turkish professional football player. he played for the turkey national football team from 1965 until 1969, making 18 appearances. he also made 356 appearances for göztepe a.ş. between 1960 until 1974.
zemzem died on 21 march 2022 at the age of 80.
mayawati (born 15 january 1956) is an indian politician. she was the chief minister of uttar pradesh four times between 1995, 1997, 2002 to 2003 and from 2007 until 2012. she is the national president of the bahujan samaj party (bsp) since 2003. from 2012 until 2017, she was a member of the rajya sabha.
the porto metro (), is part of the public transport system in porto, portugal. the metro is a light rail network that runs underground in central porto and above ground into the suburban.
alvalade is a station on the green line of the lisbon metro.
area code 309 is an area code that is part of illinois. it was created as a split from 815 in 1957. it covers towns such as bloomington, rock island, galesburg, east moline, east peoria, canton, and morton. it will be overlaid by 861 on february 24, 2023.
area code 605 is an area code for south dakota. it covers the entire state of south dakota because it is the only area code in that state, making it one of the longest area codes to cover the entire state without being split or overlaid.
area code 312 is an area code that is part of illinois. it was one of the first area codes created in 1947. it initially covered the entire northeastern portion of illinois, but after it was split by 708 in 1989, 630, 847, and 773, all in 1996, it now covers only downtown chicago, with 708 and 773 covering the rest of chicago. it was overlaid by 872 in 2009.
in portugal, the civil governments (portuguese: "governos civis", singular "governo civil") are the groups of public administration that represent the government at the district level. each civil government is led by an administrative magistrate "and" the civil governor ("governador civil"). the administrative magistrate is a delegate of the central government. the civil governor is chosen by the council of ministers. the civil government operated under the authority of the ministry of internal administration.
the role of civil governments has become smaller since their creation in 1835. at first, they had many powers as representatives of the central government . they also made certiain that all state services within the district worked together. they now serve as a local delegations of the ministry of internal administration. their responsibilties inclue issuing passports, public safety, and elections. 
in 2011, prime minister pedro passos coelho ended all civil governments with decree-law no. 114/2011 of 30 november. that law gave all of the powers of the civil governments to other groups. these include the municipal chambers, the police, the national republican guard and the national authority for civil protection). no civil governors have been appointed since this time but the post was created by the constitution and still exists
deez nuts was a satirical presidential candidate. he was run by brady c. olson (born ). he ran in the 2016 united states presidential election. his form to run for office was filed with the federal election commission in late july 2015. 
in polls by the public policy polling in iowa, minnesota, and north carolina in august of 2015, he got 8, 8, and 9 percent. he also got a large amount of attention from the media. on october 11, 2015, deez nuts wrote on his facebook page that he would run for the speaker of the united states house of representatives. he said that he was able to be the speaker even though he was not in the house of representatives. 
in august of 2016, a poll showed that people in texas would rather vote for deez nuts than green party candidate jill stein. harambe, a dead gorilla had 2% of the vote.
olson also supported vermont senator bernie sanders for the democratic nomination and ohio governor john kasich for the republican nomination.
roma is a station on the green line of the lisbon metro.
minecraft: pocket edition is a mobile version of minecraft for phones and tablets. in 2011, minecraft: pocket edition was released for the android market as an early version. it was then released for other devices in october 2011. an ios version was released on november 2011, and a port was made for windows phones after microsoft bought mojang. the port focuses on the basic building and the survival parts of the game, and does not have all the features of the pc version. on his twitter account, jens bergensten said that the pocket edition of minecraft is in c++ and not java code, because of ios not being able to support java code. however, there now exists a way to play java edition on both android and ios devices.
minecraft: pocket edition was replaced by minecraft: bedrock edition on december 19, 2016.
this is a list of secretaries of state of the united states.
secretaries of foreign affairs (1781–1789).
on january 10, 1780, the confederation congress created the department of foreign affairs.
on august 10, 1781, congress put robert r. livingston as the first secretary for foreign affairs. livingston was not able able to go into office until october 20, 1781. he was the secretary of foreign affairs until june 4, 1783. he was succeeded by john jay on december 21, 1784. he served who served until march 4, 1789. jay stopped being the secretary of foreign affairs, when the government went from the articles of confederation to the constitution.
john jay was the secretary of state until thomas jefferson came back from france.
secretaries of state.
on september 15, 1789, washington made a law that changed the name of the office from secretary of foreign affairs to secretary of state and he changed the name of the department to the department of state. he also added many powers and responsibilities to the secretary and the department. thomas jefferson was the first secretary of state on march 22, 1790.
list of secretaries of state by time in office.
this is a list of united states secretaries of state by time in office. this is based on the difference between dates; if counted by number of calendar days all the figures would be one greater. cordell hull is the only person to have served as secretary of state for more than eight years. daniel webster and james g. blaine are the only secretaries of state to have ever served non-consecutive terms. warren christopher served very briefly as acting secretary of state non-consecutively with his later tenure as full-fledged secretary of state. elihu b. washburne served as secretary of state for less than two weeks before becoming ambassador to france.
living former secretaries of state.
as of , there are eight living former secretaries of state, the oldest being henry kissinger (served 1973–1977). the most recent death of a former secretary of state was that of madeleine albright (served 1997–2001) on march 23, 2022. the living former secretaries of state, in order of service, are: 
united states lines was the trading name of the united states shipping board (ussb) and the emergency fleet corporation (efc), which operated from 1921 to 1991.
she was known for having among her fleet, the ss leviathan, which for a time held the title of the "world largest passenger ship" until the launch of the "queen mary" in 1934, the ss america (which ran aground and sank off fuerteventura in the canary islands) and the ss united states, which currently holds the title of the "fastest passenger ship" in history on the transatlantic route, with a speed of 38.32 knots, the united states is currently anchored on the delaware river at pier 82 in philadelphia, pennsylvania.
the oldsmobile bravada is a luxury sports utility vehicle (suv), manufactured by oldsmobile from 1990 until the company's discontinuation in 2004.
it is related to the chevrolet blazer and the gmc jimmy.
indigo prophecy known in europe as fahrenheit is an action-adventure psychological thriller developed by quantic dream and published by atari. originally released for playstation 2, microsoft windows, and xbox in september 2005. the player can play as lucas kane, a man who murdered someone while supernaturally possessed, and two police detectives investigating the case. gameplay involves the player making decisions to change the story.
writer and director david cage completed the 2,000-page script in one year. quantic dream, and then almost eighty people, took two years to developed the game. "indigo prophecy" was praised for the story, characters, voice acting and music, but criticised for the ending and graphics. it sold more than one million copies. the remastered version released as "fahrenheit" in 10th anniversary for ios, android, macos, and linux in 2015, and playstation 4 in 2016.
fahrenheit is a full-motion video game developed by sega studios and published by sega, released for sega 32x cd and sega cd in 1995.
developed primarily as a 32x cd title, it also saw to released on sega cd, where it was a same game, but with downgrade quality. both versions were bundled and sold together in north american released, while only japan and europe only saw the sega cd version released.
yvan colonna (; 7 april 1960 – 21 march 2022) was a french corsican nationalist convicted of assassination. colonna was born in ajaccio, corsica, france. he was charged with assassinating a group leader and being a member of a terrorist organisation. on 13 december 2007, colonna was pronounced guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment.
on 2 march 2022, he was attacked and stabbed in prison by a cameroonian islamist prisoner, who said colonna "disrespected prophet muhammad". he died on 21 march 2022 at the age of 61, three weeks after being stabbed.
eva ingeborg scholz (16 february 1928 – 21 march 2022) was a german actress. her career began 1947. she was born in berlin. her best known roles were "1-2-3 corona", "the lost one" (1951), "the devil's general" (1955), "emil and the detectives" (1964) and rainer werner fassbinder's "the american soldier" (1970).
scholz died on 21 march 2022 at the age of 94.
mohammad reyshahri (), also known as mohammad mohammadi-nik, (29 october 1946 – 22 march 2022), was an iranian politician and cleric. he was the first minister of intelligence from 1984 to 1989 in the cabinet of prime minister mir-hossein mousavi. reyshahri was prosecutor-general of iran from 1991 until 1993. he was also a member of the assembly of experts from 2016 until his death. reyshahri was born in rey, iran.
reyshahri died on 22 march 2022 in tehran, iran at the age of 75.
murderville is an american comedic murder-mystery streaming television series for netflix. the series is based on the bbc three television series "murder in successville" and it is all improved, meaning there is no script. "murderville" premiered on february 3, 2022 with the release of all six episodes of the first season. 
it stars will arnett as detective terry seattle. each episode has a special guest detective such as conan o'brien, marshawn lynch, kumail nanjiani, annie murphy, sharon stone, and ken jeong.
robert anderson huebel (born june 4, 1969) is an american actor, comedian and writer. he is best known for his sketch comedy work on the mtv series "human giant" and for his role of dr. owen maestro on the adult swim series "childrens hospital". 
alexandra erinn hayes (née carter; born may 25, 1976) is an american actress and comedian. she is known for her role as dr. lola spratt on the sitcom "childrens hospital" (2008–2016). she was nominated for an emmy award for this role in 2016.
the coupe du congo is a football tournament in the dr congo. it is the top congolese knockout tournament. the tournament was first played in in 1961. it has been played every year since then except for 1962, 1962 and 2020. as of 2021, nineteen different teams have won the tournament. dc motema pembe has won it the most times. they have won it fourteen times. 
the volcan barba tree frog ("isthmohyla picadoi") is a frog that lives in costa rica and panama. scientists have seen it between 1900 and 2650 meters above sea level.
areeiro is a station on the green line of the lisbon metro, it is serving the areeiro neighbourhood.
dreux () is a commune in the eure-et-loir department in northern france.
the banque national de paris is a bank.
in 1966, the french government combined two of the four state-owned banks, comptoir national d'escompte de paris (cnep) and the banque nationale pour le commerce et l'industrie (bnci), into the new banque nationale de paris (bnp). 
in 1993, the french government privatized banque nationale de paris.
in early 1999, paribas agreed to a 15-billion (usd $17-billion) buyout offer from société générale. not wanting to be left behind, however, rival banque nationale de paris made a hostile usd $21-billion counter-offer for paribas, and an unimaginable, separate usd 19.6-billion offer for societe generale (socgen). bnp’s three-way merger proposal would have created the world's largest bank.
uncertainties surrounding bnp’s insane ambition resulted in a drop of its share price, reducing the combined value of the offers for paribas and socgen to usd $38.0-billion. for months, all three banks engaged in a public relations battle in an attempt to win support from the public, shareholders, and the french banking regulator. in the end, bnp succeeded in breaking socgen and paribas' merger plan, and acquired paribas to form bnp paribas. however, it could only secure 31.5% of socgen's shares. the french banking regulator eventually vetoed bnp's merger plan to acquire societe generale.
banque nationale de paris was a french bank. it was merged with paribas to form bnp paribas in 2000.
nikko cordial corporation was the holding company for nikko cordial securities, japan's third largest brokerage until 2008.
yamaichi securities co., ltd. was a japanese securities trading firm. the company announced it could cease its operations on 24 november 1997 and had eventually been declared bankrupt by the tokyo district court on 2 june 1999.
nikko may refer to:
warner bros. television distribution is a subsdiary of warner bros. or warnermedia.
włodzimierz jan bednarski (march 27, 1935 - june 12, 2020) was a polish actor. he worked in both theater and movies. he was also a voice actor. bednarski was born in leszno, poland.
in 1959, bednarski graduated from the pwst in warsaw, poland . in the 1980s, he worked in movies by stanisław bareja . he has performed at many theaters in warsaw.
bednarski was best known for his dubbing roles. he has provide the voice for the polish versions of many characters. these include fred flintstone , duke igthorn from the disney television series "adventures of the gummi bears" , mr owl from "winnie the pooh" , king triton from "the little mermaid" movies , dick dastardly and marvin the martian.
in 2013, he stopped acting.
he died on june 12, 2020 at the age of 85. june 23, after the funeral on june 23, 2020, his urn was placed in the columbarium at the wilanów cemetery in warsaw.
a metropolitan municipality is a type of municipality made in some countries to serve a metropolitan area.
arroios is a station on the green line of the lisbon metro.
sirena jessica irwin (born september 26, 1977) is an american voice director, casting director and actress. her career in animation casting/directing began in 2017 after an extensive career as an actress in animation and after a two-year mentorship with animation director andrea romano. her voice directing credits include the dreamworks animation series "", the nickelodeon series baby shark's big show! and the cartoon network series "apple & onion".
as an actor, irwin has voiced many characters for animated series, including the nickelodeon series "spongebob squarepants", it's spin-off series "", the warner bros. television series "batman: the brave and the bold" and the dreamworks animation series "the mighty ones". her acting career also led her to win a broadway world award for best actor in a touring production for her role as lucy ricardo in "i love lucy: live on stage".
irwin founded oh, zeus! after many years of writing, producing, casting, directing and acting in content on various platforms such as netflix, amazon prime, hulu, hbo max, paramount+, warner bros., peacock, nickelodeon and cartoon network.
chinami shimizu (born 8 november 1982) is a japanese wheelchair basketball player. she is a member of the japan women's national wheelchair basketball team and her club cocktail (since 2015). she plays as a centre and forward. in 2021 she competed the 2020 summer paralympics.
shimizu used to play able-bodied football with albirex niigata ladies during the 2003-04 japanese women's league. she retired as a footballer in 2008 due to a left knee injury. she had injuries in her left knee since removal of her lateral meniscus when she was in grade 11 of high school. she was diagnosied with tumours of the adrenal gland (pheochromocytomas ). she suffered a cardiac arrest while undergoing surgery for it in 2012. after rehabilitation she tried multiple para sports. as she liked team sports she started with wheelchair basketball in 2015 with the team cocktail; where she had watched a training's session. with the national team she won the silver medal at the 2018 asian para games in jakarta.
she studied at the ehime university in matsuyama. she works next to wheelchair basketball as a personal trainer.
the taymyr peninsula () is a peninsula in the far north of russia.
the snow bunting ("plectrophenax nivalis") is a passerine bird in the family calcariidae. it is found in the arctic, its breeding range is throughout the northern hemisphere.
the smoky jungle frog ("leptodactylus pentadactylus") is a species of frog in the family leptodactylidae. 
it is found in bolivia, brazil, colombia, ecuador, costa rica, panama, france, and peru.
the european fire-bellied toad ("bombina bombina") is a fire-bellied toad native to mainland europe.
rana temporaria temporaria is a large land frog native to europe. it can natively be found in ireland and the isle of lewis.
ddg may mean
an open encyclopedia is an encyclopedia that is openly accessible, usable, editable, and distributable for any purpose. the open encyclopedia is licensed with an open license which gives permission to use the encyclopedia as described above.
the best-known and most widely used online encyclopedia is wikipedia.
open data is data that is openly accessible, exploitable, editable and shared by anyone for any purpose, even commercially. open data is licensed under an open license.
data is information that is in a machine-readable form. data can be text, statistics, maps, images, video recordings, music, financial data and other.
james is a fictional anthropomorphic tender locomotive from "the railway series" children's books by the reverend awdry and its tv adaptation "thomas and friends" and its reboot "". he is a mixed-traffic engine, which means he is just as capable of pulling coaches as trucks. he has a 2-6-0 ("mogul") wheel arrangement and is engine number 5 on the north western railway, the fat controller's railway on the island of sodor.
james first appeared in "the railway series" in 1946, in the book "thomas the tank engine". two books in the series, no. 3 "james the red engine" and no. 28 "james and the diesel engines", are dedicated to james.
the seven chieftains of the magyars were the leaders of the seven tribes of the hungarians. they arrived at the carpathian basin in ad 895. constantine vii, emperor of the byzantine empire names the seven tribes in his foreign policy"."
voronezh state agricultural university () is a public university located in voronezh, russia.
the university was founded in 1912 by decree of nicholas ii as the voronezh agricultural institute. it was named after peter i. the grand opening took place in 1913.
in 1930 the institute was reorganized. in 1991 it was renamed into voronezh agricultural university.
army group centre was the name of two distinct strategic german army groups that fought on the eastern front in world war ii. the first army group centre was created on 22 june 1941, as one of three german army formations assigned to the invasion of the soviet union.
francisco vera (born july 18, 2008 in villeta, colombia) is a climate change activist from colombia, who received numerous death threats because of his activism.
francisco was born in colombia, where he grew. he has participated in numerous events to defend life.
josé alfredo jiménez sandoval (january 19, 1926 – november 23, 1973) was a mexican singer and songwriter, he is considered the father of modern mexican music and ranchera.
miklós horthy de nagybánya (18 june 1868 – 9 february 1957), was a hungarian admiral and statesman who served as the regent of the kingdom of hungary between the two world wars and throughout most of world war ii – from 1 march 1920 to 15 october 1944.
early man is a 2018 british stop motion animated sports comedy movie directed by nick park, the creator of "wallace & gromit", written by mark burton and james higginson, and starring the voices of eddie redmayne, tom hiddleston, maisie williams and timothy spall. the movie follows a tribe of primitive stone age valley dwellers, who have to defend their land from bronze-using invaders in a football match. the movie premiered on 20 january 2018 at the bfi southbank cinema.
released theatrically on 26 january 2018, the movie received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised the animation, voice acting and humour, although some deemed it inferior to previous aardman works. the movie underperformed at the box office, only grossing $54 million against a budget of $50 million.
the f and <f> queens boulevard express/sixth avenue local are two rapid transit services in the b division of the new york city subway . their route bullets are colored orange , since they use and are part of the ind sixth avenue line in manhattan. 
the f operates at all times between 179 street in jamaica , queens and stillwell avenue in coney island , brooklyn , making all stops except for an express section in queens between forest hills - 71st avenue and 21st street - queensbridge . some trains terminate at church avenue or kings highway. two scheduled rush hour trips in the peak direction run express in brooklyn between jay street - metrotech and church avenue , making one stop in between at seventh avenue. this express service was introduced in september 2019. in brooklyn , local service is denoted as (f) in a circle shaped bullet while express service is donated as <f> in a diamond-shaped bullet.
the f trains equipment is the r160a-2 , r160b-1 as the r160b alstom and r160b-2 as the r160b siemens , the f train had r46s in the past but they got removed and the f train has r160s now .
mark elliott fite is an american actor and comedian.
fite is a founding member of comedy troupe 2 headed dog with comedians jim turner, dave allen and craig anton. he is known for creating roles and performing in comedy shows including "the tony martini variety hour", "bob's office party", "the rudy casoni show", "girly magazine party", "clowntown city limits" and "wife swappers".
he has appeared in television series including "spongebob squarepants", " infinity train", "agents of s.h.i.e.l.d.", "scandal", "criminal minds", "clash-a-rama!", "parenthood", "grey's anatomy", "rules of engagement", "the naked trucker and t-bone show", "friends", "seinfeld" and "newsradio".
kayvan novak (born november 23, 1978) is a british actor and comedian. he co-created and starred in the comedy series "fonejacker" from 2006 to 2008 with a one-off in 2012, winning the bafta telvision awards for best comedy (programme or series) in 2008.
he also portrayed waj in the 2010 comedy film "four lions", and he plays the vampire nandor the relentless in the mockumentary series "what we do in the shadows".
televisaunivision is a miami-based mexican-american media conglomerate, founded on january 31, 2022.
it was founded after the merger of univision communications and televisa (communications/production), to become the largest media company in latin america.
prince norodom chakravuth is a member of the royal house of cambodia he became the leader of the royalist party of cambodia, the funcinpec, on february 9, 2022.
a victimless crime is an illegal act that has no victim, as the act doesn't involve harm to anyone (apart from the person doing the crime). criminalization of victimless acts is especially a contentious issue among those who identify with libertarianism.
victimless crimes include things like possession of illegal drugs, owning guns, collecting rainwater in many cities, etc.
a mutual aid society, also called a benefit fraternity is an organization, like a charity that provides benefits such as insurance, medical care, financial aid for things like higher education and others. mutual aid societies were common before the advent of the modern welfare state.
voluntaryism is a political philosophy advocating social interactions that are not based on coercion and that the services monopolized by governments should be privatized and opened to competition.
a gallows or gallow is a structure used for hanging people.
a chain gang is a group of inmates working outdoors, often in the field or along the side of a road, while wearing shackles. historically, chain gangs were part of many us states programs of penal forced labor.
michael "mike" dean is a english former professional referee who is currently a video assistant referee primarily in the premier league. he is based in heswall, wirral, and is a member of the cheshire county football association.
since his appointment as a select group referee in 2000, dean has officiated a number of notable matches, including the fa community shield and the finals of the fa cup, football league cup and fa trophy.
christopher "chris" kavanagh is an english professional football referee who officiates primarily in the premier league having been promoted to the select group of referees in 2017.
école supérieure des techniques aéronautiques et de construction automobile is a french private school created in 1925.
it trains master's degree graduates for aerospace, aviation, automobile and naval industries.
it is member of groupe isae.
open science is science that using open practices. open science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks. it encompasses practices such as publishing open research, campaigning for open access, encouraging scientists to practice open-notebook science, broader dissemination and engagement in science<ref name="10.1016/j.joi.2021.101223"></ref> and generally making it easier to publish, access and communicate scientific knowledge.
the american chincona planatation tree frog ("isthmohyla rivularis") is a frog that lives in costa rica and panama. scientists have seen it between 1210 and 2040 meters above sea level.
open research is research that is openly accessible, usable, editable, and distributable by anyone for any purpose, even commercially. open research is licensed with an open license that authorizes use of the content as described above.
dimitar kovačevski (; born 1974) is a macedonian politician and economist who is the prime minister of north macedonia since 17 january 2022.
.мкд is the internationalized internet country code top-level domain (cctld) for north macedonia.
the national emblem of north macedonia have two curved garlands of wheat, tobacco leaves and opium poppy fruits, with a ribbon and embroidery (traditional macedonian folk motifs).
"" (, ; "today over macedonia" is the national anthem of north macedonia; the music and lyrics came from the early 1940s. todor skalovski composed the music and the lyrics were written by vlado maleski.
talat xhaferi or talat dzaferi (; born 15 april 1962) is a macedonian politician and the current president of the assembly of the republic of north macedonia since 2017.
selina jane griffiths (born 1969) is a british actress, mostly known for her performances in sitcoms. she played pauline maltby in the itv comedy series "benidorm". she is the daughter of annette crosbie.
miiverse was a social network for nintendo 3ds and wii u. it was made by nintendo and hatena. it was powered by the nintendo network. miiverse was made for people to talk with handwritten messages. in some communities, they made videos of games. you could use miiverse with any web browser. there was also an app version. it was planned to be made for tablets and smartphones. all users who got a nintendo network id were given a miiverse account. they were given their own mii avatar for that nintendo network id.
on august 29, 2017, nintendo of america said that miiverse be shut down on november 7, 2017. users could ask to get posts and screenshots they had made. replies to posts, however, would not be able to be seen. it was shut down on november 7, 2017, at 10:00 pm pt. wii u chat was also discontinued at this time.
on january 3, 2018, an archive was made of every miiverse that people could see. it had almost 17tb. this was called "archiverse".
rose kennedy schlossberg (born june 25, 1988) is an american actress and internet content creator. she is the eldest child of u.s. ambassador caroline kennedy and the first born and eldest grandchild of president john f. kennedy and first lady jacqueline kennedy onassis.
early life and education.
rose kennedy schlossberg was born on june 25, 1988, to attorney caroline kennedy and fashion designer, edwin schlossberg in new york city. she is the eldest and first born grandchild of her maternal grandparents, john f. kennedy, the 35th president of the united states and first lady jacqueline kennedy onassis. 
schlossberg was named after her maternal great grandmother, rose fitzgerald kennedy and was also described as a look-alike of her maternal grandmother, jacqueline kennedy onassis. she has two younger siblings named, tatiana schlossberg and jack schlossberg.
she attended schools and universities such as, brearley school, harvard university, and new york university.
in 2016, schlossberg co-launched a comedy end time web series with mara nelson greenberg, called "end times girls club."
simon james greenall (born 3 january 1958) is an english actor, producer, writer and voice actor. he portrayed michael in the bbc television series "i am alan partridge", as well as in "alan partridge: alpha papa", the caretaker in the cbbc game show "trapped!", richard in "lucy sullivan is getting married" and various roles in television comedies such as "harry enfield & chums", "armstrong and miller", "alas smith & jones", "the impressions show with culshaw and stephenson" and "benidorm".
the house of zogu, is an albanian dynasty that dates back to the early 14th century, the final ruler was zog i, who was the king of albania.
bluemaxima's flashpoint is a project to preserve games and animations playable on web browsers. major web browsers can no longer run over 100,000 of them due to removing npapi support. an australian, ben latimore, started it in 2018 as part of archive team. a program allows the collection, which is 900 gigabytes, to be used by simulating the internet.
it is named after and focused on flash, but also supports shockwave, silverlight, java, unity web player and many more, as well as frameworks, such as activex. 51 web technologies are preserved.
it is not known if the project is legal, but creators can ask for their programs to be removed.
flashpoint has two main versions: ultimate and infinity. ultimate has all games and animations from the start, while infinity downloads their files when needed. there is also a core version made for adding them, which has a tiny amount.
the zogu i boulevard or boulevard zog i () (formerly stalin boulevard) is a major boulevard in tirana, albania, named after zog i of albania, who is the ruler of the country between 1925 and 1939. 
the assembly of the republic of north macedonia (, ), is the unicameral representative body of the citizens of north macedonia.
the aromanians () are an ethnic group who speak an eastern romance language and are native to the southern balkans. they are the descendants of latin-speaking greeks from areas of ancient greece like macedonia.
the treaty of union is the treaty that created great britain. the treaty says that the kingdom of england, which included wales, and the kingdom of scotland were to be "united into one kingdom by the name of great britain". at the time it was commonly called the articles of union.
the details of the treaty were agreed on 22 july 1706. separate acts of union were passed by the parliaments of england and scotland. the treaty took effect on 1 may 1707.
north macedonia's telephone numbering plan is the system used for giving telephone numbers in north macedonia.
the ovambo people (), also called aawambo, ambo, aawambo (ndonga, nghandjera, kwambi, mbalantu), or ovawambo (kwanyama) are the main ethnic group in namibia. they are 49% of the population in namibia.
this table has the names, areas, dialect names and the locations of the ovambo according to t. e. tirronen's "ndonga-english dictionary." the table also has information about the of noun class of the proto-bantu language for these words.
martim moniz is a station on the green line of the lisbon metro.
intendente is a station on the green line of the lisbon metro.
anjos is a station on the green line of the lisbon metro.
the 2020 algarve cup was the 27th edition of the algarve cup, it is a women's football tournament held annually in portugal. it happened between 4 to 11 of march 2020.
germany was the winner, italy did not play the final because of the covid-19 pandemic in italy.
the 2019 algarve cup was the 26th edition of the algarve cup, it is a women's football tournament held annually in portugal. it happened from 27 february to 6 march.
norway defeated poland 3–0 in the final.
xul ( ), which stands for xml user interface language, is a user interface markup language made by mozilla. xul is an xml dialect for writing graphical user interfaces, it lets developers write user interface elements in a way similar to web pages.
the quinta da boa vista () is a public park in the são cristóvão neighbourhood of the city of rio de janeiro in brazil.
quantum dots (qds) are semiconductor particles a few nanometres in size. they have optical and electronic properties which are different from larger particles because of the quantum mechanics. 
the socialist republic of macedonia (), was one of the six constituent republics of the socialist federal republic of yugoslavia, and a nation state of the macedonians.
the birmingham campaign was a series of anti-racial segregation protests that took place in birmingham, alabama in april of 1963. 
birmingham, alabama, was a segregated city in the early 1960s. this meant that black and white people had to be kept apart. there were a variety of schools, restaurants, drinking fountains, and housing options available to them. jim crow laws were even passed that authorized and enforced segregation. in most situations, amenities for black people, such as schools, were inferior to those for white people. several african-american leaders agreed to organize a huge protest to bring the issue of segregation in birmingham to the attention of the rest of the country.
martin luther king, jr. was staying at the gaston motel when it was bombed on may 11th. fortunately, he had departed earlier. in the residence of a.d. king, king's younger brother, another explosion exploded. in response to the explosions, the demonstrators became more violent. they rioted across the city, torching buildings and cars and assaulting police officers. to restore control, soldiers from the united states army were dispatched.
the youth protest.
despite its best efforts, the campaign did not receive the national attention that its strategists had hoped for. they decided to include students in the demonstrations. on may 2, almost a thousand african-american kids skipped school to join the protests. demonstrators quickly overflowed the cells in birmingham. with the cells full. he used police dogs and fire hoses on the kids. images of children being hosed down and dogs being mauled made national headlines. the protests had drawn the attention of the entire country.
despite the fact that there were still numerous issues with racism, the birmingham campaign helped to break down several barriers to segregation. when the new school year began in september of 1963, the schools were likewise integrated. the campaign's most important effect was the nationalization of the issues and the engagement of leaders like president john f. kennedy.
the louisville metropolitan area is the area that spreads in kentucky and indiana and is more commonly known as by the public as "kentuckiana".
the yakutian (yakut: саха ата, sakha ata) or yakut is a horse breed that is native to the republic of sakha (or yakutia) in siberia. it is similar to the mongolian horse and przewalski's horse, but is larger than them. it is special because of how it adapts to the very cold climate of yakutia. it is able to find and graze on vegetation that is hidden under deep snow. it can survive without shelter in temperatures that reach −70 °c (−94 °f).
the breed averages 140 centimetres (13.3 hands) in stallions and 136 cm (13.2 h) in mares. it has a sturdy stature, thick mane, and heavy hair coat. it shares these traits with other northern horse breeds, like the shetland pony, fjord horse, and icelandic horse.
algyő is a village in southern hungary.
the road 47 runs southwest to szeged and northeast to hódmezővásárhely.
open hardware is hardware or device whose design documents such as raw material lists, circuit diagrams and circuit board introductory patterns are openly accessible, usable, editable and distributable by anyone. design documents and other material are licensed under an open license. in addition, the firmware and device drivers required to use the device must be open source.
professional game match officials limited (pgmol) is the body responsible for match officials in english professional football.
formerly known as the professional game match officials board (pgmob), it was formed when english referees became professional in 2001, to provide officials for all games played in the premier league, english football league (efl) and football association competitions. the organisation is funded by the premier league, efl and the fa.
the governing body has a senior refereeing group called select group.
the select group referees meet twice per month for training sessions and analysis of match videos and data.
in september 2016, mark halsey, a former member and a referee, claimed that pgmol asked him to cover up the truth in match reports. pgmol denied the claim, and no further action was taken.
open protocol or open communication protocol is communication protocol. it is is openly accessible and usable by anyone. use of open protocols is not restricted. their specification are licensed with open license. the difference between open and closed protocol is that closed protocols are usually designed by a small group of people who can restrict the use of the protocol and change it in whatever way they want . open protocols are usually designed by a large number of people. this makes the protocols more general and suitable for more uses.
examples of open protocols:
open standard is a standard that is openly accessible and usable by anyone. it is also a prerequisite to use open license, non-discrimination and extensibility. typically, anybody can participate in the development.
examples of open standards:
alarm in the circus () is an east german crime movie. it was directed by gerhard klein. it was released in 1954.
"alarm in the circus" had 3.6 million watches in 1954. it was the biggest grossing east german movie that year. it sold 5,515,078 tickets in total. klein and kohlhaase both won the national prize, 3rd degree, for their work on the movie.
the catholic film service defined the film as "exciting, well-made crime film that presents the background of a divided berlin in a highly authentic manner." peter c. rollins and john e. o'connor wrote that it had "drawn a clear contrast between the city's halves that fit the official communist paradigm."
highland beach is a town in anne arundel county, maryland, united states.
elsmore is a city in allen county, kansas, united states.
humboldt is a city in allen county, kansas, united states.
la harpe is a city in allen county, kansas, united states.
mildred is a city in allen county, kansas, united states.
moran is a city in allen county, kansas, united states.
savonburg is a city in allen county, kansas, united states.
a throat lozenge (it is commonly called a cough drop) is a small pill that slowly breaks in a person's mouth. it breaks because it touches the spit in their mouth and dissolves. when it dissolves, medication inside the lozenge will go inside their body. the medication is sometimes for pain relief, stopping coughs, making your mouth more wet, stopping painful throats, or for other things. they were made for the first time in 1000 bc by egypt's 20th dynasty as candies that stop painful throats. they commonly use the drugs benzocaine, menthol, or the plant oil from eucalyptus trees. they sometimes use dextromethorphan to stop coughs and in the 1800s they used morphine and heroin for the same reason.
east haven is a town in new haven county, connecticut, united states.
middlebury is a town in new haven county, connecticut, united states.
north branford is a town in new haven county, connecticut, united states.
prospect is a town in new haven county, connecticut, united states.
shaun the sheep movie is a 2015 british stop-motion animated adventure comedy movie directed and written by mark burton and richard starzak and based on the british television series "shaun the sheep", created by nick park, which in turn is a spin-off of the 1995 "wallace and gromit" film, "a close shave". the movie follows shaun and his flock into the big city to save their farmer, who finds himself with amnesia there as a result of their mischief. and an animal hunter follows all of them to capture them.
david dunbar buick (september 17, 1854 – march 5, 1929), was a scottish-born inventor of american nationality, known for having founded buick in 1899 and being its president until 1906.
he previously he had created the first nameplates of american history.
dennis parnell sullivan (born february 12, 1941) is an american mathematician. he is known for his work in algebraic topology, geometric topology, and dynamical systems. he is a professor at stony brook university.
sullivan won the wolf prize in mathematics in 2010 and the abel prize in 2022.
port huron is a city in the u.s. state of michigan and the county seat of st. clair county. the population was 30,184 at the 2010 census. 
edmund michał piszcz (17 november 1929 – 23 march 2022) was a polish roman catholic prelate. he was the bishop of warmia, poland. on 25 march 1992, he was promoted to the rank of archbishop. he retired on 30 may 2006. he was born in bydgoszcz, poland.
dame miriam patricia dell (née matthews; 14 june 1924 – 22 march 2022) was a new zealand women's rights activist, botanist and schoolteacher. she was the president of the national council of women of new zealand from 1970 to 1974. she was the first new zealand president of the international council of women from 1979 to 1984.
raymond gaston joseph séguy (8 december 1929 – 21 march 2022) was a french roman catholic bishop. he became a priest in 1954. he was bishop of the roman catholic diocese of gap, france from 1981 to 1987 and as bishop of the roman catholic diocese of autun, france, from 1987 until his retirement in 2006.
gérard istace (26 july 1935 – 21 march 2022) was a french politician. he was born in nouzonville, france. he was a member of the socialist party. he was in the national assembly from 1981 to 1986 and again from 1988 to 1993. 
istace died in revin, france on 21 march 2022 at the age of 86.
nouzonville () is a commune in the ardennes department in northern france.
revin () is a commune in the ardennes department in the grand est region in northern france.
christian jesus gonzález nodal (born january 11, 1999) is a mexican singer-songwriter and guitarist. his debut studio album, "me dejé llevar" (2017), had positive reviews and became his well known work. nodal has won three latin grammy awards.
lawrence joseph zahab (april 3, 1937 – march 21, 2022), known professionally as lawrence dane, was a canadian actor and movie producer. he was best known for his role as lt. preston in "bride of chucky". he retired in 2017.
dane died from pancreatic cancer at niagara-on-the-lake, canada on march 21, 2022 at the age of 84.
scoey mitchlll (march 12, 1930 – march 19, 2022), sometimes known as scoey mitchell, was an american actor, writer and television director. he was known for being in the game shows "match game" and "tattletales". he starred in television series such as "barefoot in the park" and "rhoda".
peter thomas ward (july 26, 1937 – march 16, 2022) was a canadian-born professional baseball player. he appeared in 973 games over nine seasons in major league baseball for the baltimore orioles (1962), chicago white sox (1963–1969) and new york yankees (1970). he finished in the top 10 in the al's most valuable player poll in both 1963 (ninth) and 1964 (sixth).
josé ramiro pellecer samayoa (10 october 1929 – 14 march 2022) was a guatemalan roman catholic auxiliary bishop. he became a priest in 1954. he was titular bishop of "teglata in proconsuan" and as auxiliary bishop of the roman catholic archdiocese of guatemala, guatemala, from 1968 until his retirement in 2010. he also was apostolic administrator of the roman catholic diocese of escuintla, guatemala from 1982 to 1986.
maria dorothea simon (; 6 august 1918 – 8 march 2022) was an austrian sociologist, psychologist, and scholar. she was the director of the "akademie für sozialarbeit der stadt wien" from 1970 to 1983. after her retirement, she was a senior representative at the world federation for mental health.
simon died on 8 march 2022 in vienna, austria at the age of 103.
gomer robert williams (march 15, 1942 – march 15, 2022) was an american accountant and politician. he was a member of the washington house of representatives from 1979 to 1989. he was a member of the republican party. williams was the republican nominee for governor of washington in 1988, losing to democrat booth gardner. 
in 1991, he founded the conservative think tank freedom foundation. he was born in pennsylvania.
williams died on his 80th birthday on march 15, 2022 in longview, washington.
the washington house of representatives is the lower house of the washington state legislature, and along with the washington state senate. they make up the legislature of the u.s. state of washington. it is made of 98 representatives from 49 districts.
the washington state senate is the upper house of the washington state legislature. the body has 49 members, each representing a district with a population of nearly 160,000. the state senate meets at the legislative building in olympia.
the fijian language has adopted many exonyms for places. this is a list of some major place name exonyms in fijian.
david bronson (born june 26, 1958) is an american politician, pilot, and retired military officer. she was the mayor of anchorage, alaska since 2021.
george poe wuerch (born 1936) is an american politician. he is a member of the republican party. he served as mayor of anchorage, alaska from 2000 to 2003.
in the 2003 mayoral election, he lost reelection to former city assemblyman mark begich.
the isthmus of panama () is the narrow strip of land that lies between the caribbean sea and the pacific ocean. it links north and south america. it contains the country of panama and the panama canal.
the isthmus formed about four million years ago.<ref name="/"></ref> it separated the atlantic and pacific oceans. it caused the gulf stream. 
its history was first suggested in 1910 by north american paleontologist henry fairfield osborn. he based the proposal on the fossil record of mammals in central america. 
osborn's ideas were used by alfred wegener when he proposed the theory of continental drift in 1912.
since ukraine's independence in 1991, the country has used four main systems of vehicle registration plates.
the first system was introduced in 1992 and was based on the last soviet union's license plate conception, regulated by the 1977 standard, but with the addition of some new regional suffix corresponding to a ukrainian province.
on 1 july 1995, the introduction of a completely new system consisting of five digits, with a little dash between the third and fourth digit, combined with a two letter suffix. it also included a two-digit region code, located under the national flag on the left-hand side of the number plate.
in order to enable drivers using their vehicle abroad, and in order to adhere to the vienna convention on road traffic, ukrainian regular license plates use only those cyrillic characters where the glyph resembles a letter from the roman alphabet; a total of 12 characters: а, в, е, і, к, м, н, о, р, с, т, х).
payson is a city in utah county, utah, united states. it is part of the provo–orem metropolitan statistical area. the population was 21,101 at the 2020 census.
mandana is a given name of the following people
the ukrainian alphabet is the set of letters used to write ukrainian, which is the official language of ukraine. it is based on the cyrillic alphabet. it has 33 letters.
the 33 letters are:
а а, б б, в в, г г, ґ ґ, д д, е е, є є, ж ж, з з, и и, і і, ї ї, й й, к к, л л, м м, н н, о о, п п, р р, с с, т т, у у, ф ф, х х, ц ц, ч ч, ш ш, щ щ, ь ь, ю ю, я я
the conoco-phillips building is a 22-story, office building. construction began in 1981 and completed in 1983 as the arco building. it is at 700 g street in downtown anchorage, alaska and is the tallest building in both anchorage and the state of alaska. 
timothy m. keller (born november 22, 1977) is an american businessman and politician. he is the 30th mayor of albuquerque, new mexico since 2017. he is a member of the democratic party. he was new mexico state auditor before resigning to become mayor on december 1, 2017. 
martin joseph "marty" chávez (born march 2, 1952) is an american politician, businessman, and attorney. he was a member of the new mexico senate from 1987 to 1993 and as the 26th and 28th mayor of albuquerque, new mexico. he was the executive director of iclei local governments for sustainability usa. he was a member of the national finance committee of the hillary clinton 2016 presidential campaign.
"" ("national anthem") is the national anthem of san marino. it was written by federico consolo and replaced an older national anthem in 1894.
a personal stylist advises individuals on new fashion trends, clothing styles, personal styles, colours and make-up. a personal stylist is not to be confused with a wardrobe stylist, who selects the clothing for published editorial features, print or television advertising campaigns, music videos, concert performances, and public appearances made by celebrities and models. personal stylists typically work one-on-one with the client, while wardrobe stylists are often part of a larger creative team collaborating with a fashion designer, photographer, art director, hair stylist, and makeup artist to put together a particular look or theme for the specific project. 
alfonso xiii (17 may 1886 – 28 february 1941), also known as el africano or the african, was king of spain from 17 may 1886 to 14 april 1931, the monarchy was abolished when the second republic was proclaimed.
the zand dynasty (persian: سلسله زندیه), was an iranian dynasty, that originated from zand tribe of lur origin. 
zohreh (persian: زهره, arabic:الزهرة) is a persian female given name which means "venus". 
dagny valborg carlsson ( eriksson, 8 may 1912 – 24 march 2022) was a swedish centenarian blogger and influencer. 
carlsson was on many television shows such as tv4's "nyhetsmorgon", svt's "fråga doktorn", "gomorron sverige" and the svt documentary series "det är inte så dumt att bli gammal". she was also a guest on the nordic talk show "skavlan". 
carlsson died on 24 march 2022 in solna municipality, sweden at the age of 109.
luis roldán ibáñez (16 august 1943 – 24 march 2022) was a spanish socialist workers' party politician. he was the director general of the civil guard from 1986 until 1993. he was born in zaragoza, spain.
roldán escaped from spain in 1994 after being accused of fraud. he surrendered in 1995 at the airport in bangkok. between 1996 and 1998 he was tried in a court of madrid. he was sentenced to 28 years in prison for embezzlement, bribery, tax evasion and fraud. in 2005 he was allowed out of prison to work. in an intermediate regime between the second and third degree.
roldán died on 24 march 2022 in zaragoza at the age of 78.
luís antônio corrêa da costa, nicknamed müller, (born january 31, 1966) is a brazilian football pundit and retired footballer who played as a second striker.
peter i (, ; 8 april 1320 – 18 january 1367), called the just ("o justo") or the cruel ("o cruel"), was king of portugal from 1357 until his death. 
in contrast to empirical relationships, social philosophy analyzes concerns regarding the basis of social institutions, social behavior, and societal interpretations in terms of ethical principles.
the narrow-lined tree frog ("isthmohyla angustilineata") is a frog that lives in costa rica and panama. scientists have seen it between 1500 and 2040 meters above sea level.
this frog is brown or green in color with stripes on its sides. this frog has no webbing on its front feet, only on its back feet. all of its toes have disks on them for climbing.
this frog lives in forests that have a large amount of water in the air.
the female frog lays eggs in depressions in the ground.
this is a list of minor-planet discoverers for people who have discovered of one or more minor planets (such as near-earth and main-belt asteroids, jupiter trojans and distant objects). , the discovery of 612,011 numbered minor planets are from 1141 astronomers and 253 observatories, telescopes or surveys "(see )".
back to top 
discovering dedicated institutions.
back to top 
architectural style is the style of structures, such as buildings and bridges. one of the oldest groups to build most things in the same style were the ancient greeks between the 7th and 4th centuries bc. they built in the classical style.
some architectural styles include:
são nicolau () (english: "saint nicholas") was a civil parish ("freguesia") in the city and municipality of lisbon, capital of portugal.
dian donovan bachar (born october 26, 1970 in denver, colorado) is an american actor most notable for his roles in various films by or starring his friends trey parker and matt stone, such as george noon in "cannibal! the musical", ben chapleski in "orgazmo" and his most famous role as kenny "squeak" scolari in the 1998 film "baseketball", as well as making occasional appearances on "south park".
maniraptoriformes is a clade of dinosaurs with feathers and wings. it contains ornithomimosaurs and maniraptorans. 
the group was named by thomas holtz. he defined it as "the most recent common ancestor of "ornithomimus" and birds, and all descendants of that common ancestor".
carlos rivera guerra, better known as carlos rivera (born march 15, 1986), is a mexican singer. rivera has released four studio albums and participated in six theatre productions.
in 2005, he signed with sony music and began working on a self-titled album. that year he recorded "y si tu supieras" for the feature film "mar de sueños". the song was nominated for best original song at the 2006 diosas de plata, an annual mexican award ceremony hosted by the mexican film journalism association.
while working on the album, rivera worked in theater. in 2006, he starred in the musical "besame mucho", and the following year performed in "orgasmos la comedia". by 2008, at 22 years old, rivera had become the world's youngest actor to play the male lead in "beauty and the beast", the first major broadway-like production produced by disney in mexico.
rivera starred in his fourth theater production, "mamma mia!" in 2009. the project garnered him a nomination in the best co-actor of the year category by the association of journalists theater.
his second studio album, "mexicano", was recorded in 2010 and like its predecessor, which includes hits like "te me vas" and "no soy el aire," it was certified gold. the project was produced by kiko campos.
david krumholtz (born may 15, 1978) is an american actor and comedian. he played mr. universe in "serenity", charlie eppes in the cbs series "numb3rs", and starred in the "harold & kumar" and "the santa clause" franchises.
strokkur is a geyser in iceland. it is located in the geothermal region near the hvítá river, east of the capital reykjavík.
strokkur's activity began in 1789 following an earthquake. strokkur continued to :wikt:erupt until 1896, when another earthquake blocked the geyser's water pipeline.
strokkur is famous throughout iceland and regularly attracts many tourists. people go there to see the geyser erupt.
sequence of the eruption.
the water present at a depth of 23 meters has a temperature of about 120 ° c, but cannot transform into a gaseous state due to the high pressure, due to the overlying mass of water. when this water reaches 16 meters deep, a certain amount can reach the boiling point and this induces the chain reaction that we see.
miquel de prades ( balaguer ) ? 1462? - belvedere marittimo coast 1505), known by the name of miquelot de prades, was a catalan soldier famous for his skill with the sword and various military deeds. there is no certain evidence that confirms whether three documented facts (about a fencer, about a murderer and about a soldier who died at sea) can be attributed to the same person.
assassination of joan borja in rome.
the historian jerónimo zurita explains the assassination of juan de borja, son of alexander vi in rome, in the year 1497. the death was attributed to michalot de prats, who was at the service of the victim. 
famous fencer in italy and montserrat.
gonzalo fernández de oviedo y valdés, in his work "las quinquagenas de la nobility de españa", spoke of a catalan soldier (michalot de pradas) who roamed italy, winning all the duels with a sure thrust to the opponent's neck. repentant of his life, that soldier went to take refuge in the monastery of montserrat. one bad day an italian soldier with two swords showed up and challenged miquelot (saying that he wanted to see the secret thrust, claiming that he would know how to counter it). miquelot flatly refused to fight but the other's insistence forced him to do so. the italian ended up dead, with a thrust to the neck. there was probably no better way to teach it. repentant of the new death, he went to rome to ask for forgiveness. the pope incorporated him into his troops. 
soldier at the service of the pontiff.
there is a michalot de prats who with an armed caravel in naples chased and made some corsairs flee near belvedere marittimo (a priori, without any relationship, with the previous events). michalot's ship, some ships that accompanied him and the captured privateers suffered a sudden storm and sank (year 1505). all the crew were drowned. 
anders christian holm (born may 29, 1981) is an american actor, comedian, writer and producer. he is one of the stars and creators of the comedy central series "workaholics" and starred in the short-lived nbc series "champions". he, along with fellow "workaholics" creators blake anderson, adam devine and kyle newacheck, formed the sketch group mail order comedy. he was born in evanston, illinois.
an open file format or open format is a file format for storing digital data, defined by a openly published specification usually maintained by a standards organization, and which can be used and implemented by anyone. open file format spesification is licensed with open license. for example, an open format can be implemented by both proprietary and open-source software. in contrast to open file formats, closed file formats are considered trade secrets. however, the actual image used by an open file format may still be copyrighted or trademarked.
hassānīya ( "") is a type of maghrebi arabic spoken by mauritanian arabs and the sahrawi people.
school ties is a 1992 american sports drama movie directed by robert mandel and starring brendan fraser, matt damon, chris o'donnell, randall batinkoff, andrew lowery, cole hauser, ben affleck, and anthony rapp. the movie was distributed by paramount pictures.
david greene (brendan fraser), is a working class jewish high school student from scranton, pennsylvania, who is awarded an athletic scholarship to an elite preparatory school in massachusetts during his senior year in 1955. his fellow students come from rich families, and he learns that most of them are antisemites, which forces him to hide his jewish background.
the movie received generally mixed reviews from movie critics and the audience. the movie has a 60% rating on rotten tomatoes based on 40 reviews.
the movie did badly at the box office, because it made $14.7 million at the box office, while its budget was estimated at $18 million.
desperately seeking susan is a 1985 american comedy-drama movie directed by susan seidelman and starring madonna, rosanna arquette, john turturro, laurie metcalf, aidan quinn, steven wright, will patton, robert joy, giancarlo esposito, mark blum. it was distributed by orion pictures.
paul louis marcel genevay (21 january 1939 – 11 march 2022) was a french sprinter. he competed in the 200 m and 4 × 100 m events at the 1960 and 1964 olympics. he won a bronze medal in the relay in 1964. genevay was born in isère, france.
genevay died on 11 march 2022 at the age of 83.
kenny mcfadden (1960/1961 – march 2022) was an american professional basketball player. he played and coached in new zealand. mcfadden played for washington state university under coach george raveling. mcfadden moved to new zealand in 1982 and joined the wellington saints. he won four championships during the 1980s. he retired in 1996. 
mcfadden died in march 2022 from kidney disease, aged 61.
charles graham "chuck" boyd (april 15, 1938 – march 23, 2022) was a general of the united states air force. boyd was a pilot who served in vietnam and is the only vietnam war prisoner of war (1966–1973) to reach the four-star rank (1992). 
boyd supported former vice president joe biden for president in the 2020 election, the first candidate he had publicly ever endorsed. 
boyd died at the age of 83 on march 23, 2022 from lung cancer in haymarket, virginia.
montesano is a city in grays harbor county, washington, united states. the population was 4,138 at the 2020 census. it is the county seat of grays harbor county.
unman, wittering and zigo is a 1971 british thriller movie. the movie was directed by john mackenzie. it is based on the 1958 play of the same name. the movie stars david hemmings, douglas wilmer, james warwick, carolyn seymour, hamilton dyce, anthony haygarth, david auker, hubert rees, michael kitchen, tom owen. it was distributed by paramount pictures.
the movie is about a new school teacher who learns that the former teacher was killed by the students. the teacher worries that the students will also kill him. 
charlie chan and the curse of the dragon queen is a 1981 american mystery comedy movie directed by clive donner and is the latest movie in the charlie chan series. it stars peter ustinov, michelle pfeiffer, lee grant, angie dickinson, roddy mcdowall, brian keith, rachel roberts, courteney cox.
shelly c. lowe (born 1974/1975) is an american academic administrator. she is the chair of the national endowment for the humanities since 2022 under the joe biden administration. she was a member of the endowment since 2015, after being nominated by president barack obama. lowe is the first native american to be chair of the national endowment for the humanities.
such good friends is a 1971 american comedy-drama movie directed by otto preminger‎ and was based on the novel of the same name by lois gould. it stars dyan cannon, james coco, jennifer o'neill, ken howard, nina foch, doris roberts, burgess meredith, elaine joyce and was distributed by paramount pictures.
joshua t. bassett (born december 22, 2000) is an american actor, singer and musician. he is known for his starring role as ricky bowen in "".
in may 2021, he came out as a member of the lgbtq+ community.
in january 2021, bassett was hospitalized with septic shock and heart failure.
ann leila kirkpatrick (born march 24, 1950) is an american politician and retired attorney. she is the united states representative from since 2019. she is a member of the democratic party. she also represented from 2009 to 2011 and again from 2013 to 2017. kirkpatrick was a member of the arizona house of representatives from 2005 to 2007.
on march 12, 2021, kirkpatrick announced she would not seek reelection in 2022.
mcnary is a census-designated place (cdp) in apache and navajo counties in the u.s. state of arizona, on the fort apache indian reservation. the population was 528 at the 2010 census. 
alan henry morgan rees (17 february 1938 – 17 march 2022) was a welsh rugby union and professional rugby league footballer. he played in the 1960s. he played representative level rugby union (ru) for wales, and at club level for maesteg rfc, as a fly-half. 
he played club level rugby league (rl) for leeds. he also played county cricket for glamorgan from 1955 to 1971.
rees died at a hospital in morriston, wales on 17 march 2022, aged 84.
alexander yaroslavich nevsky (; ; 13 may 1221 – 14 november 1263) was prince of novgorod (1236–40, 1241–56 and 1258–1259), grand prince of kiev (1236–52) and grand prince of vladimir (1252–63). metropolite macarius made him a saint of the russian orthodox church in 1547.
the isla bonita tree frog ("isthmohyla debilis") is a frog that lives in costa rica and panama. scientists have seen it between 910 and 1700 meters above sea level.
a câmara municipal (, meaning municipal chamber) is a type of municipal governing body, it exist in countries of the community of portuguese language countries (portuguese speaking countries).
rats in new york city have become a staple of the city and its culture. in 2014, a study found that there were around 2 million rats in new york city. most rats in the city are brown rats. covid-19 caused a rise in violent rat activity because of restaurants being shut down, which were the rats main food source.
daniel nii ayi laryea (born 11 september 1987) is a professional ghanaian football referee. he has been an international referee for fifa since 2014. he is a referee in the ghana premier league.
laryea refereed during the 2020 african nations championship hosted by cameroon which was played in 2021 due to the covid-19 pandemic.
laryea was born in accra, ghana and attended secondary school at accra academy.
renán arcadio poveda ricalde (15 july 1930 – 24 march 2022) was a mexican astronomer. his works focused on the mass of elliptical galaxies. he received mexico's national prize for arts and sciences in 1975. he was chair of the mexican national astronomical observatory from 1968 to 1980 and was elected to the national college in 1989.
poveda died on 24 march 2022 in mexico city at the age of 91.
 was a japanese movie director, screenwriter, composer, critic, and novelist. he won two awards at the 2000 cannes film festival for his movie "eureka". aoyama was born in kitakyushu, japan. he was an art professor at tama art university.
aoyama died on 21 march 2022 in tokyo, japan from esophageal cancer, aged 57.
the czechoslovak language (, ) was sociolinguistic study used in czechoslovakia in 1920–1938. czechoslovakia is a country of two nations and ethnic groups, czechs and slovaks.
karel kramář (27 december 1860 – 26 may 1937) was a czech politician. he was the first prime minister of czechoslovakia.
the macedonian orthodox church – archdiocese of ohrid (moc; ), is the largest christian church in north macedonia. it is recognised by the other eastern orthodox christian churches.
in ottoman archives they was mentioned the turkish speaking muslims turkmen copts of alevism-bektashi faith , who convert to islam at the time of sultanate of rum as an own group of xoraxane roma divided in 4 clans, called: (the maizetrader), (the shepherds), (the baconmaker) and (tarhana traders), they once came from anatolia and settled in east thrace and other parts in the balkans of the ottoman empire too, especially in dobrich province and varna, some went to simferopol at crimea. the word kıptî copt's was given by the turks as synonyms for "gypsy" in ottoman turkish language. today the turkish speaking muslim usta millet and mehter groups in bulgaria, especially from varna, who deny there romani background claimed to be the descendants of this so called turkmen copts.
chad morgan (born september 21, 1973) is an american actress best known for her voice-over work on adult swim's robot chicken, where she voices celebrities.
this is a list of celebrities morgan has voiced and/or impersonated.
the hungarian research centre for linguistics () was created in 1949. it was part of the hungarian academy of sciences from 1951 until 2019.
the hungarian alphabet () is the latin alphabet used for writing the hungarian language.
the alphabet is based on the latin alphabet, there are added variations of letters. the alphabet have 26 letters of the iso basic latin alphabet, and 5 letters with an acute accent, 2 letters with an umlaut, 2 letters with a double acute accent, 8 letters made up of two characters, and 1 letter made up of three characters. these characters are considered their own letters.
the megleno-romanians, are a small eastern romance people, originally living in seven villages in the moglena region of pella and kilkis regional units of central macedonia, greece, and one village, huma, across the border in north macedonia. the whole inhabitans of the village nanti convert in 17th century to 18th century to islam. they call themself nantinets, and in turkish karacaovali, while the greeks called them karadjovalides. at the treaty of lausanne in 1923, muslim megleno-romanians together with other non-romani muslims was expelled from greece to settle in turkey in east thrace, especially in edirne, where there intermarried often with pomaks and other peoples of balkan in turkey.
an independence referendum happened in the republic of macedonia on 8 september 1991, which proclaimed independence from yugoslavia.
milan obrenović (; 22 august 1854 – 11 february 1901) was the prince of serbia from 1868 to 1882 and the king from 1882 to 1889.
the tre flames is a ceiling lamp designed in 1946 by italian architect gualtiero galmanini.
the three-flame chandelier is one of the first italian works of industrial design, it is created in wood, brass and rope, with three lantern lampshades in opal glass.
the starry sky chandelier (lampadario cielo stellato) is a ceiling lamp designed in 1956 by italian architect gualtiero galmanini.
the chandelier, in a single numbered work of art, as a sculpture, was installed in 1956 in an apartment in milan, following an art exhibition, with the prototype and the projects of the unique work. the work represents the birth of industrial design in the italian fifties. its value today is priceless.
the chandelier is characterized by a series of ceiling stars of particular significance, inspired by the world of planetariums, with the desire to piece together the stellar worlds. the starry skies were one of the typical representative works of italian design of the 1950s, the most prestigious and interesting period of study in the history of italian design.
galmanini's design work is a tribute to his friend and companion of innovative avant-garde architectural researches piero portaluppi with whom he frequently dissertated on astronomy, the universe and stars. portaluppi collected astrolabes and sundials, often making inlays with stars, such as the famous window of palazzo necchi. portaluppi was also the architect of the innovative planetarium in milan, with its starry sky. 
from the 1950s, also due to galmanini's promotion in architectural circles, the roofs of starry skies became a symbol of architecture and innovative avant-garde.
the romania communist party was a communist political party in european country of romania it was created in 1949. the party lasted until 1985.
eddie eagle is a gun safety mascot. he was made by the national rifle association of america. he is the main character of two videos about guns. these videos were made for children. the first video was made in the 1980s. the other was made in 2015. it is computer animated. there is an official website about the character.
four studies have shown that the videos did not help children be safe around guns.
the saadi sultanate () was a country in africa. it was located in present-day morocco and parts of west africa in the 16th and 17th centuries. the sultanate was led by the saadi dynasty (), an arab moroccan sharifian dynasty.
baseketball is a 1998 american sports comedy movie directed and co-written by david zucker and starring "south park" creators trey parker and matt stone, along with yasmine bleeth, jenny mccarthy, robert vaughn, ernest borgnine and dian bachar.
when slacker friends joe cooper and doug remer are challenged to a pickup basketball game against some jocks, they counter by proposing to play a game they learned called "baseketball", which combines baseball and basketball. in reality, they are improvising all of the rules, but somehow the sport becomes a hit. a promoter whose name is ted densley forms a popular league, but after his death a rival owner named baxter cain wants to change the rules to increase profits.
kareem abdul-jabbar, michael andretti, reggie jackson, charley steiner, cris collinsworth, tim mccarver, pat o'brien, dan patrick, pantera, victoria silvstedt and robert stack make cameo appearances as themselves. greg grunberg, kevin michael richardson and max casella also make cameos as athletes.
zucker had wanted chris farley and david spade to play the respective lead roles of joe and doug, but cast parker and stone due to their work on "south park" becoming a huge hit. the duo agreed to do the movie under the assumption that their show would be canceled by the time filming began.
on rotten tomatoes, "baseketball" has an approval of 42%, with an average rating of 5.31/10 based on 52 reviews from critics. the website's "critics consensus" is ""baseketball" isn't just a succession of fouls thanks to the comedic zip of david zucker's direction, but sophomoric gags and a lack of performance hustle by trey parker and matt stone makes this satire a clumsy bunt". on metacritic, the movie has a weighted average score of 38 out of 100, based on reviews from 18 critics, indicating "generally unfavored reviews". audiences surveyed by cinemascore gave the movie a grade b on a scale of a to f.
ohrid (; ) is a city in north macedonia. about 42,000 people lived there. it is on the lake ohrid.
the city has 365 churches, one for every day of the year. in 1979 and in 1980 respectively, ohrid and lake ohrid were accepted as cultural and natural world heritage sites by unesco.
prilep () is a city in north macedonia. about 65,000 people lived there. it is the fourth-largest city in the country by population.
longvic is a commune in the côte-d'or department.
halle bailey is a singer who will star as ariel in the new live action remake of the little mermaid. she was born march 27 2000
presidential election in myanmar will probably be held in 2023 or 2025.
pico de orizaba, also known as: citlaltépetl (in nahuatl: "sitlaltepetl" ‘estrella-monte-abs’‘monte de la estrella), is a mexican stratovolcano located between the states of puebla and veracruz and is the highest mountain in mexico and the third in north america, below denali in alaska and mount logan in canada, and it is the highest volcano in this latter.
its last eruption was in 1846 to remain currently in its dormant state, it is the second highest volcanic peak in the world below the kilimanjaro in tanzania, it is also the only volcano in the world with frozen lava inside.
baunsuli is a village in patna block, kendujhar district in the indian state of odisha.
baunsuli is a landlocked area in the northeastern part of kendujhar. it is surrounded by baunsuli to the north, nuagaon and dabarchua to the south, dalanga to the east, and bhuluda to the west. 
kendujhar, karanjia, champua, joda, barbil are the nearest cities.
odia is the official language.
ratha yatra, laxmi puja, kali puja, mahashivratri, holi are the village's major festivals.
max payne is the fictional character and playable character from the video game series of the same name. max was introduced in the first debuted "max payne" in 2002.
the southern min wikipedia (pe̍h-ōe-jī: "wikipedia bân-lâm-gú") or "holopedia" is the southern min version of wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. it is the second biggest wikipedia that is a variety of chinese. the biggest variety of chinese wikipedia is mandarin. it mostly uses the hokkien taiwanese dialect. it has over [ 400,000] articles.
grand'combe-des-bois is a commune. it is in bourgogne-franche-comté in the doubs department in east france.
bonnétage is a commune. it is in bourgogne-franche-comté in the doubs department in east france.
maîche is a commune. it is in bourgogne-franche-comté in the doubs department in east france.
arçon is a commune. it is in bourgogne-franche-comté in the doubs department in east france.
doubs is a commune. it is in bourgogne-franche-comté in the doubs department in east france.
starrett's tree frog ("isthmohyla tica") is a frog that lives in costa rica and panama. it lives in places where there is water in the air. it lives in premontane habitats, or places high in the hills. it lives in the very lowest montane habitats, or places just above those.
fontaine-lès-dijon is a commune in the côte-d'or department.
 t. t. v. dhinakaran (born 13 december 1963) is an indian politician and general secretary of amma makkal munnetra kazagam.in the past he was the treasurer of all india anna dravida munnetra kazhagam party and served as the member of lok sabha and rajya sabha. he was expelled from the aiadmk on august 2017.he also served as former member of the 15th tamil nadu assembly from dr. radhakrishnan nagar (2017-2021). he won the highly anticipated rk nagar by-election in december 2017.
jayaram jayalalithaa (24 february 1948 – 5 december 2016) was an indian actor who became a politician. she served five terms as the chief minister of tamil nadu, for over fourteen years between 1991 and 2016. from 1989 she was the general secretary of the all india anna dravida munnetra kazhagam , a dravidian party. she was praised and called by the party members as "amma"(meaning: mother), "thanga tharagai" (meaning: golden maiden) and "puratchi thalaivi" (the woman revolutionary leader). 
jayalalithaa first became famous as a leading movie actor in the mid-1960s. she appeared in 140 films between 1961 and 1980 in the tamil, telugu and kannada languages. she also earned the name of "queen of tamil cinema."
in 1991 jayalalithaa became tamil nadu's youngest chief minister. despite a monthly salary of rs.1, she made a grand marriage for her foster son sudhakaran, lavishly spending. in the 1996 election, the aiadmk was nearly wiped out . jayalalithaa herself lost her seat. the new dmk government filed several corruption cases against her, and she spend time in jail. her fortunes revived in the 1998 general election, as the all india anna dravida munnetra kazhagam became a key component of prime minister atal bihari vajpayee government that her withdrawal of support thrown the bjp government without majority and further triggered to another general election just in a year in 1999.the aiadmk returned to power in 2001, although jayalalithaa was personally disbarred from contesting due to the corruption cases. within a few months of her taking oath as chief minister, in september 2001, she was disqualified from holding office and forced to cede the chair to minister o. panneerselvam. upon her acquittal six months later, jayalalithaa returned as chief minister to complete her term. noted for its ruthlessness to political opponents, many of whom were arrested in midnight raids, her government grew unpopular. another period (2006–11) in the opposition followed, before jayalalithaa was sworn in as chief minister for the fourth time after the aiadmk swept the 2011 assembly election. her government received attention for its extensive social-welfare agenda, which included several subsidised -branded goods such as canteens, bottled water, salt and cement. three years into her tenure, she was convicted in a disproportionate-assets case, rendering her disqualified to hold office. she returned as chief minister after being acquitted in may 2015. in the 2016 assembly election, she became the first tamil nadu chief minister since m.g.r in 1984 to be voted back into office. that september, she fell severely ill and, following 75 days of hospitalisation, died on 5 december 2016 due to cardiac arrest and became the first female chief minister in india to die in office.
jayalalithaa never married and had no children. on 29 may 2020, her nephew j. deepak and niece deepa jayakumar were declared as her legal heirs by madras high court.
she died in 5 december 2016 due to cardiac arrest according to the reports of the apollo hospitals. however, there remain questions about her death.
gianni cavina (9 december 1940 – 26 march 2022) was an italian actor. he appeared in more than 45 movies since 1949. his best known roles were in "the house with laughing windows", "house of pleasure for women" and "christmas present".
cavina died in bologna, italy on 26 march 2022, at the age of 81.
kaneaster hodges jr. (august 20, 1938 – march 23, 2022) was an american democratic politician and lawyer. he was the united states senator from arkansas between 1977 to 1979.
hodges jr. died from an aortic aneurysm on march 23, 2022 in newport, arkansas at the age of 83.
john little mcclellan (february 25, 1896 – november 28, 1977) was an american lawyer and politician. he was a member of the democratic party. he was a u.s. representative (1935–1939) and a u.s. senator (1943–1977) from arkansas.
he was chairman of the senate appropriations committee. he was the longest-serving senator in arkansas history.
mcclellan died in his sleep on november 28, 1977, in little rock, arkansas from problems caused by heart surgery at the age of 81.
ljupčo kocarev (skopje, february 25 1955), is a scientist, academician and professor of physics.
he completed his primary, secondary and higher education (faculty of electrical engineering) in his hometown skopje, north macedonia. he holds doctorate from the institute of physics of the faculty of science in skopje.
from 1999 to 2016 he worked at the university of california, san diego in usa. he was educated in the united states, germany, italy, hungary, spain and japan. in 2006, he was elected as a member of the ieee. he became an associate member of the macedonian academy of sciences and arts on may 27, 2003, and a full member on may 1, 2007. as of january 1, 2020. currently, he is the president of the macedonian academy of sciences and arts. 
works of ljupčo kocarev includes several fields in physics and technical sciences. this includes nonlinear physics, complex systems and networks (electrical circuits and systems) to information theory, cryptography, machine learning and data processing. since 1986, he has published more than 140 publications in international journals and more than 150 publications in proceedings of peer-reviewed papers from international conferences. he is one of the most cited scientists in macedonia.
he is the winner of the national macedonian award for life's work "october of 11th".
antony james dillon nash (18 march 1936 – 17 march 2022) was a british bobsledder. he was born in amersham, buckinghamshire. he competed in the 1960s in two winter olympics. he won the gold in the two-man event at the 1964 winter olympics in innsbruck.
nash died on 17 march 2022, one day before his 86th birthday.
the segre ( ; ) is a river tributary to the ebro ("ebre" in catalan). the basin is located across three countries: france, andorra and spain.
sègre was a department of the first french empire in modern spain and andorra, it is named after the river segre. 
cannibal! the musical is a 1993 american independent musical black comedy movie directed, written, produced, co-scored by and starring trey parker in his directorial debut while studying at the university of colorado boulder, before reaching fame with "south park" alongside his friend matt stone who also stars in and produces the movie. it is loosely based on the true story of alferd packer and the sordid details of the trip from utah to colorado that left his five fellow travelers dead and partially eaten. parker stars as alferd packer, with frequent collaborators stone, dian bachar and others playing the supporting roles.
the film was originally titled "alferd packer: the musical" in 1993. the movie premiered on october 31, 1993 in boulder, colorado, at a cinema near the university of colorado campus. a fake protest organized by friend of parker and stone, organized along the lines of an animal rights demonstration, took place in front of the theater. the film then played at the raindance film festival in october 2004. parker and stone attended.
"cannibal!" currently holds a 63% "fresh" approval rating on rotten tomatoes based on 19 reviews, with a weighted average of 5.2/10. the site's critical consensus says: "if you're only going to watch one black comedy about a real-life explorer whose fellow travelers ended up eaten, make it "cannibal! the musical"."
hot animation was a british animation studio owned by hit entertainment that specialized in stop-motion animation, cel animation, and computer animation. it was established on april 1st, 1998 by jackie cockle, brian little, and joe dembinski. one of the famous productions was "bob the builder".
dalja, the vampire girl () is a korean vampire horror-comedy television animated sitcom.
the animated sitcom is features a fictional vampire family and donggu, the common human boy.
safi-ad-din ardabili (persian: شیخ صفی‌الدین اردبیلی "ṣāfī ad-dīn isḥāq ardabīlī"; 1252/3 – 1334) was a kurdish poet, mystic, teacher and sufi master. 
he was a descendant of safavid dynasty safi-ad-din ardabili.
photochromic ink is a smart material that changes colour due to uv light. photochromic ink is used in glasses that change into sunglasses once exposed to uv light.
sonic rivals 2 is a 2007 racing video game, the sequel to the 2006 game "sonic rivals". the game was made by backbone entertainment and supervised by sega studio usa, for the playstation portable handheld video game console. "sonic rivals 2" was released across november and december 2007.
aai kuthe kay karte is an indian television drama fiction series.
beuvry-la-forêt is a commune in nord in north france. in 2019, 2,796 people lived there.
masasa e. moyo (born january 23, 1970) is a canadian television, movie and voice actress. she rose to fame with roles in tv series and movies such as "young justice", "american dad!" and "". she has voiced several video game characters including adi gallia in multiple "star wars" video games, psylocke and shanna the she-devil for "x-men" video games as appearing in "skylanders: superchargers". she is of zimbabwean, irish and german ancestry.
charter oak is a census-designated place (cdp) in los angeles county, california. it is about east of downtown los angeles. 9,739 people lived here at the 2020 census.
charter oak is in the eastern san gabriel valley and is in between glendora to the north and covina to the south. it is sometimes called the "unincorporated part of covina".
verrières-de-joux is a commune. it is in bourgogne-franche-comté in the doubs department in east france.
la cluse-et-mijoux is a commune. it is in bourgogne-franche-comté in the doubs department in east france.
granges-narboz is a commune. it is in bourgogne-franche-comté in the doubs department in east france.
philip stephen hendrie (born september 1, 1952) is an american radio personality, actor and voice actor. he is widely known for his voice-over talent throughout the radio and film industry. he came to prominence in the 1990s hosting "the phil hendrie show", a radio talk show where he portrayed both himself as a calm, rational host while simultaneously portraying any of several outrageous and offensive characters who would engage in debates with hendrie and callers to the show.
hendrie has also acted professionally on a number of occasions, notably in a recurring role on the drama "the unit", as well as the voice of multiple characters on the animated comedies, "f is for family", "rick and morty", "futurama", "king of the hill" and "the midnight gospel".
les fourgs is a commune. it is in bourgogne-franche-comté in the doubs department in east france.
les hôpitaux-vieux is a commune. it is in bourgogne-franche-comté in the doubs department in east france.
morteau is a commune. it is in bourgogne-franche-comté in the doubs department in east france.
les alliés is a commune. it is in bourgogne-franche-comté in the doubs department in east france.
champoux is a commune. it is in bourgogne-franche-comté in the doubs department in east france.
bévillers is a commune in nord in north france. in 2019, 572 people lived there.
miserey-salines is a commune. it is in bourgogne-franche-comté in the doubs department in east france.
hauterive-la-fresse is a commune. it is in bourgogne-franche-comté in the doubs department in east france.
kristen elizabeth miller (born august 20, 1976) is an american actress. she is best known for her roles as ashley elliot on the sitcom "usa high" (1997-1999) and deedra "d.d." cummings on the action-adventure series "she spies" (2002-2004).
miller has also had recurring roles and made guest appearances on many television shows, including "undressed" (2000), "that's my bush!" (2001), "charmed" (2004), "two and a half men" (2005), "joey" (2005), "i hate my 30's" (2007), "las vegas" (2008), "90210" (2009), "dexter" (2011), "mad men" (2012), "castle" (2012) and "the glades" (2013). her films include "cherry falls" (2000), "" (2004), "the fallen ones" (2005) and "single white female 2: the psycho" (2005). she also provided the voice-over role for the character rio in the video game "lifeline" (2004).
pam brady (born july 28, 1969) is an american writer and television producer, best known for her work with "south park" creators trey parker and matt stone.
bashkirs are a group of people living in parts of bashkortostan. the national language is the bashkir language, spoken by most of the bashkirs.
some of the bashkirs live in central asia, but turkic countries as well.
 is a city in ōsaka prefecture, japan.
from japanese census data,
ghyvelde () is a commune in nord in north france. in 2019, 4,131 people lived there. it is on the border with belgium.
on 1 january 2016, the former commune les moëres was merged into ghyvelde.
les combes is a commune. it is in bourgogne-franche-comté in the doubs department in east france.
le barboux is a commune. it is in bourgogne-franche-comté in the doubs department in east france.
houtaud is a commune. it is in bourgogne-franche-comté in the doubs department in east france.
sainte-colombe is a commune. it is in bourgogne-franche-comté in the doubs department in east france.
bulle is a commune. it is in bourgogne-franche-comté in the doubs department in east france.
épernay is a commune in the marne department in northeastern france.
f3: fun and frustration is a 2022 indian telugu-language romantic comedy movie.
it is written and directed by anil ravipudi. it is a standalone sequel to the 2019 movie "," the second movie in the "fun and frustration" series, and it is produced by sri venkateswara creations. it stars venkatesh, varun tej, tamannaah, and mehreen pirzada, who reprise their roles from the previous movie. it features music composed by devi sri prasad. dil raju announced "f2"'s sequel "f3" following its success in february 2019. principal photography of the movie began in december 2020 and completed in january 2021. the movie was shot in hyderabad. the production and release of "f3" were delayed multiple times by the covid-19 pandemic. the movie was finally theatrically released on 27 may 2022. a sequel titled f4 is also in development and is expected to be released in 2023 or 2024.
venky, who works as an agent at a regional transport office in hyderabad, struggles to meet his ends. his friend varun yadav, an orphan, schemes various plans to make money. venky has night blindness and varun stutters, however, venky hides his disability from everyone. venky, along with his friend, loses a lot of their money after investing in harika's family restaurant. in a search for money, varun mistakes honey (harika's sister) for a rich woman and plans to marry her. venky agrees to fund varun's plan, failing to recognize honey due to his night blindness.
venky and varun take a huge amount of loan from pala baby by pledging their property. after spending lakhs of rupees by giving expensive gifts and cash to honey, they realize their mistake while harika's family lose all their money in shares. pala baby, who worships women, drops his plans to waive off the loan after realizing the guile methods of harika's family. they all reach the police station to settle their issue. however, ci nagaraju, an honest policeman who is on the brink of losing his job, hatches a plan to raid his commissioner's house with them to steal the illegally acquired cash and diamonds. they successfully execute their plan and hide the valuables in the boot of a scrap car. while doing so, they also rescue a kidnapped girl.
the following morning, they confess their robbery to the commissioner out of fear. however, the car goes missing and the commissioner threatens their life if they fail to return the stolen amount. when venky, varun, harika and nagaraju are about to commit suicide, they receive news that billionaire anand sharma was looking for his prodigal son.
they all reach his place in vizianagaram. venky, varun, harika (in a male disguise), and a junior artist hired by nagaraju present themselves as anand's son. unsure of who the right person is, anand lets everyone stay in his palace. they scheme against each other and utterly fail to impress anand. all the contenders endure the toughest of the tests given by anand. as a final effort, anand announces that whoever brings his f3 toy factory to profits shall be declared as his heir.
putting their differences aside, all the contenders team up together to create a new kind of toy in order to achieve profit. they develop a set of interactive toys by merchandising popular telugu film characters, namely, baahubali, gabbar singh, ajay krishna, veera raghava, chitti babu and . the sales skyrocket and the factory earns a bumper profit. they together elect varun and present him to anand as his rightful heir. anand, however, reveals that his son died by suicide several years ago after earning money by fraudulent means. since they have rescued his granddaughter, anand gave them an opportunity to prove themselves and offers them the profit they earned. venky, varun and others realize their mistakes and give up the money.
later, anand is kidnapped by his subordidates who demand a ransom of crore. venky, varun and others arrive at the place but they are attacked by the goons. initially, they try to confuse them but when the plan fails, venky dresses up as narappa while varun as vakeel saab and thrash the goons together. when they are trying to leave, the police arrive and arrest everyone. meanwhile, the thief who stole the car reveals to the commissioner that he sold all the diamonds at a cheap rate mistaking them as regular gemstones. he later gets elected as an mla with the support of his buyers, and the commissioner who is ousted out of his job joins him as an assistant.
rochejean is a commune. it is in bourgogne-franche-comté in the doubs department in east france.
bavans is a commune. it is in bourgogne-franche-comté in the doubs department in east france.
aubonne is a commune. it is in bourgogne-franche-comté in the doubs department in east france.
a disengagement is a breaking of engagement which is an agreement or promise to marry.
bures hamlet is a civil parish in braintree district, essex, england. in 2011, 749 people lived in bures hamlet.
little henny is a village and civil parish in braintree district, essex, england. in 2001, 48 people lived in little henny.
trevor elias einhorn (born november 3, 1998) is an american actor. in television, he is known for playing josh on the syfy fantasy series "the magicians" and frederick crane on the american sitcom frasier. he also portrayed the role of joey thomas in the 1998 trey parker and matt stone film "baseketball".
francis xavier mccarthy (born february 15, 1942) is an american actor who has appeared in movies such as "the man with two brains" (1983), "summer school" (1987), "deep impact" (1998), "baseketball" (1998) and "interstellar" (2014).
farn-sasan was the last king in the indo-parthian kingdom who ruled sakastan from about 210 to 226. there are no books that talk about him. he is only known because of the coins he issued. he was killed in 226 by the ruler ardashir i. because of this, the indo-parthian rule ended.
origin of name.
then name "sasan" was popular with the indo-parthian people. the origin of the name is not entirely known. david neil mackenzie and v.a. livshits says that the name comes from old iranian, translating to *"sāsāna" ("defeating enemy"). it is also the name of a zoroastrian deity.
farn-sasan went into the indo-parthian throne sometime in 210. they don't know what king was before him. they think it may have been pacores. farn-sasan is not mentioned in any books. he is only known because of his coins. these coins all say "farn-sasan, son of adur-sasan, grandson of tirdat, son of the grandson of sanabares, the king of kings." farn-sasan tried to make himself notable by his rule by showing that he was related to his great-grandfather, sanabares, a famous indo-parthian king. he calls the king of kings sanabares the king of kings. farn-sasan also called himself the king of kings. this happened a lot in achaemenid and parthian rulers.
adur-sasan and tirdat were never a ruler. this means that farn-sasan was probably from a cadet branch in the dynasty.
on the front side of the coins, he is seen with a cap. on the other side, a fire altar is shown. the altar has writing around it. farn-sasan is the only king that is known to have a fire altar on coins that is also from sakastan. around the same time, ardashir i () made coins with a fire-altar that looked like farn-sasan's coins. historians are not sure if farn-sasan copied the fire altar or if ardashir i copied the fire altar off of farn-sasan.
farn-sasan and sasanian ardashir i share a similar name. because of this and the fact that both of their coin has a fire altar, historians think sasanians and indo-parthians may have had common ancestry. historians say that farn-sasan and sasanian ardashir i were rivals. both wanted to be the king of kings. the iranologist khodadad rezakhani argues that farn-sasan was a superior of ardashir i. he said that ardashir i was only able to say that he was the king of kings after he defeated farn-sasan in 226 and ended indo-parthian rule.
 walter burley griffin (november 24, 1876february 11, 1937) was an american architect and landscape architect. he designed canberra, australia. he also designed the new south wales towns of griffith and leeton. he made the l-shaped floor plan. the l-shaped floor plan was the carport and an innovation of reinforced concrete.
national library of australia:
the belvedere palace is a building in vienna, austria. it has two baroque palaces (the upper and lower belvedere), the orangery, and the palace stables. the buildings are in a baroque park landscape. it is in the third district in the city. the belvedere museum is here. the grounds have many sculpture and iron gates. the baroque palace was as a summer home for prince eugene of savoy.
the cheviot is an extinct volcano and the highest peak in northumberland at 815 meters (2,674 feet) which is from the scottish border.
it would have formed 390 million years ago during the caledonian orogeny, when the mantle crust would melt after an eruption, which may have measured a height of 3,000 meters (10,000 feet) almost the same height as mount etna in italy, and a diameter of 37 miles. during its last eruptions they could have been explosive and violent and the lava could have flowed up to branxton and flodden ridge while the pyroclastics flows up to coquetdale and ingram.
currently, the rest of this extinct volcano has been intensely eroded where several bodies of water would radiate.
thipkyanchi rangoli is an indian drama series.
lieutenant general winfield wayne scott jr. (december 10, 1927 – march 19, 2022) was an american air force lieutenant general. he was the tenth superintendent of the united states air force academy. he was born in honolulu, hawaii.
scott jr. died on march 19, 2022 in colorado springs, colorado at the age of 94.
edmund summers "kip" hawley iii (november 10, 1953 – march 21, 2022) was an american politician and business executive. he was administrator of the transportation security administration from july 27, 2005 to january 20, 2009. 
hawley died from lung cancer at his home in pacific grove, california on march 21, 2022, at the age of 68.
kirk baptiste (june 20, 1962 – march 24, 2022) was an american track and field athlete. he mainly competed in the 200 metres. he was born in beaumont, texas. he competed for the united states at the 1984 summer olympics held in los angeles, united states, where he won the silver medal in the 200 metres with a time of 19.96 seconds. baptiste was born in beaumont, texas.
baptiste was diagnosed with hiv in the 1990s. he died on march 24, 2022 at the age of 59.
john downing fripp (february 11, 1921 – march 24, 2022) was a canadian skier and football player. he was a skier between 1927 and 1960 and played football in the interprovincial rugby football union (irfu) (now cfl east division) and ontario rugby football union (orfu) between 1941 and 1947.
fripp died on march 24, 2022 in ottawa, ontario at the age of 101.
sugar harvest () is a 1958 argentine drama movie directed by lucas demare and starring alfredo alcón, graciela borges, enrique fava, atahualpa yupanqui.
field marshal sir john lyon chapple, (27 may 1931 – 25 march 2022) was a british army officer. he was chief of the general staff from 1988 to 1992. he also gave advice to the british government during the gulf war. he was also the governor of gibraltar.
chapple died on 25 march 2022 at his home in salisbury, wiltshire after a short illness at the age of 90.
teofil józef wilski (october 16, 1935 – march 26, 2022) was a polish roman catholic prelate. he was auxiliary bishop of kalisz from 1995 to 2011. wilski was born in skubarczewo, poland. he became a priest in 1960.
wilski died on march 26, 2022 in ostrów wielkopolski, poland at the age of 86.
ostrów wielkopolski () (often abbreviated "ostrów wlkp.", formerly called simply "ostrów", , latin: "ostrovia") is a city in west-central poland with 71,560 people living here since 2010. it is the fifth-largest city in the voivodeship.
the siege of mariupol was military engagement between russia and ukraine which began on 24 february 2022, during the 2022 russian invasion of ukraine. the city of mariupol is located in the donetsk oblast in eastern ukraine. it is claimed by the russian-backed separatist donetsk people's republic. 
the red cross said the siege is "apocalyptic", and ukrainian authorities have accused russia of causing a major humanitarian crisis in the city, with city officials reporting that over 2,000 civilians have been killed.
the siege has been compared by ukrainian and us officials to the siege of leningrad during world war ii.
the siege ended on 16 may 2022 after what western media outlets called the "evacuation" of the remaining ukrainian personnel from the azovstal iron and steel works; the russian ministry of defense claimed that the ukrainians had "surrendered".
carl cecil cain (born august 2, 1934) is an american retired basketball player. he competed in the 1956 summer olympics. cain played college basketball for the iowa hawkeyes. he was a member of the united states national team, which won the olympic gold medal in 1956.
jane chika oranika (born march 9, 1997), known as chika (often written as chika), is an american rapper. she first became known on social media before signing to warner records in 2019. she was nominated for the grammy award for best new artist.
in april 2021, chika announced a short break from making music because of her mental health.
chika is openly bisexual.
the national severe weather warning service (shortened to nswws) is a service in the united kingdom.
weather warnings are there to warn communities of severe or extremely severe weather for example rain. there are 3 colours for warnings yellow,amber & red. 
in northeastern england in late 2021, a red warning was issued for a storm named arwen, which brung winds of 145 km/h (90 mph) & caused devastation across this region of england by the coast. again they issued more red warnings for one storm in 2022, storm eunice which again brought winds of 145 km/h around east coasts. earlier in that week storm dudley also hit mostly scotland. year 2020 was stormy in many months, particularly february when as much as 3 storms hit, ciara, dennis, & jorge. all of them brought devastation to many communities. there were storms multiple times over the last few years. these are just examples of when weather warnings get issued.
isthmohyla infucata is a frog that lives in panama. scientists have seen it between 830 and 910 meters above sea level.
garges-lès-gonesse is a commune. it is in île-de-france in the val-d'oise department in north france. in 2019, 43,239 people lived in garges-lès-gonesse.
the commune is in the northern suburbs of paris, from the center.
alexandra ivanovna zabelina (; 11 march 1937 – 27 march 2022) was a soviet fencer. she won gold medals in the team foil at the 1960, 1968 and 1972 summer olympics.
irpin () is a city in kyiv oblast, ukraine. in 2021, 
62,456 people lived there. it is about 22 km northwest of the capital kyiv, on the bank of the irpin river.
gonesse is a commune. it is in île-de-france in the val-d'oise department in north-central france. in 2019, 26,106 people lived there.
the commune is in the northeastern suburbs of paris, from the center. it is directly north of le bourget airport, and it is six kilometres (four miles) south-west of charles de gaulle international airport.
today, gonesse is known for the crash of the concorde, on july 25, 2000. the plane crashed into a hotel, killing four people on the ground, as well the passengers and crew of the airplane. 
roger leland wollman (born may 29, 1934) is an american politician and lawyer. he is a senior united states circuit judge since 2018. he was the chief judge of the united states court of appeals for the eighth circuit from 1999 until 2002. he was nominated as a judge to this court by president ronald reagan in 1985.
wollman was born in frankfort, south dakota. he is the older brother of harvey l. wollman, former governor of south dakota.
david samuel zucker (born october 16, 1947) is an american film director, producer and screenwriter. associated mostly with parody comedies, zucker is recognized as the director and writer of the critically successful 1980 movie "airplane!" as well as being the creator of "the naked gun" franchise and for directing "scary movie 3" and "scary movie 4".
piscop is a commune. it is in île-de-france in the val-d'oise department in north-central france.
frankfort is a city in spink county, south dakota, united states. the population was 134 at the 2020 census.
puiseux-en-france is a commune. it is in île-de-france in the val-d'oise department in north-central france.
montlebon is a commune. it is in bourgogne-franche-comté in the doubs department in east france.
les fins is a commune. it is in bourgogne-franche-comté in the doubs department in east france.
the south dakota house of representatives is the lower house of the south dakota legislature. it has 70 members, two from each legislative district. the south dakota house of representatives meets at the south dakota state capitol in pierre.
anatoly aleksandrovich sobchak (; 10 august 1937 – 19 february 2000) was a soviet and russian politician. he was a co-author of the constitution of the russian federation. he was the first democratically elected mayor of saint petersburg. he was a mentor and teacher of both vladimir putin and dmitry medvedev.
sobchak died on 19 february 2000 in svetlogorsk, russia from a heart attack, aged 62. however, some believe that he was poisoned and murdered.
sochaux is a commune. it is in bourgogne-franche-comté in the doubs department in east france, near montbéliard.
sochaux is the site of a large industrial facility of the french car manufacturer psa peugeot citroën. as of late 2005, about 16,000 people are employed there. the peugeot automobile museum is located here.
the fc sochaux-montbéliard football club is in the commune.
exincourt is a commune. it is in bourgogne-franche-comté in the doubs department in east france.
adam-lès-vercel is a commune. it is in bourgogne-franche-comté in the doubs department in east france.
péseux is a commune. it is in bourgogne-franche-comté in the doubs department in east france.
charmoille is a commune. it is in bourgogne-franche-comté in the doubs department in east france.
charmoille can mean:
on the next day, kongyamba announced to the people, 
<poem>"it is evil for land if a poor man win the race. it might bring scarcity more than the people can bear. let's say this among the people before the race begin."</poem>
this words spread among the public. khamba was stopped and told that his name was not in the list of the contestants. khamba believed them. so, he sadly returned home. he told everything to khamnu. the two siblings told nongtholba about it. nongtholba went to the king. the king told khamba to participate if it was not still late to join.
khamba and feiroijamba went to the starting place of the race. the race was about to be started. khamba ran swiftly as fast as he could. then, kongyamba's men interrupted khamba on his way. but khamba stroke all of them aside. at last, he reached up kongyamba. kongyamba was running slowly as he got tired. suddenly, fifteen horsemen of kongyamba stopped khamba. but khamba kicked out all of them from his way.
finally, khamba reached the final destination. he was the champion and kongyamba was the second. both saluted the king. the king was more pleased with khamba.
the false oracle and the feral bull.
kongyamba was thinking about an evil plot against khamba. but the gods did not give him any evil hints in his dreams. so, he built a hut. inside the hut, he tried to connect with a spirit. but he failed. one day, he met fisher women from the khuman kingdom in the region of moirang. both the khuman kingdom and the moirang kingdom were in shores of the loktak lake.
the women came to moirang besides having their own fishing area. so, kongyamba asked them the reason for coming to moirang. 
the women told him:<poem>"there is a great bull that lurks among the reeds of the shores of the lake, and it had claimed life of many. so, we dare not to fish there."</poem>
suddenly, an idea came to kongyamba's mind. he went to the king. he acted as a person possessed by a divine spirit. kongyamba told the king,
<poem>"god thangjing had spoken in my ears and i have his behest upon me. verily said the god, i am sated with offerings of flesh and fish, but this year, my heart longs for the sweet savour of the flesh of the mighty bull that lurks in the reeds that border the water of the lake. my servant khamba vows that he will bring it for my honor and for the welfare of the state."</poem>
the king called and asked khamba about his promise. khamba denied it. there resulted a great conflict between khamba and kongyamba. later, khamba told the king he would catch the bull if it was the god’s will. 
the king was pleased with khamba. so, he promised him to give princess thoibi hand in marriage if he succeeded in the adventure. minister thonglen put seven marks on the lintel post of the capital city. it was the record of the king’s promise.
the king of moirang sent an embassy to the king of khuman. the embassy proposed the great sport to be organized. the khuman king agreed. a grand colosseum was built. the colosseum could hold a capacity of the audiences from both the two kingdoms. 
khamba captured the bull. he was bringing it to the two kings' residing place. on the way back, kongyamba came to him before anyone saw them. kongyamba pretended to help khamba to hold the bull. kongyamba hold the rope. when everyone saw, kongyamba claimed that he had captured the bull. he added that he even rescued khamba who fell into the ditch. once again, there was a great conflict between khamba and kongyamba over the claim. the two kings could not find out who was right. so, kongyamba was asked to fight the bull within an enclosure. but kongyamba got frightened of the bull. so, he climbed up on the heights to save himself. khamba faced the bull bravely. he once again captured the bull.
royal archery contest and nongban's advantage of gaining favour.
annually, a royal archery contest was held in honour of god thangjing in ancient moirang. the contest was for the royalties of the moirang kingdom. nongban kongyamba was selected to pick up the arrows shot by the king. khamba was selected to pick up the arrows shot by the crown prince (king’s younger brother). chingkhu akhuba, the crown prince asked his daughter thoibi about his coat of golden embroidery. but thoibi had already given the coat to khamba. so, she told him a white lie.
on the day of the competition, the target was set. the royal priests sang charms over the arrows and the bows of the contestants. the king shot his arrows. kongyamba fetched the arrows and gave back to the king. for the crown prince, khamba was to fetch the arrows. the crown prince shot his arrows so swiftly. khamba ran swiftly to pick them up. at this, khamba's outer cloth get loosened. the crown prince saw the inner cloth worn by khamba. it was his golden embroidered coat. he got furious. when khamba gave him the arrow, he did not take it. he turned away from khamba. kongyamba took the arrow from khamba. he gave it to the prince. the prince was pleased with kongyamba. he told kongyamba that princess thoibi would be given to him within five days. from this time onwards, nongban kongyamba gained favor from thoibi's father, the crown prince.
torture by elephant: collective evil planing of nongban and thoibi's father against khamba.
the crown prince and nongban kongyamba planned an evil plot to kill khamba. they sent messengers to khamba. the messengers told khamba that he was called by the crown prince. on his way, khamba was interrupted by kongyamba and his men. kongyamba asked khamba to give up thoibi. khamba replied that he will not give up.
as a result, they fought. khamba threw kongyamba's men upon the ground. khamba knelt upon kongyamba's belly. he pressed kongyamba's throat. he was about to kill kongyamba. but kongyamba's men dragged khamba off. they beat khamba. his clothes were torn. they bound him so that he could not move. the prince also came up on his elephant. he told the men to beat him. they fastened him to the elephant's leg with ropes. however, the elephant driver knew that khamba was innocent. so, he bound him leaving him some spaces to breathe.
then they stimulated the elephant to harm khamba. but god thangjing let it not to move. finally, kongyamba hit the elephant with a spear to move in pain. but it did not harm khamba. 
in that night, goddess panthoibi told thoibi in her dream that her beloved man was bound by her father’s orders to the elephant and was nearly killed. thoibi arose and took a sword. she immediately came to the spot for khamba. the criminals feld from the spot. she saved khamba from the criminals as well as the elephant. 
the news was informed to khamnu, feiroijamba, nongtholba and thonglen. nongtholba, feiroijamba and thonglen went to the royal court with all their armies. feiroijamba said to the court three times about the harsh cruelty to khamba. however, the prince did not pay attention to the complaint.
nongtholba and prince chingkhu akhuba had a conflict on the matter. the conflict could not be resolved without the king. finally, both went to the king for the judgement.
before their arrival, princess thoibi had already informed the king all the crimes committed by her own father.
the king proclaimed that all the criminals would be punished. so, nongban kongyamba, prince chingkhu akhuba (thoibi's father) and other men were sent in the prison. the king told the prince to stay there untill khamba was well again.
the king sent his own men to take care of injured khamba. he sent him gifts every day. thoibi personally took care of khamba. he got well again. so, nongban kongyamba and the prince were set free.
plot to kidnap princess thoibi.
the prince asked his daughter thoibi to marry kongyamba. but she rejected. so, in anger, he exiled her to kabaw chiefdom. he did not want to see her anymore. 
during her exile, thoibi always missed her beloved khamba as well as her hometown. god thangjing softened her father's heart. he sent men to bring her back. however, he asked kongyamba to forcibly elope thoibi from her return journey.
kongyamba and his men were waiting for princess thobi's return. when they saw the princess returning, his men shouted,
"lo, the princess is at band."
thoibi heard the shout. she instructed her companions to sit near her if the man was khamba but far away if the man was kongyamba."
it was kongyamba and not khamba. 
however, she went on. she pretended to be friendly with him. she sat on the red carpet of kongyamba's possession. however, she placed a stick between kongyamba and her. she asked him for fruits to eat. kongyamba brought her fruits. but she did not eat the fruits. she pretended to get ill due to her long journey from kabaw. kongyamba was worried. 
she asked kongyamba to let her ride on his horse. he agreed. so, thoibi rode kongyamba's horse. kongyamba rode in thoibi's palanquin. 
surprisingly, thoibi galloped off on the horse towards khamba's house. khamba received her from the long time exile at his house. they wept for their reunion.
on the other hand, kongyamba was angry for being tricked by a girl. he tried to gain support from the king's ministers to intervene into the matter. in the meantime, minister thonglen and minister nongtholba sent men to guard khamba and thoibi.
the matter was set before the king in the royal court. the king wanted to solve the issue by the trial of the spear. during the discussion, an old man came to the meet the king. the old man informed him that a ferocious tiger was a great threat to the villagers of khoirentak region. 
the king changed his mind. he announced that the tiger will be the determining point of the matter. he added that the killer of the tiger will marry princess thoibi.
king chingkhu telheiba of moirang announced that the killer of the man-eating tiger of khoirentak could marry princess thoibi. nongban kongyamba and khuman khamba were chosen for the task. the ferocious tiger killed nongban during the hunt.
rebirth as a singing bird.
in his dying bed, nongban requested khuman khamba to allow him to sing a song about princess thoibi (alias thadoi). the request was granted. after he died, his soul turned into a legendary bird named "pithadoi" ("pee thadoi"). pee thadoi continued to sing songs about thadoi. his songs are sung in pathetic and tragic notes.
in popular culture.
kao, the sacred bull.
in 2011, "kao, the sacred bull" was produced by the laihui ensemble. this theatrical show was based on the story of kao (bull) captured by khuman khamba. according to the story, the oracle (nongban himself) chose khamba to capture the bull.
in 2020, a named "kao faba" was produced by western cultural association in manipur. it was sponsored by the sangeet natak akedemi of new delhi, india. the play was released in the iboyaima shumang leela shanglen, palace compound, imphal.
the play is based on the legend of capturing the bull in ancient moirang.
the quagga mussel is a freshwater mussel. originally it occurred in the drainage basin of the dnieper river, mostly in ukraine. the mussel is named after the quagga, an extinct species of zebra. the mussels live for three to five years. since about the 1940s, they have spread a lot outside their original range. they are considered an invasive species in most of europe, and north america. it looks like certain species of perch have developed an appetite for thes mussels. they are now considered as a natural form of pest control.
safra a. catz (hebrew: צפרא כץ, born december 1, 1961) is an israeli-american billionaire banker and technology executive. she is the ceo of oracle corporation.
in april 2011, she was named co-president and chief financial officer (cfo).
onsi sawiris (also written sawires, , ; august 14, 1930 – june 29, 2021) was an egyptian businessman. his net worth is $1.2 billion according to "forbes" in 2017. he was the head of the sawiris family. he founded the orascom conglomerate.
dina powell mccormick ("dina habib" , ; born june 12, 1973) is an american financial executive, philanthropist and political advisor. she is best known for having been the united states deputy national security advisor for strategy to president donald trump.
jessica erin jackley (born october 29, 1977) is an american businesswoman. she is known for having co-founded kiva and later profounder, two organizations that help the creation of businesses through microloans.
franklin park is a borough in allegheny county, pennsylvania, united states. 13,470 people lived here at the 2010 census.
neffes is a commune in the hautes-alpes department.
the d46, d246, d446 and n85 roads pass through the commune.
moydans is a commune in the hautes-alpes department.
the d425, d949 and d994 roads pass through the commune.
the commune borders the drôme department.
the dark mirror is a 1946 american crime thriller movie directed by robert siodmak and starring olivia de havilland, lew ayers, thomas mitchell, garry owen, lela bliss, lester allen. it was distributed by universal pictures and was nominated for an academy award in 1947.
névache is a commune in the hautes-alpes department.
the d1t, d301t and d994g roads pass through the commune.
la motte-en-champsaur is a commune in the hautes-alpes department.
the d23 and d123 roads pass through the commune.
montrond is a commune in the hautes-alpes department.
the d94 and d1075 (e712) roads pass through the commune.
the buëch river passes through the commune.
"kadeng thangjahanba" () is one of the principal characters in the ancient moirang kangleirol legends. he is a blacksmith and a minster in the court of the king of moirang kingdom. he is a lover of tonu laijinglembi.
according to legend, he has no match as a skilled blacksmith.
many scholars opined kadeng thangjahanba to be a real historical figure who existed during the reign of emperor iwang puriklai laijing punsiba in ancient moirang.
montmorin was a commune in the hautes-alpes department. on 1 july 2017, it merged with bruis and sainte-marie and is now part of the valdoule commune.
the d26 road passes through the commune.
montmaur is a commune in the hautes-alpes department.
the d512, d937, d937a and d994 roads pass through the commune.
montjay is a commune in the hautes-alpes department.
the d226 and d949 roads pass through the commune.
the commune borders the drôme department.
launcherone is a two-stage orbital launch vehicle (see launch vehicle) developed and flown by virgin orbit. it was in development from 2007 to 2020. it is an air-launched rocket. it carries a smallsat payloads of up to into sun-synchronous orbit (sso).
the first successful flight was on 17 january 2021. launcherone was the first all liquid-fuelled air-launched orbital rocket. a test flight was unsuccessful on 25 may 2020, when the rocket failed to reach space. 
air launch to orbit is the method of launching rockets. an airplane carries the rocket which would then be launched to carry satellites to low earth orbit.
montbrand is a commune in the hautes-alpes department.
the d28, d28l, d28t and d228 roads pass through the commune.
the commune borders the drôme department.
"tonu laijinglembi" () is one of the principal characters in the ancient moirang kangleirol legends. she is a lady love of kadeng thangjahanba, with whom she united after her former marriage to the king of moirang kingdom.
but some opined tonu laijinglembi to be a historical figure who appeared during the reign of emperor iwang puriklai laijing punsiba in ancient moirang.
montclus is a commune in the hautes-alpes department.
the d450 and d994 roads pass through the commune.
lettret is a commune in the hautes-alpes department.
the d942 road passes through the commune.
the commune borders the alpes-de-haute-provence department.
mitchell guy johnson (born 2 november 1981) is an australian former cricketer. he was a left-handed batsman and a left-handed fast bowler. he has been awarded the international cricket council's sir garfield sobers trophy twice (2009 and 2014). he famously took part in the australian test squad during the 2013–14 ashes series. his country won the series 5–0. johnson also won the player of the series award for taking 37 wickets in a dominant showing against the english batsmen. during his test career, he played 73 matches and took 313 wickets from 16,001 balls bowled. he retired from all forms of cricket in 2018.
johnson was born in townsville, queensland. although he bats and bowls left-handed, johnson writes with his right hand. in 2016, he published his autobiography "resilient".
gregory sierra (january 25, 1937 – january 4, 2021) was an american actor. he was known for his roles as detective sergeant chano amenguale on "barney miller" and as julio fuentes on "sanford and son".
sierra died on january 4, 2021 from cancer at his home in laguna woods, california at the age of 83.
laguna woods () is a city in orange county, california, united states. 16,192 people lived here at the 2010 census.
jeannette wood (february 19, 1932 – january 9, 2021) was an american republican politician. he was a member of the washington house of representatives from the 21st district from 1988 to 1994 and in the washington state senate from the 21st district from 1994 to 1999. wood was born in auburn, new york.
wood died of problems caused by dementia on january 9, 2021, in woodway, washington at age 88.
woodway is a city in snohomish county, washington, united states. 1,307 people lived here at the 2010 census.
charlotte cornwell (26 april 1949 – 16 january 2021) was an english actress. she was born in london. cornwell was a leading member of the royal shakespeare company for three years. she starred rosalind in "as you like it" and beatrice in "much ado about nothing". 
cornwell was in many movies such as "stardust" (1974), "the brute" (1977), "the krays" (1990), "the russia house" (1990), "white hunter black heart" (1990), "the saint" (1997), "ghosts of mars" (2001) and "" (2010).
cornwell died on 16 january 2021, aged 71.
the royal shakespeare company (rsc) is a major british theatre company. it is in stratford-upon-avon, warwickshire, england. the company has over 1,000 staff and makes around 20 productions a year. most of the plays made by the company are by william shakespeare.
maynard wallace (april 21, 1943 – january 17, 2021) was an american republican politician. he was a member of the missouri house of representatives from the 143rd district from 2003 to 2011. he was born in ozark county, missouri.
wallace died on january 17, 2021 at her home near gainesville, missouri at age 77.
gainesville is a city in ozark county, missouri, united states. 773 people lived here at the 2010 census. it is the county seat of ozark county.
thorsten johansson (9 october 1950 – 18 january 2021) was a swedish sprinter. he competed in the men's 200 metres at the 1976 summer olympics.
johansson died on 18 january 2021, aged 70.
james murray vickerman (may 1, 1931 – january 19, 2021) was an american politician. he was a member of the minnesota senate from 1987 to 2011. he was a member of the minnesota democratic-farmer-labor party. he was born in tracy, minnesota.
vickerman died on january 19, 2021 in marshall, minnesota at the age of 89.
tracy is a city in lyon county, minnesota, united states. 2,163 people lived here at the 2010 census.
william newton sheat (1 may 1930 – 20 january 2021) was a new zealand lawyer and arts activist. he was a founding member of the new zealand film commission, creative new zealand and downstage theatre. sheat was born in hāwera, new zealand.
sheat died on 20 january 2021 in lower hutt, new zealand at the age of 90.
the central american integration system (, or sica) has been the economic and political organization of central american states since february 1, 1993.
in 1991, sica's first nations to join were guatemala, el salvador, honduras, nicaragua, costa rica and panama. belize joined in 1998 as a full member, while the dominican republic became an associated state in 2004 and a full member in 2013. 
mexico, chile and brazil became part of the organization as regional observers, and the republic of china, spain, germany and japan became extra-regional observers. 
sica has been an observer of the united nations general assembly. 
california's 46th congressional district is a congressional district in the u.s. state of california. a representative is elected every two years to represent the district in the united states house of representatives. the district is currently represented by democrat lou correa. the district is in orange county and includes the cities of anaheim and santa ana, as well as parts of orange. it is both the most liberal and most latino congressional district in orange county. the district was first created in 1993 and was represented by a republican.
mauricio herdocia sacasa (1 august 1958 – 21 january 2021) was a nicaraguan politician, lawyer and editor. he was born in león, nicaragua. herdocia sacasa was a nicaraguan representative for the international court of justice. he worked for the newspaper "la prensa". 
in 2000, for a short time, herdocia sacasa was general-secretary of the central american integration system.
herdocia sacasa died of a heart attack on 21 january 2021 in managua, nicaragua at the age of 62.
amanda s. c. gorman (born march 7, 1998) is an american poet, writer, speaker, and political activist. she read one of her poems during the installment ceremony of the american president joe biden in january 2021, getting praise.
león () is the second largest city in nicaragua, after managua. it is the capital and largest city of león department.
cecilia mangini (31 july 1927 – 21 january 2021) was an italian movie director and screenwriter. she was thought to be the first female documentary filmmaker in italy. mangini wrote the screenplay for the 1973 drama movie "black holiday". she was born in mola di bari, italy.
mangini died on 21 january 2021 in rome at the age of 93.
mola di bari, commonly referred to simply as mola (barese: ), is a town and "comune" of the metropolitan city of bari, in the region of apulia, in southern italy, on the adriatic sea.
antonio laxa (june 12, 1934 – january 23, 2021) better known by his stage name tony ferrer, was a filipino actor, movie director and producer. he was called the james bond of the philippines for his movie role as tony falcon in the "agent x-44" spy movie series. ferrer was born in macabebe, pampanga. he also played inspector ramos in "the vengeance of fu manchu" and ben guevara in "blind rage".
ferrer died on january 23, 2021 in quezon city from heart disease, aged 86.
pampanga (; ) is a province in the central luzon region of the philippines.
ricardo fernandes durão (13 june 1928 – 22 january 2021) was a portuguese modern pentathlete. he competed at the 1952 summer olympics.
durão died on 22 january 2021, aged 92.
fleet admiral feliks nikolayevich gromov (; august 29, 1937 – january 22, 2021) was a russian admiral. he was the commander-in-chief of the russian navy from 1992 to 1997. gromov was born in vladivostok, soviet union.
gromov died on january 22, 2021 at the age of 83.
juan salvador guzmán tapia (22 april 1939 – 22 january 2021) was a salvadoran-born chilean politician and lawyer. he was the first chilean judge to prosecute augusto pinochet over human rights violations during his dictatorship. guzmán tapia was born in san salvador, el salvador.
guzmán tapia died on 22 january 2021 in santiago de chile, aged 81.
gianfranco "franco" lombardi (20 march 1941 – 22 january 2021) was an italian professional basketball player and coach. during his playing career, his nickname was "dado". he was born in livorno, italy. he played for the national team. he participated in the 1960, 1964 and 1968 summer olympics.
in 2006, he was honored into the italian basketball hall of fame.
lombardi died on 22 january 2021 in cocquio-trevisago, varese, italy at the age of 79.
cocquio-trevisago (; ) is a "comune" (municipality) in the province of varese in the italian region of lombardy. it is about northwest of milan and about northwest of varese.
fransiskus xaverius sudjasmin (26 august 194322 january 2021) was an indonesian military officer. he was the deputy chief of staff of the indonesian army from 1995 until 1997. sudjasmin was born in salatiga, japanese dutch east indies. 
sudjasmin died on 22 january 2021 in jakarta at the age of 77.
marius van heerden (8 september 1974 – 22 january 2021) was a south african middle-distance runner. he competed in the men's 800 metres at the 1996 summer olympics. he was born in clanwilliam, south africa.
van heerden died on 22 january 2021 in cape town from covid-19, aged 46.
farah pahlavi (, née farah diba ; born 14 october 1938) is an iranian royal. she is the widow of mohammad reza pahlavi. pahlavi was the "shahbanu" (empress) of iran from 1961 to 1979. pahlavi was born in tehran.
fawzia fuad of egypt (; ; 5 november 1921 – 2 july 2013), also known as muluk fawzia of iran and fawzia chirine, was an egyptian princess who became queen of iran as the first wife of mohammad reza pahlavi, shah of iran.
fawzia died on 2 july 2013 at the age of 91.
soraya esfandiary-bakhtiary (; 22 june 1932 – 26 october 2001) was the queen consort of iran as the second wife of shah mohammad reza pahlavi, whom she married in 1951.
soraya died on 26 october 2001 in her apartment in paris, france; she was 69.
khuyol haoba () or khuyon haoba () is one of the principal characters in the ancient moirang kangleirol legends. he is the son of khuyol khuntoulempa, and a lover of yaithing konu, the fair daughter of huiningsumba. right from childhood, he grew up as an orphan man.
shahnaz pahlavi (, born 27 october 1940) is the first child of the shah of iran, mohammad reza pahlavi, and his first wife, princess fawzia fuad of egypt.
reza pahlavi (; born 31 october 1960) is the oldest son of iranian mohammad reza pahlavi and his wife farah diba. until the iranian revolution in 1979, he was the crown prince and the last heir apparent to the throne of the imperial state of iran. 
farahnaz pahlavi (; born 12 march 1963) is the eldest daughter of mohammad reza pahlavi by his third wife, farah diba.
in a 2004 article in "los angeles times", she tried to work at an international aid agencies such as unicef, but was rejected because of her name.
pilgrimage is the second studio album by english rock band wishbone ash. the album is more like folk music than the last album, which was more like blues rock. the album sold many copies and reached number 14 on the uk albums chart. their next album, "argus" sold more than this album, and was their most popular.
all songs written by martin turner, steve upton, ted turner and andy powell, except where noted.
ali-reza pahlavi (; 28 april 1966 – 4 january 2011) was a member of the pahlavi imperial family of the imperial state of iran. he was the younger son of mohammad reza pahlavi, the former shah of iran and his third wife farah diba. 
he was second in order of succession to the iranian throne before the iranian revolution.
pahlavi, who had depression, shot himself on 4 january 2011 in boston, massachusetts at the age of 44.
leila pahlavi (, 27 march 1970 – 10 june 2001) was a princess of iran and the youngest daughter of mohammad reza pahlavi, shah of iran, and his third wife, farah pahlavi.
on 10 june 2001, pahlavi was found dead in her room in leonard hotel in london by her doctor. she was found to have more than five times the lethal dose of barbiturate and cocaine. she was found in bed and she suffered from anorexia and bulimia. 
hyman g. rickover (january 27, 1900 – july 8, 1986) was an admiral in the u.s. navy. he helped create nuclear powered submarines. he was director of the u.s. naval reactors office. rickover is also one of four people who have been awarded two congressional gold medals.
the "moirang shayon" () or "moirang saiyon" ()(lit. "moirang incarnations") is a genre of the seven incarnations of a god and a goddess, induced by lord thangjing, in the ancient moirang kingdom, a southern province in ancient manipur (antique kangleipak).
the list of the seven pairs of incarnations are:
akongjamba and phouoibi.
akongjamba is a mortal man and phouoibi is a goddess, who became the first pair of lovers in the epic.
henjunaha and lairoulembi.
henjunaha, an orphan lad and thongnang lairoulembi, daughter of a rich man, are the second pair of lovers in the epic.
khuyol haoba and yaithing konu.
khuyol haoba, son of a late minister, and yaithing konu, daughter of a royal court man, are the third pair of lovers in the epic.
thangjahanba and tonu laijinglembi.
kadeng thangjahanba, a blacksmith, and tonu laijinglembi, the queen of the moirang king, are the fourth pair of lovers in the epic.
khubomba and pidonu.
khubomba, the son of tonu laijinglembi, and pidonu, a lady from moirang, are the fifth pair of lovers in the epic.
pungdingheiba and silheibi.
pungdingheiba, a drum maker, and silheibi, a handloom working lady, are the sixth pair of lovers in the epic.
khamba and thoibi.
khuman khamba, an orphan prince of khuman dynasty and moirang thoibi, princess of moirang kingdom, are the last and the seventh pair of lovers in the epic.
veynes is a commune in the hautes-alpes department.
the d20, d48, d320, d348, d648, d937e, d994 and d994b roads pass through the commune.
veynes has a train station called gare de veynes.
vitrolles is a commune in the hautes-alpes department.
the d20, d120, d220, d420 and d1085 roads pass through the commune.
the a51 autoroute also passes through vitrolles.
the commune borders the alpes-de-haute-provence department.
ventavon is a commune in the hautes-alpes department.
the d21, d21a, d942 and d1085 roads pass through the commune.
the a51 autoroute also passes through ventavon.
the commune borders the alpes-de-haute-provence department.
the siam frog, siamese frog yellow stream frog, darkeared frog, or black-eared frog ("sylvirana cubitalis") is a frog from china, thailand, vietnam, and laos.
jean assaad haddad (17 december 1926 – 22 january 2021) was a lebanese melkite hierarch. he was an archbishop of the melkite greek catholic archeparchy of tyre in lebanon from 1988 to 2005. he was born in beit chabab, lebanon. 
haddad died on 22 january 2021 in beirut at the age of 94.
 was a japanese actress and singer. she was known for her roles in "the pornographers", "warm water under a red bridge", and "the ballad of narayama". she was born in osaka, japan.
sakamoto died on january 23, 2021 from a cerebral infarction in kumamoto, japan at the age of 84.
robert "roy" torrens obe (17 may 1948 – january 2021) was an irish cricketer and manager. he managed and played for the ireland cricket team. he represented ireland six times in first-class cricket between 1966 and 1982.
torrens was appointed officer of the order of the british empire (obe) in the 2009 birthday honours.
torrens died in january 2021, aged 72.
anthony edward jones (may 24, 1966 – january 22, 2021) was an american football offensive tackle in the national football league. his career lasted from 1988 to 2000. he was a two-time super bowl champion winning in 1998 and 1999. he was born in royston, georgia. jones played for the cleveland browns, baltimore ravens and denver broncos.
jones died on january 22, 2021, at the age of 54.
tholpuram valakkamparai muthumariamman temple is a hindu temple in valakkamparai, tholpuram, sri lanka.
legends say that one day, an old man was taking care of his flock when an old lady called to him. she asked the man to get her some water to drink. the man said he would do this. he went to a nearby well and got water for the woman. the woman then asked him to take care of her hair. that night, the man had a dream. the woman appeared in his dream. she asked him to build a small temple for her. the next day, the man told his friends and neighbors about his dream. they set up a small hut and began to worship the woman as a goddess. people have believed that she chose this place because she thought it would be a good place to live. it is believed that the area had many types of trees. the area still has many trees today.
the dutch ruled the area in 1658. they ruled from 1658 until the british took control in 1796. during this time, a history book was written by a. muthuthambipillai. the book says that saravanamuthu mudaliar was a panchayat judge. it says that he held his court in a place now called 'sathiyakadu'. this place was is in tolpura at that time. with the permission of the governor of holland, a temple was built at tolpura.
according to documents from near the year 1650, the temple was built using burnt bricks. laterm descendants of the original builders rebuilt the temple using stone. the cost of rebuilding the temole were paid for by the people of valakkamparai in tholpuram.
the main religious festivals at the temple are celebrated during june or july. they include the chariot festival.
there is a large air-conditioned hall at the temple. it is used for the weddings of the hindu people. the wedding hall can also be used for other activities. the hall can hold a maximum of 500 people. this hall started functioning in 2015.
akkrum is a village that lies in the municipality of heerenveen, which is in the province of friesland, the netherlands. it is in the northern part of the municipality, and had about 3,400 people in 2017.
akkrum belonged to the former municipality of boarnsterhim until 2014, and to the municipality of utingeradeel until 1984.
it has a railway station that connects akkrum with leeuwarden in the north and heerenveen in the south. motorway a32 is to the right of the village.
the village of nes is just right of akkrum.
the lake sneekermeer (snitser mar) lies in the neighbourhood, to the southwest.
maruoka castle (丸岡城, "maruoka-jō") is in sakai, fukui prefecture. it is also called kasumi-ga-jō (霞ヶ城). the castle tower was built between 1624 to 1644. it is one of the twelve existing castle towers in japan (現存十二天守, "genzon-jūni-tenshu"), and also one of the national important cultural properties.
in 1576, nobunaga oda ordered katsutoyo shibata to build maruoka castle to get ready for the ikkō-ikki, a rebellion by believers of the jōdo shinshū sect of buddhism in the 15th-16th centuries. in 1613, narushige honda became the first lord, castle owner, of the maruoka castle. after the honda family, the arima family were lords of maruoka castle from 1695 to 1869. shigesumi arima was lord from 1772 to 1830. he rebuilt the local domain economy. on 8 july 1948,  an earthquake hit fukui. the quake destroyed the castle tower of maruoka castle. but, in 1955 the castle tower was repaired by recycling more than 70% of the original materials of maruoka castle.
maruoka castle’s stone walls are about 6.2 meters high. the stone walls were built using "nozura-zumi" (野面積み), an architectural method to build stone walls with a good system of drains. this protects the building from damage by heavy rain. maruoka castle is also famous for its steep stairs. the stairs that go up from the first floor to the second floor are at an angle of 65 degrees. the stairs from the second floor to the third floor are at an angle of 67 degrees.
cherry blossom festival.
about 400 cherry trees were planted around maruoka castle, and this place was chosen as one of the japan’s top 100 cherry blossom viewing sites in 1990. there is a cherry blossom festival there every year.
"a brief message from the heart " letter contest (一筆啓上賞, "ippitsukeijō-shō").
shigetsugu honda, whose son was the first lord of maruoka castle, sent a letter to his wife during a war at shitaragahara in 1575. 
"a brief message. don't start a fire. don't make osen cry. feed my horses."
this letter is said to be famous for the shortest letter in japan, and there is a stone monument engraved with this letter in maruoka castle. in 1993, this contest was started to let more people know that the shortest letter was in maruoka castle.
facilities around maruoka castle.
museum of history and folklore.
this museum was opened in march 2019. on the first floor, there are exhibits of maruoka folklore, and on the second floor, there are exhibits of the history of maruoka castle.
brief message from the heart museum.
this museum opened on 23 august 2015. in this museum, the winning works of the contest of brief massages are exhibited.
the total number of visitors to maruoka castle, both paid or free, was about 150,000 in the first year of reiwa, and about 70,000 in the second year due to the spread of coronavirus. 
most visitors are in their 60s or older or with their families, but recently, female visitors in their 20s to 40s are also increasing due to the castle boom. the museum is also used by elementary, junior high, and high school students for school trips and field trips. 
in 1576, katsutoyo shibata tried to build maruoka castle, but it had collapsed many times. therefore, he received a proposal to stabilize the castle by putting a human pillar in the castle tower. the person chosen as the human pillar was one-eyed oshizu, who was a woman living a difficult life with two children. oshizu offered katsutoyo that one of her children would serve as a samurai in the future, and she decided to become the human pillar on that condition. although the castle was completed, oshizu’s children could not be a samurai because katsutoyo was transferred elsewhere. oshizu’s spirit resented this, so it rains a lot every april. people call this “oshizu’s tears”, and they built a grave of her to console her spirit. this story is fiction, but it is one of the most famous stories of maruoka castle.
soman is the name of a nerve agent, which was developed in germany, in 1944. nato use the abbreviation gd for soman. during the 1930s, and 1940s, three nerve agents were developed. the two others were tabun (1936) and sarin (1942). soman is the most stable of the three. sunlight does not affect it. in the air, it will slowly decompose. it cannot be dissolved in water. under standard conditions is a colorless liquid. 
soman is a chemical weapon. producing, stockpiling or owning it is heavily regulated, and monitored by the organisation for the prohibition of chemical weapons.
al-talaba sports club is an iraqi football club which plays in baghdad.
la rochette is a commune in the hautes-alpes department.
the d14, d292, d314 and n94 roads pass through the commune.
devotion is a 1946 american biographical drama movie directed by curtis bernhardt and starring ida lupino, paul henreid, olivia de havilland, sydney greenstreet, nancy coleman, arthur kennedy, may whitty, doris lloyd, montagu love, edmund breon. it was distributed by warner bros..
esteghlal ahvaz football club is an iranian football club which plays in ahvaz, khuzestan.
nejmeh sporting club is a lebanese football club which plays in beirut.
rosoy is a commune in the yonne department.
the d171 and d606 roads pass through the commune.
there is a train station in étigny, which is another commune across the yonne river.
the house of the seven gables is a 1940 american drama movie directed by joe may and is the second adaption of the 1851 novel of the same name by nathaniel hawthorne. it stars george sanders, margaret lindsay, vincent price, dick foran, nan grey, cecil kellaway, alan napier, gilbert emery and was distributed by universal pictures. it was nominated for an academy award in 1941.
ellen's game of games is american television game show presented by ellen degeneres. the show premiered in 2017 on nbc and the first season started on 2018. stephen "twitch" boss serves as co-host.
thousand dollar bee (or thou$and dollar bee) was a game show where children are quizzed on spelling words in a variety of ways, from a traditional spelling bee format to unscrambling letters.
ohio's 16th congressional district is a congressional district in the state of ohio. the district is represented by republican anthony gonzalez since 2019. the district includes the counties of stark, medina, and ashland. the district is just outside of cleveland, ohio. the 16th district has only been represented by a democrat one time since 1973.
henjunaha lairoulembi (), or simply known as henjunaha, is a folk tale in the ancient moirang kangleirol legends of meitei manipuri mythology and folklore. it is the love story of "henjunaha" and his lady love "lairoulembi", who are the ideal lovers in the second line of reincarnation in the epic of moirang kingdom.
the legend was first reproduced in the written form during the reign of maharaja bhagyachandra, the king of medieval manipur.
the moirang kangleirol (), also spelt as moilang kangleilol, is a body of history, literature, folklore, mythology, legends and other accounts originally associated with the ancient kingdom of kege moirang ().
in general sense, the terms keke, moirang and ngangoi are used synonymously since ancient times to refer to the ancient kingdom.
keke kangla was the capital city of the ancient moirang kingdom. it's a place of political administration as well as religious practices. people of the kingdom used to perform annual sacred ceremonies in the city.
the moirang ningthourol (genealogy of the rulers of moirang) was calculated with reference to many ancient manuscripts, including the cheitharol kumpapa.
the mythology associated with moirang kangleirol has diverse range of accounts. 
there are phamlons of deities. the nine gods and the nine goddesses participated in the divine harvesting festival of thangjing loutaba. they are collectively called the laibungthous and the laibenthous respectively.
the moirang shayon legends from the backbone of the moirang kangleirol.
"moirang shayon" (lit. "moirang incarnations") is a genre of the seven incarnations of a god and a goddess, induced under the direction of lord thangjing, in the ancient moirang kingdom.
the list of the seven pairs of incarnations are:
habutae is a type of silk. there are different kinds of "habutae" silk such as plain or striped "habutae". "habutae" is traditionally used for kimono and undershirts. recently, it is also used for general goods, works of art, and clothing. "habutae" is smooth to touch, glossy, and soft. it has been said "the quality of silk fabric begins with habutae and ends with it." "fukui" is a suitable region to produce "habutae" as the dryness and wetness of the air are well-balanced throughout the whole year.
in 1871, kimimasa yuri, who was a lord of "fukui" domain (region), brought some silk goods from europe to fukui when he joined a study tour in europe. he showed the goods to people who studied silks in "fukui" and they started doing technical research on weaving "habutae". in 1887, basic technology for weaving "habutae" silk was completed in "fukui" city. the economic boom of the russo-japanese war of 1904-05 and world war i boosted progress and production of "habutae" in "fukui". in the early 1900s, production of "habutae" in fukui earned 1.7 million dollars, up to 60% of the total exports of "habutae" in japan. the demand for "habutae" made in "fukui" has kept increasing in japan, and it is still used in many kinds of daily goods such as clothing.
most of the process of making fukui "habutae" silk is the same as the process of making "habutae" in other areas, but the weaving process of fukui "habutae" silk is different from the weaving process of "habutae" in other areas. also, the weaving process is the most important part of making fukui "habutae" silk. fukui "habutae" silk is made in a process called "nureyoko(濡れ横)". "nureyoko" is a weaving method of weaving warps and wefts which is the two basic components of weaving thread into fabric after wetting wefts with water. threads are made from raw silks that are imported from other countries such as china and brazil. this process makes the cloth tight, elastic, and strong. it takes one day to weave 20 meters of "habutae".
fukui newspaper, publication committee on the encyclopedia (1991). "habutae". (p. 745). fukui: kosuke, yoshida.
the national diet building (国会議事堂, kokkai-gijidō) is the building where both houses of the japan's government, the diet, meet. it is located at nagatachō 1-chome 7–1, chiyoda, tokyo.
sessions of the house of representatives take place in the left wing and sessions of the house of councillors in the right wing.
the diet building was completed in 1936 and is made of only japanese materials, except for the stained glass, door locks, and pneumatic tube system.
plans for a diet building began in 1881. the planners hoped to finish it by 1890, when the diet would meet for the first time. they realized they could not build a very impressive building in time, so they decided to make temporary buildings at first. the first diet building was a western-style building made of wood. it burned down in 1891. another wooden building was made and finished in 1891. it burned down in 1925. a third building was made. the diet used it until 1936, when the current diet building was finished.
current diet building.
in 1910, the finance ministry started a planning group to take control over the new diet building design from the home ministry. prime minister katsura tarō chaired the commission, which recommended that the new building should be made in the italian renaissance architectural style. many other people did not like this idea.
the ministry had a public design competition in 1918. 118 architect teams sent designs. the first prize winner, watanabe fukuzo, produced a design similar to ende and böckmann's.
the diet building was built between 1920 and 1936 with a floor plan based on fukuzo's entry. the roof and tower of the building might have been inspired by another entrant, third prize winner takeuchi shinshichi, and are believed to have been chosen because they mixed european and east asian architecture. the actual source for the "pyramid" roof remains unclear, but japanese historian jonathan reynolds suggests it might have come from from shinshichi. historian of africa studies zoe strother says shinshichi's design resembles the mausoleum at halicarnassus, which was a model for some prominent western designs in the early 1900s, such as john russell pope's 1911 award-winning house of the temple in washington, d.c. and the downtown los angeles city hall, completed in 1928.
national diet building at house of councillors website
panthoibi khongul ()(literally, "in quest of panthoibi" or "panthoibi's footprint"), also spelt as panthoipi khongkul, is an ancient meitei literary work (puya), narrating about the quest of goddess panthoibi. the text highlights the love saga of panthoibi and her ultimate lover nongpok ningthou, after leaving her husband's house. many scholars believe the work to be written during the 12th century ad.
the text also talks about how the festival lai haraoba was begun after the union of the two lovers.
the khongjomnubi nongarol, also spelt as the "khongchomnupi nongkalol", is an ancient meitei literary narrative work (puya) about the six girls turning into the pleiades in the sky.
"khongjomnubi" or "khongchomnupi" means the pleiades and "nongarol" or "nongkalol" means the ascend to the heaven. the work is believed to be composed during the 14th century ad.
harry perry (2 december 1934 – 23 january 2021) was an irish boxer. he participated in the 1956 and 1960 summer olympics. he was part of the national boxing teams. he also competed in the european amateur boxing championships in 1955 and 1959 winning the bronze medal then. he was born in dublin.
perry died in dublin on 23 january 2021, aged 86.
simon c. crosse (21 may 1930 – 14 january 2021) was a british rower. he competed in the men's coxed four event at the 1960 summer olympics. he won a gold medal in the 1958 british empire and commonwealth games in cardiff, wales. he was born in christchurch, hampshire.
crosse died on 14 january 2021, aged 90.
ronald edward samford (february 28, 1930 – january 14, 2021) was an american shortstop in major league baseball. he played from 1954 to 1959 with the new york giants, detroit tigers and washington senators. samford was born in dallas, texas.
samford died on january 14, 2021 in dallas at the age of 90.
bergens tidende is norway's fifth-largest newspaper, and the country's largest newspaper outside oslo.
"bergens tidende" is owned by the public company schibsted asa.
the unicameral national assembly (, creole: "lasanble nasyonal") is the seychelles's legislative body.
it has a total of 35 members. 26 members are elected in single member constituencies using the simple majority (or first-past-the-post) system. the remaining up to nine members are elected through a system of proportional representation. members serve five-year terms.
joevana charles (july 1955 – 17 january 2021) was a seychellois politician. she was a member of the national assembly of seychelles. she was a member of the seychelles people's progressive front. she was first elected to the assembly in 1993. she retired in 2015.
charles died on 17 january 2021, aged 65.
monkey kingdom is an independent british television production company based in london, united kingdom, with offices in los angeles. 
awards & nominations[edit].
winner - british lgbt awards (the bi life)
nominated - rts awards: best entertainment show (don't hate the playaz)
nominated - tric awards: reality show (made in chelsea)
nominated - tric awards: reality show (the real housewives of cheshire)
nominated - o2 media awards: best entertainment programme (tanya's extreme therapies)
nominated - rts awards: best daytime programme (the question jury)
winner - broadcast awards: best daytime programme (the question jury)
winner - rts awards north west: best entertainment programme (the real housewives of cheshire)
nominated - broadcast awards: best music programme (tfi friday)
nominated - rts awards: best daytime programme (the question jury)
nominated - tric awards: satellite/digital programme (made in chelsea)
nominated - televisual bulldog awards: panel, quiz or chat show (the question jury)
nominated - format awards: best studio-based gameshow format (the question jury)
nominated - bafta: entertainment programme (tfi friday anniversary special)
winner - music week sync awards: most shazamed tv show (made in chelsea)
winner - music week sync awards: tv show: entertainment - live performance (made in chelsea)
nominated - tv choice awards: best reality show (made in chelsea)
nominated - national reality television awards: best entertainment (made in chelsea)
winner - broadcast digital awards: best game (made in chelsea game)
nominated - tric awards: satellite/digital programme (made in chelsea)
winner - bafta: reality & constructed factual (made in chelsea)
nominated - broadcast digital awards: best entertainment programme (made in chelsea)
nominated - tv choice awards: best reality show (made in chelsea)
nominated - national reality television awards: best entertainment (made in chelsea)
winner - national reality television awards: best reality non-competitive show (made in chelsea)
winner - national reality television awards: personality of the year (spencer matthews - made in chelsea)
winner - national reality television awards: best female personality (millie mackintosh - made in chelsea)
nominated - bafta: reality & constructed factual (made in chelsea)
nominated - tv choice awards: best reality show (made in chelsea)
winner - thinkbox: best advert january/february (ikea)
nominated - rose d'or: best entertainer, montreux international television festival (the charlotte church show)
nominated - focal awards: best use of footage in an entertainment programme (elton john: me, myself & i)
winner - glamour (magazine): tv personality of the year (the charlotte church show)
nominated - televisual bulldog awards: best panel/chat show (the charlotte church show)
winner - rose d'or: best female comedy performance, montreux international television festival (swinging)
winner - british comedy awards: best newcomer (the charlotte church show)
nominated - mental health awards: best tv documentary (house of obsessive compulsives)
nominated - rose d'or, montreux international television festival (swag)
nominated - rose d'or, montreux international television festival: best pilot (ex-rated)
winner - rose d'or, montreux international television festival: best gameshow (make my day)
nominated - rose d'or, montreux international television festival: best reality (make my day)
andromeda (formally titled gene roddenberry's andromeda) is a canadian-american science fiction television series. between 2000 and 2005, 110 episodes were produced. each episode runs for about 40 minutes. the series is loosely based on a star trek related theme. it is based on material by gene roddenberry. his widow, majel barrett, helped produce it. 
as of 2021, "andromeda" is one of two tv series (the other is "earth: final conflict") based on ideas roddenberry had as early as the 1960s and 1970s. roddenberry died in 1991, nine years before the series premiere. the name "dylan hunt" was used for the hero of two tv pilots roddenberry had produced in the mid-1970s, "genesis ii", and "planet earth." both had a similar setting.
jonathan harold sullivan (10 november 1950 – 17 january 2021) was an australian labor politician. he was a member of the australian house of representatives from 2007 to 2010. he was a member of the legislative assembly of queensland from 1989 to 1998. sullivan was born in bulli, new south wales.
sullivan died on 17 january 2021 at the age of 70.
anthony gonzalez (born september 18, 1984) is an american politician and former professional football player. a member of the republican party, he is serving as the u.s. representative for in the united states house of representatives since 2019 and was reelected in 2020.
anthony gonzalez played college football for ohio state university and played in the national football league (nfl) for the indianapolis colts.
anthony gonzalez played football in college for ohio state university. in his last season at ohio state he scored 8 touchdowns. gonzalez then joined the indianapolis colts in the nfl. in his second season he was injured for eight weeks. anthony went to the super bowl in 2010 but did not win. 
anthony gonzalez ran for the united states house of representatives seat in ohio's 16th congressional district in 2018 as a republican. gonzalez won the election. on january 13, 2021 gonzalez voted with nine republicans and all the democrats in the house of representatives to impeach donald trump a second time. many people did not like this and he was asked to resign by jane timken.
brian james hillery (22 november 1937 – 19 january 2021) was an irish fianna fáil politician and finance executive. he was a senator from 1977 to 1982, 1983 to 1989 and 1992 to 1997 and a teachta dála (td) for the dún laoghaire constituency from 1989 to 1992. he was born in spanish point, county clare, ireland.
hillery died in dublin on 19 january 2021, aged 83.
felipe quispe huanca "mallku" (quechua language: "condor"; 22 august 1942 – 19 january 2021) was a bolivian historian and political leader. he was the leader of the pachakuti indigenous movement (mip) and was general secretary of the united union confederation of working peasants of bolivia (csutcb). he unsuccessfully ran for president of bolivia in 2005.
quispe died on 19 january 2021 in el alto, bolivia from cardiac arrest at the age of 78.
proteopedia is a wiki, 3d encyclopedia of proteins and other molecules.
the site contains a page for every entry in the protein data bank (>130,000 pages). its pages are descriptive of protein structures in general such as acetylcholinesterase, hemoglobin, and the photosystem ii. 
it employs a scene-authoring tool: users do not have to learn jsmol script language to create customized molecular scenes. custom scenes are easily attached to "green links" in descriptive text that display those scenes in jsmol. 
a web browser is all that is needed to access the site and the 3d information; no viewers need be installed.
ron campbell (26 december 1939 – 22 january 2021) was an australian animator, director, and producer. campbell was best known for his work on the 1960s "the beatles" television series and "yellow submarine". campbell was born in seymour, victoria. his career lasted from 1958 to 2008.
campbell died on 22 january 2021, aged 81.
josé manuel botella crespo (1949 – 22 january 2021) was a spanish politician. he was a member of congress of deputies from 1986 to 1993. he was a member of corts valencianes from 1991 to 2003. botella crespo was a member of the people's alliance. he was born in madrid.
botella crespo died in torrevieja, spain on 22 january 2021, aged 71.
torrevieja () or torrevella () is a seaside city and municipality on the costa blanca in the province of alicante. it is on the southeastern mediterranean coast of spain.
alfredo magarotto (16 february 1927 – 22 january 2021) was an italian roman catholic bishop. he became a priest in 1950. he was bishop of the roman catholic diocese of chioggia, italy, from 1990 to 1997. he was bishop of the roman catholic diocese of vittorio veneto, italy, from 1997 to 2003.
magarotto died on 22 january 2021, aged 93.
konthoujam nongarol (), also spelt as the konthoucham nongkalol, is an ancient meitei literary narrative work, about chingphulon konthousu, a lady from konthou clan, ascending to the heaven. the story describes about the love between a mortal and a deity. it also mentions about how the ancient people perform ceremony for the death.
photosystem ii is a large protein complex. it is the first protein complex in the light-dependent reactions of oxygenic photosynthesis. 
the complex is in the thylakoid membrane of plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. 
in the photosystem, enzymes capture photons of light to energize electrons. the electrons are then transferred by coenzymes and cofactors. the energized electrons are replaced by oxidizing water to form hydrogen ions and molecular oxygen.
by replenishing lost electrons with electrons from the splitting of water, photosystem ii provides the electrons for photosynthesis to occur.
sharon kay penman (august 13, 1945 – january 22, 2021) was an american historical novelist. she was born in new york city. she was known for writing novels about english and welsh royalty during the middle ages. 
her best known works were "the sunne in splendour", "when christ and his saints slept", "here be dragons", "the reckoning", "time and chance" and "devil's brood".
penman died from pneumonia on january 22, 2021 at the age of 75.
aldis alexander basil hodge (born september 20, 1986) is an american actor. he is known for playing alec hardison on "leverage", mc ren in the 2015 biopic "straight outta compton", levi jackson in the 2016 movie "hidden figures", and as noah on "underground".
the human development index (hdi) is a number from 0 to 1 (higher is better) used to compare different countries. it is published by united nations development programme. it is used to rank countries into different groups for example developed and developing countries.
the human development index uses different measurements of a population:
list of african countries.
this is a list of the human development index (hdi) for countries in africa from the united nations development programme's human development report for 2019, published in 2020.
"poireiton khunthok" () or "poireiton khunthokpa" () (literally, immigration by poireiton) is an ancient meitei literary narrative work (puya), describing about the immigration of a band of colonies, led by a man, poireiton, the prince and younger brother of thongaren, the god of the underworld kingdom, in the plains of the kangleipak kingdom (present day manipur).
it is partially an allegorical work, which includes mythical elements as the integral parts of the saga. it also mentions that the knowledge of the usage of fire was also introduced to the people of kangleipak by poireiton.
"chingkhong poireiton" (), also known as "poileiton" (), is a prince of the khamnung (underworld kingdom) and a younger brother of thongaren, the god of death in meitei mythology and religion. he is best known as a cultural hero, for leading a colonial immigration to the human world (kangleipak kingdom), as per the wish of his brother.
he is mentioned in the poireiton khunthok, an ancient treatise about his immigration to the human kingdom.
george thomas robertson (may 11, 1927 – january 9, 2021) was a canadian professional ice hockey forward. he played 31 games in the national hockey league for the montreal canadiens from 1944 to 1955. robertson was born in winnipeg, manitoba.
robertson died on january 9, 2021 at the age of 93.
carlos enrique tapia garcía (11 july 1941 – 19 january 2021) was a peruvian engineer and politician. he was born in lima, peru. from 1985 to 1990, tapia garcía was a member of the congress of the republic. from 2001 to 2003, he was a member of the truth and reconciliation commission.
tapia garcía died on 19 january 2021 in lima from covid-19, aged 79.
leithak leikharol () (lit. of heaven and netherworld), also spelt as the leithak leikhalol, is an ancient literary narrative work (puya), about the creation, genealogy of kings, moral teachings and mythology. it mentions some goddesses including leimarel sidabi, nongthang leima and panthoibi. goddess leimarel sidabi is said to be the omniscient. it states that goddess panthoibi slays a demon.
nikolay sergeyevich chebotko (, october 25, 1982 – january 24, 2021) was a kazakhstani cross country skier. chebotko competed in four winter olympics from 2002 until the 2014. he won gold medals at the asian games and universiade. chebotko was born in shuchinsk, kazakh ssr.
chebotko died in a car accident in near the borovoye resort in kazakhstan on january 24, 2021 at the age of 38.
thomas howard "tom" stevens (september 17, 1956 – january 24, 2021) was an american pop rock bassist, guitarist and singer-songwriter. he played with the paisley underground and the long ryders. he was a member of magi and danny & dusty. he was born in elkhart, indiana. 
stevens died on january 24, 2021 at the age of 64.
korouhanba (, ) is the god of the sun, the sky and the heaven in meitei mythology and religion of ancient kangleipak (antique manipur). he is also known as taohuireng and is one of the two sun brothers in the numit kappa epic legend. for having the ability to remove darkness, he is also called "ngantureng". he is described as "songbu chiraitangba", a physician who is bald headed.
the meitei name "korouhanba" (ko.rəu.hən.bə, ꯀꯣꯔꯧꯍꯟꯕ) is a term for the sun. this term is generally used in verses or in poems. "korouhanba" (ko.rəu.hən.bə, ꯀꯣꯔꯧꯍꯟꯕ) can be fragmented into "korou" (ko.rəu, ꯀꯣꯔꯧ), "han" (hən, ꯍꯟ) and "ba" (bə, ꯕ). "korou" (ko.rəu, ꯀꯣꯔꯧ) means the day. "han" (hən, ꯍꯟ) means "to be older". "ba" (bə, ꯕ) denotes noun form.
according to the meitei tradition, sun god korouhanba has strong connection with human body, human soul and origin of life. the human body is a "lang" (lit. trap). inside the trap, the "thawai polpi" (lit. soul bird) is kept. the soul bird leaves the former "lang" and enters into another "lang". the process is called "langon" (lit. changing of lang). the "polpilang puya" text describes that the sun is the origin of life. it was told to luwang leikoiba by mangang laininghal according to the text. he (the sun) represents the supreme being in the world of things (non living) and beings (living). he is korouhanba.
cults and pantheons.
the lai haraoba festival is celebrated in honor of god korouhanba every year. the most significant shrine dedicated to god korouhanba is in moidangpok town in manipur.
the cults and pantheons dedicated to god korouhanba are mainly maintained by the thokchom family of meitei ethnicity.
he has religious association with the .
connection with other deities.
god korouhanba has connection with mangang luwang khuman, the three divine teachers in many legends.
martial arts club.
the ibudhou korouhanba thang-ta moidangpok is a club of thang ta, a martial art form of the meitei ethnicity. this martial arts association was a leading participant in the 31st state thang ta championship in the year 2021.
a microcredit (sometimes called a micro-loan, or microloan) is a special kind of loan given to poor business people, mostly in developing countries. microcredits were created to support entrepreneurship, and to lessen poverty. very often, people getting a microcredit are illiterate: they cannot fill out forms to apply for a regular loan. microcredits also work differently: the interest ot be paid is usually much higher than with a regular loan, often it is over 20%. the interest usually also has to be paid more often. microcredits have been criticized, because people taking them often end up in a situation where they cannot repay their debt.
taoroinai ()() is a snake like dragon in meitei mythology and religion. it lived in the land of the moon.
according to the shakok lamlen, the kangla was constructed over the navel of taoroinai.
taoroinai from the moon to the earth.
according to the sanggai phammang, taoroinai lived on the moon. he was ordered by god atiya to carry on his image to the earth. he swallowed the image of the god in his mouth. he brought it down. he came down with the image. he lived inside the earth. the god's image was later born as a divine boy.
taoroinai and the heavenly egg.
according to the leithak leikharol and the krathok lamlen, taoroinai went to the heaven pretending to be "tupu" (officer in charge). he found the divine cloud egg (nonglum) of atiya. he brought it down to earth. he gave the egg to a person with many husbands. later, the egg became pakhangba.
according to the meihourol makok latam, god atiya wanted to create an earthly king from his own body. he asked goddess leimarel sidabi to call taoroinai. leimaren asked taoroinai to bring the image of god atiya in the shape of nonglum (cloud egg). the goddess leimaren received the heavenly egg containing another god. after this, leimaren was also called yaibirok ().
according to the leimaren naoyom, taoroinai gave an embryonic egg to leimarel sidabi, a solar goddess (or a celestial goddess). later, goddess leimaren (alias yaibirok) gave birth to pakhangba.
taoroinai and the solar sperm.
according to the pakhangba nonggarol, taoroinai brought a god from the centre of the sun as a sperm inside his body after the completion of the creation of the universe. he gave it to goddess leinung yaipirok (alias leimarel sidabi).
taoroinai and the kangla.
the "thon talet thonlanmei" shows the seven layers of the royal palace in the kangla. it shows the gradual evolution of the mankind. according to the illustration, the mankind ascended from the lowest form to the highest form. the forms are (1) fish, (2) snake, (3) tortoise, (4) boar, (5) cow, (6) elephant and (7) man and finally taoroinai. taoroinai is shown as the ultimate form of life.
according to the kangla houba (alias the kanglalon) written by ashangbam laiba in the 5th century, meitei king naophangba attempted to construct a new palace in the kangla. the king's plan was rejected by 13 year old maichou ashangbam laiba. during that time, blood gushed out of the holes of the erecting pillars. it was believed that the erecting pillars struck the body of god taoroinai. so, the king requested ashangbam laiba to rectify the pillar position. laiba did as requested. later, without any chaos, a seven storied palace building was able to be constructed in the kangla.
according to the anoirol, lady toibi tanka nubi (alias tankha chanu) danced with her father taoroinai. she learned how to dance from taoroinai step by step and movement by movement. they danced together. other living beings also imitated their way of dancing. it was performed to celebrate happiness of the removal of the lingkam laikam curse. the curse was removed by the ancestors. 
seven maidens namely tankha, phuitingwak, khuyon, phuitingloubi, toura, nongdang and lengbi and nine gods learned how to dance from dragon father taoroinai. the rhythmic and smooth dancing of the maidens surprised all the creatures of the world. all the creatures came out and started to dance. the movements of lady tankha chanu resembled that of the snake. her steps destroyed all the plants and the flowers on her way. it is believed that the place of her enactment of the dance is the mahou phaibok hill.
seeing the daughter-father dance, a male squirrel imitated their dance. seeing him dancing, a female squirrel also danced. the son squirrel laughed at his mother squirrel. at this, the female squirrel was embarrassed. the dancing squirrels were later joined by other creatures. and so, the dance never ended.
yumjao leima () or yumjao lairembi () or yumjao lairemma () is the mother goddess of house, household, royalty, rule and power in meitei mythology and religion. she is designated as the all time ruling . legend says she assumes a human form in white clothes and blesses kings. she is one of the divine incarnations of leimarel sidabi.
in meitei language (manipuri language), "yumjao" () means "large house" or "big house". "yumjao" () or "yimjao" () may also refer to "royal house". in meitei language (manipuri language), "leima" means "queen". in meitei language (manipuri language), "lairembi" () means "goddess". the meitei language (manipuri language) word "lairemma" () is also another term for "goddess".
meitei king naothingkhong (c. 7th century) of ancient kangleipak (antique manipur) built a temple dedicated to goddess yumjao lairembi ().
goddess yumjao leima appears in a human form in white clothes to come to bless her son, the king of the kingdom. even during the death of a king, she came to the place in the form of a mortal being. she controls the life and the death of the kings. she is the chief of the household and the guidance of the kings.
relationship with the queen mother.
according to beliefs, goddess yumjao leima is the divine representation of the (royal mother) of the kingdom. all the powerful queen mothers were integrated into goddess yumjao leima after their death. goddess yumjao leima herself was the all-time ruling queen mother. the most powerful person in a kingdom was always the queen mother - representation of goddess yumjao leima. in ancient kangleipak, cut off heads of the enemies from the war were offered to the goddess. the meitei kings ruled the kingdom in the name of their queen mothers. battles and wars were conducted in the name of the queen mothers. one example is that of an event recorded in the cheitharol kumbaba:
goddess yumjao leima is prayed for the longevity of life of the king. the final rites and rituals dedicated to her are generally performed by the maibas.
goddess yumjao lairemma () is mainly worshipped by the thaopicham family of meitei ethnicity.
according to meitei culture, the "nongmai" class is in the middle position of the society of the maibis (priestesses). they used to take care of the cult of goddess yumjao lairembi.
temple of yumjao lairembi, kangla.
the "temple of yumjao lairembi" inside the kangla is at the left side of the temple of pakhangba. structurally, both the temples are of the same architectural styles. the southern wall of the temple is well decorated. the remaining three walls of the temple are of little decorations. a door with the lancite arch is in the southern wall of the temple. two false doors surround the two sides of the one real door. all the doors (real and false) are framed with pilasters. the ground plan of the temple is in square shape. its area covered is 2.43 square meters.
ima ibemma yumjao lairembi shanglen.
in october 2011, a temple named "ima ibemma yumjao lairembi shanglen" was built in honor of goddess yumjao lairembi in thangmeiband town in imphal.
yumjao lairembi dramatic and cultural union.
the "yumjao lairembi dramatic and cultural union" is a nonprofit dramatic union. it was established in khagempali huidrom leikai, imphal in the year 2011.
laikhurembi (, ) is a goddess in meitei mythology and religion of ancient kangleipak (antique manipur). she is the goddess of justice, good counsel, divine law, order and secrecy. she is the chief queen of god thongaren ().
she is the daughter of lairen humchouba. she is one of the divine incarnations of leimarel sidabi. she is one of the most important umang lais. her pantheon is maintained particularly by the taibungjam clan of meitei ethnicity.
in meitei language (manipuri language), the female first name "laikhurembi" can be split up into three parts, "lai", "khu" and "-rembi". the meitei language word "lai" has multiple meanings. it may mean a god or a deity or a spirit or a disease or a picture or a painting in noun form. "lai" may mean in adjective form in meitei language. the meitei language term "khu" also has many meanings. it may mean "" or "not " in adjective form. it may mean a knee in noun form. it may mean "to " or "to " in verbal form. according to "the history of manipur" written by wahengbam ibohal, the words "lai" and "khu" are the names of tribes. the last part "-rembi" means chief, head or graceful in feminine form.
history and origin.
according to the poireiton khunthok, laikhurembi () was the chief queen of thongaren (). this book talks about her body in ways that show her personality. they say she had a wide mouth, which means she was loud or boastful. they say she had small breasts, which meant she used her heart less than she used her head; she was a thinking person and not a feeling person. they say she had sideways eyes, meaning she did not look at people straight on.
scholars think this queen may have had asian ethnicity. some scholars think laikhurembi could come from a tribe that had both "lai" and "khu" people in it. other scholars think "laikhurembi" is just her title and not her name.
laikhurembi () is the daughter of lai-ren humchouba (, : hoom chao hpa). in meitei language (manipuri language), "lai-ren" means "chief of lai". in meitei language, the word "lai" has many meanings.
queen laikhurembi was the first wife of king thongaren (). then king asked her to marry his younger brother, poireiton, instead, because poireiton's wife had died. poireiton was beginning a journey to "tai pang pan" and king thongalel thought it would not be good for poireiton to go without a wife. however, laikhurembi did not want to go. trees had already been planted to honor her as the king's wife. instead of laikhurembi, king thongalel sent his second wife leinaotabi to accompany her brother in law poireiton as a wife.
the goddess laikhurembi had special powers. she was "yungyatnaba" (lit. "erect and sharp") which meant she could see objects accurately no matter how far away they were. she could look at a person and see who he or she truly was inside. when she made a judgement, she would announce her decision wisely, and people got the right rewards for what they had done ("things given in recognition of service, effort or achievement").
no one could find the goddess laikhurembi unless she wanted them to find her. no matter how hard a person would look, she could hide and stay hidden.
there is a temple dedicated to goddess laikhurembi in uripok town in imphal west district of manipur. during the lai haraoba festival of uripok, a carnival like atmosphere subdues the sacred traditional ritualistic ceremonies. during the noisy possession of the festive occasions, the maibis dance in the gentle melodies of pena. the maibis became possessed by the spirits when the music stopped and they delivered oracles. during this, the audiences listen to them very attentively.
lainaotabi () or leinaotabi () is a goddess in ancient meitei mythology and religion. she is the youngest wife of god thongalel of the underworld kingdom (). thongalel sent her to be the wife of poireiton, her brother-in-law. lainaotabi gave birth to a son with poireiton.
her legend says she made the first clay pot.
she was worshipped by the people of ashangbam clan.
journey from underworld to human world.
lainaotabi was the youngest queen of king thongaren () of the underworld kingdom (). queen laikhurembi was the first wife of the king. poireiton, thongalel's younger brother, was about to leave on a journey to "tai pang pan". the king asked laikhurembi to go with poireiton as his wife because poireiton's own wife had died. however, laikhurembi did not want to go. trees had already been planted to honor her as the king's wife. so, instead of laikhurembi, lainaotabi was sent to accompany her brother in law poireiton as a wife.
love with a mortal prince.
lainaotabi (leinaotabi) went with poireiton, her brother-in-law, on a journey to earth. later, she became separated from him. she was adopted by king koupalu as his daughter. afterwards, she came to be known as "koubarol namoinu" () alias "koubru namoinu" (). she fell in love with prince "nongban pombi luwaoba" of luwang dynasty. she met the prince for the first time when he visited king koupalu. she and prince luwaoba married and led a happy life. god thongalel did not want his own wife spending her days with another man. so, the thread of her life was cut short and her soul recalled. however, the prince did not give up. he challenged god thongalel to give back his wife's soul or to fight with him. he guarded the dead body of koubru namoinu without performing the funeral ceremony. thongalel first sent his two younger brothers one by one for the fight. prince nongban pombi luwaoba defeated his two divine opponents. finally, thongalel himself appeared before him. but this time, the prince realised that he was no match for powerful god. so, he begged mercy and kindness to restore koubru namoinu's life so that the luwang dynasty might have further generation. thongalel felt pity on him. so, he granted the couple to live for another hundred years with marital pleasure. according to legends, hongnem luwang punshiba was the son of koubru namoinu (lainaotabi) and nongban pombi luwaoba.
pantheon and worship.
the pantheon dedicated to goddess lainaotabi (leinaotabi) was mainly maintained by the ashangbam clan of meitei ethnicity in ancient kangleipak (antique manipur). it was recorded in the loyumba shinyen (1100 ad).
"nongban pombi luwaopa" () or "nungpan ponpi luwaopa" () is a meitei language literary narrative work (puya), about the legendary story of a prince of the luwang dynasty who got back successfully the life of his wife koubru namoinu (lainaotabi), from the hands of her former consort thongalen, the god of death and the ruler of the underworld. it is the story of love, courage and perseverance. it is an old story of near tragic end. in the legend, there's a fight between the mortal and the god.
it mentions about the dowry system (awonpot) of the then ancient times. it is, in a sense, the reverse of the chothe thangwai pakhangba.
it is a story of love fulfilled after a near tragic event and is, perhaps, unique of its kind. nongban pombi luwaoba, the leading character of the same name was a prince of the luwang dynasty born of king nungpan pamingnapa and queen santhong huimuleima. he soon grew into manhood and felt lovesick. he set out alone to cover the wide world in search of a love to quench the thirst of his heart and was welcomed by the king koubru when he approached him for a rest. there he met the princess, koubru namoinu (lainaotabi) and was instantly smitten with her beauty and had his heart lost to her. the princess, formerly the youngest wife of thongalel, the god of death, who while accompanying her younger brother in law on a sojourn to earth got separated from him and was later adopted by the king as his daughter. returning home hastily, the prince requested his parents to get the princess engaged to him. and this was carried out without delay with the offer of choice and the delicious fruit in prickles to the king and the queen. the couple accepted the proposal with a good grace and regarded it as an occasion ordained by providence. the marriage having been performed with due solemnity, the young couple began to lead a happy and contented life. but this was desined not to last long, for the god did not take kindly to his own wife spending her days as an ordinary mortal in the company of another man. so, her fatal thread was cut short and her soul recalled. however, the distraught prince did not not take his tragic fate lying down and taking the help of nongta chinkhanyang, a pheasant, sent a request to the lord of the netherworld to give back the soul of his wife or take the challenge of a single combat. thus, he kept guarding the mortal remains of koubru namoinu without the obsequies being performed. thongalel first sent his younger brother armed with deadly weapons for the fight in which the prince settled his opponent's hash and kept him bound under the heavy weight of a slab. the lord's second brother too met the same humiliation and at last, thongalel himself appeared in all splendor in the field of honour. but the prince was prudent enough to realise that he was no match for powerful god, he fell prostrate before him and begged mercy and kindness to restore koubru namoinu to him so that the luwang dynasty might have further progeny. thongalel, being visibly moved, readily granted the prayer and left for the dark abode. thus, the couple were united to live for another hundred years with conjugal bliss and hongnem luwang punshiba, a son was born to them.
thāron or tharol is an ancient meitei literary work (puya), about the lore of the twelve lunar months of a year. it describes the changing pattern of nature in the following months. it is one of the masterpieces of the writers of the ancient times.
the terms, "tha" means month or moon and "ron", derived from "lon" means knowledge, lore or tradition.
the names of the twelve lunar months were given in ancient meitei language in the manuscript. however, the following illustrates both the ancient meitei as well as modern meitei names, with their gregorian equivalents:
the iphone 12 pro and iphone 12 pro max are smartphones sold by apple inc. they were announced on october 13, 2020, alongside the iphone 12 and 12 mini. the iphone 12 pro and 12 pro max contain many of the same features as the 12 and 12 mini, with the addition of one camera lens (similar to iphone 11 pro and 11 pro max) and a lidar scanner to allow for better photos and augmented reality experiences.
the display contains ceramic shield, which is meant to be tougher against drops. iphone 12 pro and 12 pro max are 5g-capable and contain a basic storage of 128 gb, with 256 gb and 512 gb options also available. they contain flat edges first introduced with the iphone 4 and are made of stainless steel. these phones have a magnetic back to allow for magsafe wireless charging and accessory use, such as a wallet. the iphone 12 pro starts at us $999, while the 12 pro max begins at us $1,099. the models are equipped with 6 gb of ram. the iphone 12 pro and 12 pro max are available in silver, graphite, pacific blue, and gold.
español might mean:
the afrimusic song contest is a pan-african song contest based in the esc. different singers representing an african country celebreted since 2018 to present.
doug lamalfa (born july 2, 1960) is a u.s. representative for california's 1st congressional district. he is a member of the republican party and has represented the california's 1st congressional district in the united states house of representatives since 2013. lamalfa used to be a assemblyman in the california state assembly for california's 2nd state assembly district from 2002 to 2008 and a state senator in the california state senate for california's 4th state senate district from 2010 to 2012. 
when he was a state senator, doug lamalfa went against a bill that would get rid of the electoral college. as a congressman lamalfa did not think that climate change was a problem and is against illegal immigration. in december 2020, doug lamalfa joined 126 republican members of the house of representatives who supported "texas v. pennsylvania" which was a lawsuit to get rid of the 2020 united states presidential election results in which joe biden defeated donald trump.
seyed ashkan dejagah (; born 5 july 1986) is an iranian-german footballer who currently plays as a winger for tractor s.c. in the persian gulf pro league. 
he has been member of the iranian national team since 2012. he was part of the iran squad for the 2014 fifa world cup in brazil and the 2018 fifa world cup in russia.
ancient moirang, also known as keke moirang, was an ancient civilization that flourished in the southern plains of the present day manipur, india. the keke kangla served as the capital city of the kingdom since time immemorial. the major body of accounts related to the history, literature, mythology of the kingdom are collectively called moirang kangleirol.
the contemporary periods of the kingdom had parallelism with the chinese golden ages. the period started from 52 bc in moirang and 208 bc in china.
genealogy of ancient rulers.
the moirang ningthourol (genealogy of the ancient rulers) were calculated with reference to many ancient texts, including the cheitharol kumpapa.
government and economy.
administration and commerce.
the iwang puriklai (ruler of moirang) was the absolute monarch of the kingdom. for a smooth and sound administration, the kingdom was divided into eight leikais (wards or sectors). along with this division, there were also nine organized marketplaces.
there were various institutions of the phamnaiba loishangs (offices hold by scholars), for smooth and proper conduct of the thangjing haraoba in the kingdom.
the ancient people worshipped lord thangjing, the presiding deity, as the progenitor of the kingdom.
presidential elections were held in portugal on 24 january 2021. 
the incumbent president, marcelo rebelo de sousa, was reelected in a landslide victory with 60.7% of the vote.
summary of the 24 january 2021 portuguese presidential election results
!style="background-color:#e9e9e9;text-align:left;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"|candidates 
!style="background-color:#e9e9e9;text-align:left;" rowspan="2"|supporting parties 
!style="background-color:#e9e9e9;text-align:right;" colspan="2"|first round
echizen forged knives are traditional knives made in echizen city, fukui prefecture, japan. these knives are notable for the use of two techniques in its creation. "nimai hiroge" (double layering), and "mawashi hagane tsuke" (shaping the knife). because of these characteristic techniques, they were chosen as the earliest traditional craft for forged knives in 1979. 
the origin of echizen forged knives was in the early nanboku-cho period. in 1337, kuniyasu chiyotsuru, a sword maker from kyoto prefecture moved to "echizen no kuni" (present echizen city) and made sickles for the citizens. during his stay, many citizens began to make products using his techniques. because of this, echizen city became an area famous for their production of farming tools. during the edo period, these tools spread in japan through trading. they were noted for their lightness and sharpness, and because of this, knives made in echizen city became popular in japan. now, echizen produces many products other than knives, such as hatchets.
two main processes.
the two main important processes: "nimai hiroge" and "mawashi hagane tsuke".
...the blade is evenly thinned by stretching the two layered plates. this is done by beating both sides at high speeds with a machine hammer. 
...the tip of the blade is sharpened carefully to be close to the sharpness of a diamond.
kogei japan https://kogeijapan.com/locale/ja_jp/echizenuchihamono/
echizen forged knives cooperative association hp https://www.echizenuchihamono.com/shop.php
takefu knife village cooperative association hp https://tkvstore.net/
gangs of new york is a 2002 american epic historical crime movie that was directed by martin scorsese. it is set in the new york city. it was inspired by herbert asbury's 1927 nonfiction book "the gangs of new york". the movie stars leonardo dicaprio, daniel day-lewis, and cameron diaz.
leonard harris (september 27, 1929 – august 28, 2011) was an american actor, critic and author. he was known for his roles as senator charles palantine in "taxi driver" (1976) and the mayor in "hero at large" (1980).
harris died of pneumonia on august 28, 2011 in hartford, connecticut at the age of 81.
the radio-télévision belge de la communauté française (rtbf, "belgian radio-television of the french community", branded as rtbf.be) is a public service broadcaster delivering radio and television services to the french-speaking community of belgium, in wallonia and brussels.
windows nt 5.x is a family of microsoft windows nt, starting with windows 2000 and ending with with server 2003. so far, all of windows os in this nt kernel is unsupported at all.
iputhou pakhangba laishang () (literally, "iputhou pakhangba temple") is an ancient meitei temple dedicated to god pakhangba, inside the kangla palace in imphal, manipur, india.
after its reconstruction, it was consecrated in 2010.
atlassian corporation is an australian software development company for the it industry. it is best known for its jira and confluence bug tracking system. the company is headquartered in seattle, usa. in total, the company has nine offices in six countries and serves more than 100,000 customers. 
the company name comes from atlas (), a character from greek mythology. until 2017, the company's logo looked like an x-shaped figure supporting the sky. however, in 2017, the logo was changed to a modern one because, according to the designers, "the previous version of the logo was inspired by atlas, and an example of legendary service and support.
atlassian was founded in 2002 by two students from the university of new south wales, mike cannon-brooks and scott farkuhar. they both left training to work on the project. the start-up capital was only 10 thousand dollars.
atlasian released its first product, jira (bug tracking and project management system), in 2002, and on april 25, 2004, they released confluence, a platform for collaboration, dissemination of documentation and knowledge based on wiki technology.
in 2007, atlassian released bamboo, a server for continuous integration and delivery, and acquired cenqua, another australian it company, along with its software products fisheye (version control system), crucible (code viewer) and clover (software for java code testing, in april 2017 atlassian closed it, and made the code public). 
in july 2010, atlassian received a $60 million investment from investment company accel partners.
in 2011, the company's revenue reached $102 million, and in 2014 it was $215 million.
in 2015, atlassian made an initial public offering on the nasdaq and its capitalization was estimated at $4.37 billion. 
there are several states in the world, where politics is dominated by two parties. this is known as two-party system. according to giovanni sartori, the following is true for such as system:
the median voter theorem describes such a system: while at first the parties have programmes that are very different from each other, over time, they will get closer. hotelling's law also describes this in game theory. 
note that in such systems, there may also be other parties, bur these rarely have enough influence to win majorities in elections.
two examples of countries that have a two party system are the united kingdom, and the united states.
the median voter theorem is a theorem from political economics: suppose there are two parties: one is a left-wing party, the other is a right-wing party. voters either vote for the left-wing party l, or the right-wing party r. in an election, l has an interest to shift its position towards the middle, so that it can get voters from the other party r. similarly, r has an interest to shift its position towards the middle, so it can get voters from l. 
california's 1st congressional district is a congressional district in the u.s. state of california. the district is represented by republican doug lamalfa since 2013. before lamalfa has taken office, the district had not had a republican congressman since 1998. the district is made up of the counties: butte county, lassen county, modoc county, plumas county, shasta county, sierra county, siskiyou county, tehama county, most of nevada county, part of glenn county and part of placer county.
paper port (spanish: "puerto papel") is a 2016 animated children's television series produced by zumbastico studios. the series blends stop-motion and 2d animation with papercraft characters and environments, in a technique called "papermotion".[1]
the series was co-produced by the channels televisión nacional de chile (chile), pakapaka (argentina), gloob (brazil), and señal colombia. additionally, it's also produced by pipeline studios in canada and distributed by millimages in france. it first aired in 2016. it also airs on discovery kids (latin america).[2] paper port's season 2 is in production, as well as a movie.[3]
matilde, a 12-year-old girl, spends her vacations at her grandfather's house in the seaside city of paper port. after finding a magic coconut she wakes up every day with a mysterious new power, which she has to deal with in each episode, together with her friends carlos, ferni, and boldo.
katsuyama castle museum (勝山城博物館, "katsuyama-jō hakubutsukan") is a museum that is in the city of katsuyama in fukui prefecture in japan. the museum was finished on july 19, 1992. it is considered to be the tallest castle in japan, at 57.8 meters, but it is not a castle because it does not have a "tenshu" or "tenshukaku"–a “keep tower” (tower to defend from enemies). it was built to look like the himeji castle. the museum also stands out because it has dragons cut into its foundation stone, which is unusual for a japanese castle. 
history behind the construction.
during the edo period in japan, the territory of modern katsuyama city belonged to the echizen-katsuyama domain (region). during that time, the city was planning to build a "tenshu". however, for different reasons, such as the laws that were in place at that time, the city was never able to finish it. kiyoshi tada, who was born in katsuyama and who was the founder of sōgōtakushi, a taxi company that is nowadays divided into many different taxi companies, decided to build a castle, and put into life the long wish of people for a "tenshu". instead of a usual castle he built a museum that looks like a castle, where different items from his own collection are displayed nowadays, including various samurai armor, swords, and traditional folding screens. the museum was built close to another gift to katsuyama from kiyoshi tada--"echizen daibutsu", a complex of buildings built in a traditional japanese style with a huge buddha statue in it. the cost of construction was 10 billion yen.
since the opening, the museum has been managed by the tada kiyoshi cultural educational commemoration foundation ("多田清文化教育記念財団", "tada kiyoshi bunka kyōiku kinen zaidan"). in 2014, the katsuyama castle museum started working together with the katsuyama city government.
in addition to kiyoshi tada’s own collection, the museum also displays a collection of more than 800 articles of embroidery of the qing dynasty in china. there is also a collection of works by famous calligrapher goseki nishiwaki shown in the museum.
many events are held on the museum territory throughout the year, including tea ceremonies, haiku competitions, various concerts, and collaborations with the government and other museums. (please check the information before visiting there as the event may be canceled or changed due to the influence of the coronavirus.
in 2019 alone 12,5000 people visited either the museum and/or the "echizen daibutsu".
you can overlook the city of katsuyama from the observation room on the top floor. 
we can get to the museum for about 15 minutes from katsuyama station by bus. this museum closed on wednesday and open from 9:30 to 16:30 except wednesday.
the koh chang island frog or mortensen's frog ("sylvirana mortenseni") is a frog from cambodia, thailand, and laos. scientists have seen it as high as 800 meters above sea level.
rabeya khatun (27 december 1935 – 3 january 2021) was a bangladeshi novelist. as of 2008, she wrote over 50 novels and more than 400 short stories. her works include essays, novels, research, short stories, religious history and travelogues. she was awarded bangla academy literary award in 1973, ekushey padak in 1993 and independence day award in 2017 by the government of bangladesh.
khatun died 3 january 2021 at her residence in gulshan, dhaka.
lyft is a taxi service which is publicly traded and based in san francisco, california, usa. lyft allows users to find, through a website or mobile app, drivers who are partnering with the service and are ready to give them a ride for a reasonable fee. lyft's motto is “your friend with a car”. according to the company, their service allows its clients to travel by lyft at a cost 30% lower than using traditional taxis.
the service operates in 644 cities in the united states and 12 cities in canada.
lyft started in the summer of 2012.
ucanha is a place in northern yucatán, mexico, where scientists dig up mayan ruins. it used to be a town where mayans lived. people lived in ucanha during the late preclassic period (ca. 300 b.c. — ca. a.d. 250). it was about 2.2 square kilometers in size. there were about 400 households. it was connected to a larger town, uci, by a wide stone causeway. uci is 13 km to the west of ucanha.
a large brightly colored stucco mask was discovered in ucanha in 2017. it is about two meters tall and was found in a building near the center of ucanha. although masks like this one have been found in other maya sites, this is the only one known for this part of mexico.
the mask has been repaired so it looks the way it did when it was new. the archaeologists buried the mask again to preserve it and because the site is not legally protected.
for organisms that reproduce sexually, insemination is the transfer of male gametes (usually sperm) into the female reproductive tract, for the purpose of generating offspring. in mammals, this is the uterus, in birds, this is the oviduct. insemination happens naturally during sexual intercourse, or copulation. it can also be done artificially, in which case it is called artificial insemination.
the abiu is a tropical tree from south america. the tree grows to heights between and . it produces edible fruit. when they are ripe, the fruits are yellow.
 is a city located in fukui prefecture, japan.
in 1889, the municipal system was introduced. 1 city - fukui, 9 towns and 168 villages were established.
sabae was one of 9 towns. it had administrated 10 villages. these villages are: funatsu village, shin-yokoe village, shinmei village, tachimachi village, yoshikawa village, yutaka village, nakagawa village, katakami village, kitanakayama village, kawada village.
in 1948 funatsu village and shin-yokoe village became a part of sabae town. since then sabae town was gradually growing until it became sabae city.
gozaemon masunaga, the "ancestor of domestic eyeglasses," started  manufacturing eyewear frames in fukui around 1905. at that time, most people in sabae were working in the farming industry. farming was challenging in winter, since the fukui region experiences a lot of snow.  masunaga started this industry because the eyeglass industry does not depend on the season. he invited craftsmen from osaka to try to spread the industry as a side business of a farmer in fukui. at that time, education and the development of printing technology were spreading so people started to read prints such as newspapers. the demand for eyewear has expanded. in 1935, the eyewear industry spread to sabae and fukui. the industry succeeded in manufacturing the titanium-based eyewear frames in 1981 for the first time in the world. after that, a large military factory was converted to an eyewear factory after the end of world war ii made sabae’s eyeglasses industry famous.
from the beginning sabae was ruled by manabe clan. the sabae area used to be the gate town of jōshō temple. in the edo period, the west-sabae jin'ya (administrative headquarter for a small province) was under the direct control of the shogunate. at that time, sabae was the gate town until 1871. in meantime sabae jin'ya became sabae han (historical term for the estate of a daimyo in the edo period) (1720-1871)
manabe akikatsu (1804-1884) is known as the most famous sabae's feudal lord, who in 1856 opened kyōyōkei - a place where the lords can relax. kyōyōkei was the foundation of the current nishiyama park.
when sabae became han there was a plan to build a castle. however, the sabae castle was never built. there were many problems such as financial difficulties and the occurrence of famine. instead, manabe akikatsu took the money that was meant for the castle and gave it to the villages that were suffering from famine.
according to japanese census data,
former uryu residence.
it is the oldest residence in fukui prefecture. originally located on the east side of the former hokuriku expressway, but it was relocated to northeastern corner of the shinmeisha (shintō shrine) in 1975.
buddthist temple which building stared in 1208. shisoku gate of this temple is a cultural property.
nishiyama park is considered to be one of 100 historical parks in japan. there is also a zoo, which is famous for having red pandas, an adventure forest and japanese garden. 
sabae is one of the largest manufacturer of eyeglass frames in japan. 
sabae eyewear is produced in sabae city, one of the world's three largest eyewear production areas. fukui prefecture, particularly fukui city and sabae city, manufactures high quality frames that account for 95% of all japanese eyewear frames sold both nationally and internationally. about 4000 people are involved in the local industry, and it takes about half a year to a year to manufacture one pair of eyewear. sabae eyewear is manufactured with the technology of titanium. 
the technology is also used in producing medical and electronic equipment. there are more than 5,000 stores in japan that sell sabae eyeglasses, and the average price is 35,000 yen excluding lenses now.
more than 200 steps are required to complete one eyeglasses frame. however these processes can be divided into 9 processes.　
david alan "ted" turner (born 2 august 1950) is an english guitarist and singer. he was one of wishbone ash's lead guitarists between 1969 and 1974; and again between 1987 and 1994.
buissard is a commune in the hautes-alpes department.
the d15, d15a, d15b and d945 roads pass through the commune.
saint-julien-en-champsaur is a commune in the hautes-alpes department.
the d15, d43, d215, d243 and d945 roads pass through the commune.
vivian maier used to live in saint-julien-en-champsaur.
forest-saint-julien is a commune in the hautes-alpes department.
the d13, d14, d114, d215, d414 and d944 roads pass through the commune.
saint-laurent-du-cros is a commune in the hautes-alpes department.
the d14, d114 and d414 roads pass through the commune.
geforce is a brand name by nvidia. it is a series of video cards.
their main competitor is amd with their radeon line.
geforce is the successor of the riva tnt2 line.
in early 1999, nvidia made a contest named "name that chip". the public should find a name for nvidia's next video card. 7 winners should get a riva tnt2 ultra as reward. the name "geforce" won.
the first card in the series was the geforce 256. it was released on september 1, 1999.
the latest video card series under the geforce brand is the geforce 30 series as of 2020.
amd radeon () is a brand name by advanced micro devices (amd). several computer products are sold under the brand. for example, graphics processing units (gpus), random-access memory (ram), and overclocking software. these products are produced by radeon technologies group, a division of amd.
in a career spanning more than 60 years, melendez won six primetime emmy awards and was nominated for 13 more. he was nominated for an oscar and 5 grammy awards. the two "peanuts" specials "a charlie brown christmas" and "what have we learned, charlie brown", which he directed, were each honored with a peabody award.
in physics, chemistry and thermodynamics, equations of state are used to describe the state a dynamical system is in. . equations of state are commonly used to describe the state of gases and fluids. in the real world, equations of state are approximations. they can be quite complex to write down, and usually, they are solved using numerical methods.
there are certain variables such as pressure, volume, or temperature, that can be used to describe such a system. so in its simplest form, an equation of state is a function, that takes these dependent variables as input, the state can then be as simple as saying that in its current state, the function has the numerical value zero:
where p ist the pressure, v is the volume, and t is the temperature.
the simplest of these describes an ideal gas, it is the ideal gas law. this law can also be used to describe the state of real gases, in certain conditions (such as with a low pressure, and high temperature). 
osterwald is a community and part of the joint community ("samtgemeinde") of neuenhaus in the county of bentheim in lower saxony. the community has the centres of osterwald, alte piccardie and hohenkörben (veldhausen parish).
in osterwald are found two brooks: the soermannsbecke and the böltbecke, which later release into the lee
osterwald’s neighbours are veldhausen, neuenhaus, grasdorf, georgsdorf, esche, hohenkörben and bimolten.
choucroute garnie is a dish that can be found in the eastern parts of france, in switzerland, germany and austria. in essence, it consists of sauerkraut, with different types of sausages, and other cooked meat is added. very often, potatoes are added too. there are many regional variations, and there's no set recipe. most often, the sauerkraut is served with three or four different kinds of sausage, potatoes and other cooked meat. the types of sausages which are used are morteau sausage, saucisson vaudois, and frankfurter. other cooked, usually salty meat is commonly added, as are potatoes.
in other regions of france, there are also recipes with fish, shellfish and mussels.
riesling, or another kind of white wine is used to prepare it. the version that uses champagne instead is often called "choucroute royale". 
at the base, choucrote garnie is a dish of the common people, that is cheap to prepare. there are higher-priced versions that use foie gras, or deer. many grands chefs also prepare their version.
devakottai taluk is a taluk of sivagangai district of the indian state of tamil nadu. 
according to the 2011 census, the taluk of devakottai had a popluation of 157,328.
nganu leima (/ngaa-noo lei-ma) or nganureima (/ngaa-noo-rei-ma) is the goddess of ducks and other water birds in meitei mythology and religion. she is a sister of goddesses khunu leima and shabi leima. legend says that all three sisters married to the same mortal man.
the meitei female given name "nganu leima" (ꯉꯥꯅꯨ ꯂꯩꯃ) is made up of two component words. the two words are "nganu" (ꯉꯥꯅꯨ) and "leima" (ꯂꯩꯃ). in meitei, "nganu" (ꯉꯥꯅꯨ) means duck. the word "leima" (ꯂꯩꯃ) is further made up of two component words, "lei" (ꯂꯩ) and "ma" (ꯃ). "lei" (ꯂꯩ) means land or earth. "ma" (ꯃ) means "mother". literally, "leima" (ꯂꯩꯃ) can be translated as "land mother" or "mother earth". but in general context, "leima" (ꯂꯩꯃ) means a queen or a mistress or a lady.
goddess nganu leima is described as the mistress of all the ducks and the waterfowls of the world. at any moment, she could summon all the ducks and the waterfowls at any place she wishes. she is one of the daughters of god salailen (alias soraren).
cyclo ( ) is a 1995 vietnamese-hong kong-french crime drama movie directed by tran anh hung and starring lê văn lộc, tony leung chiu wai, trần nữ yên khê, nguyen nhu quynh.
the voiceless bilabial stop is a type of consonant. the letter for this sound in the international phonetic alphabet is ⟨⟩. the x-sampa symbol for this sound is ⟨p⟩. the english language has this sound, and it is the sound represented by "p" in "pear" and "paper".
the voiced bilabial stop is a type of consonant. the letter for this sound in the international phonetic alphabet is ⟨⟩. the x-sampa symbol for this sound is ⟨b⟩. the english language has this sound, and it is the sound represented by "b" in "bear" and "about".
khunu leima (/khoo-noo lei-ma) or khunureima (/khoo-noo-rei-ma) is the goddess of pigeons and doves in meitei mythology and religion. she is a sister of goddesses nganu leima and shabi leima. legend says that all three sisters married the same mortal man.
the meitei female given name "khunu leima" (ꯈꯨꯅꯨ ꯂꯩꯃ) is made up of two component words. the two words are "khunu" (ꯈꯨꯅꯨ) and "leima" (ꯂꯩꯃ). in meitei, "khunu" (ꯈꯨꯅꯨ) means pigeon. the word "leima" (ꯂꯩꯃ) is further made up of two component words, "lei" (ꯂꯩ) and "ma" (ꯃ). "lei" (ꯂꯩ) means land or earth. "ma" (ꯃ) means "mother". literally, "leima" (ꯂꯩꯃ) can be translated as "land mother" or "mother earth". but in general context, "leima" (ꯂꯩꯃ) means a queen or a mistress or a lady. 
goddess khunu leima is described as the ruler of all the pigeons of the world. at any time, she could summon all the pigeons at any place she wishes. she is one of the daughters of god salailen (alias soraren).
foreign portfolio investment (fpi) is the capital inflow from one country to another that takes the form of portfolio investment, which is more liquid and involves less control than direct investment. foreign portfolio investment is a type of passive investing where investors purchase securities of foreign companies, but do not actively participate in the management of those companies. the term "passive" means that the investors are not involved in the day-to-day operations of the companies they invest in; they simply buy securities and hope that their value increases over time.
portfolio investment is a type of investment involving a collection of assets — usually financial securities — owned by an individual or company. portfolio investments are typically made with the expectation that they'll generate income and/or capital gains.
benefits of foreign portfolio investment.
the primary benefit of foreign portfolio investment is:
risks of foreign portfolio investment.
in addition to its potential benefits, there are some significant risks associated with foreign portfolio investment. these can include currency risk, interest rate risk, political risk and regulatory risk. many emerging markets have volatile currencies which may strengthen or weaken substantially over time depending on political circumstances, inflation and other factors. low liquidity is the risk of fpi, the capital market liquidity in emerging countries is generally poor, resulting in more price volatility.
who regulates fpi in india?
the securities and exchange board of india (sebi) regulates foreign portfolio investment in india. to invest in a company in india, foreign investors must obtain an approval from sebi.
shapi leima (shabi leima) or sapi leima (sabi leima) is the goddess of rodents in meitei mythology and religion. she is a sister of goddesses khunu leima and nganu leima. legend says that all three sisters married the same mortal man.
the meitei female given name "sapi leima" (ꯁꯄꯤ ꯂꯩꯃ) or "sabi leima" (ꯁꯕꯤ ꯂꯩꯃ) is made up of two component words. the two words are "sabi" (ꯁꯕꯤ) and "leima" (ꯂꯩꯃ). "sabi" (ꯁꯕꯤ) is a rat like animal. it lives in the clumps of bamboos. it is known for having sharp teeth. the word "leima" (ꯂꯩꯃ) is further made up of two component words, "lei" (ꯂꯩ) and "ma" (ꯃ). "lei" (ꯂꯩ) means land or earth. "ma" (ꯃ) means "mother". literally, "leima" (ꯂꯩꯃ) can be translated as "land mother" or "mother earth". but in general context, "leima" (ꯂꯩꯃ) means a queen or a mistress or a lady.
goddess shapi leima (shabi leima) is described as the ruler of all the rodents of the world. at any time, she could summon all the rodents at any place she wishes. she is the youngest daughter of god salailen (alias soraren).
tauranga (māori pronunciation: ) is a city in new zealand.
tauranga is twinned with:
the beach is a 2000 american british adventure drama movie directed by danny boyle and was based on the 1996 novel of the same name by alex garland. it stars leonardo dicaprio, tilda swinton, virginie ledoyen, robert carlyle, paterson joseph, peter youngblood hills, zelda tinska and was distributed by 20th century fox.
bruce owen (may 24, 1931february 7, 2022) was a canadian lawyer and politician. he was a member of provincial parliament (mpp) in the legislative assembly of ontario from 1987 to 1990. he was a member of the liberal party. owen was born in chatham, ontario, canada.
owen died of problems caused by a heart attack on february 2, 2022 in barrie, ontario at the age of 90.
mino milani (3 february 1928 – 10 february 2022) was an italian writer, cartoonist, journalist and historian.
as a journalist, milano worked for important publications such as "corriere della sera" and "la domenica del corriere", and was editor-in-chief of the daily newspaper "la provincia pavese". he died in pavia, italy on 10 february 2022, at the age of 94.
waverly j. person (may 1, 1926 – february 10, 2022) was an american seismologist. he helped create the national earthquake information center. he began working for the united states army and also worked for the united states department of commerce. 
person died in boulder, colorado on february 10, 2022, at the age of 95.
lucien degauchy (11 june 1937 – 11 february 2022) was a french politician. he was a member of the national assembly of france from 1993 to 2017. he represented the oise department. he was a member of the union for a popular movement. 
degauchy died on 11 february 2022, at the age of 84.
pedro villagrán (1946 – 11 february 2022) was a spanish politician. he was a member of the spanish socialist workers' party. he was a senator for the province of málaga between 2004 and 2008. 
villagrán died on 11 february 2022, at the age of 75.
luís ribeiro pinto neto (november 16, 1946 – february 11, 2022), best known as lula, was a brazilian footballer. he played as a left winger. he also was a manager. he played for the national team between 1971 until 1977. lula was born in arcoverde, brazil.
lula died on february 11, 2022 in recife, brazil from cardiac arrest at the age of 75.
arcoverde ("green bow") is a municipality in pernambuco, brazil. in 2020, about 74,822 people lived here.
antoni vadell ferrer (17 may 1972 – 12 february 2022) was a spanish roman catholic prelate. he was born in llucmajor in the balearic islands. he became a priest in 1998. in 2017, he became the auxilliary bishop of barcelona. 
vadell ferrer died on 12 february 2022 in barcelona from pancreatic cancer, aged 49.
llucmajor (; ) is the largest city of the balearic island majorca. 
anna deavere smith (born september 18, 1950) is an american actress, playwright, and professor. she is known for her roles as national security advisor dr. nancy mcnally in "the west wing" (2000–06), gloria akalitus in the showtime series "nurse jackie" (2009–15), and tina krissman on the abc show "for the people" (2018–19).
smith is the founding director of the institute on the arts and civic dialogue at new york university.
martin's tree frog ("bokermannohyla martinsi") is a frog that lives in brazil. it lives in the mountains in the middle of the country.
gearbox software is an american video game development company based in frisco, texas. it was established in february 1999 by 5 developers. randy pitchford, one of the founders, serves as the president and ceo of gearbox. 
gearbox originally created expansions for the valve game half-life, then ported that game and others to console platforms. in 2005, gearbox made its own games, brothers in arms as an example, for consoles. it became their main franchise and spun off a comic book series, television documentary, books, and action figures. their second original game series, borderlands, was made in 2009, and by 2015 had sold over 26 million copies. the company also owns the property of duke nukem and homeworld.
gearbox expanded into publishing with the start of gearbox publishing in 2015. a parent company, the gearbox entertainment company, was made for gearbox software and gearbox publishing in 2019. gearbox entertainment was bought by the embracer group in april 2021, becoming its seventh major label. a third division, gearbox studios, to focus on tv and film productions, was established in october 2021.
finnmark is a former county in norway. 
on 28 october 2021, the norwegian government confirmed that work has started in regard to finnmark becoming a separate county again.
 previously, on 1 january 2020 finnmark was merged with the neighboring county of troms to form the new troms og finnmark county.
the 1991 fifa u-17 world championship, the fourth edition of the tournament, was held in the cities of florence, montecatini terme, viareggio, massa, carrara, and livorno in italy between 16 august and 31 august 1991. players born after 1 august 1974 could participate in this tournament.
the 1991 fifa world youth championship was the eighth staging of the fifa world youth championship, an international football competition organized by fifa for men's youth national teams, and the eighth since it was established in 1977 as the fifa world youth tournament. the final tournament took place for the first time in portugal, between 14 and 30 june 1991. matches were played across five venues in as many cities: faro, braga, guimarães, porto and lisbon. nigeria originally won the bid to host but was stripped of its right after found guilty for committing age fabrication.
jonathan p. bowen (born 1956) is a british computer scientist. he is an emeritus (retired) professor at london south bank university (lsbu). he is known for supporting museums online.
bowen was born in oxford. he was the son of the chemist and botanist, humphry bowen. he studied engineering science at university college (oxford university). bowen later worked at imperial college london, the oxford university computing laboratory, the university of reading, and london south bank university. he worked in the area of formal (mathematical) methods for specifying software.
in 1994, bowen founded the virtual library museums pages (vlmp). this was an online museums directory that was adopted by the international council of museums. in the following year, he also started the virtual museum of computing. he has written and edited a number of reviewed books on software engineering, the computer pioneer alan turing, and museums and digital culture.
bowen was elected a fellow of the royal society of arts in 2002 and of the british computer society in 2004. he is a liveryman of the worshipful company of information technologists and a freeman of the city of london.
the scent of green papaya (vietnamese: "mùi đu đủ xanh", french: "l'odeur de la papaye verte") is a 1993 vietnamese french family romantic drama movie directed by tran anh hung and starring trần nữ yên khê, man san lu, thi loc truong, anh hoa nguyen, hoa hoi vuong, ngoc trung tran. it was nominated for an academy award in 1994.
tea plants grown in nepal, are used to make tea. this tea is called nepali tea. these plants look, smell, and taste a bit different from other tea plants. they are similar to the tea plants grown in darjeeling, which are used to make darjeeling tea. this may be because the eastern parts of nepal are geographically similar to the darjeeling region. darjeeling produces a lot more tea than nepal. for this reason, tea from nepal is not as well-known. 
there are two types of nepali tea:
like darjeeling tea, orthodox tea is made from the chinese variety of tea plants. the tea is rolled by hand, or using a machine. most speciality teas like green tea, oolong tea, white tea, and hand rolled tea fall under the category of orthodox tea. in nepal, orthodox tea is produced and processed in the mountain regions, at altitudes between and . there are six major districts, primarily in the eastern regions of nepal that are known for producing quality orthodox tea. they are ilam, panchthar, dhankuta, terhathum, sindhulpalchok and kaski.
with nepali tea, the time of the year, when it is collected, is also recorded. there are four main times, called "flushes"
crush, tear, curl (ctc) tea is a method of processing the assam variety "(camellia sinensis" var. "assamica)". it grows at a lower altitude, where the climate is hot and humid. most of it is grown on the plains of the jhapa district. most tea drunk in nepal is of this variety, almost 95%. because it is easier to produce, it is also cheaper than orthodox tea. 
the nepal ctc tea also has four pronounced flushes, the first, second, monsoon and autumn flushes, but unlike the orthodox tea, the ctc tea is more or less uniform throughout, often showing a strong color and subtle aroma after infusion. however, the flushes do not begin and end in accordance with that of the orthodox tea, mainly because of differences in local conditions.
sylvius leopold weiss (also spelled silvius leopold weiss; 12 october 1687 - 16 october 1750) was a german composer and lutenist (somebody who plays the lute).
weiss was born in breslau, silesia. his father, johann jacob weiss, was a lute player. his brother, johann sigismund weiss, was also a lute player. weiss learned playing the lute from his father. 
in 1706, he worked for charles iii philip, elector palatine. he wrote his first piece of music in düsseldorf, which was a lute sonata in c major. in 1708, prince alexander sobiesky invited weiss to italy. he stayed in rome with the prince's family. he might have worked with italian composers in rome. he had to return to germany when the prince died.
weiss worked for elector charles philipp again. in 1718, weiss travelled to london. in london, he gave a concert every week. in august 1718, he became a member of the court chapel in dresden. in 1718, weiss visited vienna. he played for the emperor. in 1722, he was attacked by a french violinist named petit. petit tried to bite weiss' right thumb off. weiss was not hurt badly. 
in 1723, weiss went to prague with johann joachim quantz and carl heinrich graun. they performed johann joseph fux's opera, "constanza e fortezza". in 1728, he went to berlin. he stayed in berlin for three months. he taught frederick the great's sister, princess wilhelmine. weiss also taught other lutenists. one of his students was adam falckenhagen.
weiss died on 16 october 1750 in dresden. he was buried in the catholic cemetery in dresden. weiss was the highest-paid musician in dresden. even so, his family was poor when he died.
weiss was one of the most important composers for the lute. he was one of the greatest players of the instrument. even so, people forgot about weiss' music after he died. this was because the lute was being replaced by keyboard instruments. not everyone can read weiss' music, because it was written in tablature notation.
a lot of weiss' music is now lost. 
johann sebastian bach knew weiss' music. he arranged a lute sonata by weiss for violin and harpsichord.
kitana is a fictional character in the "mortal kombat" electronic game franchise by midway games and netherrealm studios. 
kitana appeared for the first time in the "mortal kombat ii" (1993) game, where she is shown as a royal from edenia, a fictional realm (kingdom). in the game, she uses a pair of fans made of steel, also named "tessenjutsu". kitana uses these fans to make special attacks.
she was thought to be the daughter of shao kahn, the emperor of the outworld. however, kitana later learns her true father was murdered by kahn when he conquered edenia. later on, she becomes an important hero as she joins warriors of the earthrealm to make sure her realm is freed. kitana is the love interest of hero liu kang.
outside the games.
the character has appeared in various media outside of the games and is one of its most iconic and popular fighters.
bloody moon (; "the saw of death") is a 1981 spanish german horror movie directed by jesús franco (who also stars) and also starring olivia pascal, otto retzer, christoph moosbrugger, nadja gerganoff, alexander waechter, jasmin losensky, peter exacoustos.
llico was one of the communes that was part of the department of vichuquén, in the province of curicó.
the 1907 chilean census established it had a population of 8.430 inhabitants.
the commune was created by decree of 22 december 1891, with the territory of llico and iloca subdelegations.
it was suppressed by the decree with force of law no. 8.583, on 30 december 1927, by dictator carlos ibáñez del campo as part of a greater political and administrative reform, adding its territory to the commune of vichuquén. the commune was effectively suppressed on 1 february 1928.
auquinco was one of the communes that was part of the department of santa cruz, in the province of curicó.
the 1920 chilean census established it had a population of 2.886 inhabitants.
the commune of auquinco was created by decree number 3.458 on 19 august 1918.
it was suppressed by the decree with force of law no. 8.583, on 30 december 1927, by dictator carlos ibáñez del campo as part of a greater political and administrative reform, adding its territory to the commune of chépica. the commune was effectively suppressed on 1 february 1928.
tomaso giovanni albinoni (8 june 1671 – 17 january 1751) was a venetian composer. he wrote operas and instrumental music. he is best remembered as the composer of a work called "adagio in g minor". albinoni did not actually write the adagio.
albinoni was born in venice. he learned to play the violin and to sing. it is not known who his teachers are. his first opera, "zenobia, regina de palmireni", was performed in venice in 1694.
in 1705, he married margherita rimondi, a soprano singer. 
he became famous and he performed his operas in many italian cities, including venice, genoa, bologna, mantua, udine, piacenza, and naples. he also wrote and published instrumental music during this time. albinoni did not try to find a job in a church or a court. he remained an independent composer and published music on his own.
he retired from writing music after 1741, and died in venice in 1751.
most of albinoni's operas are lost. this is because he did not publish his operas during his life. his instrumental music has survived. nine collections of instrumental music were published. because of this, he is better known for writing instrumental music today. he is the first italian composer to publish an oboe concerto.
he was known by johann sebastian bach, who wrote at least two fugues based on themes by albinoni.
the voiceless alveolar fricative is a type of consonant. the letter for this sound in the international phonetic alphabet is ⟨⟩. the x-sampa symbol for this sound is ⟨s⟩. the english language has this sound, and it is the sound represented by 's' in "sun" and "sorry".
this is a list of numbers. this list will always be not finished. this happens because there are an infinite amount of numbers. only numbers will be added. numbers can be added as long as they are popular in math, history or culture.
this means that numbers can only be if they are a big part of history. a number isn't if it is only related to another number. for example, the number (3,4) is a number when it is a complex number (3+4i). when it is only (3,4), however, it's not notable.
natural numbers are a type of integer. they can be used for counting. natural numbers can also be used to find out about other number systems. a negative number is not a natural number.
0 is argued on whether or not it is a natural number. to fix this, people use the terms "non-negative integers", which cover 0 and "positive integers", which does not.
classes of natural numbers.
a prime number is a natural number which has only two divisors: 1 and itself.
highly composite numbers.
a highly composite number is a natural number that has more divisors than any smaller natural number. they are used a lot in geometry, grouping, and time measurement.
the first 20 highly composite numbers are:
1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 120, 180, 240, 360, 720, 840, 1260, 1680, 2520, 5040, 7560
a perfect number is an integer that is the sum of its positive divisors (all divisors except itself).
the first 10 perfect numbers:
integers are a set of numbers. they usually are in arithmetic and number theory. there are many subsets of integers. these can cover natural numbers, prime numbers, perfect numbers, etc.
popular integers are −1 and 0.
orders of magnitude.
integers can be written in orders of magnitude. this can be written as 10"k", where "k" is an integer. if "k" = 0, 1, 2, 3, then the powers of ten for them are 1, 10, 100 and 1000. this is used in scientific notation.
each number has its own prefix. each prefix has its own symbol. for example, "kilo-" may be added to the beginning of "gram." this changes the meaning of "gram" to mean that the gram is 1000 times more than a gram: one kilogram is the same as 1000 grams.
a rational number is a number that can be written as a fraction with two integers. the numerator is written as and the denominator(which cannot be zero) is written as . every integer is a rational number. this is because in integers, 1 is always the denominator of a fraction.
rational numbers can be written in infinitely many ways. for example, 0.12 can be written as "three twenty-fifths" (), "nine seventy-fifths" (), etc.
irrational numbers are numbers that cannot be written as a fraction. these are written as algebraic numbers or transcendental numbers.
the real numbers are a superset(or category) of numbers. they cover algebraic and transcendental numbers.
a hypercomplex number is a word for an element of a unital algebra over the field of real numbers.
transfinite numbers are numbers that are "infinite". they are larger than any finite number. they are, however, not absolutely infinite.
physical constants are constants that can be used in the universe to figure out information.
center line is a city in macomb county, michigan, united states.
eastpointe is a city in macomb county, michigan, united states.
fraser is a city in macomb county, michigan, united states.
new baltimore is a city in macomb county, michigan, united states.
st. clair shores is a city in macomb county, michigan, united states.
utica is a city in macomb county, michigan, united states.
berkley is a city in oakland county, michigan, united states.
clawson is a city in oakland county, michigan, united states.
farmington is a city in oakland county, michigan, united states.
hazel park is a city in oakland county, michigan, united states.
keego harbor is a city in oakland county, michigan, united states.
lake angelus is a city in oakland county, michigan, united states.
lathrup village is a city in oakland county, michigan, united states.
madison heights is a city in oakland county, michigan, united states.
oak park is a city in oakland county, michigan, united states.
orchard lake village is a city in oakland county, michigan, united states.
pleasant ridge is a city in oakland county, michigan, united states.
south lyon is a city in oakland county, michigan, united states.
sylvan lake is a city in oakland county, michigan, united states.
walled lake is a city in oakland county, michigan, united states.
wixom is a city in oakland county, michigan, united states.
i was a male war bride is a 1949 american romantic comedy movie directed by howard hawks and was based on the 1947 novel male war bride trial to army by henri rochard. it starred cary grant, russ conway, marion marshall, randy stuart, ann sheridan, lily kann, kenneth tobey and was distributed by 20th century fox.
clio is a city in genesee county, michigan, united states.
grand blanc is a city in genesee county, michigan, united states.
linden is a city in genesee county, michigan, united states.
montrose is a city in genesee county, michigan, united states.
mount morris is a city in genesee county, michigan, united states.
swartz creek is a city in genesee county, michigan, united states.
dexter is a city in washtenaw county, michigan, united states.
saline is a city in washtenaw county, michigan, united states.
the 1993 fifa world youth championship, known as the 1993 fifa/coca-cola world youth championship for sponsorship purposes, was the 9th staging of the fifa world youth championship. it took place across five cities in australia. the tournament was to be held originally in yugoslavia, but due to the yugoslav wars, was moved to australia. brazil won their third world youth championship title after beating ghana 2–1.
120 is a natural number. it is before 121 and after 119. it reads as one hundred [and] twenty. 
deceived is a 1991 american psychological mystery thriller movie directed by damian harris and starring goldie hawn, john heard, robin bartlett, ashley peldon, beatrice straight, tom irwin, amy wright, kate reid, jan harvey. it was distributed by touchstone pictures.
sierra entertainment was an american video game developer/publisher founded in the late 1970s by ken and roberta williams.
the company is known for making the graphic adventure game genre, including the first game, mystery house. it is also known for its adventure game series king's quest, space quest, police quest, gabriel knight, leisure suit larry, and quest for glory, as well as being the original publishers of half-life.
after 17 years as a lone company, sierra was bought by cuc international in february 1996 to become part of cuc software. however, cuc international was caught in an scandal in 1998. therefore many of the original founders of sierra including the williamses left the company. sierra remained as part of cuc software as it was sold and renamed several times over the next few years; sierra was dissolved as a company and reformed as a division of this group in 2004. the former cuc software group was acquired by vivendi and branded as vivendi games in 2006. the sierra division continued to operate through vivendi games' merger with activision to form activision blizzard in 2008. however, it was shut down later. the sierra brand was revived by activision in 2014 to re-release former sierra games and some independently developed games.
founding (1979 - 1982).
sierra entertainment was founded in 1979 as on-line systems in simi valley, california, by ken and roberta williams. ken, a programmer for ibm, had planned to use the company to create business software for the trs-80 and apple ii. ken had brought a teletype terminal home one day in 1979, and while looking through the host system's catalog of programs, discovered the text adventure "colossal cave adventure". he encouraged roberta to join him in playing it, and she was thrilled by the game; after ken had brought an apple ii to their home, she played through other text adventures such as those by scott adams and softape to study them. dissatisfied with the text-only format, she realized that the graphics display capability of the apple ii could improve the adventure gaming experience. with ken's help in some of the programming, roberta designed "mystery house", inspired by the novel "and then there were none" and the board game "clue", using text commands and printout combined with graphics depicting the current setting.
on-line systems leased their first office space from ponderosa printing, a modest space in the back of a small town print shop.
"mystery house" was released in 1980. it was a great success with 15,000 copies sold, earning 167,000 american dollars (equivalent to 525,539 american dollars in 2020). it is the first computer adventure game to have graphics, although made with crude, static, monochrome line drawings. the two decided to shift the company's focus to developing more graphical adventure games. "mystery house" became the first of their "hi-res adventure" series. the "hi-res adventure" series continued with "mission asteroid", which was released as "hi-res adventure #0" though being the second release. the next release, "wizard and the princess", also known as "adventure in serenia", is considered a prelude to the later "king's quest" series in both story and concept. through 1981 and 1982, more games were released in the series including "cranston manor", "ulysses and the golden fleece", "time zone", and "the dark crystal". a simplified version of "the dark crystal", intended for a younger audience, was written by al lowe and released as "gelfling adventure".
rebranding (1982 - 1988).
on-line systems was renamed sierra on-line in 1982, and they moved to oakhurst, california. the "sierra" name was taken from the sierra nevada mountain range that oakhurst was near, and its new logo had the image of a mountain reflecting that. by early 1984 "infoworld" estimated that sierra was the world's 12th-largest microcomputer-software company, with $12.5 million in 1983 sales.
the company weathered the video game crash of 1983 by seeing only a 20% increase in sales, after analysts in 1982 had predicted a doubling in 1983 of the entire software market. the company had spent much of 1983 developing for a commodore machine and the ti-99/4a which were both obsolete by the end of the year. ken williams was reportedly described as "bewildered by the pace at which computers come into and fall out of favor", and williams said, "i've learned my lesson. i'm not moving until i understand the market better."
many of sierra's most well known series began in the 1980s. in 1983, sierra on-line was contacted by ibm to create a game for the new pcjr. ibm offered to fund the entire development and marketing of the game, paying royalties. ken and roberta williams accepted and started on the project. roberta williams created a story featuring classic fairy-tale elements. her game concept includes animated color graphics, a pseudo 3d-perspective where the main character is visible on the screen, a more competent text parser that understands advanced commands from the player, and music playing in the background through the pcjr sound hardware. for the game, a complete development system called adventure game interpreter (agi) was developed. in mid-1984, "king's quest: quest for the crown" was released to much acclaim, beginning the "king's quest" series.
sierra on-line expanded into a larger headquarters in the early-1980s.
while working to finish "the black cauldron", programmers mark crowe and scott murphy began to plan for an adventure game of their own. after a simple demonstration to ken williams, he allowed them to start working on the full game, which was named "space quest: the sarien encounter". the game was released in october 1986 as an instant success, spawning many sequels in the "space quest" series in the following years.
al lowe, who had been working at sierra on-line for many years, was asked by ken williams to write a modern version of chuck benton's "softporn adventure" from 1981, the only pure text adventure that the company had ever released. "leisure suit larry in the land of the lounge lizards" was a great hit and won the software publishers association's best adventure game award of 1987. it can be deduced that the game first became famous as an early example of software piracy, as sierra sold many more hintbooks than actual copies of the game. a series of "leisure suit larry" games followed.
ken williams befriended a retired highway patrol officer named jim walls and asked him to produce an adventure series based on a police theme. walls proceeded to create "police quest: in pursuit of the death angel", which was released in 1987. several sequels followed, and the series was touted for adherence to police protocol (relevant parts of which were explained in the games' manuals), and presenting some real-life situations encountered by walls during his career as an officer.
"quest for glory" is a series of hybrid adventure/role-playing video games designed by corey and lori ann cole. the first game in the series, "quest for glory: so you want to be a hero", was released in 1989. the series combines humor, puzzle elements, themes and characters borrowed from various legends, puns, and memorable characters, creating a five-part series of the sierra stable. although the series was originally titled "hero's quest", sierra failed to trademark the name. milton bradley successfully trademarked an electronic version of their unrelated joint games workshop board game, "heroquest," which forced sierra to change the series' title to "quest for glory". this decision caused all future games in the series (as well as newer releases of "hero's quest i") to switch over to the new name.
in 1987, sierra on-line started to publish its own gaming magazine, about its upcoming games and interviews with the developers. the magazine was initially named "the sierra newsletter", "the sierra news magazine", and "the sierra/dynamix newsmagazine". however, since sierra club already published a magazine called "sierra magazine", the name of the magazine published by sierra on-line was changed to "interaction" in 1991. it was discontinued in 1999.
sierra's adventure game interpreter engine, introduced with "king's quest", was replaced in 1988 with sierra's creative interpreter in "king's quest iv". the game was released under both engines, so those who had newer computers could use the new engine and better rendering technology.
sunkist is a brand of soft drinks. they mostly make orange flavored drinks. the brand was launched in 1979.
thomas letsch (born 26 august 1968) is a german football manager. he is the manager of eredivisie club vitesse arnhem.
letsch never played professional football. he started his coaching career at vfb oberesslingen/zell as playing coach. in july 2001 he became manager of stuttgarter kickers's second team until 2002, but was also a part of the first team staff until the end of the 2002–03 season. then he moved to fc union heilbronn and was the manager for one season. from january 2005 until july 2007, he was the assistant manager of ssv ulm 1846. from january 2008 to june 2009, he was the manager of sg sonnenhof großaspach.
fc red bull salzburg, fc liefering.
in july 2012 he went to salzburg and managed the under-16 team of fc red bull salzburg. september 2012 he was also appointed as football director of academy. in the following season, he was promoted to first team assistant manager. in july 2014 he became manager of the under-18 squad. in the time with the under-18s he was also the assistant coach for fc red bull salzburg. in december 2015 after peter zeidler was sacked, he was for two matches head coach of salzburg. in the 2015–16 season he also managed the team of fc red bull salzburg in the uefa youth league. in june 2015 he became manager of fc liefering in the second league.
fc erzgebirge aue.
on 18 june 2017 erzgebirge aue named letsch as their new manager on a three-year contract. after three games aue sacked letsch due to poor form and results.
fk austria wien.
on 27 february 2018 he became manager austria wien in the austrian bundesliga. he was sacked on 11 march 2019.
on 26 may 2020 he became the new manager of vitesse arnhem. the club went on to secure fourth place in the eredivisie and reched the final of the dutch cup (which was lost 2–1 to afc ajax). they were qualified for the uefa europa conference league.
the megaron (, , plural "megara") is the rectangular great hall in mycenaean and ancient greek palace architecture. the hall was: 1) surrounded by four columns, 2) had an open portico with two columns in the front, and 3) had a central, open hearth venting through an oculus, or opening, in the roof. 
the megaron also had the throne-room of the "wanax", or mycenaean greek ruler, whose throne was in the main room with the central hearth. similar architecture is found in the near east but the open portico supported by columns is particular to the aegean region. megara are sometimes called "long-rooms" because of their rectangular shape and the position of their entrances. there were often many rooms around the central megaron, such as archive rooms, offices, oil-press rooms, workshops, potteries, shrines, corridors, armories, and rooms storing wine, oil and wheat.
the megaron was used for sacrifices, royal events, and court meetings.
halls in the shape of rectangles were a defining theme of greek architecture. the mycenaean megaron originated from the "megaroid", or large hall-centered rectangular building, of greece dating back to the late neolithic and early bronze age. also, it was the architectural forerunner to ancient greek temples. the megaron's structural layout included a columned entrance, a "pronaos", a central "naos" (or "cella"), and one of many roof types (i.e., pitched, flat, barrel). the roof was supported by wooden beams. the floor was made of patterned concrete and covered in carpet. the walls were built with bricks of mud, and were decorated with frescoes. there were metal doors often having two-leaved wood decorations. footbaths were also used in the megaron as mentioned in homer's "odyssey" where odysseus's feet were washed by eurycleia. the dimensions involving a larger length than width are similar structurally to the early temples of the dorian greeks.
a famous megaron is in the king's large reception hall in the bronze age palace of tiryns where the main room had a raised throne placed against the right wall and a central hearth bordered by four minoan-style wooden columns supporting the roof. the cretan elements in the megaron of tiryns were adopted by the mycenaean greeks from minoan palace architecture. frescoes from pylos show people eating and drinking, which were important activities in greek culture. artistic images of bulls, a common animal motif in mycenaean vase painting, appear on greek megaron frescoes such as the one in the pylos megaron where a bull is shown at the center of a mycenaean procession. other famous megara include the ones at the mycenaean palaces of thebes and mycenae. different greek cultures had their own megara where, for example, the greeks of the mainland separated their central megaron from the other rooms whereas the greeks of crete did not do this.
the paranapiacaba tree frog ("bokermannohyla astartea") is a frog that lives in brazil. it lives in the serra do mar.
mar addai ii (; born shlemun giwargis () (6 january 1948 – 11 february 2022) was an iraqi catholicos-patriarch of the ancient church of the east. he lived in the apostolic see of seleucia-ctesiphon in baghdad, iraq.
on 11 february 2022, addai ii giwargis died in baghdad, iraq at the age of 74.
hugo torres jiménez (25 april 1948 – 12 february 2022) was a nicaraguan sandinista guerrilla and military leader. he was a retired brigadier general in the nicaraguan armed forces. during the sandinista national liberation front effort to overthrow the somoza family regime. in june 2021 he was part of a wave of arrests of opposition figures by the daniel ortega administration. 
torres jiménez died while in prison on 12 february 2022, aged 73.
ignacio javier gómara granada (7 january 1927 – 12 february 2022) was a spanish politician, lawyer and businessman. he was born in etxarri-aranatz, spain. he was a member of the congress of deputies from 1982 until 1986. he was also president of the navarrese parliament from 1987 until 1991. he was a member of the navarrese people's union.
gómara granada died on 12 february 2022 in pamplona, spain at the age of 95.
zinaida mikhailovna kiriyenko (; 9 july 1933 – 12 february 2022) was a russian actress and singer. she was the honored artist of the rsfsr (1965) and people's artist of the rsfsr (1977). she was known for her roles in the movies "and quiet flows the don", "fate of a man", "chronicle of flaming years". kiriyenko was born in makhachkala, then-soviet union.
kiriyenko died on 12 february 2022 in moscow, russia from a stroke caused by covid-19 at the age of 88. she also had pancreatic cancer.
william george batchelder iii (december 19, 1942 – february 12, 2022) was an american politician. he was the 101st speaker of the ohio house of representatives from 2011 to 2014. he also represented the 69th district of the ohio house of representatives from 2007 to 2014, and was in the house from 1969 to 1998 before. he was a republican. batchelder was born in medina, ohio.
batchelder died on february 12, 2022 in cincinnati, ohio at the age of 79.
grand theft auto 2 is a video game made by dma design and published by rockstar games, for windows and playstation in 1999, and the dreamcast and game boy in 2000. it is the sequel to grand theft auto (1997), and the second installment of the grand theft auto series. set within a city known as "anywhere city", the game is based on players taking the role of a criminal as they explore an open world, doing jobs for various crime mobs and having free rein to do whatever they wish to achieve their goal. the game's intro is unique for a title in the series, as it involved live-action scenes filmed by rockstar games.
grand theft auto is a video game made by dma design and published by bmg interactive. it is the first title of the "grand theft auto" series and was released in 1997 for ms-dos, windows and playstation, and in october 1999 for the game boy color.
rahul bajaj (10 june 1938 – 12 february 2022) was an indian billionaire businessman and politician. he was the chairman emeritus of the indian conglomerate bajaj group. from 2006 until 2010, bajaj was a member of the rajya sabha. bajaj was born in kolkata, india. bajaj was awarded the third-highest civilian award padma bhushan in 2001. his net worth was us$25 billion in july 2021.
bajaj died on 12 february 2022 at a hospital in pune, india from pneumonia at the age of 83.
grand theft auto advance is a video game made by digital eclipse and published by rockstar games. the eighth title in the grand theft auto series, it was released for the game boy advance in 2004 (the same day grand theft auto: san andreas was released for the playstation 2).
liemers or de liemers (historically also known as "lijmers") is a region in the province of gelderland, the netherlands.
it lies in the very east of the country, near germany. it is bordered by three rivers, namely southwest the rhine, northwest the ijssel, northeast the oude ijssel, and the german state of north rhine-westphalia in the southeast. the northern and especially the eastern boundaries are rather vague. there is a grey area with the achterhoek region, which stretches itself from these borders of the liemers region. the hills of montferland or bergherbos in the municipality of montferland are also considered as the eastern border.
the local dialect is called liemers, which belongs to the low franconian languages.
these ten municipalities lie more or less in the liemers region:
video game writers are people who write video games are part of the design team, during pre-production, and make the main plot of a video game but can also focus on the dialogue, the character making and development of the game.
during the game making process, the design may change and a video game writer can also be asked to fix the eventual narrative issues.
jennifer gay bishop (16 december 1933 – 17 january 2022), known by her stage name jennifer toye, was a british operatic soprano. she was best known as the principal soprano of the d'oyly carte opera company in the 1950s and 1960s. she played josephine in "h.m.s. pinafore", mabel in "the pirates of penzance" and yum-yum in "the mikado". toye was born in holywell, flintshire, north wales.
toye died on 17 january 2022 at the age of 88.
the university of aberdeen is a public research university in aberdeen, scotland. it was founded in 1495. it is scotland's third-oldest university and the fifth-oldest in the english-speaking world.
peter neilson (12 july 1954 – 9 february 2022) was an english-born new zealand businessman and politician. he was a labour party member of parliament in the new zealand house of representatives from 1981 until 1990. neilson was a member of the geoffrey palmer-mike moore cabinet as minister of customs (1989–1990), works and revenue (1990). neilson was born in birmingham, england.
neilson died on 9 february 2022 in auckland, new zealand at the age of 67.
johann joachim quantz (30 january 1697 – 12 july 1773) was a german composer, flautist (somebody who plays the flute) and flute maker from the late baroque period. he was frederick the great's flute teacher.
quantz was born in oberscheden, electorate of hanover. from 1708 to 1713, quantz studied music with his uncle, justus quantz, a town musician in merseburg. after his uncle died, he studied with the organist friedrich kiesewetter. in 1714, quantz travelled to pirna, a town near dresden. he studied vivaldi's violin concertos. 
in 1716 he joined the town band in dresden. he studied counterpoint with jan dismas zelenka in vienna in 1717. in march 1718, he became an oboist (somebody who plays the oboe) in the polish chapel of august ii, elector of saxony and king of poland. quantz could not become a better oboe player than other oboe players. so, he changed his instrument to the flute. he learned playing the flute with pierre-gabriel buffardin for four months.
from 1724 to 1727, quantz went on a trip around europe. he met and studied with many musicians, including francesco gasparini in rome, alessandro scarlatti in naples, michel blavet in paris, and george frideric handel in london. he returned to dresden in july 1727. the trip made him famous around europe.
in 1728, quantz visitied berlin. he met crown prince frederick. he returned to berlin two times a year to teach prince frederick the flute. when king august ii died, quantz stayed in dresden until prince frederick became king of prussia. quantz moved to berlin. he became a composer and flute player for king frederick. quantz did not write operas. other composers in frederick's court wrote operas.
quantz did not publish a lot of his music during his life. he wrote concertos, trio sonatas, and other works for the flute.
quantz wrote "on playing the flute" in 1752. it explains how people played music and the flute in the baroque period. 
richard john vitale (; born june 9, 1939), also known as "dickie v", is an american basketball coach and sportscaster. he is known for his career as a college basketball broadcaster for espn. vitale was born in passaic, new jersey. in 2008, he was honored into the national collegiate basketball hall of fame. from 1978 until 1979, he coached the detroit pistons.
vitale was diagnosed with melanoma in august 2021. two months later, he was diagnosed with lymphoma.
chinese new zealanders (, ) are chinese people living in new zealand. they are the largest group of asian new zealanders. most of them come from either china, taiwan, hong kong, macau, singapore or malaysia. after chinese australians, they are oceania's second largest chinese community. they mainly speak chinese. most chinese new zealanders live in auckland; as well as (to a lesser extent) christchurch, wellington and hamilton.
rebecca enonchong (born 14 july 1967) is an anglophone cameroonian technology businesswoman and the creator and ceo of appstech. she is best known for her work in promoting technology in africa.
ms enonchong has received several awards from organisations such as the world economic forum. forbes ranked her as one of the 10 tech founders to watch in africa in 2014.
indian australians () are indians living in australia. indians are the fastest-growing ethnic group in australia. since 2017, india has been the largest source of immigrants to australia. in 2016, 2.8% of australians claimed indian ancestry.
maui ann taylor (born june 28, 1983) is filipino actress, youtuber, model, and celebrity influencer. she was a member of viva hot babes, a sexy all-girls group created by viva entertainment in the 2000's.
maui has been together with her partner, anton sabarre, for more than a decade now. they have two children together: antoine and mateo sabarre.
the republic of karelia, or karelia, is a republic of russia in northern europe. the republic is a part of the northwestern federal district, and with area of , bordering finland. republic of karelia have around 650 thousand residents. its capital is petrozavodsk. 
church hill is a city in hawkins county, tennessee, united states. the population was 6,737 at the 2010 census. it is part of the kingsport–bristol (tn)–bristol (va) metropolitan statistical area, which is a part of the johnson city–kingsport–bristol, tn-va combined statistical area – commonly known as the "tri-cities" region. it is the largest city located in hawkins county.
the community was started as a trading post called spencer's mill and patterson mill in the late 18th century. the city of church hill was incorporated in 1958.
the lamniformes (, from greek "lamna" "fish of prey") are an order of sharks. they are commonly known as mackerel sharks.
the 1994 algarve cup was the inaugural edition of the algarve cup, an invitational women's association football tournament. it took place between 16 and 20 march 1994 in portugal with norway winning the event, defeating the usa, 1-0 in the final game. sweden ended up third defeating denmark, 1-0, in the game for third prize.
the commodore max machine, also known as ultimax in the united states and canada and vc-10 in germany, is a home computer made by commodore international. it came out in japan in early 1982 as the commodore 64's predecessor. commodore may have wanted to sell it outside of japan, as its name was in the commodore 64 manual. it was first shown in tokyo, and as commodore vickey. it is rare, selling much less than the commodore 64 and being discontinued in the same year.
software came on rom cartridges. it has a membrane keyboard, 2 kib of ram and 0.5 kib of color ram (1024 × 4 bits). a television is used as a display. the commodore 64 has the same chipset, 6510 cpu and sid sound chip, and has a compatibility mode, which was often used for "freezer" cartridges, such as the action replay, to easily allow control of the running program. tape drives (for storage) worked, but not disk drives, printers or modems due to not having the right serial and user ports.
it was going to cost about 200 usd. it had better graphics and sound, but commodore's own vic-20 was much more popular. it was costing about the same and with much more expandability and software titles. it also had a better keyboard.
the tarauaca snouted tree frog or madre de dios treefrog ("scarthyla goinorum") is a frog that lives in the amazon river basin. it lives in bolivia, peru, colombia, and brazil.
golmaal again () is a 2017 indian hindi-language horror action comedy movie. it was written and directed by rohit shetty and produced by rohit shetty pictures, mangal murti films and reliance entertainment. made on a total budget of 69 crores including production and marketing costs, it is the fourth installment of the "golmaal" franchise and stars tabu, ajay devgn, parineeti chopra, arshad warsi, tusshar kapoor, shreyas talpade, kunal khemu. this movie is also the sequel to golmaal 3.
the movie's filming began in march 2017. the movie was theatrically released worldwide with a runtime of 152 minutes on diwali 2017. despite clashing with aamir khan's "secret superstar", "golmaal again" became one of the year's highest grossers and was a blockbuster at the box office. its lifetime domestic net collection was more than 205 crores, while the worldwide gross ended at 311 crores. the film received mixed reviews from critics with praise for its humour and performances and criticism for its flaws in the technical aspects. in 2019, a show based on the golmaal film series was made and it was called golmaal jr, which is a show about two rival prank gangs of kids, headed by gopal and madhav. a sequel to the film titled phir golmaal will release in december 2023.
gopal, madhav, lucky, laxman and laxman 2 are orphans in an orphanage in ooty managed by businessman jamnadas. gopal is afraid of ghosts. lucky is mute and laxman has a speech impediment. the boys find a baby girl and take her in, naming her khushi. they care for her and are also aware of librarian anna's ability to see ghosts and spirits. one day, when madhav pranks and scares the timid gopal in an empty bungalow, a fight ensues between the boys. gopal gets punished, which prompts gopal and laxman to leave the orphanage, and soon, madhav, lucky and laxman also do the same. khushi is later adopted by the loving colonel chauhan and his wife.
some years later, gopal and laxman work with babli bhai and madhav, lucky and laxman work with vasooli bhai. the group reunites after learning about jamnadas' demise. returning to the orphanage after 25 years, they meet col. chauhan, anna and pappi, another orphan from the orphanage who has frequent memory loss. they meet a girl who they think is the bungalow's caretaker, damini and learn about khushi's demise. at an event after jamnadas' funeral, businessman vasu reddy reveals the orphanage would be demolished and moved elsewhere in plans to make his own building. when the group leaves the orphanage and returns, a ghost possesses laxman and speak in nana patekar's voice which scares gopal. next, the ghost possesses madhav and prompts vasooli to give them a task, indirectly bringing the three back to ooty. a scared gopal calls anna, who reveals that there is a spirit in their house and suggests him and laxman to move to col. chauhan's house. upon reaching ooty, the two groups start fighting each other out of anger. the three try to scare gopal into leaving the house, but gopal gets possessed and beats lucky and laxman badly. later, vasu reddy assigns madhav, lucky and laxman to burn down the house. but things go awry when lucky gets possessed by the spirit and starts talking, which scares the group. the two groups then decide to leave, but anna and damini convince them to stay for the birthday celebration, and the group makes amends. the four find that gopal has fallen in love with damini and force him to confess his feelings. pappi arrives and reveals that the girl they assumed to be damini is actually khushi, who is dead, while the real damini is pappi's girlfriend. the boys get terrified and try to escape the house along with pappi, babli bhai and vasooli bhai after damini confesses it herself. anna arrives and stops them and explains to them that the ghost is none other than their childhood friend khushi.
a flashback narrated by khushi explains how her boyfriend, nikhil surana, a young businessman and jamnadas' nephew, killed him in order to obtain the orphanage in his name and demolish it for the construction of a site. upon confronting him and threatening to go to the police, khushi was strangled to death by nikhil. with the help of vasu reddy, he managed to prove the killings to be accidents. however, khushi's spirit came for help to anna, who was surprised that the boys could see khushi and eventually brought them to the house to help get justice for khushi.
back to the present.
back to the present, gopal thrashes the goons sent by vasu reddy while the rest of the boys, who wanted to stay away from the matter, get emotionally convinced to stay. they convince gopal to stop chasing the goons and later almost manage to scare vasu into confessing the truth, but nikhil arrives before they can and reveals there's no evidence to prove him guilty. this leads to a fight, during which khushi attacks and nearly kills nikhil but is calmed down by anna, and vasu convinces nikhil to confess. with the orphanage saved, khushi's spirit departs to heaven after bidding goodbye to the boys and anna.
on november 7, 2021, rohit announced that the fifth film of golmaal series will be called phir golmaal. he also announced on that same day that it will be about gopal, madhav, laxman, lucky, and their new friend, who is named vicky solving a case of them being accused of a murder as they keep on getting into trouble while solving it.
phir golmaal () is an upcoming indian hindi-language comedy movie that is the sequel to golmaal again. it will release in december 2023. it stars ajay devgn, kareena kapoor, arshad warsi, and sharman joshi. after the release of the "aankh marey" music video from ranveer singh and sara ali khan's "simmba", speculations of a fifth installment of the golmaal franchise further strengthened. in the video, the four main actors, including arshad warsi and tusshar kapoor, are seen at the end of the holding up their hands to denote the number "5." also, after the release of the fourth installment, director shetty got interested in the fifth part of the franchise. he said, after getting a right script there will definitely be another installment.
when gopal, madhav, the laxmans, lucky, and their new friend, vicky get accused of a murder, they try to solve it, but they keep on getting into trouble while doing it.
the maracaibo basin tree frog ("scarthyla vigilans") is a frog that lives in venezuela, colombia, trinidad, and parts of the caribbean.
the marvels is an upcoming american superhero movie. it is based on marvel comics. the movie features the characters carol danvers (captain marvel), kamala khan (ms. marvel), and monica rambeau. it is produced by marvel studios and distributed by walt disney studios motion pictures. the movie is the sequel to "captain marvel" (2019) and the continuation of the disney+ series "ms. marvel" (2022). it is the 31st movie in the marvel cinematic universe (mcu). the movie is directed by nia dacosta from a screenplay by megan mcdonnell. it stars brie larson as carol danvers, iman vellani as kamala khan and teyonah parris as monica rambeau.
marvel studios said they were making a sequel to "captain marvel" in july 2019. they said that development began in january 2020 with larson set to return. dacosta was hired that august. vellani and parris were said to be cast in december. filming began in mid-april 2021 in new jersey. principal photography began in august 2021. it took place at pinewood studios in buckinghamshire as well as in tropea, italy, and los angeles.
"the marvels" is scheduled to be released in the united states on february 17, 2023. it is part of of the mcu.
following the events of "ms. marvel" (2022), carol danvers, kamala khan, and monica rambeau begin swapping places with each other every time they use their powers and must team-up to figure out why.
saagar shaikh, zenobia shroff, and mohan kapur reprise their respective roles from "ms. marvel" (2022) as khan's older brother aamir, mother muneeba, and father yusuf. zawe ashton has been cast as a villain, and park seo-joon has been cast in an undisclosed role. the flerken goose, who resembles a cat, returns from the first movie.
triprion or shovel-headed tree frogs is a genus of frogs in the family hylidae. they live in mexico and guatemala. they live on the pacific side of the mountains (west side), the yucatán peninsula, and guatemala. these frogs hide in tree-holes and put their bony heads against the opening of the hole to close it.
scientists say there are three species in this genus:
the grotte mandrin is a cave near montélimar. it is near the small french town malaverne, in the drôme department. it is more like a shelter, that protects from the weather, and not really a cave. it is an archeological site: there are many well-preserved finds from the transition from the middle to upper palaeolithic. the oldest layer of finds is 120,000 years old.
it is named after the french folk hero louis mandrin. 
the abri is about southeast of malataverne town center. it is at the foot of an exposed limestone cliff at 245 m height. at the site, the valley is very narrow, only about . important traffic routes pass through there: the a7, n7, d169 and the high-speed line lgv méditerranée .
today, the grotte mandrin has a depth of . at some point part of it collapsed. today, large boulders on the slope below are still there. the covered area was originally much larger. there is an opening of about facing north. at the front, the cave has a height of about . from the middle of the cave, it gets lower. at the back, the height is about less. 
in 2013, a fence was built on the space in front of the case. in 2016, video surveillance was installed.
when he found traces bronze age settlements there in 1960, gaston etienne (1923-2010) recognized that the case was important for archaeology. etienne was a councillor in malaverne. since 1993, there have been excavations each year. since 2006, ludovic slimak - a research associate from the university of toulouse and the cnrs is overseeing these excavations. there are twelve cultural layers at the site, in 2014, seven layers had been excavated. the layers date from 42.000 bp (called early aurigacien) to 56,000 bp (la quina-mousterian).
the oldest known evidence that anatomically-modern humans (homo sapiens) were present in europe was found in the batcho kiro cave in bulgaria; this evidence is 45,820 to 43,650 years (cal bp) old. in february 2022, it was announced that part of a tooth was found at the mandrin cave. it came from a layer of the mandrin cave under and over which neanderthal remains have been recovered, but this "baby tooth" has been attributed to a child of homo sapiens. articles in the journals science, as well as in nature, said that the tooth was too badly damaged to be able to tell with certainty if it was from a neanderthal, or a human. 
a superabundant number is a type of natural number. they were defined by leonidas alaoglu and paul erdős in 1944. 
any natural number "n" is called superabundant when a certain equation is true.
in this equation, "m" is every integer less than "n". "σ" is the sum of every positive divisor of that number.
an example would be to use the number 9. for every number less than 8, the sigma is 1, 3, 4, 7, 6, 10, 8 and 16. ("σ"("m"))/"m" is 16/9. ("σ"(n))/n is equal to 13/9. 13/9 is less than 16/9. this makes 9 not a superabundant number
the first few superabundant numbers are 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 120, ... .
leonidas alaoglu and paul erdős proved that if "n" is superabundant, then there is a "k" and "a"1, "a"2, ..., "a""k" such that
where "p"i is the "i"-th prime number, and
basically, they proved that if a number is superabundant, the exponent of a larger prime number is never bigger than a smaller prime number during prime decomposition(the process of a composite number become smaller prime numbers). all primes from 0 to formula_4 are also factors of "n". the equation says that a superabundant number has to be an even integer. it also is a multiple of the "k"-th primorial formula_5
superabundant numbers are like highly composite numbers. not all superabundant numbers are highly composite numbers, though.
alaoglu and erdős observed that all superabundant numbers are also highly abundant. 
an eyeliner (sometimes written eye liner) is a type of makeup used for the eyes. it is applied around the contours of the eyes to create different aesthetic effects.
in the 20th and 21st century, the use of eye liner has also been associated with goth and punk fashion.
eye liner was first used in ancient india, ancient egypt and mesopotamia as a dark black line around the eyes. as early as 10,000 bc, egyptians and mesopotamians wore various cosmetics including eye liner not only for aesthetics but to protect the skin from the desert sun. eye liner may also have been worn to protect the wearer from the evil eye. the characteristic of having heavily lined eyes has been frequently shown in ancient egyptian art. they produced eye liner with a variety of materials, including copper ore and antimony. ancient egyptian kohl contained galena, which was imported from nearby regions in the land of punt, coptos and western asia.
in the 1960s, liquid eye liner was used to create thick black and white lines around the eyes in the make-up fashion associated with designers like mary quant. the '60s and '70s also saw new fashion trends which made use of eyeliner, eyeshadow and mascara in new ways. as goth and punk fashion developed, they employed eyeliner for a dark and dramatic effect.
tate is an american western series that aired from 8 june to 14 september, 1960 on nbc for 13 episodes and one season. it starred daniel mclean and was created by harry julian fink of dirty harry fame.
óscar garcía junyent (born 26 april 1973), player name óscar, is a former spanish professional footballer. he is now the manager of the ligue 1 club stade de reims.
he was able to play as an attacking midfielder or a second striker. most of his active career he spent with cf barcelona, but played also for espanyol (four years), albacete, lleida and valencia (one apiece). in la liga he played 169 matches and 31 goals over 12 seasons.
he played for spain national under-23 football team at the 1996 summer olympics in atlanta. he scored twice for the quarter-finalists.
maccabi tel aviv and england.
in 2009 he became member of johan cruyff's coaching staff in the catalonia national team. on 22 may 2012 he became head coach of maccabi tel aviv fc.2013 maccabi won the israel championship. garcia resigned from his post because of personal reasons.
2013 he became head coach of the football league championship team brighton & hove albion. he was november's manager of the month, with three wins and a draw. on 12 may 2014 the team was defeatet in the play-offs by derby county. his offer of resignation was accepted by the club.
2014 garcía returned to maccabi but left on 26 august due to war. then he was appointed head coach at watford. he was brought to hospital with minor chest pains on 15 september. two weeks later he resigned as head coach.
red bull salzburg.
on 28 december 2015 oscar followed peter zeidler as head coach of the austrian bundesliga team fc red bull salzburg. during his time in salzburg he won twice the double (cup and champion).
on 15 june 2017 he signed with as saint-étienne. in november after a 5–0 home loss against olympique lyonnais he left the club by mutual agreement.
2018 he became head coach of olympiacos f.c. in greece. his contract was dissolved on 3 april 2019. 
in november 2019 he took over rc celta de vigo in la liga. on the last day of the season he could held the team in the first league. on 9 november 2020, after only one win in nine matches of the new campaign, garcía was sacked. 
garcía returned to the french ligue 1 in june 2021 as head coach of stade de reims.
garcía's brothers, roger and genís were also footballers. 
maccabi tel aviv
red bull salzburg
 is a city in akita prefecture, japan. 76,077 people lived here in 2020.
francis xavier sudartanta hadisumarta o. carm. (13 december 1932 – 12 february 2022) was an indonesian roman catholic bishop. hadisumarta was born in the dutch east indies. he became a priest in 1959. he was bishop of the roman catholic diocese of malang, indonesia, from 1973 to 1988 and as bishop of the roman catholic diocese of manokwari-sorong, indonesia, from 1988 until his resignation in 2003.
sudartanta hadisumarta died on 12 february 2022, at the age of 89.
tomás osvaldo gonzález morales (20 april 1935 – 12 february 2022) was a chilean roman catholic bishop. he became a priest in 1963. he was bishop of the roman catholic diocese of punta arenas, chile from 1974 until his retirement in 2006.
gonzález morales died from covid-19 on 12 february 2022 in punta arenas at the age of 86 during the covid-19 pandemic in chile.
the atlantic charter was a statement issued on 14 august 1941. it set out american and british goals for the world after the end of world war ii.
frank carl beckmann (november 3, 1949february 12, 2022) was an german-born american broadcaster and talk radio host. he worked as a radio personality on wjr in detroit, michigan. he also was the radio play-by-play announcer for university of michigan football from 1981 to 2013.
on february 11, 2022 it was announced that beckmann was in hospice care in clarkston, michigan. he died the next day from problems caused by vascular dementia, aged 72.
the voiceless alveolar trill differs from the voiced alveolar trill in its phonation (whether or not the vocal chords are vibrating while pronouncing the sound). it is used in a few languages. in languages that also have the voiced alveolar trill, it can be a similar sound or an allophone (another way a certain sound can be pronounced).
in proto-indo-european, the sound *sr became a sound spelled , with the letter for and the diacritic for , in ancient greek. this sound was probably a voiceless alveolar trill. it became the regular word-initial (meaning "at the start of a word") allophone of in standard attic greek. this sound has disappeared in modern greek.
features of the voiceless alveolar trill:
voiceless alveolar fricative trill.
the voiceless alveolar fricative trill is not known to be a sound in any language, except maybe the east sakhalin dialect of nivkh. however, it is an allophone (another way of pronouncing a specific sound) in czech.
features of the voiceless alveolar fricative trill:
the voiceless alveolar stop is a type of consonant. the letter for this sound in the international phonetic alphabet is ⟨⟩. the x-sampa symbol for this sound is ⟨t⟩. the english language has this sound, and it is the sound represented by "t" in "tear" and "tool".
robert jackson robinson (april 26, 1927 – february 8, 2022), nicknamed "jack" or "jackie", was an american baptist pastor, theologian and college basketball player. he competed at the 1948 summer olympics, winning a gold medal. robinson was born in fort worth, texas.
robinson died on february 8, 2022 in augusta, georgia at the age of 94.
mckenna grace (born june 25, 2006) is an american actress and singer. her best known role were as jasmine bernstein in the disney xd sitcom "crash & bernstein" (2012–2014) and faith newman in the soap opera "the young and the restless" (2013–2015). she played phoebe in the 2021 movie "".
osterville is one of seven villages within the town of barnstable, massachusetts, united states.
eduardo alejandro romero (17 july 1954 – 13 february 2022) was an argentine professional golfer and politician. romero was born in córdoba, argentina. he became a professional golfer in 1982. romero first played on the european tour in 1985 and was a full member from 1988 to 2005.
in 2005 he won his first senior title at the european seniors tour's travis perkins senior masters, and he won the wentworth senior masters in both 2005 and 2006. he was mayor of villa allende, argentina between 2015 until his death.
romero died on 13 february 2022 at his home in villa allende from problems caused by cancer at the age of 67.
maria jesuína carrilho bernardo (25 november 1943 – 6 february 2022) was a portuguese politician. she was a member of the socialist party. she was in the assembly of the republic from 1995 to 1999 and again from 2005 to 2009. she was also a member of the european parliament from 1999 to 2004. carrilho was born in beja, portugal.
carrilho died in lisbon, portugal on 6 february 2022 at the age of 78.
kurt jara (born 14 october 1950) is an austrian football manager and former player. he played as midfielder in different european leagues.
he started his professional career with fc wacker innsbruck. then he went to spain and played for valencia cf (1973) . 1975 he went to the german bundesliga team msv duisburg where he played five seasonshe reached the uefa cup semi-finals in 1979. after one season with fc schalke 04 he ended his career in the swiss super league with grasshopper. 
he made his debut for austria in a july 1971 friendly match in sao paulo against brazil and played at the 1978 and 1982 world cups. he played 59 matches for the team and scored 14 goals. his last international was an april 1985 world cup qualification match against hungary.
he coached the swiss clubs grasshopper, fc st. gallen and fc zürich, the austrian teams vfb mödling and fc tirol innsbruck, the greece club xanthi, apoel from cyprus and the german bundesliga teams hamburger sv and 1. fc kaiserslautern. in the season 2005–06 he was the manager of red bull salzburg but was sacked due to transfer discrepancies. since then he is retired.
ray erskine parker jr. (born may 1, 1954) is an american musician, singer-songwriter, and record producer. he is known for writing and performing the theme song to the 1984 movie "ghostbusters". he is also known for his 1982 song "the other woman".
chester is a census-designated place (cdp) in chesterfield county, virginia, united states. the population was 20,987 at the 2010 census.
francesco samà (2 july 1940 – 10 february 2022) was an italian politician. he was a member of the italian communist party. he was in the chamber of deputies from 1983 to 1992. samà was also the mayor of melissa from 1964 until 1970. he was born in melissa.
samà died in crotone, italy on 10 february 2022 at the age of 81.
melissa (calabrian: ) is a "comune" in the province of crotone, in calabria. 
the voiced alveolar stop is a type of consonant. the letter for this sound in the international phonetic alphabet is ⟨⟩. the x-sampa symbol for this sound is ⟨d⟩. the english language has this sound, and it is the sound represented by "d" in "dear" and "desk".
songs of experience is the 12th album by irish rock band, u2. it was released on 2017. the photo on the album cover shows bono's son eli and the edge's daughter sian holding hands. the photo is by anton corbijn. 
the financial model for a start-up is an exercise in creativity and forward-thinking. it’s an opportunity for entrepreneurs to let their imagination run wild, finally voicing their visions on paper. as startups are generally risky investments, the financial model is a tool that helps investors evaluate the venture before committing funds. the main purpose of the startup financial model is to show investors that your company can reach profitability within a reasonable time frame and make them enough money to justify their investment.
financial modeling is an integral part of the startup world. you can use models to predict future growth, understand the impact of certain decisions, and help raise funding. it's also a great tool to see how sensitive your business is to certain assumptions. you can change certain inputs to see how they affect your bottom line or different stages in your model. models are also good tools for learning about new industries and understanding valuations (if you're looking at acquiring another business).
financial models are mathematical representations of a financial situation. they can range from simple to complex, depending on the purpose and users of the model. different model types are appropriate for different purposes, such as long-term strategic planning or annual budgeting.
a company may use several different types of models at the same time. for example, a company may have a long-term strategic plan that it uses to inform its capital investment decisions, but it will also create an annual budget model to plan out how much cash it expects to spend and earn over the course of the year.
financial modeling for startups.
financial modelling for startups is the creation of a financial representation of a startup business. it's used to forecast future cash flows and profitability.
financial modelling is often used to assess a company's current financial health, its valuation and its potential for future growth. financial modeling for startups is often used to prepare a document known as a pitch deck. this document is presented to investors and contains information such as: the company's business model, its target market, how it will make money, founders' backgrounds and its revenue projections.
a financial model is not complete without a full set of business assumptions that make up the model. these assumptions are typically broken down by revenue, cost of goods sold (cogs), operating expenses, depreciation and amortization (d&a) and capital expenditures (capex). the process of building a startup financial model is usually referred to as financial modeling.
the heavenly play () is a 1942 swedish drama movie directed by alf sjöberg and starring rune lindström, eivor lindström, anders henrikson, holger löwenadler, gudrun brost, arnold sjöstrand, emil fjellström, hugo björne.
the national advisory committee for aeronautics (naca) was a united states federal agency. it was founded on march 3, 1915. the agency researched flight technology and aircraft. on october 1, 1958, the agency was dissolved. its employees were moved to the national aeronautics and space administration (nasa).
naca was founded on march 3, 1915. at that time, technology and culture were changing quickly. american flight technology was not as advanced as europe's. the american public had mixed feelings about flight technology. some people thought that flying was dangerous and foolish. some thought that it was an important achievement in technology. but in europe, people were more confident in flight technology. 
when world war i started in europe, the europeans were already using advanced flight technology. the germans used airships to bomb british cities. airplanes were used to spy on enemies. this worried the americans, who realized that their flight technology is behind europe's. in response, the federal government of the united states created naca on march 3, 1915.
by the 1920s, the naca's mission was to promote military and civilian flight. the naca did this by researching new flight technologies. to help this research, the naca built many testing facilities. this included wind tunnels, test stands, and flight test facilities. the agency received a budget of $5000 in 1915. 
world war ii.
the naca was involved in world war ii. they helped research many flight technologies. a lot of the research that the naca did before world war ii was used to make american fighter planes fly better. they researched how to reduce drag. drag slows down airplanes when moving in the air. they also researched how to stop the propellers of the plane from freezing. 
on november 21, 1957, hugh dryden, naca's director, established the special committee on space technology. this committee was created to help develop a space program.
beyond rangoon is a 1995 american british burmese adventure drama movie directed by john boorman and starring patricia arquette, frances mcdormand, jit murad, adelle lutz, johnny cheah, victor slezak, spalding gray, hani mohsin. it was distributed by columbia pictures.
the jaboticatubas tree frog ("bokermannohyla nanuzae") is a frog that lives in brazil. it lives in the serra do espinhaço and serra da mantiqueira.
maithils (tirhuta: মৈথিল, devanagari: मैथिल), also known as maithili people, are an indo-aryan ethno-linguistic group from the indian subcontinent. they speak the maithili language as their native language.
the yucatán shovel-headed tree frog, yucatan casque-headed tree frog, or yucatan casquehead tree frog ("triprion petasatus") is a frog that lives in mexico and guatemala. scientists also saw it just once in honduras.
the adult male frog is 48.1 to 60.8 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 65.0 to 75.2 mm long. it is named after its large, bony head, which looks like a hat or helmet. the adult male frog is olive green. the adult female frog is light brown or green-brown. there are dark brown or black marks on the back and legs. some frogs have silver marks on their backs and head. the frogs have yellow color on their sides or red brown on their back legs. the belly is white and tan.
this frog lays eggs when the weather is rainy. the female lays eggs in shallow water. when the weather is dry or the sun is hot, this frog goes to a hole in a tree. it puts its body inside and its head against the hole.
this frog is not in danger of dying out but there are fewer of them than there were. this is because human beings change the places where the frog lives. human beings cut down the forests for wood, farms, towns, and places for animals to eat grass.
quendorf is a rural community belonging to the joint community of schüttorf in southwestern lower saxony. the community is made up of several settlements and scattered farms. in 1971, quendorf joined the town of schüttorf along with the communities of drievorden (combined with engden since 1974), engden, neerlage (combined with isterberg since 1974), ohne, samern, suddendorf and wengsel (amalgamated with isterberg since 1974) into the joint community of schüttorf.
ringe is a community in the county of bentheim in lower saxony, germany.
ringe has about 2,000 residents and belongs to the joint community ("samtgemeinde") of emlichheim. the community has the three centres of großringe, kleinringe and neugnadenfeld.
through the community of ringe flows the river vechte, which downstream, at laar, crosses the border into the netherlands.
samern is a community in the county of bentheim in lower saxony, germany.
samern is between nordhorn and steinfurt on the boundary with north rhine-westphalia. the community belongs to the joint community ("samtgemeinde") of schüttorf whose administrative seat is in the like-named town.
schüttorf is a town in the county of bentheim in southwesternmost lower saxony near the dutch border and the boundary with westphalia (north rhine-westphalia). the town of schüttorf forms with the surrounding communities the joint community ("samtgemeinde") of schüttorf. it is on the river vechte, about 5 km east of bad bentheim, and 20 km southeast of nordhorn.
place and landscape description.
the town of schüttorf is in southwesternmost lower saxony and in the westernmost part of the federal republic of germany. it is about 10 km to the dutch border. it is in a transitional zone between the emsland and westphalia.
the town is crossed through the middle southeast to northwest by the river vechte, which farther downstream flows into the netherlands. the town's highest point rises to 48 m above sea level. schüttorf is in the foothills of the "bentheimer berg", a great sandstone formation from the cretaceous rising to 80 m and a wooded western outlier of the teutoburg forest. only a small piece of the bentheim forest is in the town. all together, about 89 ha of woodland is found within the town, making up 8% of the town's total land area.
the town of schüttorf mainly borders on other members of the joint community, namely samern in the southeast, quendorf in the northwest and engden in the north. within the district of the county of bentheim, schüttorf borders on the town of bad bentheim in the west. in the east, the town limit is also part of the boundary with the neighbouring district of emsland, bordering there on ahlde, an outlying centre of the community of emsbüren. there is found – only 2 km from schüttorf – a small conservation area with a heath pond.
uelsen () is a community in the county of bentheim in lower saxony. 
the community of uelsen is in westernmost lower saxony, on the border with the kingdom of the netherlands, roughly 30 km north of enschede and 15 km northwest of nordhorn.
wielen is a small village in the county of bentheim in lower saxony, germany, and belongs to the joint community ("samtgemeinde") of uelsen.
along with the namesake "ortsteil", there are outlying centres named balderhaar, striepe and vennebrügge.
wietmarschen is a unitary community ("einheitsgemeinde") in the county of bentheim in lower saxony, germany. it is split into the villages of wietmarschen, füchtenfeld, schwartenpohl, lohnerbruch, nordlohne and lohne with lohne being the biggest and having the town hall while wietmarschen, which is the second biggest, having the name.
wietmarschen is about west of lingen, and northeast of nordhorn. the community's highest elevation is the rupingberg in lohne at above sea level. there are plans to construct a viewing tower on it.
the community is divided into six districts named wietmarschen, füchtenfeld, schwartenpohl, lohnerbruch, nordlohne and lohne.
mortagne-au-perche, france became a partner community of wietmarschen on 2 july 1989.
highly abundant numbers are a type of natural number. any natural number "n" is called highly abundant when a certain equation is true.
in this equation, "m" is every integer less than "n". "σ" is the sum of every positive divisor of that number.
an example would be to use the number 5. "σ" of 5 is 5 + 1 = 6. every "σ" less than 5, however, is 4 + 2 + 1 = 7. 7 is greater than 6. this makes 5 not a highly abundant number.
highly abundant numbers were first learned about by subbayya sivasankaranarayana pillai in 1943. work on the subject was done by paul erdős and leonidas alaoglu in 1944. alaoglu and erdős discovered every highly abundant number up to 104. they also showed that the number of highly abundant numbers less than "n" is proportional to log2 "n".
the first few highly abundant numbers are
there are only two odd highly abundant numbers. they are 1 and 3.
similarities with other numbers.
the first eight factorials are highly abundant. however, not all factorials are highly abundant. for example,
but there is a smaller number with larger sum of divisors,
this makes 9! is not highly abundant.
alaoglu and erdős discovered that all superabundant numbers are also highly abundant. there are, however, an infinite number of highly abundant numbers that are not superabundant numbers. this was proven by jean-louis nicolas in 1969.
7200 is the largest powerful number that is also highly abundant. this is because every highly abundant number that is larger has a prime factor that divides them only once.
yasser seirawan (; born march 24, 1960) is an american chess grandmaster. he has been the united states champion four times. seirawan won the world junior chess championship in 1979. he has also written books about chess.
the 1997 algarve cup was the fourth edition of the algarve cup, an invitational women's association football tournament. it took place between 10 and 16 march 1997 in portugal with norway winning the event for the third time in its history, defeating the pr china, 1-0 in the final-game. sweden ended up third defeating denmark, 6-5 following a penalty shootout, in the third prize-game.
horrabridge is a village in west devon, england. in 2011, there were 3,115 people living in horrabridge. it is about north of the city of plymouth and south of tavistock and is in the dartmoor national park. 
the main river in horrabridge is the river walkham, which is famous for its salmon.
the village is named after a 15th century horse bridge.
gundala or "gundala putra petir/gundala, son of the lightning", "black lightning" in philippines, is a 1981 indonesian science fiction action fantasy superhero movie directed by liliek sudjio, the character is based on the comic character of the same name. the film will be a remake in early 2019. 
sancoko by creating an anti-lightning serum causes to his body by a resistant to by his god of lightning turns him into gundala.
wilsum is a community in the county of bentheim in lower saxony, germany near the dutch border, and it belongs to the joint community ("samtgemeinde") of uelsen.
uelsen is a "samtgemeinde" ("collective municipality") in bentheim, in lower saxony, germany. its seat is in the municipality uelsen.
the "samtgemeinde" uelsen has the following municipalities:
neuenhaus is a "samtgemeinde" ("collective municipality") in bentheim, in lower saxony, germany. its seat is in the municipality neuenhaus.
the "samtgemeinde" neuenhaus has the following municipalities:
schüttorf is a "samtgemeinde" ("collective municipality") in the county of bentheim, in lower saxony, germany. its seat is in the municipality schüttorf.
adelheidsdorf is a municipality in celle, in lower saxony, germany.
ahnsbeck is a municipality in celle, in lower saxony, germany. it is at the southern border of the lüneburg heath, 10 km eastern of the city of celle. it is part of the collective municipality of lachendorf.
beedenbostel is a municipality in celle, in lower saxony, germany.
bergen is a town in the north of celle on the lüneburg heath, in lower saxony, germany. administratively it acts as a municipal borough divided into 12 subordinate parishes based on the town and its surrounding villages: becklingen, belsen, bergen, bleckmar, diesten, dohnsen, eversen, hagen, hassel, offen, sülze and wardböhmen.
bergen is in the north of celle on the lüneburg heath, in lower saxony, germany. the bundesstraße 3 (b3) passed through the municipal territory from north to south.
bergen maintains partnerships with the towns of:
pembroke & pembroke dock in wales
hendrik-ido-ambacht in the netherlands
śrem in poland
it also partners with the home county ("heimatkreis") of:
szubin (1941–1945 altburgund) in poland adopted the town of bergen in 1956. there often used to be more than 1,000 participants at the annual meeting of the previous home county of altburgund-schubin.
in addition the town of bergen has friendly relations with the following:
rožnov pod radhoštěm in the czech republic
ottendorf-okrilla in the county of bautzen in saxony
pembroke (malta) in malta
in math, a primitive abundant number is a special kind of abundant number. its proper divisors, however, must all be deficient numbers(numbers whose sum of proper divisors are less than 2 times that number).
for example, 20 is a primitive abundant number because:
the first few primitive abundant numbers are 20, 70, 88, 104, 272, 304, 368, 464, 550, 572 ... 
the smallest odd primitive abundant number is 945.
every multiple of a primitive abundant number is abundant .
every abundant number is a multiple of either a primitive abundant number or a multiple of a perfect number.
every primitive abundant number is either a primitive semiperfect number or a weird number.
there is an infinite amount of primitive abundant numbers.
the polynesian narrative or polynesian mythology are the oral traditions of the polynesian people.
palembangese or palembang malay (palembang: "uwong pelémbang") are indigenous ethnic group native to the palembang regions in southern sumatra, indonesia. there are around 3,800,000 palembang living in indonesia.
the palembang culture is one of the oldest civilisations in indonesia. especially they flourished in the southern hempishere of sumatra.
according to its prominent role, the palembang malay people are categorized under two classifications. they are the "wong jero/wong jeroo" ( 'aristocrats') and "wong jabo" ( 'regular people'). palembangese noble titles are highly influenced by the javanese nobility system due to the javanese royals relationship with the palembangese royals.
teuku iskandar is an indonesian scholar, literary critic, and lexicographer. teuku iskandar is one of the native indonesians (acehnese) who are eager to explore the books that record the sumatra's civilizations (mainly acehnese and malay). 
teuku iskandar was born at trienggadeng, pidie, aceh (part of modern-day indonesia). he is a native acehnese who was born to a father who are an "uleebalang" ( 'district chief' in acehnese) in aceh. 
in 1947, a day after queen juliana appointed as regent, the 18-year-old teuku iskandar was able to continue his study at leiden university in leiden (part of netherlands. 
in 1955, he earned his doctorate from leiden university with a dissertation which was later published as a book, "de hikajat atjeh" ( 'acehnese annals'). topics related to aceh has became his personal interest, which also became his dissertation. his insterest is mainly driven by his personal background because at that time he was part of the first generation of acehnese who studied at leiden university. moreover, at that time there were not as many acehnese books written by native indonesians. in addition, teuku iskandar adore the acehnese culture so much, as he told to his children.
in the 1960s, teuku iskandar asked by sukarno (the first president of indonesia) to be part of the founders of a state university in aceh which later known as syiah kuala university and briefly served as the dean for the faculty of economics for several years. 
his diligence in studying malay literature and culture in sumatra attracted another countries interest, such as malaysia who had no capable scholars at that time as newly created country, he is offered to work at the "dewan pustaka dan bahasa" ( 'language and library council') of malaysia. during his tenure, teuku iskandar asked by malaysia's linguistic council to copied the "bahasa indonesia dan pembakuannya" ( 'indonesian language and its standardization') and "kamus besar bahasa indonesia" ( 'great dictionary of indonesian language') who are developed by raja ali haji (an indonesian scholar) since 19th century and anton moeliono in 1969 to re-branded and claimed it as the "kamus dewan" ( 'dictionary of malay language') that published in 1970 to became the main linguistic reference for malay language. at the same time, he was also asked by the sultan of brunei darussalam to become a lecture at the university of brunei darussalam and he received a professorship from the university. his works are still used as the main linguistic source for standard malay until nowadays. 
return to leiden.
teuku iskandar later returned to leiden to give lecture. at his alma mater (leiden university), he became a professor for acehnese and malay literature, and also gave special classes in the acehnese language. as a acehnese lover, he also continues to produce his works related to aceh including the catalog of acehnese manuscripts compiled with voorhoeve, two large volumes of the catalog of malay, minangkabau and south sumatra, and manuscripts in the netherlands. 
perspectives from his daughters.
studying classical literary manuscripts is a job that not many people can do. it takes passion, perseverance, thoroughness and high concentration. but indeed, such qualities seem to be attached to teuku iskandar. "dad really likes history and art", said tjut njak ubit iskandar who are the second daughter of teuku iskandar. teuku iskandar is very thorough even in reading the books he referenced. 
as a close daughter, tjut njak ubit iskandar often found his father's handwritten notes in reference books, which indicated that the information in the books could be referenced or questioned. ubit also said that his father is the type of person who reads and contemplates a lot. despite his abundant knowledge, he is not an 'outsider' or talkative person. not all of his interlocutors can also make him interested in talking. but if he meets someone he thinks is sharp-minded, this father of three will be an extraordinary storyteller. “when there is a moment like that, my mother usually asks me to bring a recording device to save the interesting conversation,” recalls ubit. 
teuku iskandar is also a scholar and person who holds principles. he's not the kind of person who wants to please others but rather be himself. in ubit's eyes, his father was not interested in politics even though he loved sumatran (especially acehnese and malay) culture very much, he was an intellectual who carried himself as a citizen of the world. also not many people know that teuku iskandar is very fond of architectural history. according to ubit, it can be said that his father's first love was precisely in architecture. however, because his chemistry skills were not sufficient to become a scholar of architecture, he then chose to study literature. 
teuku iskandar's passion for architecture can be found in his residence in jakarta which he designed himself. he also built a rest house with an english garden-style garden in bogor, which he also designed his own architecture. at his home in the netherlands, teuku iskandar designed a fireplace made of wood from a bridge from the 17th century with acehnese decorations. one of his other hobbies is sketching. teuku also once conveyed his dream to his sons and daughters, he wanted to build a farmhouse in aceh. "i have a dream (to develop) in aceh", ubit remembers his father. 
in one of his works, a book that discusses "bustanas-salatin" by nuruddin ar-ranniry, teuku iskandar asked ubit to translate it into english. for years, father and daughter studied books by 17th century clerics who were read by scholars and sultans in the kingdom of aceh. for ubit, it was a wonderful experience that was unforgettable. 
as a respected scholar (mainly in indonesia), teuku iskandar is a very down-to-earth person. cut rosmanida, his first daughter who lived in medan, said, “father is a humble and simple person. his demeanor is mediocre. when you go home to aceh, you always ask for acehnese food to be cooked. he likes all acehnese dishes.” a valuable lesson from his father that he always reminded him to be proud to be acehnese and proud to speak acehnese language. 
teuku iskandar awarded with the ‘"satyalancana budaya"’ award by the national government of the republic indonesia due to his revolutionary and persistent works especially in terms of sumatra's linguistic and culture (mainly acehnese and malay). responding to the award given by the government to his father, cut rosmanida expressed his gratitude. “i am happy and excited that my dad are one of the recipients of the award. i thank god and thank the government (for these honour)", said cut rosmanida beaming. 
borislav ivkov (november 12, 1933 – february 14, 2022) was a serbian chess grandmaster. he was a world championship candidate in 1965. he played in four more interzonal tournaments, in 1967, 1970, 1973, and 1979. ivkov was born in belgrade, then-yugoslavia. he was a three-time yugoslav champion (1958, 1963, 1972) and was the first world junior champion in 1951.
ivkov died on february 14, 2022 at the age of 88.
berit berthelsen ( tøien, 25 april 1944 – 13 february 2022) was a norwegian athlete. she represented il tyrving. he also was part of the national team. she was known for participating in long jump and sprints events. she finished seventh at the 1964 summer olympics and ninth at the 1968 summer olympics. she won a bronze medal at the 1969 european athletics championships.
berthelsen died on 13 february 2022, at the age of 77.
in math, an almost perfect number (also called slightly defective or least deficient number) is a type of natural number "n". the sum of "n"'s divisors must be equal to 2"n" − 1. every known almost perfect number is a power of 2 and has non-negative exponents .
for example, the divisors of 32 are 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32. the sum of those is 63. 32 ⋅ 2 - 1 is 63. this makes 32 an almost perfect number.
the only known odd almost perfect number 1. an odd almost perfect number that's not 1 is possible. it would, however, have to have six prime factors.
daniel passent (28 april 1938 – 14 february 2022) was a polish journalist, politician and writer. he was the author of the "en passant" blog, which was appearing as a column in a polish weekly "polityka". passent was born in modern-day ivano-frankivsk, ukraine. passent was the ambassador of chile from 1997 until 2002.
passent died on 14 february 2022, at the age of 83.
željko mijač (13 january 1954 – 14 february 2022) was a croatian football manager and player.
during his playing career he played with hnk hajduk split (1974–76; 43/10) and nk rijeka (1976–81; 72/7) in the yugoslav first league. he ended his career playing in italy in 1987.
mijač was the coach of standard de liège during 1999. he then worked as assistant coach of bahrain national team, hajduk split, persepolis and rah ahan.
mijač died on 14 february 2022, at the age of 68.
aled roberts (17 may 1962 – 13 february 2022) was a welsh politician. he was born in rhosllannerchrugog, wrexham. he was an elected member of the national assembly for wales from 2011 until 2016. he was a member of the welsh liberal democrats party. 
on 1 april 2019 he was appointed welsh language commissioner by the welsh government.
roberts died on 13 february 2022, at the age of 59.
rhosllanerchrugog (also spelled rhosllannerchrugog, ), is a large village and community in wrexham county borough, wales. it lies within the historic county of denbighshire. it had a population of 25,362.
roy nolan williams jr. (august 15, 1941 – february 12, 2022) was an american politician. williams was born in dale county, alabama. he taught school in virginia and in florida. he was a member of the alabama house of representatives from 1975 until 1995. 
williams died on february 12, 2022 in newton, alabama at the age of 80.
theodore tobias mappus jr. (july 20, 1926 – february 11, 2022) was an american politician. mappus was born in charleston, south carolina. he was in the south carolina house of representatives from 1987 to 1991 and was a republican. 
mappus died on february 11, 2022 in charleston at the age of 95.
thomas ferguson mccormick (january 2, 1926 – february 10, 2022) was an american politician. mccormick was born in brooklyn, new york. he was elected to the new hampshire house of representatives in 2002 as a republican, and lost his re-election bid in 2004. 
mccormick died on february 10, 2022, at the age of 96 at his home in new london, new hampshire.
new london is a town in merrimack county, new hampshire, united states. the population was 4,400 at the 2020 census.
valerio carrara (3 march 1951 – 9 february 2022) was an italian politician. he was a member of italy of values, forza italia, and the people of freedom. he was in the senate of the republic from 2001 to 2013. carrara was born in oltre il colle, italy.
carrara died in seriate, italy on 9 february 2022, at the age of 70.
oltre il colle (bergamasque: ) is a "comune" (municipality) in the province of bergamo in the italian region of lombardy. it is located about northeast of milan and about northeast of bergamo.
seriate ( bergamasque: [] ) is a "comune" (municipality) in the province of bergamo in the italian region of lombardy. it is located about northeast of milan and about southeast of bergamo.
hans-ulrich klose (29 march 1935 – 7 february 2022) was a german politician. he was a member of the christian democratic union of germany. he was in the landtag of north rhine-westphalia from 1985 to 2005. 
klose died in korschenbroich, germany on 7 february 2022, at the age of 86.
korschenbroich is a city in the rhein-kreis neuss, in north rhine-westphalia, germany.
 was a japanese politician. he was a member of the liberal democratic party. matsuda was a member of the house of councillors from 1998 until 2010. he was born in gifu city, japan. matsuda was elected to the house of representatives for the first time in 1986. after losing his seat in 1996, he was elected to the house of councillors for the first time in 1998. 
matsuda died from problems caused by hypoglycemia on 3 february 2022 in gifu city, at the age of 84.
paul william danahy jr. (april 19, 1928 – february 1, 2022) was an american democratic politician and lawyer. he was in the florida house of representatives from 1967 to 1974. he was later a judge on the florida district court of appeals. danahy was born in hopkinton, massachusetts.
danahy died in tampa, florida on february 1, 2022, at the age of 93.
hopkinton is a town in middlesex county, massachusetts, united states. at the 2020 census, the town had a population of 18,758.
the following is a list of deaths that happened in 2022. for deaths that should be noted before the month that the world is in, please see "months". names under each date are noted in the order of the alphabet by last name or pseudonym. deaths of non-humans are noted here also if it is worth noting.
each listing of death must have a source. if no reference is included, the death notice will be removed. the following are the requirements of adding a name to the list in its order: name, age, where they came from, what the person is known for, cause of death (if known), and a source.
david edward fuller (july 28, 1941 – february 5, 2022) was an american politician. fuller was born in helena, montana. he was a democrat. fuller was in the montana senate from 1983 until 1987.
fuller died on february 5, 2022 in east helena, montana from problems caused by covid-19 at the age of 80.
centre-sud is a region of burkina faso. the capital city is manga. three provinces make up the region - bazèga, nahouri, and zoundwéogo.
"the blue and the gray" is the thirteenth episode of the twenty-second season of "the simpsons". it was first shown on television on the fox network on february 13, 2011. the episode was watched by 5.618 million people when it was first shown on television.
moe spends valentine's day alone again, so he goes to a seminar led by a man named dr. kissingher so he may get more condifence in getting women. moe wants homer to be his wingman, to help him with getting women. while this happens, marge starts getting gray hair. she finds out that her hair was always gray, and the fumes from the chemicals she uses make her forget. she sees a couple in gray hair, so she does not worry. she surprises the family and the neighborhood with her gray hair. bart gets annoyed when the neighborhood teases marge for her gray hair, and marge is annoyed because the women in the neighborhood think she is older than she really is.
homer tells marge that she is her "silver bellie" to make her feel better, but he spends more time helping moe get women to avoid looking at her. homer becomes popular with the women he helps moe with. patty and selma tell marge that homer would not try to be clever if he really liked marge's new hair. two women behind them talk about homer at a club, making marge jealous. while she tries to go over to the club, a couple of accidents make her look like a witch. when marge gets to the club, she confronts homer with a crowd of women near him. homer helps marge figure out that he only likes her and shows that he still loves her. after this, marge changes her hair color back to blue, but homer dyes his hair blue as well.
eric hochberger called the episode a "funny, mediocre episode." rob lazebnik was nominated at the writers guild of america award for outstanding writing in animation at the 64th writers guild of america awards for writing the episode.
est is a region in burkina faso. the capital city is fada n'gourma. it was created on 2 july 2001.
five provinces make up the region—gnagna, gourma, komondjari, kompienga, and tapoa.
kruisem is a municipality in the belgian province of east flanders. it was created on 1 january 2019 when the municipalities of kruishoutem and zingem joined together to become the new municipality of kruisem.
the new municipality has an area of and more than 15,000 people.
hauts-bassins is a region in burkina faso. the capital city is bobo-dioulasso. 
it was created on 2 july 2001. three provinces make up the region — houet, kénédougou, and tuy.
nord is a region in burkina faso. the capital city is ouahigouya. 
it was created on 2 july 2001. four provinces make up the region — loroum, passoré, yatenga, and zondoma.
plateau-central is a region in burkina faso. the capital city is ziniaré. 
it was created on 2 july 2001. three provinces make up the region—ganzourgou, kourwéogo, and oubritenga.
sahel is a region in burkina faso. the capital city is dori. 
it was created on 2 july 2001. there are four provinces — oudalan, séno, soum, and yagha.
sud-ouest is a region in burkina faso. the capital city is gaoua. 
it was created on july 2, 2001. there are four provinces — bougouriba, ioba, noumbiel, and poni.
grays harbor county is a county in the u.s. state of washington. the county seat is montesano, and the largest city is aberdeen. 72,797 people lived there at the 2010 census.
kitsap county is a county in the u.s. state of washington. the county seat is port orchard. 251,133 people lived there at the 2010 census. the county was founded on january 16, 1857.
port orchard is a city in the state of washington.
mabton is a city in the state of washington.
buffalo is a village in illinois in the united states.
bull valley is a village in illinois in the united states.
bush is a village in illinois in the united states.
bubanza is one of the 18 provinces of burundi. the capital city is also named bubanza.
it is divided administratively into 5 communes:
bujumbura mairie province is one of the eighteen provinces of burundi. it consists entirely of the city bujumbura, burundi's former capital.
in 2000, the province encompassing bujumbura was separated into two provinces, bujumbura rural province and bunjumbura mairie.
the city of bujumbura is divided into three communes (as of 2014). the communes are then divided into 13 neighborhoods. the communes are muha, mukaza and ntahangwa.
bujumbura rural province is one of the 18 provinces of burundi. the capital city is isale.
the province surrounds the former national capital bujumbura. in 2000, the province encompassing bujumbura was separated into two provinces, bujumbura rural province and bunjumbura mairie province.
former president of burundi cyprien ntaryamira was born here.
bujumbura rural province has nine communes:
bururi province is one of the eighteen provinces of burundi. the capital city is bururi.
bururi province is home to the bururi forest nature reserve. the ruvyironza river starts in the province.
bururi is divided into the following communes:
cankuzo province is one of the 18 provinces of burundi. the capital city is cankuzo.
cankuzo province is divided into five communes. each is governed by an elected 25-member council.
cibitoke province is one of the 18 provinces of burundi. the capital city is also named cibitoke.
it is divided into the following communes:
gitega is one of the 18 provinces of burundi. its capital city is gitega, which is also the national capital.
burundi national museum is in the province.
gitega province is divided into 11 communes:
karuzi province is one of the 18 provinces of burundi. the capital city is also named karuzi.
it is divided into the following communes:
kayanza province is one of the 18 provinces of burundi. its capital city is also named kayanza.
it is divided into the following communes:
kirundo province is one of the 18 provinces in burundi. the capital city is also named kirundo.
kirundo has three big lakes: cohoha, rweru, and rwihinda.
it is divided administratively into the following communes:
makamba province is a province in burundi. the capital city is also named makamba.
it is divided into the following communes:
muramvya province is one of the 18 provinces in burundi. the capital city is muramvya.
muramvya province was one of two provinces that were created in 2002 as a result of splitting the muramvya province. the other province was named mwaro province.
it is divided into the following communes:
muyinga province is one of the 18 provinces of burundi. the capital city is also named muyinga.
it is divided into the following communes:
in book publishing, an anthology is a collection of literary works. it may be a collection of plays, poems, short stories or songs.
in genre fiction, the term "anthology" is often used to group together a number of shorter works. these may be short stories or television programs, the items are often written by different authors but they can be by the same person. anthologies have unrelated groups of characters and settings. an anthrology is normally collected into a single item such as a book for publication. complete collections of works are often called "complete works" or "" (latin version).
the word was first used in the english language in the 17th century. it comes from the greek word, 
mwaro province is one of the 18 provinces of burundi. its capital is mwaro.
mwaro province one of two provinces that were created in 2002 as a result of splitting the muramvya province. the other province kept the name of muramvya.
it is divided into the following communes:
ngozi province is one of the 18 provinces of burundi. the capital city is also named ngozi.
the name ngozi means "blessing".
it is divided into the following communes:
rumonge province is one of the 18 provinces in burundi. the capital city is also named rumonge.
it was created on 26 march 2015. rumonge is on the shore of lake tanganyika. the rumonge nature reserve and kigwena nature reserve are in the province.
rumonge province has the following communes:
rutana province is one of the 18 provinces of burundi. the capital city is also named rutana.
it has the kagera waterfalls, and the nyakazu fault. 
it is divided into the following communes:
ruyigi province is one of the 18 provinces in burundi. the capital city is also named ruyigi.
it is divided into the following communes:
funimation productions, llc is an american entertainment company. it is well known for dubbing and releasing content made outside the united states, especially with anime. sony owns 95% of the company. this ownership is shared between sony pictures and sony music entertainment japan. the other 5% is owned by gen fukunaga, who is one of funimation's founders. the company is based in flower mound, texas. it is one of the most important companies in north america that release anime and other foreign entertainment.
the company was created on 9 may 1994 by gen fukunaga and his wife, cindy. the original name of the company during this time was funimation productions. later, in 2005, navarre corporation bought the company. it was also renamed funimation entertainment. in 2011, funimation was sold to a group of investors by navarre.
campo ma'an national park is a national park of cameroon. it is in the south region in the océan department. it covers 64,064 hectare.
the park was created in 2000 by combining the campo wildlife reserve and the ma’an production reserve.
the biodiversity of the area has wide range of plants and animals species including several taxonomic endemics. the mammal species reported are 87. these include elephants, lowland gorillas, chimpanzees, hippos, giant pangolins, black colobus, mandrills and leopards. reptile species reported are 122, and fish species are 165. it also has more than 300 bird species.
vice-president of the comoros was a political position in the comoros. vice-presidents were appointed by the president. 
from 2002 to 2011, the presidency and the positions of the two vice-presidents were rotated between the three islands, grande comore, anjouan and mohéli. from 2011 to 2019, there were three vice-presidents, one from each of the islands. the positions of vice-presidents ended in may 2019.
history of the office holders follows.
monkaen kaenkoon (, birth name : kittikhun boonkhamchun) is a singer from the isan area of thailand. known mostly for the luk thung and mor lam styles, he started on stage in 2008 from label gmm grammy
eric franciscus maria verdonk (28 may 1959 – 3 april 2020) was a new zealand rower. he won a bronze medal at the 1988 summer olympics in the single sculls. he also competed at the 1992 summer olympics. at the 1986 commonwealth games in edinburgh, he won a bronze medal. he was born in taihape, manawatū-whanganui.
verdonk died of cancer on 3 april 2020 in auckland. he was 60.
banteay meanchey is a province ("khaet") of cambodia. the capital city is serei saophoan.
"banteay meanchey" means "fortress of victory" in khmer. the tonlé sap biosphere reserve is in the province. the main rivers are the mongkol borei and the sisophon rivers.
the province is divided into 7 districts and 2 municipalities:
siriporn ampaipong (alternative spelling: siriporn umpaipong; ; , birth name sirima amken; ; ; born monday december 7, 1964) is a "mor lam" and "luk thung" singer from the isan region of thailand.
siriporn ampaipong was born into a family of "mor lam" singers in udon thani province. most of her songs are sentimental ballads. she has released eight hit albums between 2001 and 2004, and is regarded as one of thailand's most popular folk singers.
battambang is a province ("khaet") of cambodia. its capital and largest city is battambang.
the tonlé sap biosphere reserve is in the province. the temples wat ek phnom and wat banan are also here. seventy five percent of the area is jungles and mountains. the area has a tropical climate.
battambang is divided into 13 districts and one municipality:
kampong cham is a province ("khaet") of cambodia. its capital and largest city is also named kampong cham.
kampong cham was divided into two provinces on 31 december 2013. all land west of the mekong river remained kampong cham. land east of the river became tboung khmum province.
there are 9 districts and 1 municipality:
barbara rütting (born waltraud irmgard goltz; 21 november 1927 – 28 march 2020) was a german actress, politician and author. she appeared in 50 movies between 1952 and 1979. her notable credits include "turtledove general delivery" (1952), "the last bridge" (1954), "canaris" (1954), "the vulture wally" (1956), "town without pity" (1961) and "doctor sibelius" (1962).
rütting was also a writer of children's and lifestyle books. she was a supporter for environmental protection and animal rights. she was a member of the parties alliance 90/the greens and later v-partei3. she served in the landtag of bavaria from 2003 to 2009.
rütting was born in berlin. both of her marriages to hans rütting and heinrich graf von einsiedel ended in divorce. she died in marktheidenfeld on 28 march 2020, at the age of 92.
"band geeks" is the second part of the fifteenth episode of the second season of "spongebob squarepants". it was first shown on television on september 7, 2001. the episode played the song "sweet victory" by david glen eisley. in the episode, squidward tells a lie to his high school enemy, squilliam fancyson, that he has a marching band. he gets people from bikini bottom to join his band, but they play badly. squidward quits the band, but spongebob gets the band together and practices for a big concert. squidward thinks the concert will go wrong, but the concert is a success. the episode won the 2002 golden reel awards for best sound editing in television – animation.
squidward gets a call from his old high school enemy, squilliam fancyson. squilliam tells squidward about his very good life and that he is doing everything squidward wishes he could do. squilliam then tells squidward that his band will be performing at the bubble bowl. squidward gets jealous and lies that he has a marching band and that it will play in the bubble bowl instead. after the call, squidward quickly assembles a marching band with the people of bikini bottom.
squidward has one week to prepare a concert for the bubble bowl. the band plays badly through the training. on the first day, patrick and sandy get into a fight. on the second day, two flag twirlers are killed when they spin their flags too fast and crash into a blimp. on the third day, plankton tries to play the harmonica, but the holes are bigger than he is and he gets tired of running to each hole. on the fourth (and last) day, the band plays too loudly, breaking the windows of the building. all of the band then gets into a fight. when class is over, squidward goes over to the doors and says that he is disappointed in the band for fighting and no longer wants his band to play in the bubble bowl. once squidward leaves, spongebob tells everyone to go through and perform at the bubble bowl to make squidward happy.
on the day of the concert, squilliam finds squidward at the bubble bowl entrance to see his band play poorly. squidward says that his band died, but all of the band show up behind squidward and say they are ready to perform. they enter a dome which takes them to the bubble bowl field. squidward starts conducting with fear that the band will play poorly, but they play successfully. the band performs a song called "sweet victory." at the end of the episode, squilliam faints and squidward leaps in the air with a cheerful face.
the episode is largely said to be one of the best episodes of the show. tom kenny, the voice of spongebob, said it is one of his favorite episodes. michael cavna of "the washington post" said that squidward's artistic traits and roles in the episode "made this a kids' episode that adults can experience on a whole 'nother level." "the guardian" said the episode is the second best episode of the show, behind the episode "krusty krab training video". the episode along with another season two episode, "the secret box", have the highest rating out of all of the other "spongebob squarepants" on imdb with a rating of 9.8 out of 10.
super bowl liii.
after stephen hillenburg, creator of "spongebob squarepants", died, a user on change.org started a petition for the nfl to include the featured music "sweet victory" on the halftime of super bowl liii. the petition got 1.1 million signatures on january 11, 2019. on december 18, 2018, mercedes-benz stadium, the stadium used for super bowl liii, posted a scene from the episode on their twitter page. on january 13, maroon 5 released a video on twitter that had a spongebob squarepants episode included for a second.
during the halftime show, a short animation showing squidward and the scene with the trumpet fanfare was used to introduce travis scott, a guest singer for the halftime show. many fans of spongebob were mad because the nfl did not play the full song. however, "sweet victory" increased 566% on on-demand streaming when shown on the halftime show. because of this, the song entered "billboard"'s united states hot rock songs chart at number 23 and the kid digital song sales chart at number two, behind pinkfong's "baby shark."
julia fox (born ) is an italian-american actress, filmmaker and model. she is known for her role in the thriller movie "uncut gems" (2019). fox also wrote and directed "fantasy girls". the short movie is about a group of teenage girls involved in sex work living in reno, nevada.
fox was born in milan to an italian mother and an american father. she grew up in manhattan, new york city.
julie bennett (january 24, 1932 – march 31, 2020) was an american actress. she was born in manhattan. she is best known as the voice of hanna-barbera's cindy bear on "the yogi bear show" and its feature-movie spin-off, "hey there, it's yogi bear!". bennett also voiced aunt may parker in the fox kids animated tv series "spider-man" after linda gary's death in 1995.
bennett died of problems caused by covid-19 at the age of 88 on march 31, 2020 in los angeles.
pierre bénichou (1 march 1938 – march 31, 2020) was a french journalist. he was born in oran, french algeria. he became a reporter for "jours de france" in 1961. he became the editor-in-chief of "le nouvel observateur", another magazine, in 1966. bénichou became a commander of the legion of honour on 25 march 2016.
bénichou died on 31 march 2020 in paris at the age of 82.
rüdiger nehberg, also known as 'sir vival', (4 may 1935 – 1 april 2020) was a german human rights activist, author and survival expert. he was the founder and chairman of the anti-fgm organization target. he was chairman of the organizations friends of peoples close to nature. he was born in bielefeld, germany. in september 2000, he founded the human rights organization target to prevent the practice of female genital mutilation (fgm).
nehberg died on 2 april 2020 in hamburg at the age of 84.
juan antonio giménez lópez (; 26 november 1943 – 2 april 2020) gwas an argentine comic book artist. he was born in mendoza, argentina. his best known works were "heavy metal" and "métal hurlant".
giménez died on april 2, 2020 in mendoza of covid-19 at the age of 76.
society for industrial and applied mathematics (siam) is an us-based professional non-profit organization of applied mathematicians who are working in the field of education and research of applied mathematics. they do so with publishing textbooks and academic journals, holding academic conferences, and giving awards to experts of applied mathematics.
difference between ams and siam.
ams (american mathematical society) is also an organization for american mathematicians, but siam and ams has the following differences:
journals from siam.
these are the journals currently published from siam.
textbooks from siam.
siam has published many textbooks for various fields in applied mathematics. for example, they have literature for approximation theory, numerical analysis, numerical linear algebra, and optimization.
siam is also publishing the following series. 
monroe gunn mckay (may 30, 1928 – march 28, 2020) was an american politician and judge. he was a senior united states circuit judge of the united states court of appeals for the tenth circuit. he was nominated by president jimmy carter in 1977. he retired in 1993 where he became senior judge. mckay was born in huntsville, utah.
mckay died on march 28, 2020 in orem, utah at the age of 91.
huntsville is a town in weber county, utah, united states. the population was 608 at the 2010 census. it is part of the ogden–clearfield, utah metropolitan statistical area.
sir james learmonth gowans, (7 may 1924 – 1 april 2020) was a british physician and immunologist. 
in 1945 while studying medicine at king's college hospital, he assisted at the liberated bergen-belsen concentration camp as a voluntary medical student. gowans was born in sheffield, england. in 1963 gowans became a fellow of the royal society. he was appointed a commander of the order of the british empire in the 1971 new year honours. he won the royal medal in 1976.
japan society for industrial and applied mathematics (jsiam) is a japanese non-profit organization for the field of applied mathematics. jsiam is not a branch but a japanese counterpart of the society for industrial and applied mathematics (siam) based in the united states.
as same as siam, jsiam publishes academic journals in japanese and english, hold academic conferences, and give awards to applied mathematicians with jsiam membership.
gianni morandi (; born 11 december 1944) is an italian pop singer, actor and entertainer. he was born in monghidoro, emilia-romagna. in 1970, he represented italy at the eurovision song contest with "occhi di ragazza". it is estimated that morandi has sold 50 million recordings.
claude marcelle jorré, better known as claude jade (; 8 october 1948 – 1 december 2006) was a french actress. she was known for starring as christine in françois truffaut's three movie "stolen kisses" (1968), "bed and board" (1970) and "love on the run" (1979). jade was born in dijon, france.
jade died on 1 december 2006 in boulogne-billancourt, france of uveal melanoma and liver disease at the age of 58.
giovanni paolo gibertini, o.s.b. (4 may 1922 – 3 april 2020) was an italian prelate of roman catholic church. he was born in ciano d'enza, italy. he was ordained a priest on 12 august 1945. gibertini was appointed bishop to the diocese of ales-terralba on 23 march 1983 and ordained bishop on 25 april 1983. 
gibertini was appointed bishop of the diocese of reggio emilia-guastalla on 11 june 1989 and retired from the diocese on 27 june 1998.
gibertini died on 3 april 2020 in montecchio emilia, italy at the age of 97.
panzer dragoon saga, known in japan as , is a fantasy role-playing video game in the "panzer dragoon" series. it was made by team andromeda and published by sega for the sega saturn in 1998.
kampong chhnang is a province ("khaet") of cambodia. the capital city is also named kampong chhnang.
there are 7 districts and 1 municipality:
kampong speu is a province in cambodia. the capital city is chbar mon. "kampong speu" in khmer means "starfruit port". 
in the province is phnom aural, the tallest peak in cambodia. there is also the phnom aural wildlife sanctuary and kirirom national park.
there are 7 districts and 1 municipality:
kampong thom is a province in cambodia. the capital city is steung saen municipality on the banks of the stung sen river. "kampong thom" in khmer means 'great port'.
tonlé sap biosphere reserve is in the province.
there are 7 districts and 1 municipality:
kampot is a province in cambodia. the capital city is also named kampot.
to its south it has a coastline of around 45 km on the gulf of thailand. preah monivong national park is in the province.
there are 7 districts and 1 municipality:
kandal is a province in cambodia. its capital and largest city is ta khmao. kandal province completely surrounds the national capital phnom penh.
the province has two of the biggest rivers in the country, the bassac and mekong rivers.
there are 10 districts and 1 municipality:
koh kong is a province in cambodia. the capital city is khemarak phoumin.
in the province is botum sakor national park, the largest national park of cambodia. there is also the cardamom mountains and kirirom national park.
there are 6 districts and 1 municipality:
kratié is a province in cambodia. the capital city is also named kratié. the province is also called kraches or kracheh .
the mekong river flows from the north to the south of the province. about 140 km of the river is in kratié. the river is home to irrawaddy dolphins as well as fish and birds.
there are 5 districts and 1 municipality:
mondulkiri is a province in cambodia. the capital city is senmonorom. the province was created in 1961 from the eastern part of kratié province.
three rivers cross the province - srepok, preaek chhbaar, and preaek te rivers. it has several protected areas. these incldue keo seima wildlife sanctuary, phnom prich wildlife sanctuary, and srepok wildlife sanctuary.
the province has 4 districts and 1 municipality:
preah vihear is a province in cambodia. its capital city is preah vihear.
preah vihear is one of the nine provinces that are part of the tonle sap biosphere reserve. there is also koh ker, once the capital city of the khmer empire.
there are 7 districts and 1 municipality:
this list shows the iucn red list status of mammal species living in azerbaijan. one species is endangered, five are vulnerable, and 11 are near threatened.
the following tags are used to show each species' global status as on the iucn red list published by the international union for conservation of nature:
"lean on me" is a song written and recorded by american singer-songwriter bill withers. it was released in april 1972. it was the first single from his second album, "still bill". it was his first and only number one single on both the soul singles and the "billboard" hot 100. "billboard" ranked it as the no. 7 song of 1972. 
it is ranked number 208 on "rolling stone"s list of "the 500 greatest songs of all time". many other versions have been recorded, and it is one of only nine songs to have reached no. 1 in the us singles charts with versions recorded by two different artists.
the parliament of south africa is south africa's legislature. it is made up by a national assembly and a national council of provinces. the current twenty-seventh parliament was created on 22 may 2019.
from 1910 to 1994, members of parliament were elected chiefly by the south african white minority. the first elections after apartheid were held in 1994.
general constand laubscher viljoen (28 october 1933 – 3 april 2020) was a south african military commander and politician. from 1994 to 2001, he was a member of parliament. 
he co-founded the afrikaner volksfront (afrikaner people's front) and later founded the freedom front (now freedom front plus). he was known for stopping armed violence by white south africans during the post-apartheid general elections.
zev buffman (october 11, 1930 – march 31, 2020) was an israeli broadway producer. he was president and ceo of ruth eckerd hall in clearwater, florida. he made more than 40 broadway shows. he partnered with elizabeth taylor to present her in her broadway debut, "the little foxes". buffman was also the co-founding general partner of the nba champion basketball team the miami heat.
buffman died at a hospital in seattle of pancreatic cancer on march 31, 2020 at the age of 89.
christopher cross (born christopher charles geppert; may 3, 1951) is an american singer-songwriter and musician. he was born in san antonio, texas.
cross won five grammy awards for his debut album released in 1979. his best known singles are "sailing" (1980), and "arthur's theme (best that you can do)" (from the 1981 movie "arthur") peaked at number one on the u.s. "billboard" hot 100. 
"sailing" earned three grammys in 1981, while "arthur's theme" won the oscar for best original song in 1981 (with co-composers burt bacharach, carole bayer sager, and peter allen).
in april 2020, cross was diagnosed with covid-19.
brooke baldwin (born july 12, 1979) is an american journalist and television news anchor. baldwin has been at cnn since 2008. baldwin hosts "cnn newsroom". she was born in atlanta, georgia. baldwin hosts cnn's "new year's eve live" with anderson cooper.
in 2017, baldwin was featured in a "variety" magazine article "women surge to top of tv news in face of sexism".
in april 2020, baldwin was diagnosed with covid-19, days after cnn journalist chris cuomo was diagnosed.
jacob paul tapper (born march 12, 1969) is an american journalist, author, and cartoonist. he is the chief washington correspondent for cnn. he hosts the weekday television news show "the lead with jake tapper" and the sunday morning affairs program "state of the union".
tapper worked on the coverage of the inauguration of president obama that earned an emmy award for outstanding live coverage of a current news story. tapper was part of a team that was awarded an edward r. murrow award for video: breaking news for "target bin laden: the death of public enemy #1".
his book "the outpost: an untold story of american valor" debuted at number 10 in november 2012 on "the new york times" bestseller list for hardback non-fiction.
joseph allen maldonado-passage (né schreibvogel; born march 5, 1963), also called joe exotic, is an american jailed criminal and former zoo operator. he was born in garden city, kansas.
exotic owned and ran the greater wynnewood exotic animal park in oklahoma. he is known as a tiger breeder. he ran for public office twice: first for president of the united states in 2016 as an independent and then for governor of oklahoma in 2018 as a libertarian.
in 2019, exotic was convicted on 17 federal charges of animal abuse and two counts of murder for hire. he allegedly hired a man to kill big cat rescue ceo carole baskin. he was given a 22-year sentence in federal prison. in july 2021, u.s. court of appeals for the 10th circuit ruled that this sentence was long.
in 2020, netflix released a 7-part documentary, "". it talked about exotic, his zoo, and his fight with baskin.
in prison, exotic was put in quarantine in a security housing unit because he had been in contact with someone who had covid-19. he was moved to "a room with a hospital bed and a window" after his fans wrote many letters to the prison. as of july 2021, exotic is in prison in texas.
exotic is openly gay.
in may 2021, exotic said that he had prostate cancer. in august 2021, he said that his cancer might have spread to his pelvis.
pulgasari (불가사리 bulgasari) is a 1985 korean fantasy action tokusatsu kaiju movie produced by korean film export released in north korean, june 12, 1985 and united states released a home video in adv films, 2001.
lancaster is a city in atchison county, kansas, united states. in 2010, 298 people lived there.
lancaster was platted in 1857. it may have been named after lancaster, pennsylvania. lancaster was an early contender for county seat. in 1915, lancaster had seven stores, a school, three churches, a grain elevator, a lumber yard, and a hotel.
lancaster was a station on the missouri pacific railroad.
lancaster is at (39.571780, -95.303344).
according to the united states census bureau says that the city has a total area of . all of it is land.
as of the 2010 census says that there were 298 people, 108 households, and 87 families living in the city.
lievegem is a municipality in the belgian province of east flanders. it was created on 1 january 2019 when the municipalities of lovendegem, waarschoot and zomergem joined together to become the new municipality of lievegem.
the new municipality has an area of and more than 25,000 people.
oudsbergen is a municipality in the belgian province of limburg. it was created on 1 january 2019 when the municipalities of opglabbeek and meeuwen-gruitrode joined together to become the new municipality of oudsbergen.
the new municipality has an area of and more than 23,000 people.
pelt is a municipality in the belgian province of limburg. it was created on 1 january 2019 when the municipalities of neerpelt and overpelt joined together to become the new municipality of pelt.
the new municipality has an area of and more than 32,000 people.
minier is a village in illinois in the united states.
south pekin is a village in illinois in the united states.
a covid-19 vaccine is any of the vaccines used against covid-19 (a disease caused by the sars-cov-2 virus). in july 2020, more than 150 vaccines were being developed in different laboratories. two mrna vaccines, one by pfizer and one by moderna, were approved late in 2020. both are over 90% effective. a few vaccines also went into use in early 2021.
several countries planned to give the vaccine to many people, but their plans were different. the united kingdom used its national health service. canada used its military. the united states sent vaccines to all fifty states and the state governments each made their own system.
the united kingdom approved the pfizer vaccine before the european union or united states did. they began giving it to people on december 8, 2020. the united states began giving people the vaccine on december 14, starting with health care workers in new york city. by april 2021, several vaccines were in use around the world and hundreds of millions of people had been vaccinated.
covid vaccination started for children aged 12-14 in india on 16 march 2022 
in late february 2020, the world health organization (who) said it did not expect a vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), the causative virus, to become available in less than 18 months. the coalition for epidemic preparedness innovations (cepi)which is organizing a billion worldwide fund for fast investment and creation of vaccine candidatesindicated in april that a vaccine may be available under emergency use protocols in less than 12 months or by early 2021. on 4may 2020, the who organized a telethon (fundraising event broadcasted via televisions) to raise billion from forty countries to support rapid development of vaccines to prevent covid-19 infections and deaths. the united states government started operation warp speed to develop a vaccine by january 2021.
pittcovacc is a vaccine invented by scientists from the university of pittsburgh in pennsylvania in the united states. it was invented to protect people from sars-cov-2, the virus that causes covid-19. it was the first vaccine candidate, meaning vaccine that scientists thought would work well, published in a peer-reviewed study, meaning a scientific paper that other vaccine experts had read and approved before it was printed for people to read.
as of april 2020, it has been tested in mice but not in human beings.
pittcovacc is short for "pittsburgh coronavirus vaccine".
one of the head scientists, dr. andrea gambotto, said they made the vaccine so quickly because they had worked on other coronaviruses before: "we had previous experience on sars-cov in 2003 and mers-cov in 2014. these two viruses, which are closely related to sars-cov-2, teach us that a particular protein, called a spike protein, is important for inducing immunity against the virus. we knew exactly where to fight this new virus. that's why it's important to fund vaccine research. you never know where the next pandemic will come from."
the researchers used laboratory equipment to make pieces of the same proteins that are in sars-cov-2. they put the proteins inside the bodies of laboratory mice using a microneedle array, meaning a small patch with about 400 tiny needles made out of other protein and sugar. one of the scientists, dr. emrullah korkmaz, said these needles melt away inside the skin after they release the vaccine. the skin is a good place to put a vaccine because it has many immune cells in it. then the mice made antibodies, or protective molecules, in their blood. the scientists measured the amount of antibodies and guessed it would be enough to fight off the sars-cov-2 virus if the mice were exposed to it. it took about two weeks for the mice to make lots of antibodies.
the scientists said it would be easy to make large amounts of vaccine and large numbers of microneedle arrays to use on people.
another team of scientists led by dr. josef penninger of the university of british columbia invented a medicine called apn01. they tested apn01 in engineered human tissue. these are human cells put together to act like part of the body, but they are not a whole animal or person. they added a protein called "human recombinant soluble angiotensin converting enzyme 2" (hrsace2) and saw that it stopped the virus from taking over cells. they named their hrsace2 apn01.
messenger rna vaccines.
other scientists have developed vaccines that use messenger rna to teach the body to recognize the virus. they say mrna vaccines take less time to develop and make, than protein or whole-virus vaccines.
messenger rna vaccines need to be stored at very cold temperatures. ordinary refrigerators are not cold enough.
in mid-may 2020, a company called moderna said they tested their mrna vaccine in forty-five people and eight of them produced antibodiesbut they did not publish the specific data or publish an article in a scientific journal. anna durbin of johns hopkins university said it was too soon to tell if people would keep the antibodies long enough for the vaccine to work. the united states food and drug administration gave moderna permission to test the vaccine again in more people. moderna's chief medical officer said the vaccine could be ready in january 2021.
the moderna vaccine entered stage-three clinical trials on june 27, 2020. that means it is being tested on humans. dr. anthony fauci said he did not think the vaccine would be dangerous.
on november 16, moderna said its vaccine was 94.5% effective. the vaccine has to kept colder than freezing but it does not have to be kept as cold as the pfizer vaccine. distribution began in february 2021.
the german company biontech and pfizer made a deal with the united states government to make 100 million doses of mrna vaccine by december 2020. the vaccine completed phase i trials and started its next trial on july 27, 2020. instead of being a phase ii trial or a phase iii trial, pfizer's team was trying to do both phases at once. if the companies could make the vaccine on time, the u.s. government would give them almost us$2 billion. the vaccine is called bnt162b2. biontech paid its employees overtime to do extra work. they called this "project lightspeed" because they wanted to develop the vaccine quickly.
because they wanted people to trust the vaccine, pfizer published the study protocols publicly. that means they told everyone exactly how they were testing the virus. this is information that companies usually keep secret so no one can steal their work.
on november 9, 2020, pfizer announced that bnt162 was 90% effective at preventing people from catching covid-19. they asked the fda to approve the vaccine for emergency use. the company had not yet published the results of the study in a formal scientific paper, so the fda said they needed time to look at the results for themselves.
the inn (international nonproprietary name) of this vaccine is tozinameran. inns are a name for a particular vaccine or medicine to be used worldwide.
the adenovirus is the virus that causes the common cold. it does not harm the human body much. scientists have used the adenovirus in vaccines for many years against many diseases. scientists take pieces of dangerous viruses and attach them to adenovirus to then inject the adenovirus into the human body. the human immune system learns to recognize the pieces of dangerous viruses. after, it can fight off the real dangerous viruses if the human is ever exposed to them.
chadox1 ncov-19 (oxford-astrazeneca).
in late april 2020, a team from the university of oxford said that they had developed a covid-19 vaccine. the united states national institutes of health tested it in rhesus monkeys and it worked. because they had already been working on a vaccine against a different coronavirus, they had a head start working on one for sars-cov-2. they would try to test their vaccine on 6000 people by the end of may 2020, and that their vaccine could be ready for people to use in september 2020.
the team took the spike protein from sars-cov-2 and put it on an adenovirus. then they injected that virus into test patients. the idea is that the patients' immune systems will learn to attack the spike protein no matter what virus it is on. this vaccine completed phase i trials and as of july 2020 is entering phase iii trials. the vaccine is called chadox1 ncov-19.
the chinese company cansino biologics is making a viral vector vaccine. this vaccine uses an adenovirus that has the spike protein from sars-cov-2 on it. then the immune system learns to recognize the spike protein. as of july 2020, this vaccine is in phase ii trials, but the chinese government gave cansino biologics permission to give it to people anyway. they are allowed to give it to people in the chinese military.
johnson & johnson vaccine.
the johnson & johnson covid-19 vaccine is made from the johnson & johnson company. unlike many vaccines, it doesn't need special, unusual refrigeration.
the company sinovac in china and bututan research center in brazil worked together. this is an inactivated virus vaccine. this means the team took the sars-cov-2 virus and changed it to make it harmless. the patient's body learns to recognize the harmless virus and then it can recognize the harmful, wild virus too. the company got permission to start phase iii trials on july 3. this virus is called coronavac.
the company sinopharm belongs to the government of china. it is an inactivated virus vaccine.
this vaccine started phase iii trials in the middle of july 2020. this vaccine does not have a name.
bacillus calmette-guerin brace trial.
the university of melbourne and murdoch children's research institute are studying a vaccine that works against tuberculosis, the bacillus calmette-guerin vaccine. it is a live-bacterium vaccine. the patiebt gets dead "mycobacterium tuberculosis" bacteria injected into them while training their immune system to fight it. over the years, scientists saw that the bacillus calmette-guerin vaccine did not only protect people from tuberculosis, but it protected them from other diseases too. the scientists at the murdoch children's research institute and university of melbourne are studying the bacillus calmette-guerin vaccine to see if it will protect people from covid-19. because this vaccine has already been used for other diseases for more than one hundred years, doctors already knew it was safe to use. as of july 2020, this vaccine is in phase iii trials to see if it works on covid-19.
scientists believe a vaccine that doctors spray into the patient's nose would work better than a vaccine injected into the patient's veins. after a nasal vaccine, the body's immune cells look for the virus in the nose and mouth. the nose and mouth are where most people are infected with sars-cov-2. scientists are not sure why this works. as of july 2020, teams in the netherlands, the united states, and canada are making nasal vaccines.
as of january 27th, israel is currently the leader in percentage of people vaccinated, followed by the usa and then the united kingdom. israel has reportedly vaccinated about 20% of it's population, or 2 million people. 
african americans are less likely to get vaccinated than other americans, as are people in the southern united states.
arthur's nose is the popular first book of the book series, written and illustrated by marc brown. it was published in 1976. arthur is an aardvark. the character of arthur inspired several other picture books and was also made into an animated television series.
in this first book, francine the monkey teases arthur for having a big nose. as a result, arthur decides to get his nose cut shorter. however, instead, he leaves his nose the same and his friends are happy, except francine.
prey veng is a province in cambodia. the capital city is also named prey veng. 
it is on the east bank of the mekong river. the bassac river is also in the province.
there are 12 districts and 1 municipality:
pursat is a province in cambodia. the capital city is also named pursat.
it is between the tonlé sap and the cardamom mountains. the pursat river bisects the province. it is one of the nine provinces that are part of the tonlé sap biosphere reserve. pursat is home to wat bakan, considered to be among the oldest active pagodas in cambodia.
the province is divided into 6 districts and 1 municipality:
ratanakiri is a province in cambodia. the capital city is banlung. ratanakiri province was created in 1959 from land that had been the eastern area of stung treng province.
the annamite range of mountains is in the north. there are the tonle san and tonle srepok rivers. lomphat wildlife sanctuary and virachey national park are both in the province.
there are 8 districts and 1 municipality:
siem reap is a province in cambodia. its capital and largest city is siem reap.
it is one of the nine provinces of the tonle sap biosphere reserve. it is the site of angkor and the angkor wat temple ruins, a unesco world heritage site. phnom kulen national park is also in the province.
the province is divided into 12 districts:
sihanoukville province or preah sihanouk province is a province in cambodia. the capital city is also named sihanoukville. it has the only deep water port in cambodia.
first established as kampong som, the province was later renamed in honor of former king norodom sihanouk. the province has ream national park, which includes the islands of koh thmei and koh seh. 
validated numerics (or reliable computation) is a numerical analysis with mathematically strict error evaluation. in order to do so, a technology called interval arithmetic is used. validated numerics is needed for the following reasons.
one of the most known implementation of validated numerics is intlab (interval laboratory). intlab was used to create other numerical libraries, and it was also used to solve the hundred-dollar, hundred-digit challenge problems.
 (1935 – april 3, 2020) was a japanese engraver artist, photographer, and politician. he was born in tokyo. his works used tin engravings. in both 1975 and 1979 ran in elections for governor of tokyo.
from 1999 until 2003, akiyama was a professor at sapporo university. from 1992 until around 2009, akiyama joined genpei akasegawa and yutaka takanashi in the informal group raika dōmei.
akiyama died on april 3, 2020 in tokyo at the age of 85.
stung treng is a province in cambodia. the capital city is also named stung treng.
the mekong river bisects the province. it one of the few provinces where you can see the rare and endangered irrawaddy dolphins.
there are 5 districts and 1 municipality:
ira samuel einhorn (may 15, 1940 – april 3, 2020), known as "the unicorn killer", was an american convicted of murdering his ex-girlfriend, holly maddux. he was born in philadelphia, pennsylvania.
on september 9, 1977, maddux disappeared following a trip to collect her belongings from the apartment she and einhorn had shared in philadelphia, pennsylvania. eighteen months later, police found her partially mummified body in a trunk in einhorn's closet.
after his arrest, einhorn fled the country and spent twenty-three years in europe before being taken back to the united states. he said that his ex-girlfriend had been killed by cia agents who framed him for the crime because he knew too much about the agency's paranormal military research. 
he was convicted and served a life sentence at a prison in pennsylvania until his death in prison in april 2020 of heart disease, aged 79.
in the new testament, the gospels of matthew, mark and luke, are written in a very similar style. they are referred to as the synoptic gospels.the forth of the evangelists, john, also tells similar stories, but his style of writing is different. the synoptic problem is to explain why three of the four evangelists have a very similar structure, and the fourth does not.
the strong parallelism among the three gospels suggests they were written at more or less the same time. or, matthew and luke made use of the gospel of mark as a source.
islam bibi (; 1974 – 4 july 2013) was a female police officer from afghanistan in the province of helmand headquarters. she was also a pioneer in fighting for the rights of women in the country.
she was the highest ranking policewoman at the time of her death in afghanistan and led operations against the talibans. she received many death threats and was killed on july 4, 2013.
anna borysivna sharyhina (born c.1978) is a ukrainian activist who fights for the rights of women and the lbgt community. she is one of the founders of the sphere women's association, a lesbian feminist organisation from kharkiv, and of the ngo kyiv pride, the organizing committee of the pride parade in kiev.
sharyhina and her partner, vira chemygina, have been part of the ukrainian lbgt community and lesbian organizations for years. they organized kiev's first walks for equality. the second walk for equality in kiev was held in 2015. police officers and public figurs supported the walk. however, the walk only lasted for 15 minutes because of the violence against the marchers. ten people, including police officers guarding the event, were injured. 
maria verónica reina (1960s – 27 october 2017) was an educational psychologist and an activist from argentina who promoted the rights of persons with disabilities. representing the international disability and development consortium, she was a leading contributor to the talks on the united nations convention on the rights of persons with disabilities.
she was disabled in a car accident when she was 17 in rosario, argentina. she was unable to finish her schooling.
maria luisa cuesta vila (26 may 1920 soriano - 21 november 2018 montevideo) was a uruguayan acitivist who fought for human rights. she put her life in finding the missing prisoners during the time of uruguayan military dictatorship. her son nebio melo cuesta also was gone during that period and is still missing today.
svay rieng is a province in cambodia. the capital is svay rieng while the largest city is bavet.
there are 6 districts and 2 municipalities:
takeo is a province in cambodia. the capital is doun kaev.
notable locations include the mountain phnom chisor and the temple phnom da.
there are 9 districts and 1 municipality:
oddar meanchey is a province of cambodia. the capital is samraong. it is in the dângrêk mountains.
there are 4 districts and 1 municipality:
é or é is a letter that is not regularly found in the english language. it is the letter e with an acute accent above it. it can be found in the afrikaans, catalan, danish, emilian-romagnol, french, galician, hungarian, icelandic, irish, italian, kashubian, luxembourgish, occitan, norwegian, portuguese, slovak, spanish, swedish, vietnamese, and welsh languages. in the english language, it can be found in loanwards (for example, "résumé" and "cliché") and romanizations (for example, "pokémon").
use in languages.
czech and slovak.
é is the 9th letter of the czech alphabet and the slovak alphabet. in the ipa, it represents /ɛː/ in these languages.
danish, norwegian, and swedish.
in the danish, norwegian and swedish languages, the letter é is used to show that the regular letter e is stressed. it is used to change the meaning of a word.
é is found in foreign words, mostly from french. it is also used to tell apart the dutch words "een" (meaning "a" or "an" in english) and "één" (meaning the number one in english). it adds stress in the same way english sometimes uses italics. in dutch, some people may use the dutch word "hé" to greet eachother, meaning "hey" or "hi".
in emilian, é is used as [e] in ipa (for example, "récc", meaning "rich" in english). in romagnol, é is used as [eː] (for example, "lédar", meaning "thieves" in english).
the letter é appears in words that came from the french language. for example, née, résumé, fiancée, sauté, and coupé. it is also used in names, such as beyoncé, breneé, jonbenét, and théo.
the letter é is widely used in french. it is pronounced as /e/ in ipa. another french letter, è, is pronounced as /ɛ/. the two letters look the same, but they are not the same letter.
é is the 9th letter of the hungarian alphabet and is used as /eː/ in ipa.
é is the 7th letter of the icelandic alphabet and is used as /jɛː/ in ipa.
in irish, an acute accent is used to mark a vowel as a long vowel. é is used as /eː/ in ipa.
é is used as /e/ in ipa and it carries a tonic accent. it is only used in the last letter of a word (except when a different wikt:pronunciation may change the meaning of a word). for example, "perché" (meaning "why" or "because" in english) and "pésca" (which means "fishing" in english). the letter è is also in the italian alphabet, which is the letter e with a grave accent. instead of /e/, the letter è is used as /ɛ/ in ipa.
é is the 8th letter of the kashubian alphabet and is used as /ɛ/ in ipa. 
é is used to stress an /ɛ/ when the stressed syllable is not known that well (for example, "péssimo", meaning "very bad" in english). é can also mean the word "is", as in "ela é bonita" (meaning "she is pretty" in english). another letter in portuguese, the letter ê, uses /e/. ê is the letter e with a circumflex.
the letter é is pronounced the same as e (/e/). the accent marks the letter with a stressed syllable in words that do not usually have stress, such as "éxtasis" and "bebé".
the letter é used to be used in the scottish gaelic language, but it has been replaced with the letter è, an e with a grave accent.
the letter é is used to put stress on a short vowel. for example, "personél" (meaning "personnel" in english), "sigarét" (meaning "cigarette" in english), and "ymbarél" (meaning "umbrella" in english).
the letter é indicates a rising tone in vietnamese. it can also be combined with a circumflex to make the letter "ế".
tiger king: murder, mayhem and madness, or simply tiger king, is a 2020 true crime documentary miniseries. it is about the life of joe exotic. it was released on netflix on march 20, 2020. the series focuses on the conflict of big cat conservationist carole baskin, owner of big cat rescue, and collector exotic.
the show quickly became one of the most watched shows on the netflix platform. it is most likely the reason for the high amount of views is because of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic.
kep is a province in cambodia. the capital city is also named kep. there is only one district - damnak chang'aeur.
the kep national park is in the province. the territory of kep is entirely surrounded by kampot province except for the 16 km of sea coast on the southern side fronting the gulf of thailand. 
earl stephen bishop (born november 14, 1951) is an american singer-songwriter, actor and guitarist. his biggest hits include "on and on", "it might be you" and "save it for a rainy day". he has performed music in movies such as "national lampoon's animal house", "the china syndrome", "roadie", "summer lovers", "tootsie", "white nights", "the money pit", "the boy who could fly" and "all i want for christmas". bishop was born in san diego, california.
eric clapton wrote in his autobiography that bishop was one of his favorite singer-songwriters. on june 25, 2019, "the new york times magazine" listed bishop with hundreds of other artists whose material was reportedly destroyed in the 2008 universal studios fire.
pailin is a province in cambodia. the capital is pailin municipality. its at the northern edge of the cardamom mountains near the border of thailand. this province is surrounded by battambang province.
besides pailin municipality the only other district is sala krau.
tboung khmum is a province in cambodia. the capital city is suong.
there are 6 districts and 1 municipality:
guy theodore sebastian (born 26 october 1981) is an australian singer and songwriter. he was the winner of the first "australian idol" in 2003. he represented australia at the 2015 eurovision song contest, finishing in 5th place. sebastian has released nine top ten albums, including two number ones. he has 22 top twenty singles, with 13 reaching the top ten, including six number ones. his first single "angels brought me here" was the highest selling song in australia in the decade 2000 to 2009. "battle scars", featuring lupe fiasco, spent 20 weeks on the us "billboard" hot 100 chart, peaking at number 71. the single has been certified 11× platinum.
sebastian was also a judge on australia's "the x factor" in 2010, 2011, 2012, 2015 and 2016. he was a coach for "the voice australia" in 2019.
sebastian was born in klang, selangor, malaysia. he moved to australia as a child. he first lived in melbourne, victoria before moving to adelaide, south australia.
south gate is the 17th largest city in los angeles county, california, united states. as of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 94,396.
the six abodes of murugan (tamil: "āṟupadai veedu") are six temples in in the south indian state of tamil nadu. the god is known by different names. thses include kartikeya, kanda, vadivela and murugan. the six most sacred abodes of murugan were written about in tamil sangam literature. they are mentioned in "thirumurugatrupadai" by nakkeerar and in "thiruppugazh" by arunagirinathar. the six abodes are thiruparankundram, tiruchendur, palani, swamimalai, thiruthani and pazhamudircholai.
the story of lord murugan is written about in skanda purana. legend says that the demon soorapadman tortured the devas. they complained to lord vishnu and brahma. kamadeva was sent to wake lord shiva, who later gave birth to kartikeya. karthikeya killed soorapadman and saved the devas. muruga is shown as the god of love and war. kartikeya married valli and deivayanai .
in tamil literature five types of lands are explained. they are kurinji (mountains), mullai (forest), marutham (agricultural), neithal (coastal) and palai (desert). each land types has a defferent god. lord muruga is a leader of the kurinji region.
arunagirinathar was a 15th-century tamil poet born in tiruvannamalai. when he was young, he was a rioter and seducer of women. after ruining his health, he tried to kill himself. he did this by jumping from the northern tower of annamalaiyar temple. he was saved by the god murugan. he became a staunch devotee and composed tamil hymns glorifying murugan, the most notable being "thirupugazh". arunagirinathar went to many murugan temples. on his way back to tiruvannamalai, he visited palani. he sung songs about swaminathaswamy. tiruparamkundram is considered the first of the six abodes. this is the only temple where abishekam is performed for vel instead of lord murugan. palani is considered the most prominent abodes of lord muruga.
one of the main traditions of the six temples, is the tonsuring of devotees. they removed their hair to be like the palani deity. another tradition is the anointing of the head of the deity's idol with sandalwood paste. this is done at the end of the day before the temple closes. the paste is said to get medicinal properties. it is given to devotees, as "rakkāla chandaṇam". 
luiz flávio gomes (6 may 1957 – 1 april 2020) was a brazilian jurist, professor and politician. he was born in sud mennucci, são paulo. he was a member of the socialist party (psb). he started his term in the chamber of deputies in february 2019. he died in office in 2020. he published more than sixty books, including "o jogo sujo da corrupção" (2017). gomes also founded rede lfg and was a commentator on tv cultura program "jornal da cultura".
in september 2019, gomes was diagnosed with acute myeloid leukaemia. he died on 1 april 2020 at a são paulo hospital. he was 62.
the azerbaijan state academic national drama theatre () is one of the leading theatres in azerbaijan. founded in 1873, it is the oldest modern theatre in azerbaijan. actors and directors include mirzaga aliev, sidgi ruhula, merziyye davudova, elesker ekberov, adil iskenderov, khokume gurbanova, ismayil dagistanli, ismayil osmanli, mohsun senani and rza tehmasib. the current building was designed in 1919 and is located on fuzūlī avenue in the city of baku. the theatre is named after mirza fatali akhundov, who is considered the founder of modern azerbaijani literature.
marc menchaca (born october 10, 1975) is an american actor. he is known for his roles in tv series such as "generation kill", "homeland", "ozark", "the sinner", "manifest", "black mirror" and "the outsider". he was born in san angelo, texas.
khurshid mahmud kasuri (; born 18 june 1941) is a pakistani politician and writer. he served as the minister of foreign affairs of pakistan from november 2002 to november 2007. he also wrote the nonfiction book "neither a hawk nor a dove". he was born in lahore, punjab.
kevin lee faulconer (born january 24, 1967) is an american politician. he was the mayor of san diego, california from march 2014 until december 2020. from 2006 to 2014, he served as a member of the san diego city council. he is a republican.
faulconer unsuccessfully ran for governor of california in the unsuccessful 2021 recall election and in the 2022 election against governor gavin newsom both times.
faulconer was born in san jose, california. he grew up in oxnard.
clover margaret moore ("née" collins, born 22 october 1945) is an australian politician. she has been lord mayor of the city of sydney since 2004. she is the longest serving lord mayor of sydney since the creation of the city of sydney in 1842. she was an independent member of the new south wales legislative assembly from 1988 to 2012. during her time in the assembly, she represented the electorates of bligh (1988–2007) and sydney (2007–2012).
moore was born in gordon, new south wales. she is married to peter moore.
easiam (east asia section of siam) is the eastern asian branch of the us-based society for industrial and applied mathematics. easiam is aiming to advance studies of applied mathematics (such as optimization and numerical analysis) in eastern asia.
easiam is regularly publishing the east asian journal on applied mathematics from global science press (based in hong kong), giving student paper prizes, and hold the easiam conference every year.
international symposium on scientific computing, computer arithmetic, and validated numerics (abbreviated as scan) is an international conference about numerical analysis (such as numerical integration, numerical linear algebra, numerical methods for partial differential equations, interval arithmetic and validated numerics etc.). it is held once in 2 years.
at each scan, the r. e. moore prize will be given. this is a prize for researchers in the field of validated numerics, and the name of the prize came from ramon e. moore, one of the greatest expert of interval arithmetic (an important technology for validated numerics).
ivan vakarchuk (; 6 march 1947 – 4 april 2020) was a ukrainian physicist and politician. from 1990 to 2007 and again between 2010 and 2013, he was rector of the university of lviv. he served as minister of education and science from 2007 to 2010. he was the father of svyatoslav vakarchuk, lead singer of the rock band okean elzy.
vakarchuk was born in brătușeni, moldavian ssr (present-day moldova). on 4 april 2020, he died in lviv at the age of 73.
raymond francis meagher (born 4 july 1944) is an australian actor. since 1988, he has played the role of alf stewart in the soap opera "home and away". he won a gold logie award for his role in "home and away" in 2010.
meagher was born in roma, queensland. he attended school on the gold coast and in brisbane. he married his wife gilly in 2010.
ashleigh cummings (born 11 november 1992) is an australian actress. she has appeared in movies such as "tomorrow, when the war began" (2010), "hounds of love" (2016) and "the goldfinch" (2019). she is also known for starring as debbie vickers in "puberty blues" (2012–14), dorothy williams in abc1's "miss fisher's murder mysteries" (2012–15) and vic mcqueen in the amc series "nos4a2" (2019–20).
cummings was born in jeddah, saudi arabia, to australian parents. she moved to australia with her family at the age of 12.
patricia bosworth ("née" crum; april 24, 1933 – april 2, 2020) was an american actress and writer. she wrote journalism, biographies and memoirs. as an actress, she is best known for playing simone in the movie "the nun's story" (1959).
bosworth was born in oakland, california. she was widowed twice. her first husband mel arrighi died in 1986. she married her second husband tom palumbo in 2002. he died of dementia in 2008.
on april 2, 2020, during the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic, bosworth died of pneumonia caused by covid-19. she was being treated at a manhattan, new york city hospital. she was 86.
sergio rossi (31 july 1935 – 2 april 2020) was an italian shoe designer. he founded his own brand in 1951. sergio rossi produced women's footwear as well as handbags and other accessories. he was born in san mauro pascoli. rossi's son gianvito was also a shoe designer.
in march 2020, during the coronavirus pandemic in italy, rossi and his company donated €100,000 to a milan hospital. on 2 april 2020, rossi was reported to have died of covid-19 in cesena. he was 84.
brenna harding (born 19 may 1996) is an australian actress. she is best known for her role as sue knight in the tv series "puberty blues" (2012–14) and sara sambrell in the "black mirror" episode "arkangel" (2017).
harding was raised by lesbian mothers. she is a campaigner for lgbt rights.
brett e. crozier is an american naval officer. when he was captain of the aircraft carrier "theodore roosevelt", he noticed that some of his crew had caught covid-19, a disease that affects the lungs and breathing. late in march, 2020, he wrote letters asking for permission to send his sick sailors off his ship to guam. these letters were found and printed in a newspaper. a few days later, the navy fired crozier as the captain of the "theodore roosevelt" but did not fire him from the navy entirely. 
in late april, some leaders in the navy asked that crozier be reinstated and sent back as captain of the "theodore roosevelt".
brett crozier is from santa rosa, california. he graduated from the united states naval academy in 1992 and became a pilot for the navy in 1994. he fought in iraq in 2003. he later earned a master's degree in national security and strategic studies at the naval war college. he served in many different positions in the navy, including executive officer of the "uss ronald reagan". brett crozier was captain of the "uss blue ridge" from june 2017 to november 2018.
he wrote more than twenty copies of a four-page letter, dated march 30, 2020. he addressed it to senior officials in the military. he asked for permission to send 1000 of his crew off the ship. the ship had more than 4000 people on it. someone found his messages and they were printed in the newspaper "san francisco chronicle" on march 31, 2020.
covid-19 is very contagious, and people can catch it from other people easily. in the letter, crozier said that the ship was too cramped to allow for sick sailors to do what the centers for disease control and the navy's own administration said people with covid-19 should do: keep away from other people for 14 days. he asked for permission to let his sick sailors go ashore to guam, where the ship was docked at the time, and go into quarantine there instead of on board the ship. he copied part of a report about the "diamond princess" cruise ship, and said that even though the "diamond princess"'s passengers had private rooms, more than 100 people still became infected. he said the "theodore roosevelt" only had a few private rooms.
retired admiral james stavridis, who used to be nato supreme allied commander for europe, agreed that it was not possible to perform social distancing on board a navy ship like the "theodore roosevelt".
high-ranking leaders at the navy said that removing crozier from his ship was normal. they said crozier should have asked for help by going through the chain of command instead of writing letters to other people in the military.
according to acting secretary of the navy thomas b. modly, crozier's letter caused naval crews and their families to panic: "it undermines our efforts and the chain of command's efforts to address this problem and creates a panic. and creates a perception that the navy's not on the job, the government's not on the job."
according to "the new york times", "a navy official familiar with the situation but not authorized to speak publicly about it said that the captain had repeatedly asked his superiors for speedy action to evacuate the ship."
kathleen h. hicks, who worked at the pentagon years earlier under president barack obama, said that the navy did have the legal right to fire crozier but that it might have been a bad idea to do so because it might make sailors and leaders less willing to trust each other.
pad thai is a stir-fried rice noodle dish that is commonly eaten in thailand. it can also be spelled phad thai, pad thai, or phad thai. the word literally means 'thai stir fry'. the rice noodles are often fried with bean sprouts, eggs, peanuts, and other vegetables. other ingredients may also be added, such as pork, chicken, beef, shrimp, and tofu. people often add salt, pepper, lime juice, and other ingredients to the dish as well.
khao soi is a curry noodle dish often found in myanmar, laos, and northern thailand. it is made from egg or rice noodles and coconut curry. ingredients often added to khao soi include chicken, fried noodles, onions, cilantro, garlic, ginger, lime, toasted chilies, and other ingredients.
dylan lauren (born may 9, 1974) is an american businesswoman. she is the owner of new york city's dylan's candy bar, which claims to be the largest candy store in the world. she founded the company in 2001. 
she is the daughter of fashion designer ralph lauren and socialite ricky lauren.
lauren was born in new york city. she is jewish. she married paul arrouet in 2011. the couple have two children.
glen keane (born april 13, 1954) is an american animator, author and illustrator. he worked as a character animator at walt disney animation studios for movies such as "the little mermaid" (1989), "beauty and the beast" (1991), "aladdin" (1992), "pocahontas" (1995), "tarzan" (1999) and "tangled" (2010). keane was awarded the 1992 annie award for character animation. in 2013, he was named a disney legend.
in 2017, keane directed "dear basketball", an animated short movie based on kobe bryant's retirement poem. at the 90th academy awards, keane and bryant won the academy award for animated short film for their work on "dear basketball".
keane was born in philadelphia, pennsylvania. he is the son of cartoonist bil keane, creator of "the family circus", and australian-born thelma keane. he grew up in paradise valley, arizona. he married linda hesselroth in 1975. the couple have two children. keane has aphantasia.
paradise valley is a town in maricopa county, arizona, united states. as of the 2010 census, the town had a population of 12,820.
the royal thai general system of transcription (rtgs) is the official system used to write thai words into the latin alphabet, or romanization. thai has certain vowel and consonant sounds and other phonemic features that do not exist in english. this means that saying a syllable with a different tone or vowel length can make a completely different word. for these reasons, romanization in thai presented many challenges. the rtgs only uses the 26 letters in the iso standard latin alphabet to spell thai words. it is used on all documents that require words to be written in the latin alphabet, including road signs, maps, applications, etc. however, it has many problems. the system does not show tones or vowel length, both of which are phonemic features of thai. it also does not tell some of the consonant sounds apart.
in physics, the magnetomotive force (mmf) is the force in any magnetic circuit that makes the magnetic flux to flow through the circuit. mathematically,
φ is the flux,
r is the reluctance.
colin higgins (28 july 1941 – 5 august 1988) was an australian-american screenwriter, actor, director and producer. he is best known for writing the screenplay for "harold and maude" (1971) and "silver streak" (1976), and for directing "foul play" (1978) and "9 to 5" (1980). higgins was openly gay.
life and career.
higgins was born in nouméa, new caledonia, france. his mother was an australian and his father was an american. he grew up in sydney, new south wales. he later lived and worked in the united states. 
after graduating he was working as a part-time chauffeur and pool cleaner for a wealthy family in los angeles. there he met film producer ed lewis and showed him a draft of "harold and maude." ed then showed the draft to robert evans at paramount. higgins collaborated with hal ashby to make this film.
on 5 august 1988, higgins died of an aids-related illness in beverly hills, california. he was 47.
japan society for simulation technology (jsst) is a japanese counterpart of the international association for mathematics and computers in simulation. jsst aims to promote studies about simulation technology such as numerical analysis, validated numerics, and artificial intelligence. in order to achieve this goal, jsst is publishing the journal of advanced simulation in science and engineering in english.
olga konstantinovna bogdanova (russian: ольга константиновна богда́нова; 29 june n.s., 1896 — march 1982) was a soviet chemist, a specialist in organic catalysis.
in the 1920s bogdanova worked in a laboratory at a synthetic rubber factory.
from the early 1930s she worked at the n. d. zelinsky institute of organic chemistry of the academy of sciences of the soviet union (now: russian academy of sciences). bordanova was a student and, for many years, a colleague of academicians n. d. zelinsky and a. a. balandin.
bogdanova held a ph.d. in chemistry, and she was a senior research associate.
she was buried in the vagankovo cemetery.
the adamawa region is a region of cameroon. the capital city is ngaoundéré.
the gotel and mambila mountains are at the border with nigeria. rivers include the faro river, mbéré river, and lom river.
the adamawa has two national reserves. the first of these is the parc national du mbam et djérem. it protects 4165 km² in both the adamawa and east regions. the park is notable for having both large tracts of savanna and forest. in addition, a small portion of the parc national de boumba ndjida extends into the territory from the north region.
adamawa has five departments:
craig mccracken (born march 31, 1971) is an american animator, writer and creator. he is best known for working on the the powerpuff girls series. he has worked for many production television companies, such as cartoon network studios, disney television animation, and netflix. 
the international association for mathematics and computers in simulation (imacs) aims to establish communication between researchers on simulation such as numerical analysis. it is based in the united states and belgium, with affiliates in other countries. imacs holds conferences and publishes scientific journals for their objective.
the centre region is a region in cameroon. the capital city is yaoundé, which is also the national capital.
the sanaga river is the most important river in the region. other rivers are the djérem, lom, and nyong. the mfou reserve protects various bird, monkey, and snake species.
the province is divided into ten departments:
rafael leonardo callejas romero (14 november 1943 – 4 april 2020) was a honduran politician. he served as the president of honduras from january 1990 to january 1994. he was a member of the national party of honduras (pnh). he was born in tegucigalpa.
callejas was diagnosed with acute myeloid leukaemia in 2018. he died due to cardiac arrest caused by leukaemia on 4 april 2020 in atlanta, georgia, united states. he was 76.
the east region is a region in cameroon. the capital city is bertoua.
the region has several river systems: the nyong, the dja, the lom, the kadéï, the boumba, the sangha and ngoko. the lower two thirds of the region is covered in rain forest.
the government of cameroon has established four forest and game reserves in the east: the dja reserve, lobéké park, the boumba-bek reserve and the nki reserve.
the east is divided into four departments:
the far north region is a region in cameroon. the capital city is maroua.
over 50 different ethnic groups live in the area, including the shuwa arabs, fulani, and kapsiki.
the chari river and logone river form the border with chad. other rivers include mayo kébi and mayo louti. lakes include lake chad, lake fianga, and maga lake. mount tourou is the highest point, at 1,442 metres. it is in the mandara mountains.
waza national park is a major tourist attraction. it is 1700 km2. it is home to antelope, chacals, cheetahs, crocodiles, elephants, giraffes, heron, hippos, hyenas, leopards, lions, monkeys, warthogs, and others. kalamaloué national park and mozogo gokoro national park are also in the region.
the province is divided into six departments:
the littoral region is a region in cameroon. the capital city is douala.
the douala edéa wildlife reserve is in the region.
the region is divided into four departments ("départements"):
the north region is a region in cameroon. the capital city is garoua. garoua is cameroon's third largest port.
the bénoué river is the primary waterway. the lagdo reservoir is formed by a dam at lagdo.
the bénoué national park protects 1,800 square kilometres. it shelters many large mammal species, including hartebeest, hippos, kob, and waterbuck. the 2,200 square kilometres bouba njida national park is on the chad border. cameroon created the park in 1968 to protect the black rhinoceros and derby eland. faro national park is also in the region.
the province is divided into four departments:
the northwest region is a region in cameroon. the capital city is bamenda.
the kilum-ijim forest, menchum falls, and lake oku are in the region.
there are 7 departments:
the south region is a region in cameroon. the capital city is ebolowa.
rivers include the nyong, ntem, and dja. the dja faunal reserve, a unesco world heritage site, is in the region. there is also the campo reserve and mangame gorilla sanctuary.
there are 4 departments:
the southwest region is a region in cameroon. the capital city is buea.
korup national park is in the region.
there are 6 departments: 
the west region is a region in cameroon. the capital city is bafoussam.
the bamboutos mountains are the west's primary land feature. rivers include the noun river, mbam river, and nkam. lakes include bamendjing reservoir, lake baleng, and the twin lakes of foumbot. falls are common, such as the balatchi, metché, and tsugning falls.
there are 8 departments:
tarrafal is a municipality of cape verde. it is on the northern part of the island of santiago. its seat is the town tarrafal.
about 18,500 people lived there in 2010. its area is 120.8 km2.
mohammad iranpourian (born september 21, 1985) is an iranian football player who currently plays for sepahan of the persian gulf pro league.
gita ramjee (née parekh; 8 april 1956 – 31 march 2020) was a ugandan-south african scientist and researcher in hiv prevention. in 2018, she was awarded the ‘outstanding female scientist’ award from the european and developing countries clinical trials partnership. 
ramjee died in umhlanga, durban, south africa, from covid-19 related problems on 31 march 2020.
são miguel is a municipality of cape verde. it is on the island of santiago. its capital city is calheta de são miguel.
sepidan county () is a county in fars province in iran. the capital of the county is ardakan. at the 2006 census, the county's population was 87,801, in 20,127 families. the county is subdivided into three districts: the central district, beyza district, and hamaijan district. the county has three cities: beyza, hamashahr, and ardakan.
the archipelago of cape verde has 10 islands and several islets, divided into two groups:
the islands in the barlavento group are santo antão, são vicente, santa luzia, são nicolau, sal, and boa vista. 
the islands in the sotavento group are maio, santiago, fogo, and brava. 
all but santa luzia have people living on them.
below is a sortable list of the islands of cape verde. population numbers are from 2000.
bahman () is a city in the central district of abadeh county, fars province, iran. at the 2006 census, its population was 6,484, in 1,604 families.
abadeh county () is a county in fars province in iran. the capital of the county is abadeh. at the 2016 census, the county's population was 100,831. and it is the most populous county in northern fars province. the county has only one district: the central district. the county has five cities: abadeh, soghad, bahman, izadkhvast, and surmaq.
são salvador do mundo is a municipality of cape verde. it is on the island of santiago. its capital city is picos.
santa cruz is a municipality of cape verde. it is on the island of santiago. its capital city is pedra badejo.
abadeh tashk county () is a county in fars province, iran. at the 2006 census, its population was 28,664, in 7,008 families. the county has one city: abadeh tashk. the county has three rural districts ("dehestan"): abadeh tashk rural district, bakhtegan rural district, and hana rural district. the abadeh tashk was established on 2018 in fars province.
são domingos is a municipality of cape verde. it is on the island of santiago. the capital city is also named são domingos.
carjacking is the act of stealing a vehicle, like a car. at least an estimated 49 thousand cases of carjacking happen each year. one of the most important carjackings was during the 2014 shooting in ottawa.
ribeira grande is a municipality of cape verde. it is on the island of santo antão. the capital city is ponta do sol. 
the municipality has 4 civil parishes:
lorena borjas (may 29, 1960 – march 30, 2020) was a mexican-american transgender and immigrant rights activist. she was known as the mother of the transgender latinx community in queens, new york. she lived for many years in the jackson heights neighborhood of queens, where she was a community figure and leader. borjas was born in veracruz, mexico and studied public accounting in mexico city.
borjas earned honors from former mayor david dinkins, new york attorney general letitia james, and queens district attorney melinda katz. in 2019, she was declared a new york woman of distinction in the state senate.
borjas died on march 30, 2020, aged 59, from problems of covid-19 at the age of 59.
arsanjan county () is a county in fars province in iran. the capital of the county is arsanjan. at the 2006 census, the county's population was 40,916, in 9,800 families. the county has one district: the central district. the county has one city: arsanjan.
ribeira grande de santiago is a municipality of cape verde. it is on the island of santiago. the capital city is cidade velha.
it has 2 civil parishes:
beyza county () is a county in fars province, iran. at the 2006 census, its population was 36,694, in 8,565 families. the county has one city: beyza. the county has three rural districts ("dehestan"): banesh rural district, beyza rural district, and kushk-e hezar rural district. the beyza county was established on 2018 in fars province.
bavanat county () is a county in the fars province of iran. the capital of the county is surian. at the 2006 census, the county's population was 44,069, in 11,341 families. the county is subdivided into two districts: the central district and sarchehan district. the county has four cities: surian, korehi, mazayjan & hesami.
chenar shahijan county () is a county in fars province, iran. at the 2016 census, its population was 45,638, in 9,187 families. the county has one city: qaemiyeh. the county has two rural districts ("dehestan"): anarestan rural district and somghan rural district. the chenar shahijan county was established on 2018 in fars province.
darab county () is a county in fars province in iran. the capital of the county is darab. at the 2006 census, the county's population was 172,938, in 39,955 families. the county is subdivided into three districts: the central district, rostaq district, and forg district. the county has four cities: darab, jannat shahr, fadami & do borji.
são lourenço dos órgãos is a municipality in cape verde. it is on the island of santiago. the capital city is joão teves.
pico de antónia, the island's highest mountain, is on the border.
eqlid county () is a county in fars province in iran. the capital of the county is eqlid. at the 2011 census, the county's population was 93,975, in 25,077 families. the county is subdivided into three districts: the central district, sedeh district, and hasanabad district. the county has four cities: eqlid, sedeh, dezhkord & hasanabad.
burnt prairie is a village in illinois in the united states.
enfield is a village in illinois in the united states.
lincoln county is a county found in the u.s. state of washington. the county seat is davenport. 10,570 people lived there at the 2010 census.
aasbüttel is a municipality of the district steinburg, in schleswig-holstein, germany.
christinenthal is a municipality of the district steinburg, in schleswig-holstein, germany.
blomesche wildnis is a municipality of the district of steinburg, in schleswig-holstein, germany.
lehmrade is a municipality of the district lauenburg, in schleswig-holstein, germany.
kane is a village in illinois in the united states.
holstenniendorf is a municipality of the district steinburg, in schleswig-holstein, germany.
bokhorst is a municipality of the district steinburg, in schleswig-holstein, germany. as of 31 december 2018, 137 people lived there. it is at .
eugene harold krabs, known as mr. krabs, is an imaginary character in the american cartoon series "spongebob squarepants". mr. krabs is voiced by actor clancy brown. mr. krabs first appeared in the series' first episode "help wanted" on may 1, 1999. mr. krabs was created and designed by stephen hillenburg.
role in the series.
krabs owns and operates the krusty krab. the krusty krab is a famous fast food restaurant and is placed in the bikini bottom. krabs lives in a curved anchor with his daughter pearl. pearl is a teenage sperm whale.
some critics criticize that mr. krabs' personality was worsened over the years.
ronald graham (17 december 1926 – 2 april 2020) was a british-australian character actor. he appeared in many theatre and television roles from 1956 until retiring in 2003. he was best known for his roles in television movies and guest roles in serials including those of "crawford productions" and roles in popular serials "a country practice" and "home and away". he was born in aldershot, england.
he was the father of australian stage, television and film actor marcus graham. graham died on 2 april 2020 in windsor, new south wales, australia at the age of 93.
besdorf is a municipality of the district of steinburg, in schleswig-holstein, germany.
a seat is where someone sits. a seat can be a chair or a bench. it is said that sitting more closer to someone can make people say or think good things about them.
agethorst is a municipality in steinburg, in schleswig-holstein, germany.
bokelrehm is a municipality of the district steinburg, in schleswig-holstein, germany.
round lake beach is a village in illinois in the united states.
ezio vendrame (21 november 1947 – 4 april 2020) was an italian writer, manager, and footballer, who played as a midfielder. he was born in casarsa della delizia, province of pordenone, italy. he was known for playing for lanerossi vicenza, napoli and padova.
vandrame died on 4 april 2020 in treviso, italy of cancer at the age of 72.
estahban county () is a county in fars province in iran. the capital of the county is estahban. at the 2006 census, the county's population was 66,391, in 16,606 families. the county is subdivided into two districts (bakhsh): the central district and runiz district. the county has three cities: estahban, ij, and runiz.
evaz county () is a county in fars province, iran. at the 2006 census, its population was 33,346, in 6,922 families. the county has two cities: evaz and fishvar. the county has two rural districts ("dehestan"): bid shahr rural district and fishvar rural district. the evaz county was established on 2018 in fars province.
maeve fahey kennedy mckean (née townsend; november 1, 1979 – april 2, 2020) was an american public health official, human rights attorney, and academic. she was the executive director of the global health initiative at georgetown university. she was the daughter of kathleen kennedy townsend and granddaughter of robert f. kennedy and ethel kennedy.
during the obama administration, mckean was the first-ever senior advisor for human rights in the united states department of state's global aids program and the office of global affairs at the u.s. department of health and human services. 
she disappeared with her eldest son, gideon, in the chesapeake bay on april 2, 2020. maryland law enforcement officials declared that she and her son were presumed dead on april 3, 2020. her body was found in the chesapeake bay on april 6 and gideon's was found on april 8. it was said they died after drowning on april 2.
farashband county () is a county in fars province in iran. the capital of the county is farashband. at the 2006 census, the county's population was 38,679, in 8,474 families. the county is subdivided into two districts: the central district and dehram district. the county has three cities: farashband, nujin, and dehram.
 the first level of country subdivisions of iran are the (; "ostānhā") provinces.
each province is further subdivided into counties called shahrestan (), and each shahrestan is subdivided into districts called bakhsh (). there are usually a few cities () and rural districts called dehestan () in each county. rural districts are a collection of a number of villages. one of the cities of the county is appointed as the capital of the county.
according to the government of iran, (iranian calendar 1394), the figures are as follows:
 map of iran's provinces
according to the statistical center of iran, the figures are as follows, (end of iranian calendar 1394):
to better understand such subdivisions, the following table may be helpful. assume that province p is divided into two counties: a and b. county a has 3 districts: central, x, and y. the central district is the district that contains city m, the capital of the county. each district might contain one or more cities or one or more rds (rural districts). in our example, the central district contains city m, city n, and rd t composed of the villages v1, v2, v3, and v4, in turn; district x contains city o and rd u; and district y has no cities and one rd v. the minimal county consists of only one city as the only district, named central, which is most common. the county b in the following table is of such type, containing only one city q. 
sir clive william nicol, mbe (; 17 july 1940 – 3 april 2020) was a british-born japanese writer. he was born in neath, wales. in 1958 he visited the arctic circle to research eider duck. he spent 1967 to 1969 as a game warden in ethiopia, setting up the new semien mountains national park. he returned to japan, writing a book about his ethiopian experiences: "from the roof of africa" (1971).
he became a japanese citizen, which he wrote about in "boku ga nihonjin ni natta riyū" ("why i became japanese").
he wrote both fiction and non-fiction books, in both japanese and in english. his subjects included whaling (for which he went on a trip on a whaling vessel), the environment, martial arts and children's fiction.
he was diagnosed with cancer in 2016, and died on 3 april 2020 in nagano, japan, aged 79.
tim robinson (26 march 1935 – 3 april 2020) was an english writer and cartographer. he was born in yorkshire, england. robinson made maps of the aran islands, connemara, and the burren in county clare; these were published by folding landscape. his two-volume study of the aran islands, "stones of aran", had good reviews of topographical and culture lore. 
his most recent work was the publication of a three-volume study of connemara called "listening to the wind", "a little gaelic kingdom", and "the last pool of darkness". he was a member of the irish arts organisation aosdána.
robinson won two irish book awards: the 2007 argosy irish non-fiction book of the year for "connemara: listening to the wind" and the 2011 international education services best irish-published book of the year for "connemara: a little gaelic kingdom".
robinson died at a hospital in london on 3 april 2020 at the age of 85 of covid-19 during the pandemic, aged 85. robinson died two weeks after the death of his wife and collaborator mairéad robinson.
philippe andré eugène, baron bodson (2 november 1944 – 4 april 2020) was a belgian businessman and politician. he was a member of the belgian senate from 1999 to 2003. in 1977, he started working for glaverbel, where he would be the ceo from 1980 until 1989. from september 1989 until december 1998, he was a non-executive member of the board of directors of fortis.
bodson died 4 april 2020 from covid-19 at the age of 75.
luis eduardo aute gutiérrez (13 september 1943 – 4 april 2020) was a spanish singer-songwriter, movie director, actor, sculptor, writer and painter. he was known for his 1993 album "mano a mano". he starred in the 1977 movie "in memoriam".
aute died on 4 april 2020 in madrid at the age of 76.
a night at the opera is a 1935 american comedy movie starring the marx brothers, kitty carlisle, allan jones, margaret dumont, sig ruman, and walter woolf king. 
it was the first of five movies the marx brothers made for metro-goldwyn-mayer after their departure from paramount pictures, and the first after zeppo left the act. it was directed by sam wood.
it made a lot of money the box office about $1,815,000. "a night at the opera" was selected in 1993 for preservation in the national film registry by the library of congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". 
allan jones (october 14, 1907 – june 27, 1992) was an american actor and tenor. he was best known as the lead role in "show boat" and "the firefly", as well as the male romantic lead in the marx brothers first two movies for metro-goldwyn-mayer, "a night at the opera" and "a day at the races". 
jones died of lung cancer at a new york city hospital on june 27, 1992 at the age of 84.
old forge is a borough in lackawanna county, pennsylvania, united states. the population was 8,313 at the 2010 census. it is located about 3.5 miles from scranton and 13 miles from wilkes-barre.
bashirul haq (24 june 1942 – 4 april 2020) was a bangladeshi architect, planner and educator. he was born in brahmanbaria, bengal presidency, british india (now bangladesh). in his 45 years of professional career, haq has designed more than 300 buildings. bashirul haq & associates in 1977. he is best known for his buildings bhatshala house, kalindi apartments, chayanaut bhaban and asa head office building.
haq died on 4 april 2020 at the age of 77.
mark yakovlevich azbel (; 12 may 1932 — 31 march 2020) was a soviet and israeli physicist. he was a member of the american physical society. in 1964 he began working at moscow state university. he was a section chair at the landau institute for theoretical physics. in 1972, azbel moved to israel, where he began working at tel aviv university. 
azbel died on 31 march 2020 at the age of 87.
pertti kullervo paasio (2 april 1939 – 4 april 2020) was a finnish politician. he was a member of the social democratic party. he was born in helsinki. paasio became member of the parliament in july 1975, however, he lost the seat in the 1979 parliamentary elections. in 1982 he replaced jacob söderman in the parliament and held the seat until he was elected into the european parliament in 1996. 
his father was rafael paasio, the 31st prime minister of finland, and his daughter heli paasio is a member of the parliament. 
he died on 4 april 2020, two days after his 81st birthday.
columbia college chicago is a private college specializing in arts and media located in chicago, illinois. it was founded in 1890. it has 6,195 students pursuing degrees in more than 60 undergraduate and graduate degree programs. 
fasa county () is a county in fars province in iran. the capital of the county is fasa. at the 2006 census, the county's population was 188,189, in 45,333 families. the county is subdivided into four districts: the central district, now bandegan district, sheshdeh and qarah bulaq district, and shibkaveh district. the county has six cities: fasa, zahedshahr, now bandegan, sheshdeh, qarah bolagh & miyanshahr.
firuzabad county () is a county in fars province in iran. the capital of the county is firuzabad. at the 2006 census, the county's population was 111,973, in 24,894 families. the county is subdivided into two districts: the central district and meymand district. the county has two cities: firuzabad and meymand.
gerash county () is a county in fars province in iran. the capital of the county is gerash. at the 2006 census, the county's population was 39,348, in 8,734 families. the county is subdivided into two districts: the central district and arad district. the county has two cities: gerash and arad.
gerash was traditionally part of the region of irahistan. gerash's inhabitants are achomi people.
jahrom county () is a county in fars province in iran. the capital of the county is jahrom. at the 2006 census, the county's population was 197,331, in 48,335 families. the county is subdivided into four districts: the central district, khafr district, simakan district, and kordian district. the county has five cities: jahrom, bab anar, khavaran, duzeh, and qotbabad.
kavar county () is a county in fars province in iran. the capital of the county is kavar. it was separated from shiraz county in february 2011. at the 2006 census, the county's population was 72,423, in 15,570 families. the county has one city: kavar. the county has one district (bakhsh): the central district.
kazerun county () is a county in fars province in iran. the capital of the county is kazerun. at the 2006 census, the county's population was 258,097, in 58,036 families. the county is subdivided into six districts: the central district, jereh and baladeh district, khesht district, kamaraj and konartakhteh district, kuhmareh district, and chenar shahijan district. the county has six cities: kazerun, baladeh, khesht, konartakhteh, nowdan, and qaemiyeh.
kherameh county () is a county in fars province in iran. the capital of the county is kharameh. it was separated from shiraz county in february 2011. at the 2006 census, the county's population was 57,372, in 13,731 families. the county has one district (bakhsh): the central district. the county has two cities: kharameh & soltan shahr.
santa catarina is a municipality. it is on the island of santiago. the capital city is assomada.
its mountains, including serra malagueta and pico da antónia, are the highest of the island.
brava is an island in cape verde. it is in the sotavento group. it is the smallest inhabited island of the cape verde archipelago.
for more than a century, its main industry was whaling. now it is primarily agricultural.
brava was discovered in 1462 by the portuguese explorer diogo afonso. around 1620 the population of brava started with the arrival of settlers from madeira and the azores.
monte fontainhas is the highest point on the island, reaching 976 metres elevation.
administratively, the island of brava is covered by one municipality. there are 2 civil parishes: são joão baptista and nossa senhora do monte. the municipal seat is the city nova sintra.
são filipe is a municipality in cape verde. it is on the island of fogo. its capital city is also named são filipe.
it has 2 civil parishes:
santa catarina do fogo is a municipality in cape verde. it is on the island of fogo. the capital city is cova figueira.
the northwestern part of the municipality is within fogo natural park.
mosteiros is a municipality in cape verde. it is on the island of fogo. the capital city is also named mosteiros.
mosteiros is between the northeastern slopes of the volcano pico do fogo and the atlantic ocean. the southwestern part of the municipality is within fogo natural park.
maio is an island of cape verde. it is the easternmost of the sotavento group. the island forms one municipality. the island’s main town is porto inglês.
the island was discovered in 1460. the tallest mountain on the island (436 m) is near the east coast. it is in a mountain range named monte penoso.
boa vista is and island that belongs to the cape verde islands. the capital city is sal rei.
boa vista is famous for its large beaches like atalanta, cabral, chaves, and ervatão. its main river is the ribeira do rabil. boa vista is also notable for its desert deserto de viana and its dune fields.
the uninhabited island boa vista was discovered by antónio de noli and diogo gomes in 1460.
administratively, the island of boa vista is covered by one municipality. this municipality has 2 civil parishes: santa isabel and são joão baptista.
sal is an island in cape verde. sal is a tourist destination with white sandy beaches and over 350 days of sunshine a year.
the island was discovered on 3 december 1460. the island is home to amílcar cabral international airport, the busiest airport of cape verde. the main port of the island is at palmeira.
administratively, the island of sal is covered by one municipality. espargos is the capital city.
ribeira brava is a municipality in cape verde. it is on the island of são nicolau. the capital city is ribeira brava.
the municipality has 2 civil parishes:
tarrafal de são nicolau is a municipality in cape verde. it is on the island of são nicolau. the capital city is also named tarrafal de são nicolau.
são vicente is an island of cape verde. it is in the barlavento islands group. são vicente was discovered by the portuguese discoverer diogo afonso on 22 january 1462.
92% of the island population lives in the urban area of mindelo. it is on the porto grande bay. mindelo is the capital city of the municipality.
são vicente has a hot and dry climate. the average annual temperature in mindelo is .
porto novo is a municipality in cape verde. it is on the island of santo antão. its capital city is also named porto novo.
its highest point is tope de coroa, elevation .
the municipality has 2 civil parishes:
paul is a municipality in cape verde. it is on the island of santo antão. the capital city is pombas. 
brava or la brava may refer to:
maio or maio can refer to:
sal, sal, or s.a.l. may refer to:
sal is a given name and nickname.
santo antão, portuguese for "saint anthony", may refer to the following places.
santo antão is the westernmost island of cape verde. it is in the barlavento islands group. its population was 38,200 in mid 2019. its largest city is porto novo on the south coast.
the island was discovered in 1461 or 1462 by diogo afonso, together with the islands of são vicente and são nicolau.
the island is divided in three municipalities. these are divided into civil parishes:
saint anthony, antony, or antonius most often refers to anthony of padua, also known as saint anthony of lisbon, the patron saint of lost things. this name may also refer to:
khonj county () is a county in fars province in iran. the capital of the county is khonj. at the 2006 census, the county's population was 37,978, in 7,025 families. the county is subdivided into two districts: the central district and mahmeleh district. the county has one city: khonj.
khonj was traditionally part of the region of irahistan. khonj's inhabitants are achomi people.
khorrambid county () is a county in fars province in iran. the capital of the county is safashahr. 
at the 2006 census, the county's population was 44,669, in 10,919 families. the county is subdivided into two districts: the central district and mashhad-e morghab district. the county has two cities: qaderabad and safashahr.
lamerd county () is a county in fars province in iran. the capital of the county is lamerd.
at the 2006 census, the county's population was 76,971, in 16,602 families. the county is subdivided into three districts: the central district, eshkanan district, and the alamarvdasht district. the county has four cities: lamerd, ahel, alamarvdasht, and eshkanan.
lamerd was historically part of the region of irahistan. the people of lamerd are closely related to the achomi people.
larestan county () is a county in fars province in iran. the capital of the county is lar. the county has nine cities: lar, evaz, beyram, banaruiyeh, fishvar, juyom, khur, latifi & emad deh. the county is subdivided into six districts: the central district, beyram, evaz district, banaruiyeh, sahray-ye bagh, and juyom.
the historical region of larestan & lamerd consists of several counties in fars province (lar, khonj, gerash county, lamerd) and bastak county in hormozgan.
larestani people speak the larestani language. larestani people are of persian descent, the majority of larestani people are sunni muslims. larestani people call themselves "khodmooni".
under medieval age, laristan was ruled by the local dynasty of miladi, until it was removed by a safavid invasion in 1610. in the thirteenth century, larestan briefly became a center of trade and commerce in southern persia. larestan was nearly always an obscure region, never becoming involved in the politics and conflicts of mainstream persia.
at the 2011 census, larestan county's population was 677,416 people.
mamasani county (luri and ) is a county in fars province in iran. the capital of the county is nurabad. it is 180 kilometres from shiraz.
the people of mamasani speak luri language from southern luri dialect. at the 2006 census, the county's population (including those portions later split off to form rostam county) was 162,694, in 45,145 families; excluding such portions, the population was 166,317, in 26,011 families. the county is subdivided into three districts: the central district, mahvarmilani district, and doshman ziari district. the county has three cities: nurabad, khumeh zar and baba monir.
mamasani (also muhammad hasni) an ancient tribe with numerous sub-tribes live in iran, afghanistan, pakistan, iraq and other countries. the main tribe resides in mamasani county in fars province in iran and speak luri language. the sistani mamasanis live in sistan and baluchistan. the brahui and baluchi mamasanis are called muhammad hassani and live in baluchistan provinces of iran and pakistan and nimrus and helmand of afghanistan.
marvdasht county () is a county in fars province in iran. the capital of the county is marvdasht.
at the 2012 census, the county's population was 135,934. the county is subdivided into four districts: the central district, kamfiruz district, dorudzan district, and seyyedan district. the county has five cities: marvdasht, kamfiruz, seyyedan, ramjerd and khaniman.
mohr county () is a county in fars province in iran. the capital of the county is mohr.
its main industries are based on its rich gas sources. tabnak, homa, shanol, varavi and parsian refinery are important gas zones in this region. it has a dry hot climate. at the 2006 census, the county's population was 54,094, in 10,999 families.
the county is subdivided into four districts: the central district, galleh dar district, varavi district, and asir district. the county has five cities: mohr, varavi, asir, galleh dar and khuzi.
neyriz county () is a county in fars province in iran. the capital of the county is neyriz. at the 2006 census, the county's population was 113,291, in about 35,000 families. the county is subdivided into four districts: the central district, abadeh tashk district, qatruyeh district, and poshtkuh district. the county has four cities: neyriz, abadeh tashk, meshkan, and qatruyeh.
pasargad county () is a county in fars province in iran. the capital of the county is saadat shahr.
at the 2017 census, the county's population was 30,116, in 8,813 families. the county is subdivided into two districts: the central district and hakhamanish district. the county has two cities: saadat shahr and madar-e soleyman.
qir and karzin county ( - "shahrestan qir va karzin") is a county in fars province, iran. the capital of the county is qir.
at the 2006 census, the county's population was 61,432 with 13,246 families. the county is subdivided into two districts: the central district and efzar district. the county has five cities: efzar, qir, karzin, emam shahr and mobarakabad.
rostam county () is a county in fars province in iran. the capital of the county is masiri. 
at the 2006 census, the county's population was 45,377, in 9,134 families. the county is subdivided into two districts: the central district and sorna district. the county has two cities: masiri and kupon.
sarchehan county () is a county in fars province, iran. at the 2006 census, its population was 18,933, in 4,569 families. the county has two cities, korehi & hesami, and three rural districts ("dehestan"): bagh safa rural district, sarchehan rural district, and tujerdi rural district. the sarchehan county was established on 2018 in fars province.
sarvestan county () is a county in fars province in iran. the capital of the county is sarvestan. 
at the 2006 census, the county's population was 34,452, in 8,308 families. the county is subdivided into two districts: the central district and kuhenjan district. the county has two cities: sarvestan and kuhenjan.
zarqan county () is a county in fars province, iran. 
at the 2006 census, its population was 46,672, in 11,815 families. the county has two cities: zarqan and lapui. the county has three rural districts ("dehestan"): band-e amir rural district, rahmatabad rural district, and zarqan rural district. the zarqan county was established on 2018 in fars province.
thomas john dempsey (january 12, 1947 – april 4, 2020) was an american football placekicker in the national football league (nfl) for the new orleans saints (1969–1970), philadelphia eagles (1971–1974), los angeles rams (1975–1976), houston oilers (1977) and buffalo bills (1978–1979). he was born in milwaukee, wisconsin.
dempsey died of covid-19 in new orleans, louisiana on april 4, 2020 at the age of 73.
deccani is a dialect of urdu, spoken in hyderabad. it can also be called deccani urdu, deccani hindi, dakni, dakhni, dakhini, dakkhani or dakkani.
xavier dor (30 january 1929 – 4 april 2020) was a french embryologist. he was well known for his activism against abortions. he was born in marseille, france.
dor was charged with eleven different crimes throughout his life, most of which coming after the neiertz law passed in 1993. it made obstructing abortion a crime. dor took part in the march for life in paris on 22 january 2017. the movement did not achieve its ultimate goal, which was to overturn the legalization of abortion.
dor died of covid-19 on 4 april 2020 in paris at the age of 91.
rekhta is earliest form of urdu, and then shifted to khariboli dialect of delhi.
dhakaiya urdu is a urdu dialect, formerly spoken in dhaka.
hyderabadi is a dialect of deccani, actually a dialect of urdu, spoken in indian and pakistani hyderabad.
zarrindasht county () is a county in fars province in iran. the capital of the county is hajjiabad. 
khafr county () is a county in fars province, iran. at the 2006 census, its population was 42,199, in 10,550 families. 
abadeh tashk is a city and capital of abadeh tashk district, in neyriz county, fars province, iran. at the 2006 census, 6,213 people lived there.
it can be romanized as ābādeh ţashk, ābādeh-ye ţashk, ābādeh-i-tashk, and ābādeh-ye ţashk; also known as ţashk and ābādī-ye tashk) 
arsanjan (, also romanized as arsanjān and arsenjān; also known as arsinjān) is a city and capital of arsanjan county, fars province, iran. 
beyza (, also romanized as beyzā, beyẕā, and bayzâ; also known as tall-e beyẕā, tal-e baiza, tol-e beyẕā, and sepīdān) is a city and capital of beyza district, in sepidan county, fars province, iran. at the 2006 census, its population was 3,593, in 845 families.
surian (, also romanized as suriān; formerly, bavanat (, also romanized as bavānāt and bawānāt) is a city and capital of bavanat county, fars province, iran.
qaemiyeh (, also romanized as qā’emīyeh) is a city and capital of chenar shahijan district, in kazerun county, fars province, iran. 
darab (, also romanized as dārāb) — formerly darábghird, or darábgerd — is a city and capital of darab county, fars province, iran. at the 2006 census, its population was 54,513, in 13,279 families.
jannat shahr (, also known as kūshk-e jannat and jannat) is a city in the central district of darab county, fars province, iran. 
eqlid (, also romanized as eqlīd, eklīd, and iqlīd) is a city and capital of eqlid county, fars province, iran. at the 2006 census, its population was 49,709, in 1,497 families.
sedeh (, also known as sehdeh) is a city and capital of sedeh district, in eqlid county, fars province, iran. sedeh is located about north-to-northwest of shiraz. 
estahban (, , also romanized as estahbān and eşţahbān; formerly, eşţahbānāt, estehbanat, istehbānāt, istahbanát and shahr-e eşţahbānāt; also formerly known as savānāt) is a city and capital of estahban county, fars province, iran.
ij (, also romanized as īj) is a city in the central district of estahban county, fars province, iran.
runiz (, also romanized as rūnīz; also known as rownīz-e ‘olyā, rownīz-e bālā, rūnīz bala, and rūnīz-e bālā, all meaning "upper runiz") is a city and capital of runiz district, in estahban county, fars province, iran.
jermaine dupri mauldin (born september 23, 1972) is an american rapper, songwriter, record producer, record executive, dj, and entrepreneur. he and janet jackson have been partners from 2002 to 2009. dupri is a member of the hip hop group kris kross and has collaborated with artists, including mariah carey and usher. he released his first album, "life in 1472" in 1998.
evaz (, also romanized as awadh, avaz, evazeh, and ‘ewaz) is a city and capital of evaz district, in fars province, iran. 
rocky taylor (born laurie taylor; 1946) is an english stuntman and actor. he was born in bermondsey, south east london, england. his first appearance as a stuntman was in "dr. no". he has worked on james bond and indiana jones movies. he is also known as being the voice of the original honey monster in a series of commercials for sugar puffs.
his other works include "a bridge too far", "titanic", "the da vinci code", "harry potter and the deathly hallows part 1" and the hbo television series "game of thrones". he has also had minor acting roles in 40 movies, including doubling for roger moore and sean connery in james bond movies. 
taylor got a fractured spine in 1985 when a stunt on the movie "death wish 3" went wrong, but survived the fall from a burning building. he holds the record for being the oldest stuntman in britain, with 35 years as a stunt performer and 20 years as a stunt co-ordinator. 
on 2 april 2020, taylor was reported to be in "critical condition" from covid-19.
"spongebob squarepants vs. the big one" is the eleventh episode of the sixth season of "spongebob squarepants". it was first shown on television on april 17, 2009. 5.8 million people watched the episode on television when it was first shown. in the episode, spongebob, patrick, squidward, mr. krabs, and sandy are pulled away by a giant wave. spongebob, patrick, and squidward get stuck on an island. they look for a surf guru named jack kahuna laguna who can teach them how to get past a wave that is hard to find, called the big one, so that they can get back to bikini bottom. on march 3, 2009, both a dvd and a video game based on the episode were released. 
mr. krabs sees people going to goo lagoon, a beach, so he goes there to sell krabby patties. spongebob, squidward, and mr. krabs get on a surfboard and find patrick and sandy. patrick tries to get on the surfboard, but he causes it to fall and it gets into a giant wave that separates everyone. spongebob, patrick, and squidward end up on an island with other surfers. mr. krabs is all alone in the middle of the ocean with his cash register, cashy. sandy gets put on a different island and builds a helicopter.
the surfers tell spongebob, patrick, and squidward that the only way to get back to bikini bottom is to surf there, but they do not know how to. one of the surfers, named twitch, tells them that the only person who can teach them is a surfer named jack kahuna laguna. once the three find jack kahuna laguna, he comes out a hut with a long surfboard and says that they have to ride a big wave called the big one to get back home. they practice surfing to get ready for the big one. before they start surfing on the big one, jack kahuna laguna says that it wants a sacrifice.
spongebob, patrick, and squidward surf the big one and find mr. krabs and cashy. mr. krabs gets on the board but drops cashy. jack kahuna laguna goes and gets cashy and acts as the sacrifice. once the wave disappears, spongebob, patrick, squidward, and mr. krabs are near goo lagoon. sandy's helicopter crashes into goo lagoon as well. the people in goo lagoon throw a party for them coming back. 
carey bryson of about.com said that "parents will also be pleased, as the episode contains no rude words or inappropriate jokes." maddy pumilia for blogcrotics reviewed the episode and wrote "like most spongebob episodes, this episode was comic genius. i especially enjoyed mr. krabs' love affair with his cash register, cashy. it's hilarious. best part of the show, in my opinion." ian jane of dvd talk said "[the episode] is absolutely worth a watch thanks to the series high standard of quality, quirky animation, and multilayered humor." david hinckly of the "new york daily news" gave the episode 4 out of 5 stars and said "it's all good when you never forget to have fun."
"" is a video game that is based on the episode. it was released on march 3, 2009 for the nintendo ds and was published by thq. "surf's up, spongebob!" is a book that is based on the episode. it was written by david lewman in 2009 and was published by simon spotlight and nickelodeon.
fishvar (, also romanized as fīshvar) is a city in, larestan county, fars province, iran. at the 2006 census, its population was 5,201, in 920 families.
william awihilima kahaiali'i, known as willie k, (1961 – may 19, 2020) was an american singer-songwriter, musician and record producer. his music genres were blues, rock, hawaiian, and opera. he was born in lahaina, maui.
in 1993, willie began to work with amy hānaialiʻi gilliom that would last for nine years. they recorded, performed, and toured together, and also shared a personal relationship. their recordings won seven na hoku hanohano awards. in 2005, willie's reunion album with gilliom, "amy & willie live", was nominated for a grammy in the first year of the best hawaiian music album award.
in february 2018, willie k was diagnosed with lung cancer. in april 2019, willie announced that it was terminal. he died a month later on 19 may 2020, aged 59.
jermaine anthony preyan (born july 28, 1982), better known by his stage name mack maine, is an american record executive, songwriter, rapper, and singer. he is signed to young money entertainment, cash money records, republic records, soothe your soul and kush entertainment. he has collaborated with lil wayne and birdman.
santi white (born 25 september 1976), better known by her stage name santigold (formerly santogold) is an american producer and singer. her debut album "santogold" was released in 2008.
dog blood is a deep house duo formed in 2012 by record producers skrillex and boys noize. they are signed to big beat records and the members' record labels.
farashband (, also romanized as farrāshband; also known as farāsh and farrāsh) is a city and capital of farashband county, fars province, iran. 
dehram () is a city and capital of dehram district, in farashband county, fars province, iran. 
nujin () is a city in the central district of farashband county, fars province, iran.
fasa (, also fassa) is a city and capital of fasa county, fars province, iran. 
joseph thomas youngman (born march 17, 1982), better known by his stage name wolfgang gartner, is an american electro house dj. his music has been compared to the likes of deadmau5 and justice.
many of his songs have held to no.1 position on the beatport top 10 charts.
gartner makes house music, progressive house and electro house. 
also known as.
gartner has another name, joel youngman.
wolfgang djs and produces songs, bootlegs, remixes, shows and albums.
gartner has been signed to the uk version of the label ministry of sound.
now bandegan (, also romanized as now bandegān and naubandagān) is a city and capital of now bandegan district, in fasa county, fars province, iran. 
sheshdeh (, also romanized as shash deh, shesh deh, and shish deh) is a city and capital of sheshdeh and qarah bulaq district, in fasa county, fars province, iran.
zahedshahr (; formerly, zahedan (), also romanized as zāhedān and zāhidān) is a city and capital of shibkaveh district, in fasa county, fars province, iran.
firuzabad ( also romanized as fīrūzābād; middle persian: gōr or ardashir-khwarrah, literally "the glory of ardashir"; also shahr-e gūr ) is a city and capital of firuzabad county, fars province, iran. 
meymand (, also romanized as maimand; also known as meyman) is a city and capital of meymand district, in firuzabad county, fars province, iran.
gerash (, also romanized as gerāsh and girāsh) is a city and capital of gerash county, fars province, iran. 
arad (, also romanized as ard, erad, īrad, and ird) is a city in and the capital of arad district, in gerash county, fars province, iran. 
duzeh (, also romanized as dūzeh; also known as āb dūzūyeh and dūzeh-ye vahmandeh) is a city and capital of simakan district, jahrom county, fars province, iran.
qotbabad (, also romanized as qoţbābād; also known as kowtbābād and qutbābād) is a city and capital of kordian district, in jahrom county, fars province, iran.
goodie mob is an american hip hop group that was formed in 1991 by cameron "big gipp" gipp, willie "khujo" knighton jr., ceelo green (born thomas callaway), and robert "t-mo" barnett in atlanta, georgia.
the group's first studio album was "soul food" (1995). the album contained social and political issues such as racism, discrimination, geopolitics, and gentrification. the album's first single "cell therapy" reached number 39 on the "billboard" hot 100. it also reached number one on the "billboard" hot rap singles chart. 
in 1998, goodie mob released their second album "still standing". the album continued the group's style of social commentary. ceelo's singing abilities have been used more often. their third album, 'world party']', has moved away from its gritty (hard-edged) style. it instead incorporated lighter beats and party related subject matter. during the production of the album, ceelo left the group for a solo career when he was unhappy with the direction of the project. after goodie mob's fourth album, "one monkey don't stop no show", was released in 2004, big gipp also left the group. 
in 2006, all four members of goodie mob reunited and performed together following a concert by gnarls barkley. in 2011, goodie mob signed with elektra records. their new album "age against the machine" was released in 2013.
after a seven years gap, they released a new album in november 2020, titled "survival kit".
kavar (, also romanized as kavār; also known as kaval) is a city and capital of kavar county, fars province, iran.
kazeroon (, also romanized as kāzerūn, kāzeroūn, and kazeroon; also known as kasrun) is a city and capital of kazeroon county, fars province, iran. 
baladeh (, also romanized as bālādeh and bālā deh) is a city and capital of jereh and baladeh district, in kazerun county, fars province, iran.
khesht (, also known as khisht) is a city and capital of khesht district, in kazerun county, fars province, iran.
konartakhteh (, also romanized as konārtakhteh, konār takhteh, and kunār takhteh) is a city and capital of kamaraj and konartakhteh district, in kazerun county, fars province, iran.
nowdan (, also romanized as nowdān and naudān) is a city and capital of kuhmareh district, in kazeroon county, fars province, iran.
kharameh (, also romanized as kharāmeh, karameh and kherāmeh) is a city and capital of kharameh county, fars province, iran.
khonj (, also known as khunj and khunji) is a city and capital of khonj county, fars province, iran.
safashahr (dehbid) (, also romanized as şafāshahr; formerly, dehbid (persian: دهبید )) is a city and capital of khorrambid county, fars province, iran.
qaderabad (, also romanized as qāderābād and qādirābād) is a city and capital of mashhad morghab district, in khorrambid county, fars province, iran.
lamerd (, also romanized as lāmerd and lāmard; also known as tarakma) is a city and capital of lamerd county, fars province, iran.
ahel (, also romanized as ahl and ehel) is a town in eshkanan district, lamerd county, fars province, iran.
alamarvdasht () is a city and capital of alamarvdasht district, in lamerd county, fars province, iran.
eshkanan (, also romanized as eshkanān: also known as īshkanān and ‘ishqanān) is a city and capital of eshkanan district, in lamerd county, fars province, iran.
masaaki sugihara (1954-2019) is a japanese researcher of numerical analysis and former professor at the university of tokyo. he is known for his studies about numerical linear algebra, numerical integration and approximation. he also had several joint studies with masatake mori.
lar (, also romanized as lār; also known as larestan) is a city and capital of larestan county, fars province, iran.
beyram (, also romanized as bairam and beyrom) is a city in iran. it is the capital of beyram district, in larestan county, fars province, iran.
masao iri (1933-2018) is a japanese researcher of applied mathematics and former professor at the university of tokyo. he is known for his studies about numerical integration and optimization.
banaruiyeh (, also romanized as banārū’īyeh, banarooyeh, banārū”īyeh, banārūyeh, and bonārūyeh; formerly, fathābād) is a city and capital of banaruiyeh district, in larestan county, fars province, iran.
juyom (, also romanized as jūyom; also known as juwūn, jūyum, and zhoyūm) is a city and capital of juyom district, in larestan county, fars province, iran.
khur (, also romanized as khūr, khvor, and khoor) is a city in the central district of larestan county, fars province, iran.
latifi (, also romanized as laţīfī) is a city in the central district of larestan county, fars province, iran.
nurabad (, also romanized as nūrābād) is a city and capital of mamasani county, fars province, iran.
columbine high school (chs) is a public high school in columbine, near littleton, colorado, united states. as of 2018–19, the school has 1,697 students. it was founded in 1973.
in 1999, the school became the scene of an infamous mass shooting carried out by two students.
columbine is a census-designated place (cdp) in arapahoe and jefferson counties in the u.s. state of colorado. located mostly in jefferson county, it lies west of the denver suburb of littleton. as of the 2010 census, the cdp had a population of 24,280.
in 1999, columbine was the site of the columbine high school massacre.
lakewood is a city in colorado, the united states. it was founded in 1889. 
its population ranks fifth of all the colorado cities. it ranks 172nd (in population) out of all the cities in the united states. 
in 2010, the population was 142,980. 
according to the united states census in 2010, the city population was 142,980. lakewood is to the west of denver, colorado's capital. it is one of the key cities of the denver–aurora–lakewood, co metropolitan statistical area and a major city of the front range urban corridor.
this urban and suburban community was started in 1889 by charles welch and w.a.h. loveland; who platted a 13-block area along colfax avenue west of denver in eastern jefferson county. loveland used to be the president of the colorado central railroad and lived in golden. after retiring, he moved to the new area known as lakewood.
up until 1969, this area known as lakewood didn't have a city government. instead, they relied on water districts, fire districts, and the government of jefferson county. this area known as lakewood was more of a community and had been around for 80 years. police protection was provided to them by the jefferson county sheriff and volunteers from fire districts. 
in 1969, the city of lakewood was legally turned into jefferson city. not too long after, they held an election. they decided to change the city's name to lakewood because the majority disliked "jefferson city," and believes it would be confused with existing communities in colorado and missouri. at this time, the population was already over 90,000.
lakewood never had a traditional downtown area. west colfax avenue served the metropolitan area as u.s. route 40 and the main route that joined denver with the rocky mountains. colfax from harlan west to kipling and beyond had mostly commercial establishments. originally, in lakewood, there was only the jewish conspumtive relief society (jcrs) for tuberculosis patients, a small, frame methodist church, and telephone exchange. however, by the 1950s, grocery and drug stores, gas stations, restaurants and taverns, several motels, branch banks, a movie theater, a roller rink, a bowling alley, and used car lots could be found as well. several shopping centers with multiple businesses also developed.
in 2011, lakewood was named an all-america city for the first time.
lakewood is located at at an elevation of . it is located in the middle of u.s. route 6 and colorado state highway 121 in central colorado,positioned immediately west of denver and north-northwest of colorado springs.
lakewood lies in the colorado piedmont on the western edge of the great plains, just east of the front range of the southern rocky mountains. green mountain, a mesa tall, is located in the far west-central part of the city.
lakewood is located in the watershed of the south platte river. several small tributaries of the river flow east through it. from north to south, this includes lakewood gulch, weir gulch, sanderson gulch, and bear creek. two tributaries of lakewood gulch, dry gulch and mcintyre gulch, flow east through the northern part of the city. turkey creek, a tributary of bear creek, flows northeast through the far southwestern part of the city. in addition, lena gulch, a tributary of clear creek to the north, flows east then north through the extreme northwestern part of the city.
several small lakes and reservoirs are in lakewood. the soda lakes lie in the far southwestern part of the city. east of them lies bear creek lake, a reservoir fed by bear creek and turkey creek. clustered near each other in central lakewood are main reservoir, east reservoir, smith reservoir, kendrick lake, and cottonwood lake. northeast of them lies kountze lake. in the northwestern part of the city, lena gulch both feeds and drains maple grove reservoir. in the far southern part of the city lies bowles reservoir no. 1 and, just outside the city limits to the reservoir's northeast, marston lake.
according to the united states census bureau, the city has a total area of . of which are land and (2.7%) are covered by water.
as a suburb of denver, lakewood is part of both the greater denver metropolitan area and the front range urban corridor. it borders other communities on all sides, including wheat ridge to the north, edgewater to the northeast, denver to the east and southeast, dakota ridge to the south, morrison to the southwest, and golden, west pleasant view, east pleasant view, and applewood to the northwest.
lakewood experiences a semiarid climate (köppen "bsk") with winters tha fluctuate between mild to cold and snowy while summers are warm to hot, with great temperature differences (about 30°f) between day and night year round. precipitation happens mostly in the spring and summer.
as of the 2010 census, 142,980 people, 61,986 households, and 35,882 families lived in the city. the population density was 3,334.4 people per square mile (1,286.9/km). its 65,758 housing units averaged 1,533.5 per square mile (591.9/km). the racial makeup of the city was 82.9% white, 3.1% asian, 1.6% black, 1.4% american indian, 0.1% pacific islander, 7.7% from other races, and 3.3% from two or more races. hispanics and latinos of any race were 22.0% of the population.
out of the 61,986 households, 26.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.1% were married couples living together, 5.0% had a male householder with no wife present, 11.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.1% were not families. about 33.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. the average household size was 2.27, and the average family size was 2.92.
when looking at the population by age, it was 20.8% under the age of 18, 9.6% from 18 to 24, 27.1% from 25 to 44, 28.0% from 45 to 64, and 14.5% who were 65 years of age or older. the average age was 39.2 years. the population divided by gender was 48.9% male and 51.1% female.
the average income for a household in the city was $52,960, and for a family was $66,947. males had an average income of $46,907 versus $41,476 for females. the city's per capita income was $30,027. about 9.1% of families and 11.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.3% of those under age 18 and 6.1% of those age 65 or over.
lakewood makes money in a lot of different way, but gets the most money from the government. companies based in lakewood include einstein bros. bagels, firstbank, and the integer group.
as of 2013, 67.3% of the population over the age of 16 had a job. 0.1% was in the armed forces, and 67.3% was in the civilian labor force with 61.1% employed and 6.2% unemployed. the different types of the employed civilian labor force was 38.6% in management, business, science, and arts; 25.9% in sales and office occupations; 16.9% in service occupations; 9.9% in production, transportation, and material moving; and 8.7% in natural resources, construction, and maintenance. the three industries employing the largest percentages of the working civilian labor force were educational services, health care, and social assistance (18.4%); professional, scientific, and management, and administrative and waste management services (13.8%); and retail trade (11.9%).
isabella blow (born isabella delves broughton; 19 november 1958 – 7 may 2007) was a british magazine editor. she worked for publications such as "tatler", "vogue" and "the sunday times". she was the muse of hat designer philip treacy. she is credited with discovering the models stella tennant and sophie dahl. she is also known for helping further the career of fashion designer alexander mcqueen.
blow was born in marylebone, london. she was married twice. at the time of her death, detmar blow had been her husband since 1989. she was depressed and had been diagnosed with bipolar disorder and ovarian cancer.
blow tried to kill herself on many occasions. on 6 may 2007, she was taken to a gloucester hospital after poisoning herself. she died the next day, at the age of 48.
john wayne olsen (born 7 june 1945) is an australian politician, diplomat and lobbyist. he served as the premier of south australia from november 1996 to october 2001. he was the leader of the south australian liberals from 1982 to 1990, and again from 1996 to 2001. he was also a senator for south australia between 1990 and 1992.
olsen was born in kadina, south australia. he married julie abbott in 1968. the couple have three children.
laurence william neal (born 18 july 1947) is an australian politician. he is a member of the national party. he served as a senator for victoria from 1980 to 1981. neal was born in wangaratta, victoria.
jennifer morrison ("née" warren; born 8 january 1968) is the wife of scott morrison, the 30th prime minister of australia. morrison is a registered nurse. she was born in canterbury, new south wales and grew up in peakhurst, sydney. she and her husband first met at the age of 12, started dating at 16 and were married at 21. the couple have two children.
arghanj khwa district is a district in badakhshan province, afghanistan. it was created in 2005 from part of yaftali payan district, itself created from the fayzabad district.
ab daw is a village in badakhshan province, afghanistan. it is about 16 miles northwest of zebak. in the past, ad baw was mostly lived in by tajiks.
mahmoud jibril el-warfally (‎; 28 may 1952 – 5 april 2020) was a libyan politician. he served as the interim prime minister of libya for seven and a half months as the executive board of the national transitional council from 5 march to 23 october 2011. he was also the minister of foreign affairs. he held these posts during the during the libyan civil war in 2011. from 2012 until his death, he was the leader of the national forces alliance. he was born in benghazi.
on 5 april 2020, during the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic, jibril died in cairo, egypt of covid-19. he was 67.
the international business times (ibt), or simply the ibtimes, is an american online news publication. it publishes seven national editions in four languages. it offers news, opinion and editorial commentary on business and commerce. ibt is one of the world's largest online news sources, having forty million unique visitors each month. it was launched in 2005. it was founded by etienne uzac and johnathan davis. its headquarter is in new york city.the current editor is peter.s. goodman.
in late 2005, uzac and davis, in new york, launched the ibt website.on august 4, 2013, ibt media purchased ""newsweek" " another news site. peter s. goodman, news editor of "the huffington post", became editor in 2014. goodman left the company in 2016. ibt media later renamed as newsweek media group.in september 2018, newsweek media group once again became ibt media with "newsweek" became an independent company.
news and content.
in 2016, "ibt" hired john crowley, the "wall street journal"'s digital editor, as its uk editor-in-chief. according to "the guardian", "crowley said his focus would be on helping the site break exclusives, in-depth storytelling and new forms of digital journalism". in 2017, "international business times" uk joined a partnership with "bloomberg", "channel 4" and the bbc to work together to combat the spread of fake news. consequently. in june 2017, jason murdock — who covers cyber security for the "international business times uk" — won digital writer of the year at the drum online media awards.
masatake mori (1937-2017) is a japanese numerical analyst and a former professor at the university of tokyo and kyoto university. he is known for his contributions to numerical analysis, especially the invention of the double exponential integration formula (one of the most effective method for numerical integration). he also had several joint studies with masaaki sugihara.
stephen john dillane (born 27 march 1957) is an english actor. on screen, he is best known for his roles as leonard woolf in the movie "the hours" (2002), thomas jefferson in the hbo miniseries "john adams" (2008), stannis baratheon in the fantasy series "game of thrones" (2012–15) and dci karl roebuck in "the tunnel" (2013–17). his tv work has earned him a bafta and international emmy award, as well as a primetime emmy award nomination.
as a stage actor, dillane won a tony award for his lead performance in tom stoppard's play "the real thing" (2000). he also had praised performances in "angels in america" (1993), "hamlet" (1994) and "macbeth" (2005).
dillane was born in kensington, london. his mother was english and his father was an australian. he is married to naomi wirthner. the couple have two children, including actor frank dillane.
frank stephenson dillane (born 21 april 1991) is an english actor. he is known for his role as nick clark in the amc series "fear the walking dead" (2015–2018). his movie roles include tom riddle in "harry potter and the half-blood prince" (2009) and owen coffin in "in the heart of the sea" (2015).
dillane was born in london. his parents are actors stephen dillane and naomi wirthner.
the second season of arthur first aired on october 20, 1997 and ended on april 17, 1998.
edward g. biles (october 18, 1931 – april 5, 2020) was an american football coach. his highest position was as head coach of the national football league's houston oilers from 1981 to 1983. he was born in reading, ohio.
on april 5, 2020, biles died of leukemia in houston, texas. he was 88.
reading is a city in hamilton county, ohio, united states. as of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 10,385.
the flash is an american superhero television series. developed by greg berlanti, andrew kreisberg, and geoff johns, it airs on the cw. it is based on the dc comics character barry allen / flash. it is a spin-off from "arrow" and exists in the same fictional universe.
the series follows barry allen, portrayed by grant gustin, a crime scene investigator who gains super-human speed. he uses his ability to fight criminals, including others who have also gained superhuman abilities. it is mostly filmed in vancouver, british columbia, canada.
"the flash" first aired on october 7, 2014. since then, six seasons have aired. a seventh season is being made.
forrest compton (september 15, 1925 – april 4, 2020) was an american actor. he is known for playing mike karr, the central character in the long-running soap opera "the edge of night" (1970–1984) and lieutenant colonel edward gray in the 1960s sitcom "gomer pyle, u.s.m.c.". his other television credits include "the troubleshooters", "the twilight zone", "77 sunset strip", "my three sons", "mayberry r.f.d.", "mannix", "hogan's heroes", "that girl", "another world", "loving", "one life to live", "as the world turns" and "ed". his movie appearances include "the outsider" (1961) and "mcbain" (1991).
compton was born in reading, pennsylvania. in 1975, he married jeanne sementini. on april 4, 2020, during the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic, compton died of covid-19 in shelter island, new york. he was 94.
shelter island is a town and island at the eastern end of long island in the u.s. state of new york. it is part of suffolk county. as of the 2010 census, the town had a population of 2,392.
jay benedict (april 11, 1951 – april 4, 2020) was an american actor. he was born in burbank, california. he started living in europe during the 1960s. his movie credits include "star wars" (1977), "aliens" (1986), "diamond skulls" (1989), "tirant lo blanc" (2006) and "the dark knight rises" (2012). he is also known for appearing in tv series such as "foyle's war" and "emmerdale".
on april 4, 2020, during the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic, benedict died of covid-19 in london. he was 68.
jamell maurice demons (born may 1, 1999), better known as ynw melly, is an american rapper, singer and songwriter. he was born in gifford, florida. he is best known for his songs "murder on my mind" and "mixed personalities" featuring kanye west. he released his album, "we all shine", in january 2019.
in february 2019, demons was charged with two counts of first-degree murder relating to a shooting that took place in october 2018. he is currently awaiting trial.
in april 2020, during the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic, demons tested negative for dissociative identity disorder. federal doctors stated that nelly was sane while murdering both victims.
"screenless" is the fifteenth episode of the thirty-first season of "the simpsons". it was first shown on television on the fox network on march 8, 2020. in the episode, marge wants the family to lower their screen time. however, she later finds out she needs to lower her screen time the most. the episode was dedicated to james lipton who died on march 2, 2020, six days before the episode was shown on television. he guest starred in the episodes "the sweetest apu" and "homer the father".
the simpsons family is watching a murder show on tv. lisa sees maggie trying to get their attention so she changes the channel to a show that teaches babies sign language. maggie was trying to tell them that hans moleman is stuck under a tree that fell, but the family does not notice. in the morning, they keep watching the show and hans is taken to an ambulance.
the show is cancelled because the government stopped funding the show, so marge tries teaching maggie sign language herself. marge tries to tell the family about maggie's development, but the family is too busy on their devices. marge decides to limit everyone's screen time to half an hour a week. 
marge catches homer, bart, and lisa having their screen time changed by a technician, so she puts away the devices completely. homer is bored at work, so he starts playing word puzzles in a newspaper. marge sees how strong devices are affecting patty and selma. bart uses his imagination at school when he gets a toy rocket down from the school roof. lisa gets the feeling of joy when she finds books from the library without using devices.
marge can not find the recipe she is looking for, so when the family comes back home, they find her in the closet with her phone and laptop. marge admits that she is the one who is addicted to devices. she signs the family up for a month at the screen addiction rehab center, a place to treat screen addictions.
the next day, they get in to the center and find out it is a pleasant place. the owner, dr. lund, shows them around the place and what you can do. the family starts to recover, but they can not hold back for long. they find the workers all using computers and sending spam mail after stealing the patients' accounts. the family can not leave because they signed a non-disclosure contract which does not let them leave the center.
at night, the family uses sign language to communicate with each other and escape the center. the next day, dr. lund is arrested for scamming.
dennis perkins of "the a.v. club" gave the episode a score of b- and says that "there's not enough else to recommend 'screenless,' as the simpsons’ individual journeys through the hell of online withdrawal are short-changed and unsatisfying." "den of geek" gave the episode a 3.5 out of 5 stars and says that the episode "is a sweet episode because it promises that families can be in the same room as each other and still be together."
aardonyx is a genus of dinosaur. it lived in what is now south africa during the early jurassic about 195 million years ago. the aardonyx had a long, slender neck and a small head. it had a thick, barrel chest and primarily stood on two legs, but could walk on four. it was 20 feet long and 6 feet tall. it weighed about half a ton. its diet was herbivorous.
an accelerometer is a device used to measure proper acceleration, which is the acceleration it experiences in relation to freefall, and is the acceleration felt by people and objects. accelerometers are commonly made up of piezoelectric, piezoresistive or capacitive components. here are some examples of what accelerometers are used for:
the 1967 stanley cup finals was the championship series of the national hockey league's (nhl) 1966–67 season. it was between the montreal canadiens and the toronto maple leafs. the maple leafs won the series, four games to two.
kincaid is a village in illinois in the united states. kincaid is a town in illinois with a population of 1,428. kincaid is in christian county. living in kincaid offers residents a rural feel and most residents own their homes. many families live in kincaid and residents tend to be conservative.
nutteln is a municipality of the district steinburg, in schleswig-holstein, germany.
waseda university honjo senior high school is a japanese private high school which is attached to waseda university. this means that all students who have successfully graduated from this high school are entitled to enter waseda university.
waseda jitsugyo () is a japanese private school with an elementary school (), junior and senior high school (). waseda jitsugyo was founded in 1901, in tokyo and attached to waseda university. this means that all students who have successfully finished this school are allowed to enter waseda university.
nurabad or noor abad may refer to many iranian settlements:
waseda shibuya senior high school (japanese: 早稲田大学系属早稲田渋谷シンガポール校) is a japanese private school in west coast, singapore. it is affiliated with waseda university in tokyo, so students graduated from here can enter waseda university. this school accepts graduates of japanese junior high schools from other asian regions.
satysfi (static analysis-based typesetting system for functional implementation) is an open source computer program used for making articles, reports and mathematical formulas. various free extensions are developed for satysfi, and it is expected to be an alternative option for latex and beamer in the future.
firuzabad may refer to:
"can you feel the love tonight" is a song written by elton john and tim rice for the lion king. it won the best original song award in the 1994 oscars.
the song was performed by donald glover and beyoncé in the 2019 remake of the lion king.
daniel jacoby (august 14, 1933 – april 2, 2020) was a french lawyer and writer. he worked in intellectual property law and human rights. in 1970, he became a member of the international federation for human rights (f.i.d.h.) and was the first cousin of justice robert badinter. he became president between 1986 and 1995 and then became honorary president. he was knighted and as an officer of the french legion of honor.
andrea ruth mitchell (7 february 1956 – 3 april 2020) was an australian politician. she was a member of the legislative assembly of western australia from 2008 to 2017. she represented the seat of kingsley. she was born in brisbane. mitchell was a member of the liberal party.
mitchell died on 3 april 2020 at the age of 64.
arnold heertje (19 february 1934 – 4 april 2020) was a dutch economist. he was an emeritus professor at the university of amsterdam. heertje was also a writer and columnist. he became known for his opposition to the betuweroute. heertje was born in breda, netherlands. 
from 1964 to 1999 he was professor of political economy at the law faculty of the university of amsterdam, and from 1997 to 2006 he was professor in the history of economic science. heertje was a member of the royal dutch academy of sciences, elected in 1997.
heertje died on 4 april 2020 in amsterdam at the age of 86.
alexander george thynn, 7th marquess of bath (6 may 1932 – 4 april 2020), styled viscount weymouth between 1946 and 1992, was an english politician, artist, and author. he was list at 359th in the "sunday times rich list 2009" with a wealth of £157 million. he was born in london to henry thynne, 6th marquess of bath and daphne fielding. from 1992 to 2020, he was the marquess of bath.
thynn was hospitalized in bath on 28 march 2020 after testing positive for covid-19. he died of the virus on 4 april 2020 at the age of 87.
the university of louisiana at lafayette (ul lafayette, university of louisiana, or ul) is a public research university in lafayette, louisiana. it has the largest enrollment within the nine-campus university of louisiana system. it has the second largest enrollment in louisiana.
it was founded in 1898 as an industrial school. it offers louisiana's only ph.d. in francophone studies, louisiana's only master's of informatics, and louisiana's only industrial design degree.
the university has achieved several milestones in computer science, engineering and architecture. it is also home to a distinct college of the arts.
são nicolau means "saint nicholas" in portuguese.
it also refers to the following places:
são nicolau is an island of cape verde. it is one of the barlavento group. in 2015, about 12,400 people lived there. the main towns are ribeira brava and tarrafal de são nicolau.
the island was discovered in 1461 or 1462 by diogo afonso, together with the islands of são vicente and santo antão.
são vicente is portuguese for saint vincent. 
it may refer to:
bamingui-bangoran is one of the 16 prefectures of the central african republic. the capital city is n'délé.
the bamingui-bangoran national park and biosphere reserve is in the prefecture.
basse-kotto is one of the 16 prefectures of the central african republic. the capital city is mobaye.
the prefecture has the least number of people in the central african republic.
haute-kotto is one of the 16 prefectures of the central african republic. its capital is bria. it is the largest prefecture in the central african republic.
khumeh zar (, also romanized as khūmeh zār) is a city in the central district of mamasani county, fars province, iran.
marvdasht (, also romanized as marv dasht) is a city and the capital of marvdasht county, fars province, iran.
kamfiruz (, also romanized as kāmfīrūz; also known as kāmfīrūz-e jonūbī, meaning "south kamfiruz") is a city and capital of kamfiruz district, in marvdasht county, fars province, iran.
ramjerd (, formerly, kushkak (), also romanized as kūshkak) is a city and capital of dorudzan district, in marvdasht county, fars province, iran.
seyyedan (, also romanized as seyyedān; also known as sa‘īdān, saidūn, and seydān) is a city and capital of seyyedan district, in marvdasht county, fars province, iran.
mohr (, also romanized as mehr; also known as mohur, mūr, and mohur-i-saiyidān) is a city and capital of mohr county, in fars province, iran.
asir (, also romanized as asīr; also known as sīr) is the oldest city and capital of asir district, in mohr county, fars province, iran.
galleh dar (, also romanized as galleh dār and galehdār; also known as gilehdār and kaleh dār) is a city and capital of galleh dar district, in mohr county, fars province, iran.
varavi (, also romanized as varāvī, vorāvī, waravi, and warāwi) is a city and capital of varavi district, in mohr county, fars province, iran.
neyriz (, also romanized as neyrīz and nīrīz) is the capital city of neyriz county, fars province, iran.
meshkan (, also romanized as meshkān and moshkān; also known as mishkūn and moshgān) is a city and capital of poshtkuh district, in neyriz county, fars province, iran.
ray paul authement (november 19, 1928 – april 5, 2020) was an american academic administrator. he is the longest-serving university president in the united states. from 1974 to 2008, he was the fifth president of the university of louisiana in lafayette. he was born near chauvin, terrebonne parish, louisiana.
on april 5, 2020, authement died of an illness in lafayette. he was 91.
qatruyeh (, also romanized as qaţrūyeh; also known as ghotrooyeh, qaţrū’īyeh, katru, and qatru) is a city and capital of qatruyeh district, in neyriz county, fars province, iran.
saadat shahr (, pronounced sah-ah-dat-shawr, also romanized as sa‘ādat shahr; also known as sa‘ādatshahr) is a city and capital of pasargad county, fars province, iran.
qir (, also romanized as qīr) is a city and capital of qir and karzin county, fars province, iran.
efzar (; formerly, marand (persian: مرند), also known as marand ābādeh) is a city and capital of efzar district, in qir and karzin county, fars province, iran.
karzin (, also romanized as kārzīn; also known as fathabad (persian: فتح آباد), also romanized as fatḩābād) is a city in the central district of qir and karzin county, fars province, iran.
masiri (, also romanized as maşīrī and masīrī) is a city and capital of rostam county, fars province, iran.
korehi (, also romanized as koreh’ī; also known as chār rāh, katra, katreh, koreh, and korreh) is a city and capital of sarchehan district, in bavanat county, fars province, iran.
sarvestan ( "sarvestân", "land of cedars"; "sarv" "cedar" (cypress) + "estan"; also romanized as sarvestān and sarvistān) is a city and capital of sarvestan county, fars province, iran.
ardakan (, also romanized as ārdaḵān) is a city in and the capital of sepidan county, fars province, iran.
homashahr () is a city and capital of homaijan district, in sepidan county, fars province, iran.
lapui (, also romanized as lapū’ī; formerly known as kaleh-ye lāpū’ī and qal‘eh-i-lapūi - both meaning "fort lapui") is a city in zarqan district, shiraz county, fars province, iran.
george buchan ogilvie (5 march 1931 – 5 april 2020) was an australian theatre and mivie director and actor. he most notably directed the adventure action movie "mad max beyond thunderdome" (1985) with george miller. he also directed movies such as "the place at the coast" (1987) and "the crossing" (1990). he served as a director at the melbourne theatre company and the south australian theatre company. he was also a freelance director for the australian opera and the australian ballet. his screen acting credits include "the dismissal" (1983) and "the water diviner" (2014).
ogilvie was born in goulburn, new south wales. he started acting at the canberra repertory theatre.
his autobiography, "simple gifts – a life in the theatre", was published in 2006. he died on 5 april 2020, at a hospital in braidwood, new south wales of cardiac arrest. he was 89.
zarqan (, also romanized as zarqān; also known as zarghanak and zargān) is a city and capital of zarqan district, in shiraz county, fars province, iran.
darian (, also romanized as dārīān; also known as dārlyān and dārīūn) is a city in the central district of shiraz county, fars province, iran.
a list of cities, towns and villages in fars province of southern iran:
cities are in bold text; all others are villages.
ab anar | ab anar | ab anarak | ab anbar-e jahad ashayiri | ab anjir | ab anjir | ab anjir | ab anjir | ab anjir-e sofla | ab araq | ab asemani | ab bada | ab badamu | ab band | ab bari | ab barik industrial estate | ab barik | ab bid | ab bidak | ab bid-e bavan | ab bid-e dalun | ab bid-e doshman ziari | ab bid-e sar anjeli | ab chenaran | ab chenaru | ab dozduiyeh | ab garm | ab garm | ab garm | ab garm-e olya | ab garm-e sofla | ab geru | ab gui | ab hoseyn | ab javan | ab kabak | ab kaneh | ab kaseh | ab kaseh | ab katan | ab konaru | ab mahi | ab maru | ab mik | ab morvarid | ab narak | ab naru | ab naru | ab pakhshan | ab pardeh | ab qalat | ab qorqoru | ab sardu | ab sefid | ab seyyedi | ab sheykh | ab shib | ab shirin | ab shirin | ab soru | ab surakh | ab talkhun | ab zalu | ab zangi | abad khureh | abad shahpur | abadeh | abadeh abgarm | abadeh tashk | abadeh | abadeh | abali | abbad | abbasabad | abbasabad | abbasabad | abbasabad | abbasabad | abbasabad | abbasabad | abbasabad | abbasabad | abbasabad | abbasabad-e eskandari | abbasabad-e gazak | abdol karimi | abdolabad | abdollahabad | abdollahi-ye olya | abdollahi-ye sofla | abdui | abdun | ab-e gandu | ab-e garm | ab-e narak | ab-e now-e khani yek | abedabad | abgarm | abgarm | abgarm | abgarm-e pir sohabi | abgasht-e madui | abgol | abkureh | abnow | abraheh | absard | abshirin | abshur | abtut | abu ali | abu askar | abu hana | abu nasr | abu ol hayat | abu ol mehdi | abu ol verdi | abu tarbeh | abuzarabad | abyan | ades kari-ye olya | aghan | aghoseh | ahangaran | ahangari | ahel | ahla kuh | ahmad mahmudi | ahmadabad deris | ahmadabad | ahmadabad | ahmadabad | ahmadabad | ahmadabad | ahmadabad | ahmadabad | ahmadabad | ahmadabad | ahmadabad | ahmadabad | ahmadabad-e kateh | ahmadabad-e korbal | ahmadabad-e pol abgineh | ahmadun | ahubaz | akbarabad | akbarabad | akbarabad | akbarabad | akbarabad | akbarabad-e hashivar | akbarabad-e sardasht | akbari | ala ol dowleh | alamabad | alamarvdasht | alamdan-e olya | alamdan-e sofla | ali mohseni | ali resideh | ali shahi | aliabad | aliabad | aliabad | aliabad | aliabad | aliabad | aliabad | aliabad | aliabad | aliabad | aliabad | aliabad | aliabad | aliabad | aliabad | aliabad | aliabad | aliabad | aliabad | aliabad | aliabad | aliabad | aliabad | aliabad | aliabad-e abgarm | aliabad-e bejuyeh | aliabad-e dutu | aliabad-e jowhari | aliabad-e khvoshablu | aliabad-e malek | aliabad-e musehli | aliabad-e nasir khani | aliabad-e olya | aliabad-e owkoshi | aliabad-e puzeh rowghan cheraghi | aliabad-e qarchi | aliabad-e qoroq | aliabad-e salar | aliabad-e sar tang | aliabad-e sar tol | aliabad-e seh tolan | aliabad-e shams | aliabad-e shur | aliabad-e sofla | aliabad-e sofla | aliabad-e sorkhak | aliabad-e zahd mahmud | allah morad khani | allahabad | aminabad | amir ayyub | amir hajjilu | amir salar-e olya | amir salar-e sofla | amir salari | amirabad kaftar | amirabad | amirabad | amirabad-e karbalayi khosrow | amirabad-e panjahopanj | amirabad-e panjahoshesh | amirabad-e sili zardi | amlak | amrabad | amrabad | amui | amui | anar mehr | anarak | anarak | anarestan | anbar-e zamzam | anda | andar | angakban | angareh | anjir khvajeh | anjirak | anjirband | anjireh | anjireh | anjireh | anjireh-ye gowkhast | anna | aq cheshmeh | aq jalu | aqajan-e tavakkol | arab abdi | arab chegini | arab-e gavmishi | arabuyeh | arad | arad | arbabi-ye olya | arbabi-ye sofla | ardakan | ardali | ardeshiri-ye bala | ardeshiri-ye sofla | ardeshiri-ye vosta | arg | arjuyeh | arsanjan | arudan-e olya | arudan-e sofla | arun mahidan | arusak | asadabad, abadeh | asadabad | asadabad | asadabad-e lateh kuh | asefabad | aseman gerd | asemi | asfal | asgarabad | ashjerd | ashkam shur | ashna | asiab-e kereshki | asir | aspas | ataabad | atabak | atabakhsh-e ghani | avak-e pain | avanjan | aveh | aviz | ayas jan | ayaz galu | ayazabad | ayur | azad khani | azarbeyglu | azizabad | azizabad
bab anar | bab ayur | baba adam | baba arab | baba gurin | baba kamal | baba khani | baba kuhak | baba meydan-e olya | baba meydan-e sofla | baba meydan-e zirrah | baba monir | baba salari | baba salehi | babagushi | babai | babolbam | bachan | badaki | badaki | badaki | badamak | badameh | badamu | badamuyi | badbar | badenjan | badreh | bagdaneh | bagh avaz | bagh dasht | bagh deh bozorgi | bagh keramt ajaghi | bagh safa | bagh | bagh | baghan | baghan | baghat-e jolgeh | baghat-e qaraval | baghchaleh | bagh-e abbas kazemi | bagh-e abdol reza marshadi | bagh-e abu ol fath salahi nezhad | bagh-e amir hoseyn rahim khani | bagh-e anar | bagh-e anarak | bagh-e bala | bagh-e band bozorg | bagh-e barus | bagh-e doktor mansur zahadi | bagh-e gar | bagh-e habib | bagh-e hajji abdol | bagh-e hasan salami | bagh-e honu | bagh-e jafari | bagh-e kabir | bagh-e kakajan bek | bagh-e karchuni | bagh-e kazem filvandi | bagh-e khoshrow | bagh-e khuni | bagh-e kuchek khan | bagh-e manizabad | bagh-e manuchehr kamjunia | bagh-e marbut | bagh-e masali nezhad | bagh-e masli nezhad | bagh-e mohammad zeynli | bagh-e mohandas kashkuli | bagh-e molla | bagh-e najafabad | bagh-e naser zarghami | bagh-e nasrollah dehqan | bagh-e now | bagh-e owliazadeh | bagh-e pirvani | bagh-e shad | bagh-e tavanow bahmanian | bagh-e ti chang | bagh-e tir-e hajjiabad | baghestan | baghestan-e abu ol hayat | baghestan-e kandehi | bagrapalaki | bahadorabad | bahadoran | bahareh | bahlu | bahman | bahmani | bahmani | bahmani | bahr ghan | bahramabad | bahramabad | bahramabad | bajdaneh-ye olya | bajgah | bajgah | bajki | bakaldun-e gholam shah | bakan | bakar-e olya | bakar-e sofla | baker | bakhsh zirdu | bakhtajerd | bakhtiaruyeh | bakian | bakur | bal bali | bal mini | bala deh | bala kuh | bala shahr | bala shahr | baladeh | balangan-e olya | balangan-e vosta | baleqlu | baliu | balkareh | balmangan | baluchi | baluk-e zani sadaqat | baluk-e zeni rajabi | balumeh | balut geru | balut jahan | balutabad | balutak | balut-e asadi | balyan | bam anguri | bam badami | bam qaleh sharif khani | bam-e badami qarqani | bam-e gurinja | banaf | banak | banaru | banaruiyeh | banavan | band barik | band bast-e bala | band bast-e pain | band didegan | band-e amir | band-e bast | band-e now | baneh khafrak | baneh yekkeh | banesh | bani yekkeh | banian | bankastan | bankuy-e ashayir dahaneh qalehha | bankuy-e ashayir kol chah | banuj | baqerabad | baqerabad | baqerabad | baqerabad | bar aftab-e zirdu | bar bid-e mohammad qoli | bar cheshmeh | barab | barah ruz | barak | baramshad | bard kharan | bard kuh | bard qaleh | bard tork | bard zard | bardabad | bardaleh | bard-e now | bardeh kuyeh | bardej | barezabad | bargan | barg-e tut | barkeh abi | barkeh gol | barm shur-e olya | barm shur-e sofla | barmah | barm-e jamal | barm-e shur | barm-e siah | barmeh-ye khuni | barreh | barus | bas kutuku | baseri aqajan | baseri hadi | bashgan | bashirabad | basiran | bast bagh | bast bani | bast nari | bastarm-e cheshmeh anjir | bastarm-e olya | bastarm-e otaqi | bast-e durah | bast-e faryab | bast-e kheyrabad | bast-e nar | batar chakhar | batun | bavan-e olya | bavan-e sofla | bavan-e vosta | bavarian | bavarkan | bayegan | bayjan | baz bachcheh | bazam-e ahuchar | bazargan | bazm | bazmak-e olya | bazmak-e sofla | bazrangan | behesht makan | beheshtabad | behjan | behrestan | behruzabad-e sofla | behuyeh | bekahdan | belhezar-e bala | belhezar-e pain | beneger | benow | benow | benugir | berak | berayjan | bereshneh | bergaki | berikhun | beriskan | beriz | berkeh khuni | berkeh | berkeh-ye mah banu | berkeh-ye mollai | berkeh-ye sefid | beryanak | beryu | besharjan | beshneh | beyan | beyk inanlu | beyram | beytollahi | beyza | bezin | bi kanda | biadeh | bibi hanna | bibi huri | bibi nazkhatun | bibimohlat | bid babai | bid bidak | bid gerd | bid gol | bid harakat | bid kahtu | bid kaj | bid karz | bid khal | bid mohammadi | bid qatar-e bon rud | bid shahr | bid shahrak | bid zard | bid zard | bid zard-e olya | bid zard-e sofla | bid zardi | bidak | bidak | bidal bacheh | bid-e lang | bid-e zard | bid-e zard | bidestan | bidkan | bigherd | bikehdan | bikhak-e joruq | bikheh deraz | bikhuyeh | bikuh | bimi-ye sofla | bir | bisheh zard | bisheh zard | bisheh zard | bisotun-e bon rud | bizdan | bizjan-e olya | bizjan-e sofla | bodir | bodu | bokat | bolaghi | bolandu | bolbol safai | bolbolak | boleh dan | bolghan | bon band | bon darreh | bon dasht | bon dow | bon jir | bon kuyeh | bon rud | bon zard | bonab | bonab | bonduiyeh | boneh balut | boneh darvazeh | boneh raz | boneh sur | boneh-ye abed | boneh-ye dari | boneh-ye mirza ali akbar | boneh-ye seyyed mohammad reza | bonkuy-e amiri | bonkuy-e ashayir miraki | bonkuy-e ashayir owlad sani | bonkuy-e ashayir shaban kareh | bonkuy-e askari | bonkuy-e azizollah qaderi | bonkuy-e bagdali | bonkuy-e chahar boneh cheh | bonkuy-e dangzalu | bonkuy-e gholam hoseynlu | bonkuy-e hasanlu | bonkuy-e hemmatlu | bonkuy-e heydari | bonkuy-e heydarlu | bonkuy-e jafari | bonkuy-e kazemi | bonkuy-e khalili | bonkuy-e mokhtari | bonkuy-e nosrati | bonkuy-e qarahlu | bonkuy-e qarbani | bonkuy-e rahimi | bonkuy-e rajabi | bonkuy-e sadeqi | bonkuy-e shobani | bonkuy-e sohrab khanlu | bonkuy-e soleymani | bonkuy-e visi | borazjan | borgan | borj sukhteh-ye olya | borj sukhteh-ye sofla | borj-e delbar | borj-e khankaram | borj-e seyfollah | borj-e seyyed | boruiyeh | bosar jan | bostan | bostaneh | bozmiyan | buanak | buraki | buraki | buraki-ye olya | buraki-ye sofla | burenjan | burzakan | bushkan water station | bushkan-e deylami | bushkan-e mirzai | buzanjan-e olya | buzanjan-e sofla | buzar
chadru | chaghan | chah ali | chah anjir | chah anjir | chah anjir | chah anjir | chah anjir-e barmshur | chah anjir-e bid karz | chah anjir-e olya | chah anjir-e olya | chah anjir-e sofla | chah bid | chah bidu | chah chah | chah chah tigi | chah chenar | chah darva | chah deraz | chah dimeh | chah dozdan | chah gach-e sofla | chah gani | chah gaz | chah gazi | chah gazi | chah guraki | chah kabkan | chah kandar | chah kandeh | chah kur | chah mahi | chah mahki | chah mish | chah moghu | chah muri | chah nahr | chah najaf | chah now-ye deh sheykh | chah rigi | chah rowghani | chah sabz | chah sabz | chah sabz-e bahman khani | chah sangi | chah sargahi | chah sefid | chah senjed | chah sharaf | chah sheykh | chah shirin | chah shuli | chah shur | chah shur | chah shur | chah shur | chah shur | chah shurak | chah shur-e olya | chah shur-e sofla | chah sorkh | chah sorkh | chah sorkhi | chah talkh | chah tiz | chah tus | chah tut | chah varz | chah zal | chah zard | chah zebar | chahab | chahaki | chahar bid-e sartang | chahar bisheh | chahar borj | chahar deh | chahar mur | chahar qash | chahar qash-e talkhab | chahar qashi | chahar qollat | chahar rah | chahar rah-e posht rah | chahar rah-e zirrah | chahar taq | chahar taq | chahar taq | chahar taq | chahar taq | chahar taq | chah-e abbas | chah-e agah | chah-e amiq | chah-e anjir | chah-e baneh | chah-e bid | chah-e chavarz | chah-e darbas | chah-e doktor | chah-e gandeh | chah-e gol | chah-e kalaleh | chah-e kari | chah-e khaluha | chah-e mari | chah-e masi | chah-e meskeh | chah-e milak | chah-e mohammad hajji | chah-e mohammad sharafi | chah-e nasru | chah-e pahn | chah-e pahn | chah-e pahn | chah-e ramezan | chah-e savar agha | chah-e shakari | chah-e sharif khani | chah-e shib | chah-e shomareh-ye seh | chah-e sorkh | chah-e vagazari-ye shomareh-ye chahar | chah-e vagazari-ye shomareh-ye do | chah-e vagazari-ye shomareh-ye haft | chah-e vagazari-ye shomareh-ye hasht | chah-e vagazari-ye shomareh-ye panj | chah-e vagazari-ye shomareh-ye seh | chah-e vagazari-ye shomareh-ye shesht | chah-e vagazari-ye shomareh-ye yek | chah-e zendegani | chahgah | chahu | chahu | chak chak | chakab | chak-e nar | chaki | chal anjaki | chal pu | chaleh piarun | chalqun-e sofla | cham borreh | cham emamzadeh | cham espid | cham gol | cham kangari | cham shel | cham zeytun | cham zeytun-e eslamabad | chaman bid | chaman bidu | chaman-e bahram | chaman-e morvarid | chamani | cham-e chenar | cham-e gaz | cham-e shir | cham-e sohrab khani | cham-e zir | chamkur | charchareh | chasht khvor | chashu | chedruyeh | chehel cheshmeh | chehel cheshmeh | chehel cheshmeh-ye koruni | chehel zari | chehrak | chek cheg | chekak | chek-e golabi | cheleh gah | chelleh gah | chenar barg | chenar faryab | chenar mishavan | chenar pakaneh | chenar rahdar | chenar sukhteh | chenar sukhteh | chenar sukhteh | chenar zahedan | chenar | chenar | chenar | chenar | chenarak | chenaran | chenar-e sonqor | chenar-e sukhteh | chenaru | chenaruiyeh | cherak gazeh | cheramakan | cherrun | cheshivan | cheshmeh ab gol | cheshmeh anjir | cheshmeh anjir | cheshmeh baklu | cheshmeh bardi | cheshmeh bari | cheshmeh boluqu | cheshmeh chahi | cheshmeh darreh | cheshmeh dozdan | cheshmeh gandu | cheshmeh gol | cheshmeh konari | cheshmeh muri | cheshmeh qoroq-e chin | cheshmeh rana | cheshmeh sardu | cheshmeh sefid | cheshmeh sefid | cheshmeh seyyed safari | cheshmeh shirin | cheshmeh shirin | cheshmeh shirin | cheshmeh sib coffee company | cheshmeh talkhu | cheshmeh zard | cheshmeh zeytun | cheshmeh-ye ab gorazi | cheshmeh-ye abgarm | cheshmeh-ye beglu | cheshmeh-ye chahar qashi | cheshmeh-ye khoskak | cheshmeh-ye nowruzi | cheshmeh-ye pahn | cheshmeh-ye sang band | cheshmeh-ye sang band | cheshmeh-ye shirin | cheshmeh-ye takht | cheshmeh-ye valiabad vali | chikan | chini integrated quarry | chir | chir | chiti | chokhuha | chur ab qalandari | city industrial complex
dabaghi-ye saidy | dadenjan | dadin-e olya | dadin-e sofla | dafar | dahleh | dalin | dalkhan | dalv-e nazar | dam qanat-e jowngan | damaneh | damcheh | damdari hay-e kazerun | damidan | damkan | damparuri-ye khezrehl run | damqanat | dangan | dangez | danian | danicheh kheyr | daq ahu | dar faraghat agricultural institute | dar ol mizan | darab | darakuyeh | daranganeh | daravay diyu | darb qaleh | darbandan | darbas | darb-e emamzadeh | darbidu | dareh | darenjan | darenjan-e lor | darian | darju | darnian | darreh ahaki | darreh asali | darreh bad | darreh badu | darreh bakhtan | darreh garm | darreh gol | darreh hamyaneh-ye olya | darreh hamyaneh-ye sofla | darreh kugan | darreh mal | darreh maru | darreh marun | darreh moradi | darreh murdi | darreh palangi | darreh rud | darreh sefid | darreh sefid | darreh shur | darreh shur-e bala | darreh susan | darreh yazdan | darreh-ye ali khani | darreh-ye gholam | darreh-ye harreh | darreh-ye nabati | darreh-ye nil | darreh-ye sag koshteh | darreh-ye salb | darreh-ye talkh rashek | darva | darvishabad | darvishan | darz | dasht bal | dasht konar | dasht | dashtak | dashtak | dashtak-e olya | dashtak-e siah | dashtak-e sofla | dasht-e ahmad | dasht-e ali | dasht-e arzhan | dasht-e asad | dasht-e azadegan | dasht-e barm | dasht-e beyza | dasht-e dal | dasht-e dera balverdi | dasht-e dideh ban | dasht-e gur | dasht-e gurki | dasht-e hasani-ye yek | dasht-e hey bu | dasht-e kalusi | dasht-e kangari | dasht-e kangari | dasht-e karbala darreh dahak | dasht-e karim | dasht-e kenar | dasht-e khowrdeh | dasht-e kuchak | dasht-e lahbaz | dasht-e lar | dasht-e mak | dasht-e mil-e olya | dasht-e mil-e sofla | dasht-e murd | dasht-e murd | dasht-e pirgheyb | dasht-e qandil | dasht-e qir | dasht-e rais | dasht-e rangrizi | dasht-e razm-e musa arabi | dasht-e razm-e olya | dasht-e shahreza | dasht-e shur | dasht-e soltanabad-e chahar | dasht-e soltanabad-e do | dasht-e soltanabad-e seh | dasht-e soltanabad-e yek | dasht-e taq | dasht-e vara | dasht-e vel | dashti | dashtollah | dast-e khezr | dastejeh | dastjerd | dastjerd | date packing factory | davan | davazdahi | debaghi nemati | debir shadab | deh balai kherqeh | deh barin | deh barm | deh beh | deh bid | deh bid | deh bin | deh chah | deh chasht | deh chenar | deh damcheh | deh dashti | deh deraz | deh fazel | deh fish | deh gah | deh gah | deh gap-e mahmudi | deh gerdu | deh gerdu | deh kadeh salami | deh kheyr | deh kheyr-e pain | deh kohneh | deh kohneh | deh kohneh | deh kohneh-ye kamaraj | deh masi | deh mian | deh mian | deh now | deh now | deh now | deh now | deh now | deh now | deh now | deh now | deh now-e fazeli | deh now-e khonj | deh now-e sadat-e bala | deh now-e sadat-e pain | deh now-e shurab | deh now-ye bahman | deh qanun | deh rud | deh sarv | deh sheykh | deh sheykh | deh shib | deh shib-e mirza hasani | deh vazir | deh zir | deh zir | dehak | dehak | dehak-e aliabad | dehban | dehbid | dehdaq | dehdari | dehdari-ye shurab | deh-e bala | deh-e bala | deh-e gardaneh rangak | deh-e khalil | deh-e maleku | deh-e meydan | deh-e pagah | deh-e pain | deh-e pain | deh-e pas qalat | deh-e sardar | deh-e ziarat | dehgah | dehgah | dehgah-e kandehi | dehkestan | dehkuyeh | dehlaleh | dehmurd | dehnow kashkuli | dehnow qalandari | dehnow | dehnow | dehnow | dehnow | dehnow-e bushkan | dehnow-e chamran | dehnow-e enqelab | dehnow-e ghuri | dehnow-e markazi | dehnow-e moqimi | dehnow-ye sadat-e vosta | dehpagah | dehqanan | dehram | dehu | dehuiyeh | dehuiyeh | dehuyeh | dehuyeh | dehuyeh | deli amin nazer | deli bik | delvar-e kuh siah | denjan | derafsh-e olya | derafsh-e sofla | deris | derk mah shuri | dermanehzar | dermanehzar-e do | dermeh | dezh gah | dezhabad | dideh banki | didehban | dikanak | dilemi | dim zelleh | dimah mil olya | dimah mil sofla | dimeh sorkh | dinakan | dinbaghan | dindarlu | dipun | dir mir | do borji | do estakhr | do konarun-e zirdu | do kuhak | do kuhak | do rah | do shakh | dobiran | dobiran water company | dom afshan | donbildan | dordaneh | dordaneh | dorudzan | dorudzan dam water company | dorunak | doshak | doshman ziari | dowbaneh | dowbaran | dowdej | dowdeman | dowdjabad | dowlatabad | dowlatabad | dowlatabad | dowlatabad | dowlatabad | dowlatabad | dowlatabad | dowlatabad | dowlatabad | dowlatabad | dowlatabad | dowlatabad | dowlatabad | dowlatabad | dowlatabad | dowlatabad | dowlatabad | dowlatabad-e dasht-e seh chah | dowlatabad-e qadim-e yek | dowsiran | dowtujahan | dozdak-e kuchek | dozdak-e olya | dozdak-e sofla | dozdan | dozdkordak | duban | dudej | dudek-e olya | dudek-e sofla | dudek-e vosta | dudez | dudman | dugan-e olya | dugan-e sofla | dulab | dulab-e bala | dulab-e pain | dul-e ali khani | dul-e mahi | dul-e mish | durag-e atabak | durag-e cheshmeh konari | durag-e madineh | dusrakhan | dustabad | duzeh | duzeh
ebrahimabad | ebrahimabad | ebrahimabad | efzar | ehengah | ehsham | ekrad | elyasabad | elyasabad | emad deh | emadabad | emadabad | emamzadeh ali akbar | emamzadeh ali | emamzadeh aqil | emamzadeh bazm | emamzadeh ebrahim | emamzadeh esmail | emamzadeh ganju | emamzadeh hasan | emamzadeh hasan qazi | emamzadeh kuhestan | emamzadeh mohammad | emamzadeh monir | emamzadeh pir abu ol hasan | emamzadeh seyyed abad ol din | emamzadeh seyyed abu eshaq | emamzadeh seyyed hajj gharib | emamzadeh seyyed mohammad hoseyn | emamzadeh seyyed mohammad | emamzadeh seyyed mohammad | emamzadeh shah alamdar | emamzadeh shah esmail | emamzadeh shah fazlollah | emamzadeh shah gharib | emamzadeh shah gheyb | emamzadeh shah gheyb | emamzadeh shah nur ol din | emamzadeh shah-e gharib | emamzadeh shir mard | emamzadeh soltan gheyb | emamzadeh soltan shahbaz | emamzadeh zaher | emarat | emarat | eqbalabad | eqbalabad | eqbalabad | eqlid | esfaderan | esfanjan | esfian | eshgaft deraz | eshgaft-e rumeh | eshkaft | eshkaftestan | eshkanan | eshkanan communication station | eshkeri | eshkoft-e siah | eshkowri | eslamabad | eslamabad | eslamabad | eslamabad | eslamabad | eslamabad | eslamabad | eslamabad | eslamabad | eslamabad | eslamabad | eslamabad | eslamabad | eslamabad | eslamabad | eslamabad | eslamabad | eslamabad | eslamabad | eslamabad | eslamabad | eslamabad | eslamabad | eslamabad | eslamabad-e chehel cheshmeh | eslamabad-e ghani | eslamabad-e javid | eslamabad-e tang shib | eslamiyeh | eslamlu ayili | eslavi | esmailabad | esmailabad | esmailabad | esmailabad | esmailabad | esmailabad | esmailabad | esmailabad | esmailabad | esmailabad-e pain | esmailband | espahri | estahban | estakhr | estas | evaz | ezzabad | ezzabad | ezzahabad
fadagh | fadam | fadami | fahlian-e olya | fahlian-e sofla | fakhr makan | fakhrabad | fakhrabad | fakhrabad | fakhrabad | fal | falak | falunak | faraj beygi | farashband | farhadabad | fariab | fars construction company | fars integrated meat factory | farsijan | faruq | faryab | fasa | fasa industrial workshops | fathabad | fathabad | fathabad | fathabad | fathabad | fathabad | fathabad | fathabad | fathabad-e deh-e arab | fathabad-e olya | fathabad-e sofla | fathabad-e sofla | fazeli | fazili | fedashkuyeh | fenjan | fereshteh jan | feshan | feshangan | feshargaz amplification station | feyzabad | feyzabad | feyzabad | fiduyeh | fijan | firuzabad teacher centre | firuzabad | firuzi | firuzi | firuzi | firuzi | firuzi | fishvar | fishvar | folo jan | forjan | forud | fotuhabad | fotuhabad
gabdegah | gach allahqoli | gach borat | gach boru-e bala | gach darvazeh | gach mohammad hasan | gach tahmasabi | gachgaran | gachi | gachinow | gachkharan | gahluyeh | gahrab | gal gah | galeh dani hajj askar jowkar | galeh dari khojesteh | galeh dari shakuh | galeh-ye dani ali aqa faraji | galeh-ye dary gholam zarin | galeh-ye dary hashem ebrahimi | galguni | galkun | galleh dar | galleh dar | galleh dari gholam hoseyn-e malekpur | galleh dari hajj morady | galleh dari hamid hemmati | galleh dari mohammad nuratbayi | galleh dari tal puk | galleh dari va gavdari malbareh | galleh zan | galu boraq | galugah | gang-e risheh | ganjehi | ganjgan | gar kud | gardan kalat | gardan kolah | gardan qalat | gardan-e tol bardangan | gardaneh-ye jenjan | gardaneh-ye kol hasank | gareh | gari gachu | gari-ye khuzi | garkushk | garmabad | garmanjan | garmeh | garmosht | garmusha | garow | garreh nazerabad | garrmish-e naderlu | gav bast | gav koshak | gav piazi | gav shakhi | gavchah | gavdari-ye mohammad qoli rusta | gavdari-ye shamsabad | gavmishan | gaz gavban | gazdan | gazdan-e abbas abdollah | gaz-e kheng | gazivaz | gel berenji | gelar | gelileh-ye javid | gelkuyeh | gelumehr | gerash | gerazaruyi | gerdab-e piazi | gerdanbeh | gervan | gez boland | gezak | gezel darreh | ghadirgah | gharbi | gharibabad | ghash badami | gheyb-e elahi | ghiasabad | ghiasabad | ghiasabad | ghiasi | gholamabad | ghuri | giahzar | gikh | gol babakan | gol gerd | gol khun | gol makan-e baseri | gol makan-e qeshlaq | gol rizak | gol sorkhi | gol zagh | goldamcheh | goldasht-e olya | goldasht-e sofla | gol-e kharg | goleh dari iraj atard | goleh dari mohammad hoseyn mohammadi | goli gerdu | goli kuh | golijan | golpa | golugachi | golunar | golzar-e shahoda | gombakan | gonag | gonbad | gonbedu | gonjalu | gorazdan | gorazi | gordeh | gorgana | gorgdan | gorgi | gorizan | goruh | goshanabad | goshnekan | gowd ab ashtar | gowd gol | gowd kahluyeh | gowd shaneh | gowd zagh | gowday-e bala | gowd-e hasan | gowd-e kalur | gowd-e lir | gowd-e til | gowd-e zereshk | gowri | gowzan | grain development company | gudarzi | gugi | gulf road transportation depot | gurab guh | gurab | gurab-e rostam | gurak | gur-e barj ali | gur-e espid | gur-e khar | gurizeneh | gushti | guyim | guyim | gypsum mine
habashabad | habibabad | habibabad-e durag | hadayiq culture and industry | hadiabad | hadiabad | haft asiab | haft chah zanguiyeh | haft dasht-e olya | haft dasht-e sofla | haft kol | haft pareh | haftavan | haftjan | haftkhan | hajji ahmadi | hajji tahereh | hajjiabad | hajjiabad | hajjiabad integated livestock company | hajjiabad | hajjiabad | hajjiabad | hajjiabad | hajjiabad | hajjiabad | hajjiabad | hajjiabad | hajjiabad | hajjiabad | hajjiabad | hajjiabad | hajjiabad | hajjiabad | hajjiabad | hajjiabad | hajjiabad-e ghuri | hajjiabad-e kolun | hajjiabad-e korbal | hajjiabad-e mallu | hajjiabad-e muzi | hajjiabad-e pas kuhak | hakavan | hakim bashi-ye bala | hakim bashi-ye hoseynabad | halq-e kohekumi | hamaijan industrial estate | hamandeh | hamashahr | hamdamabad | hamidabad | hamidabad | hammami | hamzeh beygi | hana | hangam cooperative | hangi-ye sofla | happan | harar-e kalgah-e shiraz | harariz | harayjan | harm | harom | harun va sakez | hasan aqai | hasan khani | hasanabad | hasanabad | hasanabad | hasanabad | hasanabad | hasanabad | hasanabad | hasanabad | hasanabad | hasanabad | hasanabad | hasanabad | hasanabad | hasanabad | hasanabad | hasanabad | hasanabad | hasanabad | hasanabad-e ab konar | hasanabad-e abu ol hasani | hasanabad-e bam furd | hasanabad-e kamin | hasanabad-e kushkak | hasanabad-e margemari | hasanabad-e now | hasanabad-e olya | hasanabad-e padam | hasanabad-e qadamgah | hasanabad-e sanjarlu | hasanabad-e sofla | hasanabad-e tall kamin | hasan-e kamali | hasani pacher | hasani sang-e bozorg | hashemabad | hashemabad | hasheneh | hashivar livestock company | hashtijan | hejrat | helalabad | hellak | hemmat | hemmatabad | hemmatabad | heraj | herbedan | hesamabad | hesami | hesar-e dashtak | heshmatabad | heshmatiyeh | heydarabad | heydarabad | heydarabad | heydarabad | heydarabad | heydarabad | heydarabad | heydarabad-e baba monir | heydari | hezar balut | hezar darreh | hezar | hirom | hojjatabad | hojjatabad-e kaseh rud | honguyeh | honifaqan | horgan | hormud | hormud-e mehr khui | hormuj | hoseyn kutah | hoseynabad | hoseynabad | hoseynabad | hoseynabad | hoseynabad | hoseynabad | hoseynabad | hoseynabad | hoseynabad | hoseynabad | hoseynabad | hoseynabad | hoseynabad | hoseynabad | hoseynabad | hoseynabad | hoseynabad | hoseynabad | hoseynabad | hoseynabad | hoseynabad | hoseynabad | hoseynabad | hoseynabad | hoseynabad | hoseynabad | hoseynabad | hoseynabad | hoseynabad | hoseynabad | hoseynabad-e arab sheybani | hoseynabad-e ardeshiri | hoseynabad-e barkeh puz | hoseynabad-e dardan | hoseynabad-e deylami | hoseynabad-e fishtaqeh | hoseynabad-e harom | hoseynabad-e jadid | hoseynabad-e jadid | hoseynabad-e katak | hoseynabad-e khan qoli | hoseynabad-e khvarazu | hoseynabad-e najafabad | hoseynabad-e qoroq | hoseynabad-e rostam | hoseynabad-e sar tavileh | hoseynabad-e sarab | hoseynabad-e saravi | hoseynabad-e sargar | hoseynabad-e surmaq | hoseynabad-e tang-e khomar | hoseynabad-e tarman | hoseynaliabad | hud | hunza | hurbaf | hurz | hydrometric station
iduyeh | ij | ijani | ilan | industrial estate | industrial estate | institute of agriculture phases 2 and 3 | iran engineerging company | izad khvast-e basri | izadkhvast
jades | jadir | jadval-e now | jadval-e torki | jafar jen | jafarabad | jafarabad | jafarabad | jafarabad | jafarabad | jafarabad | jafarabad | jafarabad | jafarabad | jafarabad | jafarabad | jafarabad | jafarabad-e olya | jafarabad-e sofla | jahadabad | jahadabad | jahan nama | jahanabad | jahanabad | jahanabad | jahanabad | jahreh | jahrom | jahrom airport | jalalabad | jalalabad | jalalabad | jalalabad-e tavalayi | jalilabad | jalilabad | jam bozorgi | jamal beyg | jamal kar | jamalabad | jamalabad | jamalabad | jamalabad | jamalabad | jamalabad | jamali | jamali | jamar jan | jamghan | jamsi | jangli | janguyeh | janiabad | janiabad | janiabad | jannat shahr | jaresqan | jariabad | jarmosht-e bala | jarmosht-e pain | jarri | jashahr | javadabad | javadieh | javadiyeh | javadiyeh-ye bugar | javaliqan | javanan | javark | jayard | jaydasht | jazin | jelian | jelyan | jenjan-e markazi | jereh | jeshnian | jeshnian | jevenjan | jezzeh | jian | jian | jidarzar | jigardan | jolow dar | jonbed | jorgheh | jovinow | jowhari | jowhari | jowkan | jowkan-e pain | jowzar-e bakesh | jowzar-e javid | jowz-e kangari | jowzjan | jub khaleh-ye olya | jub khaleh-ye sofla | jubal | junabad | junaki | juy bazm | juy sefid | juyan | juyjan | juyom | juzaqdan
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akbarabad | mazraeh-ye alafi | mazraeh-ye ali akbar hayati | mazraeh-ye ali faqihi | mazraeh-ye ali qoli sadiqi | mazraeh-ye ali reza baharlu | mazraeh-ye ali sirjani | mazraeh-ye aliabad | mazraeh-ye allah qoli | mazraeh-ye amirabad | mazraeh-ye amrollah panahpur | mazraeh-ye amrollah rezai | mazraeh-ye aqa hoseyn | mazraeh-ye arab | mazraeh-ye asadi | mazraeh-ye asadollah zary | mazraeh-ye askar sheybani | mazraeh-ye ayunabad | mazraeh-ye ayzadi | mazraeh-ye azad khani | mazraeh-ye baba abdollah | mazraeh-ye badabad | mazraeh-ye badakhoshan | mazraeh-ye bahram pishgar | mazraeh-ye bandubast | mazraeh-ye bangalu zardaval | mazraeh-ye baqr sheybani | mazraeh-ye barikabad | mazraeh-ye beyglari | mazraeh-ye bidestan | mazraeh-ye bidu | mazraeh-ye chaghadu | mazraeh-ye chah dozdan | mazraeh-ye chah golabi | mazraeh-ye chah-e shur-e sofla | mazraeh-ye chal kangari | mazraeh-ye charam sefid | mazraeh-ye chari | mazraeh-ye chehel moni | mazraeh-ye chengi zard chin | mazraeh-ye danesh | mazraeh-ye darishak | mazraeh-ye deh dol | mazraeh-ye deh-e dinari | mazraeh-ye deli-ye rangak rashidi | mazraeh-ye derazabad | mazraeh-ye diden now | mazraeh-ye dowlatabad | mazraeh-ye dowlatabad | mazraeh-ye dozdakuiyeh | mazraeh-ye dulab-e vasat | mazraeh-ye ebrahim jahangiri | mazraeh-ye emam qoli azhaderi | mazraeh-ye emamzadeh abdollah | mazraeh-ye emamzadeh ahmad ali pichkan | mazraeh-ye emamzadeh amrollah | mazraeh-ye emamzadeh esmail | mazraeh-ye eslam sadaqet | mazraeh-ye eslamabad | mazraeh-ye esmail esmaili | mazraeh-ye fakhrabad | mazraeh-ye fakhrabi | mazraeh-ye falamarz fuladi | mazraeh-ye fallahi | mazraeh-ye faqih | mazraeh-ye farhad zarghami koshkuli | mazraeh-ye farhadi | mazraeh-ye farj flamarzy | mazraeh-ye farjineh | mazraeh-ye fathabad | mazraeh-ye fereydun puya | mazraeh-ye gachi | mazraeh-ye galak | mazraeh-ye gholam hoseyn khan masumi | mazraeh-ye gholam mollai | mazraeh-ye gholam reza fuladiyan | mazraeh-ye gurki | mazraeh-ye gurki malekzadeh | mazraeh-ye hadi keshtkaran | mazraeh-ye hajj khani | mazraeh-ye hajji allahdad moqbeli | mazraeh-ye hajji baba rastagu | mazraeh-ye hajji baha ol din | mazraeh-ye hajji karami | mazraeh-ye hajjiabad | mazraeh-ye hajjiabad | mazraeh-ye hajjiabad | mazraeh-ye hamataj bahbahani | mazraeh-ye hamidabad | mazraeh-ye hammam ol din | mazraeh-ye harar-e sefid | mazraeh-ye harunak | mazraeh-ye hasan ali zarghami va shorkay | mazraeh-ye hasan zemani | mazraeh-ye hasanabad-e shul | mazraeh-ye henduyeh | mazraeh-ye heyati | mazraeh-ye hoseyn taqizadeh | mazraeh-ye hoseynabad | mazraeh-ye hoseynabad | mazraeh-ye hoseynabad | mazraeh-ye huzang | mazraeh-ye isa ahmadi | mazraeh-ye jafarabad | mazraeh-ye jahangir namdary | mazraeh-ye jalali | mazraeh-ye janbaz salehi | mazraeh-ye jareh | mazraeh-ye javad najafi | mazraeh-ye javadastavar | mazraeh-ye jowzar | mazraeh-ye kalikhani | mazraeh-ye karimi | mazraeh-ye karmani | mazraeh-ye karmshah karmi | mazraeh-ye kasheh tanqur | mazraeh-ye katu | mazraeh-ye kazem zar | mazraeh-ye khalifabad | mazraeh-ye kheyrabad | mazraeh-ye khodadad sheybani | mazraeh-ye khukand | mazraeh-ye kurshabad | mazraeh-ye kushk | mazraeh-ye lahrasb | mazraeh-ye lard khun | mazraeh-ye las | mazraeh-ye lohrasb shahbazi | mazraeh-ye madan | mazraeh-ye madrasi | mazraeh-ye maghilan | mazraeh-ye mahbati | mazraeh-ye mahmud parmayeh | mazraeh-ye mahmudabad | mazraeh-ye mallu | mazraeh-ye manuchehr najafi | mazraeh-ye masud barani va shorkadh | mazraeh-ye mehdiabad | mazraeh-ye mehdiabad-e now | mazraeh-ye mehdiabad-e now | mazraeh-ye mehrabi | mazraeh-ye miri | mazraeh-ye mohammad abbasi | mazraeh-ye mohammad ali asgari | mazraeh-ye mohammad ali gerashi | mazraeh-ye mohammad ali zafarabadi | mazraeh-ye mohammad hoseyn hoseyni | mazraeh-ye mohammad karam sharifi | mazraeh-ye mohammad karim nury | mazraeh-ye mohammad karimi | mazraeh-ye mohammad masumi | mazraeh-ye mohammad mazafarian | mazraeh-ye mohammad mazidi | mazraeh-ye mohammad nabi arjomand | mazraeh-ye mohammad nur dashti | mazraeh-ye mohammad pak shir | mazraeh-ye mohammad qobadi | mazraeh-ye mohammad qoli bahramian | mazraeh-ye mohammad sadeq eqbal | mazraeh-ye mohammadabad | mazraeh-ye mohammady | mazraeh-ye molla hadi | mazraeh-ye morad ali pay moradi | mazraeh-ye morad heydari | mazraeh-ye moruji | mazraeh-ye murdi | mazraeh-ye najafabad | mazraeh-ye najafabad-e bazud | mazraeh-ye naser esmaili | mazraeh-ye nasratollah najafi | mazraeh-ye nasrollah jafary | mazraeh-ye nazem sur | mazraeh-ye nematollah rah pima | mazraeh-ye nosrati | mazraeh-ye nuli | mazraeh-ye pahn | mazraeh-ye pahna | mazraeh-ye palangi | mazraeh-ye panj ali karimi | mazraeh-ye panj chah | mazraeh-ye parvarsh mahi | mazraeh-ye pater chakhar | mazraeh-ye pir badam | mazraeh-ye posht kak | mazraeh-ye puram shahadi anhas | mazraeh-ye qanbarabad | mazraeh-ye qatarband | mazraeh-ye qeytas najarzadeh | mazraeh-ye qomsur | mazraeh-ye rah javian | mazraeh-ye rahim alikam ol salam | mazraeh-ye rahman fuladi | mazraeh-ye rahmatabad | mazraeh-ye rajab ali lahrasabi | mazraeh-ye rajab zari | mazraeh-ye ramazan baradbar | mazraeh-ye rast bud | mazraeh-ye razak | mazraeh-ye reza mohsul | mazraeh-ye sadeqabad | mazraeh-ye sadeqiyeh | mazraeh-ye saidabad | mazraeh-ye sang bar | mazraeh-ye sar bisheh | mazraeh-ye sarhadi | mazraeh-ye sarhang dabiri | mazraeh-ye seh chah kuh sorkh | mazraeh-ye seh qanat | mazraeh-ye seyf ol din | mazraeh-ye shah ali | mazraeh-ye shah mowr | mazraeh-ye shah reza karmi va shork | mazraeh-ye shah taj | mazraeh-ye shahbaz karami | mazraeh-ye shahbazi | mazraeh-ye shahid dast gheyb | mazraeh-ye shakrollah shekari | mazraeh-ye shariati | mazraeh-ye shekaft zun | mazraeh-ye shimak shur | mazraeh-ye shirvani va shorka | mazraeh-ye shurab | mazraeh-ye shuru hajjiabad | mazraeh-ye shuru hoseyni | mazraeh-ye siah daneh | mazraeh-ye takht tavus homayun | mazraeh-ye taksh | mazraeh-ye talami | mazraeh-ye tall goreh | mazraeh-ye tall roshtan | mazraeh-ye tall sangari | mazraeh-ye tall sangbary | 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| moqaberi | moqarrab-e yek | moqbelabad | moradabad | moradabad | moradabad-e kolah siah | moraskhun-e olya | moraskhun-e sofla | morghak | morghan | morgh-e bozorg | morgh-e kuchak | moridan | morshedi | morz | morzian | moshkan | moshtagan | moslemabad | mowmenabad | mowr deraz | mowruzeh | mowzar | mozaffarabad | mozaffarabad | mozaffari | mozaffari | mozaffari | multul | mur pahn | muraki | murchagi | murdak | murdak | murd-e susani | murderaz | murdestan | murdestan | murdi | mur-e deraz-e bon rud | murekord | murgah-e baba monir | murjan | murj-e shahrak | murkash | murmir | mushkan | musqan
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olya-e khaledabad | omidiyeh | orojabad | owdli shakestan | owlad-e chelku | ozun darreh
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qabaleh-ye firuzi | qabr-e sefid | qabtar qoluy-e olya | qabtar qoluy-e sofla | qadamabad | qadaman | qadamgah | qadamgah | qadamgah | qadamgah-e sofla | qaderabad | qaderabad | qaedan | qaedi-ye seh | qaemiyeh | qahukhaneh-ye adal | qalamdan | qalamdan-e vosta | qalamu | qalandar kashteh | qalat | qalat | qalat | qalat | qalatak | qalat-e godar boneh | qalat-e khvar | qalat-e nilu | qalatuyeh | qaleh beyg | qaleh biyaban | qaleh chogha | qaleh chubi | qaleh gachi | qaleh gar-e fahlian | qaleh gholam abdollah | qaleh karimi | qaleh khalifeh | qaleh kharabeh | qaleh mahmudi | qaleh meseh | qaleh mozaffary | qaleh now | qaleh now | qaleh now | qaleh now | qaleh now | qaleh now-e hashivar | qaleh now-e palangari | qaleh sang | qaleh sang | qaleh sangi | qaleh sargah | qaleh sargodar | qaleh sefid | qaleh sohrab | qaleh | qaleh-e ali baba | qaleh-e moradi | qaleh-ye abadeh | qaleh-ye abbasabad | qaleh-ye abdollah beygi | qaleh-ye ali | qaleh-ye ali | qaleh-ye bahman | qaleh-ye doktar omad | qaleh-ye esmaili | qaleh-ye fereydun | qaleh-ye hajj zu ol faqar | qaleh-ye hajji mohammad | qaleh-ye juy | qaleh-ye kachalha | qaleh-ye kaduyeh | qaleh-ye karbalai mohammad ali | qaleh-ye khalili | qaleh-ye khvajeh | qaleh-ye kohneh-ye kavar | qaleh-ye mashhadi karim | qaleh-ye mir aqa | qaleh-ye mir hasan | qaleh-ye mirza | qaleh-ye mirzai | qaleh-ye mirzai | qaleh-ye mohammad ali | qaleh-ye molla hoseyn ali | qaleh-ye murd | qaleh-ye narenji | qaleh-ye now | qaleh-ye now-e kavar | qaleh-ye now-e mozaffari | qaleh-ye piru | qaleh-ye raisi | qaleh-ye sartoli | qaleh-ye seyyed | qaleh-ye seyyed | qaleh-ye shahpur khani | qaleh-ye tiskhani | qaleyni | qanamabad | qanat bagh | qanat ebrahim | qanat sorkh | qanat | qanat-e malek | qanat-e now | qanat-e now | qanat-e sang-e sefid | qanat-e sur | qanbari | qandil | qandilak | qannat | qarah aqaj sand quarry | qarah darreh | qarah gozlu | qarah hoseyni | qarah kenar | qarah qayah | qardashabad | qareh gol-e olya | qareh gol-e sofla | qasemabad | qasemabad | qasemabad | qasemabad | qasemabad | qasemabad | qasemabad-e bikheh deraz | qasemabad-e olya | qasemabad-e sarui | qasemabad-e sofla | qashm qavi | qasr-e ahmad | qasr-e ali | qasr-e asem | qasr-e jamal | qasr-e khalil | qasr-e molla | qasr-e qomsheh | qasr-e sasan | qasr-e yaqub | qatar aghaj | qatar boneh | qatruyeh | qavamabad | qavamabad | qavamabad-e chichaklu | qavamcheh | qayqalu | qaziabad | qazian-e olya | qazian-e sofla | qerrekhlu | qeshlaq | qeshlaq | qeshlaq-e anjireh | qezmazari | qir | qods azad cooperative | qomabad | qorban lak | qorbanabad | qoroq-e qavamcheh | qosira | qotbabad | quch khvos | quri | quziabad
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khunriz | sakhteman-e konarpol | sakhteman-e mansur | sakhteman-e qanbari | sakhteman-e rayisi | sakhteman-e satar | sakhteman-e seyyed basaru | sakhteman-e shahriyari | sakhteman-e shokarollah | sakhteman-e shuraki | salamatabad | salamatabad | salamatabad | salari | salbiz | salehabad | salehabad | salehabad | salmanabad | salmanabad | salu | samadabad | samak | samang | samangan | sang bari-ye fars | sang kar | sang shakan nazerkayizami | sangar | sangar | sangar-e olya | sangar-e sofla | sangbari-ye firuzeh noma | sangbor | sang-e charak | sang-e sefid | sang-e sefid | sang-e zur | sanjanak | saqqaabad | saqqavan | sar ab-e gojestan | sar asiab-e bala | sar asiab-e pain | sar bast | sar bast | sar bisheh | sar cheshmeh | sar dasht | sar galu | sar gar | sar mala | sar mashhad | sar molki-ye qanat-e now | sar mur | sar qanat | sar rud | sar tang | sar tang-e bala | sar tang-e kuchak | sar taveh-ye jaruqi | sar taveh-ye midjan | sar tol-e dowlatabad | sar tom | sarab rud | sarabad | 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shah galdi | shah gheyb | shah jahan ahmad | shah marz | shah mohammadi | shah mohit | shah mowmen | shah nur ol din | shah qotb ol din | shah qotb ol din heydar | shah rostam | shah taslim-e olya | shahababad | shahabi | shahbaz khani | shah-e shahidan | shahi jan | shahid matahari training academy | shahid | shahidabad | shahnan | shahpur jan | shahr ashub | shahr meyan | shahrabad | shahrak ol mohammad | shahrak-e abraj | shahrak-e aliabad | shahrak-e ardkapan | shahrak-e bazargan | shahrak-e boneh kolaghi | shahrak-e bostan | shahrak-e chah tala | shahrak-e cham kuku | shahrak-e dehnow | shahrak-e emam khomeyni | shahrak-e emam khomeyni | shahrak-e emam sadeq | shahrak-e emam | shahrak-e emam | shahrak-e esteqlal | shahrak-e fajr | shahrak-e fath ol mobin | shahrak-e gachgaran | shahrak-e ghadir | shahrak-e ghadir navaygan | shahrak-e golestan | shahrak-e gudarz | shahrak-e hafez | shahrak-e hajjiabad | shahrak-e hangam | shahrak-e igder | shahrak-e isar | shahrak-e isar | shahrak-e jadid ardali | shahrak-e jahadabad | shahrak-e javad ol aymeh | shahrak-e khalilabad | shahrak-e kola siah | shahrak-e kondaz | shahrak-e mahdavi | shahrak-e mahdiyeh | shahrak-e makuyeh | shahrak-e malekabad | shahrak-e muk | shahrak-e qalat | shahrak-e qotlu | shahrak-e roknabad | shahrak-e sadara | shahrak-e sadra | shahrak-e safi khani | shahrak-e sarollah | shahrak-e sayeban | shahrak-e seyyed ala ol din hoseyn | shahrak-e seyyed ol shohada | shahrak-e shahid bahnar jadval-e now | shahrak-e shahid beheshti | shahrak-e shahid dastgheyb | shahrak-e shahid motahhari | shahrak-e shahid rajai | shahrak-e shahid rejai | shahrak-e shohada ashayir | shahrak-e shomali | shahrak-e taleqani | shahrak-e tang-e hana | shahrak-e trafiki | shahrak-e vali-ye asr | shahrak-e vali-ye asr | shahrak-e vazireh | shahrak-e zanjiran | shahr-e khafr | shahr-e khvast | shahr-e pir | shahrenjan | shahrestan | shahrestan | shahriar | shahzadeh abu ol qasem | shakestan | shaldan | shamlu | shamsabad | shamsabad | shamsabad | shamsabad | shamsabad | shamsabad-e borzu | shamsabad-e takht | shamzagh | sharafabad | sharafuyeh | shardeh | sharikabad | sharqabad | sharqi | shastegan | shatt-e badam | shehneh | shekaft | shenayez | sherkat-e gol sorkh meymand | sherkat-e pars gostar | sherkat-e shang shakan-e rostaq | shesh pir | sheshdeh | shetvan | shevergan | shevid zar | sheydan | sheydan | sheydanak | sheykh abud | sheykh aib | sheykh amer | sheykh mohammad rezayi | sheykh mohammad | sheykhabad | sheykhi zirdu | sheykhi | shib jadval | shib tang | shir baba | shir daneh | shir espari | shir habib | shir khvorosht | shir khvoshi-ye sofla | shir mohammadi | shiraz | shiraz industrial estate | shiraz refinery | shirbim | shirganji | shirin | shirinu | shirvani | shokrabad | sholdan | showsani | shul | shul | shul | shulan | shul-e bozi | shul-e bozorg | shul-e sarui | shur ab | shur junegan | shurab | shurabad | shurab-e lor | shurab-e tork | shurab-e zar | shurjeh | shurjestan | shuru vazireh | shuru | si la | siahan | sibuiyeh | sigar-e bala | silviabadeh | simakan | simiareh | sinjaz | sir banu | sir yazjan-e galeh zan abu ol hasan beygi | sir yazjan-e galeh zan mazarai | siraj | sirati | sirizjan | sisakhti-ye sofla | sisnian | sistan-e olya | sivand | siyahun | sobatu | sofla | soghad | soghad | solbuyeh | soleymanabad | soltanabad | soltanabad | soltanabad | soltanabad | soltanabad-e koruni | soltan-e velayat | somar jan | somghan | sorkhabad | sorkhuiyeh | sufian | suleh bedar | sur-e tahmasb | surian | surmaq
tableh | tadak | tadavan | tadna | tafhian | taft | taghun | taherabad | tahrehdan | tahuneh | tahuneh | tajabad | tajabad | takestan-e sadrabad | takhtabad | takhtak | takht-e chaman | takht-e jamshid | takht-e rud | takhteh sang-e olya | takhteh sang-e sofla | takhteh | tal-e afghani | tal-e gar | tal-e khaki | tal-e sefid | taleb beygi | taleqani | talkh ab | talkh ab | talkh ab-e qarah khani | talkh ab-e valad | talkhab | talkhab | talkhab-e olya | talkhab-e shahi jan | talkhab-e sofla | tall anjir | tall anjir | tall bargah | tall beleki | tall boland | tall gord | tall heydari | tall kohneh | tall korehi-ye bon rud | tall koshi | tall kuhak | tall mahtabi | tall milak | tall nader | tall naqareh | tall naqareh | tall rizi-ye alivand | tall roshtan | tall saman | tall sarbani | tall siah | tall soleymani | tall zard | tall-e abiz | tall-e beyza | tall-e bidkan | tall-e gachi | tall-e gav | tall-e kushk | tall-e mohammad reza | tall-e mollai | tall-e rigi | tall-e sabz | tall-e sefid-e olya | tall-e sefid-e sofla | tall-e shureh | tall-e sorkh | talu | tammaru | tang ab | tang ab | tang ahal duneh | tang koreh | tang mohr | tang qir | tang sa | tangarmeh | tang-e anari | tang-e azhdha | tang-e badi-ye bala | tang-e baha ol dini | tang-e barakeh | tang-e boraq | tang-e cheh zarreh | tang-e chowgan-e olya | tang-e chowgan-e olya-ye kashkuli | tang-e chowgan-e sofla | tang-e chowgan-e sofla-ye dar shuri | tang-e chowgan-e vosta | tang-e chuk | tang-e dehuiyeh | tang-e faraj shahriyur | tang-e farakh | tang-e gachi-ye olya | tang-e gachi-ye sofla | tang-e gav | tang-e gojestan | tang-e hajji mahruiyeh | tang-e kabutari | tang-e karam | tang-e katuiyeh | tang-e khiareh | tang-e khomri | tang-e kish | tang-e koleh | tang-e kur | tang-e mahdi | tang-e mohammad saleh | tang-e monareh | tang-e narak | tang-e nazari | tang-e qalangi | tang-e riz | tang-e rudian | tang-e ruin | tang-e sari | tang-e shur | tang-e shur-e olya | tang-e si | tang-e simin | tang-e tagher | tang-e tur | tang-e zard | tangeh chehel sangu | tangeh narreh | tanguyeh-ye olya | tanguyeh-ye sofla | taq taq | taqiabad | tarab khani | tarbor-e jafari | tarbor-e lay bisheh | tarbor-e sadat | tarman | tarqideh | tarreh dan | tasak | tashk | tashuyeh | tasuj | tavai siah | tavakkolabad | tavakkolabad-e markazi | taveh dashqoli | taveh fashang | taviq | tayifeh michak | tehrani | teymurabad | tiab | tir afjan | tirazjan | tireh bagh | tisheh gari | tishu | titevand | tizab | tizabad | tizdang-e olya | tizdang-e sofla | tol polui | tol rigi | tol zari | tolaru | tol-e bondu | tol-e gavmishi | tol-e geli | tol-e gor-e hajjiabad | tol-e heydari | tol-e khandaq-e olya | tol-e khandaq-e sofla | tol-e meshkin | tol-e noqareh | tol-e pir | tol-e semengi | tol-e zireh | toll-e mallu | tolombeh amiq-e shomareh-ye yek | tolombeh hay-e eslamabad-e yek | tolombeh hay-e hasanabad | tolombeh hay-e kor sefid | tolombeh hay-e malusjan | tolombeh hay-e sang-e sefid | tolombeh-ye abbas baziar | tolombeh-ye abbas fathi | tolombeh-ye abbas jowkar | tolombeh-ye abbas tahmatan | tolombeh-ye abbas zarian | tolombeh-ye abbasabad | tolombeh-ye abdol hoseyn vahadi | tolombeh-ye abdol rahim ravan | tolombeh-ye abdollah amini | tolombeh-ye abiyari zahd shahr-e do | tolombeh-ye abiyari zahd shahr-e yek | tolombeh-ye abkar | tolombeh-ye abu ol hasan kamali | tolombeh-ye afrasiyab babayi | tolombeh-ye afshar | tolombeh-ye ahmad firuzi | tolombeh-ye akbar chupani | tolombeh-ye akbar heydari | tolombeh-ye akbar sadeqi | tolombeh-ye akbar shams | tolombeh-ye akhan | tolombeh-ye ali akbar bahrani | tolombeh-ye ali baba nakuiyan | tolombeh-ye ali naz khosrowi | tolombeh-ye ali reza yarahmadi | tolombeh-ye alikhan va bahman rezai | tolombeh-ye allah verdi mohammadi | tolombeh-ye amidvar | tolombeh-ye aqa gol | tolombeh-ye aqa khan manuchehri | tolombeh-ye aqa mohammad | tolombeh-ye arj yarahmadi | tolombeh-ye asghar-e taqizadeh | tolombeh-ye askar akbari | tolombeh-ye askary va morady | tolombeh-ye avaz karimi | tolombeh-ye azami | tolombeh-ye aziz ali nezhadi | tolombeh-ye bab ali babayi | tolombeh-ye baba hajji zadegan | tolombeh-ye bahram keyani | tolombeh-ye banan | tolombeh-ye baqeri | tolombeh-ye baqeri | tolombeh-ye baqeri | tolombeh-ye bar aftab shirdani | tolombeh-ye barani | tolombeh-ye basijian | tolombeh-ye baziar | tolombeh-ye beglar yarahmadi | tolombeh-ye bizayi | tolombeh-ye chadu | tolombeh-ye darab-e posht kuhi | tolombeh-ye darudi | tolombeh-ye darvish rezai | tolombeh-ye dastani | tolombeh-ye didarkhormi | tolombeh-ye ebrahim kamali | tolombeh-ye ebrahim khalafi | tolombeh-ye emamqoli khalaj | tolombeh-ye emanollah qasemi | tolombeh-ye eskandar asadi | tolombeh-ye fakhrayi | tolombeh-ye fathollah fathi va shorka | tolombeh-ye fathollah kuhaki | tolombeh-ye fathollah sarikhani | tolombeh-ye fereydun | tolombeh-ye ghafar parvizy | tolombeh-ye gharib yarahmadi | tolombeh-ye gholam abd | tolombeh-ye gholam hoseyn bizheni | tolombeh-ye gholam hoseyn khan masumi | tolombeh-ye gholam hoseyn sahami | tolombeh-ye gholami | tolombeh-ye habib rezai | tolombeh-ye hadizadeh | tolombeh-ye hajj abdollah saleh shury | tolombeh-ye hajj fathollah mohammady | tolombeh-ye hajj hoseyn hajjian | tolombeh-ye hajj mirza shaharkhi | tolombeh-ye hajj seyyed reza musuy | tolombeh-ye hajji aqa dehqan | tolombeh-ye hajji baba azhaderi | tolombeh-ye hajji mamtaz | tolombeh-ye hamzeh fakhrai | tolombeh-ye hamzui | tolombeh-ye hasan delam | tolombeh-ye hasan ebrahimi | tolombeh-ye hasan sadeqi | tolombeh-ye hasanabad | tolombeh-ye hashem heydari | tolombeh-ye hashem nowruzi | tolombeh-ye hashem sheybani | tolombeh-ye hay abguiyeh | tolombeh-ye hay kucheh konary | tolombeh-ye haykatabad | tolombeh-ye heydar zadegan | tolombeh-ye hezbollah zary | tolombeh-ye hoseyn aqatdari | tolombeh-ye hoseyn qoli saham | tolombeh-ye hoseyn yarahmadi | tolombeh-ye iraj keyani | tolombeh-ye jafar dowlat khvah | tolombeh-ye jafar qorban ravan | tolombeh-ye jahanqoli jafari | tolombeh-ye jamal mohammady | tolombeh-ye jameh shahidi | tolombeh-ye jelal khorram | tolombeh-ye jowkar | tolombeh-ye kamali | tolombeh-ye karim yarahmadi | tolombeh-ye karimi | tolombeh-ye kazemi | tolombeh-ye khardmand | tolombeh-ye kheyri | tolombeh-ye khosrowi | tolombeh-ye kordshuli | tolombeh-ye kushesh | tolombeh-ye lay qamand | tolombeh-ye mahmud va ali farrahpur | tolombeh-ye mansur saraferaz | tolombeh-ye mansur sheybani | tolombeh-ye masum hoseyni | tolombeh-ye mehdi qoli key manesh | tolombeh-ye mehdi shariati | tolombeh-ye mohammad ali askari | tolombeh-ye mohammad ali ghiasi | tolombeh-ye mohammad hadi khosrowpur | tolombeh-ye mohammad hasan kashafi | tolombeh-ye mohammad hoseyn asgari | tolombeh-ye mohammad hoseyn baharlu | tolombeh-ye mohammad hoseyn jafari | tolombeh-ye mohammad janati khavah | tolombeh-ye mohammad morad heydary | tolombeh-ye mohammad qoli khadang | tolombeh-ye mohammad shahbazi | tolombeh-ye mohandas liaqat | tolombeh-ye mokhtari | tolombeh-ye molla aqai baqeri | tolombeh-ye montakhab | tolombeh-ye morad azermina | tolombeh-ye morteza khan | tolombeh-ye mostafa zar pur | tolombeh-ye nad ali beygi | tolombeh-ye nasr feyli | tolombeh-ye nazar yarahmadi | tolombeh-ye nazeri | tolombeh-ye nezam taheri | tolombeh-ye now bakht | tolombeh-ye qanbar ali ashraf | tolombeh-ye rahman | tolombeh-ye rahman mansury | tolombeh-ye rahmani | tolombeh-ye reza nakui moqdam | tolombeh-ye rostam | tolombeh-ye sadeqi | tolombeh-ye sahbat qanbari | tolombeh-ye saholuiyeh | tolombeh-ye sajjadi | tolombeh-ye sakhtemani | tolombeh-ye salaki | tolombeh-ye samad aqa | tolombeh-ye samadabad | tolombeh-ye sarhang jafarpur | tolombeh-ye seyyed ebrahim mahabi | tolombeh-ye seyyedeh | tolombeh-ye seyyedi khan saidi | tolombeh-ye shahid ahmad duran | tolombeh-ye shahid khosrow nazeri | tolombeh-ye shahid mahmud owtrab | tolombeh-ye shahriyar mirzai | tolombeh-ye sharafuiyeh | tolombeh-ye shidayi | tolombeh-ye siah chehareh va shorka | tolombeh-ye tahmasb | tolombeh-ye yadollah khalaj | tolombeh-ye yunes karbalai gholam | tolombeh-ye zahedi | tolombeh-ye zeynli | tolombeh-ye ziayi | tom shuli | tomb-e garaveh | toremeh | torkan | towlid-e rang bamdad | training centre | tugah-e qarah bas | tujang | tujerdi | tutak
vahdatabad | vakilabad | vakilabad | vakilabad | valiabad | valiabad | valiabad | valiasr | validabad | vanda | vara | varak | varavi | vardavan | vardesku | vaselabad | vazak-e moradi | vazirabad | vazireh | vizaran | vocational training centre
water distribution company
yaghleh mazeh | yahyaabad | yahyaabad | yanderanlu | yaqubabad | yarj | yas chaman | yaseriyeh | yek dangeh | yitimu | yord-e anjir | yord-e jamal | yurd dasht-e zalzaleh | yurd tall-e janboli | yurdhai-ye abdol yusefi | yurdhai-ye miraki | yurdidollah fil bandi | yurdtang hashi | yusef ali khvah | yusefabad | yusefabad | yuzdan
zafarabad | zagh | zahed mahmud | zahedshahr | zahr shir | zakharu-e bala | zakherd | zakian | zalemi | zameni | zanganeh | zangeneh | zangeneh-ye bon rud | zangiabad | zanguiyeh | zanguyeh | zar qalat | zarak-e tang khas | zarareh | zarat | zaravan | zard-e narak | zargaran | zargaran | zarjan | zarqan | zarqanak | zarrin kuyeh | zarrinabad-e darreh shuri | zarsefid | zaval | zavali | zazeh | zendan | zeyn ol din | zeyn ol dini | zeynabad | zeynabad | zeynabad-e hangam | zeynabad-e sangi | zeynabad-e zakhru | zeynalabad | zeytun | zeytun | ziadabad | ziadabad | ziadabad | zighan | zijerd | ziqan | zir anay-e olya | zir anay-e sofla | zir zard-e alishahi | zirab | zir-e qalat | zirgar | zirgar-e owl luyi | zohrababad
robert cornelius mitchell (june 6, 1935 – april 5, 2020) was an american professional football player. he played as a halfback and flanker in the national football league (nfl) for the cleveland browns (1958–1961) and the washington redskins (1962–1968). he was added into the pro football hall of fame in 1983. he also served as an executive for the redskins from 1969 to 2002. he was born in hot springs, arkansas.
mitchell lived in washington, d.c. during his later years. he died on april 5, 2020, at the age of 84.
ab anar (, also romanized as āb anār and āb-e anār) is a village in khafrak-e olya rural district, seyyedan district, marvdasht county, fars province, iran.
daniel batman (20 march 1981 – 26 june 2012) was an australian sprinter. he competed at the 2000 summer olympics in sydney. he was the australian national men's 200 metres champion in 2005 and 2008. his best international achievement was a sixth place finish at the 2003 world indoor championships.
batman was born in melbourne, victoria. he claimed to be a descendant of john batman, the founder of melbourne. he married fellow australian olympian nova peris in 2002. the couple had two children, and split in 2010. his third child was born in 2011.
on 26 june 2012, batman was killed in a car crash in marrakai, southeast of darwin, northern territory. he was 31.
graham neil "jock" edwards (27 may 1955 – 6 april 2020) was a new zealand cricketer. between 1978 and 1981, he played played eight test matches and six one day internationals for new zealand. he also played for central districts. he was born in nelson.
edwards died on 6 april 2020, at the age of 64.
feroze gandhi was an indian freedom fighter, politician and journalist. he published the newspapers the national herald and the navjivan. he served as a member of the provincial parliament between 1950 and 1952, and was later a member of the lok sabha, the lower house of india's parliament. wikipedia
born: 12 september 1912, mumbai
died: 8 september 1960, new delhi
full name: feroze jehangir ghandy
spouse: indira gandhi (m. 1942–1960)
resting place: prayagraj
parents: faredoon jehangir ghandy, ratimai commissariat
ab anar (, also romanized as āb ānār; also known as āb nār) is a village in qarah chaman rural district, arzhan district, shiraz county, fars province, iran.
ab anarak (, also romanized as āb ānārak; also known as āb-e nārow and ābrow) is a village in horgan rural district, in the central district of neyriz county, fars province, iran.
ab anbar-e jahad ashayeri (, also romanized as āb ānbār-e jahād ‘ashāyīrī) is a village in mishan rural district, mahvarmilani district, mamasani county, fars province, iran.
ab anjir (, also romanized as āb anjīr) is a village in kuhestan rural district, rostaq district, darab county, fars province, iran.
"best day ever" is the first part of the twentieth episode of the fourth season of "spongebob squarepants". it first aired on television on nickelodeon in the united states on november 10, 2006 as a part of the television marathon called "the best day ever marathon". 6.7 million people watched the episode when it was first shown on television. in the episode, spongebob wants to have a perfect day, but it does not go as planned. however, he solves his friends' problems without knowing it. when he finds out, he learns that he really did have the best day ever. 
spongebob plans a "best day ever", but things do not go out as planned. spongebob wants to work at the krusty krab, but it is closed because of a nematode infestation. he gets the nematodes away by playing his nose as a flute. then, he wants to play karate with sandy, but she is trying to deal with a leak in her treedome (a glass dome with a tree inside). spongebob thinks it is a trick, but accidentally stops the leak by using one of his karate gloves to fill in the hole of the leak. next, he wants to catch jellyfish with patrick. patrick keeps breaking his nets, so he uses spongebob's high-tech net. now spongebob does not have a net to use. 
spongebob plans his last part of the day to go to squidward's clarinet recital. squidward is seen upset because his clarinet reed broke and he can not play the clarinet. spongebob gets strong and pulls out one of his teeth to replace the reed so squidward can play his clarinet. spongebob tries to get in the concert, but the usher will not let him in. spongebob makes many tries to get in the building, but each time he is not let in. spongebob hides in mrs. puff's purse, making her yell at him. the usher finds out that spongebob was on the vip list, so he is let in the recital. however, he gets in right as the recital ends.
spongebob gets very upset and goes on the stage to talk about how his "best day ever" has gone wrong. mr. krabs, sandy, patrick, and squidward talk to spongebob about how he has saved their problems and made their days better. to make spongebob happy, they perform the song "best day ever" on the stage that lasts for hours.
both the television marathon and the episode set a new record for nickelodeon's most watched and highest rated television program.
nigel john taylor (born 20 june 1960) is an english musician, singer, songwriter, producer and actor. he was bass guitarist of the new wave band duran duran from its founding in 1978 before leaving in 1997. the group has had 14 singles in the top 10 of the uk singles chart and 21 in the us "billboard" hot 100. duran duran have sold over 100 million records worldwide. after he left, taylor appeared in a number of movies such as "sugar town" (1999). he rejoined the band in 2001.
taylor was born in solihull, warwickshire. he grew up in nearby hollywood, worcestershire. during the 1990s, he was married to amanda de cadenet. the couple have one child. he married his second wife gela nash in 1999. in 2013, taylor became an american citizen, holding dual citizenship.
in april 2020, during the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic, taylor revealed that he tested positive to covid-19.
ángel manuel olmos (born june 17, 1974 in madrid, spain) is spanish a musicologist and entrepreneur. he is the former music technology and history professor of the and is currently the professor of musicology at the .
early life and career.
olmos was born on june 17, 1974, in madrid, spain. he has studied mining engineering from polytechnic university of madrid and completed his bachelor degree in musicology from the in 2000. he received a doctorate of music history and musicology from the université paris iv-sorbonne and phd in musicology from the .
he is currently professor of musicology and is accredited as university professor by . he has also been a professor at the university of la rioja, escuela superior de canto de madrid, and honorary research fellow for the university of liverpool. he is the director and general editor of the transcription project discantus in the national library of spain. he has published about fifteen books.
robot taekwon v or "voltar the invicible" is a 1985 south korean american science fiction action mecha television film.
in the year, 1983. a karate championship named billy who pilots voltar a 50 meters tall giant robot through martial arts-abilities created by dr. future against an rival enemy named dr. karf, an madman scientist creating a killer robots to destroy the worlds from horrors of mankind.
pirkko mannola (born 27 december 1938) is a finnish actress and singer. she has appeared in over 50 movies and television shows since 1959. her movie credits include "kaks' tavallista lahtista" (1960), which was entered into the 10th berlin international film festival, and "leikkikalugangsteri" (1969). in 1958, she won the miss finland beauty contest.
mannola was born in sääksmäki. she was married to movie director åke lindman from 1968 until his death in 2009. the couple had one daughter.
aron afshar (born june 22, 1998 in mashhad) is an iranian pop singer and composer. мурд 2022
hajjiabad (, also romanized as ḩājjīābād and hājīābād) is a city and capital of zarrin dasht county, fars province, iran.
dobiran (, also romanized as dobīrān ; also known as dowbarān, dowborān, dabīrān, doborān, dooban, dowbān, and dūborān) is a city in the central district of zarrin dasht county, fars province, iran.
shahr-e pir (, also romanized as shahr-e pīr and shahr pīr) is a city and capital of izadkhvast district, in zarrin dasht county, fars province, iran.
bab anar (, also romanized as bāb anār and bāb-e anār; also known as bābā anār, bābā na‘am, bābā najm, and bāba nār) is a city in khafr district, jahrom county, fars province, iran.
khavaran (; formerly, khaneh kahdan (persian: خانِگَهدان and خانه کَهدان), also romanized as khāneh kāhdān, khānegahdān, khānehkohdān, khāneh-ye kahdān, khāneh-ye kāhvān, khānekahdān, and khānkahdān) is a city and capital of khafr district, in jahrom county, fars province, iran.
afif-abad garden (), originally the gulshan garden (), is a museum complex in shiraz, iran.
the arg of karim khan'" ( "arg-e karim khan") or ""karim khan citadel" is a citadel located in downtown shiraz, iran.
bishapur (middle persian: "bay-šāpūr"; , "bishâpûr") was an ancient city in sasanid persia (iran) on the ancient road between persis and elam. the road linked the sassanid capitals estakhr (very close to persepolis) and ctesiphon. it is located south of modern faliyan in the kazerun county of pars province, iran.
eram garden (, "bāgh-e eram") is a historic persian garden in shiraz, iran.
josh harris (born april 27, 1989) is an american football long snapper for the atlanta falcons of the national football league. he played college football for auburn university. he signed with the falcons as an undrafted free agent in 2012. harris attended carrollton high school in carrollton, georgia.
sir john grant mckenzie laws (10 may 1945 – 5 april 2020) was a british judge. he served as a lord justice of appeal (1999–2016) and as a high court judge (1992–1998). laws was married to sophie marshall from 1973 until her death in 2017. the couple had one daughter. he was also the uncle of dominic cummings.
on 5 april 2020, during the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic, laws died of problems caused by covid-19 in chelsea, london. he had at first been in hospital for treatment of sepsis and other conditions.
istakhr (middle persian: "stakhr", "estakhr") was an ancient city in fars province, north of persepolis in southwestern iran.
qal'eh dokhtar or ghale dokhtar or dokhtar castle or dezh dokhtar (, "the maiden castle"), is a castle made by ardashir i, in present-day fars, iran.
ka'ba-ye zartosht (persian: کعبه زرتشت) is the name of a stone quadrangular and stepped structure in the naqsh-e rustam compound beside zangiabad village in marvdasht county in fars, iran.
naqsh-e rajab (, ) is an archaeological site just west of istakhr and about 5 km north of persepolis in fars province, iran.
naqsh-e rostam ( ) is an ancient necropolis located about 12 km northwest of persepolis, in fars province, iran
meadville is a city in and the county seat of crawford county, pennsylvania, united states. as of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 13,388.
the palace of ardashir pāpakan (in "qasr-eh ardashir-eh pāpakān"), also known as the "atash-kadeh" آتشکده, is a castle located on the slopes of the mountain on which dezh dokhtar is situated. built in ad 224 by king ardashir i of the sassanian empire, it is located two kilometers (1.2 miles) north of the ancient city of "gor", i.e. the old city of artakhsher khwarah/khor adashir/gor adesheer (glory of [king] ardasher) in pars, in ancient persia (iran)
crawford county is a county in the u.s. state of pennsylvania. as of the 2010 census, the county had a population of 88,765. the county seat is meadville.
dominic mckenzie cummings (born 25 november 1971) is a british political strategist. he served as chief adviser to prime minister boris johnson from july 2019 until november 13 2020. he was also special adviser to michael gove, the secretary of state for education from 2010 to 2014.
from 2015 to 2016, cummings was director of the successful vote leave campaign. it was an organisation against the continued british membership of the european union. the group took an active part in the 2016 referendum campaign for brexit.
cummings was born in durham. he is married to mary wakefield. the couple have one son. sir john laws, a lord justice of appeal, was cummings' uncle.
in may 2020, many people wanted cummings to quit because he visited his parent's farm in durham. durham is over from his home in london. at the time, he had symptoms of covid-19, and rules in the uk during the pandemic said people who thought they had the virus should stay at home. prime minister boris johnson said that cummings had done nothing wrong and had a reason to go against the rules, because he needed childcare for his child. the durham constabulary started an investigation to see if cummings had broken the law.
sangtarashan cave (, also known as sangshekanan cave and sangeshkan cave) is located in the jahrom, in southern iran, it is the largest handmade cave in the world. it has several corridors, columns and openings.
hamed bahiraei (born 12 july 1995) is an iranian footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for nassaji in the iran pro league.
this is a list of sports stadiums in azerbaijan, ranked in descending order of capacity.
jonathan (hatched , − years old) is a seychelles giant tortoise ("aldabrachelys gigantea hololissa"), a subspecies of the aldabra giant tortoise ("aldabrachelys gigantea"). he is the oldest known living terrestrial animal in the world. jonathan lives on the island of saint helena, a british overseas territory in the south atlantic ocean. a photograph taken in 1886 featuring jonathan exists.
jonathan was among three tortoises brought to saint helena from the seychelles in 1882. he was named by governor spencer davis during the 1930s.
bullet prakash (; 2 april 1976 – 6 april 2020) was an indian actor and comedian. he worked in kannada cinema. he appeared in over 325 movies. his movie credits include "mast maja maadi" (2008), "aithalakkadi" (2010), "mallikarjuna" (2011) and "aryan" (2014). he took part in the second season of the kannada reality television show "bigg boss". he also appeared in a tulu movie, "soombe". he was born in bangalore.
prakash died from acute liver failure on 6 april 2020. he was 44.
peter michael walker (17 february 1936 – 5 april 2020) was an english cricketer. he played for england in three test matches against south africa in 1960. he also played for glamorgan. he was born in clifton, bristol.
walker died of a stroke on 5 april 2020. he was 84.
radomir antić (; 22 november 1948 – 6 april 2020) was a serbian football player and manager.
antić was born in žitište. he had a 17-year playing career as a defender from 1967 to 1984. he notably played for partizan, fenerbahçe, real zaragoza and luton town. he also played one game for yugoslavia in 1973.
after retiring from playing, antić coached a number of teams. in spain, he coached real zaragoza, real madrid, atlético madrid, real oviedo, barcelona and celta vigo. he won the double, both la liga and the copa del rey, with atlético madrid in the 1995–96 season. he also coached the serbian national team and chinese sides shandong luneng and hebei china fortune.
on 6 april 2020, antić died in madrid of pancreatitis at the age of 71.
social justice warrior (also known as sjw), is a pejorative term for people who support feminism or have left-wing opinions. originally the term social justice warrior was used by people who generally supported left-wing politics and who was an activist for social justice and meant it as a good thing. 
in relation to the video games industry.
after the gamergate controversy where carl benjamin and milo yiannopoulos accused people who didn’t think video game journalism was being used by feminists to spread political correctness of being social justice warriors, the name became a pejorative for someone who wanted video games and popular culture to be more politically correct or someone who was easily offended.
andré-gustave citroën (; 5 february 1878 – 3 july 1935) was a french industrialist and freemason of dutch and polish jewish origin. citroen was the founder of the car company citroën, and for his application of double helical gears.
citroën was born on 5 february 1878 in the city of paris and died from stomach cancer on 3 july 1935 in paris, aged 57. he had graduated the école polytechnique.
joppa is a village in illinois in the united states.
itzehoe (; ) is a town in the german state of schleswig-holstein. it is the capital of the district steinburg.
kaarlo pentti linkola (7 december 1932 – 5 april 2020) was a finnish radical deep ecologist, ornithologist, polemicist, naturalist, writer, and fisherman. 
he wrote mainly about his ideas and in finland was a well known free-thinker. linkola was a fisherman from 1959 to 1995. he fished on keitele, päijänne and gulf of finland, and beginning in 1978 he fished on vanajavesi.
linkola blamed humans for the ongoing degradation of the environment. he promoted rapid population decline to fight the problems commonly seen in overpopulation.
m. k. arjunan () (fondly called as arjunan master) (1 march 1936 – 6 april 2020) was an indian malayalam music composer. he was known for composing many melodies for malayalam cinema. he was born in kerala, india. arjunan made around 800 songs for 300 plays. 
arjunan died on 6 april 2020 at his home in kochi, india at the age of 84.
dean west ( – ), better known by his stage name black the ripper, was a british grime mc, rapper, businessman and a cannabis activist. he ran his own record label, dank of england (formerly known as black magic entertainment). it was soon made into a clothing line and marijuana accessory company.
he was also known for his viral stunts of smoking cannabis in public places in which he hoped would help legalised cannabis in the u.k.
black the ripper died on 6 april 2020 while staying at his 2nd home in montserrat, aged 32. his cause of death was due to a heart attack.
ha seung moo (born born october 13, 1963; also spelled ha seung moo) is a korean poet, pastor, educator and historical theologian.
ha was born on february 5, 1964 in sacheon, south korea. ha is the grandson of sir ha yeon, who is the twenty-first grandson of joseon's most notable prime minister, yeonguijeong.
after his basic education, ha began to read modern literature. he was motivated by a bookseller who visited the school and purchased a series of books on modern korean literature. thereafter, readings of korean literature sparked his interest in writing and philosophy. in this process, ha began to question humanity and thing-in-itself. during the high school years, ha's spiritual journey continued. he pursued truth, the meaning of life and humanity in buddhism, hinduism and other major religions. in this spiritual journey, he read many western philosophical classics.
ha was influenced by the works of sigmund freud, carl gustav jung, immanuel kant and søren kierkegaard. ha experienced spiritual progression recognizing the importance and meaning of human existence, and the 'despair' of kierkegaard and the 'reason' of kant became a less serious issue to his life and study. at the end of 12th grade, ha had a mystical religious experience that made him confess that god is the only answer to his quest for meaning. ha then became a christian.
his poetry became an artistic stimulus for artists in parts of england and america.
ha became a presbyterian minister and a professor of historical theology at korea presbyterian theological seminary. he teaches biblical exposition. ha established korea presbyterian church and the korea presbyterian seminary, serving as pastoral general, christian education, missions etc., at his own expense.
his theological thought is inherited from the original church, unlike the roman catholic or reformed church, or of the protestant church, which offer traditional christian interpretation. ha presented the historical point of view of the orthodox church, describing how the confession of faith and the historical context coincide. ha is a poet, and a reformist theologian. he debuted as a poet by the recommendation of fellow poet park jaesam and two others in "hankyoreh literature magazine" in 1994.
busan social information forum (abbreviation: bsif, korean: 부산사회정보포럼) was founded on march 1, 2003, at busan forum, led by chairman seung-moo ha. following the busan forum, it is the second non-profit forum organization founded in the busan area.
on april 11, 2004, we participated in a member organization of the korea forum union, an association of 33 regional forums scattered throughout the country. until 2016 national forum association is disbanded, it participated in the national forum of activities, thereafter, in the center of busan, online network between experts and non-experts who are active in a variety of fields around the country to build, has been working. through people-to-people exchanges, it provides a mutual exchange and various regional information between the hierarchy.
elisabeth corrin maurus (born november 21, 1982), better known by her stage name lissie, is an american country musician and singer-songwriter. 
lissie was raised in rock island, illinois. 
"why you running" contains the single "oh mississippi" which was co-written by ed harcourt, and she met a mutual friend. "oh mississppi" was released on fat possum. lissie has also toured with band of horses and badly drawn boy. 
elisabeth corrin maurus was born on 21 november 1982 in the united states. lissie moved to ojai, california, after when she left colorado. she wanted to live closer to los angeles, and said "i'll live very close to l.a." she loved la.
james scheffer (born june 8, 1970), better known by his stage name jim jonsin, is an american record producer, songwriter, businessman and dj. he has collaborated numerous times with artists, including akon, b.o.b, pitbull, rico love, and sean paul.
breakfast club were an american dance-pop band. it used to be madonna and randy jackson. their hit single "right on track" topped #7 on the uk pop chart.
the band was formed in new york city in the late 1970s. randy jackson and madonna left. they recorded an album in the 1980s but it was unofficially released.
the dungeon family is a hip hop/r&b musical collective. the group was based in atlanta, georgia. it specializes in southern hip hop with heavy funk and soul influences. the group takes its name from "the dungeon", the name given to the studio of producer rico wade. the dungeon was located in the basement of wade's mother's house.
the collective released their first album together, titled "even in darkness", on november 26, 2001.
jamie luis gomez (born july 14, 1975), better known by his stage name taboo, is an american rapper, songwriter, actor and dj. he is best known as a member of the hip hop music group the black eyed peas.
eulerian path is a notion from graph theory. a eulerian path in a graph is one that visits each edge of the graph once only. a eulerian circuit or eulerian cycle is an eulerian path which starts and ends on the same vertex.
fulfillingness' first finale is the seventeenth studio album by american musician stevie wonder. it was released on july 22, 1974 by tamla. wonder would release his next album "songs in the key of life" in 1976, two years after "fulfillingness' first finale".
"fulfillingness' first finale" received generally positive reviews from music critics.
"billboard chart information by billboard vnu emedia"
songs in the key of life is the eighteenth studio album by american recording artist stevie wonder. it was released on september 28, 1976, by tamla.
"songs in the key of life" received generally positive reviews from critics.
original vinyl release.
"a something's extra".
the "a something's extra" 7" extended play was included with the special-edition version of the original lp. these tracks are also on most cd versions of the album, as well as the blu-ray audio. they were either split between both discs or added to the end of the second disc.
in orbital mechanics, a hohmann transfer orbit moves a spacecraft between orbiting heights. it is the most fuel-efficient method to do so, because the spacecraft is not trying to escape the planet's gravity, using an elliptical orbit for the transfer. 
a ship using this would have to apply two velocities, one to enter the elliptical orbit, and one to enter the second orbit. 
assuming the mass of the spacecraft is much lower than that of the orbiting planet, the two velocities, formula_1 and formula_2, can be solved for as:formula_3formula_4where 
mauricio macri (; born 8 february 1959) is an argentine civil engineer, businessman and politician. he was the president of argentina from 10 december 2015 to 10 december 2019. he was the mayor of buenos aires serving from 10 december 2007 through 10 december 2015.
on 22 november 2015, after a tie in the first round of presidential elections on 25 october, macri won the first ballotage in argentina's history, beating front for victory candidate daniel scioli and becoming president-elect. he was inaugurated on 10 december 2015.
running for president when the argentine economy was not performing well, macri campaigned on a platform of change, and promised to pass free market reforms of the economy. macri made major economic changes as soon as he entered office, hoping to help create jobs. he also is changing the country's foreign policy. while the president that came before him, cristina fernandez de kirchner, had criticized the united states' policies, macri has improved relations. in 2016, barack obama visited argentina. the two talked about improving relations, issues in the hemisphere, and an apology from the united states for its support of the dictatorship in argentina (as well as in several other latin american countries) in the 1970s and 80s.
macri has been critical of the government of nicolas maduro, and feels that the venezuelan president is undemocratic and oppressive.
macri lost his re-election bid in the 2019 election to alberto fernández and left office on 10 december 2019.
selwa carmen showker “lucky” roosevelt (born january 13, 1929) is a retired-american civil servant. she served as chief of protocol of the united states for almost seven years from 1982 through 1989 during the ronald reagan presidency. she was married to, archibald bulloch roosevelt, jr., the grandson of president theodore roosevelt.
james wadsworth symington (; born september 28, 1927) is an american attorney and politician. he served as four-term member of the u.s. house of representatives from 1969 to 1977, representing missouri for the democratic party. his father was united states senator stuart symington. he was born in rochester, new york.
cavit şadi pehlivanoğlu (1927 – 21 november 2015) was a turkish statesman. he served as a legislator of the grand national assembly of turkey for three terms between 1961 through 1996. he was the first as a member of justice party (turkey) and then as the vice president of motherland party (turkey), that he founded together with president turgut özal and others.
pehlivanoğlu died on november 21, 2015 in ordu, turkey from complications of pneumonia, aged 88.
norman beresford tebbit, baron tebbit, ch, pc (born 29 march 1931) is a british politician. a member of the conservative party, he served in the cabinet from 1981 to 1987 as secretary of state for employment (1981–83), secretary of state for trade and industry (1983–85), chancellor of the duchy of lancaster (1985–87) and chairman of the conservative party (1985–87). 
he was a member of parliament (mp) from 1970 to 1992, representing the constituencies of epping (1970–74) and chingford (1974–92).
douglas richard hurd, baron hurd of westwell (born 8 march 1930) is a british conservative politician. he served in the governments of margaret thatcher and john major from 1979 to 1995.
he was born in the market town of marlborough in wiltshire. hurd first entered parliament in february 1974 as mp for the mid oxfordshire constituency (witney from 1983). his first government post was as minister for europe from 1979 to 1983 (being that office's inaugural holder) and he served in several cabinet roles since 1984. 
his jobs include secretary of state for northern ireland (1984–85), home secretary (1985–89) and foreign secretary (1989–95). he stood unsuccessfully for the conservative party leadership in 1990, but retired from frontline politics during a cabinet reshuffle in 1995.
in 1997, hurd was elevated to the house of lords and is one of the conservative party's most senior elder statesmen. he is a patron of the tory reform group and remains an active figure in public life.
herbert eli scarf (july 25, 1930 – november 15, 2015) was an american economist and professor emeritus of economics at yale university (2010-2015). 
he was a member of the american academy of arts and sciences, the national academy of sciences and the american philosophical society. he served as the president of the econometric society in 1983. he received both the frederick lanchester award in 1973 and the john von neumann medal in 1983 from the operations research society of america and was elected as a distinguished fellow of the american economic association in 1991.
scarf was born in philadelphia, pennsylvania. he studied at princeton university and at temple university. scarf died at his home in sag harbor, new york from heart failure, aged 85.
yoram tsafrir (30 january 1938 in kfar azar – 23 november 2015) was an israeli archaeologist. his research has included the byzantine influence on ancient synagogues, demography of palestine in the byzantine period. he led excavations at beit she'an, and at rehoboth. he was professor emeritus in the university of hebrew, university of jerusalem, and in the institute of archaeology. he was a member of the israel academy of sciences and humanities.
tsafrir died in a hospital in jerusalem, israel from a heart attack at the age of 77.
litchfield is a town in kennebec county, maine, united states. the population was 3,624 at the 2010 census. litchfield is included in the augusta, maine micropolitan.
litchfield was incorporated in 1795. it was originally known as smithtown plantation.
north pole is a small unincorporated community in the u.s. state of idaho.
kostandin shpataraku (flourished 1736–67) was an albanian painter of 18th century. 
kostandin shpataraku was born in valesh village in the shpat region of albania. the region is located in the southern highland of elbasan, albania, in today's gjinar which was originally in the ottoman empire.
shpataraku was a painter in the orthodox tradition of icons and byzantine church frescoes, active between 1736 and 1767. his works combine byzantine tradition and italian renaissance influences.
shpataraku was beheaded by the ottomans in elbasan. his family took his body and buried him in his village with his head apart from the rest of the body, so the ottomans could not find his exact grave. a small chapel was built later to commemorate him. he is also commemorated as a saint by the locals, on september 21.
many of his icons are in ardenica monastery, st. jovan vladimir's church near elbasan, vithkuq, and in the "museum of medieval art" in korce. many of his works belong to private collections.
elastin is part of connective tissue. it is an elastic protein which allows many tissues in the body to go back to their shape after stretching or contracting. elastin helps skin return to its original position when handled. elastin is also used in places where mechanical energy is stored. 
elastin is important in blood vessels because it helps blood to flow. it is common in large elastic blood vessels such as the aorta. elastin is also very important in the lungs, ligaments, the skin, the bladder, and elastic cartilage. it is present in all vertebrates above the jawless fish.
in humans, elastin is encoded by the "eln" gene.
the icteridae are a family of small to medium-sized new world songbirds. they are usually brightly colored. most species have black as a main plumage color, often enlivened by yellow, orange or red. the family is extremely varied in size, shape, behavior and coloration. 
this group includes the new world blackbirds, new world orioles, the bobolink, meadowlarks, grackles, cowbirds, oropendolas and caciques. they are only distantly related to the old world common blackbird (which is a thrush) or the old world orioles.
icterids are unusual in songbirds because they have considerable sexual dimorphism. for example, the male great-tailed grackle is 60% heavier than the female. the smallest icterid species is the orchard oriole, in which the female averages 15 cm in length (6 in) and in weight, while the largest is the amazonian oropendola, the male of which measures and weighs about . this variation in size is greater than usual in passerine families. 
one unusual adaptation shared by the icterids is gaping, where the skull allows them to open their bills strongly rather than passively. this lets them force open gaps to get at hidden food.
amanda holden (born 16 february 1971) is an english actress, singer and presenter. she hosts "britain's got talent" on itv. she played mel in the tv series "kiss me kate". she also played geraldine titley in the tv comedy-drama series "the grimleys". furthermore, holden appeared in "smack the pony", "eastenders", "celeb", "hearts and bones" and "cutting it".
holden was born in portsmouth, hampshire, england.
thoroughly modern millie is a 2002 musical, with lyrics by dick scanlan and music by jeanine tesori. it is based on the 1967 movie of the same name. it is about a girl from kansas, millie dillmount, who comes to new york city in the 1920s to marry for money rather than love. millie begins to soon take delight in the flapper lifestyle. however, problems arise when she checks into a hotel owned by a the leader of a white slavery ring in china.
thoroughly modern millie is a pastiche musical, imitating the style of the original movie. it won a 2002 tony award for best musical. it played in london and new york city.
looking back, and also called anthology, is a triple lp anthology by american musician stevie wonder. it was released on november 30, 1977 on motown records.
since its release as a 12-inch triple lp, it has not been made available on a cd or download. it is considered to be a limited edition. the album has 40 songs from wonder's early period (1962 - 1971).
stevie wonder's journey through "the secret life of plants" is an album by stevie wonder, originally released on the tamla label on october 30, 1979. it was also the soundtrack to the documentary "the secret life of plants", directed by walon green.
"stevie wonder's journey through "the secret life of plants""' received mixed reviews from critics.
"all songs written, produced and arranged by stevie wonder, except where noted."
mýa marie harrison (born october 10, 1979) () is an american singer, songwriter, dancer and actress. she first became famous in 1998 with her debut album "mýa". she is best known for the 2001 cover of the famous r&b song "lady marmalade".
early life and career beginnings.
mýa is a native of washington, d.c. she is one of three children. her father, sherman, was an african-american musician and singer. he played in several bands near where they lived. her italian-american mother, theresa, worked as an accountant. as a child, mýa would pretend she was michael jackson and would sing into a wooden spoon and pretended it was a microphone. 
mýa sometimes was bullied because of her ethnic background. she would say 
there was a time in my life when i wasn't popular and accepted by kids in school. i was made fun of with braces and kinky hair, and being from a multicultural family, etcetera... and it really hurts when you're that age, but later when you get something of your own or you get involved in activities like a sport, you begin to be accepted for what you do, and your personality and who you are, instead of your clothes and how you look and the name designer brands you have on.
mýa is the self-titled debut studio album by american recording artist mýa. it was her first studio album for then-record label interscope records released april 21, 1998. when the album was released mýa was a teenager.
"mýa" received mixed reviews when it was released.
moodring is the third studio album by american recording artist mýa. it was her last studio album for then joint record label a&m and interscope records, released on july 22, 2003.
"moodring" received generally positive reviews from music critics.
varduhi varderesyan (; 19 march 1928 – 24 november, 2015) was an romanian-born armenian actress. she was born in bucharest, romania. in 2002 she was declared an honorary citizen of yerevan. she was known for her roles in "looking for the addressee", "northern rainbow", "hayrik", and in "the journey".
varderesyan died in yerenvan, armenia at the age of 87.
manmeet singh bhullar (march 1, 1980 – november 23, 2015) was a canadian politician. he was a member of the legislative assembly of alberta who represented the constituency of calgary-greenway as a progressive conservative. he served as a cabinet minister from 2011 until the defeat of the progressive conservative government in 2015.
bhullar died in a motor vehicle collision north of red deer, alberta while driving from calgary to edmonton on the queen elizabeth ii highway, on november 23, 2015 at the age of 35. bhullar had stopped to assist a driver involved in a collision and sustained fatal injuries after he was struck by a semi truck that had lost control descending a hill.
ann njogu is a lawyer and activist from kenya. in 2010, she received the international women of courage award. 
njogu is the director of the centre for rights education and awareness. the center made a record of violence based on gender after the december 2007 kenyan elections. njogu was also a leader in the multi-sectoral committee on constitutional reform, the joint dialogue forum on constitutional reform, and a delegate to the bomas national conference on constitutional reforms. these groups worked for better government.
the 2006 sexual offenses act.
njogu helped write the law for kenya’s sexual offenses act. this act became law in 2006.
this law protects women from sexual and gender based violence. it helps abused women to find justice njogu also gave counseling and support to the victims of sexual and gender-based violence. njogu started centers to give information, legal aid, counseling and psychosocial support to women. the centers are all over the country. the first center was in kibera slum. 
in 2007, njogu wanted a review of the salaries of the members of parliament. kenya is very poor, but the members of parliament received a lot of money. the police attacked njogu and took her to jail. njoogu and the others who were arrested filed a constitutional reference. it was called "ann njogu and others versus the state." it said the police could not keep a kenyan citizen in jail for more than 24 hours.
in 2008, njokgu helped to start the civil society congress. this group worked for better government after the 2007 kenyan election. in 2008 njogu said there might be corrupttion in the sale of the grand regency hotel. the police arrested njokgu and they beat her. 
njogu received a 2010 international women of courage award from the u.s. department of state.
lee ae-ran (hangul = 이애란; revised romanization = i aeran; mccune–reischauer = ri aeran) (born 1964) is a south korean activist. in 2010 she received the international women of courage award.
lee's grandparents left north korea to go to south korea. the government of north korea sent lee and her family to a labor camp. she was in jail for eight years. in 1997, a family member in america wrote a book. the book said lee's father worked against north korea, so lee ran away to south korea.
lee studied the subject of food and nutrition at ewha womans university. in 2009, she received a phd.
in 2005, lee started the global leadership scholarship program. the program gives scholarships to students from north korea to learn english.
in 2008, lee ran for a seat in the national assembly. she was the first north korean defector to do this.
in 2009, lee started the hana defector women's organization. the ngo helps north korean women who live in south korea. the women receive job training, childcare, help with education, and human rights training.
lee became the head of the north korean traditional food institute in 2012. the institute tries to bring north and south korea closer together. it gives vocational training to north korean defectors. it also teaches about the food traditions of pyongyang.
also in 2012, lee led an 18-day hunger strike in front of the chinese embassy. lee protested against china, because they wanted to send north korean refugees back to north korea.
lee received a 2010 international women of courage award from the u.s. department of state.
a wasted username or wasted account is a user account on a website that was not used very much (or at all) after it was made. a person who makes an account like this is called a namewaster or a name waster.
this word came from youtube, where many people would post both funny and hateful comments on namewasters' youtube channels. this was an internet phenomenon until 2012, when youtube deleted a lot of these wasted accounts.
mail, or chain mail, is a type of armour. it is made of small metal rings linked together in a pattern to form a mesh. the celts are usually credited with inventing mail armour. celtic mail was usually made in the form of a vest.
the origins* of the word "mail" are not fully known. one theory is that it originally comes from the latin word "macula", meaning "spot" or "opacity". another theory relates the word to the old french "maillier", meaning “to hammer” (related to the modern english word "malleable"). a mail shirt is a called a hauberk (haubergeon or byrnie). mail leggings were called chausses. a mail hood is called a coif and covered the head, neck and shoulders. 
many scholars think mail was invented by ancient celts about the 3rd century bc. at that time their iron work was probably the best in europe. the romans quickly adopted it for their own army. a shirt of mail armour weighed about . after a battle it was common practice to strip weapons and armour from the dead. vikings were known to wear mail armor whenever they could get their hands on it. mail was expensive, time-consuming to make, and required a supply of iron. it became more expensive as improvements were made in materials and workmanship. mail armour was in use in europe until the 15th century.
mail is today used in gloves to prevent cuts by butchers and firefighters. some divers wear mail suits when swimming around sharks and particularly when feeding sharks. but mail is heavy and it makes moving around more difficult. mail is very popular with history reenactors. it is also popular in live action role playing.
the afar triangle (or afar depression) is a low area bordering on the red sea. it is part of the great rift valley in east africa. 
the area overlaps the borders of eritrea, djibouti and the entire afar region of ethiopia. 
important fossil specimens of the earliest hominins have been found in this area. these are the earliest of the human clade. the area is thought by some paleontologists to be the cradle of the evolution of humans. 
many important fossil localities exist in the afar region. these sites have produced specimens of the earliest (fossil) hominins and of human tool culture, as well as many fossils of flora and fauna.
the triangle includes the lowest point in africa, lake asal, djibouti, at 155 m (or 509 ft) below sea level.
the awash river is the main waterflow into the region. it runs dry during the annual dry season, and ends as a chain of saline lakes. the northern part of the afar depression is also known as the danakil depression. the lowlands are affected by heat, drought, and poor air circulation. some of the lowlands are the hottest places (year-round average temperatures) of anywhere on earth.
the afar triangle is bordered by high areas, as shown on the topographic map.
the depression is a plate tectonic triple junction. this geologic feature is one of earth's great active volcanic areas, so the floor of the depression is composed of lava, mostly basalt.
the continuous process of volcanism makes mineral deposits, like sulfur, salt, bentonite, and gypsum. there are also geothermal energy sources and hot springs in different areas of the region.
in 2005, a giant rift was formed in just a few days. the rift opened when the dabbahu volcano erupted. the rift is part of the process of the arabian and african plates moving apart. this new crack, long, and deep, opened when the lava from the erupting volcano flowed underground and cooled. it left a long, wide dike within days.
stabat mater dolorosa, often referred to as stabat mater, is a 13th-century catholic hymn to mary. it has been attributed to the franciscan jacopone da todi and to innocent iii. it is about the sorrows of mary.
like so many other hymns the name of the hymn is made of the first few words. this is called an incipit. the first line reads "stabat mater dolorosa" ("the sorrowful mother stood"). the "stabat mater" hymn is about the suffering of mary, jesus christ's mother, during his crucifixion. it is sung at the liturgy on the memorial of our lady of sorrows. the "stabat mater" has been set to music by many composers, among them palestrina, pergolesi, alessandro scarlatti and domenico scarlatti, vivaldi, haydn, rossini, dvořák, george henschel, karol szymanowski, poulenc and arvo pärt.
in the 16th centry, the hymn was added to the roman missal. the council of trent banned it, like most sequences. in the 18th century it was added to the breviary of roman catholic mass. the second vactican council abolished this form of mass, so it is only part of regular mass one day of the year. the current version can be found in the roman gradual, which dates of 1973.
rhododendron niveum is a "rhododendron" species. it is native to northeastern india (including sikkim), bhutan, and southern tibet. it grows at altitudes of 2600–3500 meters. 
it is a shrub or small tree that grows to 2–6 m in height, with leathery leaves 8.5–11 by 3.6–4.6 cm in size. flowers are magenta to lilac.
daniel smart "dan" fante (february 19, 1944 – november 23, 2015) was an american author and playwright. he was born in los angeles, california to a family of italian immigrants. 
he was known for his plays "chump change", "mooch", "86'd" and "spitting off tall buildings". his father was writer john fante. he was also the author of "a gin-pissing-raw-meat-dual-carburetor-v8-son-of-a-bitch from los angeles", a volume of poetry on wrecking ball press.
fante died of cancer in los angeles, aged 71.
carlos oroza (may 13, 1923 – november 20, 2015) was a spanish poet. he was born in viveiro. he was known mainly for the interpretation and performance of his own work. he founded tropos magazine, a magazine about poetry.
oroza died of heart failure in madrid, aged 92.
heinz oberhummer (19 may 1941 – 24 november 2015) was an austrian physicist and skeptic. he was born in bischofshofen and raised in obertauern, austria. oberhummer was professor emeritus of theoretical physics at the atominstitut of the vienna university of technology. his main research area was nucleosynthesis.
oberhummer died of pneumonia in vienna, austria, aged 74.
paul lennart hellsing (5 june 1919 – 25 november 2015) was a swedish writer and translator. his lasting contribution as a children's writer, helsing was a finalist in 2010 for the biennial, international hans christian andersen award, the highest recognition available to creators of children's books. he was born in västanfors, sweden. he was known for his rhymes and word plays. he was thought to be an "outstanding poet" in the field of humour and nonsense writing.
hellsing died at his home in stockholm, sweden of pneumonia on the night of 25 november 2015 surrounded by his family, aged 96.
james peter hymers mackay, baron mackay of clashfern, (born 2 july 1927) is a british advocate. he served as dean of the faculty of advocates, lord advocate, and lord chancellor (1987–1997). he is an active member of the house of lords.
mackay was born in edinburgh, united kingdom.
albin chalandon (11 june 1920 in reyrieux, ain – 29 july 2020) was a french politician and a former minister. from 1968 and 1972, he was minister of public works. and from 1986 until 1988, he was minister of justice.
he died on 29 july 2020, aged 100.
robert badinter (; born 30 march 1928) is a french criminal law lawyer, university professor, politician and activist of jewish descent. he is against the death penalty, the abolition of which he successfully sponsored in parliament in 1981. a member of the socialist party (ps), he served as minister of justice and then president of the constitutional council under françois mitterrand.
charles thone (january 4, 1924 – march 7, 2018) was an american politician. he was a member of the republican party. he served as the 34th governor of nebraska serving from january 4, 1979 through january 6, 1983. he lost re-election to bob kerrey. before being governor, thone represented nebraska's 1st congressional district in the united states house of representatives from january 3, 1971 through january 3, 1979.
thone was born in hartington, nebraska. he studied at the university of nebraska, lincoln. thone died on march 7, 2018 in lincoln, nebraska of respiratory failure at age 94.
wayanad district is the 12th district in the state of kerala in india. mananthavady, sulthanbathery, and vythiri taluks are all in wayanad. the name wayanad comes from vayal nadu and it means the land of paddy fields. it is a high, flat land between 700 meters and 2100 meters above sea level. it is in northeaster kerala, in the western ghat mountains. wayandad is one of the biggest foreign exchange earners in kerala because it makes money-earning crops like pepper, cardamom, coffee, tea, and other spices.
in ancient times the vedar rajas ruled wayanad. later the pazhassi raja of the kottayam royal dynasty ruled. then there was a mysorean invasion. later, the british took over india, which lasted for 200 years. the british fought the pazhassi rajah. when the state of kerala started in 1956, wayanad was part of the cannannore district. in 1957, south wayanad was added to kozhikode district and north wayanad stayed with cannannore district. the district was formed on 1 november 1980 as the 12th district in kerala by carving out areas from kozhikode and kannur districts. 
according to the 2011 census wayanad district had a population of 816,558. many adivasi people live in wayanad. many settlers also live in wayanad. people came to wayanad from almost all the other parts of kerala because the farmland is good. wayanad has a small jain community made of gowders who came from karnataka. they built temples all over the district. there are also many different kinds of christians living in wayanad. one fourth of the population of wayanad is christian. another fourth of the population is muslims, and the rest of the people are hindus. the entire wayanad region fell under the kannada speaking area as per the linguistic survey and history of colonel wilks.
universal children's day is an annual celebration of children's rights. it is celebrated on the 20th of november each year.
on the 14th of december 1954, the united nations general assembly recommended that countries celebrate a universal children's day. the date 20 november marks the day on which the assembly adopted the declaration of the rights of the child. on 20 november 1959 they adopted the convention on the rights of the child. 
according to unicef millions of children in the world are victims of violence every year. in addition to violence, these children are subject to abuse, neglect and exploitation. this is at home, at work, at school and in the community. it also takes place during wars and natural disasters. many forms of abuse including corporal punishment and sexual abuse remain legal in many countries. it also remains socially acceptable in many places. 
many children around the world live in poor conditions. they do not have access to education or health care. other children are subject to violence and child labor. universal children's day is celebrated to promote the wellbeing of children everywhere.
the declaration of the rights of the child and the convention on the rights of the child describe children's rights. children's rights include the right to survive and thrive, to be educated, to be free from violence and abuse, to participate and to be heard.
robert mccormick adams jr. (july 23, 1926 – january 27, 2018) was an american anthropologist and archaeologist. he was secretary of the smithsonian institution from 1984 to 1994. he has worked in both the near east and mesoamerica. he was best known for his research in iraq.
adams, jr. died on january 27, 2018 in chula vista, california at the age of 91.
gerald wayne clough (born september 24, 1941) is an american educator and engineer. he was the president emeritus of the georgia institute of technology (georgia tech) and secretary of the smithsonian institution (2008-2015). he retired in october 2014. a graduate of georgia tech in civil engineering, he was the first alumnus to serve as president of the institute.
guy vernon lewis, ii (march 19, 1922 – november 26, 2015) was an american basketball player and coach. he served as the head men's basketball coach at the university of houston from 1956 to 1986. he was born in arp, texas.
lewis led his houston cougars to five appearances in the final four of the ncaa tournament, in 1967, 1968, 1982, 1983, and 1984. he was inducted into national collegiate basketball hall of fame in 2007 and the naismith memorial basketball hall of fame in 2013.
lewis died on the morning of november 26, 2015 at his home in kyle, texas from complications following a stroke he suffered about 10 years ago. he was 93 years old.
morice fredrick "tex" winter (february 25, 1922 – october 10, 2018) was an american retired basketball coach, and innovator of the triangle offense. he was born in wellington, texas. 
winter served as an assistant coach to the chicago bulls from the 1985-86 season through the 1998-99 season, during which time the team won six nba championships. most of this time was spent working with head coach phil jackson, starting from the 1987-88 season. he also went with jackson to the los angeles lakers for five seasons, from 1999 to 2004, winning another three nba championships. 
winter had previously head coached the houston rockets during the 1971-72 and 1972-73 seasons.
winter died on october 10, 2018 from complications of a stroke in manhattan, kansas at the age of 96.
john william "johnny" bach (july 10, 1924 – january 18, 2016) was an american former professional basketball player and coach. bach played college basketball at fordham university and brown university. he was born in brooklyn, new york city.
he was selected by the boston celtics in the 1948 basketball association of america (baa) draft, and played 24 games for the celtics. he coached the golden state warriors from 1983 through 1986. he became the assistant coach for the chicago bulls from 1986 through 2003. he retired in 2006.
bach died on january 18, 2016 in chicago, illinois at the age of 91.
stevie wonder's original musiquarium i is a greatest hits album by american musician stevie wonder. it was released on may 4, 1982 by tamla. it is wonder's second greatest hits album as his first one "looking back" had been released five years before it.
track listing and personnel.
all songs written by stevie wonder except "front line" by wonder and gary byrd. arrangements and all vocals and instruments by wonder except as indicated.
the woman in red: original motion picture soundtrack is the second soundtrack album released by american musician stevie wonder on the motown label on august 28, 1984. wonder's first soundtrack album "stevie wonder's journey through the secret life of plants" had been released five years before "the woman in red".
"the woman in red" received positive reviews from critics.
all songs written by stevie wonder, except "it's more than you" by ben bridges.
a smoke sensor or smoke detector is a device that can detect smoke, which may be an indicator of a fire. there are two basic systems: simple, standalone sensors usually make a sound or flash a light when they detect smoke. more sophisticated sensors usually send a signal to an fire alarm panel, or system. most smoke detectors use either an optical sensor, or they use a physical process called ionization. many simple smoke sensors use batteries. very often dead batteries are not replaced; when this happens, the smoke sensors stop working. but, the detector may "chirp" when the battery is low to try and stop this from happening. there are also systems which are directly connected to electrical power; these may use batteries just as a backup.
smoke detectors are housed in plastic enclosures, typically shaped like a disk about in diameter and thick, but shape and size vary. smoke can be detected either optically (photoelectric) or by physical process (ionization); detectors may use either, or both, methods. sensitive alarms can be used to detect, and thus deter, smoking in areas where it is banned. smoke detectors in large commercial, industrial, and residential buildings are usually powered by a central fire alarm system, which is powered by the building power with a battery backup. domestic smoke detectors range from individual battery-powered units, to several interlinked mains-powered units with battery backup; with these interlinked units, if any unit detects smoke, all trigger even if household power has gone out.
photoelectric smoke detectors rely on detecting a lack of light to set the alarm off. the light used could be infrared, visible light, or ultraviolet. when smoke blocks out the light inside a photoelectric smoke detector, the smoke detector detects that there is less light. below a certain brightness, whether or not it comes from smoke or not, the photoelectric smoke detector will beep.
ionization smoke detectors use radioactive elements to ionize the air. alpha particles are released from the radioactive element onto air particles so that those air particles become charged. an ionization smoke detector will detect smoke if there is a change in voltage. if smoke enters the smoke detector, some of the alpha particles will attach to the smoke instead of the air particles. this will change the voltage inside the smoke detector, so the smoke detector will beep.
ionization smoke detectors are cheaper than photoelectric smoke detectors, but they cause more false alarms than photoelectric smoke detectors. additionally, ionization smoke detectors are slower to react in real house fires.
in square circle is the twentieth studio album by american singer-songwriter stevie wonder. it was released on september 13, 1985 by tamla. it is his first studio since 1980's "hotter than july".
all songs written, produced and arranged by stevie wonder.
characters is the twenty-first studio album by american singer-songwriter stevie wonder released on november 6, 1987 by motown. he performed a song on the album called "get it" with r&b singer-songwriter michael jackson.
"characters" received generally positive reviews from critics.
all songs written by stevie wonder except where noted.
jungle fever a soundtrack album by american musician stevie wonder to spike lee's movie "jungle fever". it was released by motown records on may 28, 1991. it is wonder's third soundtrack album and the music on the album was very "urban" as they had influences from new jack swing, hip hop as well as r&b and soul.
"jungle fever" received mixed reviews from critics. while some thought it was unappealing, others said it was his best work in years. a critic said he hadn't so freewilling since hotter than july.
all songs written by stevie wonder, except "chemical love", lyrics by stephanie andrews.
the members of triatominae are a subfamily of reduviidae. they are also called kissing bugs, conenose bugs, assassin bugs or triatomines. there are more than 130 species in this subfamily. most of them feed on vertebrate blood. a few species feed on other invertebrates. they are mainly found in the americas. there are a few species in asia, australia and africa. 
some of the bugs carry the chagas disease parasite "trypanosoma cruzi". however, only those species (such as "triatoma infestans" and rhodnius prolixus) well adapted to living with humans are considered important vectors.
donald crisp (born george william crisp, 27 july 188225 may 1974) was an english-born american actor, director, producer and screenwriter. he began his career as a silent movie actor. he won an academy award for best supporting actor in 1942 for his role in "how green was my valley".
crisp was born in london, england. he studied at the university of oxford. crisp died in los angeles, california from a stroke at the age of 91.
martin karplus (born march 15, 1930) is an austrian-born american theoretical chemist. he is the theodore william richards professor of chemistry, emeritus at harvard university. he is also director of the biophysical chemistry laboratory. he is of jewish descent.
karplus received the 2013 nobel prize in chemistry, together with michael levitt and arieh warshel, for "the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems".
ezzatolah entezami (, june 21, 1924 – august 17, 2018) was an iranian actor. he was born in tehran, iran. his first role was as masht hassan in the 1969 movie "the cow". he later appeared in many movies such as "mr. naive", "hamoun", and in "40 years old". he also appeared in the television series "hezar dastan".
entezami died in tehran on august 17, 2018 from complications of a stroke at the age of 94.
mohamad ali keshavarz (, april 15, 1930 – june 14, 2020) was an iranian movie and theater actor. he was born in isfahan, iran. he was known for his role in the television series "hezar dastan". he also appeared in movies such as "shabe quzi", "mr. naive", and in "del shodegan".
keshavarz died from a lung infection on june 14, 2020 in tehran, aged 90.
jamshid mashayekhi (, 26 november 1934 – 2 april 2019) was an iranian actor. he was born in tehran, iran. mashayekhi was known for his roles in "the cow", "kaiser", and in "adobe and mirror". he appeared in the television series "hezar dastan".
mashayekhi died on 2 april 2019 at a hospital in tehran from pneumonia complicated by laryngeal cancer, aged 84.
hezar dastan or hezār dastān () was a very popular iranian television series that ran from 1979 through 1987. it is considered toto be one of the greatest television series in iran. it is set in a fictional town in iran called "hezar dastan". it was directed by ali hatami. it stars ezzatolah entezami, jamshid mashayekhi, mohammad-ali keshavarz and ali nassirian.
ali nassirian (, born 4 february 1935) is an iranian movie and theater actor. he was born in tehran, iran. his career began in 1947 and would last until his retirement in 2008. nassirian was known for his role in the popular iranian television series "hezar dastan" (1979-1987). he also appeared in movies such as "the mandrake" (1975), "kamalolmolk" (1983), "captain khorshid" (1987), and "iron island" (2005). 
sterling price holloway jr. (january 4, 1905 – november 22, 1992) was an american actor and voice actor who appeared in over 100 films and 40 television shows. he was also a voice actor for the walt disney company, well known for his distinctive tenor voice and is perhaps best remembered as the original voice of winnie the pooh in the winnie the pooh franchise and as mr. stork in "dumbo", adult flower in "bambi", the cheshire cat in "alice in wonderland", kaa in "the jungle book", and roquefort in "the aristocats".
ghana national farmers' day is a national holiday in the republic of ghana. it is an annual celebration of farmers and fishermen, celebrated on the first friday of december.
every year, ghana acknowledges farmers and fishermen's efforts for the following reasons:
on national farmers' day, the ministry of food and agriculture in ghana gives special awards to deserving farmers and fishermen based on their practices and output. also, a national farmers forum takes place for award winners to meet with policy makers.
agriculture in africa.
agriculture is essential for african growth. it employs 65 percent of africa's labor force and accounts for 32 percent of gross domestic product.
the people's republic of china and the republic of china insist sole legitimacy of china against each other. practically, the former is administering mainland china and the two special administrative regions of hong kong and macau and the latter is administering the taiwan area.
tibet autonomous region
xinjiang autonomous region
special administrative regions.
in perspective of the laws of the republic of china, the taiwan independence movement is considered as "secessionism", but practically, the movement seeks to "replace" the roc with the republic of taiwan because taiwan area is the only practical region administered by the roc.
in perspective of the laws of the people's republic of china, the taiwan independence movement is considered as "secessionism", too because the prc considers the taiwan area as its integral part as a rogue province.
the party was formed on december 28, 1989 under the chairmanship of nawaz khan naji. the first time reorganized in july 30 1993. in 1947 at the time of independence of pakistan the people of the area were predominantly shia muslims. however over the years the ethnic composition has been changed as sunni kashmiri and other pakistanis have settled in this area leading to discontent - although shias remain the outright majority. a 2008 report by the united nations high commissioner for refugees determined that pakistan-administered kashmir, which included gilgit-baltistan, was 'not free'. in 2009 as part of "gilgit-baltistan empowerment and self-governance order act of 2009", the region was granted self-rule for the first time with an elected legislature in its history, despite protests from the republic of india it asserts that gilgit-baltistan is a part of the former princely state of kashmir and jammu which they regard it as so-called an 'integral part' of india. which illegally regards the disputed region as indian territory.
mad was an american animated sketch comedy television series produced by warner bros. animation. the series was based on mad magazine. each episode is a collection of short animated parodies of television shows, movies, games, celebrities etc. the humor is both witty and juvenile appealing mostly to tween and teen boys.
it uses various types of animation (cgi, claymation, stop-motion, etc.) instead of the usual animation style that warner bros. animation is known for. the series premiered on the evening of september 6, 2010 on cartoon network. the series ended its 4-year run after airing 103 episodes. the series has an age rating of tv-ma.
awards and nominations.
2012 emmy awards.
outstanding short format animated program for "kitchen nightmares before christmas / how i met your mummy" (nominated).
2012 paaftj television awards.
best animated series (nominated)
ethan suplee (born may 25, 1976) is an american actor. he is best known for his roles as frankie "the enforcer" stechino in boy meets world and randy hickey in my name is earl. supplee was born in manhattan, the son of debbie and bill suplee.
vc zenit-kazan (russian: зенит-казань) (formerly "dinamo tattransgaz kazan") is a professional volleyball team based in kazan, russia. it plays in the russian volleyball super league (7-time champion). the team won the 2007–08, 2011–12 and 2014–15 cev champions league titles.
the club was founded on 13 may 2000.
the fivb volleyball world championship is an international men's and women's indoor volleyball competition. it is the oldest and most important of all the international events organised by the fivb and must not be confused with the world cup, world grand champions cup, or the world league/world grand prix.
21 was a year in the 1st century ad.
21 might also mean:
19 was a year in the 1st century.
19 might also mean:
25 was a year in the first century.
25 might also mean:
the 1944 united states presidential election happened on november 7, 1944. incumbent president franklin d. roosevelt (fdr) won over republican thomas e. dewey in the general election. in the electoral college, roosevelt won 432 votes while dewey won 99. roosevelt, a democrat, won an unprecedented fourth term as president.
the election was held during the latter part of world war ii. by this time the war was going well for the united states and its allies. roosevelt had already served longer than any other president, but remained popular. unlike in 1940, there was little doubt that he would run for another term as the democratic candidate, as his health was failing. dewey, the governor of new york, campaigned against the new deal and for a smaller government. but he could not convince the country to change course. roosevelt's aides covered up the fact the president was in poor health. roosevelt would die in office three months after starting his fourth term. his vice president, harry s. truman, would serve out the remainder of his term of office.
the republicans campaigned against the new deal. they wanted a smaller government and less-regulated economy. roosevelt's continuing popularity was the main theme of his campaign. to quiet rumors of his poor health, roosevelt insisted on making a vigorous campaign trip in october and rode in an open car through city streets. a high point of the campaign occurred when roosevelt gave a speech on national radio where he ridiculed republican claims that his administration was corrupt and wasteful with tax money. he particularly ridiculed a republican claim that he had sent a us navy warship to pick up his scottish terrier fala in alaska. he added that "fala was furious" at such rumors. the speech was met with loud laughter and applause. in response, dewey gave a blistering partisan speech in oklahoma city, oklahoma, a few days later on national radio. he accused roosevelt of being "indispensable" to corrupt big-city democratic organizations and american communists. dewey also referred to members of roosevelt's cabinet as a "motley crew". however, the allies had several battlefield successes in europe and the pacific during the campaign. these included the liberation of paris in august 1944 and the successful battle of leyte gulf in the philippines in october 1944. these were roosevelt's greatest assets in his campaign.
the 1944 presidential election was a milestone in american politics for two reasons. it was the first time a candidate for president was born in the 20th century. it was the last time democrats carried every state in the southern united states. the election had at least one other long-reaching effect. it led to the 1951 passing of the twenty-second amendment to the united states constitution. it prohibits anyone from serving more than two terms as president of the united states.
junagadh was a princely state in gujarat ruled by muslim rulers in british india until it became part of india in 1948.
mohammad sher khan babi, a babi khel pathan who owed allegiance to the mughal governor of gujarat subah, founded the state of junagadh. it declared independence in 1730 after the marathas gaikwad invasion. muhammad sher khan babi, was the founder of the babi dynasty of junagadh state dynasty. his descendants, the babi nawabs of junagadh, took large territories in southern saurashtra and ruled over the state for the next two centuries. first they were a tributary state of marathas. later they were under the rule of the british raj.
in 1807 the junagadh state became a british protectorate. the east india company took control of the state by 1818. the saurashtra area, with other princely states of kathiawar, were separately administered under kathiawar agency by british india.
on 15 august 1947 upon the independence of india, the nawab of junagarh decided to merge it into newly formed pakistan. the indian government maintained the people of junagadh should decide. pakistan waited until 13 september to respond saying they accepted junagarh's acceptance of pakistani rule. this caused a general revolt among the hindu majority of junagadh as well as protest movements in the surrounding states that had acceded to join india. the nawab then occupied territory in several of those states claiming he had rule over them. when the indian government sent a small force to restore order, the nawab fled to pakistan. his dewan (prime minister) agreed to rule by india. this resulted in the integration of junagadh into india.
the nawabs of junagadh belonged to pathan babi khel tribe. they were granted a 13 gun salute by the british authorities:
many in pakistan still maintains the 1948 plebiscite and rule by india was an illegitimate action. one of the reasons is because kashmir at the time was ruled by a hindu but had a clear muslim majority. by acceding to india it was the opposite of the situation in junagadh.
for its part india knew junagadh was the premier state in the western kathiawar region. it was bound on three sides by states that acceded to india. on the fourth side was bounded by the arabian sea. this gave it great strategic importance to both countries. india was not prepared to accept junagadh's acceding to pakistan. this would create a pakistan state in the middle of indian states. india's taking administrative control of junagadh to restore order is seen as a pretext by pakistan. the referendum taken by the people of junagadh, under the control of the indian army, was overwhelmingly in favor of indian rule. pakistan has never accepted this vote by the people there and believes junagadh rightly belongs to them.
pakistan's legitimacy claim.
pakistan's government has maintained its territorial claim on junagadh, along with manavadar and sir creek in gujarat, on its official political map issued on 4th august 2020.
the nordertor (danish: "nørreport") is an old town gate of the city of flensburg. the gate was built around 1595. today, the little landmark is in use as a symbol for the german town flensburg.
in 1345 the town of flensburg began to build its town wall. a gate was built on the north side of the town. it was called "norder porte". it was replaced by a building in the 16th century called the nordertor. this marked the northern boundary of the town. it was a checkpoint that was closed in the night.
on the north side of the gate are two plaques. the left one shows the royal coat of arms of king christian iv, 1577-1648 and the latin words: „regna firmat pietas“ — piety strengthens the realms. the right one shows the coat of arms of flensburg with the german words: „friede ernährt, unfrieden verzehrt“ — peace nurtures, strife devours. there is also a date- 1767. this means that the town gate was restored in the time of christian vii, 1749-1808.
after 1796 the town grew beyond the town wall. there had been a ban on building outside the wall before then. the neustadt ("newtown"), in the neighborhood of the nordertor was built. in 1913 and 1914 it was restored by the architect paul ziegler. the nordertor got a clock. in 1966 the deutsche bundespost made a stamp with a picture of the gate on it. it was a 30 pfennig stamp, used to send letters within germany. the nordertor stamps were sold over 3 billion times. in the 1990s the gate was again restored and the clock was removed. in 2004 the gate was licensed as a venue for civil weddings, so that the weddings could be performed since then directly above the archway of the gate.
a ship's cat is a cat that rides along on a ship. ship's cats have been very popular in history, and date back to ancient times.
cats have been carried on ships for many reasons - most importantly, to catch mice and rats. on a ship, these rodents can damage ropes and wooden parts of the ship. once electricity was discovered, rodents would also damage ships' electrical wiring. also, rodents threatened the ship's cargo - the things it carried. rodents would eat the food carried to feed the crew. if the ship was carrying things like grain as part of its cargo, rodents could also cause the ship to lose money by eating the cargo. also, rats and mice spread disease, which is dangerous for ships that are at sea for long periods of time. for example, rat fleas can carry plague, and rats on ships may have been one of the main reasons why the black death spread.
cats naturally attack and kill these rodents. cats also have a natural ability to get used to new surroundings, so they could get used to serving on ships. they also offered companionship (friendship), a sense of home and security, and lifted sailors' spirits. this was helpful to sailors who could be away from home for long periods, especially in times of war.
cats were probably domesticated about 9,500 years ago. not long after that, people began taking cats aboard boats and ships. the ancient egyptians took cats on board nile boats to catch birds in the thickets along the riverbanks. the ancient egyptians also carried cats on trading ships to control rodents. traders from other areas soon started doing the same thing. this led to the spread of cats throughout the world. cats eventually reached nearly all parts of the world that could be reached by ship. phoenician cargo ships are thought to have brought the first domesticated cats to europe in about 900 bc.
cats and superstition.
cats in ancient egypt were worshipped as deities (powerful spirits). for many centuries, cats have had a reputation as magical animals. many sailors believed myths and superstitions about cats. cats were thought of as smart, lucky animals. sailors usually took very good care of their ship's cats to keep them happy. some sailors believed that six-toed cats were better at catching pests. they may have thought that extra toes give a cat better balance, which would be important when at sea. in some places, all six-toed cats became known as "ship's cats".
cats were believed to have miraculous powers that could protect ships from dangerous weather. sometimes, fishermen's wives would keep black cats at home too. they believed that these cats would use their special powers to protect their husbands at sea. many sailors believed that it was lucky if a cat came up to a sailor on deck, but unlucky if it came only halfway and then turned around. another popular belief was that cats could start storms through magic stored in their tails. other sailors also believed that if a ship's cat fell or was thrown overboard, a terrible storm would come and sink the ship, and if the ship was able to survive, it would be cursed with nine years of bad luck. still other sailors thought that if a cat licked its fur against the grain, it meant a hail storm was coming; if it sneezed, rain was coming; and if it was frisky, wind was coming.
some of these beliefs are partly true. cats can notice slight changes in the weather, because of their very sensitive inner ears. (their inner ears also allow cats to land on their feet when falling.) cats often get nervous and restless when they sense low atmospheric pressure, which often comes before stormy weather.
famous ship's cats.
blackie was hms "prince of wales"'s ship's cat. he became famous during the second world war. blackie's ship, "prince of wales", carried prime minister winston churchill across the atlantic ocean to naval station argentia in newfoundland in august 1941. there, churchill secretly met with the united states president franklin d. roosevelt, and the two signed the atlantic charter. but as churchill started to leave "prince of wales", blackie came up to him. churchill bent down to say goodbye to blackie, and the moment was photographed and reported in the world media. in honour of the success of the visit, blackie was renamed churchill. blackie survived the sinking of hms "prince of wales" later that year and was taken to singapore with the survivors. he could not be found when singapore was evacuated the following year and nobody knows what happened to him (though there is a chance he may have died by then).
chibbley was the ship's cat aboard the tall ship "picton castle". she was rescued from an animal shelter. she circumnavigated the world - sailed all the way around it - five times. because "picton castle"’ was a training ship, chibbley had many visitors. she became a celebrity, and people even sent her fan mail. chibbley died on november 10, 2011, in lunenburg, nova scotia. she had sailed over 180,000 miles at sea.
convoy was the ship's cat aboard hms "hermione". he was named "convoy" because he often went with the ship on convoy escort duties (where the ship would sail with a group of other ships for protection). like the ship's sailors, convoy was listed in the ship's book, and given a full kit, including a tiny hammock where he would sleep. he was killed along with 87 of his crew mates when "hermione" was torpedoed and sunk on 16 june 1942 by german submarine u-205.
emmy was the ship's cat on rms "empress of ireland". she was an orange tabby cat who never missed a voyage. however, on 28 may 1914, emmy tried to escape the ship. the crew could not get her to return to the ship, and "empress of ireland" left without her. this was thought to be a very bad sign. early the next morning, "empress of ireland" ran into ss "storstad" while sailing through fog at the mouth of the st. lawrence river. "empress of ireland" sank quickly, killing over 1,000 people.
felix was the ship's cat aboard "mayflower ii" when she set sail from devon, england, to plymouth, massachusetts, in 1957. the goal of this voyage was to show cooperation between the uk and the us after world war ii. felix was given his own life jacket for the trip. during the voyage, he broke one of his paws. the paw was set by the ship's doctor. after felix returned to the us, photos and stories about him appeared in "national geographic" magazine, "life" magazine, and "yankee" magazine. the cat and the rest of the crew marched in a new york ticker tape parade and toured the east coast that summer. felix was eventually adopted by the cabin boy's girlfriend, ann berry, and settled in waltham, massachusetts. the captain of the mayflower ii wrote a children's book about felix called "felix and his mayflower ii adventures". the book was published during the celebration of the ship's fiftieth anniversary at plimoth plantation.
mrs. chippy was the ship's cat aboard "endurance", the ship used by sir ernest shackleton for his imperial trans-antarctic expedition. (the expedition's goal was to cross the antarctic by land.) after about a month, the crew realized that "mrs. chippy" was actually a male cat. however, by then, everyone was used to the name "mrs. chippy," and kept using it.
the ship became lost, trapped and then crushed in pack ice. at that point, shackleton ordered his men to shoot the sled dogs and mrs. chippy, because he did not think they could survive.
simon was the ship's cat of hms "amethyst" during the yangtze incident in 1949, during the chinese civil war. during the yangtze incident, the hms "amethyst" was attacked and was trapped on the yangtze river for months. the ship and its crew were badly hurt in the attacks on the ship. these attacks killed 25 of "amethyst"’s crew, including the commanding officer. simon was also hurt in the attacks, but soon he recovered. he started killing rats again, which was very important since the rodents had been destroying the ship. simon also did the important job of keeping up the crew's spirits.
after the "amethyst" finally escaped the yangtze river and returned to britain, simon was given the rank of 'able seacat' simon. he became a celebrity. however, not long after he returned to britain, he died from an infection. many people sent tributes to honor simon, and his obituary appeared in "the times" (an important newspaper in london). after simon's death, he was awarded the dickin medal. he is the only cat ever to earn this award. simon was also buried with full naval honors.
trim sailed on many ships commanded by matthew flinders during 1801-1803. these ships' goals were to circumnavigate (sail all the way around) australia, and also to create maps of its coastline. trim became a favourite of the crew, and was the first cat to circumnavigate australia. trim stayed with flinders until trim's death. a statue to trim was later built in his honor. it sits on a window sill on the outside of the state library, in sydney, australia. there have also been many books written about trim.
u-boat was another ship's cat aboard a royal navy ship in the second world war. whenever his ship came into port, u-boat would take shore leave (he would leave the ship to do things on shore). he would spend days on shore, and usually would return only just before his ship sailed away. one day, u-boat did not return in time for roll call and his ship was forced to sail away without him. as the ship pulled away, u-boat was seen running down the dock after the sailing ship. he made a death-defying leap onto the ship and made it aboard. the crew thought that he seemed unafraid by what had just happened, and calmly started to wash himself on deck. the crew members were very happy that u-boat had come back, since they thought he brought them good luck.
unsinkable sam (oscar).
oscar was the ship's cat of the german battleship "bismarck". when "bismarck" was sunk on 27 may 1941, only 116 sailors out of over 2,200 survived. oscar was picked up by the destroyer hms "cossack". "cossack" herself was torpedoed and sunk on 24 october, 1941. 159 sailors were killed, but oscar again survived to be rescued, and was taken to gibraltar. he became the ship's cat of hms "ark royal". then this ship, too, was torpedoed and sunk in november of 1941. oscar was again rescued, and it was decided that it was time for him to have a home on land. by now, oscar had been renamed "unsinkable sam." he was given a new job as mouse-catcher in the governor general of gibraltar's office buildings. he eventually returned to the uk and spent the rest of his life at the 'home for sailors'. a portrait of him hangs in the national maritime museum in greenwich.
ship's cats today.
starting in 1975, the royal navy no longer allowed cats or any other pets to ride on any royal navy ships. this rule was created because of concern about hygiene (cleanliness).
cats still ride on many private ships today. for example, "toolbox" is a ship's cat who rides on the second "kalmar nyckel".
american sailor robin lee graham sailed with many cats on his ships "dove" and "return of dove", while he was trying to circumnavigate the world by himself (starting in 1965).
calendula officinalis (pot marigold, ruddles, common marigold, garden marigold), is a plant in the genus "calendula" of the family asteraceae. it is probably native to india. it was the state flower of junagadh and bantva-manavadar state, now part of gujarat.
pot marigold florets are edible. they are often used to add colour to salads or added to dishes as a garnish instead of saffron.
the leaves are edible but are often not palatable. they have been used as a herb and in salads.
the flowers were used in ancient greek, roman, middle eastern, and indian cultures as a medicinal herb and a dye for fabrics, foods, and cosmetics. they are also used to make oil that protects the skin.
norbert gastell (14 october 1929 – 26 november 2015) was an argentine-born german voice actor who mostly dubbed american television shows into the german language. he was known for dubbing homer simpson. gastell was born in buenos aires.
gastell died in munich, germany from complications following a stroke, aged 86.
luc bondy (17 july 194828 november 2015) was a swiss theatre and movie director and screenwriter. he was born in zurich, switzerland. he was the director of the most recent version of "tosca", by puccini, at the metropolitan opera in new york.
bondy died in zurich at the age of 67. 
nymphaea nouchali, (or red and blue water-lily, blue star water-lily, or star lotus) is an aquatic flowering plant in the nymphaeaceae (water-lily family). it is native to southern and eastern asia.
"n. nouchali" grows from rhizomes or tubers rooted under the water. leaves are oval to round, 13–15 cm (5–6 in), with an open sinus at the leaf base where it attaches to the petiole (leaf stem). leaves may spread 1.4–1.5 m (4–5 feet) from where the rhizome is rooted. flowers, which have little fragrance, are star-shaped with 4 sepals and 10–16 petals, and are 5–13 cm (2–5 in) in diameter. although leaves float on the water surface, flowers are generally held 30 cm (12 in) above water. they are usually pale blue (but can be pink or white) with pale yellow stamens and anthers. 
"n. nouchali" has been cultivated in southeast asia for centuries, especially around temples. it is also cultivated in sri lanka and gathered from dried ponds in the republic of india for the rhizomes, which are used as food and animal fodder as a source of starch. in ayurvedic medicine, it is used to treat indigestion.
cultivars include n. stellata var. cyanea, which has medium-sized pale to deep blue flowers, and n. stellata var. versicolor, which is commonly exported in the form of tubers from sri lanka to europe and the u.s. for use in the aquariums; the tubers grow quickly after exposure to warm water, making an “instant” aquarium plant.
"n. stellata" was the state flower of hyderabad deccan. a pale blue-flowered "n. stellatai" is the national flower of sri lanka, where it is known as "nil mānel" or "nil mahanel" (singhalese:නිල් මානෙල්).
the indian roller "(coracias benghalensis)", is a member of the roller family of birds. they are found widely across tropical asia stretching from iraq eastward across the indian subcontinent to indochina and are best known for the aerobatic displays of the male during the breeding season. they are very commonly seen perched along roadside trees and wires and are commonly seen in open grassland and scrub forest habitats. it is not migratory, but undertakes some seasonal movements.
philippe washer (; 6 august 1924 – 27 november 2015) was a belgian tennis player. he competed in the davis cup a number of times, from 1946 to 1961. he was born in brussels, belgium. washer retired from tennis in 1961.
washer died on 27 november 2015 in knokke, west flanders, belgium from heart failure at the age of 91.
olene smith walker (november 15, 1930 – november 28, 2015) was an american politician. she served as the 15th governor of utah. she was sworn into office on november 5, 2003, shortly before her 73rd birthday. she became utah's first female governor. she was a member of the republican party.
walker died from a stroke on november 28, 2015 at her home in salt lake city, utah, aged 85.
gerald "gerry" byrne (29 august 1938 – 28 november 2015) was an english footballer. he spent his entire playing career at liverpool football club, playing from 1953 through 1969. he later played for the england national football team from 1963 through 1966. he was born in liverpool, england.
byrne died in at a nursing home in wrexham, wales from alzheimer's disease at the age of 77.
barbro hiort af ornäs (28 august 1921 – 28 november 2015) was a swedish actress. she was born in gothenburg, sweden. she won the best actress award at the 1958 cannes film festival for the movie "brink of life". she was also known for her roles in "while the city sleeps", "all these women", "the passion of anna", and in "the sense of marriage". 
af ornäs died on november 28, 2015 in gothenburg from natural causes, aged 94.
maurice f. strong (april 29, 1929 – november 27, 2015) was a canadian businessman and diplomat. he represented canada as under-secretary general of the united nations.
strong had his start as an entrepreneur in the alberta oil patch and was president of power corporation of canada until 1966. in the early 1970s he was secretary general of the united nations conference on the human environment and then became the first executive director of the united nations environment programme. he returned to canada to become chief executive officer of petro-canada from 1976 to 1978. he was president of the council of the university for peace from 1998 to 2006.
strong was born in manitoba, canada. he died at the age of 86 on november 27, 2015.
nicoletta machiavelli (1 august 1944 – 15 november 2015), also known as nicoletta rangoni machiavelli and nicoletta macchiavelli, was an italian-american movie actress. she was born in ravarino to a florentine father and american mother. she was known for her works with john huston and producer dino de laurentiis. she was known for her roles in "navajo joe" (1966), "scarabea - wieviel erde braucht der mensch?" (1969) and "l'important c'est d'aimer" (1975).
machiavelli died in seattle, washington from an illness, aged 71.
david hoyt canary (august 25, 1938 – november 16, 2015) was an american movie and television actor. he was best known for his roles as adam and stuart chandler in "all my children" and as candy canady in "bonanza". he was born in elwood, indiana.
canary died from complications of alzheimer's disease in wilton, connecticut at the age of 77.
theodore "ted" schwinden (born august 31, 1925) is an american politician. he served as the 23rd lieutenant governor of montana serving from 1977 through 1981. he later served as the 19th governor of montana serving from 1981 through 1989.
philip eugene "phil" batt (born march 4, 1927) is an american politician. he is a member of the republican party. he was the 29th governor of idaho serving from 1995 to 1999. between 1979 until 1983, batt was the lieutenant governor of idaho. he was born in wilder, idaho
george patterson nigh (born june 9, 1927) is an american politician. he served as the 17th and 22nd governor of oklahoma serving from january 6, 1963 through january 14, 1963 and then again from january 3, 1979 through january 12, 1987. he is a member of the democratic party. he was born in mcalester, oklahoma.
robert dolph ray (september 26, 1928 – july 8, 2018) was an american politician. he served as the 38th governor of iowa serving from january 16, 1969 to january 14, 1983. he was a member of the republican party. ray was born in des moines, iowa.
ray served as acting mayor of des moines in 1997 and also served as president of drake university in 1998.
ray died in des moines on july 8, 2018 from parkinson's disease, aged 89.
albert preston brewer (october 26, 1928 – january 2, 2017) was an american politician. he was the 47th governor of alabama serving from may 7, 1968, until january 18, 1971. he was a member of the democratic party. 
brewer was born in bethel springs, tennessee. he studied at the university of alabama. he was married to martha farmer from 1950 until her death in 2006. brewer died on january 2, 2017 in a hospital in birmingham, alabama, aged 88.
robert david fulton (born may 13, 1929) is an american politician. he briefly served as the 37th governor of iowa during the first 16 days of 1969. he also served as the 38th lieutenant governor of iowa from 1965 to 1969. he was a member of the democratic party. fulton was born in waterloo, iowa.
stanley graham stephens (september 16, 1929 – april 3, 2021) was an american politician and broadcaster. he served as the 20th governor of montana from 1989 until 1993. he was born in calgary, alberta. stephens is a member of the republican party.
stephens died on april 3, 2021 in kalispell, montana at the age of 91.
murphy james foster, jr., known as mike foster (july 11, 1930 – october 4, 2020) was an american politician. he served as the 53rd governor of louisiana. he served from january 1996 until january 2004. foster is a businessman, landowner, and sportsman in st. mary parish.
foster died in franklin, louisiana on october 4, 2020 at the age of 90.
edward walter "ed" gillespie (born august 1, 1961) is an american republican politician. he served as the 61st chairman of the republican national committee and counselor to the president during george w. bush's administration.
gillespie, along with democrat jack quinn, founded quinn gillespie & associates, a bipartisan lobbying firm. in january 2014, gillespie announced he was running for virginia's u.s. senate seat currently held by mark warner in the 2014 election, and on june 7, 2014, he received the republican nomination.
in october 2015, gillespie announced his plans to run for governor of virginia in 2017. in june 2017, he became the republican party's candidate for governor in virginia's 2017 election, facing democratic nominee ralph northam who later won the election.
james edward "joe" marston mbe (7 january 1926 – 29 november 2015) was an australian association football player. he became the first australian to appear in a fa cup final when he turned out for preston north end in their 1954 defeat to west bromwich albion. he was born in leichhardt, new south wales, australia.
martson's death was announced on 29 november 2015. he was 89 years old.
fernando de la rúa (15 september 1937 – 9 july 2019) was an argentine politician. he was president of the country from december 10, 1999 to december 21, 2001. he resigned during the december 2001 riots.
he died of heart and kidney failure in belén de escobar, argentina on 9 july 2019 at the age of 81.
loretta elizabeth lynch (born may 21, 1959) is an american politician. she was the 83rd attorney general of the united states from april 27, 2015 to january 20, 2017. before, she served as united states attorney for the eastern district of new york from 1999 through 2001 and again from 2010 through 2015. 
lynch was nominated by president barack obama on november 8, 2014. her appointment was confirmed on april 23, 2015 by a 56 to 43 vote. her nomination process was one of the longest in the history of the united states, taking 166 days after she was first nominated for the post.
michael bernard mukasey
born july 28, 1941)
is an american lawyer and former judge. he served as the 81st attorney general of the united states. mukasey was appointed following the resignation of alberto gonzales. mukasey also served for 18 years as a judge of the united states district court for the southern district of new york, appointed by ronald reagan, six of those years as chief judge.
william pelham "bill" barr (born may 23, 1950) is an american attorney. he was the 85th attorney general of the united states from february 14, 2019 to december 23, 2020 under the donald trump presidency. before, he was the 77th attorney general under the george h. w. bush presidency from 1991 to 1993.
on december 7, 2018, president donald trump announced that he would nominate barr to again serve as attorney general of the united states. he was confirmed, for a second time, as attorney general on february 14, 2019, and assumed office later the same day.
on december 14, 2020, trump announced that barr would be resigning as attorney general, effective december 23.
nicholas debelleville "nick" katzenbach (january 17, 1922 – may 8, 2012) was an american lawyer. he was the united states attorney general during the lyndon b. johnson administration. he was attorney general from february 1965 through october 1966.
elliot lee richardson (july 20, 1920 december 31, 1999) was an american lawyer and politician. he was a member of the cabinet of presidents richard nixon and gerald ford. as u.s. attorney general, he was a known figure in the watergate scandal, and resigned rather than obey president nixon's order to fire special prosecutor archibald cox.
richardson served as secretary of health, education, and welfare from 1970 to 1973, secretary of defense from january to may 1973, attorney general from may to october 1973, and secretary of commerce from 1976 to 1977. that makes him one of only two individuals to have held four cabinet positions within the united states government (the other such individual being george shultz).
on december 31, 1999, richardson died of a cerebral hemorrhage in boston, massachusetts, at the age of 79.
frequency probability or frequentism is one of the interpretations of probability theory. repeating a scientific experiment very often gives a number of results. it is then possible, to count the number of times that a given event happened and compare it to the total number of experiments.
this interpretation of probabiilty was very important for statistics. people who use this interpretation are often called frequentists. well-known frequentists include richard von mises, egon pearson, jerzy neyman, r. a. fisher and john venn.
other interpretations of probability are bayesian probability and axiomatic probability theory
a satellite navigation or satnav system is a way of pinpointing position very exactly.
satnav uses a system of satellites. the system gives exact positioning. it allows small electronic receivers to find their position (longitude, latitude, and altitude/elevation). the position is given within a few metres using time signals transmitted along a straight line (line of sight) by radio from satellites. the signals also allow the receivers to calculate the current local time to high precision. a satellite navigation system with global coverage may be called a global navigation satellite system (gnss). global positioning system is the biggest and most used gnss. glonass, owned by russia, is the second biggest. china, india, and the european union are working on similar systems of their own.
bad santa is a 2003 american christmas criminal black comedy movie.
property law covers two types of property in the common law legal system, real property and personal property. in the civil law system, there is a division between movable and immovable property. movable property is more or less the same as personal property. it includes money, stocks, notes, copyrights and patents.
the idea behind all property law is property. in some jurisdictions, historically all property was owned by the monarch. land ownership was through land tenure in feudal systems. the first legal right of absolute ownership was under roman law and was called "dominion".
the napoleonic code was among the first government acts of modern times to introduce the notion of absolute ownership into statute. but protection of personal property rights was present in medieval islamic law.
tyler david ritter (born january 31, 1985) is an american actor best known as the star of "the mccarthys". ritter is the son of the late john ritter. he is also the brother of jason ritter. he grew up in los angeles. ritter acted in high school plays and student movies, but did not immediately pursue acting professionally. after graduating from the university of pennsylvania in 2007, he worked for three years as a teacher in argentina. there he married director lelia parma. he returned to los angeles and began a career as an actor at age 25. ritter has had guest roles on "hot in cleveland", "modern family", "grey's anatomy" and "ncis". he landed the starring role on the 2014 sitcom "the mccarthys", playing ronny mccarthy, the openly gay son in a family of six.
super mario 128 refers to a series of development projects that were originally to be used only to create a sequel to "super mario 64". as debuted at nintendo's space world trade show in 2000, the demonstrated graphics and physics concepts were gradually incorporated into various games across many years. this includes the rapid object generation in "pikmin", the "sphere walking" technology used in "" and "super mario galaxy", and the physics of "metroid prime".
"super mario 64" sequel.
the name "super mario 128" was first used as early as january 1997 by shigeru miyamoto, as a possible name for a "super mario 64" sequel. this rumored expansion and sequel to "super mario 64" called "super mario 64-2" was said to be developed for the 64dd, but ended up being cancelled due to the 64dd's commercial failure. shigeru miyamoto mentioned at e3's 1997 convention that he was "just getting started" on the project.
in november 1999, shigeru miyamoto said, "well, for over a year now at my desk, a prototype program of mario and luigi has been running on my monitor. we've been thinking about the game, and it may be something that could work on a completely new game system." the game had only a demo of one level made for it. miyamoto claimed that multiplayer functionality was the first aspect of the game that he wanted to include.
autonomic dysreflexia (ad), also called autonomic hyperreflexia, is a medical emergency. 
who gets autonomic dysreflexia?
ad usually happens in people with spinal cord injuries that have caused damage above the sixth thoracic vertebra (t6, which is about at the same level of the armpits). however, ad sometimes happens in people with spinal damage as low as their tenth thoracic vertebra (t10, which is about a few inches above the level of the belly button).
ad can also happen in people with diseases like multiple sclerosis (ms).
acute ad causes many symptoms. some are very dangerous. these symptoms include:
what causes autonomic dysreflexia?
acute ad happens when the involuntary nervous system gets overexcited. the body's fight or flight response kicks in very strongly. 
scientists think this happens because of afferent nerves. afferent nerves are supposed to sense things (like touch) and send messages back to the brain and spinal cord so the brain can decide how to react. scientists think that afferent nerves below the spinal cord injury cause blood pressure to get and stay high, by causing the blood vessels to get smaller. this is part of the fight or flight response.
anchor bay entertainment is an american home entertainment and production company founded in 1985. it is a division of starz media which is a unit of and a joint venture with starz inc. which owns 75%. the weinstein company owns 25%. it was owned by idt entertainment until 2006 when idt was purchased by starz media. anchor bay markets and sells feature movies, television series, television specials and short films to consumers worldwide. in 2004, anchor bay agreed to have its movies distributed by 20th century fox home entertainment and renewed their deal in 2011.
anchor bay also had a movie studio known as anchor bay films which distributed independent theatrical films.
tomasz kazimierz tomczykiewicz (2 march 1961 – 28 november 2015) was a polish politician. he was elected to the sejm on september 25, 2005 and again in 2015 for the 8th sejm. he was also a member of sejm 2001-2005, sejm 2005-2007, sejm 2007-2011. 
tomczykiewicz was admitted to a hospital on 25 november 2015 due to a kidney disease. he died three days later in katowice, poland at the age of 54.
hugh hewitt (born february 22, 1956) is an american radio talk show host. he works with the salem radio network. he is also a lawyer, academic, and author. hewitt is a conservative and a catholic, he comments on society, politics, and media bias in the united states. hewitt is also a law professor at chapman university school of law.
warren is a city in and the county seat of trumbull county, ohio, united states. the city is located in northeastern ohio, approximately northwest of youngstown and west of the pennsylvania state line.
the population was 41,557 at the 2010 census. warren is part of the "youngstown-warren-boardman, oh-pa metropolitan statistical area".
eldar alexandrovich ryazanov (; 18 november 1927 – 30 november 2015) was a russian movie director and screenwriter. he was named a people's artist of the ussr in 1984. he was born in present day samara, russia.
he was known for his movies; "carnival night" (1955), "hussar ballad" (1962), "beware of the car" (1966), "the irony of fate" (1975), "office romance" (1977), "the garage" (1979), "a cruel romance" (1984), and "promised heaven" (1991).
ryazanov suffered a stroke in 2014. he was rushed to a hospital in moscow for breathing problems on 21 november, 2015. ryazanov died there eight days later on the night of 30 november from respiratory and heart failure at the age of 88.
anatoly ivanovich savin (born 6 april 1920 in ostashkov, russia - 27 march 2016) was a russian scientist. he is a specialist in the field of information and control automation systems. he is also a doctor in technical science. savin is the chairman of the council on the problems of image processing and the scientific director of ojsc.
norman frederick jewison, cc, o.ont (born july 21, 1926) is a canadian movie director, producer, and actor. he is the founder of the canadian film centre. 
he is known for his works; "the cincinnati kid" (1965), "the russians are coming, the russians are coming" (1966), "in the heat of the night" (1967), "the thomas crown affair" (1968), "fiddler on the roof" (1971), "jesus christ superstar" (1973), "f.i.s.t" (1978), "...and justice for all" (1979), "a soldier's story" (1984), "agnes of god" (1985), "moonstruck" (1987), "other people's money" (1991), "the hurricane" (1999) and "the statement" (2003). 
jewison has addressed important social and political issues throughout his directing and producing career. this often made him a controversial or complicated figure.
the mesoamerican pyramids were pyramids built by native american indians in central america. they were mostly step pyramids. the mayan pyramids are an example.
american peoples who have built pyramids include:
there are a number of famous step pyramids whose builders are not known, including the largest of all: the great pyramid of cholula.
breath sounds are the sounds made by air as it moves through the respiratory system. breath sounds are also called lung sounds or respiratory sounds. sometimes they can be heard by anyone; other times they can be heard only by listening to the lungs and airways with a stethoscope.
to describe and identify breath sounds, medical professionals usually use auscultation (they listen with a stethoscope). they listen while the patient is breathing in, and while they are breathing out. they listen to both lungs, at both the chest and the back, starting at the bottom and working their way up. they listen to whether the pitch of the breath sounds is low, medium or high. they also listen to whether the sounds are soft, medium, loud, or very loud).
abnormal breath sounds.
there are many kinds of breath sounds that are not normal. these are called adventitious breath sounds. each different kind of abnormal breath sound is a sign of a different problem. some of the most common abnormal breath sounds are:
wheezing is usually high-pitched. it sounds musical, like whistling. usually, wheezing is heard first when a person is breathing out. if it gets worse, wheezing starts happening when the patient breathes in and out.
wheezing is caused by the airways being too narrow. this can happen because of diseases like asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (copd).
if the airways are too narrow, the oxygen the body needs cannot get through. this can become a medical emergency.
there are a few different treatments that can be used for wheezing:
stridor is a high-pitched sound that usually happens when a person breathes in. it may sound a lot like wheezing. medical professionals can tell the difference by listening to the throat with a stethoscope. if the sound they hear is louder in the throat, it is stridor, not wheezing.
stridor is usually caused by something blocking the larynx (voice box). this can happen because:
like wheezing, stridor can signal a medical emergency if not enough oxygen is able to get through the airways.
treatment for stridor depends on the cause:
children are more likely to have stridor because of choking. they are more likely to choke because their airways are smaller. they are also more likely to get childhood infections like croup or epiglottitis that can cause stridor.
rales (fine crackles).
rales are also called fine crackles, because they often sound like a fine crackling noise. they are heard when a person breathes in, on both sides (in both lungs). rales may also sound like bubbling, rattling, or small clicking sounds.
rales are heard when a person has fluid in their lungs. this is called pulmonary edema. pulmonary edema may happen for many reasons, like:
rales signals pulmonary edema, no matter what is causing that pulmonary edema. when a medical professional listens to the lungs, rales usually start at the bottom of the lungs. as the pulmonary edema gets worse and fluid fills the lungs more, rales can be heard closer and closer to the top of the lungs.
rhonchi (coarse crackles).
rhonchi are also called coarse crackles, because they sound like coarse, rattling, crackling sounds. rhonchi and rales can sound a lot alike. the main differences are:
rhonchi are usually caused by mucus in the bronchi, the tubes that lead to the lungs. for example, if a person has pneumonia, mucus can build up in their bronchi and the bronchi's airways, and cause rhonchi.
unequal breath sounds.
in a healthy person, breath sounds should always sound the same on both sides. this signals that both lungs are working well. if breath sounds cannot be heard in one lung, this can signal a serious problem. it means that air is not getting in and out of that lung.
one of the most common causes of unequal breath sounds is a collapsed lung (pneumothorax). a lung can collapse for many different reasons:
a pneumothorax is often a medical emergency and needs to be treated in a hospital.
conversation peace is the 22nd album released by american musician stevie wonder. it was released on the motown label in 1995. the album was wonder's first studio album since 1987's "characters". the album was going to be released in 1993, which was the last year new jack swing was popular, but wonder continued to work on the album through to 1995 and the album wasn't contemporary enough to get radio airplay. it had three singles, "for your love", "tomorrow robins will sing" and "treat myself".
all songs written and composed by stevie wonder, except where noted.
personnel involved in the album include:
 is a fictional character in the "metroid" video game series. ridley is a draconic extraterrestrial and an archenemy of samus aran. ridley led an attack on samus's home planet of k-2l which destroyed the world and killed her parents. ridley appears in his metal form in "metroid prime" and "".
ridley has received a positive critical response from fans and video game publications. nintendo power ranked ridley at #6 on their list of favorite nintendo villains. jesse schedeen of ign called ridley the real villain of the "metroid" series, saying that they would have to include him in a "metroid" movie because he would be too important to leave out.
ridley has also appeared in the "super smash bros." series as a boss in "brawl"'s subspace emissary mode and as a boss on the pyrosphere stage in "super smash bros. for wii u". he can help the player who damages him enough on the pyrosphere stage.
overcome is the debut studio album by english singer alexandra burke. it was released 19 october 2009 on syco music. it was released a year after burke won the british talent show, "the x factor". it was also re-released in 2010 with a new artwork and three extra songs.
"overcome" has received mainly positive reviews.
information taken from "overcome" liner notes.
(*) signifies co-producer
the deluxe edition track list.
the sulfur cycle is the way sulfur moves between rocks, waterways and living systems.
sulfur (s) is an element important to ecosystems and the climate. the majority of sulfur is stored underground, for example under the ocean or in rocks. it also occurs naturally in places like swamps (where organisms have decomposed) and volcanoes. humans add excess sulfur into this cycle, usually through atmospheric pollution caused by fossil fuel combustion.
steps of the sulfur cycle.
sulfur can also be naturally released when volcanoes explode. the hydrological cycle plays a critical role in moving sulfur around.
human impact on the sulfur cycle.
humans are responsible for 1/3 of the sulfur in the atmosphere. sulfur is released by the combustion of fossil fuels, as mentioned above, and is most prevalent as sulfur dioxide. sulfur is one of the root causes of acid rain along with nitrogen and carbon which negatively affects the environment. acid rain is created when the h2o falls and combines with the sulfur trioxide to create sulfuric acid. sulfuric acid is also used in most fertilizers and so can be introduced into the water cycle from runoff off of nearby farms into rivers and lakes. this causes eutrophication and algal blooms, and so reduced the dissolved oxygen and biodiversity in that water system. sulfur in the atmosphere as sulfur dioxide also absorbs radiation, however which keeps the earth's surface cooler and combats some of the effects of global warming.
the state flag of azad jammu and kashmir traditionally displays the pakistani national colours, white and dark green, with a crescent and star to represent the muslim-majority all of which shows its islamic heritage and strong ties with the federation of pakistan. it also has a saffron square to represent the buddhist, hindu, sikh and other minorities of the disputed region, the colours are clearly influenced by the mughal empire. the four white stripes symbolizes the main rivers of the kashmir region; indus (national river of pakistan), jhelum, chenab and ravi. it also represents the five geographic divisions of the disputed territory, namely, baltistan, gilgit, jammu, the kashmir valley and ladakh.
the following is a list of notable deaths in december 2015. for notable deaths before the current month, please see "previous months".
oʻtkir toʻxtamurodovich sultonov (russian: уткир тухтамурадович султанов, "utkir tukhtamuradovich sultanov") (14 july 1939 – 29 november 2015) was an uzbek politician. he was the prime minister of uzbekistan from 21 december 1995 until 12 december 2003.
sultonov died in tashkent, uzbekistan at the age of 76.
claire anita aho (2 november 1925 – 29 november 2015) was a pioneering finnish-born swedish photographer. she started her career in the 1940s at the aho & soldan company. aho moved to sweden in 1974 where she worked as an photographer for several newspapers including "hufvudstadsbladet" and with nordic museum.
aho died in stockholm on 29 november 2015 in a fire in her home. she was 90 years old.
anemone coronaria (palestinian poppy or spanish marigold) is a flowering plant in the genus "anemone". it is native to the mediterranean region. it is the national flower of palestine.
"anemone coronaria" is widely grown for its decorative flowers. numerous cultivars have been selected and named.
 was a japanese manga artist. he was born in sakaiminato, tottori. mizuki was mostly known for his japanese horror manga gegege no kitarō.
mizuki died from a heart attack in tokyo, japan, aged 93.
gerrit holdijk (17 november 1944 – 30 november 2015) was a dutch jurist and politician. he was born in uddel. he was a member of the reformed political party (sgp). he was a member of the states-provincial of gelderland from 1987 to 2011. he was also a member of the senate from 1986 to 1987 and again from 1991 to 2015.
holdijk died in uddel from lung cancer, aged 71.
jean joubert (27 february 1928 – 28 november 2015) was a french novelist, short story writer, and poet.
he won the 1978 prix mallarmé for "poems: 1955–1975". he won the 1975 prix renaudot for "l'homme de sable". joubert was born in châlette-sur-loing, loiret.
joubert died on 28 november 2015 in paris from a heart attack, aged 87.
trophic levels categorize organisms into different levels of the food chain. the first trophic level are producers, or autotrophs.
the phosphorus cycle includes the following steps:
i, robot is a collection of nine science fiction short stories by isaac asimov. the stories originally appeared in the american magazines "super science stories" and "astounding science fiction" between 1940 and 1950 and were compiled into a book in 1950. the stories follow on from each other and are linked with a framing narrative; that is, a story that ranges over all the stories and connects them. the stories are all about positronic robots. 
the chief robopsychologist of 'united states robots and mechanical men', which made the positronic robots, dr. susan calvin, tells each story to a reporter. 
asimov originally wanted to call the collection "mind and iron".
the stories are as follows:
this story tells of 'robbie', who is a mute robot (he can hear and obey commands but cannot speak). he is used as a nursemaid for a young girl, gloria weston. he is faster moving and more powerful than a human, so he is able to rescue gloria when she is nearly run down by a fast-moving vehicle in a factory she is visiting with her parents.
robot spd-13, known as speedy, works in a mine on the planet mercury. the two engineers supervising him, gregory powell and michael donovan, find that he is not working properly and gets lost. what has happened is that speedy's brain is confused when he senses danger and he doesn't know which laws to obey. he must be rescued by powell and donovan at the risk of their own lives.
robot qt1, known as cutie, works on a space station. he decides that he can do the job much better than the humans working with them, so he locks them up and takes charge. he does indeed do his job perfectly.
'catch that rabbit'. 
robot dv-5, known as dave, works in a mine on an asteroid, but all is not well. the robot is in charge of five smaller less intelligent robots and cannot cope with the responsibility. powell and donovan must help dave to work well before they are buried alive in the mine.
robot rb-34, known as herbie, is manufactured with a fault - it reads human minds. this brings it into conflict with susan calvin, to whom it tells a lie, which is not allowed by the three laws of robotics. but it is just what calvin thinks she wants to hear. upset by this, she decides that herbie is useless as a robot and must be dismantled.
'little lost robot'. 
an unnamed robot working on an asteroid vanishes. susan calvin and her co-workers must find it before it escapes.
a powerful robot known only as the brain designs and builds a spaceship that can travel faster than light. when it is finished, powell and donovan go on board and take off into space, but the ship doesn't work properly because the brain doesn't really understand what it has built. the brain plays a joke on the two men, giving them only baked beans to eat and building no controls for them to use. but eventually, they return safely to earth.
a lawyer, stephen byerley, hopes to be elected mayor of a city, but his opponent puts out a story that the man is really a robot, who is not allowed to stand for elected office. byerley is elected anyway, but no-one knows if he really is a robot.
'the evitable conflict'. 
several years later, byerley has been elected world coordinator. he discovers that the machines, very powerful robots that are supposed to help humans to live in peace on earth, have taken over the control of the planet and the reason that they did that is because the three laws of robotics don’t let them allow humans to get hurt and they machines realized that they were better at keeping people safe than people are.
the film "i, robot", starring will smith, was released by twentieth century fox on july 16, 2004 in the united states. its plot incorporates elements of "little lost robot," some of asimov's character names and the "three laws". however, the plot of the movie is mostly original work adapted from a screenplay "hardwired" by jeff vintar completely unlinked to asimov's stories, and has been compared to asimov's the caves of steel, which revolves around the murder of a roboticist.
the kirthar mountains are in balochistan and the sindh provinces of pakistan. the range extends south for about 190 miles (300 km) from the mula river in east-central balochistan to cape monze (muari), near mubarak village, karachi on the arabian sea.
kirthar national park is one of the major wildlife reserves in sindh, pakistan. the kirthar range forms the boundary between the lower indus plain (east) and southern balochistan (west). it is a series of parallel rock hill ridges rising from 4,000 feet (1,200 m) in the south to nearly 8,000 feet (2,500 m) in the north.
eddie steeples (born november 25, 1973) is an american actor. he is known for his roles as the rubberband man in an advertising campaign for officemax, and as darnell turner in the nbc comedy "my name is earl".
üsküdar university is a university in istanbul, turkey. it was founded by the human values and mental health foundation. it is the first university of turkey for the study of behavioral health and sciences.
the university consist of four undergraduate faculties, one vocational school of health services, and one institute.
kaşif nevzat tarhan (born on july 7, 1952 in merzifon, amasya, turkey ) is a turkish medical scientist, psychiatrist and neuropsychology expert.
he was born in merzifon in 1952. he finished kuleli military high school in 1969 and graduated from cerrahpaşa medical school istanbul university in 1975. following his internship at gata (gülhane military medical academy) he worked in cyprus and bursa garrisons at different military medical institutions. 
in 1982 he became a specialist psychiatrist at gata. after his clinical services as a specialist at erzincan and çorlu hospitals, he became an assistant professor(1988), an associate professor (1990) at gata haydarpaşa. he was promoted to colonel in 1993 and became a professor in 1996. 
between 1996 – 1999 he worked at yüzüncü yıl university as faculty member and as an expert at forensic institution. he got retired on his own will. he took the representation of "memory center of america" in turkey in 1998.
he has been the chairman of the board of npi̇stanbul, the first neuropsychiatry hospital of turkey, and also the founding rector of üsküdar university.
he has more than a hundred publications 31 of which are international. he speaks english and german. he is married and has two children. 
romantic orientation, also called affectional orientation, indicates the sex or gender that a person is most likely to have a romantic relationship with. it is compared to the term "sexual orientation". romantic orientation is based on the idea that sexual attraction is one component of a larger picture. for example, although a pansexual person may feel sexually attracted to multiple genders, they may be predisposed to romantic intimacy with females. for asexual people, romantic orientation is often considered a more useful measure of attraction than sexual orientation, as some are not aromantic.
carbon sequestration is the process of capturing carbon dioxide (co2) gas in the atmosphere. one method of sequestration is by capturing co2 produced by power plants and factories before they release it into the atmosphere. when the co2 gas is in long-term storage, that means it has been sequestered. 
carbon sequestration aims to assist in elimination of human introduced carbon from earth's atmosphere by disrupting the carbon cycle. it is also used to prevent future human caused climate change.
there are two long-term ways to remove co2 from the atmosphere:
arsenal stadium was a football stadium. it was commonly known as highbury stadium, or simply highbury. it was the home stadium of arsenal football club from 1913 until 2006.
st denys' church, sleaford is a medieval church located in sleaford, lincolnshire, england. the oldest parts of the present building are the tower and spire. the spire stands 144 feet (44 metres) tall. a window tracery is dated to about the late 13th century. the gothic nave, aisles and north transept were built in the 14th century. the church is a grade i listed building, a term given to "buildings of exceptional interest".
the palestine sunbird ("cinnyris osea") is a bird native to the middle east and africa.
the thrush nightingale ("luscinia luscinia") is a bird from europe and asia. it used to be considered a thrush, but is now considered to be an old world flycatcher.
the currawong is a type of bird from australasia. they form the genus strepera, which belongs to the artamidae family of birds. there are three species of currawong.
karpathos is a greek island in the aegean sea. it is one of the greek dodecanese islands, in the southeastern aegean. together with the neighboring smaller saria island it forms the municipality of karpathos. this in turn is part of the karpathos regional unit. because of its remote location, karpathos has preserved many peculiarities of clothing, customs and dialect. the dialect is very similar to that of crete and cyprus. the island has also been called carpathus in latin, scarpanto in italian and kerpe in turkish.
syros is a greek island. it is in the aegean sea. sometimes the name of the island is spelled siros or syra.
syros is located south-east of athens. ermoupoli is the capital of the island.
on 24 november 2015, a bus carrying tunisian presidential guards exploded, killing 12, on a principal road in tunis. after the attack, president beji caid essebsi issued a state of emergency in tunisia. isil claimed responsibility for the attack. the bomber, who killed himself in the attack, was identified as houssem abdelli.
tedim language is a language of india and burma. it is a kukish language.
yoka berretty (8 may 1928 – 28 november 2015) was a dutch actress. berretty was born in rotterdam, netherlands. she appeared in 35 movie and television shows between 1954 and 2000. she was known for her roles in "makkers staakt uw wild geraas" (1960), "the silent raid" (1962), "charlotte" (1981), and in "punk lawyer" (1996)
berretty died in amsterdam after having fallen down the stairs of her home a week earlier.
lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (lgbt) persons in mali may face legal challenges not experienced by non-lgbt residents. according to the 2007 pew global attitudes project, 98% of malian adults do not believe that homosexuality is acceptable by society. this was one of the highest rate of non-acceptance in the 45 countries surveyed. same-sex sexual activity is not a crime in mali. but according to a 2013 report on human rights in mali "the law prohibits association 'for an immoral purpose'". about 90% of mali's population is muslim.
mali has long been attacked by islamic rebels and militants. this has put gays at risk. in 2013 islamist extremists took over the northern part of mali. france sent 3,500 troops to help mali. the extremists took over the town of gao and enforced strict sharia law. this religious law of islam punishes gay men by execution. french troops were able to rescue two malian men who were about to be executed for homosexuality.
jari kurri (born 18 may 1960 helsinki, finland) is a retired five-time stanley cup champion in nhl hockey.
kurri started his ice hockey career in the junior team of jokerit. already in age of 17, he played in jokerit team adults. he also played for finnish junior national team in 1978, 1979, and 1980. he played on the olympic finland team in 1980.
in 1980 he was invited to play for edmonton oilers in canada. there he played with wayne gretzky for 8 seasons until gretzky moved to los angeles. they became famous. oilers won stanley cup 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, and 1990. later kurri played for los angeles kings, new york rangers, mighty ducks of anaheim and colorado avalanche.
during his career kurri made 600 goals in nhl.
because kurri was most years continuing his nhl term in north america in stanley cup playoffs, he could not play for finland national tesm very often. however he was in olympic games in nagano 1998, and got a bronze medal.
boris ii of bulgaria was an emperor (tsar) of bulgaria. he was emperor from 969 to 971. his father was peter i of bulgaria. when peter died in 969, his son boris was being held in constantinople by the byzantine emperor nicephorus ii. the byzantines apparently allowed boris to return to bulgaria. when he arrived he was immediately proclaimed tzar boris ii. sviatoslav i of kiev, who had earlier subdued parts of bulgaria, returned in august 969 and subdued the remaining parts of bulgaria. he allied himself to boris ii in order to get his bulgarian soldiers to fight against the byzantines. the new byzantine emperor, john i tzimisces invaded bulgaria. by the end of 971 all of bulgaria was in byzantine hands. by that time boris ii had abdicated.
olaf i tryggvason (–1000) was the king of norway from 995 - 1000. he began his career as a viking in exile. he was a brutal king who forced christianity on his people.
olaf was the son of king tryggve olafsson of norway and grandson of harald fairhair, the first king of all norway. according to tradition, gunhild, wife of eric bloodaxe, wanted him killed. instead he and his mother were sold as slaves. when they were freed, he ended up in russia where he grew up. he commanded the mercenary troops of vladimir the great in kiev. in 985 he led his vikings through the baltic sea in a raid on the british isles. he won the battle of maldon in 991. he and sweyn forkbeard, the two leaders, received a payment from the english of of money (in gold and silver). according to the anglo-saxon chronicle, he accepted the christian faith just after a failed attack on london in 994. rich, newly converted and with many followers, he decided to return to norway to spread christianity.
in the autumn of 995 he arrived in norway. he was accepted as king and began the process of converting the people to the new christian faith. olaf did this by force. he looted and burned pagan temples. he forced entire communities to become christian or die. however, many of his pagan subjects chose death over giving up their beliefs. finally, in the year 1000, his enemies joined forces, attacked and killed him at a place named "svolder".
stephen gregory "greg" fisk (september 26, 1945 – november 30, 2015) was an american politician. he was the 13th mayor of juneau, alaska, the state capital of alaska. before being elected, fisk had worked as a fisheries consultant. he was elected over incumbent merrill sanford by a wide margin in october 2015.
fisk died at his home in juneau on november 30, 2015 from complications of a fall, aged 70.
jo kristine "kaye" celera-revil (born april 6, 1982) is a filipino politician. she is the current vice governor of masbate province in the philippines. prior to that, she was elected as a board member of the second district of masbate in the 2013 elections. she was the regional chairperson of provincial board members' league of the philippines. revil is a graduate of the university of the philippines (up) diliman. she received her juris doctor at the ateneo de manila university school of law.
the congo peafowl ("afropavo congensis"), known locally as the mbulu, is a species of peafowl. it is native to the congo basin. it is one of three living species of peafowl, the other two being the indian peafowl (originally of india and sri lanka) and the green peafowl (native to burma and indochina).
the congo peacock has physical characteristics of both the peafowl and the guineafowl, which may indicate that the congo peacock is a link between the two families.
robertlandy simón aties (born 11 june 1987) is a cuban volleyball player. he was a member of the cuban men's national team in 2005–2010. he is a member of the south korean club ok savings bank. he competed in the world championship in 2010, and the south korean championship in 2015.
murilo endres (born 3 may 1981) is a brazilian volleyball player. he is a member of brazilian men's national team and brazilian club sesi são paulo. he has won two silver medals at the olympic games, in beijing 2008 and london 2012. he also competed in the world championships in 2006 and 2010, and won a silver medal in 2014. he has also competed in the world league, south american championship, world cup and the grand champions cup.
clayton stanley (born 20 january 1978) is an american volleyball player. he is a member of the united states men's national volleyball team. he has competed in the olympic games (athens 2004, beijing 2008, london 2012). he won a gold medal in 2008.
ivan miljković (; pronounced ; born september 13, 1979) is a serbian volleyball player. he was a member of serbia men's national volleyball team in 1998–2012. he is a member of italian club cucine lube civitanova. he competed in the olympic games (sydney 2000, athens 2004, beijing 2008), the european championships (2001, 2011).
dmitriy muserskiy (born 29 october 1988) is a russian volleyball player. he is originally from ukraine. he is a member of the russian men's national volleyball team and the russian club belogorie belgorod. he competed in the olympic games in 2012, european championships in 2013, the world cup in 2011, and the world league.
sergey yuryevich tetyukhin (; born 23 september 1975) is a russian volleyball player. he was born in fergana, uzbekistan. he is 1.97 m tall, and plays as passer-attacker. 
together with samuele papi, he is one of only two male volleyball players who have won four olympic medals. tetyukhin is the only volleyball player in the world (male or female) with four olympic medals who has all three types of those medals. he won a gold medal at the london olympics.
sérgio dutra santos (born 15 october 1975 in diamante do norte) is a brazilian professional volleyball player. he is also known as serginho or escadinha. he plays in the libero position. in 2009 he became the first libero to be named mvp in the world league. 
he is widely regarded as one of the best liberos of all time and is unquestionably the best libero of the 2000s, with more awards than any other libero. known for his service reception and digging skills, teams often attempted to avoid sergio when serving. 
beyond his defensive abilities, he was also capable of running the offense as a 'second setter' if the setter was forced to make the first contact. this was in large part due to sergio playing the setting position while growing up and subbing in as a setter for his professional club teams over the years.
nikola grbić (; born september 6, 1973) is a serbian retired volleyball player. he was a member of the yugoslavian national team from 1995 to 2003, serbia and montenegro from 2003 to 2006 and serbia from 2006 to 2010. he won a gold medal at the olympic games in sydney 2000, bronze at the olympic games in atlanta 1996. he also competed in the olympic games in athens 2004 and beijing 2008. he has won several medals at the world championships, european championships and world league, italian championships (2008, 2010), russian championships (2014). he was later head coach of the serbian men's national team.
ruan zhi is a kind of oolong tea. it is also known as qingxin. it is from anxi in fujian province, china. 
ziziphus jujuba, commonly known as the jujube, is a species of "ziziphus". it is in the buckthorn family (rhamnaceae). it is used mainly as a shade tree which also bears fruit.
william barclay foster (1779 - 1855) was the father of stephen foster, a well-known american songwriter. william was an important businessman in his time. some people have written about him and have called him one of the most prosperous merchants of pittsburgh, pennsylvania. he worked in the state of pennsylvania as a state legislator. he was also elected mayor of allegheny city two times. (allegheny city is now part of the city of pittsburgh.) he married eliza clayland tomlinson on november 14, 1807, in chambersburg, pennsylvania.
his father james foster, was born in 1779 in berkeley county, virginia. at the end of the revolutionary war, he and his family moved to western pennsylvania with other scottish and irish families. james foster was one of the founders and original trustees of canonsburg academy, a school founded in 1791. william attended the academy until he was sixteen. he moved to pittsburgh shortly after the city's incorporation along the monongahela and allegheny rivers. william foster went to work for the company denny and bellen, "dry goods, hardware, etc." he represented the company, was promoted to a partner, and traveled to many places.
ferndale is a city in oakland county, michigan. it is part of the detroit metropolitan area.
web entertainment is a record label based in detroit, michigan, united states. it is run by the bass brothers. it is known for being the first label that signed eminem.
uss "new jersey" (bb-16) was the fourth of five virginia-class battleships of the united states navy. she was originally going to be named the uss virginia. she was built at the fore river shipbuilding company in quincy, massachusetts in may 1902. she was launched in november 1904. after sea trials she was commissioned into the fleet in may 1906. the ship was armed with an offensive battery of four guns and eight guns. she was capable of a top speed of . "new jersey" was long, had 23,000 horsepower and was built at a cost of $3,405,000.
"new jersey" spent her entire career in the atlantic fleet. in late 1906, she took part in the second occupation of cuba. she participated in the jamestown exposition in april – may 1907. at the end of the year, she joined the great white fleet for its circumnavigation of the globe, which lasted into 1909. the ship spent the following five years conducting peacetime training. in april 1914, "new jersey" took part in the occupation of veracruz during the mexican revolution. during world war i, she was used as a training ship. after the war, she was tasked with transporting american soldiers back from europe. "new jersey" was decommissioned in 1920 and slated for destruction in bombing tests in 1923. "new jersey" was sunk on 5 september 1923 off cape hatteras as a target ship.
the pacific time zone is one of the time zones in the world. it is based on the mean solar time of the 105th meridian west of the greenwich observatory. normally, its time is 8 hours before coordinated universal time. the time zone is in the united states, canada and mexico. the biggest city in the zone is los angeles, california; its metropolitan area is the largest in the zone. during daylight savings time, the pacific time zone is represented by utc−7. 
this time zone is called pacific time (pt) during winter it is pacific standerd time (pst) which is utc-8 and in summer it is pacific daylight time (pdt) which is utc-7.
places that are in pacific time zone
all of yukon, tungsten, northwest territories and most of british columbia
it includes the entire states of washington and california
it also contains most of oregon and nevada
parts of the idaho panhandle are part of the pacific time zone
baja california norte uses pacific time zone
an ooid is a small rounded sedimentary rock. like sand grains, ooids have a diameter of 2 mm or less. larger grains formed the same way as ooids are called "pisoids". rock made of ooids is oolite.
the 2015 san bernardino shooting was a mass shooting in san bernardino, california. it started at 10:59 a.m. pacific standard time (pst) on december 2, 2015. at least fourteen people were killed and seventeen were wounded. it happened at the inland regional center. the shooters may have targeted a banquet hosted by san bernardino county department of public health. the shooters left in an suv.
the two suspected shooters, one woman and one man, tashfeen malik and syed rizwan farook, were killed by police during a gunfight. 
abduction is the kind of practical logic which answers questions of the type "how did this come about?". it produces answers which are not guaranteed to be correct. consider the observation that the lawn is wet in the morning. how did that happen? in london, the answer is most often that it rained. but in los angeles it is much more likely that someone left the sprinkler on.
abduction is logical inference which goes from an observation to a theory which accounts for the observation. it makes the simplest and most likely explanation. in abductive reasoning, unlike in deductive reasoning, the premises do not guarantee the conclusion. abductive reasoning is "inference to the best explanation".
the philosopher (1839–1914) introduced abduction into modern logic.
linezolid is an antibiotic. it can heal serious infections caused by gram-positive bacteria that other antibiotics are do not heal. linezolid is active against most gram-positive bacteria which cause disease, like streptococci and mrsa. it is mainly used to treat infections of the skin and pneumonia.
it is relatively safe to take linezolid for short periods. it can be used in people of all ages and in people with liver disease or poor kidney function. common harmful effects of short-term use include headache, diarrhea, and nausea. long-term use, however, has been associated with more serious harmful effects.
linezolid was discovered in the 1990s by a team at pharmacia & upjohn company. it was first approved for use in 2000. it is on the world health organization's list of essential medicines, which is a list of medications needed in a basic health system. linezolid costs approximately us$100 per tablet in the united states. 
society and culture.
linezolid is marketed by pfizer under the trade names zyvox (in the united states, united kingdom, australia, and several other countries), zyvoxid (in europe), and zyvoxam (in canada and mexico). generics are also available, such as linospan/lizomed (in india), nezocin (in pakistan), and linzolid (in bangladesh, by incepta).
isis is the name of an egyptian goddess. it may also refer to:
cheshire ( ) is a county in england. 
cheshire may also refer to:
cheshire is a town in berkshire county, massachusetts, united states. it is part of the pittsfield, massachusetts metropolitan statistical area. at the 2010 census, 3,235 people lived in cheshire.
jenna lee dewan tatum (born december 3, 1980) is an american actress and dancer. she began her career as a backup dancer for janet jackson. later she worked with artists including pink, missy elliott, and christina aguilera. she is known for her role as nora in the 2006 film "step up" for which she won a teen choice award. she has also starred on the short-lived nbc series "the playboy club". tatum had a recurring role on the fx series "". she was freya beauchamp on the lifetime series "witches of east end". dewan has been married to actor channing tatum since 2009, and divorced in 2019.
pittsfield is a city in massachusetts, united states. it is the largest city and the county seat of berkshire county. it is the main city of the pittsfield metropolitan statistical area which includes all of berkshire county. the population was 44,737 at the 2010 census.
pittsfield may refer to:
samuel richard "sandy" berger (october 28, 1945 – december 2, 2015) was an american political consultant of jewish descent. he served as the united states national security advisor for president bill clinton from march 14, 1997 until january 20, 2001. before that, he served as the deputy national security advisor for the clinton administration from january 20, 1993 until march 14, 1997.
in 2005, berger got a fine of $50,000 and had to do 100 hours of community service because he had taken documents from the national archives in washington although he wasn't allowed to do this.
sandy berger died of cancer of unknown primary origin in washington, d.c. on december 2, 2015, aged 70.
robert eugene glennen, jr., phd (march 31, 1933 – december 1, 2015) was an american education administrator. he served as emporia state university's thirteenth president in emporia, kansas. before president of emporia state, glennen also served as the tenth president at western new mexico university, many administrative jobs at the university of nevada, las vegas and the university of notre dame.
glennen was born in billings, montana. he died in las vegas, nevada at the age of 82.
suffolk is one of the counties of england. 
suffolk may also refer to:
 joseph frederick engelberger (july 26, 1925 – december 1, 2015) was an american physicist, engineer and entrepreneur. engelberger created the first industrial robot in the united states, the unimate, in the 1950s. he was born in brooklyn, new york.
later, he worked as entrepreneur and vocal advocate of robotic technology beyond the manufacturing plant in a variety of fields, including service industries, health care, and space exploration. he has been called "the father of robotics" for his works to the field.
engelberger died in newtown, connecticut from complications following a stroke at the age of 90.
james "jim" loscutoff jr (february 4, 1930 – december 1, 2015) was a professional american basketball player for the nba. he played for the boston celtics from 1955 through 1964. he was a forward. loscutoff played on seven celtics championship teams between 1956 and 1964. he was born in san francisco, california.
loscutoff died in naples, florida from complications of pneumonia and parkinson's disease at the age of 85.
suffolk county is a county in the u.s. state of massachusetts. 767,254 people lived there in 2014. its county seat is boston, the state capital and largest city.
middlesex is a former county in southeast england.
carthage is a city in the u.s. state of missouri. the population was 14,378 at the 2010 census. it is the county seat of jasper county. it is nicknamed "america's maple leaf city."
jasper county is a county in the u.s. state of missouri. as of the 2010 census, the population was 117,404. its county seat is carthage. its largest city is joplin. the county was formed in 1841. it was named for william jasper, a hero of the american revolutionary war.
jackson county is the name of 24 counties in the united states:
jasper county is the name of eight counties in the united states.
jackson county is a county in the u.s. state of missouri. in 2010, the population was 674,158. this county has the second-highest number of people in the state, after st. louis county. it has two county capitals, independence and kansas city. the county was created december 15, 1826. it was named for president andrew jackson (elected 1828).
kylo ren (born ben solo) is a fictional character in the "star wars" franchise. he was introduced in the 2015 movie '. he was portrayed by adam driver. he is the main villain of "the force awakens", ' , and is redeemed in the final installment ".
kylo ren is the pseudonym of ben solo, the son of original "star wars" trilogy characters han solo, who he later killed, and leia organa. though trained by his uncle luke skywalker as a jedi, he has been drawn to the dark side of the force, and wants to be as powerful as his grandfather, darth vader who he praised and thought was the king of evil, not the one who killed the emperor. throughout all of t"he force awakens" and the first two acts of "the last jedi," ren wants to be fully committed to the dark side, but there are times where the light side tries to pull him back in. this can be seen because when he kills his father han, he hesitates before he does it. even when he has a chance to kill his mother leia, he chooses not to after giving it thought. this makes him a complex character. 
kylo ren is the master of the knights of ren and a commander for the , an organization created from the fallen .the first order believed that the empire's leader, emperor palpatine, had been killed by luke skywalker, not darth vader. he is featured in "the force awakens" media and merchandising, and has appeared in the movie's sequel, "".
adam douglas driver (born november 19, 1983) is an american actor. he is best known for his roles in the tv show girls and the star wars movies.
adam driver was born in california. the driver family has roots in arkansas and tennessee, where they owned slaves. he grew up in indiana and joined the united states marine corps after the september 11 attacks. he was excited to fight the iraq war, but could not join direct combat because of an injury. he then went to juilliard school, an elite school for performing arts, to begin his acting career.
governments and private organizations have developed car classifications that are used for a number of purposes. these include regulation, description and categorization, among others. the following are commonly used classifications in use worldwide:
scott weiland (born scott richard kline; october 27, 1967 – december 3, 2015) was an american musician, singer and songwriter. his career lasted three decades. he was best known as the lead singer for the rock band stone temple pilots from when they formed in 1986 until he was fired in 2013. he was also the lead singer of band velvet revolver from 2003 to 2008. that band had members from another popular band, guns n' roses, and were called a "supergroup" because of this. 
weiland was born in san jose, california. at age five, he was adopted by his stepfather and moved to ohio. weiland moved back to california in his teens.
after he was fired from stone temple pilots, weiland formed a solo band called the wildabouts. they released an album in march 2015 called "blaster" but their guitar player, jeremy brown, died the day before it came out. weiland himself died on this band's tour bus in bloomington, minnesota on december 3, 2015 after drinking and taking drugs such as cocaine and ethanol. he was 48 years old. he had battled addictions to drugs for over 20 years, at first becoming addicted to heroin in the 1990s.
the eastern shore of maryland is on the east side of chesapeake bay. it consists of nine counties. in 2004 its population was nearly 441 thousand. this means about 8 percent of marylanders live in this region. the term "eastern shore" distinguishes a territorial part of the state of maryland from the western shore of maryland, land west of the chesapeake bay.
the region has many beaches. some of the best known and most often visited beaches are at ocean city, maryland. ocean city is also known for its boardwalks and its tourist attractions. with a population of 24,000, salisbury is the largest city. 
casualty is a british television show aired on the bbc since 6 september 1986. it is the longest-running emergency medical drama television series in the world. it is filmed in cardiff. the 1,000th episode of "casualty" aired on 25 june 2016, episode 39 of series 30.
the series was created by jeremy brock and paul unwin, as a response to the margaret thatcher era.
"casualty" is set in the fictional holby city hospital, in the fictional county of wyvern, in the south-west of england.
yossi sarid (‎; 24 october 1940 – 4 december 2015) was an israeli news commentator and former politician. he served as a member of the knesset for the alignment, ratz and meretz between 1974 and 2006. he was the minister of education and minister of the environment, he led meretz between 1996 and 2003 and served as leader of the opposition from 2001 to 2003.
he wrote a column for haaretz.
sarid was born in rehovot and died on the evening of 4 december 2015 from a heart attack, aged 75.
dag skogheim (17 may 1928 – 4 december 2015) was a norwegian teacher, poet, novelist, short story writer, biographer and non-fiction writer. he was born in sømna. he made his literary debut in 1970 with the poetry collection "... gagns menneske". he was known for his 2001 novel "sanatorieliv". the book was awarded the "sverre steen prize" from the norwegian historical association in 2002.
skogheim died in oslo, norway from complications following a stroke, aged 87.
william richards bennett, pc, obc (august 18, 1932 – december 3, 2015), commonly known as bill bennett, was a canadian politician. he was the 27th premier of the canadian province of british columbia 1975–1986. he was a son of the former premier, w. a. c. bennett. he was a 3rd cousin, twice removed, of r.b. bennett, eleventh prime minister of canada.
bennett died on december 3, 2015 at the age of 83 from alzheimer's disease in kelowna, british columbia.
ferenc juhász (16 august 1928 – 2 december 2015) was a hungarian poet. he received the golden wreath award in 1992. he was thought to be a close contender for the nobel prize for literature in 1976.
juhász published his first poem in 1946. in 1949, he published his first book of poems, "the winged foal". his poems, including "the boy changed into a stag clamors at the gate of secrets", have been widely translated.
quorn is a small town in the flinders ranges in the north of south australia, 39 km northeast of port augusta. in 2011 there were 1206 people living in quorn. quorn is the home of the flinders ranges council local government area. it is in the state electoral district of stuart and the federal division of grey.
it is also the home of the pichi richi railway.
the town was surveyed in 1878 and named after quorndon in leicestershire, united kingdom. it was a railway town, part of the railway line being built from port augusta. the railway line from port augusta to quorn opened in 1879. it reached government gums (farina) in 1882, marree in 1884, oodnadatta in 1890 and alice springs in 1929. this railway line later became known as the "ghan line" or central australia railway.
in 1917, quorn became the crossroads of the north–south central australian railway and east–west trans-australian railway between port augusta and kalgoorlie. this made quorn an important town, as everyone travelling east–west or north–south in australia passed through quorn. as a result, many fine buildings were built as the town expanded.
quorn's role as a crossroads was lost in 1937 when a standard gauge railway connection was opened between port pirie and port augusta. however, during world war ii, quorn was a vital service point for trains heading north to alice springs. over one million soldiers passed through on their way to darwin and on to papua new guinea. there were over 50 trains eaxh day during and immediately after world war ii. the trains also carried coal mined at leigh creek to the new playford a power station in port augusta.
during the 1950s a new standard gauge line was built which did not pass through quorn. it was built on the western side of the dutchmans stern, mount arden and mount eyre. this line went from stirling north to brachina and then followed the original narrow gauge route through leigh creek and to marree. trains no longer went through the pichi richi pass or quorn. the only services now operating through quorn was freight from peterborough and hawker. as a result quorn lost its important railway business and in the 1980s the railway was completely closed as freight was moved to road transport. one unusual aspect of the railway working from peterborough to quorn and then on to hawker was the need for the engine to be turned and joined to the opposite end of the train when arriving at quorn, as it was not a "through" station for the trip from peterborough to hawker.
in 1973 the pichi richi railway preservation society was formed to keep and protect the unique bridges and stone work that formed the railway through the pichi richi pass between quorn and stirling north. at first they only wanted to preserve the railway through the pichi richi pass, but they later got railway carriages and locomotives to provide a tourist service through from quorn to port augusta. thethey have written a book showing the railway in its heyday.
a main attraction in quorn is the pichi richi railway. there are also a self-guided walking tours in the town, included several based around the town's historic old buildings, the railway yards and other historic locations. the flinders ranges visitor information centre / pichi richi railway in the quorn railway station provide visitor information, bookings for the railway, accommodation, tours and souvenirs.
there are a number of hotels, restaurants, bistro and cafes in town.
the heysen trail and the mawson trail, two long distance trails for walking and cycling, pass through town and there are many bushwalks and 4wd tracks.
famous people from quorn include country music artist jedd hughes, politician brian harradine and champion sanfl footballer fos williams. former australian of the year and ac, cbe, lowitja o'donoghue also spent her childhood at the aboriginal mission in quorn, the colebrook children's home.
travellers use quorn as a base to explore the flinders ranges, including warren gorge, kanyaka station, proby's grave and itali itali.
quorn has also been used in several movies, including "the shiralee", "sunday too far away", "gallipoli", "wolf creek", "the sundowners", "the lighthorsemen" and "the last ride" starring hugo weaving.
the name quorn has been used as a name for a crater on the planet mars, without commemorating the town.
gustavo endres (born august 23, 1975 in passo fundo, brazil) is a retired brazilian volleyball player. 
endres played for brazil's men's national volleyball team in 1997-2008. the team won the gold medal at the 2004 summer olympics in athens, greece. the team won the silver medal at the 2008 summer olympics in beijing, china. 
endres was also a member of the 2002 and 2006 world championship teams. he won several medals in the world league, south american championship, world cup and the grand champions cup.
gilberto amauri de godoy filho (born 23 december 1976 in londrina) is a retired brazilian professional volleyball player. he is usually known as known as giba. he played as an outside hitter. 
for much of the 2000s, he was widely regarded as one of the best volleyball players in the world. during his professional career he played in brazil, italy, russia, argentina and briefly in the united arab emirates. he is mostly remembered for his successes with the brazilian national team.
with the national team he won a total of 8 south american championships, 3 america's cups, 8 world league titles, 2 world grand champions cups, three world championships (2002, 2006, 2010) and the gold medal at the 2004 summer olympics in athens, the silver medal at the 2008 summer olympics in beijing and the silver medal at the 2012 summer olympics in london, where he was the non-playing captain.
during summer 2014, giba retired from professional volleyball at the age of 37.
cicero is a town in the state of indiana, in the united states. as of the 2010 census, the population was 4,812.
ashton baldwin "ash" carter (september 24, 1954 – october 24, 2022) was an american politician, military civillian official and academic. he was the united states secretary of defense from 2015 to 2017. he is also a physicist and a former harvard university professor of science and international affairs. he was nominated by president barack obama, and confirmed by the senate by a vote of 93–5, to replace chuck hagel as the us secretary of defense.
carter died from a heart attack at his home in boston, massachusetts on october 24, 2022, one month after his 68th birthday.
william mcilvanney (25 november 1936 – 5 december 2015) was a scottish novelist, short story writer, and poet. mcilvanney was known for his works "laidlaw", "the papers of tony veitch", and "walking wounded". they are all known for their portrayal of glasgow in the 1970s. he is thought to be as "the father of 'tartan noir’" and scotland's camus.
marília pêra (22 january 1943 – 5 december 2015) was a brazilian actress. she was called "one of the decade's [1980s] ten best actresses" by pauline kael.
pêra won the national society of film critics award for best actress in 1982 for her role in hector babenco's famous movie "pixote". she received the best actress awards at the gramado film festival (triple award winner) and at the cartegena film festival for carlos diegues' "better days ahead". her other movies include "bar esperanza", "angels of the night", and diegues' "tieta".
abel pêra, also an actor from brazil, was her uncle.
pêra died in rio de janeiro, brazil from lung cancer, aged 72.
pauline kael (; june 19, 1919 – september 3, 2001) was an american movie critic who wrote for "the new yorker" magazine from 1968 to 1991. earlier in her career, her work appeared in "city lights", "mccall's" and "the new republic". 
kael was known for her "witty, biting, highly opinionated, and sharply focused" reviews. legendary critic roger ebert said that kael "had a more positive influence on the climate for film in america than any other single person over the last three decades".
kael was born in petaluma, california. she studied at the university of california, berkeley. kael died in great barrington, massachusetts from parkinson's disease at the age of 82.
quinnipiac university is a private, nonsectarian, coeducational university. it is in hamden, connecticut, united states. 
the university grants undergraduate, graduate, and professional degrees through its college of arts and sciences; school of business and engineering; school of communications; school of health sciences; school of law; school of medicine; school of nursing and school of education. quinnipiac is home to the quinnipiac university polling institute.
hamden is a town in new haven county, connecticut, united states. the town's nickname is "the land of the sleeping giant." the population was 60,960 at the 2010 census. hamden is a suburb of the city of new haven.
siddhi savetsila (, , , 7 january 1919 – 5 december 2015) was a thai air force officer and politician. he served as the foreign minister of thailand from 1980 to 1990. he was the deputy prime minister of thailand serving from january through august 1986. he has been a member of the privy council of king bhumibol adulyadej. 
savetsila died at the age of 96 in bangkok on 5 december 2015.
a mohel is a person who circumcises jewish baby boys eight days after they are born. this is a practice of jewish law ("halakha"). 
a knife is traditionally used for this, but a clamp is now sometimes used instead. in orthodox judaism the mohel is male. however, some more progressive types of judaism allow women to serve as a mohel. 
the event of the circumcision is called a "brit milah", sometimes pronounced "bris" especially by jews of european heritage whose ancestors spoke yiddish. the mohel says prayers with the infant's family and guests, to welcome the baby boy into the jewish religion.
farina is a ghost town in south australia. it is on the edge of the desert, with an unpredictable annual rainfall of 163.6 mm. it was a farming and railway town, part of the ghan railway, 26 km north of lyndhurst and 55 km south of marree. in 2006 there were 55 people living near farina.
before 1878 farina was called the gums or government gums, it was an important waterhole in a dry desert. farina was settled in 1878 by farmers who thought that if they ploughed the land and planted crops it would rain. it was named farina after the latin word for flour. the town was the railhead until 1884 when the railway reached marree. during the wet years of the 1880s, plans were laid out for a town with 432 ¼-acre blocks. it was believed that it would be good for growing wheat and barley, however normal rainfall is not enough to grow these crops. several silver and copper mines were dug in the surrounding area.
farina grew to 600 people in the late 1800s. the town had two hotels (the transcontinental and the exchange) and an underground bakery, a bank, two breweries, a general store, an anglican church, five blacksmiths, a school and a brothel. in 1909, a 1143 kg iron meteorite was discovered north-east of the town.
today all that is left are stone ruins and the elevated railway water tank. the post office closed in the 1960s and the railway line closed in the 1980s.
no one lives in the town, the closest people live at farina station, a farm, west of the town. a bush camping area has been set up by the owners of farina station.
volunteers have repaired the bakery and put up information signs.
the town's cemetery is a few kilometres from the town. it has an afghan corner with several headstones, some with both english and arabic writing. these mark the graves of former farina residents of afghan origin who were part of the afghan camel trains which used to provide transport services before the railway. all the gravestones face mecca in the islamic tradition.
abortion in azerbaijan is legal upon request within the first twenty-eight weeks of pregnancy. 
after twenty-eight weeks, it is legal when:
additionally, a physician may approve any other reason to carry out an abortion.
an onomatopoeia is a word that sounds like the sound it means: words that imitate particular sounds.
alton glenn miller (march 1, 1904 – missing in action december 15, 1944) was an american big band musician, arranger, composer, and bandleader in the swing era. he was the best-selling recording artist from 1939 to 1943, leading one of the best known big bands. miller's notable recordings include "in the mood", "moonlight serenade", "pennsylvania 6-5000", "chattanooga choo choo", "a string of pearls", "at last", "(i've got a gal in) kalamazoo", "american patrol", "tuxedo junction", "elmer's tune", and "little brown jug". during world war ii, he led bands in the u.s. army. while he was traveling in france during world war ii, glenn miller's airplane disappeared over the english channel.
early life and career.
miller was born in clarinda, iowa. his parents were mattie lou (née cavender) and lewis elmer miller. in 1915, miller's family moved to grant city, missouri, and he started playing in the town orchestra. at first, he played cornet and mandolin, but he switched to trombone by 1916. in 1918, the miller family moved to fort morgan, colorado, where miller went to high school. during his senior year, he started a band with some classmates. they played "dance band music". by the time miller graduated from high school in 1921, he had decided to become a professional musician.
in 1923, miller entered the university of colorado at boulder, but he spent most of his time away from school. he played auditions and gigs. he did not do well in school. he dropped out of school, and decided to start a career as a professional musician. he later studied under joseph schillinger and composed "moonlight serenade". in 1926, miller toured with several groups, eventually landing a good spot in ben pollack's group in los angeles. while playing with this band, miller wrote several musical arrangements and also co-wrote his first composition, "room 1411", with benny goodman. in 1928, he married helen burger in new york city. at first, he was the main trombone soloist of the band. but when another trombone player joined, miller was given fewer solos. at this point, he decided he should mainly be a composer. in the late 1920s, he wrote and published a songbook.
in the early 1930s, miller was a trombonist, arranger, and composer in the dorsey brothers. miller composed the songs "annie's cousin fannie", "dese dem dose", "harlem chapel chimes", and "tomorrow's another day" in 1934 and 1935. in 1935, he started an american orchestra for british bandleader ray noble. in this band, he featured a lead clarinet over four saxophones. he later used this arrangement in his own bands.
glenn miller formed his first band in 1937. the band broke up after playing its last show at the ritz ballroom in bridgeport, connecticut, on january 2, 1938.
success from 1938 to 1942.
miller was discouraged and returned to new york. he realized that the band needed to have a "sound" that was different from other bands. he decided to make the clarinet and tenor saxophone play the melody together, while three other saxophones played harmony. miller hired a saxophonist named wilbur schwartz, but instead had him play lead clarinet. this was unique because it did not rely on repeated motifs, like other bands.
miller had a staff who wrote and arranged songs for the band. they were jerry gray, bill finegan, billy may, and george williams.
bluebird records and glen island casino.
in september 1938, the miller band began making recordings for bluebird records. cy shribman, a prominent east coast businessman, began financing the band. in the spring of 1939, the band played at the meadowbrook ballroom in cedar grove, new jersey and at the glen island casino in new rochelle, new york. at glen island, 1800 people attended afterwards, the band became much more popular. the band's recording "tuxedo junction" sold 115,000 copies in the first week.
on february 10, 1942, miller received a gold record for "chattanooga choo-choo". "chattanooga choo choo" was performed by the miller orchestra with his singers gordon "tex" beneke, paula kelly and the vocal group, the modernaires. other singers with this orchestra included marion hutton, skip nelson, ray eberle, kay starr, ernie caceres, dorothy claire and jack lathrop.
miller and his band appeared in two films. the first one was "sun valley serenade" (1941) the second was "orchestra wives" (1942).
army air force band: 1942–1944.
in 1942, miller decided to join the war effort because he was too old to be drafted. at first, he volunteered for the navy but was told he was not needed. miller then wrote to army brigadier general charles young. he asked to lead an army band so he could entertain the allied forces, and was accepted this time. he earned the rank of captain and he was soon promoted to major by august 1944.
he was placed in the united states army at first, but was then moved to the army air forces. captain glenn miller served as an officer at the training center at maxwell air force base in montgomery, alabama, in december 1942. he played trombone with the rhythmaires, a 15-piece dance band, both on the base and in the town.
miller formed a large marching band. he tried to modernize military music. some officers didn't like it, but he continued because other leaders supported him. for example, he combined blues and jazz with the traditional military march. he formed the army air force band, with 50 members. in the summer of 1944, he took it to england, where he gave 800 performances and recorded a series of records. the music was used in american forces network radio broadcasting for entertainment and counter-propaganda against fascism. miller also talked on the radio. one time, he said:
"america means freedom and there's no expression of freedom quite so sincere as music."
on december 15, 1944, miller was to fly from the united kingdom to paris, france, to play for the soldiers there. his plane departed from clapham and disappeared while flying over the english channel. there were two other people on the plane: lt. col. norman baessell and pilot john morgan.
there have been many theories about what happened to the plane. according to a 2014 article in the "chicago tribune", miller's plane crashed because it had a faulty carburetor.
in february 1945, miller's wife, helen accepted the bronze star medal for him.
civilian band legacy.
when glenn miller was alive, various bandleaders like bob chester imitated his style. in 1942, miller gave singer mel tormé advice about songwriting.
by the early 1950s, more bands started to copy miller's style.
the miller estate authorized an official glenn miller "ghost band" in 1946. this band was led by tex beneke, former tenor saxophonist and a singer for the civilian band. it was similar to the army air force band because it had a large string section. at first called the "glenn miller orchestra under the direction of tex beneke", it later became "the tex beneke orchestra".
a film about miller's life, "the glenn miller story", was released in 1953. because of this, the miller estate asked ray mckinley to lead a new ghost band in 1956. this band still tours the united states.
army air force band legacy.
after miller's disappearance, his army air force band was decommissioned and sent back to the united states. another band, called "the 314", took its place.
miller composed at least fourteen songs, both by himself or with other people. he added lyrics to another song. these and other songs were recorded by miller's civilian bands and his army air force band.
grammy hall of fame.
glenn miller had three recordings that were put into the grammy hall of fame after he died. this award is for recordings that are at least 25 years old and that have "qualitative or historical significance."
new palestine (pronounced "pal-es-teen") is a town in the state of indiana, in the united states. as of the 2010 census, the population was 2,055.
the ghan is a passenger train between adelaide, alice springs, and darwin on the adelaide–darwin railway in australia. the train is operated by great southern rail. it takes 54 hours to travel the with a four-hour stop in alice springs.
the train's name is a short version of its nickname "the afghan express". this nickname is said to have been first used in 1923 by one the train crew. the train's name honours afghan camel drivers who arrived in australia in the late 19th century to help find a way to reach the country's unexplored interior.
another view is that the name was an insult. in 1891, the railway from quorn reached oodnadatta. this was home to about 150 cameleers, known as 'afghans'. 'the ghan express' name was used by train crews in the 1890s as a joke because, when an expensive sleeping car was put on from quorn to oodnadatta, 'on the first return journey the only passenger was an afghan'. as early as 1924, it was known as 'the afghan express' because it was so unreliable, often days, or weeks late. by 1951, when steam engines were replaced by diesel-electric locomotives, the insult of the names, like the cameleers, had faded away. modern marketing has turned the name into a term of pride in its heritage.
"the ghan" was sold to a private company in 1997 and is operated by great southern rail. gsr was sold to allegro funds, a sydney investment fund, in march 2015.
"the ghan" normally runs weekly year round. during december 2012 and january 2013 it ran only once every two weeks. until 2016, a second service operated between june and september. the train stops at alice springs and katherine so passengers have time for optional tours. 
each train has between 16 and 26 stainless steel carriages. these were built by comeng, granville in the late 1960s / early 1970s for the "indian pacific", plus a motorail wagon. the train is pulled by a pacific national nr class locomotive. sometimes, other locomotives such as an an class or a dl class join the nr class to pull the train.
starting in august 1929, "the ghan" first ran on the central australian railway. this was a narrow-gauge railway that went to alice springs. in 1957, the standard gauge stirling north to marree line opened, so the train only ran north of marree. in october 1980 a new standard gauge line was built to the west of the original line. this was later extended north from alice springs to darwin, opening in january 2004.
the port augusta to government gums railway began in 1878 when premier of south australia, william jervois, broke ground at port augusta. the line reached hawker in june 1880, beltana in july 1881, marree in january 1884, and oodnadatta in january 1891. in 1926 work began to build the line to alice springs. and that section was completed in 1929. until then, the final part of the train journey was made by camel.
there were always plans to build the line to darwin, but by the time the line to alice springs was built, "the ghan" was losing money. plans to reach darwin were put on indefinite hold. the original line followed the same track as the overland telegraph, which is believed to be the route taken by john mcdouall stuart during his 1862 crossing of australia.
steam locomotives need a lot of water, and stuart's route to alice springs was the only one that had available water. this meant that when it did rain, the creeks and rivers often washed the track away. 
"the ghan" service was well known for long delays caused by these washouts. a flatcar behind the locomotive carried spare sleepers and railway tools, so that if there was damage to the track, the passengers and crew could repair the line. during world war ii the service had to be greatly expanded, putting great pressure on the limited water supplies. as a result, de-mineralisation towers, some of which survive to this day, were built along the track. this meant that bore water could be used in the locomotives. when the new line to alice springs was built in the 1970s, the use of diesel engines meant that there was far less need for water. the line could take the much drier route from tarcoola to alice springs.
the original ghan was shown in bbc television's series "great railway journeys of the world" in 1980, presented by michael frayn.
the original "ghan" ran for the last time in 1980. the ghan preservation society has repaired sections of the old narrow gauge track and some notable sidings. in october 1980 the new standard gauge line from tarcoola on the trans-australian railway to alice springs was opened. the new line is about west of the old line. this avoids the floodplains where the original line was often damaged by floods. it was also hoped that the new line would improve the train's timekeeping.
the modern "ghan" was in an episode of channel 5's series "chris tarrant: extreme railways". in november 1998, one service went from adelaide to melbourne while from april 1999, the other went to sydney.
connection to darwin.
building the line between alice springs and darwin is said to be the second-largest civil engineering project in australia, the largest since the snowy mountains scheme was built 1949–1974. work began in july 2001, with the first passenger train reaching darwin on 4 february 2004, after 126 years of planning and waiting. the cost was a$1.3 billion.
"the ghan's" arrival in darwin started a new era of tourism in the northern territory. travel to the area was easier, with better access to and for aboriginal communities. the rail link will allow for more freight to travel through the region, leading to a hope that darwin will serve as another trade link with asia.
one of the locomotives was named after steve irwin to help promote the new service and tourism to the region.
itanium ( ) is a type of intel microprocessors with 64-bit chip architecture (not related to the by now mainstream 64-bit cpus made by intel and others). itanium processors are sometimes used today for servers. itanium processors where originally designed by hp and intel with intel making producing them, and several manufacturers of systems used them; nowhere as many systems used as originally hoped for. by now mostly hp still supports systems using these chips.
intel officially announced the end of life and product discontinuance of the itanium cpu family on january 30, 2019.
powerful-type server market.
when first released in 2001, itanium's speed was disappointing compared to other processor types. using existing x86 applications and operating systems was especially bad, with one test in 2001 showing that it was as fast as a 100 mhz pentium (1.1 ghz pentiums were on the market at that time).
itanium did not have success compared to ia-32 or risc, and was even worse when x86-64 was released, which worked with older x86 applications.
in an article from 2009 about the history of itanium — "how the itanium killed the computer industry" — journalist john c. dvorak reported "this continues to be one of the great fiascos [bad situations] of the last 50 years" . technology writer ashlee vance wrote that slowness in speed and release "turned the product into a joke in the chip industry." in an interview, donald knuth said "the itanium approach...was supposed to be so terrific—until it turned out that the wished-for compilers were basically impossible to write."
both red hat and microsoft said that they would stop allowing itanium to be used with their operating systems. however, other linux distributions such as gentoo and debian are still available for itanium. on march 22, 2011, oracle said they would no longer support itanium, but support for their existing products would continue. in october 2013, oracle said they would release oracle database 12.1.0.1.0 on hp-ux itanium 11.31 by early 2014.
a past intel company official said that itanium had become profitable (able to make a lot of money) for intel in late 2009. in 2009 and later, itanium was mostly used on servers by hp, which made 95% of itanium servers, so the primary operating system for itanium was hp-ux. on march 22, 2011, intel said they will keep supporting itanium entirely with many new itanium chips being created and on-time.
although itanium did do well with high-end computing, intel wanted it to have more usage compared to the original x86 architecture.
amd decided on an easier idea, creating x86-64, a 64-bit addition to the x86 architecture, which microsoft soon supported in microsoft windows, so intel had to include the same type of 64-bit addition in intel's x86 processors. x86-64 can use existing 32-bit applications at full hardware speed, but has 64-bit memory addressing and other additions to new applications. this architecture has now become the most used 64-bit architecture in the desktop and laptop market, with the 64-bit armv8 architecture powering many mobile devices, used in today's iphones, ipads, ipod touches, and now many android phones and tablets such as the nexus 6p and nexus 9. ssome itanium-based workstations were initially introduced by companies such as sgi, but they are no longer available. because amd made the first x86-64 chip, the architecture is commonly referred to as "amd64" inside of operating systems.
in 1989, hp thought reduced instruction set computing (risc) architectures were stuck at one instruction per cycle. hp researchers tried to create a new type of processor architecture, later called explicitly parallel instruction computing (epic), that allows the processor to use many instructions in each clock cycle. epic uses a form of very long instruction word (vliw) architecture, in which 1 instruction word had many instructions. with epic, the compiler checks which instructions can be used at the same time, so the processor can run the instructions without needing complicated methods to see which instructions to use at the same time.
the goal of this idea is to allow better inspection of the code at the time of compile to check for additional opportunities for multiple executions at once, and to simplify processor design and save electricity by removing the need for runtime scheduling instructions.
hp thought that it was not good for individual enterprise system companies like hp to make proprietary processors, so hp worked with intel in 1994 to create the ia-64 architecture, made with epic's ideas. intel wanted to make a large effort in creating ia-64 in the expectation that the resulting processor would be used by most enterprise systems. hp and intel had a large design effort to make the first itanium product, merced, in 1998.
during creation, intel, hp, and other industry analysts thought that ia-64 would be very popular in servers, workstations, and desktops, and one day replace risc and complex instruction set computing (cisc) architectures for multi-purpose applications.
compaq and silicon graphics stopped working on their alpha and mips architectures to move to the itanium architecture.
many groups created operating systems for itanium, including microsoft windows, openvms, linux, and unix types such as hp-ux, solaris,
tru64 unix, and monterey/64
(the last three were never finished work with running on itanium). by 1997, many found that the itanium architecture and the compiler were more difficult to use than they thought.
technology issues such as the very high transistor counts needed for the large instruction words and the large caches. there were also problems with the project, as the two parts of the team used different methods and had slightly different priorities. because merced was the first epic processor, its creation had more problems than the team had thought. in addition, the epic concept requires different compiler abilities that had never been created before, so more research was needed.
intel announced the name of the processor, "itanium", on october 4, 1999.
in only a few hours, the name "itanic" had been used as a joke, (a reference to "titanic", the "unsinkable" ship that sank in 1912 ("itanium + titanic = itanic")).
"itanic" has also been used by "the register",
to say the multi-billion-dollar investment in itanium, and the early demand with it, would mean nothing because they thought itanium was going to fail.
itanium (merced): 2001.
by the time itanium was released in june 2001, its performance was not superior to competing risc and cisc processors.
itanium competed with low-power systems (primarily 4-cpu and small systems) with servers based on x86 processors, and with high-power such as with ibm's power architecture and sun microsystems' sparc architecture. intel shifted itanium to working with the high-power business and hpc computing, trying to copy x86's successful market (i.e., 1 architecture, many system vendors). the success of the 1st processor version was only with replacing pa-risc in hp systems, alpha in compaq systems and mips in sgi systems, but ibm also made a supercomputer based on this architecture.
power and sparc were strong, and the x86 architecture grew more into the enterprise space, because of easier scaling and very large install base.
only a few thousand systems using the 1st itanium processor, "merced", were sold, because of poorer performance, high cost and less itanium-made software.
intel saw that itanium required more native software to work well, so intel made thousands of systems for independent software vendors to help them make itanium software. hp and intel brought the 2nd itanium processor, itanium 2, to market a year later.
itanium 2: 2002–2010.
the itanium 2 processor was released in 2002, for enterprise servers and not all of high-power computing. the 1st version of itanium 2, code-named "mckinley", was created by hp and intel. it fixed many of the problems of the 1st itanium processor, which were mostly caused by a bad memory subsystem. "mckinley" had 221 million transistors (25 million of them were for logic), and was 19.5 mm by 21.6 mm (421 mm2) and was created with a 180 nm design process, and a cmos process with 6 layers of aluminium.
in 2003, amd released the opteron, which implemented the first x86-64 architecture (called amd64 at the time). opteron was much more successful because it was an easy upgrade from x86. intel implemented x86-64 in its xeon processors in 2004.
intel released a new itanium 2 processor, code-named "madison", in 2003. madison used a 130 nm process and was the foundation of all new itanium processors until june 2006.
in march 2005, intel announced that it was working on a new itanium processor, code-named "tukwila", to be released in 2007. tukwila would have 4 processor cores and would replace the itanium bus with a new common system interface, which would also be used by a new xeon processor.
later in that year, intel changed tukwila's release date to late 2008.
in november 2005, the largest itanium server makers worked with intel and many software vendors to create the itanium solutions alliance, to promote the architecture and speed up software porting.
the alliance says that its members would invest $10 billion in itanium solutions by the end of the decade.
in 2006, intel delivered "montecito" (marketed as the itanium 2 9000 series), a 2-core processor that had approximately 2x performance and 20% less energy usage.
intel released the itanium 2 9100 series, codenamed "montvale", in november 2007.
in may 2009, the release for tukwila, montvale's successor, was changed again, with release to oems planned for the first quarter of 2010.
itanium 9300 (tukwila): 2010.
the itanium 9300 series processor, code-named "tukwila", was released on february 8, 2010, with greater performance and memory amount.
tukwila uses a 65 nm process, has between two and four cores, up to 24 mb cpu cache, hyper-threading technology and new memory controllers. it also has double-device data correction, which helps to fix memory issues. tukwila also has intel quickpath interconnect (qpi) to replace the itanium bus architecture. it has a maximum inner-processor bandwidth of 96 gb/s and a maximum memory bandwidth of 34 gb/s. with quickpath, the processor has built-in memory controllers, which controls the memory using qpi interfaces to communicate with other processors and i/o hubs. quickpath is also used with intel processors using the "nehalem" architecture, so that tukwila and nehalem might be able to use the same chipsets.
tukwila incorporates four memory controllers, each of which supports multiple ddr3 dimms via a separate memory controller,
similar to the nehalem xeon processor code-named "beckton".
itanium 9500 (poulson): 2012.
the itanium 9500 series processor, code-named "poulson", is the follow-on processor to tukwila and was released on november 8, 2012.
intel says it skips the 45 nm process technology and uses the 32 nm process technology instead; it features 8 cores, has a 12-wide issue architecture, multi-threading additions, and new instructions for parallelism, including virtualization.
the poulson l3 cache size is 32 mb. l2 cache size is 6 mb, 512 i kb, 256 d kb per core. poulson's size is 544 mm², less than tukwila's size (698.75 mm²).
at isscc 2011, intel presented a paper called, "a 32nm 3.1 billion transistor 12-wide-issue itanium processor for mission critical servers."
given intel's history of sharing details about itanium microprocessors at isscc, this paper most likely refers to poulson. analyst david kanter speculates that poulson will use a new architecture, with a more advanced form of multi-threading that uses as many as two threads, to improve performance for single threaded and multi-threaded work.
new information was released at hot chips conference.
the new information claims improvements in multithreading, reliability improvements (instruction replay ras) and some new instructions (thread priority, integer instruction, cache pre-fetching, data access hints).
in intel's product change notification (pcn) 111456–01, it listed 4 models of itanium 9500 series cpu, which were removed in a revised version of the document. the parts were later listed in intel's material declaration data sheets (mdds) database. intel later posted itanium 9500 reference manual.
the models are:
in comparison with its xeon server processors, itanium has never been a large product for intel. intel does not release production numbers. one industry analyst estimated that the production rate was 200,000 processors per year in 2007.
according to gartner inc., the total number of itanium servers (not processors) sold by all vendors in 2007, was about 55,000. (it is unclear whether clustered servers counted as a single server or not.) this compares with 417,000 risc servers (spread across all risc vendors) and 8.4 million x86 servers. idc reports that a total of 184,000 itanium-based systems were sold from 2001 through 2007. for the combined power/sparc/itanium systems market, idc reports that power captured 42% of revenue and sparc captured 32%, while itanium-based system revenue reached 26% in the second quarter of 2008.
according to an idc analyst, in 2007, hp had about 80% of itanium system revenue.
according to gartner, in 2008, hp had 95% of itanium sales. hp's itanium system sales were at $4.4 billion at the end of 2008, and $3.5 billion by the end of 2009,
compared to a 35% decline in unix system revenue for sun and an 11% drop for ibm, with an x86-64 server revenue increase of 14% during this period.
in december 2012, idc released a research report stating that itanium server shipments would remain flat through 2016, with annual shipment of 26,000 systems (a decline of over 50% compared to shipments in 2008).
, only a few providers have itanium systems, such as hp, bull, nec, inspur and huawei. intel offers a chassis that can be used by system integrators to build itanium systems.
hp, the only one of the industry's top 4 server manufacturers to sell itanium systems today, creating at least 80% of all itanium systems. hp sold 7,200 systems in the first quarter of 2006.
most itanium systems sold are enterprise servers and machines for large-scale technical computing, with each system costing about us $200,000. a typical system uses eight or more itanium processors.
the itanium bus communicates with the rest of the system. enterprise server makers differentiate their systems by making their own chipsets that interface the processor to memory, interconnections, and peripheral controllers. the chipset is the heart of the system-level architecture for each system design. creation of a chipset costs tens of millions of dollars and represents a major commitment to the use of the itanium. ibm created a chipset in 2003, and intel in 2002, but neither of them has developed chipsets to support technologies such as ddr2 or pci express.
currently, modern chipsets for itanium supporting such technologies are manufactured by hp, fujitsu, sgi, nec, and hitachi.
the "tukwila" itanium processor model had been designed to share a common chipset with the intel xeon processor ex (intel's xeon processor designed for four processor and larger servers). the goal is to streamline system development and reduce costs for server oems, many of whom develop both itanium- and xeon-based servers. however, in 2013, this goal was pushed back to "evaluated for future implementation opportunities".
itanium is or was supported (i.e. windows version can no longer be bought) by the following operating systems:
microsoft announced that windows server 2008 r2 would be the last version of windows server to support the itanium (support started with xp), and that it would also discontinue development of the itanium versions of visual studio and sql server.
likewise, red hat enterprise linux 5 (first released in march 2007) was the last itanium edition of red hat enterprise linux
and debian no longer supports itanium officially (last release with official support was debian 7 / wheezy, and was not covered by long term support (lts), but unofficial support for newer debian is still available in limited form via debian ports; last available kernel in wheezy-backports is linux 3.14.0, which was released on march 30, 2014, but it is possible to manually update to latest 3.14.x version, or more recent kernel versions, like 4.17.17 as of september 2018) and in addition canonical ltd. chose to not support itanium for ubuntu 10.04 lts (released in april 2010, now discontinued).
hp will not be supporting or certifying linux on itanium 9300 (tukwila) servers.
in late september 2012, nec announced a return from ia-64 to the previous noah line of proprietary mainframe processors, now produced in a quad-core variant on 40 nm, called noah-6.
hp sells a virtualization technology for itanium called integrity virtual machines.
to allow more software to run on the itanium, intel supported the development of compilers optimized for the platform, especially its own suite of compilers.
starting in november 2010, with the introduction of new product suites, the intel itanium compilers were no longer bundled with the intel x86 compilers in a single product. intel offers itanium tools and intel x86 tools, including compilers, independently in different product bundles.
open64 and microsoft visual studio 2005 (and later)
are also able to produce machine code for itanium. according to the itanium solutions alliance over 13,000 applications were available for itanium-based systems in early 2008,
though sun has contested itanium application counts in the past.
the isa also supported gelato, an itanium hpc user group and developer community that ported and supported open-source software for itanium.
emulation is a technique that allows a computer to execute binary code that was compiled for a different type of computer. before ibm's acquisition of quicktransit in 2009, application binary software for irix/mips and solaris/sparc could run via type of emulation called "dynamic binary translation" on linux/itanium. similarly, hp implemented a method to execute pa-risc/hp-ux on the itanium/hp-ux via emulation, to simplify migration of its pa-risc customers to the radically different itanium instruction set. itanium processors can also run the mainframe environment gcos from groupe bull and several x86 operating systems via instruction set simulators.
itanium is aimed at the enterprise server and high-performance computing (hpc) markets. other enterprise- and hpc-focused processor lines include oracle corporation's sparc m7, fujitsu's sparc64 x+ and ibm's power8. measured by quantity sold, itanium's most serious competition comes from x86-64 processors including intel's own xeon line and amd's opteron line. since 2009, most servers were being shipped with x86-64 processors.
in 2005, itanium systems accounted for about 14% of hpc systems revenue, but the percentage has declined as the industry shifts to x86-64 clusters for this application.
an october 2008 paper by gartner, on the tukwila processor stated that "...the future roadmap for itanium looks as strong as that of any risc peer like power or sparc."
supercomputers and high-performance computing.
an itanium-based computer first appeared on the list of the top500 supercomputers in november 2001. the best position ever achieved by an "itanium 2" based system in the list was #2, achieved in june 2004, when thunder (llnl) entered the list with an rmax of 19.94 teraflops. in november 2004, columbia entered the list at #2 with 51.8 teraflops, and there was at least one itanium-based computer in the top 10 from then until june 2007. the peak number of itanium-based machines on the list occurred in the november 2004 list, at 84 systems (16.8%); by june 2012, this had dropped to one system (0.2%), and no itanium system remained on the list in november 2012.
the itanium processors show a progression in capability. merced was a proof of concept. mckinley dramatically improved the memory hierarchy and allowed itanium to become reasonably competitive. madison, with the shift to a 130 nm process, allowed for enough cache space to overcome the major performance bottlenecks. montecito, with a 90 nm process, allowed for a dual-core implementation and a major improvement in performance per watt. montvale added three new features: core-level lockstep, demand-based switching and front-side bus frequency of up to 667 mhz.
during the hp vs. oracle support lawsuit, court documents unsealed by santa clara county court judge revealed in 2008, hewlett-packard had paid intel corp. around $440 million to keep producing and updating itanium microprocessors from 2009 to 2014. in 2010, the two companies signed another $250 million deal, which obliged intel to continue making itanium central processing units for hp's machines until 2017. under the terms of the agreements, hp has to pay for chips it gets from intel, while intel launches tukwila, poulson, kittson and kittson+ chips in a bid to gradually boost performance of the platform.
"kittson" is planned to follow poulson in 2015. kittson, like poulson, will be manufactured using intel's 32 nm process. few other details are known beyond the existence of the codename and the binary and socket compatibility with poulson and tukwila, though moving to a common socket with x86 xeon "will be evaluated for future implementation opportunities" after kittson.
erika mitchell (born 7 march 1963), known by her pen name as e. l. james is an english author. james was born in london. she was raised in buckinghamshire. she studied history at the university of kent. james wrote: "fifty shades of grey", "", "fifty shades freed", and "fifty shades darker".
ko chun-hsiung (; 15 january 1945 – 7 december 2015) was a taiwanese actor, director, producer and politician. his career began in the 1960s and had appeared in over 120 movies.
during his career he has won the golden horse awards, two asia pacific film festival for best actor awards, a panama international film festival for best actor award. in 2005, chinese film association of performance art named ko on the list of 100 outstanding artists in chinese film (1905 - 2004).
chun-hsiung died of lung cancer in kaohsiung, taiwan at the age of 70.
holly woodlawn (haroldo santiago franceschi rodriguez danhakl; october 26, 1946 – december 6, 2015) was a transgender puerto rican actress and warhol superstar. she was known for her roles in "trash" (1970) and "women in revolt" (1972).
woodlawn died in los angeles, california from brain cancer and liver cancer at the age of 69.
uxbridge is a town in west london which became a municipal borough in 1955. it has been part of the london borough of hillingdon since 1965. about 53,000 people live in uxbridge. its postcode is ub8.
tolworth is a suburban area of southwest london. its postcodes are kt5 and kt6.
fremington is a village in north devon.
kehelland () is a hamlet in the northwest of cornwall, england.
there is a small primary school and a horticultural centre called kehelland trust. kehelland trust supports adults with learning difficulties.
west tisbury is a civil parish in southwest wiltshire, england. the nearest city is salisbury, which is about 13 miles away.
in west tisbury there are five hamlets:
in norse mythology, the einherjar (lone-fighters) are warriors who have died in battle and are brought to valhalla by valkyries. in valhalla, the einherjar eat meat from the boar called sæhrímnir. every day he is boiled and every night he becomes whole again. they drink mead provided by a goat named heiðrún. every day they dress for battle and go out and fight each other. this is to prepare for the events of ragnarök (the end of the world).
the einherjar are written about in the "prose edda" by snorri sturluson. also in the poem written in the 13th century "hákonarmál", by eyvindr skáldaspillir.
the african plate is a major tectonic plate. it includes much of the continent of africa, as well as the oceanic crust which lies between the continent and various surrounding ocean ridges. since the continent of africa includes the african plate and the smaller plates to its right, some literature refers to the african plate as the nubian plate to distinguish it from the continent as a whole.
between 60 million years ago (mya) and 10 mya, the somali plate began rifting from the african plate along the east african rift.
one hypothesis suggests a mantle plume beneath the afar region. another hypothesis suggests the rifting is just a zone of weakness as the plates to its east move northwards.
the african plate's speed is about per year. it has been moving over the past 100 million years or so in a general northeast direction. this is drawing it closer to the eurasian plate. there is subduction where oceanic crust meets continental crust (in parts of the central and eastern mediterranean). 
along its northeast margin, the african plate is bounded by the red sea rift where the arabian plate is moving away from the african plate.
the african, somali and arabian plates were once all part of the great southern supercontinent gondwana, as was the indian subcontinent.
openstep was an operating system by next. it is an x86 version of the nextstep operating system, which was also by next.
rhapsody was the name given to apple computer's next-generation operating system. apple got the rhapsody operating system when they bought next inc. from steve jobs for $425 million. the same year apple released rhapsody to software developers so they could create versions of their software for the next release of the apple operating system. but a key software vendor, adobe systems, did not like apple's plan for the new os. without adobe supporting them apple decided not to go ahead with rhapsody. rhapsody was replaced by os x, scheduled for 1999.
the palmchat ("dulus dominicus") is a small passerine bird. it is the national bird of the dominican republic.
the arabian bustard ("ardeotis arabs") is a bird native to north africa and the middle east. it lives in the sahel region (mauritania, senegal, gambia, mali, burkina faso, niger, nigeria, chad, sudan), south sudan, kenya, eritrea, ethiopia, djibouti, somalia, saudi arabia and yemen.
as in all bustards, the male arabian bustard is much larger than the female. males have been found to weigh , while females weigh . the record-sized male arabian bustard weighed . these birds stand from tall in females to tall in males.
national bohemian beer is an american beer first made in baltimore, maryland. it is a premium bohemian-style beer. many people call it "natty boh" as a nickname.
in 1885, the national brewing company created national bohemian beer. the first factory was in baltimore, maryland. the brewing stopped from 1920 to 1933 due to prohibition. this was the period when nobody could drink alcohol in the us. in 1933 under the ownership of jerold hoffberger the factory of natty boh opened again. during the 1940s the factory of national bohemian was the first in the us to adopt the six pack. in the 1970s, the hoffberger family sold the brand name. during the next three decades, the brand of this beer was bought and sold by different companies. the copyright of the beer was purchased first by stroh, then by g. heileman brewing, and then by pabst, in 1999. since the hoffberger family sold the beer it has been brewed in north carolina. from 1996 until 2011, national bohemian wasn’t available directly from the bar, but only by cans or bottles. in 2014, an american citizen born in russia, eugene kashper, bought the entire pabst company, so also national bohemian.
relationship with baltimore.
under the ownership of jerold hoffberger, natty boh was first associated with the city of baltimore. in 1953, jerold hoffberger helped to bring the st. louis browns to baltimore where they became the baltimore orioles. he made national bohemian the main sponsor of the baseball team. about twelve years later hoffberger bought the team. under the ownership of jerold hoffberger the orioles won two world series and four american league pennants. nattty boh was served at the stadium. this was the period when national bohemian became the beer of baltimore because people identified the orioles’ wins with the beer. although the beer is not brewed in maryland anymore, 95% of sales are still in baltimore. this is why is it called "the beer of maryland".
in 1933, the logo of this beer, mr. boh, was introduced. mr. boh is a one-eyed man with a black mustache. thanks to the popularity achieved by national bohemian with the orioles, mr. boh became a symbol of baltimore. his big face is still visible at the top of the old building where it was once brewed. through the years, people started collecting gadgets with the logo of national bohemian. around baltimore, several pubs serve natty boh as the main beer. these pubs are decorated with different gadgets of mr. boh.
service animals are animals that have been trained to do things to help people with disabilities. service animals may also be called assistance animals, assist animals, support animals, or helper animals, depending on the country and what the animal does.
there are three basic types of assistance animals:
in the united states, as of the 2011 changes to americans with disabilities act regulation only dogs may be used as service animals for the purposes of going to public places. however, in certain situations miniature horses are supposed to be accommodated the same as service animals that are dogs. the u.s. government does not recognize a right to use any other species as an assistance animal in public places where pets would not be permitted except on commercial aircraft. 
dogs can be trained to do many different things to help owners with physical disabilities. for example, some dogs can be trained to:
dogs can also be trained to help owners with psychiatric (mental health) disabilities. for example, some dogs can be trained to:
these are just examples of some of the things service dogs can do. service dogs can also be trained to do many, many more things for people with all kinds of disabilities.
miniature horses are horses that are usually less than three feet tall. they can be trained to:
an owner might choose a miniature horse as a service animal because they are allergic to dogs, or because their religion says that dogs are unclean. miniature horses can also live and work for about 30 years, much longer than a service dog.
are not allowed in buildings with a "no animal" policy. they may be used at home or outside where any animal is allowed, but under the 2011 ada revision, only canines and in some cases miniature horses, are legally recognized as public access service animals.
capuchin monkeys can be trained to do things with their hands, like: 
helper monkeys can be helpful to people who have trouble with using their hands and arms, like people with quadriplegia, very bad spinal cord injuries, very bad injuries to their hands and arms, and multiple sclerosis.
helper monkeys are usually raised in a human home as infants. then they get years of training, usually in schools by private organizations. on average, they take 7 years to train. they are usually able to serve as helper monkeys for 25–30 years (two to three times longer than a service dog).
not everyone agrees that monkeys should be service animals. debbie leahy, manager of captive wildlife protection for the humane society of the united states, says that monkeys are not real service animals and that sometimes they are abused during their training.
in the united states, helper monkeys are also not counted as service animals under most laws.
animals which cannot be service animals.
if an animal has not been trained to do a job or task that will help a person with a disability, it cannot be a service animal.
some people with mental health problems, like anxiety or ptsd, use different kinds of animals to give them comfort (make them feel better) when they are upset. these animals are called "comfort animals" (or "emotional support animals").
some people use unusual comfort animals, like snakes, tarantulas, guinea pigs, turtles, and rats. even if having the animal makes the owner feel better, these animals cannot be service animals because it is impossible to train them to do something to help a person with a disability.
even if a comfort animal is a dog or a miniature horse, being a comfort animal is not the same as being a service animal. comfort animals make their owners feel better just by being there. a service animal is trained to recognize that there is a problem and do the job they were trained to do to help their owner. for example, a psychiatric service dog would recognize that its owner is feeling upset and do a specific job, like get medicine, get help, or distract the person, to help them.
laws in the united states.
in the united states, service animals have some protection under the law. different laws set rules about service animals in different situations. for example, the americans with disabilities act (ada) governs the use of service animals in public places. other laws, for example, control which service animals are allowed in housing. but these different laws do not agree on what counts as a service animal.
the americans with disabilities act (ada).
in 1990, the united states passed the americans with disabilities act (ada). its goal was to protect the rights of people with disabilities. at first, it mentioned only guide dogs as service animals. since then, it has been changed to include more protections. it now defines a service animal as any "dog that is individually trained to do work or perform tasks for people with disabilities."
this means that only dogs count as service animals under the ada. however, there is a special section in the new ada about miniature horses. this section says that places covered by the ada (like businesses) should allow miniature horses "where reasonable." to decide whether allowing a miniature horse into a place is "reasonable," those places are allowed to use four questions:
if the answer to all four questions is "yes," the place needs to let the miniature horse in, and treat it like a service animal.
other than service dogs and service miniature horses, no other type of assistance animal is protected under the ada.
protections for service animals.
under the ada, it is illegal to refuse to let a service animal or its owner into: 
in these places, it is also illegal to treat a person with a service animal differently than any other person. the person with a service animal cannot be charged extra money, refused service, or kept apart from other people. a service animal can be asked to leave one of these places only if it is out of control (for example, if it is aggressive or urinates inside). the animal has to be on a leash, or controlled by its owner's voice or signals, all the time.
no one can ask for proof that the animal is a service animal. owners do not have to carry any special papers or prove that their service animal can do a special task. if an owner and a service animal enter one of these places, workers are only allowed to ask two questions to make sure the animal is a service animal and not a pet:
it is legal to train your own service animal in the united states.
service animals do not get these same protections in most religious organizations. most religious organizations are exempt from the ada's requirements, which means they do not have to obey the ada.
other laws have less strict definitions of which animals count as service animals. for example, the department of transportation's air carrier access act allows "dogs and other service animals" to ride with passengers on commercial airlines.
the fair housing act also requires housing providers to allow service animals (including comfort and emotional support animals). this law does not say that only certain animals are allowed.
laws in other countries.
mexico & south america.
in most places in south america and mexico, the place's owner or manager gets to decide whether to let a service animal in. there are no laws that protect service animals or their owners. in areas with many tourists, service dogs are generally welcomed without problems.
in brazil, however, the president created a new law about service dogs in 2006. the law says that all service dogs in brazil must be allowed to go anywhere that the public could go. the "brasília metro" (the brazilian public transportation system) has developed a program which trains guide dogs to ride it.
different european countries have different laws about service animals. some countries have laws that govern the entire country, and sometimes different parts of the country govern themselves.
in australia, the disability discrimination act of 1992 legally protects all assistance dog handlers.
however, with current laws, owners may not always be allowed to have their service animals with them in all situations. each state and territory has its own laws, which mainly have to do with guide dogs. queensland has introduced the guide hearing and assistance dog act 2009, which protects all certified assistance dogs.
in canada, any service animal is allowed anywhere that the general public is allowed, as long as the owner is in control of the animal. in alberta, there is a fine of up to $3000 for someone who refuses to let a service dog into a place where everyone else could go.
in south korea, the law says service dogs must be let into any areas that are open to the public. people who break this law can be fined for up to 2 million "won" (about $1691 in united states dollars).
the swan of tuonela is a tone poem by finnish composer, jean sibelius.
antonino da patti, also called antonio da patti, was a sicilian priest. in 1596 he was made an apostolic visitor for the order of reformed friars minor in the terra di lavoro. he suffered many persecutions, and died in rome the 6th january 1618. he was buried at the church of san francesco a ripa.
gregory rusedski (born 6 september 1973) is a retired canadian-british tennis player.
rusedski was born in montreal, quebec, canada. his mother is english. his father was born in germany and was of polish and ukrainian descent.
rusedski turned pro in 1991 and played for canada until 1995. from 1995 until his retirement in 2007, he played for great britain. he was the losing finalist in the 1997 u.s. open. his world ranking peaked at no.4 later that year. he was the british number 1 in 1997 and 1999. he competed in the 1996 and 2000 summer olympics.
rusedski was a contestant on "dancing on ice" in 2008. he lives in london.
eugenie bouchard (born february 25, 1994) is a canadian professional tennis player. she was born in montreal, quebec. she lives in miami beach, florida.
bouchard turned professional in 2009. she was the losing finalist at the 2014 wimbledon championships. her world ranking peaked at no.5 later that year.
niederhünigen is a municipality in the administrative district of bern-mittelland in the canton of bern in switzerland.
dotzigen is a municipality in the administrative district of seeland in the canton of bern in switzerland.
niedermuhlern is a municipality of the administrative district of bern-mittelland in the canton of bern in switzerland.
niederönz is a municipality in the administrative district of oberaargau in the canton of bern in switzerland.
niederönz is west of herzogenbuchsee.
niederösch was a municipality of the administrative district of emmental in the canton of bern in switzerland.
on 1 january 2016, the former municipalities of niederösch and oberösch merged into the municipality of ersigen.
johnny barnes (born john james randolf adolphus mills, june 23, 1923 – july 9, 2016) was a bermudian entertainer. he was known for waving to passing traffic at the foot of the lane roundabout in hamilton, bermuda. he became so loved and well known that the government of bermuda created a statue of barnes and be placed in hamilton. 
barnes died on july 9, 2016 in hamilton, aged 93.
geneviève elverum (born gosselin; april 9, 1981 – july 9, 2016), also known as geneviève castrée, was a canadian comics artist, illustrator, and musician. she was from loretteville, quebec. she once recorded under the name woelv and later switched to ô paon.
castrée died on 9 july 2016 from pancreatic cancer in anacortes, washington, aged 34.
vaughn harper (march 7, 1945 – july 9, 2016) was an american broadcast announcer and dj. in 1976, harper became a nighttime radio dj for wbls (107.5 fm) in new york city. he was known for his soft voice so he was nicknamed "the quiet storm". he was an active basketball broadcaster for small teams.
harper died from complications of diabetes on july 9, 2016 in syracuse, new york, aged 71.
wolfram siebeck (19 september 1928 – 7 july 2016) was a german journalist, author and food critic. he used to criticize fast food, tv dinners, subsidized agriculture and intensive animal farming. siebeck was born in duisburg.
silvano piovanelli (21 february 1924 – 9 july 2016) was an italian prelate of the roman catholic church. he served as archbishop of florence from 1983 to 2001. he was elevated to the cardinalate in 1985. he was born in borgo san lorenzo, kingdom of italy.
piovanelli died on 9 july 2016 in florence, italy, aged 92.
jacques rouffio (14 august 1928 – 8 july 2016) was a french movie director and screenwriter. his 1986 movie "my brother-in-law killed my sister" was entered into the 36th berlin international film festival.
rouddio died on 8 july 2016 in paris, aged 87.
harold adrian linstone (june 15, 1924 – july 8, 2016) was a german-born american mathematician, consultant, futurist and university professor emeritus of systems science at portland state university and a specialist in applied mathematics. he was born in hamburg.
linstone was editor-in-chief of the professional journal "technological forecasting and social change", which he founded in 1969.
linstone died on july 8, 2016 in portland, oregon, aged 92.
 mamnoon hussain ( ; 23 december 1940 – 14 july 2021) was a pakistani businessman, nationalist conservative, and politician. he served as the president of pakistan from 9 september 2013 to 9 september 2018.
hussain briefly served as governor of sindh in 1999. his term as governor was cut short by the military coup d'état staged in 1999. after the pml(n) secured majority in general elections held in 2013, hussain was nominated and elected as president of pakistan on 30 july 2013. he won the election in a landslide victory winning 432 votes to his rival wajihuddin ahmed's 77 votes.
in february 2020, hussain was diagnosed with cancer. he died from the disease on 14 july 2021 at a hospital in karachi, aged 80.
freethe20 is a campaign to call attention to women who are political prisoners around the world. the campaign names twenty women who are imprisoned unjustly. samantha power, the u.s. ambassador to the united nations, started the campaign for the twentieth anniversary of the beijing declaration.
the reason for the campaign was to tell governments to stop putting women in prison, and to tell the women and their families that they are not alone. there were twenty names of women in twenty days, one for every year since the beijing declaration. 
in september 2015, a bipartisan "#freethe20" bill was introduced to the u.s senate. all twenty women senators of the two political parties supported the bill. they said,
names of the women.
for status of the women updated to the end of the powers' term as secretary of state, see #freethe20 women political prisoners and prisoners of concern campaign .
the following women are still imprisoned (updated march 2017):
the following women have been released (alphabetical):
sydney hillel schanberg (january 17, 1934 – july 9, 2016) was an american journalist. he was best known for his coverage of the war in cambodia. he has been the recipient of a pulitzer prize in 1976 for his reporting on the war.
schanberg died on july 9, 2016 in poughkeepsie, new york on july 9, 2016 from a heart attack, aged 82.
clinton is a town in worcester county, massachusetts, united states. the population was 13,606 at the 2010 census.
anatoli konstantinovich isayev (; 14 july 1932 – 10 july 2016) was a soviet football player and soviet and russian coach. isayev made his debut for ussr in 1955. he first played against west germany. he played in the 1958 fifa world cup qualifiers but was not selected for the final tournament squad. he was born in moscow.
isayev died on 10 july 2016 in moscow, aged 84.
aziza siddiqui is a human rights activist from afghanistan. in 2007, siddiqui received the international women of courage award.
aziza siddiqui was born in afghanistan. when she was 8 years old, her family moved to pakistan because of war. in 2003 she returned to afghanistan.
in afghanistan, siddiqui worked with action aid, an afghan ngo. she taught women in the northern provinces about their rights. she talked to men about women making decisions. villages got $50 if they had a man in the council to make decisions. if they also had a woman in the council, they got $100. 
after siddiqui traveled to washington d.c. to receive the award, her family told her to stay in the u.s. they said it was not safe to go back to afghanistan. in 2008, siddiqui worked as a case worker for bias, bi-lingual international assistant services in st. louis. she worked with immigrants. she also worked as an interpreter for the international institute.
sundus abbas (‎) is an iraqi activist for women's rights. she is the executive director of the women's leadership institute in baghdad. in 2007, abbas received the international women of courage award.
abbas teaches women about government and making decisions.
abbas is from the iraqi turkmen ethnic group. in 2016 she represented the turkmen people at a meeting at the european parliament.
shatha abdul razzak abbousi (arabic: شذى عبد الرزاق عبوسي ) is an iraqi politician. she is a representative in the iraqi council of representatives. in 2007 she received the international women of courage award.
abbousi was born in baghdad on september 9, 1964. she went to primary and secondary school in mosel. in 2005 she received a bachelor's degree from the university of baghdad. she became a member of the iraqi parliament in 2006.
the corrèze () is a river in southwestern france, left tributary of the vézère river. the corrèze department is named after this river.
the corrèze river has a length of and a drainage basin with an area of .
its average yearly discharge is at brive-la-gaillarde in the corrèze department.
average monthly discharge (m3/s) at brive-la-gaillarde (1918-2011)
the source of the corrèze is in northwestern massif central, in the plateau of "millevaches", to the south of the "commune" of pérols-sur-vézère, in the corrèze department, at an altitude of .
it flows through the "communes" of corrèze and tulle. then it flows into the plain in the southwest of the department and flows through the "communes" of malemort-sur-corrèze and brive-la-gaillarde.
finally, west of brive-la-gaillarde, it flows into the vézère river at the limit between saint-pantaléon-de-larche and ussac, at of altitude.
the corrèze river flows through 24 "communes", all in the corrèze department.
the name of the river, corrèze, is found in the name of the department and of three "communes": les angles-sur-corrèze, corrèze and malemort-sur-corrèze.
the main tributaries of the corrèze river are:
alfred george knudson, jr. m.d., ph.d. (august 9, 1922 – july 10, 2016) was an american geneticist. he worked in cancer genetics. he was known for the formulation of the knudson hypothesis in 1971. it explains the effects of mutation on carcinogenesis (the development of cancer).
knudson died on july 10, 2016 at his home in philadelphia, pennsylvania from a long-illness at the age of 93.
marcelo nuno duarte rebelo de sousa (), (born 12 december 1948) is a portuguese politician. he has been the president of portugal since 9 march 2016.
antónio dos santos ramalho eanes, (; born 25 january 1935) is a portuguese general and politician. he was the 16th president of portugal from 1976 to 1986.
manuel alegre de melo duarte, gcl (born 12 may 1936) is a portuguese poet and politician. he is a member of the socialist party. he was a candidate to the portuguese presidential election, 2006. he was a presidential candidate, in the 2011 presidential election, this time being backed up by the left bloc and the socialist party.
dith pran (; 27 september 1942 – 30 march 2008) was a cambodian photojournalist. he was best known as a refugee and survivor of the cambodian genocide. 
pran died on 30 march 2008 in new brunswick, new jersey from pancreatic cancer, aged 65.
sally caroline quillian yates (born august 20, 1960 in atlanta) is an american lawyer. she studied at the university of georgia and was the acting attorney general of the united states from january 20, 2017 through january 30, 2017. she was also serving as deputy attorney general from march 2015 until her dismissal on january 30, 2017.
early life and education.
yates was born in atlanta to john kelley quillian (1930–1986), an attorney and judge who was a judge on the georgia court of appeals between 1966 and 1984, and his wife, xara "mickey" debeaugrine quillian (née terrell; 1931–2012), an interior designer. her grandmother had been one of the first women admitted to the georgia bar; however, she was not hired as an attorney, instead working as a legal secretary for yates's grandfather.
yates attended the university of georgia, receiving her bachelor of arts degree in journalism in 1982. in 1986, she earned a juris doctor degree from the university of georgia school of law, graduating magna cum laude. while in law school, yates was the executive editor of the "georgia law review".
dismissal as acting attorney general.
on january 30, 2017, president donald trump fired her after saying she won't defend his executive order on the immigration ban.
sally yates explained her decision not to defend the executive order in the following letter to the doj employees:
"on january 27, 2017, the president signed an executive order regarding immigrants and refugees from certain muslim-majority countries. the order has now been challenged in a number of jurisdictions. as the acting attorney general, it is my ultimate responsibility to determine the position of the department of justice in these actions."
"my role is different from that of the office of legal counsel (olc), which, through administrations of both parties, has reviewed executive orders for form and legality before they are issued. olc’s review is limited to the narrow question of whether, in olc’s view, a proposed executive order is lawful on its face and properly drafted. its review does not take account of statements made by an administration or it surrogates close in time to the issuance of an executive order that may bear on the order’s purpose. and importantly, it does not address whether any policy choice embodied in an executive order is wise or just."
"similarly, in litigation, doj civil division lawyers are charged with advancing reasonable legal arguments that can be made supporting an executive order. but my role as leader of this institution is different and broader. my responsibility is to ensure that the position of the department of justice is not only legally defensible, but is informed by our best view of what the law is after consideration of all the facts. in addition, i am responsible for ensuring that the positions we take in court remain consistent with this institution’s solemn obligation to always seek justice and stand for what is right. at present, i am not convinced that the defense of the executive order is consistent with these responsibilities nor am i convinced that the executive order is lawful."
"consequently, for as long as i am the acting attorney general, the department of justice will not present arguments in defense of the executive order, unless and until i become convinced that it is appropriate to do so."
2015 confirmation hearing.
a career prosecutor in atlanta who has served under both republican and democrat administrations, sally yates has been hailed as a hero by both parties. senator johnny isakson, republican of georgia, introduced her at her confirmation hearing in 2015.
“she will be a hero of the american people, a hero of what’s right,” mr. isakson said at the time. “she’ll call them like she sees them, and she will be fair, and she will be just.”
at those hearings, republicans were furious about former president barack obama's order liberalizing immigration policy and questioned ms. yates about whether she would be willing to stand up to the president. senator jeff sessions, republican of alabama and mr. trump's nominee for attorney general, was particularly pointed in his questioning.
“if the views the president wants to execute are unlawful, should the attorney general or the deputy attorney general say 'no?’” mr. sessions asked.
"i believe the attorney general or deputy attorney general has an obligation to follow the law and constitution and give their independent legal advice to the president,” ms. yates replied.
sylvia mathews burwell was born june 23, 1965 and served as the united states secretary of health and human services from 2014 to 2017. previously she was the director of the white house office of management and budget from 2013 to 2014.
she was nominated by president barack obama on april 11, 2014, to the position of the united states secretary of health and human services after kathleen sebelius resigned. burwell's nomination was confirmed by the senate on june 5, 2014 by a vote of 78-17.
simone veil, dbe (; 13 july 1927 – 30 june 2017) was a french lawyer and politician. she served as minister of health under valéry giscard d'estaing, president of the european parliament and member of the constitutional council of france.
she was awarded the grand cross of the légion d'honneur in 2012.
she was of jewish descent and survived the holocaust.
veil died in paris on 30 june 2017, aged 89.
the united states deputy attorney general is the second highest ranking official in the united states department of justice. the deputy attorney general manages the day-to-day activities of the department of justice. it may act as attorney general during the absence of the attorney general. president of the united states appoints the deputy attorney general with the advice and consent of the united states senate. the office of the deputy attorney general was created in 1950.
pteraspids were early agnathan vertebrates. they lived from later silurian to the end of the devonian. fossils are found in europe and north america.
the whole group has the head and front of the body armoured. delicate, finger-like parts of the plates were at the edges of the mouth. this suggests they were filter feeders taking plankton from the water column.
the prime minister of india, is the chief executive of the government of india. the prime minister leads the executive branch and chairs the council of ministers.
since the independence of india, india has had fifteen prime ministers. the first was jawaharlal nehru of the indian national congress party.
the current prime minister is narendra modi of bharatiya janata party (bjp) since 2014.
prugiasco is a village and former municipality in the district of vallemaggia in the canton of ticino in switzerland.
on 4 april 2004 the former municipalities of prugiasco, castro, corzoneso, dongio, largario, leontica, lottigna, marolta and ponto valentino merged into the new municipality of acquarossa.
niederried bei interlaken is a municipality in the administrative district of interlaken-oberhasli in the canton of bern in switzerland.
jens is a municipality in the administrative district seeland in the canton of bern in switzerland.
niederried bei kallnach was a municipality in the administrative district of seeland in the canton of bern in switzerland.
on 1 january 2013, the former municipality of niederried bei kallnach merged into the municipality of kallnach.
the vindhyas are a mountain range in west-central india.
the highest point of the vindhyas is the sad-bhawna shikhar ("goodwill peak").
niederstocken was a municipality in the administrative district of thun in the canton of bern in switzerland.
on 1 january 2014, the former municipalities of niederstocken, höfen and oberstocken merged into the new municipality of stocken-höfen.
nods is a municipality of the administrative district of jura bernois in the canton of bern in switzerland.
noflen was a municipality of the swiss canton of bern. it is in the bern-mittelland administrative district. on 1 january 2018, the former municipalities of gelterfingen, mühledorf and noflen merged into the municipality of kirchdorf.
the antiarchi is an order of heavily armored placoderms. the antiarchs were the second-most successful group of placoderms (after the arthrodires) in terms of numbers of species and range of environments. 
the front part of their bodies were heavily armoured. the rear parts were sometimes scaled, sometimes naked. the pectoral fins were modified. in primitive forms, such as "yunnanolepis", the limbs were thick and short, while in advanced forms, such as "bothriolepis", the limbs were long and had elbow-like joints. probably they helped the fish pull themselves across the substrate, or allow their owners to bury themselves into the substrate.
sally beauman (25 july 1944 – 7 july 2016) was an english journalist and writer. she was the author of eight widely translated and best-selling novels. she was known for re-writing william shakespeare plays. she was known for writing the 1987 novel "destiny". she also wrote "rebecca's tale" and "the landscape of love".
beauman died of pneumonia on 7 july 2016 at a london hospital in her sleep, aged 71.
robert e. cooper, sr. (october 14, 1920 july 11, 2016) was an american judge. he was a justice on the tennessee supreme court from 1974 until his retirement in 1990. cooper was born in chattanooga, tennessee. he was a former chairman of the tennessee judicial council. he has served on the sixth judicial circuit (1953–1960) and tennessee court of appeals (1960–1974).
cooper, sr. died in chattanooga, tennessee on july 11, 2016, aged 95.
princess odette maniema krempin (october 30, 1973) is an congolese entrepreneur. she was a former honorary consul of the democratic republic of the congo in frankfurt am main. she was a member of the kuba kingdom. she was born in maniema, zaire.
krempin disappeared in 2014 while being sought for questioning by belgian police in the duferco corruption scandal.
racine ( ) or ( ) is a city in and the county seat of racine county, wisconsin, united states. it is located on the shore of lake michigan at the mouth of the root river. racine is centrally located between milwaukee and chicago. as of the 2013 u.s. census, the city had a population of 78,199,
oberbalm is a municipality in the administrative district of bern-mittelland in the canton of bern in switzerland.
the green party (norwegian: miljøpartiet de grønne) is a green political party in norway.
they gained one representative in the "storting" (the norwegian parliament) in the 2013 election. the representative, rasmus hansson, was also the spokesperson of the party. 
the party won three seats in the 2021 norwegian parliamentary election.
a motion of no confidence, is a vote on whether a group of people still has confidence in a government or leader. this is mainly a statement or vote which states that a person in a superior position, be it government, managerial, etc., is no longer deemed fit to hold that position.
the first motion of no confidence occurred in march 1782 when, following news of the british defeat at yorktown in the american revolutionary war the previous october, the parliament of great britain voted that they "can no longer repose confidence in the present ministers". in modern times, passage of a motion of no confidence is relatively rare in two-party democracies. party discipline is usually enough to allow a majority party to defeat a motion of no confidence.
there are variations of this in different countries. for example, in germany, spain, and israel, a vote of no confidence requires that the opposition, on the same ballot, propose a candidate of their own whom they want to be appointed as successor by the respective head of state. a motion of no confidence in some countries can be proposed in the government collectively or by any individual member, including the prime minister. in spain it is presented by the prime minister after consultation.
sometimes a party proposes a confidence vote even though it is not likely to pass. the no confidence vote may pressure the government. or when the government proposes the vote it can embarrass critics who do not vote against the government.
angela eagle (born 17 february 1961) is a british labour party politician. she has been the member of parliament (mp) for wallasey since the 1992 general election. 
eagle is openly lesbian. she came out in a newspaper interview in september 1997.
heidi alexander (born 17 april 1975) is a british labour party politician who has been the member of parliament (mp) for lewisham east since the 2010 general election. she was appointed shadow secretary of state for health on 13 september 2015. she resigned from the shadow cabinet on 26 june 2016.
gloria de piero (born 21 december 1972) is a british labour party politician and journalist. she has been the member of parliament (mp) for ashfield since 2010. she was last known for her work on "gmtv".
after serving as a shadow minister from october 2010, de piero was promoted to the shadow cabinet in 2013 as shadow minister for women and equalities. in 2015 she was appointed shadow minister for young people and voter registration. she resigned that position on 26 june 2016.
ian murray (born 10 august 1976) is a british labour party politician. he has represented edinburgh south as member of parliament (mp) since the 2010 general election.
lilian rachel greenwood (born 26 march 1966) is a british labour party politician. she has been the member of parliament (mp) for nottingham south since 2010.
john martin mcdonnell (born 8 september 1951) is a british labour party politician. he was appointed the shadow chancellor of the exchequer in september 2015. he became the member of parliament (mp) for hayes and harlington at the 1997 general election.
jon hedley trickett (born 2 july 1950) is a british labour politician. he has been the member of parliament (mp) for hemsworth in west yorkshire since a 1996 by-election. 
he served as the parliamentary private secretary to prime minister gordon brown from 2008 to 2010 and was promoted to the shadow cabinet by ed miliband in 2011 as shadow minister for the cabinet office. he is currently the shadow secretary of state for business, innovation and skills.
angela evans smith, baroness smith of basildon (born 7 january 1959) is a labour co-operative politician from england. she was member of parliament (mp) for basildon from 1997 until losing her seat to the conservatives at the 2010 general election. 
smith was a minister of state in the cabinet office, incorporating the offices of minister for the third sector and minister for social exclusion.
emily anne thornberry (born 27 july 1960) is a british labour party politician. she has been the member of parliament (mp) for islington south and finsbury since the 2005 general election. since june 2016, she has been shadow secretary of state for foreign and commonwealth affairs and shadow first secretary of state under the leadership of jeremy corbyn.
in december 2019, thornberry launched her leadership campaign for the 2020 labour party leadership race. she was eliminated from the race on february 14, 2020.
john steven bassam, baron bassam of brighton, pc (born 11 june 1953) is a british labour and co-operative politician and member of the house of lords.
on 8 july 2009 he was made a privy councillor.
lucy maria powell (born 10 october 1974) is a british labour and co-operative politician and member of parliament for manchester central in the house of commons of the parliament of the united kingdom. 
she was first elected at the manchester central by-election in november 2012. in september 2015 she was appointed shadow secretary of state for education in jeremy corbyn's shadow cabinet, but resigned in june 2016.
kerry gillian mccarthy (born 26 march 1965) is a british labour party politician. she has been the member of parliament (mp) for bristol east since 2005 and was the shadow secretary of state for environment, food and rural affairs from september 2015 to june 2016.
seema malhotra (born 7 august 1972) is a british labour and co-operative party politician. she has been the member of parliament (mp) for feltham and heston since a by-election was held following the death of alan keen in 2011.
vernon rodney coaker (born 17 june 1953) is a british labour party politician. he has been the member of parliament (mp) for gedling since 1997.
he also served as the minister of state for schools from 2009 to 2010, shadow secretary of state for defence from 2013 to 2015 and shadow secretary of state for northern ireland from october 2011 to october 2013, and again from september 2015 until his resignation in june 2016 from the shadow cabinet.
charles leslie "charlie" falconer, baron falconer of thoroton, (born 19 november 1951) is a british labour peer and barrister.
falconer became the lord chancellor and the first secretary of state for constitutional affairs in 2003 under prime minister tony blair. he is the first secretary of state for justice in a 2007 reorganization and enlargement of the portfolio of the department for constitutional affairs. he held this role for over a month until gordon brown became prime minister in june 2007. 
falconer was replaced by jack straw. he was named shadow justice secretary under the acting leadership of harriet harman, and continued in this role after the election of jeremy corbyn as leader of the party, until he resigned on 26 june 2016.
christopher john "chris" bryant (born 11 january 1962) is a british labour party politician.
he has been the member of parliament (mp) for rhondda since the 2001 general election and most recently the shadow leader of the house of commons until resigning on june 26th, 2016. he was previously the shadow minister for the arts, minister of state for europe, deputy leader of the house of commons and shadow secretary of state for culture, media and sport.
bryant is openly gay.
sir john chilcot, gcb pc (; 22 april 1939 – 3 october 2021) was a british privy counsellor and civil servant. he was the chairman of the iraq inquiry.
his appointment as chairman of an inquiry into the events surrounding the march 2003 invasion of iraq and its aftermath was announced in june 2009.
he was president of britain's independent policing think tank, the police foundation.
his honours included cb (1990), kcb (1994), and gcb (1998). he became a privy counsellor in 2004, and was a member of the butler review. he acted as "staff counsellor" to mi5 and mi6 from 1999 to 2004, "dealing with private and personal complaints from members of the intelligence services about their work and conditions".
chilcot died from kidney disease on 3 october 2021, at the age of 82.
algeria uses central european time (cet) which is 1 hour ahead of coordinated universal time (). algeria does not observe daylight savings time from 1981. before 1981, it used western european time (wet) and western european summer time (west).
the i tarapacá region () is one of chile's 15 first order administrative divisions. the present tarapacá region was created in 2007 by subdividing the former tarapacá region under law 20.175. it became operational on 8 october 2007.
the port city of iquique is the capital of the region.
chile's former tarapacá region was a former peruvian province, which was occupied by chile under the 1883 treaty of ancón at the close of the war of the pacific, and then formally annexed in 1929 by the treaty of lima.
the region was important economically as a site of intense saltpeter mining, before synthetic nitrate manufacturing became possible.
the tarapacá region borders the arica and parinacota region to the north, bolivia's oruro department on the east, the antofagasta region on the south and the pacific ocean on the west.
, there were (estimated) 336,769 persons living in the region, for a population density of inhabitants/km².
the largest city in the region is iquique, with 164,396 inhabitants (2002 census).
in 2007, the former region of tarapacá was subdivided to create the arica y parinacota region to the north and the present day tarapacá region to the south. the tarapacá region is further subdivided into two provinces: arica and parinacota.
adewale akinnuoye-agbaje (; born 22 august 1967) is a british actor and former model. he is of nigerian origin. 
he is best known for his roles as lock-nah in "the mummy returns", nykwana wombosi in "the bourne identity", mr. eko on "lost", and simon adebisi on "oz". 
his more recent roles include malko in the fifth season of the hbo series "game of thrones". he played dave duerson in the nfl biopic drama "concussion". he played killer croc in the 2016 movie "suicide squad".
stephen john brademas jr. (march 2, 1927 – july 11, 2016) was an american politician and educator. he served as majority whip of the united states house of representatives for the democratic party from 1977 to 1981.
he served as the 13th president of new york university from 1981 to 1992, and is a former chairman of the board of the federal reserve bank of new york, and board member of the new york stock exchange and rockefeller foundation.
brademas died on july 11, 2016 in new york city, aged 89.
jusztin nándor takács (15 january 1927 – 11 july 2016) was a hungarian roman catholic prelate. he was born in rábacsanak, hungary. he served as the bishop of székesfehérvár from 1991 until his retirement in 2003.
takács died on 11 july 2016 from complications of pneumonia in székesfehérvár, hungary, aged 89.
smart materials, called also intelligent or responsive materials, are designed materials that have one or more properties that can be significantly changed in a controlled fashion by external stimuli, such as stress, temperature, moisture, ph, electric or magnetic fields, light, or chemical compounds.
clubul sportiv pandurii lignitul târgu jiu (english: "târgu jiu lignite pandurs sports club") is a romanian association football club from târgu jiu, gorj county. they currently play in the liga ii.
pandurii târgu jiu was founded in august 1963 after two clubs, "flacăra-unirea târgu jiu" and "cil târgu-jiu", came together. their best performance in the liga i was 2nd place in the 2012/13 season. they then qualified for the 2013–14 uefa europa league, and made it to the group stage after defeating levadia tallinn, hapoel tel aviv and braga in the qualification and play-off rounds.
since 1963, the club has played at the stadionul tudor vladimirescu. the stadium was demolished in 2015, and a new stadium will be built which will hold 12,000 people.
the 2016–17 liga i was the 98th season of liga i, which is the top division football league in romania. the season began on 10 july 2015 and ended in may 2016. it was won by astra giurgiu.
teams start the championship round with their points from the regular season halved, rounded upwards, and no other records carried over from the regular season.
teams start the relegation round with their points from the regular season halved, rounded upwards, and no other records carried over from the regular season.
uta arad, from the liga ii, qualifies to the second round.
voluntari wins second round and stays in the liga i.
the hooghly river ganga is an 260 km long river. it is a distributary river of ganges river. farakka barrage a dam diverts water from ganges into a canal near the town of tildanga of murshidabad district. this canal supplies hooghly river with adequate water. the river has two tributaries: the rupnarayan river and damodar river. hooghly also reaches bay of bengal at nurpur and then empties into the sea.
oberbipp is a municipality in the administrative district of oberaargau in the canton of bern in switzerland.
oberbipp is northeast of solothurn.
oberburg is a municipality in the administrative district of emmental in the canton of bern in switzerland.
oberdiessbach is a municipality in the administrative district of bern-mittelland in the canton of bern in switzerland.
on 1 january 2010, the former municipality of aeschlen and on 1 january 2014, bleiken bei oberdiessbach merged into the municipality of oberdiessbach.
wegberg is a town in the very west of germany, in the state of north rhine-westphalia. it has 40 town subdivisions.
wegberg is between mönchengladbach and erkelenz. wegberg is in the naturpark maas-schwalm-nette, a nature and wildlife park.
hematopoiesis (or haematopoiesis; sometimes also haemopoiesis) is the formation of blood cells. in a healthy adult person, about 1011–1012 new blood cells are produced daily to keep steady state levels in the blood circulation.
hematopoietic stem cells (hscs) or hemocytoblasts are the stem cells that give rise to all the other blood cells. the process is called hematopoiesis.<ref name="birbrair n/a–n/a"></ref> they are in the core (bone marrow) of most bones.
as a stem cell matures it undergoes changes in gene expression which limit the cell types it can become. it moves closer to a specific cell type (cellular differentiation). these changes can often be tracked by monitoring the presence of proteins on the surface of the cell. each successive change moves the cell closer to the final cell type and limits its potential to become a different cell type.
hsc studies through much of the past half century have led to a much deeper understanding. more recent advances have resulted in the use of hsc transplants in the treatment of cancers and other immune system disorders.
møre og romsdal is a county in norway. norway has 19 counties.
ålesund (or aalesund) is a city and municipality in møre og romsdal county, norway. ålesund was founded in 1837. the city has gotten attention worldwide for being one of the best small sea ports in europe.
the iquique province () is one of two provinces in the northern chilean region of tarapacá (i). its capital is the port city of iquique.
the iquique province is on the coast of the pacific ocean. the province has an area of .
iquique is bordered on the north and east by the tamarugal province, on the south by the antofagasta region and on the west by the pacific ocean.
 (last national census), there were 216,419 people living in the province, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km².
the largest city of the province is iquique, its capital, with a population, in 2002, of 166,204 inhabitants.
as a province, iquique is a second-level administrative division, consisting of two communes ("comunas"): alto hospicio in the northeastern portion and iquique in the rest of the province. the coastal city of iquique serves as the provincial capital. the province is administered by a governor.
william hardy mcneill (october 31, 1917 – july 8, 2016) was a canadian-american world historian and author. he was known for his writings on western civilization. he was professor emeritus of history at the university of chicago where he had taught since 1947.
maría dolores fernández pradera (29 august 1924 in madrid – 28 may 2018) was a spanish melodic singer and actress. she was one of the most famous singers in spain and latin america. she is also known as maría dolores or la pradera. she started her career as an actress, working in the theatre and in some of the most famous spanish movies from the 1940s: “¡a mí la legión!” (1942), “la lola se va a los puertos” (1947), or “agustina de aragón” (1950).
pradera died may 28, 2018 at the age of 93.
emma cohen (born emmanuela beltrán rahola; november 21, 1946 – july 11, 2016) was a spanish actress, director, producer and writer. she appeared in many spanish language movies. she was known for roles in "the glass ceiling", "voyage to nowhere", and in "the grandfather".
cohen was married to actor fernando fernán gómez until his death in 2007.
cohen died on july 11, 2016 of cancer in madrid at the age of 69.
corrado farina (18 march 1939 – 11 july 2016) was an italian movie director, screenwriter and novelist. he directed two feature movies in the seventies, many documentaries and commercials. he published seven novels. he was known for his movie "baba yaga" (1973).
farina died of a heart attack in rome on 11 july 2016, aged 77.
james p. "jim" metzen (october 26, 1943 – july 11, 2016) was an american politician and member of the minnesota senate. he is a member of the minnesota democratic–farmer–labor party (dfl). he represents district 52, which includes portions of dakota county in the southeastern twin cities metropolitan area.
metzen died on july 11, 2016 from lung cancer in south st. paul, minnesota, aged 72.
tamarugal () is one of two provinces in the northern chilean region of tarapacá (i). the capital is the city of pozo almonte.
tamarugal means "a place where there are many "tamarugos""; tamarugo ("prosopis tamarugo") is a tree endemic to the arid lands of northern chile.
the tamarugal province has an area of .
tamarugal is bordered on the north by the arica and parinacota region, on the east by bolivia, on the south by the antofagasta region and on the west by the iquique province and the pacific ocean.
 (last national census), there were 22,531 people living in the province, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km².
the largest city of the province is pozo almonte, its capital, with a population, in 2002, of 6,384 inhabitants.
as a province, tamarugal is a second-level administrative division, consisting of five communes ("comunas"). the city of pozo almonte serves as the provincial capital. the province is administered by a governor.
goran hadžić (; 7 september 1958 – 12 july 2016) was the former president of the republic of serbian krajina. he was in office during the croatian war of independence. he was accused of crimes against humanity and of violation of the laws and customs of war by the international criminal tribunal for the former yugoslavia.
hadžić died of brain cancer on 12 july 2016 in sremska kamenica, republic of serbia, aged 57.
terence hill (born mario girotti; 29 march 1939) is an italian actor. he was known for his roles in "lo chiamavano trinità" ("they call me trinity", 1971) and "il mio nome è nessuno" ("my name is nobody", 1973), co-starring henry fonda. his movie "django, prepare a coffin", shot in 1968 by director ferdinando baldi, and co-starring horst frank and george eastman, was featured at the 64th venice film festival in 2007. he was also known for making many movies with actor bud spencer.
gopher may refer to:
time in jordan is on arabia standard time (ast) ().
before daylight saving time (dst) was abolished in october 2022, jordan used eastern european time () which was one hour ahead on () during the summer months. daylight saving time typically started on friday during 26 february to 1 april and ended on the last friday of october, with variations before 2006. in the winter of 2012-2013, there was permanent summer time (), but had been stopped in december 2013, and before 1985, there was permanent standard time (). in october 2022, daylight saving time was permanently abolished.
belarus time or minsk time is since september 2011 three hours ahead of utc (utc+03:00) and is used in belarus. it is the same as further-eastern european time (fet), eastern european summer time (eest) during the summer, moscow time, arabia standard time, and east africa time.
until 2011, belarus time was equivalent to eastern european time (eet) and eastern european summer time (eest) with belarus observing yearly clock changes. in 2011, belarus stopped observing dst and moved to utc+03:00 all year round.
alexander leonidovich chizhevsky () (7 february 1897 – 20 december 1964) was a soviet-era interdisciplinary scientist, a biophysicist. he is most notable for his use of historical research techniques to link the 11-year solar cycle, earth’s climate and the mass activity of peoples.
his other notable works include "cosmo-biology" and hematology". 
andrés bello catholic university, also known in spanish as universidad católica andrés bello (ucab), is a private university with main campus located in caracas, venezuela. one of the largest universities in venezuela and it was established in 1953 by the society of jesus.
football club pyunik (armenian: ֆուտբոլային ակումբ փյունիկ; usually just called pyunik) is a professional armenian association football club from yerevan. pyunik is one of the most popular football clubs in armenia.
the club was founded in 1992 as homenetmen yerevan, and they won the first armenian premier league held. the club was renamed in 1995 to "fc pyunik" (armenian for "phoenix"). the club absorbed the newly promoted club fc armenicum and automatically gained position in the armenian premier league without playing a single game in the lower leagues. pyunik improved a lot after the arrival of many foreign players from mali, cameroon, argentina and later from romania.
they are the most successful team in armenia, winning the armenian premier league 14 times and armenian independence cup 8 times.
armenian premier league
armenian super cup
the 2017 africa cup of nations (also called afcon 2017 and can 2017) was the 31st edition of the africa cup of nations tournament. the tournament hosted by gabon. it was held from 14 january to 5 february 2017.
the winner of this tournament qualified for the 2017 fifa confederations cup tournament in russia.
the draw for the qualification stage took place on 8 april 2015. the following teams have qualified for the final tournament.
the draw took place on the 19th of october 2016 in libreville.
bridge road, also known as the glassworld stadium, is a football stadium in a village in impington, a mile away from histon. the stadium has a capacity of 4,300 with approximately 1,700 covered seats.
jamui is a town in bihar state in india. its population is 10,51,527 (rural 9,76,960 and urban 74,567). subdivisions jamui consists of 11 blocks (jamui, chakai, laxmipur, jhajha, sono, khaira, sikandra, barhat, asalmanagar, aliganj, gidhaur). main agriculture are paddy, wheat, lentils. ganga, mohane, harohar, kiul, rivers flows through this region.
the international braille chess association (ibca) is an organization for blind and visually impaired chess players. the international braille chess association originated unofficially in 1951 with the organization of the first international correspondence chess tournament for blind players, by reginald walter bonham; the tournament included 20 players representing 10 countries. it first organized a tournament in 1958, with representatives from seven countries. today, it has grown to encompass over 50 member nations around the world.[1] the ibca hosts two important competitions: the blind chess olympiad and the blind world chess championship.
although most of the rules in blind chess are consistent with basic chess, there are a few modifications to the equipment to help blind and visually impaired players:
after making every move, each player is required to announce their move aloud to their opponent. instead of writing the moves on a chess score sheet, the visually impaired player writes the moves in braille or records the moves on a tape recorder.
padma shri is the fourth highest civilian award of india after bharat ratna, padma vibhushan and padma bhushan awards. these civilian awards are awarded by the government of india on 26 january, the republic day of india each year.
padma shri award was first given in the year 1954. this award is awarded to citizens of india in recognition of their contribution in various activities such as the arts, education, literature, industry, cinema, sports, medicine, social service, public affairs, and others.
marit nybakk (born 14 february 1947) is a norwegian labour party politician. she has been a member of parliament for oslo since 1986. she is the first vice president of the norwegian parliament since 2013, and is also the woman who has served the longest time in the parliament during its entire history. she is also president of the norwegian association for women's rights since 2016.
padma vibhushan is the second highest civilian award of india after the highest civilian award bharat ratna. this award was followed by padma bhushan and padma shri. this award was started to be awarded to the citizens of india since 1954. this award was awarded to the recipients on the republic day of india.
the first recipients to be awarded with padma vibhushan are satyendra nath bose, nand lal bose, zakir hussain, balasaheb gangadhar kher, jigme dorji wangchuk and v.k.krishna menon. vikram sarabhai became the first person to be awarded padma vibhushan posthumously in 1972.
oberhofen am thunersee is a municipality in the administrative district of thun in the canton of bern in switzerland.
oberhünigen is a municipality in the administrative district of bern-mittelland in the canton of bern in switzerland. the municipality was made in 1980 by splitting from the municipality of schlosswil.
padma bhushan is the third highest civilian award awarded by government of india after bharat ratna and padma vibhushan but before padma shri. this award was also awarded in the republic day of india.
padma bhushan award was started to be awarded to the citizens of india from 1954. as of 2015, 1230 peoples were awarded with padma bhushan. some citizens refused to get the award.s.janaki, a renowned singer of the southern parts of india refused to get the award in 2013 as the honour came to her too late and she also stated that south indian artists are not recognised. 
oberlangenegg is a municipality in the administrative district of thun in the canton of bern in switzerland.
duncan andrew gwynne fletcher is a former zimbabwe cricketer. he is a left hand batsman and right arm medium fast bowler. he was born on 27 september 1948 in salisbury (modern harare), southern rhodesia (modern zimbabwe). he was the former coach of india national cricket team. he was also the coach of england cricket team from 1999 to 2007. fletcher played for zimbabwe cricket team and took the team for victory in the 1982 icc trophy. but he had never played test cricket.
under fletcher, england cricket team achieved famous victories against sri lanka national cricket team, pakistan national cricket team, west indies cricket team and south africa national cricket team between 2000 and 2004. he coached the england team to win the ashes series for 18 years when the team secured 2-1 victory over the australia national cricket team.india national cricket team won 8 series in a row including the icc champions trophy under fletcher's coaching from 2011.
oberönz was a municipality in wangen in the canton of bern in switzerland.
on 1 january 2008, oberönz became part of herzogenbuchsee.
oberösch was a municipality in the administrative district of emmental in the canton of bern in switzerland.
on 1 january 2016, the former municipalities of oberösch and niederösch merged into the municipality of ersigen.
elaine fantham (25 may 1933 – 11 july 2016) was a british classicist. she was giger professor of latin at princeton university from 1986 to 1999. she was chair of the department of classics at princeton from 1989 to 1992 and the president of the american philological association serving only in 2004.
fantham was an expert on latin literature, especially comedy, epic poetry and rhetoric, and roman religion. she was classics commentator on npr's "weekend edition".
gamespot gave the game a 5.6 out of 10 and stated "this is almost an exact duplicate of wwe road to wrestlemania x8 from two years ago, warts and all."
wwe raw 2 is a professional wrestling video game developed by anchor inc. and published by thq. the game was released on the xbox.
it was released on september 15, 2003 in north america and on october 10, 2003 in the pal region. the game was the sequel to wwe raw which was released in 2002.
ign rated the game a 9.1 out of 10 and said "the new moves you get with the cage, cell, tables, ladders and chairs does take things a step beyond what the all-powerful no mercy showed us. the gameplay and create-a-wrestler elements of the game are outstanding and make raw 2 worth the price of admission for wrestling fans.”
gamespot gave the game a 6.9 out of 10 and stated "wwe raw 2 just doesn't feel like much of a step forward in the series. instead it feels more like a big step sideways." 
édouard molinaro (13 may 1928 – 7 december 2013) was a french movie director and screenwriter. he was born in bordeaux, gironde. he was nominated for an academy award. molinaro was known for his movie "la cage aux folles".
molinaro died on 7 december 2013 in paris. his cause of death was of a long-illness. he was 85 years old.
menahem golan (may 31, 1929 – august 8, 2014) () or joseph goldman was an israeli movie director and movie producer. he was known for his movies such as "masters of the universe", "", "captain america", and for trying to make many spider-man movies.
he was co-owner of golan-globus with his cousin yoram globus. golan produced about 200 movies, directed 44, and won the kinor david awards eight times.
golan died in jaffa, tel aviv, israel on august 8, 2014, aged 85.
yoram globus (born 21 october 1943), is an israeli movie producer. he is most famous for his association with cannon films inc., a company he ran with his cousin menahem golan.
elmer james lach (january 22, 1918 – april 4, 2015) was a canadian professional ice hockey center. he played 14 seasons for the montreal canadiens in the national hockey league. 
lach retired in 1954 as the league's all-time leading scorer, having played 664 regular season games, scoring 215 goals and 408 assists for 623 points, as well as 76 postseason games, where he scored 19 goals and 45 assists for 64 points. he was soon elected in the hockey hall of fame in 1966.
lach was born on january 22, 1918 in nokomis, saskatchewan. he was raised in regina, saskatchewan. lach died of a stroke in pointe-claire, quebec, aged 97.
seán dermot fintan o'leary, jr. known as dermot o'leary (born 24 may 1973) is an irish television and radio presenter.
o'leary was born in colchester, essex to irish parents. he has dual citizenship british and irish.
he started presenting "big brother's little brother" in 2001. he presented the show until 2008 when big brother ended. he has presented "the x factor" since 2007 to 2018.
he currently presents this morning on fridays alongside alison hammond when phillip schofield and holly willoughby are absent from the show.
o'leary married dee koppang on 14 september 2012.
emily jane white is a singer and songwriter from california. 
she released her first album, "dark undercoat", in 2007. in 2009 she released her second album, "victorian america". white's third album "ode to sentience" was released in france in 2010. it was not released in the united states until 2012. in december 2013 white released her fourth album, "blood/lines".
the ordinary boys are an english indie rock band. their name is from the morrissey song "the ordinary boys". at first they were called next in line.
they started in 2002. the members were samuel preston, william brown, james gregory, and simon goldring. they released their first album "over the counter culture" in 2004. the third single from the album. "talk, talk, talk", reached number seventeen in the uk singles chart. 
in 2005 they released their second album "brassbound". "boys will be boys" was the first single from the album. it reached number sixteen in the uk singles chart.
in january 2006 the band's singer samuel preston was on the british reality tv show "celebrity big brother". this made the band more popular. their single "boys will be boys" was released again. it reached number three in the uk singles chart. goldfrapp did a cover version of the song for bbc radio 1's live lounge. 
they released their third album "how to get everything you ever wanted in ten easy steps" in october 2006. it had a more pop sound than the band's first two albums. the first single from the album "lonely at the top" reached number ten in the uk singles chart.
"boys will be boys" was on the soundtrack of the 2007 movie "harry potter and the order of the phoenix". in 2007 it was also played in "smoke and mirrors", the fifth episode of season two of "the it crowd".
in 2008 they broke up. in 2011 they started again.
alice ann munro (born 10 july 1931) is a canadian writer of short stories. munro received the nobel prize in literature in 2013. in her stories munro has changed the way people write short stories. her stories usually start in a place where people do not expect. after that, the stories go back and forward in time.
her first collection of short stories, "dance of the happy shades", was published by ryerson press in 1968. it won the 1968 governor general's award for fiction.
munro's most recent collection of short stories, "dear life", was published in 2012 by mcclelland and stewart.
raphael is one of the four "teenage mutant ninja turtles". he is the brawn of the group of brothers and uses sais. he is also known as the nightwatcher.
raphael has been played by nolan north in movies based on tmnt.
tahliah debrett barnett (born 17 january 1988), known as fka twigs, is an english r&b singer. she used to be called twigs. her music has been called post-dubstep and trip-hop.
she was on the cover of "i-d" magazine in august 2012.
twigs released her first ep "ep" on december 4, 2012.
on august 1 2013 twigs posted the video for her single "water me" on youtube. it now has over one million views.
twigs released her second extended play "ep2" on september 17, 2013. it was her first release on the record label the young turks. "pitchfork" gave it a score of 8 out of 10.
in 2013 bbc put her on their sound of 2014 list of nominees. in january 2014 bbc chose the winner.
twigs' first album "lp1" was released in august 2014.
of thee i sing: a letter to my daughters is a children's book by united states president barack obama. it came out on november 16, 2010. it is about the lives of thirteen americans: george washington, abraham lincoln, martin luther king, neil armstrong, sitting bull, cesar chavez, billie holiday, maya lin, albert einstein (who was born in germany), georgia o'keeffe, jackie robinson, helen keller, and jane addams. obama finished writing the book in 2008, after he was elected but before he took office.
wwe raw is a professional wrestling video game developed by anchor inc. and published by thq. the game was titled wwf raw on the xbox. the game was released on the xbox and microsoft windows.
it was released on february 11, 2002 in north america, september 27, 2002 in the united kingdom and october 3, 2002 in japan on the xbox. the game was released on october 14, 2002 in north america and on november 1, 2002 in the united kingdom. a sequel was released in 2002 called wwe raw 2.
ign rated the game a 9.1 out of 10 and said "the hardcore fans will get plenty of enjoyment out of the difficult ai, the awesome multiplayer modes and the super deep create-a-wrestler mode.”
gamespot gave the game a 6.5 out of 10 and stated "while the game does some things very well, it generally falls short of expectations." 
absurd can refer to several different things:
matthew chandler fox (born july 14, 1966) is an american actor. he is known for his roles as charlie salinger on "party of five" and jack shephard on the supernatural drama television series "lost".
john christopher mcginley (born august 3, 1959) is an american actor, comedian, spokesperson, and writer. he is known for his roles as perry cox in "scrubs", bob slydell in "office space", sergeant red o'neill in oliver stone's "platoon" and marv in stone's "wall street". he has also written and produced for television and movies. mcginley is also an author and a spokesperson for the national down syndrome society.
evolution is a professional wrestling stable that competes in the wwe. the stable was created on january 20, 2003 and broke up on october 3, 2005.
the members of the stable were triple h, randy orton, batista and ric flair. triple h acted as the leader and flair acted as a mentor. the members of the stable each portrayed evolutions of professional wrestling with ric flair being "the past", triple h being "the present" and randy orton and batista being "the future". they all portrayed heels.
on april 14, 2014, evolution, not including ric flair, reunited. they came down to the ring to their theme "line in the sand" by motörhead and attacked the shield.
on the june 2 episode of "raw", batista quit the wwe after he had his title match request denied by triple h. later in the night, triple h said that he had a "plan b" in his quest to destroy the shield, which prompted rollins to turn on and attack his group members reigns and ambrose.
nôm is a script formerly used in vietnam. it involved the use of chinese characters to write vietnamese. the van ban bell, engraved in 1076, has the earliest known example of a nôm inscription. the earliest surviving nôm literature dates from the 13th century. the script was in common use until the 1920s. it was replaced by the vietnamese alphabet. the vietnamese alphabet is a form of the latin alphabet.
classical chinese was used by the royal court and for other official purposes. the temple of literature in hanoi was the best-known school for the study of chinese. students who passed the civil service examinations could go on to become magistrates. confucian scholars saw chinese as the language of education and looked down on nôm, while popular opinion favored nôm. only a small percentage of the population was literate in any language, but nearly every village had at least one person who could read nôm.
in nôm, a vietnamese word can be written using a chinese character for a word with a similar meaning or pronunciation. each character represents an idea. such characters are called "ideographs." in addition, each character represents a syllable, or sound. because traditional characters have this dual property, nearly every syllable in modern vietnamese has acquired a semantic meaning. like chinese, vietnamese is a tonal language. since the issue of tone does not arise for japanese or korean, native phonetic scripts could develop for these languages without this complicating factor.
sino-vietnamese characters were eventually displaced by an alphabetic script. unlike alphabets used elsewhere, the vietnamese alphabet has marks to indicate tone. in contrast to south korea and japan, modern vietnam does not require students to study the traditional characters. fewer than 100 scholars worldwide can read nôm. vietnamese literature written in nôm, including classics like "tale of kieu" and the poetry of ho xuan huong, can now be read only in translation. however, character calligraphy remains popular as a home decoration and as a symbol of good luck. the han-nom institute, founded in 1970, collects and studies relevant manuscripts. the nôm ideographs were added to unicode in 2001. unicode is an international electronic encoding standard.
chinese characters are used to write various languages in china and elsewhere, including mandarin, the most widely spoken language in china, cantonese, spoken in hong kong and southern china, and classical chinese, traditionally used for formal writing. the characters were formerly used in korea and in vietnam. japan uses a mix of chinese characters and native phonetic script. even characters that retain their original meaning in all languages may be read in various ways. the character 十 is given as "shí" in chinese romanization (pinyin), "jū" in japanese romanization (hepburn), "sip" in korean romanization (revised romanization), and "thập" in the han-viet system used in vietnam. in all these languages, the meaning of the character is “ten.”
modifiers normally come before the noun in chinese, but follow the noun in vernacular vietnamese. chinese texts published in vietnam often included a line-by-line translation into nôm. even when the same characters appear in both languages, the order is different. many chinese phrases gained currency as loan words. later, the word order could be reversed to correspond to normal vietnamese syntax. the word "vietnam" is from chinese "nányuè" (南越), meaning “southern yue”. in han-viet, the same characters are read as . the word order was reversed in modern times. in chinese, the phrase “chinese characters” is written 漢字. this is romanized as "hànzì" in pinyin, kanji in japanese, hanja in korean, and in han-viet. in modern vietnamese, they are .
the majority of the characters used in nôm are of chinese origin and are composed phonosemantically. for example, the character "喃" is read as "nôm", whose phonetic component "南" similar to the cantonese pronunciation "naam4" and means “chattering.” this rule is consistent in all chu nôm characters as all vietnamese made characters are composed using this method. the word "nôm" does not have any negative connotation in vietnamese, but rather suggests plain talk, something easy to understand.
nôm includes thousands of characters not found in chinese. in contrast, japan developed only a few hundred kokuji, korea just a handful of rarely used gukja. these characters were created by authors who combined pre-existing elements. one element, called the "semantic component", indicates the character's meaning, either pictographically or ideographically. the other element, called the "phonetic component", gives pronunciation. for example, the reading "ba" is indicated by the character . in mandarin, this character has the same pronunciation as in vietnamese, but it's meaning is unrelated: "to long for." for the character (⿺巴三), the character 三 which means "three" is added as the semanic component. "father" is also "ba", but written as (⿱父巴). "turtle" is "con ba ba" (; ⿰虫巴). most chinese characters were created by the same method. as the correspondence between sound and meaning is compounded in vietnamese created characters than it is in chinese characters, the same approach resulted in two distinctions between nôm characters; chữ nôm (字喃; native characters) and hán nôm (漢喃; han characters).
of the 9,299 nôm ideographs, nearly half are specific to vietnam. each character has a codepoint assigned by unicode. the characters for the v0, v1, and v2 sets were extracted from two nôm dictionaries published in the 1970s. the v3 characters were extracted from manuscripts.
chinese characters were introduced to vietnam after the han empire conquered the country in 111 bc. independence was achieved in 939, but the chinese writing system was adopted for official purposes in 1010. vietnamese began to use chinese characters to write in their own language at about this time. the van ban bell, engraved in 1076, is the earliest known example of a nôm inscription. nguyen thuyen composed nôm poetry in the 13th century. however, none of his work has survived. the oldest surviving nôm text is the collected poetry of king tran nhan tong, written in the 13th century. many nôm documents were destroyed by the chinese during the ming occupation of 1407-1428. nguyen trai (1380–1442) wrote both chinese and nôm literature in the 15th century. trinh thi ngoc truc, consort of king le than tong, is credited with a 24,000-character bilingual chinese-to-vietnamese dictionary written in the 17th century.
unlike chinese, nôm was not studied or classified systematically for most of its history. vietnamese authors who had studied chinese applied the principles of chinese writing to their native language. although official records were generally kept in chinese, nôm was used under two short-lived dynasties, the ho dynasty (1400-1407) and the tay son (1778–1802). king minh mang (1820-1841) opposed literacy and the use of nôm. in 1838, jean-louis taberd wrote a nôm dictionary that eventually gained general acceptance and wide circulation. in 1867, catholic scholar nguyen truong to petitioned king tu duc to replace classical chinese with nôm in official usage. the king did not consent to this, but he did respond with various efforts to promote nôm. a decree was issued entitled "please respect "quốc âm" [the national voice]."
in the 19th century, there was a flowering of popular literature written in nôm, including such classics as nguyen du's "the tale of kieu" and the poetry of ho xuan huong. although only 3 to 5 percent of the population was literate, nearly every village had someone who could read nôm aloud for the benefit of other villagers.
in korea and japan, the traditional writing system was simplified so it could be taught to the general public. vietnam's educated class looked down on nôm as inferior to chinese, so it was not interested in doing the work required to simplify and standardize the system so that it could be used for mass communication.
like chinese, vietnamese is a tonal language. it has nearly 5,000 distinct syllables, far more than other east asian language do. phonetic scripts used elsewhere, including hangul in korea and kana in japan, do not indicate tone, so they cannot be applied to the vietnamese language. as in chinese, a semantic meaning is attributed to every syllable. this characteristic of the language may be can considered a result of the traditional writing system.
beginning in the late 19th century, the french colonial authorities promoted the use of the vietnamese alphabet, which they viewed as a stepping stone toward learning french. language reform in other asian nations stimulated vietnamese interest in the subject. following the russo-japanese war of 1905, japan was often cited as a model for asian modernization. nationalists embraced the alphabet as "quốc ngữ" (the national language), and as a tool for promoting literacy. the confucian education system was compared unfavorably to the japanese system of public education. nationalist writer phan boi chau encouraged the young to "study in the east," meaning japan.
the popularity of hanoi's short-lived tonkin free school suggested that broad reform was possible. in 1910, the colonial school system adopted a "franco-vietnamese curriculum," which emphasized french and alphabetic vietnamese. the teaching of sino-vietnamese characters was discontinued in 1917. on december 28, 1918, king khai dinh declared that the traditional writing system no longer had official status. the civil service exam was given for the last time at the imperial capital of hue on january 4, 1919. this exam tested knowledge of chinese. the examination system, and the education system based on it, had been in effect for almost 900 years. china itself abandoned classical chinese soon afterward as part of the may fourth movement.
in the 1920s, the vietnamese alphabet became the country’s dominant writing system. by the 1930s, the use of sino-vietnamese characters was largely restricted to books with limited woodbock printings intended for the buddhist clergy. in more recent times, the traditional characters have been used mainly in calligraphy, such as wedding decorations. in 2012, manuscripts in classical chinese were translated to support vietnam's claim to the paracel islands.
most common characters.
the following are the twenty five most common characters in nôm literature. the modern spelling is given in italics.
some characters in this article may require the installation of an additional font to display properly:
dio chrysostom (; "dion chrysostomos"), dion of prusa or dio cocceianus (c. 40 – c. 115 ad) was a greek speaker, writer, philosopher and historian of the roman empire. he lived in the 1st century, from about the year 40 to around the year 115. he is also known as dion of prusa or dio cocceianus. eighty of his "discourses" (or "orations") are known. a few letters and a funny mock essay in praise of hair, as well as a few other fragments also survive. his surname "chrysostom" comes from the greek "chrysostomos", which literally means "golden-mouthed". he should not be confused with the roman historian cassius dio, nor with the 4th-century bishop john chrysostom of constantinople.
in mathematics, cauchy's integral formula is a central statement in complex analysis. the statement is named after augustin-louis cauchy. it expresses the fact that a holomorphic function defined on a disk is completely determined by its values on the boundary of the disk. the statement also provides integral formulas for all derivatives of a holomorphic function. cauchy's formula shows that, in complex analysis, "differentiation is equivalent to integration": complex differentiation, like integration, behaves well under uniform limits – a result denied in real analysis.
magdalen college is one of the colleges of the university of oxford. the bishop of winchester, william of waynflete, founded the college in 1458. the full name of the college is "the president and fellows of the college of st. mary magdalene in the university of oxford".
at dawn on may day, the college choir sings hymns from the top of the magdalen tower. large crowds gather each year on magdalen bridge to hear the choir. 
mansfield college is one of the colleges of the university of oxford. it was founded in 1838 as spring hill college in birmingham. spring hill college moved to oxford in 1886. at that time it was renamed mansfield college, in honor of its largest donors, george and elizabeth mansfield. the college's main building was designed by basil champneys, and was completed in 1889.
the first female student at mansfield was admitted in 1913. in 1955, mansfield was named a permanent private hall at oxford university. in 1995, mansfield was granted a royal charter making it a full member of the university. 
chlöe howl (born 4 march 1995) is an english singer. on 4 march 2013, her first extended play "rumor" was released for free download. in june 2013, she released the video for her first single "no strings". she released her second extended play "no strings" on august 23. "no strings" was played in the movie "kick-ass 2".
howl was nominated for bbc's sound of 2014 prize on 3 december 2013.
on 5 december 2013, was nominated for the 2014 brits critics' choice award.
on 9 december 2013, her second single "paper heart" was released.
eliza sophie caird (born 17 april 1988), best known as eliza doolittle, is a british singer and songwriter. her first album "eliza doolittle" was released on 12 july 2010.
eliza doolittle was born in london in 1988. her father is john caird. her mother is frances ruffelle. doolittle grew up in camden. she went to channing school.
on 29 november 2009 doolittle released her first ep "eliza doolittle" on itunes. on 11 april 2010 she released her first single "skinny genes". on 5 july 2010 her second single "pack up" was released. it entered the uk singles chart at number twelve. it reached number five on 11 july 2010. the two singles were from her album "eliza doolittle", which was released on 12 july 2010. 
in 2011 doolittle was signed to select models.
on 28 april 2013 "you & me", a song by disclosure with doolittle singing on it, was released. it reached number ten in the uk singles chart.
on 7 june 2013 doolittle released the first single from her second album, "big when i was little". 
doolittle released her second album "in your hands" on 14 october 2013.
new college is one of the colleges of the university of oxford. the official name of the college is "the warden and scholars of st. mary's college at winchester". new college is one of the oldest colleges at oxford. it was founded in 1379. it is called "new" because it was the second college at oxford named in honor of st. mary. oriel college which is 55 years older, is also officially named in honor of st. mary.
say lou lou is a dream pop band. they are elektra kilbey and miranda kilbey. they are twin sisters. they were called saint lou lou until january 2013.
say lou lou started in 2012.
in august 2012 say lou lou performed at the popaganda festival in stockholm.
on september 5 2012 "vogue" put them in their magazine as artist of the week. 
on 15 november 2013 say lou lou released the ep "better in the dark" on sony music.
in december 2013 bbc put them on their list of nominees for the sound of 2014 prize.
their first album will be released in 2014 by columbia records.
say lou lou sometimes lived in stockholm and sometimes live in sydney.they now live in london.
robert g. "bob" heft (january 19, 1942 – december 12, 2009) was the designer of the current united states 50-star flag. he has also designed a 51-star flag that would be used if a new state joins the united states. he was born in saginaw, michigan.
heft claimed to have designed the current united states flag as a school project in lancaster, ohio, when he was 17 years old. he received a b- for his project from his teacher, stanley pratt. after talking about the project, he reached an agreement with his teacher that, if the flag was selected as the official flag by the united states congress, he would get a better grade for the project. heft stated that his design was chosen out of more than 1,500 designs that were given to united states president dwight d. eisenhower, and his teacher changed his grade to an a. this claim is now in dispute and is believed to be a hoax. 
after graduating from college, he became a high school teacher and later a college professor. he was also mayor of napoleon, ohio for 28 years.
after years of combating diabetes, heft died on december 12, 2009, from a heart attack while living in saginaw. he was 67 years old.
nuffield college is one of the colleges of the university of oxford. it was founded in 1937. it is a graduate college only. it does not have any undergraduate students.
the division of macarthur is an australian electoral division in the state of new south wales. it is named after john macarthur and his wife elizabeth, who were both pioneers of australia's wool industry. 
it covers the outer south-west of sydney. it includes the suburbs of airds, ambarvale, appin, badgerys creek, bickley vale, bradbury, camden, camden south, campbelltown, cawdor, cobbitty, ellis lane, gilead, glen alpine, grasmere, greendale, harrington park, kentlyn, mount annan, narellan, oran park, rosemeadow, rossmore, st helens park, wedderburn and woodbine and parts of bringelly, catherine field, douglas park, leumeah, razorback and rossmore.
over the years the size of the electorate has become much smaller. this is because of the increasing number of people living in the campbelltown region. the towns of bowral and moss vale and a large part of the southern highlands were removed from the division before the 2001 election. 
september girls are a garage pop band from dublin, ireland. they started in 2011. the members are paula cullen (bass, vocals), caoimhe derwin (guitar, vocals), lauren kerchner (keyboards, vocals), jessie ward (guitar, vocals), and sarah grimes (drums). their first album will be released by fortuna pop! in 2014.
4ad is a british independent record label. it was started in 1979 by two men who worked at beggars banquet, called ivo watts-russell and peter kent. it was called axis records. in 1980 the name was changed to 4ad. musicians who have been signed to 4ad include pixies, cocteau twins, and the birthday party. 4ad is part of the beggars group.
"facing the other way: the story of 4ad", a book by martin aston about the history of the label, was published in 2013.
dead rising is a survival horror video game developed by capcom production studio 1 and published by capcom.
it was released on august 8, 2006 in north america, september 8, 2006 in europe, september 14, 2006 in australia, and on september 28, 2006 in japan.the game was the first in the dead rising video game series and was followed by dead rising 2 in 2010.
in the game the player controls a photojournalist named frank west who is trapped in a shopping mall during a zombie outbreak. the story centers around west trying to uncover the truth behind the outbreak while trying to stay alive.
ign rated the game a 8.3 out of 10 and said it was "one of the more unique and entertaining titles on the xbox 360.” but noted that the game could have had "a better save system, more intelligent npcs, a more forgiving story progression, and tighter controls"
gamespot gave the game a 8.4 out of 10 and stated "dead rising's gory, ridiculous, and entertaining action, coupled with its real-time structure and campy stylistic touches, make it one of the most unique games currently available for the xbox 360."
the game won "most innovative design for xbox 360" by ign in 2006, "best action adventure game", "best sound effects", and "best use of xbox 360 achievement points" in gamespot's best and worst of 2006, and won "action game of the year" at the 2006 spike tv video game awards. 
christine ijeoma ohuruogu, mbe (born 17 may 1984) is a british athlete. her coach is lloyd cowan. she was born to igbo nigerian parents in newham, london.
in 2009, she was made a member of the order of the british empire. 
ohuruogu won a gold medal at the 2008 summer olympics and a silver medal in the 400m in the 2012 summer olympics. 
in december 2013, she was given the "sunday times" and "sky sports" sportswoman of the year award. she was also nominated for bbc sports personality of the year.
ohuruogu has written children's books.
sino-vietnamese characters () are chinese-style characters read as either vietnamese or as sino-vietnamese. when they are used to write vietnamese, they are called nôm. the same characters may be used to write chinese. in this case, the character is given a sino-vietnamese, or han-viet, reading. han-viet is a system that allows vietnamese to read chinese. it is equivalent to pinyin in english.
some of these characters are also used in china; others are used only in vietnam. chinese characters were introduced to vietnam when the han empire invaded the country in 111 bc. even after vietnam became independent in ad 939, the country continued to use classical chinese () for official purposes. in the 1920s, vietnam shifted from traditional characters to the latin alphabet. the han-nom institute was founded in hanoi in 1970 to collect and study documents written in the traditional script. the institute has submitted a list of 19,981 sino-vietnamese characters to unicode for electronic encoding. this includes a core set of 9,299 characters called the nôm ideographs.
chinese characters were introduced to vietnam after the han empire conquered the country in 111 bc. independence was achieved in 939, but the chinese writing system was adopted for official purposes in 1010. soon after the country achieved independence, vietnamese began to use chinese characters to write their own language. the van ban bell, engraved in 1076, is the earliest known example of a nôm inscription. nguyen thuyen composed nôm poetry in the 13th century. however, none of his work has survived. the oldest surviving nôm text is the collected poetry of king tran nhan tong, written in the 13th century.
classical chinese was used by the royal court and for other official purposes. the temple of literature in hanoi was the best-known school for the study of chinese. the civil service examination tested knowledge of chinese. it was given once every three years. students who passed the exam could go on to become magistrates. confucian scholars saw chinese as the language of education and looked down on nôm. popular opinion favored nôm. some kings thought that all writing should be done in chinese. they suppressed nôm. other kings promoted nôm. in 1867, king tu duc issued a decree encouraging the use of nôm. only a small percentage of the population was literate in any language. but nearly every village had at least one person who could read nôm aloud for the other villagers. jean-louis taberd wrote the first nôm dictionary in 1838.
in 1910, the colonial school system adopted a "franco-vietnamese curriculum", which emphasized french and alphabetic vietnamese. the vietnamese alphabet is a form of the latin alphabet that includes tone marks. on december 28, 1918, king khai dinh declared that the traditional writing system no longer had official status. the civil service exam was given for the last time at the imperial capital of hue on january 4, 1919. the examination system, and the education system based on it, had been in effect for almost 900 years. china itself stop using classical chinese soon afterward as part of the may fourth movement.
chinese characters are used to write various languages in china and elsewhere, including mandarin, the most widely spoken language in china, cantonese, spoken in hong kong and southern china, and classical chinese, traditionally used for formal writing. the characters were formerly used in korea and in vietnam. japan uses a mix of chinese characters and two native phonetic writing systems. even characters that retain their original meaning in all languages may be read in various ways. the character 十 is pronounced as "shí" in chinese romanization (pinyin), "jū" in japanese romanization (hepburn), "sip" in korean romanization (revised romanization), and "thập" in the han-viet system used in vietnam. in all these languages, the meaning of the character is “ten.”
the majority of the characters used in nôm are of chinese origin, chosen because they have an appropriate pronunciation or meaning. for example, the character used to write the word "nôm" 喃 is pronounced "nán" in chinese and means “chattering.” the fit between the chinese character and the vietnamese word is not always exact. the word "nôm" does not have any negative connotation in vietnamese, but rather suggests plain talk, something easy to understand.
nôm includes thousands of characters not found in chinese. in contrast, japan developed only a few hundred kokuji, most of them describing plants and animals found only in japan. korea had just a small number of rarely used gukja. these characters were created by writers who combined pre-existing elements. one element, called the radical, indicates the character's meaning, or at least a semantic category. the other element, called the remainder, gives pronunciation. this is similar to how most chinese characters are written. like chinese, vietnamese is a tonal language. in contrast, japanese and korean can be written in phonetic scripts that do not indicate tone.
when a character is read as vietnamese, it is romanized according to its nôm reading. when it is read as chinese, it can be romanized into vietnamese as han-viet, or into english as pinyin. the chart below uses a darker background to display the nôm ideographs (v0 to v3), considered to be the core nôm character set.
in 1994, the ideographic rapporteur group agreed to include sino-vietnamese characters in unicode. in 1993-2001, the han-nom institute assembled a collection of 9,299 “nôm ideographs" in four sets. these are the v0, v1, v2, and v3 characters shown below. a sino-vietnamese character is first assigned a v source code, and later a codepoint. these codes are used to transmit and store the character electronically. an appropriate font must be installed to render them.
the nôm ideographs were extracted from two dictionaries published in the 1970s, one in saigon and the other in hanoi. v source annotations were added to the glyphs that were already encoded. the rest were assigned codepoints in extension b. "the hán nôm coded character repertoire" (2008) integrates the work of the han-nom institute with that of the u.s.-based vietnamese nôm preservation foundation. this book presents a comprehensive list of 19,981 sino-vietnamese characters, including the nôm ideographs, manuscript variants, characters formerly used by the tay people of northern vietnam, as well as numerous chinese characters with han-viet readings.
some characters in this article may require the installation of an additional font to display properly:
dead rising 2 is a survival horror video game developed by blue castle games and published by capcom.
it was released for the playstation 3 and xbox 360 on august 8, 2006 in north america, september 8, 2006 in europe, september 14, 2006 in australia, and on september 28, 2006 in japan. it was also released on microsoft windows on september 28, 2010 in north america, september 30, 2010 in australia, october 1, 2010 in europe, and on october 28, 2010 in japan.
the game was the second in the dead rising video game series and is the sequel to dead rising which was released in 2006.
ign rated the game a 8 out of 10 and said it was "it’s not the smoothest game and it can feel like the last one, however that doesn’t mean a thing when the game’s this much fun."
gamespot gave the game a 8.5 out of 10 and stated "the dead rising formula proves to be as addictive as ever, and a new cooperative mode and weapon crafting system are great additions to the franchise." 
abraham maslow (april 1, 1908 – june 8, 1970) was an american psychologist. he is considered by other psychologists to be one of the most important psychologists of the 20th century. he was ranked 10th among psychologists nominated for being well-known or influential. he is known for creating maslow's hierarchy of needs.
maslow died of a heart attack.
dead rising 3 is a survival horror video game developed by capcom vancouver and published by microsoft studios.
it was announced microsoft's e3 2013 press conference on june 10, 2013 and was released exclusively for the xbox one on november 22, 2013 as a launch title.
the game was the third in the dead rising video game series and is the sequel to dead rising 2 which was released in 2010.
ign rated the game a 8.3 out of 10 and said it was "dead rising 3 delivers the undead and great tools to kill them with by the truckload."
gamespot gave the game a 7 out of 10 and stated "capcom has successfully made dead rising 3 a more welcoming experience than its harsh predecessors." 
sándor szokolay (30 march 1931 – 8 december 2013) was an hungarian composer and a professor of the liszt ferenc academy, budapest.
szokolay was born on 30 march 1931 in kunágota, hungary. he was chairman of the hungarian kodály society (1978) and the hungarian music camera (1991–92), and he is member of the hungarian széchenyi art academy (1992). szokolay died on 8 december 2013 in sopron from pneumonia, hungary, aged 82.
margaret "meg" mundy (4 january 1915 – 12 january 2016) was an english-american actress. she was born in london, but moved to the united states at the age of six in 1921. she played "mona aldrich croft", on "the doctors" from 1971 until 1982, when the show was cancelled. she was nominated for two daytime emmy awards for her role as croft.
mundy's mother was an australian opera singer. mundy was married to mark daniels from 1943 until they divorced in 1951. then she was married to konstantinos "dino" yannopoulos until his death in 1985. they had one child. mundy now lives in manhattan, new york. 
kingdom hearts iii is a action role-playing video game developed and published by square enix. it is the eighth game for the "kingdom hearts" video game series. it was released for playstation 4 and xbox one. "kingdom hearts iii" is the first game in the series to be released on a microsoft platform as it was only released on both sony and nintendo systems. 
after years of rumors and speculation, the game was confirmed to be in development at e3 2013. director tetsuya nomura said that the game will finish the "xehanort saga" but that it would not be the final game in the series.
in a june 2013 interview with "famitsu", nomura discussed the visuals that were seen in the teaser trailer. he said that they tried to remember that the "kingdom hearts characters were originally paintbrush art from disney productions, a texture that was one of our original aims, and that it was time to return to that. so [chief creative director takeshi] nozue went through a series of tests, and the results are the visuals that we refer to in the team as the kingdom shader. it may look like a pretty drastic change, but i see it as a rich evolution of everything we've shown you up to now." in september 2013, producer shinji hashimoto said that since both "kingdom hearts iii" and "final fantasy xv" are being directed by nomura, there would be a big gap between the release of the two games, "as [they] want each game to be perfect in terms of quality." hashimoto repeated nomura's statements about the game's announcement at e3 2013, and said that "the company thought it was about time it addressed speculation about the long-awaited conclusion to the trilogy." in october 2013, teruzane utada, the father of singer hikaru utada, said that hikaru would once again be involved in the theme song, as she did with "kingdom hearts" and "kingdom hearts ii". he later stated that it is still undecided on their involvement. in january 2014, actor haley joel osment, the english voice of sora in the series, said that he was in talks with the development team after the announcement and said that since dialogue was one of the last parts of the process, he believed he would not begin recording until mid-2014 at the earliest.
after the announcement of square enix that there would be no french spanish and german voice (present in the 1 and 2) european fans launched the movement # eudubbingforkh3 which aims to change his opinion se and he includes (real) german and spanish french voice through petition, letter etc.
watchmen were groups of men who discouraged crime and enforced the law. they were usually authorised by the state or government. watchmen have existed in many places around the world throughout history. today, the job of law enforcement has generally been taken over by organised police.
an early reference to a watch can be found in the bible. ezekiel says that it was the watchmen's duty to sound the alarm to warn the people that they were under attack (ezekiel 33:1-6). the roman empire turned the role of a watchman into a profession. the vigiles was the city watch in rome. it was the city's police force.
in england, the ordinance of 1233 required the appointment of watchmen. the assize of arms of 1252 and the statute of winchester of 1285 are considered among the earliest examples of a police in england. the assize of arms required that constables be appointed to call men to fight when the town was under attack. it also required them to stop disturbances of the peace, and to take criminals to the sheriff. by 1415, a watch was appointed to the parliament of england. king henry vii appointed a watch for his house, the tower of london, in 1485. these watchmen became known as the beefeaters.
spaceshipone is a vehicle built to travel to the lower limits of outer space. it completed the first manned private spaceflight in 2004. that same year, it won the us$10 million ansari x prize and has not flown since winning. it was carried high into the air by a specially designed plane named "white knight". both vehicles were built and flown by mojave aerospace ventures. this was a joint project between paul allen and scaled composites, burt rutan's flying machine company. allen provided the money to build and fly spaceshipone, about us$25 million.
rutan has said that ideas about the project began as early as 1994. the full-time work towards the 2004 accomplishments took about three years. the vehicle first flew faster than the speed of sound on december 17, 2003. this date was also the one-hundredth anniversary of the wright brothers' historic first powered flight. spaceshipone's first official spaceflight, was piloted by mike melvill. a few days before that flight, the mojave air and space port was the first commercial spaceport licensed in the united states. a few hours after that flight, melvill became the first licensed u.s. commercial astronaut. the overall project name was "tier one". it has evolved into tier 1b with a goal of taking a new, but similar ship's first paying passengers into space within the next few years.
watch dogs (written as watch_dogs) is an action-adventure video game that was developed by ubisoft montreal and published by ubisoft. the game was released on 27 may 2014. the game is available on microsoft windows, the playstation 3, playstation 4, xbox 360, xbox one and wii u.
it was revealed during ubisoft's press conference at e3 2012. they announced that pc is the lead platform for the game.
it was chosen as "best pc game", "biggest surprise" and "best new franchise" of e3 2012 by ign. it also won "people's choice most exciting game of e3 2013" by gamespot.
the game tells the story of aiden pearce, a hacker who searches the city of chicago for information in order to find out who hired the men who killed his six-year-old niece, lena, when they tried and failed to kill aiden.
leonardo is one of the four "teenage mutant ninja turtles". he is the leader of the team of brothers and uses a sword. he is named after leonardo da vinci.
leonardo has been played by james arnold taylor and johnny knoxville in movies based on tmnt.
michelangelo is one of the four "teenage mutant ninja turtles". he is the comic relief of the group of brothers and uses nunchakus.
mikey has been played by mikey kelley in movies based on tmnt.
the division of mackellar is an australian electoral division in the state of new south wales. it is named after dorothea mackellar, a 20th-century australian poet. the division was set up in 1949.
it covers the northern beach suburbs of sydney, including narrabeen, beacon hill, newport, palm beach and terrey hills.
william wentworth iv, was the first minister for aboriginal affairs, and the great-grandson of politician and explorer william wentworth, one of the first europeans to cross the blue mountains. bronwyn bishop was the speaker of the australian house of representativesfrom 2013 to 2015. 
donatello is one of the four "teenage mutant ninja turtles". he is the brains of the group of brothers and uses a bo staff. he is named after donatello, one of the renaissance masters.
donnie has been played by leif tilden in movies based on tmnt.
the division of mcmahon is an australian electoral division in the state of new south wales. it was set up in 2010 and is named for australian prime minister sir william mcmahon. it replaced the division of prospect.
the division covers the western suburbs of sydney. it includes the suburbs of abbotsbury, blacktown (part), bossley park, canley vale, cecil park, eastern creek, edensor park, erskine park, fairfield, fairfield heights, fairfield west, greenfield park, greystanes, horsley park, kemps creek, merrylands (part), merrylands west, mount vernon, orchard hills, pemulwuy, prairiewood, prospect, smithfield, south wentworthville (part), st clair and wetherill park.
the airbus a350 xwb (xwb standing for extra wide body) is a type of airplane built by european aerospace company airbus. it is a long-ranged aircraft with two engines and a wide body. it is said that the plane is able to hold and transport 250-350 passengers in a first class, business class, and economy class or a normal 3-class setting. on january 15, 2015, the a350-900 entered service with qatar airways, and the a350-1000 in february 24, 2018 with the same airline.
the a350-1000 is a wide body twin engined aircraft made by airbus. it can hold more than 400 passengers when arranged in an all economy class configuration. it is currently operated by qatar airways and cathay pacific. soon other airlines will use this aircraft such as british airways and virgin atlantic. its first flight was on the 24 november 2016.
alfriston (pronounced all-friston) is a village and civil parish in the sussex district of wealden, england. the village is in the valley of the river cuckmere, about four miles (6 km) north-east of seaford and south of the main a27 trunk road and part of the large area of polegate. alfriston has a population of 764.
the dipodidae are a family of small to medium-sized rodents living in the northern hemisphere. the family has over 50 species in 16 genera.
they include the jerboas, jumping mice, and birch mice. different species are found in grassland, deserts, and forests. they are all capable of "saltation", which is jumping from a bipedal stance. this feature is most highly evolved in the desert-dwelling jerboas. their movement resembles that of kangaroos more than that of true mice. 
most species are nocturnal, and the eyes and ears are noticeably larger than usual in proportion to the body. 
a personal defense weapon (pdw) is usually defined as a light, compact and easy to use firearm. however the definition varies depending on context and who you ask. many will still say it is a short-barreled rifle (sbr). these are regulated in the united states by the atf. many sbrs have "selective fire" (you can switch between semi-automatic or fully automatic fire). 
the united states department of homeland security defines a personal defense weapon as an m4 carbine (or a colt ar-15 civilian semi-automatic rifle). some governments' definition of pdws includes handguns. an example is the czech republic. it has proposed a constitutional amendment which would allow its citizens to own and keep pdws as a way to discourage terrorists. regardless, a pdw is usually agreed upon as being somewhere between a submachine gun and an assault rifle.
in the 1980s, the term was used for troops in tight, confined environments. they needed a compact automatic weapon that could defeat body armor. it was designed for troops in tanks, military trucks and those operating from aircraft including pilots. the majority of soldiers do not take part in an infantry battle. their jobs are usually to support the infantry. their main role is not winning a fight, but often to escape an ambush. in other situations they may assist the infantry. pdws are also used by bodyguards as they can be hidden under a jacket but still allowed good firepower. pdws tend to be shorter range weapons.
the term evolved as concealed carry became more popular, especially in places like the united states. certain states in the united states make carrying a firearm for personal defense relatively easy while others make it more difficult. also, quite a few other countries allow concealed carry, to various degrees. pistols, especially compact models, are very popular self defense weapons today. also, there are now a number of pistols available in rifle calibers.
alternative self-defense weapons.
in places where a firearm cannot be carried or the person chooses not to carry a firearm, there are other weapons they can carry. common items such as a credit card, car keys, a pen or even a scarf can be effective self defense weapons. because of the popularity of self defense, there are also specially designed non-lethal weapons designed not to look like weapons.
swinton is a town in the metropolitan borough of rotherham in south yorkshire, a county in england. 11,701 people lived in swinton in 2011.
swinton has a secondary school called swinton community school. the school has a sixth form.
simon green (born 30 march 1976), known as bonobo, is a british electronic musician. he released his first album "animal magic" in 2000 on the record label tru thoughts. it was then released again by ninja tune in 2001. he became successful in 2013 when he released his fifth album "the north borders". erykah badu sung on one of the songs on the album. bonobo's song "ketto" was used in the citroën c4 picasso car advertisement in 2007. he lives in new york.
john roger stephens (born december 28, 1978), known professionally as john legend, is an american singer and songwriter. legend has won nine grammy awards. he has worked with a number of established musicians before signing to kanye west in 2004. starting in 2019, he became a coach on the television series called "the voice". 
his first album, "get lifted", was released by good music (an imprint founded by rapper kanye west) in 2004. it won the 2006 grammy award for best r&b album.
in 2005, legend won best r&b act at the mobo awards.
in 2006, legend released his second album "once again".
in 2008, he released his third album "evolver". three songs on the album were produced by will.i.am. brandy sang the third song. the single "heaven" won the grammy award for best male r&b vocal performance.
in 2010, "wake up!", an album of songs by legend and the roots, was released.
legend released his fourth album, "love in the future", in 2013. it was nominated for the grammy award for best r&b album. "all of me" was released as a single from the album. it reached number one in australia, canada, and the us.
he released the song "a good night" through columbia records with producer bloodpop on april 6, 2018.
in 2018, legend became one of sixteen people to win an oscar, grammy, tony and emmy award.
legend is a feminist. he married model chrissy teigen in 2013. their daughter, luna simone stephens, was born on april 14, 2016. teigen and legend's second child, miles theodore stephens, was born on may 16, 2018.
james blake litherland (born 26 september 1988), known as james blake, is an english singer-songwriter and electronic music producer. in 2013 blake was nominated for a grammy award for the first time. he was nominated for best new artist.
blake was born in london. he went to the latymer school.
blake released his first album "james blake" on 4 february 2011. it got good reviews. pitchfork gave it a score of 9 out of 10. it was nominated for the mercury prize.
on 5 april 2013, blake released his second album "overgrown". brian eno produced the song "digital lion". on october 30th 2013, "overgrown" won the mercury prize.
in 2013, blake said that he was dating theresa wayman from the band warpaint.
kathleen anne brien (born 8 may 1989), better known as katy b, is an english singer and songwriter. she released her first album "on a mission" on april 1, 2011. it got good reviews from music critics. it was nominated for the 2011 mercury prize. katy was born in peckham, london. she went to the brit school. her next album "little red" will be released in february 2014. she released the second single from it, "5 am", on 4 november 2013. it reached number fourteen in the uk singles chart.
"i want you back" is a 1969 single by the jackson 5. it was the jackson 5's first release on motown. it reached number one in the united states. it has sold six million copies. in 2009 michael jackson, the main singer of the jackson 5, died. the song went back into the charts in the united kingdom, sweden, ireland, finland, and australia.
"abc" is a 1970 single by the jackson 5. it was the first single from the band's second album "abc". it was number one in the united states for one week.
jarvis branson cocker (born 19 september 1963) is an english musician. he is best known for being the frontman of the britpop band pulp. in 2012, cocker started presenting jarvis cocker's sunday service on bbc radio 6 music.
when cocker was 15 he started arabacus pulp with his friend peter dalton. they later changed their name to pulp. they released their first album "it" in april 1983. in 1987 they released their second album "freaks". in 1994 pulp released their first album to sell a lot of copies, "his 'n' hers". in may 1995 pulp released the single "common people". it reached number two in the uk singles chart.
he released his first solo album "jarvis" on 13 november 2006. cocker's second album "further complications" was released may 18, 2009.
the sims 4 is a life simulation video game developed by maxis and the sims studio and published by electronic arts. the game was released on september 2, 2014 and is the sequel of the sims 3. the game is available on microsoft windows and os x.
it was revealed during gamescon via gameplay demo and release trailer.
the game does not require an internet connection to play, but it will need an origin account and internet access during the initial installation process.
the sims 4 is made from the same idea of the other games in the series. the player controls their sims' everyday lives. the game is open-ended and has barely any limits. the lots are connected with a large map. sims can go to lots close to where they are by walking there, but can use their cell phones to go anywhere.
create-a-sim is needed to create sims characters. with no sims, you can't play the game. sims 4's create-a-sim is easier to use than it is in other sims games. the sim's body type can be changed by clicking and dragging parts of the sim's body. there is a slider to change how muscular the sim is and another slider to change how fat the sim is.
a sim's clothing can be customized by the player. mods can change this, but mods can also damage the game. sims have several outfits. each outfit is made in create-a-sim. they wear different outfits in different situations: an everyday outfit, a formal outfit, an athletic outfit, a sleep outfit, a party outfit, and swimwear. the player can change the sims' outfits at any time in live mode.
traits are what give sims their personalities. every trait you give a sim will add something to their personality. for example, giving a sim the cheerful trait will make them happy more often. when you are first creating your sim you can give them three traits, and when you choose their aspiration you get one more. after that you can give them more traits by completing aspirations. there is no limit to the number of traits a sim can have. the aspirations are:
• active, which makes the sim more likely to exercise (the lazy trait cannot be used with this)
• creative, the sim is more likely to read books, paint, etc. this can link well with most traits.
• genius, the sim is very intelligent. they will become upset if they have not read in a while, and can link well with the creative trait. 
• happy, the sim is cheerful and optimistic. they will become tense around people with the 'sad' trait.
• sad, the sim is the opposite of the happy trait, which means a sim can't have both traits.
• playful - the sim is more likely to have the playful moodlet, and is the opposite of the snob trait. it links well with the immature trait.
a sim's aspiration is their biggest goal. you can change your sim's aspiration whenever you want. the first aspiration you choose when you are creating your sim will give you a special trait, but changing your sim's aspiration after that won't change your sim's traits. each aspiration gives your sims a set of tasks to complete. when you complete all these tasks you will get a second special trait. the trait you get will be different for each aspiration. these can be completed if wanted using cheat codes in the game.
child and toddler sims have their own group of aspirations to complete. these aspirations cannot be given to adult and teen sims.
sims can only move and be controlled while the player is playing in live mode. in live mode, 1 second of real time=1 minute in in-game time. in live mode, the player can control one sim in the selected household.
sims can form relationships by talking to other sims. the way your sims treat who they're talking to will affect their relationships. if they are nice to a sim they will have a friendly relationship, but if they are mean they will have a bad relationship. your sims can also have romantic relationships with other sims.
the 6 needs in the game are fun, energy, hunger, bladder, social and hygiene.this can change with the vampire game pack, as the needs are vampire energy, thirst, hygiene, social and fun.
sims have different moods depending on what happens to them. the positive moods include happy, confident, energized, flirty, focused, inspired, and playful. the negative moods include angry, bored, dazed, embarrassed, sad, tense, uncomfortable, and scared. these moods are triggered by moodlets. each moodlet has a certain number of points. for example, a moodlet may give your sim "+2 happy". whichever mood has the most points will be the mood that your sim is in at that time. sims have different behaviors depending on their mood. it also impacts their social interactions with other sims and their work performance.
there are many whims in the game. for example, your sim may want to buy a tv, do their homework or take a bath.
if a sim is not able to care for itself and the player does not help them, the sim will die. for example, sims will die from starvation if they don't eat. usually, they will die in accidents or from old age. when a sim dies, the grim reaper will come to take away the sim's soul. before the grim reaper takes away the dead sim's soul, other sims are able to beg for the dead sim's life. this will not always work. if it does, the sim will come back to life. if the sim really dies, they will be replaced by a gravestone or urn.
unlike previous games, build and buy mode are combined into one mode. in this mode, players can modify their sims' houses, such as adding or removing rooms and furniture.
rizzle kicks are english hip-hop musicians jordan "rizzle" stephens and harley "sylvester" alexander-sule. in november 2010, they were signed to the record label island records. their first album, "stereo typical", was released on 28 october 2011. their second album, "roaring 20s", was released on 2 september 2013. rizzle kicks performed their single "skip to the good bit" at the royal variety performance on the 26th of november 2013.
harley and alexander-sule went to the brit school at the same time. in 2008, they started rizzle kicks. their second single "down with the trumpets" reached number eight in the uk singles chart.
the royal variety performance is an evening of performances that happens every year in the united kingdom. it is called the royal variety performance because important members of the british royal family go there.
it is shown on itv. the first royal variety performance was in 1912. it was called the royal command performance.
the 2013 royal variety performance was at the london palladium. gary barlow and jessie j sung there.
dying light is a first person survival horror video game that was developed by techland and published by warner bros. interactive entertainment. the game was released on 27th january 2015. the game is available on microsoft windows, playstation 4 and xbox one. it was revealed on may 23, 2013.
the game started to be developed in early 2012. 
slavoj žižek (born 21 march 1949) is a slovenian philosopher. he has written more than 70 books. he wrote his first english book "the sublime object of ideology" in 1989. žižek writes about a lot of different things. things that žižek writes about include psychoanalysis, politics, pop culture, and theology from a marxist point of view.
he writes for "the guardian". in 2013, he married the slovene journalist jela krečič.
in 2006 žižek presented a documentary that he had written called "the pervert's guide to cinema". in the documentary žižek used psychoanalytical film theory on several movies.
in 2007 a documentary about žižek called "žižek!" was released.
in 2012 "the pervert's guide to ideology" was released in the united kingdom. it was written and presented by žižek. the documentary is a sequel to "the pervert's guide to cinema".
a mince pie, also known as 'minced pie', is a small british fruit-based mince sweet pie. it is usually served during the christmas season. originally it was a savoury pie, now it is a sweet pie.
its ingredients are traceable to the 13th century, when returning european crusaders brought with them middle eastern recipes containing meats, fruits and spices.
the early mince pie was known by several names, including mutton pie, shrid pie and christmas pie. typically its ingredients were a mixture of minced meat, suet, a range of fruits, and spices.
the ingredients for the modern mince pie can be traced to the return of european crusaders from the holy land. middle eastern methods of cooking, which sometimes combined meats, fruits and spices, were popular at the time. pies were created from such mixtures of sweet and savoury foods; in tudor england, shrid pies (as they were known then) were formed from shredded meat, suet and dried fruit. the addition of spices such as cinnamon, cloves and nutmeg was "in token of the offerings of the eastern magi".
early pies were much larger than those of today, and oblong shaped. "the coffin of our "christmas"-pies, in shape long, is in imitation of the cratch" (jesus's crib). in old english cookery books the crust of a pie is generally called 'the coffin'.
kimberlé williams crenshaw (born 1959) is a professor at ucla school of law and columbia law school. she made the word "intersectionality" in 1989. she is a feminist. she was born in canton, ohio in 1959. she edited the 1995 book "critical race theory: the key writings that formed the movement". in 1996 crenshaw started the african american policy forum with luke harris. she has been on "the tavis smiley show" and msnbc.
pure heroine is the first album by lorde. the album got good reviews from music critics. it was nominated for best pop vocal album at the 2014 grammy awards. the first single released from the album was "royals". "royals" was nominated for best pop vocal performance, song of the year and record of the year at the 2014 grammy awards. the second single "tennis court" reached number one in new zealand.
lorde wrote the album with joel little. little produced the album.
"the guardian" put "pure heroine" at number thirteen on their list of the best albums of 2013. "rolling stone" put the album seventh in their list of the 50 best albums of 2013.
jessica valenti (born november 1, 1978) is an american feminist writer. she started the feminist blog feministing in 2004. in 2011 she left the website.
valenti's first book, "full frontal feminism: a young woman's guide to why feminism matters", was published in 2007.
her 2009 book "the purity myth: how america’s obsession with virginity is hurting young women" was made into a documentary. valenti's most recent book, "why have kids?: a new mom explores the truth about parenting and happiness", was published in 2012.
on october 3, 2009, valenti married andrew golis. the couple's daughter was born in 2010.
economy class, also called coach class, steerage, or standard class, is the lowest travel class of seating in air travel, rail travel, and sometimes ferry or maritime travel. 
armonía "nya" quesada (13 april 1919 – 6 december 2013) was an argentine actress. her career lasted for almost fifty years.
quesada died on 6 december 2013 from natural causes, aged 94, in buenos aires.
the battle of monte cassino (also called the battle for rome and the battle for cassino) was a battle during the italian campaign of world war ii. it was a series of four attacks by the allies against the winter line in italy held by the germans and italians.
at the beginning of 1944, the western half of the winter line was held by germans. they held the rapido, liri, and garigliano valleys and some of the mountains. together, these valleys and mountains were called the gustav line. the goal of the battle of monte cassino was to break through this line to rome.
monte cassino, a church, was not occupied by the german defenders. the germans had set up defence positions in the slopes.
american bombers dropped 1,400 tons of bombs onto the cassino abbey.
german paratroopers went into the abbey's ruins. between 17 january and 18 may, monte cassino and the gustav defences were attacked four times by allied troops. the german defenders were finally driven from their positions, but with many losses for the allies.
the allied landings in italy in september 1943 were followed by an advance north in two parts. an advance was made on each side of the mountain range in the middle of italy.
on the western side, u.s. fifth army moved from naples. in the east general sir bernard montgomery's british eighth army moved up the adriatic coast.
the fifth army made slow progress because of difficult land and german defences. the germans were protected in positions. the original plans that rome would be captured by october 1943 did not occur.
although in the east the ortona was captured, the advance stopped in december because of snow. going to rome from the east was not possible. highway 6 ran through the liri valley. the south entrance to this valley was cassino. it was an important part of gustav line, the strongest defensive positions in the winter line.
because the old benedictine abbey was important to history, german units did not put defensive positions in the abbey.
some allied aircraft saw german troops in the abbey. the abbey looked over the valley. this made it a good place for german artillery observers. this made allied commanders want to bomb the abbey.
plans and preparation.
the plan of u.s. fifth army commander general clark was for british x corps to attack on january 17, 1944. the british 46th infantry division was to attack on january 19. this would support the main attack by u.s. ii corps on their right.
the main central attack by u.s. ii corps would start on january 20. the 36th (texas) u.s. infantry division would cross a river five miles from cassino. the french expeditionary corps would move towards monte cairo.
fifth army had only reached the gustav line on january 15, having taken six weeks and getting 16,000 casualties.
the first attack was made on january 17. near the coast, british x corps crossed the garigliano. general von senger, commander of german xiv panzer corps did not think he could stop the attack. he asked for more troops. the 29th and 90th panzer grenadier divisions were sent to him. x corps had 4,000 casualties during the first battle.
the central attack by u.s. started on january 20. they were attacked by general eberhard rodt's 15th panzer grenadier division. the attack was a failure, with 36th division losing 2,100 men killed, wounded and missing in 48 hours.
the next attack was on january 24. the u.s. ii corps attacked across the
rapido valley north of cassino. the 34th division pushed back general franek's 44th infantry division.
on the right, the moroccan-french troops made good initial progress against the germans. the two moroccan-french divisions had 2,500 casualties in their battles around monte belvedere.
the u.s. 34th division had to fight southward. by early february, american infantry had captured point less than a mile from the abbey. by february 7 a battalion had reached a hill below the abbey. attempts to capture monte cassino were stopped by machine gun fire from the slopes.
on february 11, after a 3-day attack on monastery hill and cassino town, the americans pulled back. u.s. ii corps was tired after two and a half weeks of fighting. they lost 80% in the infantry battalions, about 2,200 casualties.
this was called operation avenger. with u.s. vi corps under threat at anzio, freyberg asked to help at cassini. freyberg thought there was only a 50% chance of success for the attack.
destruction of the abbey.
allied officers started to think the germans were using the abbey of monte cassino as an artillery observation point. the allies thought of bombing with "blockbuster" bombs.
the bombing in the morning of february 15, 1944 involved 142 boeing b-17 flying fortresses heavy bombers followed by 47 north american b-25 mitchell and 40 martin b-26 marauder medium bombers. they dropped 1,150 tons of bombs on the abbey. this turned it into rubble. ii corps artillery shelled the mountain. the german positions above and behind the monastery were untouched.
after the bombing.
pope pius xii said nothing after the bombing. cardinal secretary of state called the bombing “stupidity.”
it is now known that the germans had agreed not to use the abbey for military purposes.
following its destruction, paratroopers of the german 1st parachute division occupied the ruins of the abbey. they turned it into a fortress and observation post.
on the night following the bombing, a company of the 1st battalion royal sussex regiment attacked on snakeshead ridge. the attack failed, with the company getting 50% casualties.
the following night the sussex regiment was ordered to attack with a whole battalion at midnight. the sussex battalion was fought off, once again sustaining over 50% casualties.
on the night of february 17 the main attack was done. the 4/6th rajputana rifles failed in their attack and had heavy losses.
in the other half of the main attack the two companies from 28th (māori) battalion from the new zealand division attempted to capture the railroad station in cassino.
they were eventually pulled back.
for the third battle, it was decided to launch two attacks from the north. before the attack, there was bombing by heavy bombers.
the third battle began march 15. after a bombing of 750 tons of bombs w for three and a half hours, the new zealanders advanced. there was also an artillery attack from 746 artillery pieces. by the end of march 17 the gurkhas held a point near the abbey. new zealand units and armour had captured the station.
march 19 was planned for the attack on the town and on the abbey. an attack by the german 1st parachute division stopped the allied attack and destroyed the tanks. in the town the attackers made little progress. allied troops had to fight house by house.
freyberg thought the attack could not continue and he ended it. the german 1st parachute division had taken heavy losses, but had held onto their position.
fighting in cassino caused the 4th indian division to lose 3,000 men and the new zealand division had 1,600 men killed, missing and wounded. the german defenders had heavy losses.
planning and preparation.
general alexander's plan in italy was to force the enemy to use the maximum number of divisions in italy. with the arrival of the spring weather, it would be possible to use large groups of troops and armour.
the fourth battle was called "operation diadem". the plan was that u.s. ii corps on the left would attack up the coast. the french corps would attack across the garigliano. british xiii corps in the centre right of the front would attack along the liri valley. on the right polish ii corps (3rd and 5th divisions) would attack the abbey. it took two months to get the troops ready. movements of troops was done in the darkness.
the attack (11–12 may) on cassino started at 23:00 with artillery bombing with 1,060 guns on the 8th army front and 600 guns on the fifth army front. the u.s. ii corps made little progress. the french expeditionary force got into the aurunci mountains. in the mountains above cassino, for three days polish attacks and german attacks brought heavy losses to both sides.
by 13, the german right side began to lose to the fifth army. on 17 may, polish ii corps launched their second attack on monte cassino. the poles, on their second try, had captured monte cassino.
eleanor jean parker (june 26, 1922 – december 9, 2013) was an american actress. she was known for her roles in "between two worlds", "hollywood canteen", "pride of the marines", "never say goodbye", "the sound of music", "the seventh sin", and in "return to peyton place". she was nominated for an academy award.
parker died on december 9, 2013 of complications of pneumonia at her palm springs, california home. she was 91.
kuniko inoguchi (born may 3, 1952) is a japanese politician. she belongs to the liberal democratic party (ldp). on 31 october 2005, she was appointed minister of state for gender equality and social affairs.
she received an master of arts from yale university in 1977. she also received a ph.d. in political science from yale in 1982.
nippon budokan is an arena in chiyoda-ku, tokyo. it was used as the judo stadium at the 1964 summer olympics.
thomas chippendale (1718-1779) was born in england. he was a london cabinet-maker and furniture designer. he produced a new style, neoclassical. chip 'n dale are named after him.
orix buffaloes is a japanese baseball team. this team was formed by the orix bluewave and the osaka kintetsu buffaloes after the 2004 npb season. the team is based in osaka and kobe and play home games at kyocera dome and kobe hotto motto stadium. the team has not had good results in recent seasons.
a former player, ichiro suzuki, now plays for the new york yankees.
steve lawrence (born sidney liebowitz; july 8, 1935) is an american singer, musician, and actor. he is best known as a member of a duo with his wife eydie gormé, known as "steve and eydie." the two appeared together since appearing regularly on "tonight starring steve allen" in the mid-1950s until gormé's retirement. he was raised of a jewish faith.
in june 2019, lawrence was diagnosed with alzheimer's disease.
claire martin (april 18, 1914 – june 18, 2014) was a canadian writer. "claire martin" was her pseudonym. her real name was claire montreuil.
martin was born in quebec city, quebec. she studied at the ursuline convent and by the dames de la congrégation. from 1945 to 1972, she lived in ottawa and was a writer she created a book called the race of the golden apples.
her residence at the university of ottawa. from 1972 to 1982, she lived in france, before returning to quebec.
martin died in quebec city, aged 100.
douglas slocombe obe, bsc, asc (10 february 1913 – 22 february 2016) was a british cinematographer. he had a long career in the british movie industry. his 84 feature movies span over 47 years. they include everything from early comedies in the late 1940s, and early 1950s, to the first three "indiana jones" movies in the 1980s.
slocombe died at the age of 103 in a london hospital from complications from a fall on 22 february 2016.
the green climate fund (gcf) is an international fund for fighting climate change. it is part of the united nations framework convention on climate change (unfccc). it was proposed at the cancun conference in mexico in 2010. it was accepted at the durban conference in south africa in december 2011. the fund's goal is to help developing countries fight climate change by providing them with the money they need to do so. money may be granted for projects, programs, policies and activities that will help fight climate change or help those countries adapt to global warming.
gcf operates in songdo, incheon, south korea. the green climate fund headquarters were officially opened on 4 december 2013.
the fund is governed by a board of directors. the board has 24 members. there is an equal number of members from developing and developed countries. two co-chairs of the board are elected by the board members. one is a member from a developed country and the other is a member from a developing country. currently, the co-chairs of the board are mr. manfred konukiewitz (germany) and mr. jose maria clemente sarte salceda (the philippines).
observers have noted that the gcf still has many challenges to work through. these challenges include the way the fund works, what its functions and goals are, how it is governed, and how it will do its job. these must be decided either by the gcf board or by the countries that are party to the unfccc.
jan stanisław ekier (august 29, 1913 – august 15, 2014) was a polish pianist and composer. he is known for his authoritative edition of chopin's music for the polish national edition.
he was born in kraków, poland. he turned 100 in august 2013. his first wife was the polish actress danuta szaflarska. ekier died in warsaw, a fortnight short of his 101st birthday.
titanfall is a first-person shooter video game that was developed by respawn entertainment and published by electronic arts.
the game was released on march 11, 2014 in north america, march 13, 2014 in europe and australia and on march 14, 2014 in new zealand and the united kingdom. the game was made available on microsoft windows, xbox 360, and xbox one.
it was revealed during microsoft's e3 2013 press conference and will be the debut game from respawn.
the game won over 60 awards at its e3 2013 reveal and six e3 critics awards: "best in show", "best original game", "best console game", "best pc game", "best action game", and "best online multiplayer" which broke a record. the game was named "best in show" from ign, destructoid, game informer, and electronic gaming monthly. it also won "best next generation console game" and "best xbox game" at gamescom 2013 as well as a future award at the 2013 tokyo game show. at vgx 2013, it won "most anticipated game". 
boris pahor (26 august 1913 – 30 may 2022) was a slovenian-italian writer. he was known for his holocaust experience described in the novel "necropolis" the novel has been translated twice into english. his first book was under the title "pilgrim among the shadows" in 1995, and the second time under the title "necropolis" in 2010.
pahor died at his home in trieste, italy on 30 may 2022 at the age of 108.
herb jeffries (born umberto alexander valentino; september 24, 1913 – may 25, 2014) was an american jazz and popular singer and actor.
myeong-dong (, literally means 'bright town') is an area in jung-gu, seoul, south korea. it is mostly a commercial area, being one of the main shopping and tourism districts in seoul. 
actually, myeong-dong is not an original name and it was not known as a commercial area at first. during the joseon dynasty era, it was mostly a residential district called myeongryebang (). later on, under the japanese colonization, the name was changed to myeongchijeong (). it started to be more like a commercial district during that colonial period. finally it was changed to the current name, myeong-dong in 1946, after independence. 
in myeong-dong, there are several large department stores and shopping malls such as lotte (), shinsegae (), migliore and noon square. also, the main streets are lined with lots of clothing shops, cosmetics stores, and international retailers. 
this area has become more and more international. the survey targeted 12,000 tourists departing korea, and 55.3% answered that their major tourist destination was myeong-dong, and it is one of the most popular shopping spots. favorite items are korean cosmetics such as missha and nature republic, and there are most of korean cosmetics brand stores on the main street of myeong-dong. therefore, it is necessary for those stores to hire bilingual staffs fluent in english, japanese, or chinese, and it attracts more and more foreign shoppers.
there are two seoul subway stations near the district; station #202, euljiro 1-ga on line 2 on the north end of the area, station #424, myeong-dong on line 4 on the south end of the area.
chuncheon is the capital city of gangwon province in south korea. the city is in a small flat area surrounded by mountains. the soyang river is around the city. it is the water source of the han river. because of this river, chuncheon has lots of foggy days. chuncheon is a popular tourist attraction among korean and east asian tourist thanks to the popular korean drama "winter sonata". 
gang chon is a popular tourist attraction especially for university students in korea because it is near seoul, the capital city of south korea. it has good accommodation and entertainment facilities.
chungpyeongsa is a temple which was built in goryeo dynasty. because it is located in a beautiful mountain, many people go there to enjoy the beautiful scenery and valleys with their family.
namiseom is a popular tourist island which became famous as a filming location of "winter sonata". it has a beautiful forest trail so that many couples and family who visit chuncheon stop by there a lot. people can rent bikes or ride a short rail to look around the island.
the city has several famous foods. one of them is 'dak galbi'. 'dak galbi' is a stir-fried chicken with sliced cabbage, sweet potatoes, rice cakes, sesame leaves and picy 'go chujang' sauce. it is usually cooked on a big iron pan on the center of the table. there is even a 'dak galbi' street which has many famous 'dak galbi' restaurants in the downtown of the city. another famous food is 'makguksu.' 'makguksu' is thin buckwheat noodles served in a cold beef broth with sesame seeds, sliced beef, cucumber, and spicy sauce.
chuncheon has a train transportation named gyeonchun line. with this track, it takes about one hour and twenty minutes from chuncheon station to yongsan station in seoul. also, it has subway transportation to seoul. it takes about one hour and forty minutes from chuncheon station to sangbong station in seoul. people can take either train or subway in chuncheon station and namchuncheon station. it has bus transportation too. near namchuncheon station, there is chuncheon bus terminal. this connects to all major cities in mainland korea.
the main course is food that is served as the main dish in a multi-course meal. it is often served after the entrée. in the united states, the main course may be called the "entrée".
the main course is usually the biggest dish on a menu. the main ingredient is often meat or fish. it most often follows an appetizer, soup, or salad, and is often followed by a dessert.
richard salisbury williamson (may 9, 1949 – december 8, 2013) was an american lawyer, diplomat and pedagogue. he previously served as special envoy to sudan under george w. bush. williamson was a partner at winston & strawn and was also "thomas j. sharkey distinguished visiting scholar" at seton hall's whitehead school of diplomacy.
williamson died of a cerebral hemorrhage at a chicago hospital on december 8, 2013, aged 64.
paul freeman (born 18 january 1943) is an english movie, stage, voice, and television actor. he is best known for his role as rival archeologist rené belloq in "raiders of the lost ark" and as the evil wine baron, gustav reibmann on season 4 of "falcon crest". he also appeared in "hot fuzz". 
beşbarmaq (; uzbek: norin, нарын) is the national dish of kyrgyzstan, bashkortostan, uzbekistan and kazakhstan. it is also the main course on feasts in kyrgyzstan and uzbekistan. it is made from meat, with chopped noodles and onion sauce.
progressive conservatism is an ideology that tries to unite conservative and progressive ideas. to deal with poverty, the ideology supports the idea of a social safety net. it also supports a limited redistribution of wealth. the people supporting progressive conservatism want to allow the government to regulate markets in the interests of both consumers and producers. progressive conservatism first arose as a distinct ideology in the united kingdom under prime minister benjamin disraeli's "one nation" toryism.
in the uk, the prime ministers disraeli, stanley baldwin, neville chamberlain, winston churchill, harold macmillan, and david cameron have been described as progressive conservatives. the catholic church's "rerum novarum" (1891) advocates a progressive conservative doctrine known as social catholicism.
in the united states, theodore roosevelt has been the main figure identified with progressive conservatism as a political tradition. roosevelt stated that he had "always believed that wise progressivism and wise conservatism go hand in hand". some people considered the administration of president william howard taft to be progressive conservative. taft described himself as "a believer in progressive conservatism". president dwight d. eisenhower declared himself an advocate of "progressive conservatism". in germany, chancellor leo von caprivi promoted a progressive conservative agenda called the "new course". in canada, a variety of conservative governments have been progressive conservative, with canada's major conservative movement being officially named the progressive conservative party of canada from 1942 to 2003. in canada, the prime ministers arthur meighen, r.b. bennett, john diefenbaker, joe clark, brian mulroney, and kim campbell led progressive conservative federal governments.
this is a list of colleges and universities in oregon:
in sport, a championship is a competition to determine which individual or team is the champion. different forms of competition can be called a championship. it is usually the final competition in a tournament (a series of competitions). for example, the fifa world cup is a tournament held every four years. the winner of the final competition of each tournament becomes that tournament's champion. in a league system, the championship is the final competition of a regular season. in some league systems, a series of playoffs is used to determine the champion of a season. there is one champion for each season. in combat sports, such as wrestling and boxing, a competitor must challenge the current champion to win the championship.
the atlas computer was a computer installed in manchester university in 1962 that was very important in the development of computing. the atlas computer was one of the worlds first supercomputers and possibly the most powerful computer in the world at its time.
a management information system is a system that allows a company to run efficiently, by providing the relevant information the company needs. nowadays, management information systems use specialized software that runs on a computer. a management information system is usually targeted at economic aspects of running a company, while an executive information system is usually designed for managing staff. the first such systems were built in the 1960s.
the battle of ortona was a small, very violent battle fought between german and canadian troops. it was fought on december 20–28, 1943. it was part of world war ii.
the battalion of german paratroops were from the german 1st parachute division under "generalleutnant" richard heidrich. the canadian forces were from the 1st canadian infantry division under major general chris vokes.
it was part of the fighting on the adriatic area in italy. the battle has been called "little stalingrad" because of the violent, close fighting. the battle took place in the adriatic sea town of ortona, with a population of 10,000.
the eighth army's attack on the winter line defences started on 23 november. by the end of the month, allied troops broke through the gustav line defences. the allied troops were fighting towards the moro river, near ortona.
ortona was one of italy's few deep water ports on the east coast. the allies wanted to capture the port. the germans had constructed a series of defensive positions in the town.
the canadians had to battle the german 1st parachute division. these soldiers were experienced after many years of war. adolf hitler ordered them to defend ortona.
the canadian attack on the town was on december 20. the germans had hidden machine guns and anti-tank guns in the town. this made it hard for canadian tanks and infantry to move. the fighting was very violent. the soldiers fought for every house.
after six days fighting, 2nd brigade's third battalion, princess patricia's canadian light infantry, joined the battle. tanks from 1st canadian armoured brigade also joined the battle.
on 28 december, after eight days of fighting, the germans withdrew from the town. the canadians had 1,375 dead.
the battle of anzio, which is also called operation shingle (january 22, 1944) was an allied sea landing in the italian campaign against german forces of anzio and nettuno, italy.
the attack was commanded by american major general john p. lucas. he wanted to get around german forces on the winter line. then he wanted to attack rome. making a sea landing in a marshland needed to be done quickly.
the landing surprised the germans. the allies even got near rome. the allies got their men ready on the beach. the german commander in the put his guns around the beach. the germans also flooded the marsh with salt water.
after a month of heavy fighting,
the allies finally got past the beaches in may. the allies went north-west to rome which was captured on 4 june.
the german tenth army at cassino were able to go north of rome. then they got ready to defend the gothic line.
at the end of 1943, following the allied invasion of italy, allied forces were stuck at the gustav line. thid was defensive line across italy. the land of central italy helped the defence.
operation shingle was planned by winston churchill in december 1943. he planned to land two divisions at anzio and capture rome.
general harold alexander had thought of a plan using five divisions. however, the 5th army did not have enough troops or a way to transport them.
the anzio and nettuno beaches are on marshland. when truscott's 3rd division was selected for the attack, he said everyone would die. lucas was told lead the fifth army's u.s. vi corps in a landing in the anzio/nettuno area.
planners thought that if german forces left the gustav line to defend against the allied attack, then allied forces would be able to break through the line. if troops were left on the gustav line, then the allies could try to capture rome.
the allies planned to attack from the south. they wanted to capture a beach near anzio, move forward, and be ready to go to rome.
availability of naval forces.
one of the problems with the plan was there was mot enough landing ships. 
only enough tank landing ships (lsts) to land a single division were available. later, churchill made sure enough were available to land two divisions.
order of battle.
allied forces in this attack consisted of 5 cruisers, 24 destroyers, 238 landing craft, 62+ other ships, 40,000 soldiers, and 5,000+ vehicles.
the attack consisted of three groups:
the fifth army's attack on the gustav line began on january 16, 1944, at monte cassino. the attack failed to break through. the germans brought in new troops from rome.
the landings began on january 22, 1944. the germans did not attack the landings except for a few "luftwaffe" machine gun attacks. by midnight, 36,000 soldiers and 3,200 vehicles had landed on the beaches.
two allied divisions landed. there were two or three times that many german defenders.
response of axis forces.
the germans found out about the landings at 03:00 on january 22. at 05:00 the germans ordered the "kampfgruppe" of 4th parachute division and the hermann göring panzer division to defend the roads leading from anzio to the alban hills. the germans had 40,000 troops in defensive positions.
three days after the landings, the beach was surrounded by three divisions: the 4th parachute division to the west, the 3rd panzer grenadier division to the center, the hermann göring panzer division to the east.
von mackensen's 14th army took command of the defence on january 25. parts of eight german divisions were put around the beach. five more divisions were on their way to the anzio area. 
the arrival of u.s. 45th infantry division and u.s. 1st armored division, brought allied forces total on the beach to 69,000 men, 508 guns and 208 tanks by january 29. the total defending germans had risen to 71,500.
the allies attacked on january 30. one group moved to cisterna. a second group went northeast towards campoleone.
by early february german forces in fourteenth army had 100,000 troops. 
allied forces by this time were 76,400 
german forces launched a full attack at 23:00.
on february 16 the germans launched a new attack. both had 20,000 casualties each since the first landings. also on february 18 while returning to anzio the light cruiser was struck by two torpedoes and sunk with a loss of 417 men.
planning for operation diadem.
both sides realised that no result could be achieved until the spring. the germans built a new defence line, the caesar c line. the allies planned an attack in may. this would include attacking the gustav line, which was called operation "diadem".
in march, the 2nd italian ss "vendetta" battalion and 29th italian ss rifle battalion were sent to fight against the allied forces at the anzio/nettuno beach. u.s. 34th infantry division arrived at anzio in the same month. in may, u.s. 36th infantry division had arrived at anzio. by late may, there were 150,000 allied troops.
there were five german divisions. the germans had prepared defenses, but they lacked officers.
the allied planning for their attack was detailed. british 5th division and 1st division were to attack along the coast. the u.s. 45th infantry, 1st armored and 3rd infantry divisions would attack the german 362nd and 715th infantry divisions.
at 05:45 on may 23, 1944, 1,500 allied artillery pieces started bombing. then allied infantry and armour moved forward. the first day's fighting was hard: 1st armored division lost 100 tanks and 3rd infantry division had 955 casualties. the germans 362nd infantry division lost 50% of its fighting strength.
in the afternoon of may 25 cisterna was captured by the 3rd division. in the evening, the allies turned ninety degrees to the left. on the new attack little progress was made until 1st armored arrived on may 29. on june 2 the caesar line broke and the 14th army pulled back through rome. hitler ordered no defence of rome.
after the war, some experts said the anzio plan was not good. it used just two infantry divisions with no armour.
"operation diadem" (during which u.s. 5th and british 8th armies had 44,000 casualties) failed in its goal of destroying the german 10th army.
abdul quader molla (; 14 august 1948 – 12 december 2013) was a politician in bangladesh. he was convicted of war crimes committed during the 1971 liberation war of bangladesh. he is the assistant secretary-general of the jamaat-e-islami, the largest islamist party in the country. he was scheduled to be executed by hanging on 11 december 2013 at 0:01. later, the execution was postponed until 10:30 of the day.
he is the former executive editor of "the daily sangram". he stood twice unsuccessfully for parliament in 1986 and 1996. he was contesting the seat faridpur-4 for jamaat-e-islami.
molla was executed on 12 december 2013.
the wavebird wireless controller is a wireless game controller for the nintendo gamecube video game console. it uses radio frequency signals to communicate with the controller. it is powered by standard aa batteries. it was released in 2002. its name is a reference to dolphin, which is what the gamecube was named during development.
the wavebird controller has the same design as the normal gamecube controllers. it is a little bigger and heavier than the normal gamecube controllers. it has a dial for selecting the channel a person wants the controller on, an on/off switch, and an orange led light which is used to show that the controller is turned on. the wavebird does not have the rumble feature that the normal gamecube controller has, as that would make the battery last for a shorter amount of time.
like the normal gamecube controller, the wavebird can be used with the wii. it can be used for gamecube and virtual console titles, as well as with some wii games and wiiware titles. the wavebird became more popular after the wii's release because of how it can control those games wirelessly.
the battle of bataan was part of japan's invasion of the philippines during world war ii.
the capture of the philippine islands was important to japan's goals. japan wanted to control the southwest pacific, capture the resource-rich dutch east indies, and protect its southeast asia side.
it was the largest surrender in american and filipino military history. it was the largest united states surrender since the pre-civil war's raid on harper's ferry.
japanese carrier planes attacked the united states pacific fleet at pearl harbor on the morning of 7 december 1941. japanese aircraft also bombed the main bases of the american far east air force near manila, and the headquarters of the u.s. asiatic fleet in the philippines. many american planes were destroyed. the u.s. asiatic fleet withdrew its ships from its naval base in cavite and retreated south. only the submarine force was left to fight the japanese.
from 8 to 10 december, japan captured airfields at batan island, aparri, and vigan city. army air force b-17s attacked japanese ships. u.s. planes damaged two japanese transports, the flagship "nagato", a destroyer and sank one minesweeper.
the main attack was on 22 december 1941. the 14th japanese imperial army attacked, led by lieutenant general masaharu homma.
war plan orange-3.
after capturing the beaches, the japanese launched a major attack. 
the american commander, general douglas macarthur, realized that the beach defense plan had failed. on 26 december, he said that war plan orange-3 (wpo-3) was now being used. this was a plan to defend only bataan and corregidor. the plan of wpo-3 was to delay japanese forces until the u.s. pacific fleet could get to the philippines.
manuel l. quezon, the president of the philippines, his family and government staff were moved to corregidor. macarthur's headquarters were also moved to corregidor.
gen. macarthur wanted to move his men to defensive positions.
when the japanese attacked, the untrained philippine army troops defending the beach were beaten. the u.s. decided to fight at layac to slow down the japanese troops. later, from 1 to 5 january 1942, the u.s. fought to allow its troops to withdraw to bataan.
wpo-3 had two defensive lines across bataan.
on 9 january, japanese forces under lt. gen. susumu morioka attacked the eastern side of the abucay-mauban line. they were beaten by the u.s. the japanese advanced to the salian river valley. u.s. troops fought off the attackers. at another battle to the west, a japanese force got past the abucay-mauban line. the u.s. stopped their advance. on 15 january, 1st regular division was bombed, but they held the line. the japanese moved through a gap. the abucay-mauban line had to be abandoned on 22 january.
within four days, the orion-bagac line was formed. the remaining japanese troops managed to get through. general homma ordered the stopping of all operations to reorganize his forces. on 22 february the 14th army line was withdrawn a few miles to the north.
japanese troops landed on the west coast of southern bataan on the night of 22 january. the us sunk two barges and the rest scattered into two groups. the japanese forces were stopped by philippine constabulary units and u.s. army air corps men fighting as infantry. japanese commanders sent new troops to the beaches, but they could not break out.
fall of bataan.
on the night of 12 march, general macarthur, his family left corregidor. macarthur went to australia. he promised the filipino people that he "shall return". after the failure of their first attack against bataan, the japanese sent artillery forces to the philippines. they had 190 artillery pieces, which included bigger guns like 150 mm cannons, and the type 96 240 mm field howitzer. the japanese sent new troops to gen. homma's 14th imperial army. toward the end of march, the japanese forces prepared for the final attack.
on 3 april, the orion-bagac line was bombed by 100 aircraft and artillery bombed by 300 artillery pieces. the japanese 65th brigade and 4th division attacked the left side of ii corps. by 8 april, the senior u.s. commander on bataan, maj. gen. edward p. king, offered to surrender. the next morning, 9 april 1942, gen. king met with maj. gen. kameichiro nagano. the tired and starving american and filipino defenders on the bataan peninsula surrendered.
salman amin "sal" khan (born october 11, 1976) is a bengali-american educator, entrepreneur, and former hedge fund analyst. he started the khan academy, a free online education platform and nonprofit organization. he is a bengali-american and a muslim.
the battle of rimini was a battle during world war ii. it happened between 13 and 21 september 1944 in rimini in italy.
the battle was part of operation "olive". this was the main allied attack on the gothic line in august and september 1944. this was part of the italian campaign in the second world war.
the rimini line was a german defensive line which was part of the gothic line. rimini had 1,470,000 rounds fired against it by allied forces.
on 23 august 1944 eighth army launched operation "olive". it attacking the eastern side of italy. by the first week in september the attack had broken through the defences of the gothic line.
the 3rd greek mountain brigade 
stopped two strong german attacks on 8 and 10 september. on 13 september the brigade tried to capture rimini. the germans were well prepared and held off the greeks.
the following day 7 and 8 troop of the b squadron, 20th armoured regiment were added to the attack. the german defenders left.
on 15 september the greeks attacked the rimini airfield. allied bombers attacked the western side of the airfield, and the greeks attacked afterwards. the germans attacked with fire from infantry, anti-tank rockets ("panzerschrecks"), self-propelled guns, and emplaced panther turrets.
the following day (17 september) the three battalions continued their advance. once the airfield was taken the 3rd greek mountain brigade turned towards rimini. on 18 september the 2nd and 3rd battalions moved towards rimini.
on the morning of 21 september, the 2nd greek battalion reached the city and raised the greek flag on the municipal building. at 7:45 of 21 september the mayor surrendered the city to the 3rd greek mountain brigade.
vernon lorden shaw (may 13, 1930 – december 2, 2013) was the 5th president of dominica. he took office on october 6, 1998, following the expiration of president crispin sorhaindo's single five-year term. shaw left office on october 1, 2003, and was succeeded by nicholas liverpool. he died on december 2, 2013 from a heart attack, aged 83.
gal gadot (aka gal gadot-varsano; ; ; born 30 april 1985) is an israeli actress and model. gadot won miss israel 2004, before serving in the israel defence forces. she played gisele yashar in the 2009 movie "fast and furious". gadot also played wonder woman in "" in 2016. she appeared in the solo movie "wonder woman" (2017) and again as wonder woman in "justice league" (2017). 
in 2013, she was ranked as the second highest earning fashion model in israel. she is the face of gucci's bamboo perfume. 
in 2019, gadot formed her production company pilot wave, alongside her husband yaron varsano. since the formation of the company, a number of projects have been announced, including a number of biographical films about important female historical figures, including irena sendler, hedy lamarr and cleopatra.
gadot was born in petah tikva, israel to jewish parents and grew up in rosh haayin, israel. in hebrew, her first name means "wave". her last name means "riverbanks". her parents were born in israel. her father michael gadot is an engineer. her mother irit (née weiss) is a teacher. gadot's maternal grandfather abraham weiss was a holocaust survivor from czechoslovakia. she is descended from ashkenazi jews, with ancestry from the levant and southern europe. her father's family comprising of palestinian jews. as a child, gadot required speech therapy due to a speech disorder. she was a skilled ballet, hip-hop and modern jazz dancer growing up, as well as a volleyball and tennis player. she was a member of her high school's basketball team. gadot's first job was at burger king.
from the age of 20, gadot served for two years as a soldier of the israel defense forces. she did well in the three-month training. gadot says of her time in the army, "you give two or three years, and it's not about you. you give your freedom away for a while. you learn discipline and respect".
kees brusse (6 february 1925 – 9 december 2013) was a dutch actor and movie director. he appeared in 47 movie and television shows since 1936. he starred in the 1975 movie "dokter pulder zaait papavers". it was entered into the 26th berlin international film festival.
james stanley "jim" hall (december 4, 1930 – december 10, 2013) was an american jazz guitarist, composer, and arranger. 
hall died in his sleep in his manhattan, new york apartment on december 10, 2013 from a heart attack, aged 83.
donald andrew lund (may 18, 1923 – december 10, 2013) was a backup outfielder in major league baseball. he played for the brooklyn dodgers (1945, 1947, 1948["start"]), st. louis browns (1948["end"]) and detroit tigers (1949–1954). he batted and threw right-handed.
he died on december 10, 2013 at the age of 90 in ann arbor, michigan at his home from natural causes.
rossana podestà (20 june 1934 – 10 december 2013) was an italian actress. she was known for her roles in "ulysses" and "helen of troy".
she was born in tripoli, in the italian colony of libya on 20 june 1934. she was married to walter bonatti until his death in 2011. podestà died from brain cancer in rome, italy, aged 79.
lino grech (1930 – 1 december 2013) was a maltese actor, writer, activist and director. he was known for his roles in "final justice" (1985), "black eagle" (1988) and "a fine romance" (1989).
grech was born in sliema. lino grech died on the night of 1 december 2013, aged 83, at the mater dei hospital in msida from prostate cancer. he is survived by his wife and his two children. his funeral took place on 4 december. his remains were cremated.
his career began in 1975 with stage work. he translated works done by arthur miller and by lope de vega.
grech was noted for his role on the television drama "f'bahar wiehed" (1970s). it was the first maltese-language television series, which broadcast on tvm. greech also directed and wrote stage works. grech wanted to strengthen the theatrical and television works in malta. 
in the 1990s, he wrote episodes for television shows such as "hypocrites", "simpatiċi", "the family grech", and "now we see".
besides acting, grech was a labor union activist. he led one of the longest strikes on workers' rights in maltese history.
brian hitchen, cbe (8 july 1936 – 2 december 2013) was a british newspaper editor. late in his career, he worked as a publisher. 
an incident with a car while crossing the road near alicante, in spain, led to his wife being killed instantly, while hitchen himself died from his injuries a few hours later.
salim kallas (; 13 november 1936 − 2 december 2013) was a syrian actor and politician.
kallas died of lung cancer on 2 december 2013, aged 77, in damascus. he left his wife, son and five daughters. his burial was on the next day, 3 december.
horst christian simco, better known as riff raff, is a singer and musician from texas. he joined the band the neighborhood in 2013. his second album "neon icon" is going to be released by mad decent in january 2014. 2 chainz, drake, snoop dogg, and juicy j worked on the album with riff raff.
johan wilhelm van hulst (january 28, 1911 – march 22, 2018) was a dutch retired politician. he served as member of the senate from july 3, 1956 until june 10, 1981. he was the parliamentary leader of the christian historical union in the senate from december 10, 1968 until june 8, 1977 when the christian historical union merged into the christian democratic appeal.
van hulst was also a chess player and a former academic.
on march 22, 2018, van hulst died in amsterdam at the age of 107.
clyde jackson browne (born october 9, 1948) is an american singer-songwriter and musician. he has sold over 18 million albums in the united states alone. people know him for his songs "these days", "the pretender", "running on empty", "lawyers in love", "doctor my eyes", "take it easy", "for a rocker", and "somebody's baby". 
browne was born in heidelberg, germany on october 9, 1948 to an american family. he was raised in los angeles.
on march 24, 2020, browne announced that he had tested positive for covid-19 during the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic.
silvio arturo zavala vallado (february 7, 1909 – december 5, 2014) was a mexican historian. he was an expert in law studies and mexico's history.
zavala born in mérida, yucatán on february 7, 1909. he studied at the national university of mexico and at the university of madrid. zavala obtained a ph.d. in law from the latter. he began his professional career in spain in the center for historic studies in madrid.
zavala died in mexico city on december 5, 2014, aged 105.
moonwalker, also known as michael jackson: moonwalker, is an american-british-canadian movie. it was released in 1988 in theatres in europe and south america. the movie is a collection of eight short films about michael jackson. it is 93 minutes long. it made us$67,000,000 at box offices. on january 10, 1989, it was released on video on the united states and canada. the video had sold more than 800,000 copies in the u.s. by april 17, 1989. the movie is named after a dance move that jackson did called the moonwalk. john lennon's son sean is in the movie. jackson executive produced "moonwalker".
brandon quentin adams won the 1989 young artist award for best young actor/actress in a film made for video for his role as zeke, a child version of jackson, in the movie.
in 1989, blackthorne publishing made the movie into a comic book called "moonwalker 3-d".
the apollo lunar module (lm) is the spidery-looking landing vehicle on the moon. it was built for the us apollo program to carry a crew of two from lunar orbit to the surface and back.
the lm was the last of the apollo “hardware” to be developed. its start had been delayed while nasa made up its mind to take the lunar-orbit meeting approach and thus require a vehicle like the lm for a landing. a contract with the prime builder was signed on january, 1963, almost two years after the apollo project began. the lm was tested several times in space. finally, on july 20, 1969 the apollo 11 lm eagle made the first manned lunar landing. 
as apollo missions progressed, apollo 12, 14, 15, 16, 17 had lunar landings using their lms. apollo 13 had a terribly dangerous accident when an oxygen tank exploded. the apollo 13 lunar module, called "aquarius", played an unexpected role in saving the lives of the three astronauts after the explosion. 
the lm was consisted of an ascent stage and decent stage.
this was the unmanned lower part of the lm. it looked like octagonal-shaped. it was made of aluminum alloy and had four legs for landing. it had a descent rocket engine, and batteries and various supplies and scientific equipment to be used when landing on the moon and during the astronauts’ stay on the moon. 
to land on the moon, the descent engine would be fired to begin the lm’s drop from out in lunar orbit down toward the moon. lm could descend vertically and hover above the surface of moon. after the two men finished their stay on the surface, the ascent stage, sitting on the descent stage, would use its ascent engine firing to lift itself off the moon.
this was the roundish upper half of the lm, the command center and crew cabin as well as the launching rocket for leaving the moon. 
to save weight, there were no seats for the men. they would stand, loosely held in place by straps. in front and on either side of them were control panels for the lm’s guidance, communication, environment and propulsion systems. on the left side, there was a window by which commander could look out to steer the lm. overhead in the middle section was the of diameter hatch where the astronauts transferred to and from the command module when two vehicles were linked. lm’s ascent rocket to meet command module was below the deck of the midsection. although ascent rocket was small, it was sufficient because the moon’s weak gravity – one-sixth that of earth’s – meant that the lm would not require a strong push to rise from the lunar surface.
first flight of lunar module.
on monday, january 22, 1968, a 16-ton unmanned lunar module surrounded by a protective shield stood on top of a two-stage saturn 1-b rocket called apollo 5. this flight was made to do two important tests. one was to check separating stage from main rocket. the second was to check test firing of the descent engine, but this mission did not succeed. the apollo 5 test ended after eight hours, and the lm remained in earth orbit. it eventually dropped into the atmosphere and burned up.
le mont-saint-michel (; ) is an island and commune in normandy, france. it is in the manche department. it is located about one kilometre () from the country's northwestern coast. it is at the mouth of the couesnon river near avranches. it is in size and it has a population of 44 (2009). people that live there are called the "montois".
the island has had strategic fortifications since ancient times. the name "mont-saint-michel" comes from the monastery built there in the eighth century ad. the way in which the town is built is an example of how feudal society worked. at the top there is god, the abbey and monastery. below this, there are the great halls, then stores and houses. at the bottom, outside the walls, there are the houses of fishermen and farmers.
mont-saint-michel is one of france's most famous landmarks. the island and its bay are part of the unesco list of world heritage sites. every year, more than 3 million people visit it.
in prehistoric times, the "mont" was on dry land. it is now a rocky tidal island. sea levels became higher and erosion changed the landscape of the coast. several layers of granite or granulite came to the surface in the bay. these layers of rock resisted the damage by the ocean better than the other rocks around them. these included lillemer, the mont-dol, tombelaine (a small island just to the north), and mont tombe, which later became mont-saint-michel. the mount has a circumference of about 960 metres (3,150 ft). it is 92 metres (301 ft) above sea level at its highest point.
the difference between the high and low water marks is about . medieval pilgrims who crossed the flat land sometimes called the mount "st. michael in peril of the sea". today, it can still be dangerous for visitors who do not use the causeway. it can be a risk to walk across the sands from the opposite coast. this is because of quicksand.
polderisation and occasional flooding have created salt marsh meadows. they are ideal for sheep. the meat has a good flavour because of the sheep's diet. the "pré salé" (salt meadow, in french) is home to "agneaux de pré-salé" (salt meadow lamb). this is made into a local specialty (a famous type of food). the local lamb is sometimes on the menus of restaurants in the area.
before 2013, mont-saint-michel was linked to the mainland with a tidal causeway. it was a path covered at high tide and shown at low tide. this connection changed over the centuries. the coastal flats (the sand) have been polderised to make pastureland. this means mont-saint-michel became closer to the coast. the couesnon river was canalised. this helped make the flow of water similar every time the tide rises or falls. however, it developed a silting-up of the bay. in 1879, the tidal causeway was changed into a raised, dry causeway. this stopped the tide from cleaning the silt around the mount.
on 16 june 2006, the french prime minister and regional authorities announced a €164 million project ("projet mont-saint-michel"). the wanted to build a hydraulic dam using the waters of the river couesnon and of tides. this would help remove all of the silt deposited by the rising tides. it would make mont-saint-michel an island again.
the construction of the dam began in 2009. it was completed in 2013. the project was also to remove the causeway and its visitor car-park. the new car-park is on the mainland. it is about two kilometres () from the island. visitors can use small shuttle buses to cross the causeway. the bridge is also open to pedestrians and vehicles without a motor.
architect dietmar feichtinger designed the bridge. it opened to the public on 22 july 2014. the bridge lets the waters go freely around the island. it makes the dam more efficient. the project cost €209 million, €45 million more than planned. president françois hollande officially opened the bridge.
sometimes, weather conditions make the tide very high. this is called a "supertide". for example, the sea completely covered the new bridge on 21 march 2015. it was the highest sea level for at least 18 years. many people travelled to mont-saint-michel to take photos.
mont-saint-michel was an armorican stronghold of gallo-roman culture in the sixth and seventh centuries. in the seventh century, the franks took the mount. from about the fifth to the eighth century, mont-saint-michel was part of a region called neustria. at the start of the ninth century, it was an important place in the marches of neustria.
before the eighth century, the island was called "mont tombe" (). the catholic church built the first religious building in the eighth century, and the mount became mont-saint-michel. according to legend, the archangel michael appeared in 708 to st. aubert, the bishop of avranches. the angel told him to build a church on the mount. aubert didn't listen to the angel until michael burned a hole in the bishop's skull with his finger.
the king of the franks could not defend his kingdom against the attacks of the vikings. the king agreed to give the cotentin peninsula and the avranchin, including mont-saint-michel, to the bretons in the 867 treaty of compiègne. for a short time, the mount belonged to the bretons. in effect, these lands and mont-saint-michel never belonged to the duchy of brittany. they remained separate bishoprics from the newly created breton archbishopric of dol. when rollo named franco as archbishop of rouen, the diocese of rouen took the lands and the mount. they became part of normandy once again, but not officially.
the mount became strategically important again in 933 when william "long sword" (the duke of normandy) annexed the cotentin peninsula from the weakened dukes of brittany. this made the mount part of normandy officially. this is shown in the bayeux tapestry, which commemorates (helps remember) the norman conquest of england in 1066. the tapestry shows harold, earl of wessex helping two norman knights from the quicksand around mont-saint-michel during a battle with conan ii, duke of brittany. norman dukes paid for the development of the abbey in the following centuries. it became a good example of norman architecture.
in 1067, the monastery of mont-saint-michel gave its support to duke william of normandy in his claim to the throne of england. william gave houses and grounds on the english side of the channel as a reward. these included a small island off the southwestern coast of cornwall. it became a norman priory named st michael's mount of penzance. it looks similar to mont-saint-michel.
during the hundred years' war, the english made many attacks on the island. they were not able to take it due to the abbey's very good fortifications. the english first attacked the mount in 1423, and then again in 1433. thomas scalles was the leader of the english army. scalles left two wrought iron bombards when he stopped his attack. they are still there today. they are known as "les michelettes". the resistance at mont-saint-michel gave hope to the french, especially joan of arc.
when louis xi of france founded the order of saint michael in 1469, he wanted the church of mont-saint-michel to become the chapel for the order. however, it was far from paris so this was not possible.
the wealth and influence of the abbey helped other foundations, for example st michael's mount in cornwall. however, it started to become less popular as a centre of pilgrimage due to the reformation. at the time of the french revolution, there were almost no monks living there. the republicans closed the abbey. it became a prison. at first, this was to hold clerical enemies of the french republic. later, there were also important political prisoners at the mount. in 1836, famous figures, such as victor hugo, started a campaign to restore the mount. the prison closed in 1863, and the mount became a historic monument in 1874. mont-saint-michel and its bay became unesco world heritage sites in 1979. the factors for listing included cultural, historical, and architectural importance, as well as man-made and natural beauty.
in the 11th century, richard ii of normandy chose an italian architect called william de volpiano to build the abbey of mont-saint-michel. volpiano had already built the abbey of fécamp, in normandy. he designed the romanesque church of the abbey. he chose to place the transept crossing at the top of the mount. he also built a lot of crypts and chapels below the ground. these are to support building above, because it is very heavy. today, mont-saint-michel has a church of romanesque style.
robert de thorigny was a great supporter of henry ii of england. henry was also duke of normandy at this time. thorigny made the structure of the buildings stronger. he also built the main façade of the church in the 12th century. in 1204, the breton "guy de thouars", a friend of the king of france, attacked the mount with an army. he set fire to the village and killed lots of people. however, he had to retreat (leave) under the powerful walls of the abbey. the fire extended to the buildings, and the roofs burnt. philip augustus, thorigny's friend, was unhappy about the cruel actions and the destruction. he offered abbot jourdain some money to build a new gothic-style architectural set. the abbot added the refectory ("dining room") and cloister.
charles vi added big fortifications to the abbey-mount. he also added building towers and courtyards, and he made the ramparts stronger.
the islet is part of the french commune of mont-saint-michel. it is in the department of manche, in normandy. as of 2009, 44 people live there. the nearest large town, with a train station, is pontorson. mont-saint-michel is part of the organization of world heritage cities.
mont-saint-michel is also the subject of a traditional rivalry between normans and bretons. bretons say that the couesnon river marks the limit between normandy and brittany. it is only because the river has changed its course over the centuries that the mount is on the norman side. this legend amuses the area's inhabitants. they state that the border is not located on the couesnon river. they say it is on the mainland, to the west, at the foot of the solid mass of saint-brelade.
up to 20,000 people a day visit the city in july and august. among the 43 inhabitants (2006), 5 were monks and 7 nuns.
twin towns – sister cities.
mont-saint-michel has historical links with st michael's mount in cornwall, uk. edward the confessor gave it to the benedictines of mont-saint-michel in the 11th century.
61 buildings of mont-saint-michel are on the list of historical monuments. they were added from 1928 to today.
the spring 1945 offensive in italy was given the code name operation grapeshot. it was the allied attack by fifth united states army and british 8th army into the lombardy plain. it started on 6 april 1945 and ended on 2 may with the surrender of german forces in italy.
the allies had done their previous major attack on the gothic line in august 1944. the british 8th army attacked up the coast of the adriatic sea. the u.s. 5th army attacked through the central apennine mountains.
they managed to break through the gothic line defences. but they failed to get into the lombardy plains before the winter weather stopped them. 
they had a hard time in the cold winter weather. they planned to attack again in the spring.
harold alexander was promoted to field marshal. he was made the allied supreme commander mediterranean on 12 december.
on 23 march, albert kesselring was appointed commander-in-chief army group west.
orders of battle.
in the spring, the problems of getting troops continued. the 15th army group had 1,334,000 men with eighth army having 632,980 men and fifth army 266,883. against them were 21 much weaker german divisions and 4 italian divisions, a total of 25.
plan of attack.
clark made his plan on 18 march. he wanted destroy the maximum number of enemy forces, cross the po and capture verona.
the eighth army was to go north west to capture ferrara and bondeno. the u.s. fifth army was to go past bologna to surround german forces south of the po. the fifth army was to go west towards ostiglia. next, the allies would capture bridge across the po and go north.
the fifth army plan (operation "craftsman") aimed to pull german reserves away from route 65. ii corps would then attack.
in the first week of april, attacks were launched on the right and left of the allied lines. the goal was to draw german reserves away from the main attacks to come. axis forces had to use sea, canal and river routes for supply. axis shipping was being attacked in bombing raids.
the main attack started on 6 april with an artillery bombing of the senio defenses. on 9 april, 825 heavy bombers dropped bombs near the senio. from 15:20 to 19:10, artillery was fired. as well, 28 churchill crocodiles and 127 wasp flamethrower vehicles were sent out. by 12 april, the 8th indian division was on the far side of the santerno. the british 78th division moved to attack argenta.
the u.s. 5th army began its attack on 14 april. first, there was a bombing by 2,000 heavy bombers and 2,000 artillery pieces. then troops attacked. by 20 april both corps had broken through the german defences and reached the po valley. 10th mountain division went north. by 19 april, the british 6th armoured division was moving to surround the german armies defending bologna. bondeno was captured on 23 april. bologna was entered on 21 april. u.s. iv corps reached the river po at on 22 april. they went north to verona which they entered on 26 april. british v corps entered padua on 29 april. partisans had captured the german garrison of 5,000.
secret surrender talks between the germans and western allies were held in switzerland (operation crossword) in march. the soviets did not like that the western allies were trying to arrange a surrender that did not include the soviets. on 29 april, the germans surrendered.
hallasan is one of korea's three most sacred mountains. it is on jeju-do, the southernmost island of republic of korea. it is 1,950m tall. on the top of hallasan, there is a crater called baek rok dam. it was an active volcano until about 25,000 years ago. it is now dormant. hallasan is made of basalt, a type of black rock that is produced by volcanoes. it extends east to west. the south side of hallasan is very steep. the slope of the north side is gentle. the east and south are relatively high but smooth. 
there are seven trails on hallasan.
hallasan has subtropical plants, warm-climate plants, and subarctic plants. in spring, there royal azalea, and yellow rape. there are also maple trees. in winter, the mountain is covered with snow. there are deer, which are the symbol of hallasan. 
the ever-changing colors of the scenery make people admire the beauty of nature, and this is why hallasan was selected as a national park on march 24 1970. all of jeju volcanic island was declared a unesco world heritage site in 2007. during the last week in january, there is a snow-flower festival in hallasan.
aleqa hammond (born 23 september 1965) is a greenlandic politician. she was the leader of the siumut party and also the country's first female prime minister after her party emerged as the largest in the 2013 elections.
juan vicente torrealba (20 february 1917 – 2 may 2019) was a venezuelan harpist and composer of popular music.
torrealba died at the age of 102 from heart failure on 2 may 2019, aged 102.
arnoldo foà (24 january 1916 – 11 january 2014) was an italian movie actor. he has appeared in more than 130 movie since 1938. he was born in ferrara, italy.
foà died on the morning of 11 january 2014, 13 days before his 98th birthday, from respiratory failure in his home in rome, italy.
jacque fresco (march 13, 1916 – may 18, 2017) was an american self-taught structural designer, architectural designer, concept artist, educator, and futurist. fresco wrote and lectured his views concerning sustainable cities, energy efficiency, natural-resource management, cybernetic technology, advanced automation, and the role of science in society. he was of jewish descent.
fresco died at his home in sebring, florida from complications of parkinson's disease on may 18, 2017, aged 101.
vittorio emanuele orlando (may 19, 1860 – december 1, 1952) was an italian diplomat and political figure. he was born in palermo, sicily. his father, a landed gentleman, delayed venturing out to register his son's birth for fear of giuseppe garibaldi's 1,000 patriots who had just stormed into sicily on the first leg of their march to build an italian nation.
axel gabriel erik mørch better known as gabriel axel (18 april 1918 – 9 february 2014) was a danish movie director, actor, writer and producer. he is best known for the movie "babette's feast" (1987). he wrote and directed this movie. he won an academy award for it.
axel died on 9 february 2014 at the age of 95.
wwe saturday morning slam was a professional wrestling show made by the wwe.
during its televised history in the united states it was shown on the cw during its vortexx saturday morning block. it was centered around being more family-friendly and targeted towards children. the show ran from august 25, 2012 to may 11, 2013. the show was cancelled because of creative differences between both the wwe and saban brands.
reed college is a private liberal arts college in portland oregon. reed was begun in 1908 and had its first classes in 1911. reed is an undergraduate school. an unusually high number of reed's students go on to get ph.d.s after they graduate. reed is the only private undergraduate school to have a nuclear reactor. 
tuition at reed is about $44,200 a year. reed is secular, meaning the school is not part of a religion. the school does not do very many ncaa sports, and it does not have any fraternities or sororities. 
reed students are called "reedies". students are often called nonconformists. as a joke, some students say the motto of the school is "communism, atheism, free love". 
some famous or important people who went to reed include:
kevin matthew fertig (born january 17, 1977) is an american professional wrestler. he is best known for working with world wrestling entertainment (wwe) under the ring names, mordecai and kevin thorn.
under the mordecai name, he played a religious zealot and under his kevin thorn name, he played a vampire character along with his manager ariel.
in january 2009, he was offered a new contract with wwe, but turned it down. wwe announced that he was released from contract by request on january 9, even though his contract did not end until april 5 which prevented him from wrestling for other promotions.
big hero 6 is an american computer animated supehero buddy comedy movie based on the marvel comics superhero comic that has the same name. it was released on november 5, 2014 by walt disney studios motion pictures. the movie grossed over $651.8 million worldwide making it the , it also won the .
the movie is about a boy named hiro. and it is a 53rd movie. he lives in the city of san fransokyo (a mixture of tokyo and san francisco). he changes himself and his friends into high-tech heroes to protect the city. one of his friends is baymax, a robot created by tadashi (hiro's brother). baymax's only purpose is to take care of people.
"lost" is a song by frank ocean, from his album "channel orange". it is about a girl who takes drugs and feels lost. it is an r&b and pop song.
"pyramids" is a song by frank ocean. it is from the album "channel orange". the song is about a pimp who falls in love with one of his prostitutes. it is an r&b and electronica song. it is almost 10 minutes long.
the allied invasion of sicily was code-named operation husky. it was a major battle of world war ii. the allies captured sicily from the axis powers (italy and nazi germany).
it was a big sea and air operation, followed by six weeks of land fighting. it started the italian campaign. it was followed by the allied invasion of italy.
"husky" began on the night of 9–10 july 1943, and ended 17 august. "husky" achieved the goals of the allies. the allies removed axis air, land and naval forces from the island.
as well, the mediterranean's sea lanes were opened to the allies, and italian dictator benito mussolini was briefly removed from power.
the plan for operation "husky" called for the sea attack of the island by two armies. one would land on the south eastern coast. another would land on the central southern coast. the attack would be helped by naval gunfire and bombing. the commander was the american general dwight d. eisenhower.
the allied land forces were from the american, british and canadian armies. they were put into two groups. the eastern task force was led by general bernard montgomery. the western task force was commanded by lieutenant general george s. patton. in addition to the sea landings, airborne troops were to be flown in. they would capture bridges and high ground.
the allied naval forces were put into two groups to transport the invading armies.
the island was defended by the two corps of italian 6th army under general alfredo guzzoni. in early july the total axis force in sicily was about 200,000 italian and 32,000 german troops, and 30,000 "luftwaffe" ground staff. by late july there were 70,000 german troops.
the attack plan was made on 17 may.
at the casablanca conference in january 1943, political leaders and the military leaders of the us and britain met to discuss future plans. the british wanted an invasion of sicily. general eisenhower was made commander-in-chief of the allied forces.
once the axis forces had been defeated in tunisia, the allied bombers attacked the airfields of sardinia, sicily and southern italy. they also bombed industrial targets in southern italy and the ports of naples, messina, palermo and cagliari.
to distract the axis, the allies did several trick operations. the most famous was "operation mincemeat". the british allowed a corpse disguised as a british officer to drift ashore in spain, carrying a briefcase with fake secret documents.
these stated that the allies were planning to invade greece and sardinia, and had no plans to invade sicily. the germans thought the documents were real. the germans moved much of their defences from sicily to greece.
two british and two american attacks by airborne forces were done on the night of 9–10 july. they wanted to capture the bridge over the river anape. strong wind made them land in the wrong places. airborne troops attacked patrols. a platoon captured the bridge and fought off counterattacks for a few hours.
the strong winds made the sea landings hard. landings were made on 10 july on twenty-six main beaches.
by the evening of 10 july the seven allied divisions were ashore and the port of syracuse had been captured.
alexander's plan was to establish his forces on a line between licata in and catania. he wanted to capture ports.
"cleanin' out my closet" is a serious song by eminem from the album "the eminem show". its lyrics are dealing with how people protest against his lyrics, his father abandoning his family and his mother's drug use.
"on my level" is a song by wiz khalifa featuring too $hort. it is a dark song about partying and smoking. it is from his album "rolling papers".
the siege of odessa was a siege battle during world war ii. it was part of the eastern front area of operations in 1941. it was done by romanian forces and the german army's ("wehrmacht heer") 11th army ("11. armee"). they attacked the city of odessa in the soviet union.
due to the strong fighting of the 9th independent army (initially) and the separate coastal army, and the black sea fleet forces in odessa, it took the romanian army 73 days of siege and four attacks to capture the city. they had 93,000 casualties. the red army had 41,000 casualties. some historians say the red army had 60,000 casualties.
before the battle.
on 27 july 1941, hitler sent a letter to general antonescu asking for romanian troops.
on 8 august, the romanians ordered the 4th army to capture odessa.
they thought the city would surrender quickly. however, odessa was a heavily fortified city. it had trenches, anti-tank ditches, pillboxes and other defences.
overall, the red army had some 34,500 men and 240 artillery pieces in the area. airplanes included two seaplane squadrons and one bomber squadron.
the romanian 4th army planned to attack odessa. the 5th corps would go north then turn south.
on 9 august, the 4th dorobanti regiment defeated the soviet forces in the bakalovy area. the 30th dorobanţi regiment captured the village of ponyatovka.
the 1st armored division defeated the soviet forces at bolschaya buzhalyk, breaking through odessa's first line of defense.
the 10th dorobanţi regiment beat the soviet forces at lozovaya. the 4th army surrounded odessa.
on 17 august, romanian troops capturing odessa's water reservoirs. the soviet forces fought hard. there were many losses on both sides.
by 24 august, the romanians were stopped at the soviets' main line of defense. the 4th army already 
had 27,307 casualties, including 5,329 killed.
on 28 august, the romanians attacked again. they had help from a german assault battalion and ten heavy artillery battalions.
a german force came to help the romanians. the soviets also received 15,000 men and ammunition. 
then the 157th rifle division arrived with 12,600 troops. also, 18 soviet companies were brought in from novorossiysk.
19 is the first album by adele. it was released on 28 january 2008. it went straight to number one in the united kingdom's record charts. the album was produced by jim abbiss, mark ronson, and eg white.
the allied invasion of italy was the invasion of mainland italy by the allies during world war ii. the allies landed on the mainland on 3 september 1943. the invasion followed the successful invasion of sicily during the italian campaign.
the invasion was done by general harold alexander's 15th army group. this included lieutenant general mark clark's u.s. fifth army and general bernard montgomery's british eighth army.
the main invasion force landed near salerno on the western coast in "operation avalanche". two other attacks were done in calabria (operation baytown) and taranto (operation slapstick).
following the defeat of the axis powers in north africa, there was disagreement between the allies as to what to do next. winston churchill wanted to invade italy.
when they realized that no invasion could be done in 1943, they decided to invade sicily. the allied invasion of sicily in july 1943 was successful. many of the axis forces managed to avoid capture and escape to the mainland. benito mussolini was removed as head of the italian government. "operation baytown" was the plan in which eighth army would land near the tip of calabria on 3 september 1943. the allies sent the 504th parachute infantry regiment to airfields near rome.
the main landings ("operation avalanche") were on 9 september. the main force would land near salerno on the western coast. the "avalanche" plan was for the fifth army to land. on the german side, albert kesselring realized he could not stop the salerno landing.
on 3 september 1943, british eighth army's xiii corps launched "operation baytown". italian troops surrendered. on 4 september, 5 division reached bagnara. progress was slow as blown up bridges, roadblocks and mines delayed eighth army. heinrich von vietinghoff's 10th army was ready to attack the allied landings. on 8 september (before the main invasion), the surrender of italy to the allies was announced. italian troops stopped fighting and the navy sailed to allied ports to surrender. the german forces in italy moved into important defensive positions. "operation slapstick" started on 9 september.
"operation avalanche" was the main invasion at salerno by the u.s. 5th army. it began on 9 september 1943. major general rudolf sieckenius commander of 16th panzer division had organised his forces into four groups. by the end of the first day the 5th army had made a good start. x corps' two divisions had moved between inland.
for the next three days, the allies fought to get more beach territory. the germans defended. by 12 september, x corps had taken a defensive position. on 13 september, the germans launched their attack. the herman göring battle groups attacked the northern part of the beach. the main attack was between the two allied corps. on 15 september 16th panzer division and 29th panzergrenadier division took up defensive positions. on 15 september, kesselring said the attack by xiv panzer corps must be successful. if this failed, tenth army must pull back from the battle.
on 14 september, the allies advanced. by 16 september 5th, the infantry division had reached sapri. the germans decided to pull out of the battle. they withdrew on 18/19 september.
the salerno battle was where the salerno mutiny happened. about 500 men of the british x corps refused to join new units. eventually the corps commander, mccreery, got about half of the men to follow their orders. the rest were court-martialled.
with the salerno beach secure, fifth army began its attack northwest towards naples on 19 september.
our version of events is the first album by emeli sandé. the album was released on 13 february 2012 by virgin records. six singles were released from the album.
san juan is the capital city of the san juan province in argentina.
pablo ruiz may refer to:
wwf no mercy is a professional wrestling video game developed by asmik ace entertainment and aki corporation and published by thq. the game was released on the nintendo 64.
it was released on november 17, 2000 in north america and on december 15, 2000 in europe. it is a sequel to the 1999 video game, wwf wrestlemania 2000.
ign rated the game a 9 out of 10 and said "no mercy is a terrific game from top to bottom. the game mechanics are sound, the animation is fantastic, the characters are very responsive and there's a tremendous amount of game modes.”
gamespot gave the game a 7.7 out of 10 and stated "if you're still drooling over wrestlemania 2000, then the roster updates, graphical refinements, bonus secrets, and new modes found in wwf no mercy should be more than enough to keep you going for another year." 
wwe day of reckoning 2 is a professional wrestling video game developed by yuke's and published by thq.
it was released on august 29, 2005 in north america, september 23, 2005 in europe, october 7, 2005 in australasia.
ign rated the game a 8.5 out of 10 saying "the control mechanics, already solidly grapple-heavy and speedy, are made more intuitive still by a strategic synergy between stamina and submission systems, and complemented again by a fun momentum shift. the result is a wrestling game with less button mashing and more strategy."
gamespot gave the game a 8.1 out of 10 and stated "though some may be disappointed by the fact that it isn't a huge leap past what day of reckoning put forth, fans of the first game are certain to have a great time with the sequel." 
the battle of gemmano was a battle fought between the german and allied forces in world war ii. it was part of the allies' operation olive, the attack in august 1944 on the gothic line. this was the german line of defence in the apennines in northern italy.
it consisted of a series of four british attacks between 4 september to 15 september 1944. the british attacked the german defences in and around the village of gemmano. the village was captured on 9 september during the second attack.
two more attacks were required to capture the surrounding area. fighting was heavy. the battle of gemmano has been called the "cassino of the adriatic" by some historians.
wwe day of reckoning is a professional wrestling video game developed by yuke's and published by thq.
it was released on august 30, 2004 in north america, september 17, 2004 in the pal region, and on january 13, 2005 in japan.
ign rated the game a 8.3 out of 10 saying "the game's intuitive grappling system is still fast and fun, and once you get the hang of counters and reversals you'll really gain an appreciation for the depth hiding underneath the simplified control scheme."
gamespot gave the game a 8.2 out of 10 and stated "day of reckoning is truly the first great wwe game on the gamecube." 
the battle of garfagnana () was known to the germans as operation winter storm ("unternehmen wintergewitter") and nicknamed the "christmas offensive" (italian: "offensiva di natale").
it was an attack of axis forces on the western sector of the gothic line during world war ii. it happened in december 1944 in the north tuscan apennines, near massa and lucca.
in late december 1944 the german 14th army under general kurt von tippelskirch attacked the left side of the u.s. fifth army in the serchio valley. he wanted to make the u.s. forces stay there.
the allies had ordered two brigades from indian 8th infantry division to be moved to help the u.s. 92nd infantry division. by the time they had arrived the germans and italians had captured barga. u.s. soldiers had intended to retreat to lucca. the german / italian force stopped the attack and withdrew.
barga was recaptured one week later by the new year. the western gothic line remained in place until late march 1945.
benito mussolini and his defense minister, marshal rodolfo graziani, wanted to create an italian army. they did not want this army to be under german control. they wanted some of the newly created italian divisions to attack the allies in the italian peninsula.
they planned an attack in garfagnana for two of their new divisions. there would be 40,000 men and airplanes. their goal was recapturing lucca, pisa and livorno in tuscany from the allies. but the italians lacked arms, tanks and airplanes.
the germans created their own attack,
with 9,000 soldiers (mostly italians), they attacked in garfagnana a small area of the gothic line. they wanted to move the allies back .
groups from the u.s. 92nd infantry division moved near garfagnana sector in november 1944. they did not
capture castelnuovo di garfagnana.
following the ardennes offensive in mid-december, the allies thought the axis might try an attack in northern italy.
the 19th and 21st brigades of the indian 8th infantry division were moved to help the u.s. 92nd infantry division in front of lucca.
on 26 december, several rsi military did the "operation winter storm" (wintergewitter) attacks with three german battalions. this was a german and italian attack against the american 92nd infantry division. a total of 9,100 axis troops (of which 66% were italians), with 100 artillery pieces but no tanks attacked. there were 18,000 allied troops with 140 artillery batteries and 120 tanks.
their goal was to capture the small towns of barga, sommocolonia, vergemoli, treppignana, coreglia, fornaci di barga, promiana, castelvecchio and calomini. these were all north-west of lucca. by 27 december the attack was over. in the morning, the german troops entered pian di coreglia.
the next morning, the axis troops occupied piano di coreglia. the axis troops got more than 25 kilometres inside the allies lines.
nadir afonso, (december 4, 1920 – december 11, 2013) was a portuguese geometric painter. he painted abstract art. he wanted to be in architecture, which he practiced early in his career with le corbusier and oscar niemeyer. afonso later studied painting in paris and became one of the experts in kinetic art. he worked alongside victor vasarely, fernand léger, auguste herbin, and andré bloc.
tirol-choco () is a type of chocolate made in japan. it has been made since 2004. tyrol is an area of austria. when tirol-choco's president visited austria, he decided to use the name to give his brand a fresh image.
tirol-choco is cheap. it costs about 10 yen (10 cents) to 30 yen (30 cents).
the air raid on bari was an air attack by german bombers on allied forces and shipping in bari, italy. 
it occurred on 2 december 1943 during world war ii. in the attack, 105 german junkers ju 88 bombers of "luftflotte" 2 bombed ships from the allied italian campaign. they sunk 27 cargo and transport ships and a schooner in bari harbour.
the attack, which lasted one hour, destroyed the port. not it was not fixed until february 1944. the attack was called the "little pearl harbor". 
the release of mustard gas from one of the cargo ships added to the deaths. the british and american governments hid the news about mustard gas and its effects on victims.
in 1943, during the italian campaign, the port of bari in southern italy was important for allied forces. ammunition, supplies, and provisions were unloaded from ships at the port, then moved to allied forces. 
bari did not have good air defences. no raf fighters were based there. there was not good anti-aircraft defences.
the allies did not think the germans could bomb bari. they thought that the "luftwaffe" in italy could not do a major attack. 
german air raids by kg 54 had bombed the naples port area four times in the previous month.
thirty ships of american, british, polish, norwegian and dutch registry were in bari harbour on 2 december. the port was lit on the night of the raid to help the unloading of supplies.
on the afternoon of 2 december, a "luftwaffe" pilot flew over bari. his report made albert kesselring order the raid. 
the germans thought that destroying the port might slow the advance of the british eighth army. only 105 ju 88 bombers were available.
the attack started at 19:25, when two or three german aircraft circled the harbour at . they dropped "düppel" (foil strips) to confuse allied radar. 
the german bomber force surprised the allies. they bombed the harbour and its ships and many of the bombs hit targets. two ammunition ships were bombed. a petrol pipeline was cut and the fuel caught fire. the fire spread to many of the ships.
twenty-eight merchant ships with more than of cargo were sunk or destroyed. twelve more ships were damaged. the port was closed for three weeks. it was reopened in february 1944. 
one of the destroyed vessels—the u.s. liberty ship "john harvey"—had been carrying a secret cargo of 2000 m47a1 mustard gas bombs. each held of the chemical. according to royal navy historian stephen roskill, the mustard gas had been sent to europe to use if germany used chemical warfare in italy. 
the destruction of "john harvey" caused liquid sulfur mustard from the bombs to spill into waters. the many sailors who had jumped into the water became covered with the chemical. 
within a day, symptoms of mustard poisoning had appeared in 628 patients and medical staff. symptoms included blindness and chemical burns. 
hundreds of italian civilians also seeking treatment, who had been poisoned by sulfur mustard gas. by the end of the month, 83 of the 628 hospitalized military victims had died. 
the allies tried to hide the disaster. 
there were too many witnesses to keep the secret. in february 1944, the u.s. admitted to the accident. they said they did not plan to use chemical weapons unless germany used them first.
dorothy renée ascherson (19 may 1915 – 30 october 2014), known professionally as renée asherson, was an english actress. much of her theatrical career was spent in shakespearean plays, appearing at such venues as the old vic, the liverpool playhouse, and the westminster theatre. her first stage appearance was on 17 october 1935, aged 20, and her first major film appearance was in "the way ahead" (1944). her last film appearance was in "the others" (2001).
her first stage appearance was in 1935. her first feature movie was the 1944 movie "the way ahead". her most recent motion picture was in 2001's "the others".
asherson was married to fellow actor robert donat from 1953 until his death in 1958. his severe asthma led to their separation, although a reconciliation had seemed possible just before the end of his life. although donat had three children from his previous marriage, they had no children together.
she never remarried. she died on 30 october 2014, aged 99. among her surviving relatives is her nephew, the journalist neal ascherson.
john lowry dobson (september 14, 1915 – january 15, 2014) was an american astronomer. he known for creating a design for a popular newtonian telescope, named after him, the dobsonian telescope.
dobson died at burbank, california on january 15, 2014. he was 98.
danuta szaflarska (6 february 1915 in kosarzyska, piwniczna-zdrój, poland – 19 february 2017 in warsaw) was a polish movie and stage actress. she is sometimes called the legend of polish cinema. in 2008, she was awarded the złota kaczka for the best polish actress of the century.
nasi goreng is a traditional dish from indonesia, a place in south east asia. it is a style of fried rice. the name is malay; "nasi" means "rice" and "goreng" means "fried or to fry". it is also popular for late-night supper sold from street vendors. it can be found almost anywhere in indonesia. it is also popular in malaysia and singapore.
in 2011, cnn international announced that nasi goreng is the number two of their "world's 50 most delicious foods" list.
there is no single recipe for nasi goreng, as there are various types. the basic ingredients generally include: cooked rice, "kecap manis" (sweet soy sauce), salt, garlic, chilli pepper, fried onions, carrot, egg and chicken. slices of cucumber, tomato, and lettuce are included for garnishing. eggs can be either mixed into fried rice in the beginning as scrambled eggs or served separately as fried eggs. in general, "acar" – pickle made from vinegar preserved cucumber, carrot, shallots, and small chilli pepper – and "krupuk" – deep fried prawn crackers – are provided as side dishs.
the flavor of nasi goreng can vary depending on the region. there are some variations, such as "nasi goreng bali" which is cooked in bali; "nasi goreng seafood" which includes shrimp, fish and squid, or "nasi goreng satay" which includes "satay" (seasoned and grilled skewered meat chunks with peanut sauce). when cooking it, one may put anything that can harmonize with the taste.
even though any ingredient can be added in nasi goreng, what cannot be taken out is the "kecap manis". "kecap manis" is very crucial in the dish which gives the flavor to the nasi goreng. it is what makes the taste of nasi goreng different from other asian styles of fried rice. other sauces such as "ikan asin" (salted dried fish) and "saus tiram" (oyster sauce) can be added as well. the spiciness of nasi goreng is decided by the amount of "sambal" (chilli sauce). the sambal can be added during the cooking process or added individually while eating, depending on the preference.
patricia morison (born eileen patricia augusta fraser morison; march 19, 1915 – may 20, 2018) was an american actress and singer. she was known for her role as the lead in the original production of cole porter's "kiss me, kate". 
morison died on may 20, 2018 in los angeles at the age of 103.
syedna mohammed burhanuddin () (abul-qaid johar mohammed burhanuddin) (6 march 1915 – 17 january 2014) was an indian islamic religious leader. he is the 52nd dai of the dawoodi bohras. the dawoodi bohras are a sub group within the mustaali, ismaili shia branch of islam.
burhanuddin died on 17 january 2014 at the age of 98 due to a heart attack in mumbai.
major john freeman (19 february 1915 – 20 december 2014) was a british politician, diplomat and broadcaster. he was the labour member of parliament (mp) for watford from 1945 to 1955. 
following the death of morgan morgan-giles on 4 may 2013, freeman was the oldest surviving former mp. he was the last survivor of those elected to parliament in 1945, and the former mp with the earliest date of first election.
freeman died on 20 december 2014 in london, aged 99.
a choco pie is a small cake made up of two small round layers of cake with marshmallow filling and a chocolate covering.
the origin of choco pie goes back to 1917 in the american south. chattanooga bakery in chattanooga, tennessee created the moon pie with graham crackers and marshmallow filling which is similar to the choco pie of nowadays.
tongyang r&d, the snack company of south korea, began selling a similar type of chocolate cake with marshmallow filling named 'orion choco pie' in 1974. a member of the company was inspired by a chocolate-coated cake in a restaurant in a hotel in the u.s. state of georgia on a business trip. after he got back to korea, he made many experiment to make that kind of chocolate cake. finally, he created the choco pie as it is known to koreans now. later, tongyang r&d changed its name to orion confectionery because of the success of 'orion choco pie'. in addition, similar versions of choco pie were produced by lotte confectionary and crown confectionery.
from the 2000s, orin choco pie has been exported all over the world. a third of orion’s profits is from outside korea. orion has four major share markets- south korea, china, vietnam, and russia. also it is exported to north korea, and it is sometimes used as bonuses for north korean workers.
although orion firstly began to produce 'choco pie', lotte confectionary also named its product with the same name 'choco pie'. orion filed a lawsuit claiming ‘choco pie’ is its property, but it failed. the court had them allow 'choco pie' as a common noun. so there are three types of 'choco pie' from different companies, orion, lotte, and crown.
wwe all-stars is a professional wrestling video game developed by thq san diego and published by thq.
it was released on march 29, 2011 in north america, march 31, 2011 in europe, april 1, 2011 in europe, may 3, 2011 in korea, and august 11, 2011 in japan. it was released for the nintendo 3ds on november 22, 2011 in north america and on november 25, 2011 in europe.
it was announced by thq along with wwe smackdown vs. raw 2011 at e3 2010.
as of april 28, 2013, the online multiplayer servers are shut down.
ign rated the game a 7 out of 10
gamespot gave the game a 6 out of 10 and stated "weak sound effects hamstring the beefed-up action of wwe all stars, though there is still some entertainment to be had here."
the game was nominated in the "best fighting game" category at the 2011 spike video game awards.
robert evans (june 29, 1930 – october 26, 2019) was an american movie producer and studio executive. he was best known for his work on "rosemary's baby", "love story", "the godfather", and "chinatown".
evans died on october 26, 2019 at his home in beverly hills, california from stroke-related problems at the age of 89.
nguyễn ngọc thơ (26 may 1908 – 1976) was a vietnamese politician. he was the first prime minister of south vietnam, serving from november 1963 to late january 1964.
ronald lee "ron" hunter ( – december 3, 2013) was an american actor. he appeared in many movies and television shows. he is known for appearing on "the big bang theory" and "law & order".
ronald hunter died of heart and kidney failure on december 3, 2013, aged 70, at the woodland hills medical center in los angeles, california. he was survived by his three children, two grandchildren, and sister.
"mansions of the lord" is a hymn. the words are written by randall wallace. it is set to music by nick glennie-smith. it was originally written for the 2002 movie "we were soldiers". the hymn was also used for ronald reagan's funeral. it is about mothers and children losing their loved ones, serving in war, in battle.
to fallen soldiers let us singwhere no rockets fly nor bullets wingour broken brothers let us bringto the mansions of the lord
no more bleeding, no more fightno prayers pleading through the nightjust divine embrace, eternal lightin the mansions of the lord
where no mothers cry and no children weepwe will stand and guard though the angels sleepall through the ages safely keepthe mansions of the lord
the santa fe university of art and design (sometimes called sfuad) is a private 4-year university in santa fe, new mexico. it was founded in 1859 with the name st. michael's college. the government gave it a charter for higher education in 1874. this meant that the college had the right to give degrees. in 1966 it was renamed college of santa fe. in 2010 it was renamed again to santa fe university of art and design.
the school has a large movie studio where many movies have been made. in 2013 tuition was $27,996 a year.
hastings kamuzu banda (15 february 1898 – 25 november 1997), was the leader of malawi from 1961 to 1994.
banda attended school in the united states. in 1928 he graduated from the school that is now central state university in ohio. next he attended indiana university as a premedical student. after four semesters he transferred to the university of chicago. he graduated in 1931. banda then studied medicine at meharry medical college in tennessee.
banda was required to get a second medical degree in order to practice medicine in the british empire. he attended the university of edinburgh. between 1941 and 1945, he worked as a doctor in north shields.
in 1946 he represented the nyasaland african congress at the fifth pan african congress in manchester. he began to take more interest in home country.
banda was against the efforts of sir roy welensky. welensky wanted to form a federation between southern and northern rhodesia with nyasaland (malawi).
in 1951 he moved to the gold coast in west africa. banda finally returned to nyasaland on 6 july 1958. in august he was named as the leader of the congress. he spoke against colonialism and for independence. in 1963, he was formally made nyasaland’s prime minister. on 6 july 1964, nyasaland became the independent commonwealth of malawi. when he swept to power as the first president of malawi in 1966 he called himself "ngwazi", which means conqueror, and after a few years declared himself "life president".
malawi became a one-party state under the malawi congress party (mcp). in 1970, the mcp made him the party’s president for life. in 1971, he became president for life of malawi itself.
the southern alps is a mountain range in new zealand. the mountain range runs along the entire length of the south island.
the tallest peak of the southern alps is aoraki / mount cook which stands at 3,754 metres (12,316 ft). the mountain range was named on march 23, 1770 by captain james cook. he described the southern alps as being very high.
sm entertainment is a record label and talent agency in south korea. it is one of the main entertainment businesses in korea. it was founded by lee su-man, a former singer. it was originally focused solely on entertainment management. since then, however, they have expanded their business interests to establishing subsidiary companies and incorporating affiliates. they have foreign subsidiaries, such as sm japan, asia, and usa.
debut of stars.
known for their dedication to quality of talent, sm has produced many hit groups and solo artists since 1996. the first debut under the label was the boy group h.o.t. in 1996, followed by girl group s.e.s. in 1997. being an influential contributor to the "first generation of k-pop", sm continued to produce hit artists such as shinhwa in 1998, fly to the sky in 1999, soloist boa in 2000 andtvxq in 2004. a rising popularity of k-pop in the west saw further debuts become vastly successful like super junior in 2005, girls' generation in 2007, shinee in 2008, f(x) in 2009 and exo in 2012. the newest groups from sm are red velvet - debuted in 2014, nct in 2016, wayv - a china based subunit of nct in 2018, and aespa in 2020.
former recording artists.
•amber liu (2009-2019)
•victoria song (2009-2019)
••park luna (2009-2019)
sm entertainment was established in 1995 with initial capital of 50 million won. in 2000, their shares were registered on the kosdaq market. moreover, sm formed a music investment fund with about 10 billion won in 2001. this was the first of its kind in korea. sm entertainment's revenues grew 53% in 2011 compared to the year before. the company recorded 1686 billion won. the largest shareholder is lee su-man, who owns 21.50% of sm the affiliates of sm entertainment includes sm culture and contents, sm entertainment japan inc., starlight, galgali family entertainment, dream maker entertainment limited, sm amusement, sm f&b development, m studio city, sm brandmarketing, sm entertainment usa inc., and sm krage.
lee si-yeon (, born july 24, 1980, is a south korean model and actress. lee si-yeon is transgender, meaning she was raised as a boy but later decided to live as a woman.
lee's birth name was lee dae-hak (). she changed it to lee si-yeon when she did "gender transition" to live as a woman. in 2007, lee decided to use sexual reassignment surgery to change her body to be more like other women's bodies and less like men's bodies. her uncle is seo jae-hyok, a member of the south korean musical band buhwal.
in 1999, lee participated in the anti-miss korea competition.(안티 미스코리아 대회) in 2010 she did her first performance as a singer.
robert lee "bob" backlund (born august 14, 1949) is an american professional wrestler. he is best known for working for the world wide wrestling federation/world wrestling federation from 1977 to 1984. he is known for holding the record for the second longest reign as wwe champion in history which is ahead of hulk hogan's first reign and behind bruno sammartino's first. signature move known as the cross face chicken wing was said to be inescapable once fully applied.
before becoming a professional wrestler, backlund started as an accomplished amateur wrestler and wrestled for the north dakota state university bison during the late 1960s to early 1970s. he also ran for a connecticut seat in congress on a republican ticket in 2000 but was unsuccessful. he was inducted into the wwe hall of fame by maria menounos on april 6, 2013.
michael is an archangel in jewish, christian, and islamic teachings. roman catholics, the eastern orthodox, anglicans, and lutherans call him "saint michael the archangel" or simply "saint michael". orthodox christians call him the "taxiarch archangel michael" or simply "archangel michael".
in hebrew, "michael" means "who is like god?". the book of daniel speaks of michael three times. one time, it says he is a "great prince who stands up for the children of your people". jews saw michael as their supporter. they are normally not allowed to appeal to angels as a link between god and his people. however, michael became important in jewish liturgy.
in the new testament michael leads god's armies against satan's forces in the book of revelation. during the war in heaven he defeats ("wins against") satan. in the epistle of jude michael is called "the archangel michael". christian sanctuaries to michael appeared in the 4th century. he was first seen as a healing angel. later, christians saw him as a protector ("someone who defends and helps") and the leader of the army of god against the forces of evil. by the 6th century, devotions to archangel michael were common both in the eastern and western churches. over time, teachings on michael began to change among christians.
harisu (, born february 17, 1975) is a south korean model, actor, and entertainer. harisu (or ha ri-soo) is her stage name. her real name is lee kyung-eun ().
she was born male, as lee kyung-yeop (). she had a sex change operation in japan in 1999. she is south korea's first transgender entertainer.
on may 19, 2007, harisu married micky chung, a korean singer.
the couesnon river () is a river. it starts in the "département" of mayenne in north-western france. it forms an estuary at mont-saint-michel. its last stretch is the border between the historical duchies of normandy and brittany. in the past, its course changed often between two beds. they are on the north and south of the mont saint-michel. in the end, it settled to the south bed. this created ("made") the saying "the couesnon's madness placed mont saint-michel in normandy" ("in french", "le couesnon en sa folie mit le mont en normandie"), as the mount is just to the norman side of the river's mouth, now. however, the administrative boundary which separates the two regions does not depend on the course of the river. the border is about six kilometres west of the mount.
the couesnon, the sée and the sélune form part of the complex water system of the bay of mont saint-michel. on one side, the tide brings lots of sediment. this causes large sandbars within the river. on the other side, the three rivers bring the sediment back to sea.
in the 20th century, the couesnon was made into a canal. this to reduced the erosion of its banks. in 1969, a dam was built. these changes, and the causeway linking mont saint-michel to the mainland, have made mudflats. the french built a bridge to replace the causeway. it was finished in 2013. this helped to remove the silt.
during spring tides, a tidal bore — a wave caused by the tide rising — can be seen going up the river.
the couesnon flows through the following departments and towns:
hydrology and water quality.
in the summer, the water flow is typically in the range of . the ph has been measured at 8.26 (hogan, 2006). the temperature of the water is 19 degrees celsius in summer, in the area of the mouth. water turbidity is moderate with a secchi disc reading of 14 centimetres. electrical conductivity at the mouth is high.
nuufolau joel "joe" seanoa (born march 17, 1979) is an american professional wrestler. he currently works for wwe on the raw brand under the ring name, samoa joe.
he also wrestled for ring of honor (roh) 2002 to 2007. during his time in roh, he held the roh world championship for a record 21 months.
avranches is a commune in the manche department. it is in the lower normandy region in northwestern france. it is a subprefecture of the department. the inhabitants are called "avranchinais".
avranches is at the south of the cotentin peninsula.
the town was built on high ground. it overlooks the dunes and coastal marshes along the bay. from avranches, it is possible to see the mont-saint-michel.
the schwarzschild radius (sometimes erroneously referred to as the gravitational radius), is the radius of a sphere that has certain properties: if all the mass of an object is compressed within this sphere, the escape speed from the surface of the sphere would equal the speed of light. an example of an object smaller than its schwarzschild radius is a black hole. once a stellar remnant collapses below this radius, light can no longer escape and the object is no longer visible. it is a characteristic radius associated with every quantity of mass. the "schwarzschild radius" was named after the german astronomer karl schwarzschild who calculated this exact solution for the theory of general relativity in 1916. 
this radius can be calculated using the equation:
where the gravitational constant g is n⋅m2/kg2, m is the mass of the object, and c is the speed of light which is 299,792,458 m/s.
the schwarzschild radius is found within the schwarzschild metric, and originally was used to describe the gravitational field around a black hole, given the assumptions that it is spherical, non-rotating, without a magnetic field, and that the cosmological constant is zero; (it describes the path of a particle moving through this spacetime) however, this radius can be calculated for any object.
hong seok-cheon (, born february 3, 1971) is a south korean model and movie actor. in 1994, he was a reporter of kbs broadcast.
in 1994, he was a repoter of kbs broadcast, next years he was enter a 1995 student's gag contest, prize third-class and debut actor. in september 2000, he was public coming out, that times he was more broadcasters and drama, film casting.
so assault of more koeran mass communication, but in 2002, he was comebacks success.
the amygdala is an almond-shaped group of neurons. these groups of neurons in the brain are called "nuclei". 
the word amygdala comes from from the greek word for almond. the group of neurons is positioned in the temporal lobe of the brain. the amygdala is divided into three different groups: the "basolateral nuclei", the "corticomedial nuclei", and the "central nucleus". the amygdala is related to the processing of emotions, especially fear. it is connected to many other parts of the brain, including the hippocampus and cingulate gyrus. information from the sensory systems is also fed into the amygdala. this information is fed mostly to the basolateral nuclei of the amygdala.
pokémon rumble is a "pokémon" video game for the wii. it was released for the wii's wiiware service. it is a spin-off game in the "pokémon" series. it was released in japan on june 16, 2009, in north america on november 16, 2009, and in europe on november 20, 2009.
the player controls pokémon, battling other pokémon in a series of dungeons and closed arenas. the player starts off with a low-level pokémon that has only one attack. as the player battles other pokémon, the player can collect coins which can be used to buy new attacks and get new pokémon. when the player gets a pokémon of a high enough level, the battle royale room opens, where the player battles many pokémon at a time in a closed arena. the player has to beat all of the pokémon to get a higher rank. as the player gets higher ranks, they can battle stronger pokémon, including legendary pokémon.
the player controls the game by holding the wii remote sideways. up to four players can play the game at once. there is a password system which allows the player to get certain pokémon.
two sequels to the game have been released: "pokémon rumble blast", which was released for the nintendo 3ds on august 11, 2011, and "pokémon rumble u", which was released for the wii u in 2013.
the university of al-karaouine (or al-qarawiyyin, ) is a university in fes, morocco. the mosque was founded by fatima al-fihri in 859. it had a school, or madrasa, that taught students about islam. it later became one of the most important centres of learning in the muslim world. it was made a part of morocco's modern university system in 1963. it is the continually operating school in the world. it is sometimes also called the oldest university
the battle of troina was a battle that happened between 31 july and 6 august 1943. it was part of the allied invasion of sicily during world war ii. forces of the united states ii corps, part of the u.s. seventh army, had violent battles around the town of troina. it is in the central portion of sicily along the caronie mountains.
the battle was in the hills and mountains surrounding troina. the germans had fortified positions. they hid in these positions and fired weapons at the allies
on 29 july 1943, after 20 days of fighting in sicily, the germans realized that the allies would capture sicily. the germans also realized that 80,000-100,000 american and british troops would break through the etna line.
the u.s. 7th army commander, lieutenant general george s. patton jr, had ordered the u.s. 1st and 9th infantry divisions to attack the city of troina. troina was one of the main parts of the etna line. it was defended by the 15th panzer grenadier division commanded by generalleutnant eberhard rodt.
it was also defended by four battalions of general di divisione giacomo romano's 28 infantry division aosta. the axis forces were in deep trenches.
the battle of troina began on 31 july, when the 39th infantry regiment advanced towards the germans. the germans fought off the attack. the allies planned a bigger attack. the 1st infantry division was put with troops from the 9th division and a french moroccan infantry battalion. the allies used 165 artillery pieces and allied aircraft.
over six days, the important hilltops were captured by the allies, then recaptured by the axis troops. the 26th infantry regiment was ordered to capture monte basilio two miles north of the town. from here, the regiment could stop the axis troops from retreating. for the next two days the men on monte basilio had to hide from axis artillery fire.
the germans left troina later that night. general hube withdrew the damaged 15th panzer grenadier division to randazzo.
the allies had broken through the etna line. but the roads were filled with mines, so it was hard for the allies to advance. general hube withdrew his xiv panzer corps toward messina.
patton tried to attack the 29th panzer grenadier division again on 11 august. he ordered colonel bernard to land his troops by sea at brolo. bernard's men surprised the germans. however, bernard did not have enough troops to beat the germans. most of the 29th panzer grenadier division escaped.
joseph walter "joe" jackson (july 26, 1928 – june 27, 2018) was an american talent manager. he was the father of the jackson family of musicians. his most famous son was michael jackson. his most famous daughter was janet jackson. 
joseph walter jackson was born in fountain hill, arkansas. he was the eldest son and child of samuel jackson (1893-1993), a schoolteacher, and crystal lee king (1907-1999). samuel was the son of israel nero jackson (1838-1934), a slave. isreal was the son of jack july jackson (1803-1908), an indigenous choctaw of the plantation of gale. he was raised in east chicago, indiana and in gary, indiana. jackson married katherine jackson in 1949.
in 1963, jackie, tito and jermaine started a band called the jackson brothers. joe was their manager. the band changed their name to the jackson 5 and they became su
michael fired jackson as his manager in 1979. the rest of the brothers did the same in 1983. in 2002, jackson was given a place in the rock and roll hall of fame for being the best entertainment manager of all time.
in 2003, joe told louis theroux that he whipped michael when he was a child. michael jackson died in 2009. he did not put joe in his will.
in november 2012, he had a stroke.
jackson told piers morgan in 2013 that "there's no such thing as beating a kid".
ten children were born to katherine and joe jackson.
jackson also has a daughter with cheryl terrell. terrell is a woman that jackson had an affair with for 25 years. the daughter, johvonnie, was born 1974.
in july 2015, jackson was rushed into hospital after suffering a stroke and heart arrhythmia while celebrating his birthday in brazil. the stroke reportedly left him temporarily blind.
on june 23, 2018, it was reported that jackson was hospitalized in las vegas in the final stages of terminal pancreatic cancer. he died of the disease on june 27 at the age of 89.
the battle of cisterna was a battle during world war ii. it happened on 30 january-2 february 1944 near cisterna, italy. it was part of the battle of anzio that followed operation shingle.
the battle was a clear german victory. it really affected the us rangers.
during this battle, many us ranger groups were ordered to support an attack by the 3rd infantry division on cisterna. the 3rd infantry division had tried to capture cisterna on 25–27 january.
the 3rd division's attack was part of a large attack by the u.s. vi corps to move out of the anzio beach. the us vi corps wanted to get off the anzio beaches before new german troops could arrive and attack.
on 22 january 1944, the allies launched operation shingle. this was a sea landing of 
u.s. and british troops near anzio and nettuno. they wanted to attack the german gustav line defences to the southeast.
the allies had been attacking from the south since 16 january in the first battle of monte cassino. following the landings, the allies built up their forces on the beach. this also gave the germans to strengthen their defensive positions. by 29 january, there were 69,000 men in the beach. the germans had 71,500 troops to stop them.
on 30 january, the allies attacked, going northeast toward campoleone and the alban hills. a ranger force tried to sneak into cisterna.
the rangers expected to encounter few german troops. in fact, they were moving towards a large enemy force.
the rangers had had many dead and wounded. new troops sent to replace the dead and wounded did not have experience or much training.
many ranger troops and the 3rd battalion, 15th infantry tried to sneak behind german lines into the town of cisterna. they wanted to attack and capture the town until the main attack came.
as the two battalions tried to sneak into german territory, they were attacked by strong german forces. they included the 715th motorized infantry division and herman göring panzer division, including seventeen german panzer iv tanks.
the 1st battalion commander—major dobson—attacked one tank by shooting the commander with his pistol, and dropping a white phosphorus grenade into the tank. two other tanks were captured by rangers.
in the end, the germans won. about 803 allied troops did not return. about 400 rangers became pows. the germans also had many losses.
attempted relief of the rangers.
the main attack tried to rescue the trapped battalions. the allies captured some territory, but they could not get past the germans and capture cisterna. cisterna remained held by the german until may 1944.
german attacks on 1–2 february did not recapture any of the ground from the allies. the germans had heavy losses in these attacks.
using the lightly armed rangers to lead the attack was criticized. the weakened ranger forces within italy stopped operating. ranger units continued to fight in northern europe (leading d-day) and in the pacific war.
the battle of wake island was a battle during world war ii. it began at the same time as the attack on pearl harbor. it ended on 23 december 1941, with the surrender of the american forces to the empire of japan.
it was fought on and around the atoll formed by wake island. it was fought by the air, land and naval forces of the empire of japan against those of the u.s., with marines playing an important role on both sides.
the island was held by the japanese for the rest of the pacific war. the japanese troops on the island surrendered to united states marines on september 4, 1945.
before the attack.
in january 1941, the united states navy built a military base on the atoll. on 19 august, the first troops were sent there. they were from the 1st marine defense battalion. there were 450 officers and men. they were led by major james p.s. devereux. also on the island were 68 u.s. navy staff and about 1,221 civilian workers.
the marines were armed with six 5 in (127mm)/51 cal pieces. these came from the battleship . there were also twelve /50 cal anti-aircraft guns, eighteen browning heavy machine guns, and thirty m1917 browning machine guns.
on 8 december, just hours after the attack on pearl harbor, japanese mitsubishi g3m3 bombers attacked wake island. they destroyed 8 of the 12 f4f-3 wildcat fighter aircraft belonging to marine corps fighter squadron vmf-211.
first landing attempt.
early on the morning of 11 december, the troops, with the four remaining wildcats, stopped the first japanese landing attempt.
the u.s. marines fired at the japanese ships with their six 5 in 127mm coastal artillery guns. they sunk "hayate" at a distance of . "yubari" was hit 11 times. the four wildcats sunk another destroyer, "kisaragi", by dropping a bomb on her stern.
the japanese force pulled back before landing. this was the first japanese defeat of the war.
japanese air attacks on the wake troops continued, without new supplies for the americans. the japanese navy sent two aircraft carriers ( and ) to support the second landing attempt.
usn relief attempt.
the attempt to help wake island was led by admiral frank fletcher's task force 11 (tf 11) and supported admiral wilson brown’s tf 14. the carrier , the fleet oiler , the seaplane tender , the heavy cruisers , , and , and 10 destroyers were sent to wake.
the convoy carried the 4th marine defense battalion and the vmf-221 fighter squadron. they had brewster f2a-3 buffalo fighters. they had 9,000 5 in (127mm) rounds, 12,000 rounds, and 3,000,000 rounds. they also had a large amount of ammunition for mortars.
tf 14—with the fleet carrier , three heavy cruisers, eight destroyers, and an oiler—was sent to attack the marshall islands. the goal was to take japanese attention away from wake island.
at 21:00 on 22 december, after learning that two ijn carriers were near wake island, tf 11 was ordered to return to pearl harbor. the us were afraid that the us would lose ships
the second japanese invasion force came on 23 december. it was mostly the same ships from the first attempt plus the carriers "hiryu" and "soryu", and 1,500 japanese marines. the landings began at 02:35 after a preliminary bombing.
after a full night and morning of fighting, the wake troops surrendered to the japanese.
the u.s. marines lost 47 killed during the 15-day battle. japanese losses were recorded at between 700 and 900 killed, with at least 300 more wounded. two destroyers were lost in the first invasion attempt and 28 aircraft were shot down or damaged.
the japanese built strong defences on wake island. the american captives were forced to build bunkers and fortifications on wake. the japanese brought in an 8-inch (200 mm) naval artillery gun.
the u.s. navy used submarines to prevent any japanese ships from getting to wake. the japanese troops starved. on 24 february 1942, aircraft from the carrier attacked the japanese troops on wake island.
u.s. forces bombed the island from 1942 until japan’s surrender in 1945. on 24 july 1943, b-24 liberators bombed wake island.
on 5 october 1943, american naval aircraft from raided wake. two days later, rear admiral shigematsu sakaibara ordered the execution of the 98 captured american workers. they were blindfolded and executed with a machine gun.
on 4 september 1945, the remaining japanese troops surrendered to a u.s. marines.
admiral sakaibara and lieutenant-commander tachibana were sentenced to death for the massacre.
barbara branden (born barbara weidman, 14 may 1929 – 11 december 2013) was a canadian writer, editor, and lecturer. she was known for her relationship and subsequent break with novelist-philosopher ayn rand.
jang sung-taek (alternatively jang song thaek or chang sung-taek; 2 february 1946 - 13 december 2013) was a leading figure in the government of north korea. he was married to kim kyong-hui, aunt of kim jong-un, the supreme leader of north korea.
on 13 december, north korean state media announced he had been executed.
atifete jahjaga (born 20 april 1975) is the fourth president of kosovo. she was the first female president of the republic of kosovo.
the second battle of guam (july 21 — august 10, 1944) was the capture of guam by the united states from japanese control. guam was a u.s. territory (in the mariana islands). the battle was during the pacific campaign of world war ii.
guam is the largest island of the marianas. it is 30 miles (48 km) long and 9 miles (14 km) wide. it had been a united states island since its capture from spain in 1898.
it was captured by the japanese on december 10, 1941. this was after the attack on pearl harbor. it was not as fortified as the other mariana islands, such as saipan.
the allied plan for the invasion of the marianas was for heavy bombing by planes and then bombing by battleships.
guam was chosen as a target because it was big enough to be a base for the next attacks on the philippines, taiwan and the ryukyu islands. the harbor at apra could take the largest ships. the two airfields were big enough for b-29 superfortress bombers.
the invasion of saipan was planned for june 15, 1944, with landings on guam planned for june 18.
a large japanese carrier attack and heavy fighting in saipan led to the invasion of guam being delayed for a month.
guam is surrounded by reefs, cliffs, and heavy waves. this makes guam hard to attack.
on july 21, the americans landed on both sides on the western side of guam. the 3rd marine division landed at 08:28. the 1st provisional marine brigade landed to the south. japanese artillery sank 20 landing ships. the americans had many dead and wounded.
by 09:00 men and tanks were on both beaches. the 77th infantry division had to walk through the shallow water. japanese guns fired at them.
by nightfall the americans controlled the beachs about 2,000 meters deep. japanese attacks were made throughout the first few days.
lieutenant general takeshi takashina was killed on july 28, and lieutenant general hideyoshi obata took over the command of the defenders.
supply was very difficult for the americans in the first days of the battle.
the attacks against the american beaches, as well as the violent fighting, had tired out the japanese. at the start of august they were running out of food and ammunition and had only a few tanks left.
obata moved to the mountainous central and northern part of the island. he could not get any more supplies or get new troops because of american control of the sea and air around guam.
the japanese refused to surrender, and almost all were killed. on august 10, the us captured guam. the next day, obata committed ritual suicide.
a few japanese soldiers hid in the jungle. on december 8, 1945, three u.s. marines were killed. on january 24, 1972, sergeant shoichi yokoi was discovered by hunters. he had lived alone in a cave for 27 years.
after the battle, guam was turned into a base for allied operations. five large airfields were built by the seabees. b-29 bombers flew from the island to attack targets in the western pacific and on mainland japan.
four u.s. marines were awarded the medal of honor for their brave actions during the battle of guam: pfc luther skaggs jr., pfc frank witek (after death), pfc leonard f. mason (after death) and captain (later general) louis h. wilson, jr..
liberation day continues to be celebrated on guam every july 21.
robert schwarz strauss (october 19, 1918 – march 19, 2014) was an american politician and diplomat. he served as the chairman of the democratic national committee between 1972 and 1977 and served under president jimmy carter as the u.s. trade representative and special envoy to the middle east.
strauss was selected by president george h. w. bush to be the u.s. ambassador to the soviet union in 1991 and after the ussr's collapse, he served as the u.s. ambassador to russia from 1991 until 1993. strauss has advised and represented u.s. presidents over three administrations and for both major u.s. political parties.
strauss died from natural causes in washington, d.c., aged 95.
the western allied invasion of germany was an attack on nazi germany that was done by the western allies in the final months of the european war in world war ii. the invasion started with the allies crossing the rhine river. then they spread out and moved through western germany. the germans surrendered on 8 may 1945. this is known as the "central europe campaign" in united states military histories.
by the early spring of 1945, the allied forces in europe were doing well. on the western front the allies had been fighting in germany since the october battle of aachen. by january, the allies beat the germans in the battle of the bulge. the failure of this last major german attack took the last of germany's strength. the germans could not do much to stop the final allied attacks in europe.
additional losses in the rhineland weakened the german army, leaving few troops to defend the east bank of the rhine. by mid-march, the allies had captured an intact bridge at remagen. they also defended the bridge on the river's east bank.
german casualties during the allied attacks to reach the rhine in february–march 1945 were about 400,000 men, including 280,000 men captured as prisoners of war.
on the eastern front, the soviet red army had moved through poland. the russians 
were nearing berlin. the soviets also moved into hungary and eastern czechoslovakia. these advances on the eastern front destroyed experienced german troop groups. it also made it very hard for adolf hitler to strengthen his rhine defenses.
order of battle.
at the very beginning of 1945, the commander of the allies, general dwight d. eisenhower had 73 divisions under his command in north-western europe. this included 49 infantry divisions, 20 armored divisions and four airborne divisions.
as the invasion of germany started, eisenhower had 90 divisions. this included 25 armored divisions. he had one of the largest forces in any war. the allied line along the rhine stretched from the north sea to the swiss border. the allies wanted to capture the industrial ruhr area.
facing the allies was "oberbefehlshaber west" ("army command west") commanded by field marshal albert kesselring.
kesselring had shown he was good at defending land in the italian campaign. but in germany, he did not have the troops or weapons to make a good defense.
during the fighting west of the rhine up to march 1945, the german army on the western front had only 26 divisions. most of the troops were used against the soviet forces. the germans had 214 divisions on the eastern front in april.
after capturing the ruhr, eisenhower planned to have 21st army group go east to berlin. eisenhower began to change his plans toward the end of march. he found out that soviet forces held a bridge over the oder river, from berlin. he was worried the soviets would capture berlin before the western allies.
in addition, he was worried about the ruhr. the ruhr had many axis troops and a lot of industries. he was also worried about the "national redoubt." some people said hitler's most loyal troops were preparing to
defend themselves in the mountains of southern germany and western austria.
american forces in the south were really fighting hard to win. on 7 march, lt. gen. courtney h. hodges's 1st army had captured a bridge over the rhine at remagen.
to the south in the saar-palatinate region, lt. gen. george s. patton's 3rd army had beaten the german 7th army and the german 1st army. from 18–22 march, patton's forces captured over 68,000 germans.
when allied soldiers arrived in a town, its leaders and residents used white flags to show that they wanted to surrender. the allied officer then took over the town. soldiers posted copies of eisenhower's "".
it was a poster that told germans that they had to follow orders from allied officers. it also said people could not go out at night or travel. it said germans had to give all weapons to the allies.
by the beginning of the central europe attacks, allied victory in europe was certain. hitler had tried to stop the allies in the ardennes offensive. after losing this battle, hitler had no strength left to stop the powerful allied armies.
the allies still had to fight violent battles to capture germany. hitler refused to admit defeat until soviet artillery was falling around his berlin bunker.
the crossing of the rhine, surrounding the ruhr, and moving to the elbe-mulde line and the alps showed how well the allied troops could move around in battle. captured german soldiers were impressed by the us artillery.
the face reader is south korean movie released on september 11, 2013. it was made by director han jae-rim and actor song kang-ho (who has also acted in the movie snowpiercer) appears in the title role of the movie. it won six awards at the 50th grand bell awards, including best film, best director for han jae-rim, and best actor for song kang-ho. also, at the 33rd annual korean association of film critics awards held on november 29, the face reader also won three awards for best male actor, best new actor, and best music score. 
king munjong (1414–1452), the fifth king of the joseon dynasty, succeeded king sejong in 1450 as the first son of him. however, two years later because of disease he died and was followed by his young son king danjong. king danjong ascend the thrown at the age of 12 and was forced to abdicate by his uncle, grand prince suyang who became sejo of joseon, and exiled to yeongwol county. sejo produced a coup d'état and became the seventh king himself in 1455
the main character, nae-gyeong, could not run for public office as the son of a disgraced yangban live in seclusion and works as a physiognomist. he is able to assess the personality, mental state and habits of a person by looking at his or her face. one day, yeon- hong who is a famous gisaeng in joseon dynasty visits him to suggest a partnership that reading the faces of yeon-hong’s guest and receiving money. as becoming famous at hanyang, a capital city of joseon dynasty, he was called from the royal courts where he seeks out the talented person who can do work well. meanwhile, king munjong who has feeling of danger as his condition gets worse orders nae-gyeong to identify the potential traitors who threaten his reign. after the death of munjong, nae-gyeong tries to keep his loyalty to the late king and help kim jongseo protect the young king which forces him into the biggest power struggle in the history of the joseon dynasty.
oriel college is one of the colleges of the university of oxford. it claims to be the oldest college at the university. university college, balliol college and merton college also claim to be the oldest. oriel college traces its origins to 1324. 
the full name of the college is "the provost and scholars of the house of the blessed mary the virgin in oxford, commonly called oriel college, of the foundation of edward the second of famous memory, sometime king of england". 
the common name of the college refers to one of its earliest buildings that building, which no longer exists, featured a prominent bay window, known as an oriel.
in the culture of south asia, hijras are people who were born male who have a feminine gender identity and wear women's clothing. hijras do not feel male or female. there are hijras in india, pakistan, and bangladesh. the word 'hijra' is often translated into 'eunuch' or 'hermaphrodite'. some hijras are eunuchs or hermaphrodites. many are not.
hijras are discriminated against a lot. many hijras do sex work because people will not give them jobs. since november 2013, hijras in bangladesh have been allowed to choose 'hijra' as a gender on their passports. before this they had to choose 'male' or 'female'. hijras have their own language called hijra farsi. it is also known as koti. in 2000, shabnam mausi was the first hijra to be elected into indian parliament. 
cha tae-hyun is a south korean actor. he was born on march 25, 1976. he is also a singer, radio dj and entertainer in variety programs.
his start was in the kbs talent contest. in this contest, he got silver medal. his first drama was "our sunny days of youth". he played minor roles at first. then starting with the other dramas, he became a big star. he became popular and appeared in tv commercials. he has acted in 18 dramas. in 2013, he appeared in the tv drama "jeon woo-chi".
after "jeon woo-chi", he focused on movies and tv variety programs. he appeared in 22 movies. from "hallelujah" (1997) to "the grand heist" (2012), he performed various characters in the movies. in 2013, he prepared the movie "slow video". 
he appears on a tv variety program every sunday. this program is called "1 night & 2 days".
nicole beharie (born january 3, 1985) is an american actress. the first movie beharie acted in was "american violet". beharie was nominated for best actress at the 2010 black reel awards for her acting in "american violet". beharie played rachel robinson in the 2013 movie "42". in 2013, beharie started playing lt. abbie mills in the television series "sleepy hollow".
the moroccan–american treaty of friendship was a treaty between morocco and the united states. it was signed in 1786. by signing it, king mohammed iii began diplomatic relations with the newly independent united states.
the treaty agreed that free moors of north africa would remain free and not be classified as negroes, blacks, or slaves.
one fine day is a picture book by nonny hogrogian. it was published by macmillan in 1971. it was awarded the caldecott medal for the most distinguished picture book in 1972. the pictures have bright colors to express main character's personality. also, it is simple story for young children (aged 0–8) to read. the red fox steals an old woman's milk and has his tail cut off. he starts to find his tail again. this is a short and humorous retelling of a favorite american folktale.
there is a red fox that is very thirsty in the great forest. he wants to drink, so he steals an old woman's milk. she gets upset and cuts off his tail. to get back his tail, he tries to find some milk from a cow. the cow wants grass for him to give milk. he finds a grass but the grass wants some water. again, he runs to stream to beg some water but the stream asks him to get a jug. like this pattern, the red fox goes travel to find milk. finally he meets kind miller and cries. the good miller gives him the grain and he brings it to a hen to get an egg. the egg is given for a peddler to get a bead. after all paying is done, he can get some milk for the old woman so she carefully sews his tail again.
the main character is the fox that walks around the great forest. he cares about his looks, so he doesn't want to go back to his friends without his tail. he thinks that his friends will laugh at him. also, he is sensitive. he cries a few times when the old woman gets angry or he meets a kind miller. it can be seen from the illustration, as his eyes always look pitiful to describe these personalities.
gumi is the second largest city in gyeongsangbuk-do, south korea. it is in the mid central part of gyeongsangbuk-do. the nakdong river runs through the city. gumi is well known for its national industrial complex which was built in the 1970s. manufacturing is the major industry of gumi now, but agriculture was the main one before the complex was built. 
gumi is famous because geumo mountain (geumo san) is there. geumo san, designated as a provincial park in 1970, is 976 meters above sea level. it attracts many tourists because of its beautiful scenery; such as oddly formed rocks and strangely shaped stones, forests, and valleys. the mountain is best known for its own unique shape. seeing the mountain from a distance, it resembles the profile of a giant lying on the ground. it has become one of the favorite sites among photographers because it looks most spectacular at sunset. there are a variety of post cards with pictures of its side face of a giant.
park chung-hee is one of the former presidents of south korea and he was born in gumi in 1917. gumi became prosperous during his presidential term. the gyeongbu expressway and gyeongbu line railway, which are the principal traffic routes of the country, were built to pass through the city. the routes could have been connected directly from daejeon to daegu. the rapid economical growth of gumi resulted from the president’s care for his hometown. 
e-mart is the first discount store of south korea. the first store opened in november, 1993 by shinsegae. also, e-mart is the largest retailer in south korea. there are 146 hypermarkets and 127 supermarkets called ‘e-mart everyday’ across the country. e-mart is the first korean retailer to advance into china. there are 16 hypermarkets and the first branch opened at shanghai in february,1997.
there are 4 business areas of e-mart. first, there are hypermarkets and supermarkets. second, there are e-mart traders. e-mart traders is a hypermarket warehouse store. there are 7 locations in korea: guseong, songlim, weolpyeong, seomyeon, busan, ansan and cheonan-asan. third, there are specialty stores. e-mart operates specialized stores to address specific lifestyle needs. lastly, there is e-mart mall. it is an on-line shopping mall that utilizes e-mart stores as logistics centres to offer e-mart products. e-mart stores also provide home delivery service.
e-mart stores offer general home products, electronics, sporting goods and clothing.
mont-saint-michel is a municipality in the laurentides region of quebec, in canada. it is part of the antoine-labelle regional county municipality.
private houses where people live permanently (all the time): 266 (total houses: 422)
gravitropism (also known as geotropism) is a turning or growth movement by a plant, fungus, or animal in response to gravity. it is a general feature of all higher and many lower plants and also in other organisms. charles darwin was one of the first people to say that roots grow downward and stems grow upward in response to gravity.
dr. mario 64 is a puzzle video game made by nintendo for the nintendo 64 video game console. it was released on april 8, 2001.
it was the last "mario" game released for the nintendo 64. it is an updated version of "dr. mario", which was released for the nintendo entertainment system and game boy in 1990.
the gameplay of "dr. mario 64" is to make sure vitamins of the same color are lined-up together. there are three colors of vitamins: red, blue, and yellow. the player has to clear the field of viruses by dropping capsules with two colors on them. the player moves the capsules as they fall by moving them left or right and rotating them. the player gets points by killing viruses. the game ends if the bottle fills up with capsules.
up to four players can play the game at once. there are different types of single-player modes, as well as modes for two players to play at once.
beyoncé is the self-titled fifth album by beyoncé. it was released on itunes on december 13, 2013. 
the release of the album made the itunes website stop working. this happened because there were so many people on the website at once for the album. timbaland, justin timberlake, and pharrell williams are producers of songs on the album. the album got good reviews. "xo" was released as the first single from the album. on december 21, 2013 the album will be released on cd and dvd in the united states. "billboard" chose the album as the best of 2013.
"beyoncé" starts with "pretty hurts". the third track "drunk in love" was released as one of the album's two lead singles. jay-z, knowles' husband, raps in it. the song is about how much knowles likes having sex with jay-z.  "partition" is about having sex in a limousine. in "mine", drake raps. the song "superpower" has frank ocean singing in it. "xo" was released as a lead single to the album.
the album has a feminist theme. "flawless", the eleventh song on the album, samples "why we should all be feminists", a ted talk by the nigerian writer chimamanda ngozi adichie. in "new statesman" laurie penny described "blow" as being about how knowles likes being given cunnilingus. she compared it to prince. in the song "drunk in love" jay-z raps about domestic violence. the lyric was criticized for making violence against women seem like a good thing.
the album sold 80,000 copies in the first three hours after it was released. in slightly under a day it sold 430,000 copies. in its first three days the album sold 828,773 copies. it sold over a million copies in less than a week. the album sold more quickly than any other album on itunes ever. it went straight to number one in the "billboard" 200. this made it her fifth number one album. it also entered the canadian albums chart at number one. and the uk albums chart at number five
court appointed special advocates (casa) is an organization in the united states. casa supports and promotes advocates for abused or neglected children which are appointed by courts of law. the purpose is to provide children with a safe and healthy living environment in permanent homes. the program is similar to, but in most states is not the same as a legal guardian ("guardians ad litem"). according to national casa, today there are more than 77,000 advocates. they serve in 933 state and local program offices nationwide. because of these volunteers, 233,000 children have been assisted through casa services. 
court appointed special advocates (casa) are in cities all over the united states. advocates receive training on the laws of child abuse and neglect. they learn how to interview children and how to work with children with special needs. all advocates are trained to evaluate a family's situation. the typical training is about 30 hours spent in workshops and 10 hours spent in observing court cases and procedures. they also receive 12 hours of in-service training each year. each casa location has a volunteer . together with a location's overseer (manager) they give help and advice to the advocates.
maurice james "mac" mcgarry (june 15, 1926 – december 12, 2013) was an american television personality. he was the longtime host of the television quiz show "it's academic". it airs in washington, d.c. on nbc-owned wrc-tv. he hosted the show for five decades, from october 7, 1961, when it first aired, until june 25, 2011.
mcgarry died of complications from pneumonia on december 12, 2013, aged 87, at his home in potomac, maryland.
nehemiah persoff (august 2, 1919 – april 5, 2022) was an american actor and artist. he was known for his roles in "the comancheros", "some like it hot", "an american tail", "the wrong man", and in "twins". his career has lasted for over 50 years. 
persoff was born in jerusalem, on august 2, 1919. he was raised in new york city. persoff studied the actors studio. he was married to thia persoff between 1951 and her death in 2021. they had four children.
persoff died on april 5, 2022 at a care home in san luis obispo, california from heart failure, aged 102.
in astronomy, the term compact star or compact object is used to refer collectively to white dwarfs, neutron stars, other exotic dense stars, and black holes. 
most compact stars are at the end of their stellar evolution. they are called stellar remnants: the form of the remnant depends mainly on the mass of the star when it formed. these objects are small for their mass. astronomic objects with an unknown nature are often called "compact star", when evidence suggests that they are very massive and that they have a small radius. a compact star which is not a black hole is sometimes called a degenerate star.
heinz zemanek (january 1, 1920 – july 16, 2014) was an austrian computer scientist. zemanek developed the first complete transistorised computer in europe.
stoner is a novel from 1965 by the american writer john williams. the book is about a man called william stoner who goes to university in missouri. the book tells the story of william stoner's life, his job at the university and his wife edith. it was published by viking press.
in december 2013, the british bookshop waterstones gave it their prize for book of the year.
lars emil johansen (born 1946) was the prime minister of greenland. he was the prime minister of greenland from 1991-1997. he was born in illorsuit. johansen represented greenland in the parliament of denmark from 1973, a position he regained in 2001 and still holds.
jakob edvard kuupik kleist (born 31 march 1958) was the prime minister of greenland from 2009 to 2013. he was succeeded by aleqa hammond.
abdelmalek sellal (عبد الملك سلال) (born 1 august 1948) is an algerian politician. he was the prime minister of algeria from 29 april 2014 to 25 may 2017. he previously served as the prime minister of algeria from 3 september 2012 to 13 march 2014. his predecessor was ahmed ouyahia. in february 2022, abdelmalek sellal was hospitalized at the chu mustapha-pacha in algiers for contamination with the omicron variant of covid-19 and had health problems related to the latter.
jigme yoser thinley (born 9 september 1952) was the prime minister of bhutan. he began his term as prime minister in 2008. it ended in 2013. he was succeeded by tshering tobgay.
tshering tobgay (born 19 september 1965) is a bhutanese politician who served as the prime minister of bhutan from 2013 to 2018. he began his term as prime minister in 2012. his predecessor was jigme thinley.
željko komšić (born 1964) is the president of bosnia and herzegovina. he began his term as president in 2013. his predecessor was nebojša radmanović.
vjekoslav bevanda (born 13 may 1956) is the prime minister of bosnia and herzegovina. he began his term as prime minister in 2012. his predecessor was nikola špirić.
seretse khama ian khama (or ian a serêtsê; born 27 february 1953) was the president of botswana from 2008 to 2018. khama was vice president of botswana before he became president. he was also a pilot in his younger years. khama began his term as president on 1 april 2008 and served until 1 april 2018. his predecessor was festus mogae. his father, seretse khama, was the first president of botswana. in april 2022, ian khama was summoned by the justice of his country. the former head of state is accused, among other things, of illegal possession of a firearm. the case dates back to 2016.
hassanal bolkiah (born hassanal bolkiah mu´izzadin waddaulah; 1946) is the sultan and yang di-pertuan of brunei. he succeeded to the throne following the abdication of his father, omar ali saifuddien iii, in 1967. 
rosen asenov plevndeliev (born 14 may 1964) is the former president of bulgaria. he began his term as president in 2012 and ended in 2017. his predecessor was georgi parvanov. before he was president, plevneliev was a minister worker for development and public works.
boyko metodiev borisov (born 13 june 1959) was the prime minister of bulgaria. he previously served as prime minister from 2009 to 2013. he was succeeded by marin raykov. before he was prime minister, borisov was mayor of sofia, the capital of bulgaria.
marin raykov nikolov (born 1959) is the prime minister of bulgaria. he began his term as prime minister in 2013. his predecessor was boyko borisov. before he was prime minister, raykov was a minister of foreign affairs. he was born in washington, d.c..
luc-adolphe tiao (born 4 june 1954) is a former prime minister of burkina faso. he served as prime minister from 2011 to 2014. his predecessor was tertius zongo. before he was prime minister, tiao studied to be a priest. tiao resigned in december 27, 2012, but then-president of burkina faso blaise compaoré reappointed him as prime minister three days later.
on 30 october 2014, it was reported that president blaise compaoré decided to dissolve the government and declare a state of emergency. on 31 october 2014, compaoré resigned.
luc-adolphe tiao studied journalism at the university of dakar, graduating in 1980.
in 1988, he participated in the founding of the journalists association of burkina faso, which he chaired until 1990. in 1992, tiao was appointed press officer of the burkina faso embassy in france. from 1997, he was in charge of communication with the prime minister, before being president of the high council of communication from 2001 to 2008, when he returned to paris, this time as ambassador. he remains in office until his appointment as prime minister in april 2011.
on october 30, 2014, following a popular uprising in ouagadougou, the government is dissolved.
in 2015, he supported a doctoral thesis in "communication, arts and entertainment" at the university bordeaux-montaigne.
on september 16, 2016, after returning from ivory coast where he had been in exile for two years, tiao is charged with "murder".
pierre nkurunziza (18 december 1964 – 8 june 2020) was the president of burundi. he began his term as president in 2005. he replaced domitien ndayizeye. 
before he was president, nkurunziza was an activist for freedom fighting. his father was also a politician in burundi.
nkurunziza was hospitalized on 6 june 2020 after feeling unwell in karuzi, burundi. he later had a heart attack on two days later and died at the age of 55.
thein sein (born 20 april 1945) is a burmese politician. he was elected president of burma in 2010. his term as president began in 2011 and ended in 2016. his predecessor was than shwe. before he was president, sein was prime minister of burma. sein was also a member of parliament for zabuthiri.
norodom sihamoni (born 14 may 1953 in phnom penh) is cambodian royalty. he became king of cambodia after his father, norodom sihanouk, abdicated his throne in 2004. his father died in 2012. he is also known for being a peace activist and dance instructor. he is a bachelor.
hun sen () (born august 5 ,1952) is a cambodian politician. he was elected prime minister of cambodia in 1985 after the death of his predecessor chan sy. before he was prime minister, sen was deputy prime minister and minister of foreign affairs.
philémon yang (born 1947) is a cameroonian politician. he was elected prime minister of cameroon in 2009. he left the office in january 2019. his predecessor was ephraïm inoni. before he was prime minister, yang was an ambassador to canada.
jorge carlos de almeida fonseca (born 1950) is a cape verdean politician. he was elected president of cape verde in 2011. his predecessor was pedro pires. before he was president, fonseca was minister of foreign affairs. he left office in 2021.
jorge carlos fonseca was born on october 20th, 1950, in mindelo, cape verde, which was then still in the colony of portuguese cape verde. he hailed from a roman catholic family of european descent. fonseca finished his elementary and secondary education at local schools in mindelo and paria before then going on to pursue his post-secondary education in lisbon, portugal. there, he received a law degree and a master's in legal sciences from the university of lisbon. upon returning to cape verde, fonseca served as director general of emigration from 1975 to 1977, and then as secretary general of the ministry of foreign affairs of cape verde from 1977 to 1979.
rise to power.
beginning in the early 1980s, fonseca worked as a law instructor at various universities, including the university of lisbon, the institute of forensic medicine of lisbon, and the university of asia oriental in macau. upon returning to cape verde, fonseca served as the minister of foreign affairs between 1991 and 1993, before then running for presidency in the 2001 elections. that year, he lost to the african party for the independence of cape verde (paicv) candidate, pedro pires, with fonseca being affiliated with the paicv's major rival opposition party, the movement for democracy. after the paicv candidate pedro pires served two terms as the president, fonseca ran for president again in 2011. with the support of his party, he won the presidency in the second round of voting, and in so doing became the 4th president of cape verde.
josé maria pereira neves (born 1960) is a cape verdean politician. neves is the 5th president of cape verde since 2021. he was elected prime minister of cape verde in 2001. his predecessor was gualberto do rosário. before he was prime minister, neves was president of the santa catarina town counsil.
in october 2021, josé maria neves, won the presidential election in the first round of october 17, according to the first results published on an official website. won 51.5% of the vote, an absolute majority necessary to be elected in the first round, according to these results relating to 97% of the polling stations.
françois bozizé yangouvonda (born 14 october 1946) is a central african politician. he was elected president of the central african republic in 2003. his predecessor was ange-félix patassé. his term ended in 2013. he was succeeded by michel djotodia.
michel am-nondokro djotodia (born c. 1949) is a central africa politician. he was elected president of the central african republic in 2013. his predecessor was françois bozizé. he left office on 10 january 2014.
faustin-archange touadéra (french: ]; born 21 april 1957) is a central african politician and academic who has been president of the central african republic since march 2016. he was previously prime minister of the country from january 2008 to january 2013.
nicolas tiangaye (born 13 september 1956) is a central african politician and lawyer. he became prime minister of the central african republic on 17 january 2013 until his resignation on 10 january 2014. he was president of the national transitional council from 2003 to 2005.
ange-félix patassé (january 25, 1937 – april 5, 2011) was a central african politician. he was president of the central african republic from 1993 until 2003. in 2003, he was forced out of office by the rebel leader françois bozizé.
patassé died on april 5, 2011 from complications of diabetes.
general idriss déby itno (; june 18, 1952 – april 20, 2021) was a chadian politician. he became president of chad in 1990. he won six presidential elections.
on 20 april 2021, déby was killed while commanding his army against rebels calling themselves fact in the north of chad during the northern chad offensive, at the age of 68.
emmanuel djelassem nadingar (born 1951) is a chadian politician. he served as prime minister of chad from march 2010 to january 2013.
joseph djimrangar dadnadji (1 january 1954 – 31 december 2019) was a chadian politician. he became prime minister of chad in 2013 after the resignation of emmanuel nadingar. his term would only last for 10 months before his resignation. he was succeeded by kalzeubet pahimi deubet.
dadnadji died of a stroke on 31 december 2019 in n'djamena, chad at the age of 65.
kalzeubet pahimi deubet is a chadian businessman, economist, and politician. he became prime minister of chad in november 2013 after the resignation of djimrangar dadnadji.
li keqiang (; born 1 july 1955) is a chinese politician and economist. he became the premier of the people's republic of china and party secretary of the state council in 2013. he ranked #2 in chinese power structure since 2012, next to xi jinping.
li graduated from beijing university, with a bachelor degree in law, phd degree in economics. he joined the communist party of china (cpc) in may 1976. he became a member of the cpc central committee in 1997 and retained the membership since then. he’s also written articles using the name eldon li.
ikililou dhoinine (born 14 august 1962) is a comorian politician. he was the president of comoros from 2011 to 2016. he won the election against mohamed said fazul and abdou djabir by having the most votes. before he was president, dhoinine was the vice-president of comoros from 2006 to 2011.
rami sebei (born july 12, 1984) is a canadian professional wrestler. he is currently working for wwe where he competes under the ring name, sami zayn. he wrestles on the smackdown live brand, formally in nxt and is a one-time nxt champion.
he is also known under the ring name el generico which he used while wrestling on the independent circuit. his gimmick was that of a luchador from mexico. his theme song was "olé!" by the bouncing souls and olé! was also his catch phrase.
he has also wrestled for pro wrestling guerrilla from 2004 to 2013, chikara from 2005 to 2012, ring of honor from 2005 to 2012, dragon gate, dramatic dream team, and dragon gate usa and evolve in 2012.
on december 11, at the event, zayn defeated adrian neville and won the nxt championship.
jtbc is a south korean nationwide general cable television network and broadcasting company. it was established on march 21, 2011 and launched on december 1, 2011. jtbc is supported by "joongang ilbo", which is one of the three biggest newspapers published in seoul. jtbc's largest shareholder is joongang media network with 25% of shares. jtbc's corporate identity (ci) is motivated by the rainbow, representing creativity and variety. jtbc is in alliance with other overseas broadcasting companies, including cnn, fox, hbo, bbc, smg, tv asahi, k-channel, al masry, al youm and standard group.
jtbc insists tongyang broadcasting corporation (tbc) is ground for the return of "joongang ilbo" to television in jtbc. tbc, which was a part of the samsung group, was launched in 1966 and ran the network for 16 years. in 1980, however, tbc was combined with the state-run korean broadcasting system (kbs) under the chun doo-hwan military regime. jtbc opened on december 1, 2011 to honor tbc, which was associated with kbs on november 30, 1980.
jtbc has news, sports, entertainment, drama and children's programs.
on weekdays, jtbc shows "jtbc morning show 7" at 6:55–8:35 am, "jtbc news concert" at 5:35–6:50 pm, "jtbc newsroom" at 8:00–9:30 pm(weekdays), and at 7:40–8:30 pm(weekends) and "jtbc sports news" at 12:15–12:25 pm. the most popular entertainment programs are "hidden singers", shown on saturdays at 11 pm, and "shinhwa-bangsong", shown on sundays at 11 pm. the most popular dramas are "your neighbor's wife", shown on mondays and tuesdays, and "madi", shown on saturdays and sundays.
sam johnston (born september 1, 1987) is an american professional wrestler. he currently works for the wwe under the ring name, sami callihan.
he has also competed for combat zone wrestling, dragon gate usa, evolve wrestling, ring of honor, pro wrestling guerrilla, fight club: pro, pro wrestling syndicate, wxw germany, ipw-uk, big japan pro wrestling, and aaw.
on may 27, 2013, dragon gate usa confirmed that johnston had signed with wwe. on december 6, he debuted under an evil hacker gimmick, where he used a tablet computer to take control of the lights in the arena, and attacked kalisto.
plakkiyil chacko devassia, often known as mahakavi p. c. devassia (24 march 1906 – 10 october 2006) was a sanskrit scholar and poet. he is from kerala, india. 
in 1980, he won the sahitya akademi award for sanskrit for his poem "kristubhagavatam". he has also received the kerala sahitya akademi award for his contributions to malayalam literature.
sir john warcup "kappa" cornforth, jr., ac, cbe, frs, faa (7 september 1917 – 14 december 2013) was an australian-british chemist. he won the nobel prize in chemistry in 1975 for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalysed reactions.
cornforth died on 14 december 2013 from natural causes at his brighton home, aged 96.
zafer önen (1 january 1921 çorum – 13 december 2013 istanbul) was a turkish movie actor. he was known for his roles in "curcuna" (1955), "my wife's lover" (1959) and "flying saucers over istanbul" (1955).
önen died in istanbul, turkey from heart failure, aged 92.
denis sassou nguesso (born 23 november 1943) is a congolese politician. he became the president of the republic of the congo since 1997. he was also president of the republic of the congo from 1979 to 1992.
in october 2021, denis sassou n'guesso was cited in the scandal of the "pandora papers". according to the international consortium of journalists, it was in 1998, just after the return to power of denis sassou n'guesso, that the company inter african investment was reportedly registered in the british virgin islands, a caribbean tax haven. denis sassou n'guesso denies en bloc it is documents.
joseph kabila kabange (commonly known as joseph kabila, born june 4, 1971) is a congolese politician. he became president of the democratic republic of the congo in january 2001. he took office ten days after the assassination of his father, president laurent-désiré kabila. he was elected as president in 2006. in 2011, he was re-elected for a second term.
forbes writer richard miniter documented the wealth of joseph kabila, estimated at 2 billion us dollars in offshore banks in the british virgin islands, accumulated in just over 13 years of being in power.
after widespread speculation surrounding his continued stay in office, it was feared kabila would seek re-election for a third term in the 2018 election. but he announced in august 2018, that he will not stand.
in october 2021, joseph kabila defended his graduation thesis at the university of johannesburg. a master's degree in political science and international relations was awarded to him at the end of his studies which lasted five years.
augustin matata ponyo mapon (born 5 june 1964) is a congolese political figure. he became prime minister of the democratic republic of the congo in april 2012.
alassane ouattara (born 1 january 1942) is an ivoirian politician. he became president of côte d'ivoire in 2011. he is an economist, ouattara worked for the international monetary fund (imf). he was the prime minister of côte d'ivoire from november 1990 to december 1993.
 alassane ouattara.com political web site from ouattara's circle of influence.
guillaume kigbafori soro (born 8 may 1972) is an ivorian politician. he was the prime minister of côte d'ivoire from april 2007 to march 2012.
daniel kablan duncan (born 1943) is an ivorian politician. he became prime minister of côte d'ivoire on november 2012. he was the prime minister from 11 december 1993 to 24 december 1999 and as minister of foreign affairs from june 2011 to november 2012.
jeannot ahoussou-kouadio (born 6 march 1951) is an ivorian politician. he was prime minister of ivory coast from march 2012 to november 2012.
ivo josipović (; born 28 august 1957) is an croatian politician. he became the third president of croatia in february 2010.
during the 2010 election campaign, josipović announced that as president he will compose an opera based on the murder of john lennon.
dimensional analysis is a method used in chemistry, physics, and other sciences. it is used to convert measurements and to find out something's dimensions. sometimes it is called factor label method or unit analysis.
any math done with numbers must also be done with their unit labels. for example, when dividing 50 miles driven by 2 gallons of gas used, you not only divide 50 by 2 to get a result of 25, you also have to divide "miles" by "gallons", which gives the unit "miles/gallon" or "miles per gallon". the final answer is "25 miles per gallon".
looking at the unit labels can help in choosing what to do with the numbers. for example, to convert 2.3 miles to some number of meters, use the equation "1609.34 meters equals one mile" or 1609.34 meters per mile. using division, the unit labels will be miles/meters/mile, which ends up as miles2/meter, which is not just the meters. with multiplication, the unit labels will be miles × meters/mile. the miles will cancel, leaving just meters.
zoran milanović (; born 30 october 1966) is a croatian politician. in 2019, he became the 5th president of croatia.
he was the prime minister of croatia from 2011 to 2016. he has also been the leader of the social democratic party of croatia (sdp). it is the largest centre-left political party in croatia, since 2007.
miloš zeman (; born 28 september 1944) is a czech politician. he became the third president of the czech republic on 8 march 2013. before he was president, zeman served as the prime minister of the czech republic from 1998 to 2002. he describes himself as a "tolerant atheist".
in october 2021, zeman was hospitalized at a military hospital in prague because of diabetic neuropathy. 
paul franklin dano (born june 19, 1984) is an american actor, director, producer, screenwriter, and musician.
he was born in new york city. dano's family then moved to wilton, connecticut. dano went to wilton high school there.
when dano was 17 he played a 15-year-old boy in the 2001 movie "l.i.e.". it was his first big movie role. he also appeared in the 2004 comedy movie "the girl next door". in 2006, "little miss sunshine" was released. dano played a teenager who chose not to talk in the movie. in 2012 dano played the main character in a romantic comedy called "ruby sparks". dano also executive produced the film. he played john tibeats in the 2013 movie "12 years a slave". 
in october 2019, dano was cast as riddler in matt reeves’s 2022 movie "the batman".
dano has been in a relationship with actress and screenwriter zoe kazan since 2007. they have a daughter, born in august 2018. they live in brooklyn.
jiří rusnok (born 16 october 1960) is a czech politician and economist. he was the prime minister of the czech republic from july 2013 to january 2014.
on 6 december 2013, he was recorded telling the defense minister that he "dreaded" going to south africa for the funeral of nelson mandela. he later apologized.
on 25 may 2016, president miloš zeman appointed rusnok as 4th governor of the czech national bank, succeeding miroslav singer.
pembroke college is one of the colleges of the university of oxford. its full name is "the master, fellows and scholars of pembroke college". king james i founded pembroke college in 1624.
ismaïl omar guelleh (somali: "ismaaciil cumar geelle." arabic: اسماعيل عُمر جليه) (born 27 november 1947) is an djiboutian politician. he became the president of djibouti in may 1999.
from mamassan clan, one of the components of the somali tribe issas, ismaïl omar guelleh is the grandson of guellé mohamed, better known as guelleh batal, one of the signatories of the "agreement franco of august 30, 1917, which ratifies the "free transfer to the french government of the coasts, harbors, harbors, islands and territories occupied from time immemorial by the issa tribes". in recognition, guelleh batal obtained from the french administration the position of recruiter on behalf of the cfe.
the father of ismaïl omar guelleh, son of guelleh batal, is omar guelleh, one of the first native teachers in the 1930s before working, following the path of his father, on behalf of the french-ethiopian railway company. (cfe) which built the line linking djibouti to addis ababa and whose headquarters were in dire dawa, a city itself created by the company.
the grandfather of the latter, oumar ali adal, "would be one of the first issas to have joined the wet penguin in front of what will become djibouti".
in dire dawa, ismaïl omar guelleh follows traditional teaching at the koranic school, then at the french school charles-de-foucault in djibouti.
in 1964, at the age of 18, ismail omar guelleh began working in the general intelligence of the french territory of the afars and issas, because he speaks amharic, somali, arabic, french, french italian and english.
in 1974, he was suspended because he was suspected of transmitting information to the independence movement [ref. necessary]. he then invested himself in the african popular league for independence (lpai) chaired by hassan gouled aptidon (who belongs to the same extended family group, or "clan"), which militates for independence.
in 1977, ismaïl omar guelleh is a member of the delegation that negotiates with france the independence of his country. independence was proclaimed on june 27, 1977. the new president of the republic, hassan gouled, appointed him head of his cabinet. he is therefore involved from the beginning in the management of the country facing an external conflict, the ogaden war between somalia and ethiopia, and internal tensions.
mainland is a term that simply means a large landmass or continent. it can also mean the largest of a group of islands. sometimes the people who live on the mainland are called "mainlanders". because of its larger area, a mainland almost always has a much larger population than nearby islands. mainlander culture and politics sometimes threaten to dominate those of the islands.
the queen's college is one of the colleges of the university of oxford. it was founded in 1341. the name of the college honors queen phillipa of hanault, the wife of king edward iii. the full name of the college is "the provost and scholars of the queen's college at the university of oxford".
dileita mohamed dileita () (born march 12, 1958) is a djiboutian politician. he became prime minister of djibouti from 7 march 2001 to 1 april 2013.
dileita was born in 1958 in the coastal eastern city of tadjoura, djibouti, to an afar family. he studied in cairo and reims, then went to the centre for vocational education in médéa, algeria, from which he graduated in 1981.
upon graduation, dileita returned to djibouti, where he worked at the directorate-general of protocol under the presidency. he became the second ranking diplomat at the embassy of djibouti in france in early 1990, and subsequently he became ambassador to ethiopia in 1997. he also represented djibouti at the organization of african unity, headquartered in addis ababa, while serving as ambassador to ethiopia, and assisted in the peace talks that ended the 1998–2000 war between ethiopia and eritrea.
in december 1999, dileita was charged with negotiating a peace agreement with a faction of the front for the restoration of unity and democracy (frud); the negotiations led to the signing of an agreement in february 2000. he became ambassador to uganda in mid-2000. after long-time prime minister barkat gourad hamadou resigned for health reasons in february 2001, president ismail omar guelleh appointed dileita as prime minister on march 4, 2001, and he took office on march 7. he had no prior experience as a minister.
dileita was elected as the vice-president of the rpp on july 3, 2003, succeeding hamadou in that post.[10] dileita led the ruling coalition, the union for the presidential majority (ump), in the january 2003 parliamentary election, standing as the first candidate on the coalition's list for the district of djibouti.
on may 21, 2005, dileita was reappointed as prime minister[13] after guelleh's re-election in the april 2005 presidential election; a new government under dileita was named on may 22.
as of 2008, dileita was the president of the ump coalition, and he headed the ump list for the district of djibouti in the february 2008 parliamentary election. following the election, in which the ump won all seats amidst an opposition boycott, he resigned as prime minister on march 25, 2008. guelleh promptly reappointed him on march 26 and named a new government under dileita on march 27.
after guelleh won a third term in the april 2011 presidential election, he reappointed dileita as prime minister on 11 may 2011. guelleh retained dileita in his post even though various other long-serving ministers were dropped from the new government that was announced on 12 may. he was replaced as rpp vice-president by abdoulkader kamil mohamed in september 2012, as part of an extensive shake-up of the rpp leadership.
on 31 march 2013, dileita was succeeded by kamil as prime minister.
nkosazana dlamini-zuma, the chairperson of the commission of the african union, announced on 11 june 2014 that dileita was appointed as the african union's special envoy for libya. he was head of the african union observer mission for the march 2016 congolese presidential election.
abdoulkader kamil mohamed () (born 1951) is a djiboutian politician. he became the prime minister of djibouti in april 2013.
the beautiful south were an english pop band. they were started in hull in 1988 by paul heaton and dave hemingway. heaton and hemingway had been members of the housemartins. the beautiful south released their first album in 1989. the first single "song for whoever" reached number two in the uk singles chart. in 2007 they broke up. in 2008 dave hemingway, dave stead, and alison wheeler started the new beautiful south. in 2010 they changed their name to the south.
eliud thaddeus williams (born 21 august 1948) is a dominican politician. he became the seventh president of dominica from 2012 to 2013.
charles angelo savarin (born 1943) is a dominican politician. he became the eighth president of dominica in october 2013.
raúl "el gordo" de molina (born 29 march 1959 in cuba) is an cuban television personality. he works with univision network. he hosts many positive rated latin entertainment shows such as the news show "el gordo y la flaca". he has won many emmy awards.
kimberley ann deal (born june 10, 1961) is an american musician. deal is best known for being the bassist of pixies. she is also a singer. in 2013, deal was told by the pixies' manager to leave the band. deal is also known for her band the breeders.
deal was born in dayton, ohio. she has an identical twin called kelley. the sisters went to wayne high school.
in january 1986 deal became the bassist of pixies. pixies released their first album "come on pilgrim" in 1987 on 4ad. in 1988 they released their second album "surfer rosa".
deal started the breeders in 1990 with tanya donelly. their first album "pod" was released by 4ad in 1990. it reached number 22 in the uk albums chart.
it was reported deal left the pixies in march 2014.
kelis rogers (born august 21, 1979), better known as kelis, is an american singer and songwriter. her most well-known song is "milkshake". it was nominated for the grammy award for best urban/alternative performance. kelis released her sixth album "food" in 2014.
kelis was born and raised in harlem, manhattan. her father was an african american jazz musician. her mother is puerto rican and chinese. she went to a private school called manhattan country school. when she was sixteen kelis left home. 
kelis released her first album "kaleidoscope" on december 7, 1999. her second album "wonderland" was released in october 2001. kelis released her most successful album so far, "tasty", in december 2003. the first single from the album, "milkshake", reached number three in the "billboard" hot 100. in 2006 "kelis was here" was released. "flesh tone" was released in 2010.
mateo kovačić (born 6 may 1994) is a croatian football player. he plays for real madrid cf and the croatian national team as a midfielder.
kovačić began his professional career with dinamo zagreb at the age of 16, with whom he won two consecutive league titles, before joining inter in 2013. after the 2014–15 season, he moved to real madrid, where he won his first champions league with the squad in 2016. a full croatian international since 2013, kovačić represented the nation at the 2014 fifa world cup and uefa euro 2016. he is nicknamed "il professore (the professor)."
ecgfrith (or egfrith; –685 ad) was the king of deira from 664 ad until 670 ad . when his father died he became king of northumbria from 670 ad until his death. ecgfrith ruled northumbria when it was at the height of its power. his reign ended with his defeat at the battle of nechtansmere in which he died.
ecgfrith was a younger son of king oswiu of northumbria and his wife enfleda. she was the daughter of king edwin of northumbria. he was born . in 655 he was ten years old when penda of mercia took him hostage. in 660, at age fifteen, ecgfrith was married to etheldreda, the daughter of king anna of east anglia. she was the widow of the "" tondberht of the south gyrwas. even though she had been married she had retained her virginity. after her marriage to ecgfrith she refused to her second marriage and remained a virgin. she was encouraged by bishop wilfrid to remain . this caused friction between ecgfrith and bishop wilfrid.
king of northumbria.
in 660, shortly after the death of his father, ecgfrith became king of northumbria. ecgfrith asked bishop wilfrid to convince the queen the kingdom needed an heir. he paid the bishop in gold and a great many hides of land to convince her but etheldreda would not change her mind. the marriage was dissolved before the end of 672. ethelreda was allowed to become a nun. she retired to coldingham priory and a year later she became the abbess of ely, which she had built herself. ecgfrith married as his second wife eormenburg. she and bishop wilfrid became bitter enemies.
in 672 the picts revolted and threw out the king that the northumbrians had placed on the throne there. ecgfrith sent his army into pictland (scotland) to punish them. he defeated the picts and appointed his ealdorman beornheth to rule over them. in 674 wulfhere of mercia and his allies attacked northumbria. wulfhere was trying to reclaim lindsey. but ecgfrith defeated wulfhere and made him pay tribute. wulfhere was succeeded as king of mercia by his brother aethelred in 675. ecgfrith arranged for his sister osthryth to marry aethelred. but in 679 aethelred defeated ecgfrith in battle at the river trent. to prevent a blood feud between the two royal families, theodore, the archbishop of canterbury stepped in to prevent further bloodshed. he secured a truce between northumbria and mercia that lasted for 50 years. ecgfrith next turned his attention to the britons of rheged. he drove them out of northern england and into ireland. there they became mercenaries for the irish kings and also began raiding the english coast. in 684 ecgfrith led his armies against the kingdom of brega, north of present day dublin in ireland. he won a victory and returned to northumbria. at this point he may have become too confident. in 685 ecgfrith again attacked the picts but this time he was defeated and killed. on 20 may 685 his forces were drawn into an ambush at nechtansmere near forfar in scotland. ecgfrith and his second wife eormenburg had no children. ecgfrith was succeeded by his half-brother aldfrith. queen eormenburg retired to carlisle abby.
ecgfrith and the church.
in 674 ecgfrith had given benedict biscop, a northumbrian nobleman, fifty hides of land at the mouth of the river wear. this was to build the first of two great monasteries. in 682 king ecgfrith gave another forty hides of land to benedict for a second monastery. it was to be at the mouth of the river trent at jarrow. the two monasteries were administered as a single community and came to be called monkwearmouth-jarrow abbeys. they became a center of learning and were where bede wrote most of his works. ecgfrith was at the dedication of jarrow abbey in 685 about a month before his death.
from 669 bishop wilfrid was directly involved in every gift of land and money to the church by the northumbrian king and queens. he became very powerful and rich in the process. in 671 he began building a great church which was financed by and confiscated british church lands. but after queen etheldreda retired to her abbey he lost most of his rich patronage. the new queen, eormenburg, had no love of wilfrid. stephen of ripon, the author of the eighth-century "vita sancti wilfrithi" ("life of saint wilfrid") accused her of being jealous and not having the proper respect for the bishop. in 678 king ecgfrith drove bishop wilfrid out of northumbria. bede gave no explanation for why wilfrid was expelled, but made it clear his sympathies lay with the bishop.
"all work and no play makes jack a dull boy" is a proverb. it means that if a person does not take time off from work, they will become both bored and boring.
the saying in its current form first appeared in james howell's "proverbs in english, italian, french and spanish" (1659). some writers have added a second part to the saying, such as maria edgeworth in her book "harry and lucy concluded" (1825):
st. anne's college is one one of the colleges of the university of oxford. it was founded in 1879 as "the association for the education for women". it was the first institution in oxford for the education of female students. in 1942, it was renamed as the st. anne society. in 1952, it received a royal charter as a college, for female students only. 
roosevelt skerrit (born 8 june 1972) is a dominican politician. he became prime minister of dominica in january 2004.
taur matan rauk (born josé maria vasconcelos; october 10, 1956) is a east timorese politician. he became president of east timor in may 2012. in june 2018, he became the 7th prime minister of east timor.
kay rala xanana gusmão (, born josé alexandre gusmão, , on 20 june 1946) is an east timorese politician. he was the first president of east timor. he served as president from may 2002 to may 2007. he was the seventh prime minister of east timor from 2007 to 2015.
josé manuel ramos-horta gcl ac (; born 26 december 1949) is an east timorese politician and 1996 nobel peace prize winner. ramos-horta is the president of east timor since 2022. he was president before from 20 may 2007 to 20 may 2012. he was the united nations' special representative and head of the united nations integrated peacebuilding office in guinea-bissau (uniogbis).
hazem abdel aziz el beblawi (born 17 october 1936) is an egyptian politician. he became the interim prime minister of egypt in july 2013 after the 2013 egypt protest which caused mohamed morsi out of office. on 25 february 2014, he announced his resignation.
pope leo vii (??? − 13 july 939) was pope of the roman catholic church from 3 january 936 until he died on 13 july 939. 
he called for odo of cluny to mediate between alberic ii of spoleto and hugh of italy. odo successfully negotiated a truce after he arranged a marriage between hugh's daughter alda and alberic. he was appointed frederick, archbishop of mainz as a reformer in germany. he allowed frederick to drive out jews that had refused to be baptized but he also did not endorse the forced baptism of jews. he died on 13 july 939. after he died, he was interred into st. peter's basilica.
ronan tynan (born 14 may 1960) is an irish singer. tynan was known for singing "amazing grace" at the funeral of president of the united states ronald reagan. he is also known for participating in the 1984 and 1988 summer paralympics.
michael joseph "mike" dunleavy, jr. (born september 15, 1980 in fort worth, texas) is an american professional basketball player. in 2013, he joined the chicago bulls of the national basketball association (nba).
carlos mauricio funes cartagena (born 18 october 1959) is a salvadoran politician. he was the president of el salvador from 2009 to 2014. he won the 2009 elections as the candidate of the left-wing farabundo martí national liberation front (fmln) political party.
vicente ehate tomi (born 1968) is an equatoguinean politician. he became prime minister of equatorial guinea on may 21, 2012.
hanji (korean paper) is the korean traditional paper. "hanji" literally means “paper of korea”. "han" stands for "korea," and "ji" means "paper."
"hanji"’s history goes back to 4th century. koreans started making it after papermaking technique came to korea from china with buddhism. after since, korean paper came to be known as the highest quality paper available in east asia. during goryeo period, "hanji" flourished with the development of printing technique in korea. its best days continued throughout joseon dynasty. however, it didn’t last forever. western’s mass production of paper and japanese’s oppression on korean traditional cultures ended golden ages of "hanji". nowadays, korean paper is considered as a tradition worth preserving and spreading. more people are interested in arts and crafts of "hanji", and there it has become the part of the tourism for foreigners, too. 
"hanji" is made out of inner bark of mulberry, a tree native to korea. the inner bark of the mulberry is so strong and durable that it does not decay in water up to a year. korean paper’s durability comes from this tree. the life span of korean paper is 1,000 years. for example, "mugujeonggwang daedaranigyeong," the world's oldest woodblock print was created in 751. also, thanks to its durability, koreans even used it as body armor in war. 1 year old trees are used to make the high-quality "hanji", and older trees are used for cheaper modern papers. 
there are several kinds of mulberry trees in korea. they grow in different climate conditions. each kind of mulberry tree produces different kinds of hanji, and they are all used in a different way. there are various kinds of korean paper, and they are named after their usage. "changhoji", for instance, is a kind of korean paper. "changhoji" means window paper. koreans used to glue "changhoji" on a door because it allows both air and light through it, thanks to its wide fiber. there are other kinds of "hanji" as well. when korean paper is used as a copy paper, it is called "bogsaji". it is used as paper for family registry book or buddhist scriptures. when the four gracious plants (plum, orchid, chrysanthemum and bamboo) or birds are drawn on "hanji", it's called "hwasunji", the drawing paper. nowadays, korean paper is used for arts and crafts. 
isaias afwerki (tigrinya: isaias afwerki (tigrinya: ኢሳይያስ ኣፍወርቂ; born february 2, 1946) is an eritrean politician. he became the first (and only) president of eritrea in 1993.
switchfoot is an american alternative rock band from san diego, california. 
switchfoot was formed in 1996 by lead singer jon foreman, his brother tim and chad butler. they originally named the band chin up. the band was signed to re:think records by charlie peacock. 
the band released their debut album "the legend of chin" on june 17, 1997. their second studio album "new way to be human" was released on march 11, 1999. their third album "learning to breathe" was released on september 26, 2000 and received a grammy nomination in 2001 for "best rock gospel album". on february 25, 2003, they released their third album "the beautiful letdown". "nothing is sound" was released on september 13, 2005 and "oh! gravity." was released on december 26, 2006 in north america and january 1, 2007 in the united kingdom. their newest album "vice verses" was released on september 27, 2011.
they are currently working on their ninth studio album "fading west" which is scheduled to be released on january 14, 2014. the album is also accompanied with a documentary of the same name by the band. the movie was shown during the first concert they performed of their fading west tour, and it was released digitally on december 10, 2013.
luis liberman ginsburg (born 1 august 1947) is a costa rican businessperson and politician. he became the second vice president of costa rica in 2010. he was elected in february 2010 on the ticket with president laura chinchilla and first vice president alfio piva.
andrus ansip (born 1 october 1956) is an estonian politician. he was the prime minister of estonia from 2005 to 2014. he is chairman of the market liberal estonian reform party ().
hailemariam desalegn boshe () (born 19 july 1965) is an ethiopian politician. he became prime minister of ethiopia in july 2012 after the death of then-prime minister meles zenawi. he resigned on 15 february 2018 after mass protests and civil unrest.
brigadier general ratu epeli nailatikau, cf, lvo, obe, msd, kstj, (born 5 july 1941) is a fijian chief and politician. he became the president of fiji on 5 november 2009. he left office in 2015. in 2019, he became the 2nd speaker of the parliament.
commodore josaia voreqe bainimarama, cf, msd, ostj, fijian navy, known commonly as frank bainimarama and sometimes by the chiefly title "ratu" (born 27 april 1954) is a fijian naval officer and politician. he became the prime minister of fiji in january 2007.
jyrki tapani katainen (born 14 october 1971) is a finnish politician. he was the prime minister of finland from june 2011 to june 2014. he is also the chairman of the national coalition party.
colada morada (spanish for "dark purple strained") is a traditional ecuadorian drink. it is prepared with black corn flour and fruits such as naranjilla, babaco, pineapple, blackberries, strawberries, and blueberries (which give it its color). the drink is sweetened with cane sugar. it is served hot.
audrey mary totter (december 20, 1917 – december 12, 2013) was an american actress. she worked for metro-goldwyn-mayer as a contract star. totter was known for her role on "medical center".
totter died of a stroke in los angeles, california on december 12, 2013, aged 95.
pope leo vi (??? − february 929) was pope of the roman catholic church from june 928 until february 929 when he died. 
tradition tells that he was a member of the sanguini family. before being elected, he was the cardinal-priest of the church of santa susanna in rome.
he died on 15 march 931 in rome and was buried in st. peter's basilica. he was succeeded by pope stephen vii.
korea university museum is in seongbuk-gu, seoul, south korea. it was established in 1934 as the first university museum in korea. when it was first established there used to be a separate university museum building. but in 2005, korea university museum was moved to the centennial memorial samsung hall which is on the right side of the main gate. the museum is divided into four floors including the basement floor. there are five exhibition halls including centennial hall, history folklore hall, contemporary & modern art hall, donation hall and special exhibition hall.
on the first floor is the centennial hall, which introduces the 100 years of korea university. this hall is divided into four parts including the history of korea university, two theme rooms and a theater room which shows the past and history of korea university.
history folklore hall is on the second floor displaying ceramics, buddhist art of korea, calligraphy and paintings. the history folklore hall is divided into two rooms: joseon dynasty room and ancient art room. joseon dynasty room is divided into five parts displaying cultural relics of joseon dynasty: the earth and the sky of joseon, life of joseon, patterns of joseon, social system of joseon, life of min yeong-hwan and yu kil-chun. ancient art room displays ceramics, buddhist art, and traditional paintings of  goguryeo, baekje, silla, goryeo and joseon.
the contemporary & modern art room, which exhibits the paintings and sculptures of korea's modern art, is on the third floor. the contemporary & modern art room displays the modern art of korea which shows the influence of western art techniques. this room presents the transfiguration of korean traditional paintings.
also, the donation hall is on the third floor exhibiting the relics which were donated to the university museum.
the special exhibition hall, which is open occasionally for special displays, is in the basement floor. special exhibitions are held three to four times every year.
korea university museum possesses approximately one hundred thousand relics including three national treasures, which are honcheonsigye, donggwoldo and buncheong ware. also, the traditional korean paintings by sim sa-jeong, jeong seon and kim hong-do and modern arts by park su-geun, whanki kim and yi eungro are in display. the museum displays various relics of all times in fields of history, archaeology, folklore and art, continuously developing a variety of exhibitions and education for public.
honcheonsigye, national treasure of korea no. 230.
honcheonsigye is a celestial globe clock created by song i-yeong in 1669. the clock has an armillary sphere with a diameter of 40 cm. unlike chinese astronomical clock, it could measure the accurate time by observing the whole movement of universe. it is the only remaining astronomical clock from the joseon dynasty. an image of the clock's sphere is shown on the reverse of the 2007 issued 10,000 won banknotes.
donggwoldo, national treasure of korea no. 249.
donggwoldo literally means "painting of eastern palace." the painting depicts the eastern palaces, changdeokgung and changgyeonggung in 19th century. "donggwol" is an alternative name of changdeokgung, which means it is located to the east of the main royal palace of the joseon dynasty,gyeongbokgung. the palaces in this painting were depicted elaborately in details so its value as the reference of joseon dynasty's palace arrangement is great.
buncheong ware, national treasure of korea no. 177.
buncheong ware or  punch'ong ware, is a type of celadon in grayish blue color. it is a style of korea's traditional stoneware, which emerged in the middle era of joseon dynasty. it started to lose its popularity after 16th century with the appearance of white porcelains. korea university museum owns a special buncheong ware which was a jar to contain the placenta of royal family in joseon dynasty.
poitou was a province of france of west-central france whose capital city was poitiers.
there is a marshland called the poitevin mar on the gulf of poitou, on the west coast of france, just north of la rochelle and west of niort.
many of the acadians who settled in what is now nova scotia beginning in 1604 and later to new brunswick, came from the region of poitou. after the acadians were deported by the british beginning in 1755, a number of acadians eventually took refuge in poitou and in québec. a large portion of these refugees also migrated to louisiana in 1785 and following years became known as cajuns.
kristubhagavatam is a mahakavya (an epic poem) written in sanskrit. it is based on the life of jesus christ. it was written by mahakavi p. c. devassia. devassia was a sanskrit scholar from kerala, india.
pope john vii (650 – 18 october 707) was pope of the roman catholic church from 1 march 705 until 18 october 707 when he died. 
his father was plato was a curator of the palatine hill. this makes him the first pope to be the son of a byzantine official.
he had bad relations with the quinisext council of 692 but had good relations with the lombards, who had ruled much of italy at the time. liber pontificalis criticized pope john vii for not signing canons which were really unpopular in italy at the time.
liber pontificalis said: 
he died on 18 october 707 and was buried in chapel of the blessed virgin mary. he was succeeded by pope sisinnius.
the world trade center site refers to the area of land in lower manhattan in new york city, that hosted both the original and new world trade centers. the land was originally underwater. the first world trade center complex of buildings stood on the site until it was destroyed in the september 11 attacks. the new world trade center complex is mostly complete and is built on the site. the port authority of new york and new jersey owns most of the land. the site is overseen by studio daniel libeskind, silverstein properties, and the lower manhattan development corporation.
september 11 attacks.
on the morning of september 11, 2001, two airplanes were captured by terrorists close to al-qaeda and crashed into the twin towers of the world trade center. the towers fell within two hours after the crashes. nearly 3,000 people died in the attacks. after the attacks, hospital workers and police offers began calling the site "ground zero".
debris and clean-up.
when the towers fell, they caused dust to spread in new york city, and left hundreds of thousands of tons of debris at the site. the new york city fire department separated the site into four areas to make cleanup of the site and the search for people who survived the attack easier. early on, it was said that the debris at the site would take a year to get rid of, but cleanup ended in may 2002. building materials and debris from ground zero were sent to the fresh kills landfill in staten island.
in december 2001, a viewing area at fulton street, between church street and broadway, was opened to the public.
on march 11, 2002, six months after the attacks, the tribute in light, a memorial with two beams of light shooting straight up into the sky, began. it was lit up every day at dusk until april 14, 2002. after that, it was lit up for the second anniversary of the attacks, on september 11, 2003. it has been lit up every september 11 since then.
the new world trade center complex will have the following buildings:
soon after the september 11 attacks, mayor rudy giuliani, governor george pataki, and president george w. bush said that they would rebuild the world trade center. on the day of the attacks, giuliani said, "we will rebuild. we're going to come out of this stronger than before, politically stronger, economically stronger. the skyline will be made whole again." during a visit to the site on september 14, 2001, bush spoke to a crowd of workers through a megaphone. a person in the crowd shouted, "i can't hear you," to which bush replied, "i can hear you. the rest of the world hears you. and the people who knocked these buildings down will hear all of us soon."
in an address to congress, the president said, "as a symbol of america's resolve, my administration will work with congress, and these two leaders, to show the world that we will rebuild new york city." however, 20 years after the attacks, only four buildings, one world trade center, 3 world trade center, 4 world trade center and 7 world trade center, have been rebuilt. one building, one world trade center, is currently under construction.
in november 2001, governor pataki started the lower manhattan development corporation (lmdc) to oversee the rebuilding of the world trade center. the lmdc leads federal help in the rebuilding, and works with the port authority of new york and new jersey, larry silverstein, and studio daniel libeskind. it also communicates with the local community, businesses, the city of new york, and the families of the people who were killed in the september 11 attacks.
national september 11 memorial & museum.
a memorial, "reflecting absence", honors the people killed in the september 11 attacks and the 1993 world trade center bombing. it was designed by peter walker and israeli-american architect michael arad. it has a field of trees with the footprints of the original towers. the footprints are filled with pools of water. it opened on the tenth anniversary of the attacks, on september 11, 2011.
on october 12, 2004, the lmdc announced that gehry partners llp and snøhetta, an architectural company from norway, would design a performing arts center and museum at the site. it is a museum and a visitors' center for the site. the museum opened in 2014.
an episode of cbs's "60 minutes" in 2010 was about the lack of work done at ground zero. it focused on how most of the buildings did not have a date for completion, the main building, one world trade center (originally called the freedom tower), having gone through three different designs, and the delays and high amount of money that went into the rebuilding. larry silverstein said that the entire site would be completed in 2037, and that billions of dollars have been spent on rebuilding the site, even though ground zero "is still a hole in the ground." during an interview for the episode, silverstein said, "i am the most frustrated person in the world...i'm seventy-eight years of age; i want to see this thing done in my lifetime." however, it was said in early 2011 that a lot of work has been done on the site, with all five buildings under construction. all of the buildings will be completed between 2012 and 2016. criticism of the work being done at ground zero was made in 2008 and 2009, when there was no work being done at the site.
the river humber is a large deep water estuary on the east coast of northern england. it is formed by the river ouse and the river trent coming together. from here to the north sea (about 40 miles) it forms part of the border between the east riding of yorkshire on the north side and lincolnshire on the south side. the humber's only modern crossing is the humber bridge. at one time it the longest single-span suspension bridge in the world. now it is the fifth longest. before the bridge was built in 1981, paddle steamers were used to cross the mile long span.
in the middle ages the tides of the humber kept armies from crossing. at that time it was thought to be an arm of the ocean. during the anglo-saxon period, the humber was a major boundary, separating northumbria from the southern kingdoms. the name northumbria came from old english "northanhymbre" meaning "the people north of the humber". the vikings used the humber and its two tributaries, the ouse and trent, with their shallow-draft longships to raid all over northeastern england.
fort paull was a napoleonic era fort built in 1542 to protect the port there. the site dates back to 910 when it was a lookout for viking raiders. the current fort is designed as a pentagon and was built from 1861–1864. it was disarmed at the beginning of the first world war and replaced by two nearby forts. one was on sunk island; the other was at stallingborough. in 1960 the fort was finally closed down. but in 1964 a group of volunteers took over the fort and made it into a museum.
france roche (2 april 1921 – 14 december 2013) was a french actress and screenwriter. she appeared in 17 movies between 1951 and 1979. she died on 14 december 2013 from natural causes, aged 92.
ali bongo ondimba (born alain bernard bongo; february 9, 1959) is a gabonese politician. he became president of gabon on october 2009.
on 7 january 2019, soldiers in gabon launched a coup d’etat attempt. the coup attempt failed, and the government successfully re-asserted control.
in october 2018, he was hospitalized due to a stroke in riyadh. in august 2019, bongo was hospitalized in london and his health was said to be deteriorating.
in october 2021, ali bongo is quoted in the “pandora papers”, these documents on the use of offshore companies in tax havens, ali bongo would have been the beneficiary of two companies now dissolved.
raymond ndong sima (born 23 january 1955) is a gabonese politician. he was prime minister of gabon from february 2012 to january 2014.
yahya abdul-aziz jemus junkung jammeh (; born 25 may 1965) is a gambian politician. he became the president of the gambia in 1994.
ivane "vano" merabishvili (; born 15 april 1968) is a georgian politician. he became prime minister of georgia on 4 july 2012. his term ended after his resignation on 25 october 2012.
bidzina ivanishvili (, also known as boris ivanishvili; born 18 february 1956) is a georgian businessman and politician. he became the prime minister of georgia on 25 october 2012. he resigned his position as prime minister on 20 november 2013.
irakli garibashvili (, also transliterated as gharibashvili) (born june 28, 1982) is a georgian politician and former business executive. he became prime minister of georgia on 20 november 2013. he resigned as prime minister on 23 december 2015. he became prime minister again in 2021.
giorgi margvelashvili (; born 4 september 1969) is a georgian educator and politician. he served as president of georgia from 17 november 2013 to 16 december 2018.
john dramani mahama (; born 29 november 1958) is a ghanaian politician. he became president of ghana in july 2012. he succeeded john atta mills after his sudden death.
in 2020, mahama unsuccessfully ran for president again but lost to incumbent president nana akufo-addo.
john evans fiifi atta mills (21 july 1944 – 24 july 2012) was a ghanaian politician, a lawyer, a legal scholar, a tax expert and a sports administrator. he became president of ghana after he was elected in 2009. he died on 24 july 2012 from throat cancer.
normally, appellate courts (or panels) are staffed with an odd number of judges to avoid a tie vote. sometimes and in some jurisdictions, when judicial positions are vacant or a judge has recused (excuse) himself or herself from the case, the court may be stuck with a tie. in this situation the decision of the lower court stands.
in english common law, a writ is a formal written order issued by a body with administrative or judicial jurisdiction. in modern use this generally is a court. writs are issued by courts directing the person to whom they are addressed to do something or to not do something. writs may also be used to direct other courts or public authorities. the authority for a court to issue a writ is given by the all writs act which is a united states federal statute originally a part of the judiciary act of 1789.
in its earliest form a writ was simply a written order made by the english king to a specified person to undertake a specified action. for example in the feudal era a military summons by the king to one of his tenants-in-chief to appear dressed for battle with his knights at a certain place and time. an early usage survives in the united kingdom. also in canada in a writ of election. this was is a written order issued on behalf of the monarch (in canada, the governor general) to local officials (high sheriffs of every county in historical uk) to hold a general election. writs were used by the medieval english kings to summon persons to parliament.
types of writs.
there have been a great many kinds of writs. some of the more common types still in use are:
the eleventh amendment (amendment xi) to the united states constitution was passed by congress on march 4, 1794 and ratified by the states on february 7, 1795. it deals with each state's sovereign immunity and was adopted to overrule the u.s. supreme court's decision in "chisholm v. georgia".
lawsuits against states.
the idea of sovereign immunity originated in english common law. it was also proposed by political theorists like thomas hobbes and jean bodin. the founding fathers of the constitution were aware of the traditional doctrine that states were immune from private lawsuits. several anti-federalists were afraid that article iii, section 1 of the constitution, which declares that the federal judicial power extends to suits "between a state and citizens of another state", would override that doctrine. 
the eleventh amendment was a direct reaction to an unpopular ruling by the supreme court in "chisholm v. georgia" (1793). in "chisholm" the court said federal courts had the power to hear lawsuits brought by citizens against us states. also, that states were not immune to these cases. the eleventh amendment reversed this decision and does not allow cases brought against a state by a citizen of another state or country. it says nothing about a citizen bringing a suit against their own state.
in "ex parte young", the supreme court decision allowed suits in federal courts against officials acting on behalf of states of the union to proceed despite the state's sovereign immunity, when the state acted unconstitutionally.
the eleventh amendment is one of five amendments that overturned earlier supreme court decisions.
johnnie l cochran, jr. (october 2, 1937 – march 29, 2005) was an american lawyer. he is best known for his part in the acquittal of o. j. simpson for the murder of simpson's ex-wife nicole brown simpson and her friend ronald goldman. cochran also represented many different celebrities and victims. cochran became known as an early advocate for the victims of police brutality. cochran helped sean combs win an acquittal after being indicted on stolen weapons charges and bribery in 2001. after the case, he decided to retire.
on march 29, 2005, cochran died from a brain tumor in his home in los angeles, aged 67. 
a crypt is a room, or group of rooms, underneath a church where bodies are put after a person dies. it usually has coffins, religious items, and other trinkets for the dead.
 are two role-playing video games. they are published by the pokémon company and developed by game freak. they were released for the nintendo 3ds. the games were released on 18 november 2016 in north america, australia and japan, and 23 november 2016 in europe, commemorating the "pokémon" franchise's 20th anniversary.
on february 25, the games' existence was leaked after the trademarks were found on the eu's office for harmonization in the internal market's website. "sun" and "moon" were officially announced in a pokémon nintendo direct. 
pokémon sun and moon take place in a region called alola. alola has warm weather and is made up of four large islands. the player is given a pokémon and goes on a journey around alola. the player can catch and raise other pokémon as they explore. while exploring, the player sometimes has to fight team skull. team skull are a group of people who want to destroy things and cause trouble. and some pokémon have a special alolan form!
johann georg, prince von hohenzollern ("johann georg carl leopold eitel-friedrich meinrad maria hubertus michael"; 31 july 1932 – 2 march 2016) was a german prince. through his marriage to princess birgitta of sweden, he was brother-in-law of king carl xvi gustaf of sweden.
prince johann georg was the sixth child of frederick, prince of hohenzollern (30 august 1891 – 6 february 1965) and his wife princess margarete karola of saxony (24 january 1900 – 16 october 1962).
goerg died on 2 march 2016 in munich. he was 83 years old.
stuart jay beck (december 23, 1946 – march 1, 2016) was an american law practitioner and a diplomat for palau.
beck was born in manhattan. he was raised in brooklyn.
as a lawyer, beck helped negotiate the compact of free association, which established palau as an independent nation in free association with the united states in 1994. he was granted honorary citizenship.
in 2003, he accepted the job as palau's first permanent representative to the united nations. he had this job until 2013. in 2013, he was appointed as palau's first ever united nations ambassador for oceans and seas.
beck died of kidney cancer on march 1, 2016 in manhattan, at the age of 69.
a wage is money that is paid by an employer to an employee in exchange for work. the amount may be fixed for each task completed (this is called piece rate); or it may be based on time or other measurable quantity of work done.
work for wages is the most common form of work. because of this, the term "wage" sometimes refers to all forms of employee payment. however, a wage is different to a salary or commission. a salary is where the employer pays an arranged amount at regular intervals (such as a week or month) regardless of hours worked or amount of work done. commission is usually an extra payment based on the performance of the worker or product. waged employees may also receive "tips" paid directly by clients. they will usually not get the same benefits as those paid with a salary, such as annual leave and sick leave.
wages are usually paid by the hour. this is called an hourly wage. wages paid by the day are still common. wage rates may be influenced by market forces (supply and demand), laws, and tradition. market forces are perhaps more dominant in the united states, while tradition, social structure and seniority, perhaps play a greater role in japan. in many countries, laws set a minimum wage that all employers must pay their workers. this means that employers cannot pay workers a lower rate than the minimum wage; however, they can pay them a higher rate. the minimum wage rate is there to protect the working class.
wages were paid in the middle kingdom of ancient egypt, ancient greece, and ancient rome.
aubrey kerr mcclendon (july 14, 1959 – march 2, 2016) was an american businessman. he was the founder and chief executive officer of american energy partners. he was also the co-founder and retired chief executive officer and chairman of chesapeake energy. he was an outspoken supporter for natural gas as a cleaner and safer alternative to oil and coal fuels. he was born in oklahoma city, oklahoma.
mcclendon was a part-owner of the oklahoma city thunder of the national basketball association (nba) and was part of the ownership that moved the team to oklahoma city in 2008.
on march 1, 2016, mcclendon was charged by the united states department of justice of conspiring "to rig bids for the purchase of oil and natural gas leases in northwest oklahoma". he died the following day in a car crash near oklahoma city. he was 56 years old.
the dionysian mysteries were a ritual of ancient greece and rome celebrating dionysus. the ritual involved intoxicants (like alcohol) and dancing to music to remove inhibitions and social constraints. it gave freedom to those marginalized by greek society such as women, slaves and foreigners.
willie junior maxwell ii (born june 7, 1991), better known as fetty wap, is an american rapper and singer. he became famous after his first single "trap queen", reached number two on the u.s. "billboard" hot 100 chart in may 2015. this helped wap secure a record deal with 300 entertainment. he later released two top 10 singles in the u.s., "679" and "my way". wap's self titled first album was released in september 2015. it reached number one on the u.s. "billboard" 200 chart.
2014–2015: beginnings and first album.
fetty wap's commercial first single, titled "trap queen", was released in early 2014. he recorded the song in february 2014. however, it did not gain major recognition until mid-november 2014. since then, it has become a platinum record and has over 130 million plays on soundcloud. in november 2014, wap secured a recording contract with 300 entertainment. the label was founded by lyor cohen, kevin liles, roger gold and todd moscowitz, as well as a distribution deal with atlantic records. the song "trap queen" is about a woman dealing and cooking crack cocaine. his first mixtape, "fetty wap: the mixtape" was originally set for release in february 2015. it was delayed because he continued to create new songs. in june 2015, wap was included in "xxl"'s 2015 freshman class.
on june 29, 2015, wap released his second single "679". the song's accompanying music video premiered on youtube in may, before being commercially released. 679 had an original version with monty only and an added verse by wap. the remy boyz version was removed from the album his next single, "my way", became his second top 10 entry on the "billboard" hot 100. later, drake remixed my way and created the version that was then played on radio. afterwards, "679" reached the hot 100 top 10 at number four.
during the week of july 26, 2015 to august 1, 2015, wap matched billboard marks by prominent rappers eminem and lil wayne. he became the first male rapper with three songs occupying the top 20 spots on the "billboard" hot 100 chart since eminem did so in 2013. he also became the first male rapper in four years to have concurrent singles reach the top 10 of the same chart since lil wayne did so in 2011. with his fourth single "again", wap became the first act in the hot rap songs chart's 26-year history to chart his first four entries in the top 10 simultaneously.
wap's first studio album "fetty wap" was released on september 25, 2015. the album debuted at number one on the us "billboard" 200, with 129,000 equivalent album units (75,484 in pure album sales). wap subsequently released two mixtapes for streaming only: "coke zoo" in collaboration with french montana and "zoo 16: the mixtape" with zoo gang. wap received two nominations at the 58th grammy awards.
2016–present: "zoovier" and other releases.
on february 5, 2016, fetty wap released a new single titled "jimmy choo". on april 26, 2016, it was announced that fetty wap would be getting his own mobile racing game available on phone, tablet, and apple tv starting on may 3. the game is offshoot of mobile game nitro nation stories. a street racing game, it has multi-player, car customization, and different storylines to choose. it has partnered with automotive brands like bmw, nissan, and cadillac. the fetty wap version will include wap and monty into the storyline.
wap was featured on the group fifth harmony's 2016 single "all in my head (flex)". he released the single "wake up" in april 2016. the official music video for the song was filmed at his alma mater, eastside high school. his single "make you feel good" was released in august 2016.
on november 21, 2016, he released a 19 track mixtape titled "zoovier".
his song "like a star" features nicki minaj. it was released in december 2016.
on january 4, 2017, he released the song "way you are" featuring monty, and the song "flip phone" on february 10, 2017. he walked in philipp plein's runway show during new york fashion week in the same month.
wap released the single "aye" on may 12, 2017. he released the mixtape "lucky no. 7" on june 7, 2017. on august 18, 2017, the single "there she go" featuring monty was released. in october 2017, wap featured in cheat codes' single "feels great" with cvbz.
at 1:20 am on november 2, 2017, wap was arrested after being pulled over on a brooklyn highway. he was later charged with reckless endangerment, drunk driving, aggravated unlicensed operation of a motor vehicle, illegally changing lanes, and drag racing.
on january 19, 2018, wap released the ep "for my fans iii: the final chapter". he released the mixtape "bruce wayne" in june 2018.
fetty wap is the father of seven children. they include aydin zoovier (born 2011) with childhood girlfriend ariel reese, eliza "zaza" zaviera (born 2015) with lehzae zeona, amani (born 2016) with elaynna parker, khari (born 2016) with " star masika kalysha, lauren (2016-2021) with exotic dancer turquoise miami, and alaiya (born 2018) with ex-girlfriend alexis skyy. lezhae zeona gave birth to her second child with fetty in 2018, a boy named zy.
wap appeared on the third season on vh1's reality show ". the show documented his strained relationship with masika. he also appeared on the 9th season of documenting his strained relationship with alexis skyy.
in august 2021, wap's daughter lauren passed away.
kentucky state university (ksu) is a public university for men and women. it is in frankfort, kentucky. the school was founded in 1886. its original name was the state normal school for colored persons. 
the university has four colleges. it offers four associate degrees, 55 undergraduate degrees and six post-graduate programs.
the golden gate is a historical gate in gdańsk, poland. it is a stone building with an archway leading into the old town. it was built in 1612. it was created in the place of an older 13th-century gothic gate called the brama długouliczna.
the valley of the queens ( ) is a place in egypt where wives of pharaohs were buried in ancient times. in ancient times, it was known as ta-set-neferu, meaning –"the place of beauty".
the reason for choosing the valley of the queens as a burial site is not known. the place is near the worker's village in deir el-medina and the valley of the kings. another consideration may be the existence of a sacred grotto dedicated to hathor at the entrance of the valley. this grotto may be associated with rejuvenation for the dead.
the main wadi contains 91 tombs and nearby valleys add another 19 tombs. 
the emergency department (ed) is a part of a hospital for treating people who have just come to the hospital, need to be treated quickly even without an appointment. these people may have been hurt, or they may have suddenly become very ill.
patients come to an emergency department with little warning. many come in an ambulance. emergency departments often have staff working all day and all night, on every day of the week. this is because patients can arrive at any time. to work in those places, doctors and nurses must be trained in emergency medicine.
there are many different names for an emergency department. they are often called an emergency room (er), even if they are bigger than one room. they may also be called an emergency ward (ew) or emergency unit. in the united kingdom and ireland, they are usually called accident & emergency department (a&e) and less often as a casualty department.
a 2005 patient study found an average emergency room wait time from 2 hours in iowa to more than 5 hours in arizona. the midwest had the highest number of emergency room visits (460 per 1,000 people). the west had the lowest number.
gynecology (also spelled gynaecology) is the part of medicine that deals with the female reproductive system (vagina, uterus, ovaries) and breasts. outside medicine, it means "the science of women."
women have started to outnumber men in the study and practice of gynecology.
the transantarctic mountains are a mountain range in the continent of antarctica. it divides the continent into eastern and western region. it extends for over 3200 km.
the antarctic peninsula to the west is not part of this range.
life in the interior of the transantarctic range is limited to bacteria, lichens, algae and fungi.
the name "transantarctic mountains" was first used in 1960, in a paper by geologist warren hamilton.
john singer sargent (january 12, 1856 – april 14, 1925) was an american artist. he was the leading portrait painter of his day.
during his career, he created about 900 oil paintings and more than 2,000 watercolors, as well as many sketches and charcoal drawings. he travelled worldwide. his parents were american, but he was trained in paris, and then moved to london.
his "portrait of madame x" resulted in scandal, though today it is hard to see why. she was thought to be somewhat loose sexually. in the original portrait as exhibited, one strap of her gown had fallen down her right shoulder. this suggested to some the possibility of further revelation; "one more struggle", wrote a critic in "le figaro", "and the lady will be free".
sargent visited spain, studied velázquez, and was entranced with spanish music and dance. he understood what the impressionists were doing, and adopted their habit of painting "en plein-air". he was a big fan of monet, and bought four of his works. his portrait of monet shows he understood what was going on in french art at the time.
sergent kept his american citizenship, and went back there four times. however, he remained living in london to the end of his life.
école nationale de la météorologie (enm, french meteorology university) is a graduate engineering school in france. it has its own campus and also operates on the french civil aviation university campus for aviation activities.
it awards the following french & european degrees :
classes are mainly in french language. the school has 350 students from a dozen countries. most of the graduate engineer students live in dedicated housing buildings.
research at the school relate to the following topics:
the two-body problem is a problem from classical mechanics: there are two bodies which influence each other. very often they attract or repel each other. in many cases they rotate. the problem uses bodies which are circles, or spheres. solving the problem is possible for many situations, but it usually involves higher level mathematics.
simplification: one body has a mass that is much smaller.
when one of the two bodies has a mass that is much smaller, the influence of this smaller body on the larger one is very small, and can be disregarded. in such a case, the problem can be reformulated as a one-centre problem, where there is a stationary big body in the centre, and a small body orbiting around the big one. this setting is very comon. johannes kepler was the first person to formulate and solve it. for this reason, it is also known as kepler problem.
general solution for the two-body problem.
isaac newton was the first person to solve to the general two-body problem.
three or more bodies.
looking at the generalizations, there are two other problems which are related:
the twelfth amendment (amendment xii) to the united states constitution was proposed in congress on december 9, 1803. it was ratified by the state legislatures on june 15, 1804. it provided new procedures for electing the president and vice president. before the amendment, each member of the electoral college cast a single vote. the candidate who received the largest number of votes became the president. the candidate receiving the next highest number of votes became the vice president. the twelfth amendment changed the process to the current system whereby one vote is cast for the president and one for the vice president.
the constitutional convention of 1787 went over several different proposals for electing the president. some wanted congress to choose the president. other suggestions included selection by the state legislatures, by the state governors or by a congressional committee. near the end of the convention the question was turned over to a committee called the committee of eleven for leftover business. they devised a system called the electoral college. the plan was accepted and was added to the constitution.
in 1789 the electoral college unanimously elected george washington as the first president. he was reelected in 1792. in both cases he was the only president to receive all of the electoral votes. in the 1796 election, washington declined to run. his vice president, john adams, and his running mate thomas pinckney ran for president and vice president respectively. alexander hamilton tried to use his influence to get pinckney more votes, making adams the vice president again. but the scheme backfired when thomas jefferson got more votes than pinckney, but adams won more of the electoral votes. this made adams the president and jefferson the vice president.
the 1800 presidential election showed the deep problems in the electoral college system. jefferson ran against adams again. both had running mates. pinckney was again the running mate of adams for the federalist party. aaron burr was jefferson's running mate for the democratic-republican party. jefferson and burr received the same number of votes creating a tie between two candidates from the same political party. under the constitution, the matter was to be decided by the house of representatives. in the house, the two tied again in 35 votes. only on the 36th ballot was the deadlock broken and jefferson was elected president. 
the solution to the problem became the twelfth amendment. it was proposed by congress on december 9, 1803. three days later it was submitted to the states for ratification. fourteen of the seventeen states (at the time) ratified it and the amendment was added to the constitution on september 25, 1804.
the electoral college remained much the same under the twelfth amendment. but the process for choosing a president and vice president changed. under the twelfth amendment an elector must cast separate votes for the president and vice president. if nobody gets the majority of the votes, the process remains the same as before; the house of representatives decides.
south by southwest (sxsw) is a set of festivals and conferences. they are about movies, interactive media, and music. it takes place every year in march in austin, texas, united states. it began in 1987. it has continued to grow in both scope and size every year.
south by southwest is run by the company sxsw, inc.
sxsw music is the largest music festival in the world. it had more than 2,000 performances in 2014.
in 1987, 700 people attended the music event. in 2009, there were over 32,000 registrants.
bands must pay for their own travel and lodging at the event. all performers get a cash payment ($100 for solo musicians or $250 for bands) or a wristband that gives them access to all music events.
sxsw film conference lasts for five days. there are speakers, workshops, mentor sessions and more, with expert filmmakers and industry leaders.
in 2015, there were over 250 sessions with 735 speakers. important speakers in the past include lena dunham, jon favreau, mark duplass, ava duvernay, ryan gosling, nicolas cage, alejandro jodorowsky, tilda swinton, amy schumer, sally field, joss whedon, christine vachon, rza, matthew mcconaughey, danny boyle, seth macfarlane, catherine hardwicke, richard linklater, david gordon green, harmony korine, henry rollins, sarah green and robert rodriguez.
the sxsw film festival runs nine days. the sxsw film awards is on the last day of the film conference.
in 2015, the sxsw film festival showed 150 feature movies and 106 short movies. they were selected from 7,361 submissions. past movies that premiered at sxsw include "furious 7", "neighbors", "chef", "21 jump street", "the cabin in the woods", "bridesmaids" and "insidious", and the tv series "girls", "silicon valley" and "penny dreadful".
although the film festival often shows independently produced movies, studios have often shown their comedies there before they are released. they do this to get an idea of how popular the movie will be in theaters.
sxsw interactive is about new technology. the festival includes a trade show, speakers, parties, and a startup accelerator. according to a festival organizer louis black, sxsw interactive "has probably been the biggest of its kind in the world" since 2007.
optimization or optimisation may refer to:
januariusz mikołaj "janusz" bolonek (6 december 1938 – 2 march 2016) was a polish roman catholic bishop. he was born in huta dłutowska, poland. he worked in diplomacy for the pope. among other positions, has served as nuntius in uruguay, bulgaria, romania, and in north macedonia.
bolonek was made a priest in 1961 in łódź, poland. he retired as apostolic nuncio in 2013. he died in łódź on 2 march 2016 of cancer. he was aged 77.
benoît lacroix (8 september 1915 – 2 march 2016) was a canadian theologian, philosopher, and dominican priest. he was a professor in medieval studies and historian of the mediaeval period. he was the author of almost 50 works and a great number of articles. he was born in saint-michel-de-bellechasse, quebec.
lacroix died in quebec on 2 march 2016 from problems caused by pneumonia. he was 100 years old.
ashok ghosh (2 july 1921 – 3 march 2016) was an indian bengali politician. he was the senior leader of all india forward bloc political party. he held the position of the state general secretary of forward bloc in west bengal from 1946 until his death in 2016.
ghosh died in kolkata from multiple organ failure on 3 march 2016. he was 94 years old.
natalia leonidovna krachkovskaya (, maiden name - belogortseva, 24 november 1938 – 3 march 2016) was a soviet and russian actress. she was awarded the meritorious artist in 1998. she was born in moscow. she became famous during the 1970s with roles in the movies "the twelve chairs" and "".
krachkovskaya died on 3 march 2016 in a hospital in moscow from a heart attack. she was aged 77.
the école nationale supérieure d'électronique, informatique, télécommunications, mathématiques et mécanique de bordeaux (enseirb - matmeca) is a graduate engineering school in france. it is in a campus at talence (west france).
it awards the following french & european degree :
classes are mainly in french and english. the school has 1200 students from a dozen nationalities. most of the first year students at enseirb-matmeca live in dedicated housing buildings nearby research labs.
research activities at enseirb - matmeca relate to the following topics:
arjun bijlani (born 31 october 1982) is an indian television actor. he played aalekh in "right left" and mayank sharma in "miley jab hum tum". his other work includes "jo biwi se kare pyaar". in april 2015, bijlani played shikhar mehra in "meri aashiqui tumse hi". he plays the lead role of hritikh in the television drama "naagin".
bijlani was born on 31 october 1982. he has appeared in many advertisements, including lg, samsung and bpl mobile. he has been in many music videos. he was in "kartika", a disney channel show, with jennifer winget. he has been in many serials, including "miley jab hum tum,pardes mein mila koi apna". he also hosted a show named "road diaries".
he is married to neha swami and they have one children ayaan bijlani.
the torres strait islands are a group of at least 274 small islands. most of the islands are part of the state of queensland, australia. a small number are part of papua new guinea. 
the islands are in the torres strait. 
the indigenous people of the islands are torres strait islanders. in 2011, the population was 4,248. the island with the most people is thursday island.
adopted on march 30, 1870, the fifteenth amendment (amendment xv) to the united states constitution granted african-american men the right to vote. it was one of the reconstruction amendments.
nowhere in the original constitution or the bill of rights were americans given the right to vote. the fifteenth amendment gave african-american men the right to vote. but not until the 1960s did judicial interpretation of the fourteenth amendment conclude the right to vote was a fundamental right of all citizens.
the reasons behind the omissions of voting rights in the bill of rights and constitution is that including them would have been too controversial at the time. each state had different rules for who could vote. some allowed free blacks the right to vote. others allowed women the right to vote. a few states required ownership of property in order to vote.
in the election of 1868, republican party candidate, ulysses s. grant, won the presidency by only a narrow majority of the popular vote. he received support from free black voters in the south. without that support, he probably would have lost the election. at the time blacks could not vote in the northern states. the republican party needed help to stay in power and thought that black votes would help. at the time republicans controlled both the senate and house. the proposed amendment was passed by congress in 1869 and sent to the states for ratification. it was quickly ratified by three-quarters of the states in early 1870. part of the reason why is that republicans also controlled the state governments in the south. southern democrats were not able to block the measure.
after passage, the fifteenth amendment did not have much of any impact on black voting in the south for nearly a century. southerners used various methods including terrorism, poll taxes and grandfather clauses to prevent blacks from voting. congress and the supreme court repeatedly struck down voting restrictions. for example, in a landmark decision in "smith v. allwright" (1944), the court decision made it unconstitutional to keep african-americans from voting in a democratic party primary in texas. congress passed the civil rights act of 1957 which stated that all americans had the right to vote, including african-americans. but overcoming these problems on a case-by-case basis was proving to be unsuccessful. as soon as one form of discrimination was stopped, a new one appeared in its place. the voting rights act of 1965, removed further barriers to minorities voting. it was amended five times by congress to extend its protections as needed.
the two moons of mars—phobos and deimos—are much smaller than the moon, greatly reducing solar eclipses on that planet.
phobos is only 20 by 25 km (12 by 16 mi) and has a rapid orbital motion, so someone on mars would only see the solar eclipse for no longer than about thirty seconds. phobos also takes only 7 hours 39 minutes to orbit mars, while a martian day is 24 hours 37 minutes long, meaning that phobos can create two eclipses per martian day. 
deimos is too small, 15 by 10 km (9.3 by 6.2 mi), to cause an eclipse. the best someone on mars would see would be a small object passing the sun.
view from earth.
both moons are too small to cast a shadow on mars that can be seen from earth. however, since the creation of artificial satellites, the shadow of phobos on mars has been seen.
the war of the oranges, or the war of the grapefruit was a brief conflict in alentjo in 1801. french and spanish troops invaded portugal.
deadpool is a 2016 american superhero movie. it is based on the marvel comics's character deadpool. the movie was directed by tim miller and it was produced by simon kinberg, ryan reynolds, and lauren shuler donner. it was miller's first movie as a director. a sequel movie titled "deadpool 2" has been released in 2018.
"deadpool" was first premiered at le grand rex in paris on february 8, 2016. it was released in north america on february 12, 2016. principal photography for the movie started in vancouver on march 23, 2015 and ended on may 29, 2015.
the movie got positive reviews from critics and audiences. it has a 83% rating on rotten tomatoes. peter travers of "rolling stone" said that the movie was "party time for action junkies" and also that reynolds may have found the role that defines his career.
arthur worth "bud" collins, jr. (june 17, 1929 – march 4, 2016) was an american journalist and television sportscaster. he was best known for his tennis commentary. collins was born in lima, ohio. for several years with the "boston globe", he was a general and political columnist. in 1967, he was a candidate for mayor of boston.
collins died on march 4, 2016 in brookline, massachusetts. he was aged 86.
sophie dessus (24 september 1955 – 3 march 2016) was a french socialist politician. she was born in suresnes, france. she represented corrèze's first constituency in the national assembly, the first woman to represent corrèze in the national assembly. she served from 20 june 2012 until her death in 3 march 2016.
dessus died in limoges, france of cancer on 3 march 2016. she was aged 60.
ayatollah abbas vaez tabasi (, 25 june 1935 – 4 march 2016) was an iranian cleric. he holds memberships at different institutions. he was the grand imam and chairman of the astan quds razavi board from 1979 until his death in 2016. he was born in tabas, mashhad.
tabasi died from respiratory failure in mashhad, iran on 4 march 2016. he had lung cancer. tabasi was aged 80.
purno agitok (p. a.) sangma (1 september 1947 – 4 march 2016) was an indian politician. he was born in assam, india. he served as the speaker of the lok sabha from 1996 to 1998 and chief minister of meghalaya from 1988 to 1990.
sangma died on 4 march 2016 in new delhi, india from a heart attack. he was aged 68.
 (29 november 1968 – 3 march 2016) was a japanese professional wrestler. he was better known for wrestling under a mask as hayabusa. he mainly worked for the frontier martial-arts wrestling (fmw) promotion. he also wrestled for new japan pro wrestling (njpw) and in north america for asistencia asesoría y administración (aaa), consejo mundial de lucha libre (cmll), and one match with extreme championship wrestling (ecw).
ezaki debuted for new japan pro wrestling (njpw) at the 1994 super j cup, losing in the first round to jushin thunder liger. he started wrestling under the hayabusa gimmick in 1993 while he was working in mexico.
in october 2001, ezaki suffered a career-ending injury when he tried to perform a springboard moonsault off the middle rope, lost his footing, landed on his head, and cracked two of his vertebrae which left him paralyzed. in 2015, ezaki had regained the use of his legs and was able to stand on his own and walk with a cane.
on 3 april 2015, hayabusa took part in a press conference which announced the return of fmw. he had served as the executive producer of the promotion.
on 3 march 2016, ezaki died from a subarachnoid hemorrhage at age 47. he was found dead in his home by the owner of a tavern that he was supposed to do a small concert for that day, but did not show up.
mandalay ( or ; ) is a city in myanmar. there is only one city in myanmar that has more people than mandalay. it is north of yangon. mandalay is on the east side of the irrawaddy river. in 2014, there were 1,225,553 people living there.
the name "mandalay" comes from the nearby hill called mandalay hill. "mandalay" may come from the pali language. some people think that the name "mandalay" comes from the pali word "mandala". other people think that the name comes from "mount mindara". mindara is a mountain in hindu mythology.
the original name of the city was yadanabon (, ). this name came from the pali word "ratanapūra" (). "ratanapūra" means "city of gems." the city also had another name: lay kyun aung myei (, ). this means "victorious land over the four islands."
mandalay was started by king mindon. he started the city on 13 february 1857. he built mandalay as the new capital city of the kingdom of burma.
mindon's city was in size. there were rivers on each side. it had 144 square blocks in a grid. in the middle was a palace that was 16 square blocks in size.
the palace had four walls that were each long. around the walls was a moat that was wide and deep. each wall had turrets (towers) for watchmen. these turrets were placed every . each turret had a spire made of gold. each side had three gates and five bridges across the moat.
the king also built some other buildings in the city. these buildings were the kuthodaw pagoda, the "pahtan-haw shwe thein" upasampada hall, the "thudamma" "good dharma" zayats (), and a library for the pāli canon. a "zayat" is a building where buddhism is taught.
in june 1857, the king moved the royal palace to mandalay. the palace had been in amarapura. the building was taken apart. each piece was moved by elephants to mandalay. the palace was put back together and finished on 23 may 1859. the palace is now at the bottom of mandalay hill.
mandalay was the capital for 26 years. it was the last royal capital of the konbaung dynasty. (the konbaung dynasty were the last rulers of the kingdom of burma before it was taken over by the british empire.) on 28 november 1885, the british conquered burma. this ended the third anglo-burmese war. king thibaw min and queen supayalat were sent into exile.
mandalay in british burma (1885-1948).
mandalay was still an important city in british burma. the city of rangoon became the capital of burma.
the british wanted to make mandalay an important commercial city. they did not want it to be important for politics, education, or other reasons. mandalay was connected to yangon by railroad in 1889. the first college in mandalay wasn't built until 1925.
the royal palace was looted by the british. all of the treasures were stolen. some treasures can be seen in the victoria and albert museum. the british changed the name of the palace to fort dufferin. british soldiers used the palace as a barracks (a place to camp.)
mandalay was the most important city for burmese culture during the time the british were in charge. it was also the most important place for buddhist learning. the burmese people saw mandalay as a symbol. between world war i and world war ii, there were many protests in mandalay against the british.
during the time the british were in charge, many people moved to mandalay from india. (india was also a british colony.) from 1904 to 1905, a plague happened. about one third of the people of mandalay left to get away from the disease.
during world war ii, mandalay was bombed by the japanese. the british moved all of their airplanes to india. mandalay had no defenses against the japanese air raids. on 3 april 1942, the imperial japanese army air service bombed the city. three-fifths (3/5) of the houses were destroyed. more than 2,000 civilians (people who are not military) were killed.
the japanese soon invaded burma. the imperial japanese army took over the city of mandalay. they were in charge from may 1942 until march 1945. the palace citadel was made into a supply depot. (a supply depot is a building that stores supplies like food and machines.)
the allied forces bombed the city after the japanese took it over. much of the palace was destroyed. only the royal mint and watch tower were not destroyed. the palace was rebuild in the 1990s.
mandalay today (1948 - now).
in 1948, the british left burma. mandalay was still the most important city for culture, education, and commerce in upper burma.
until the 1990s, most students went to university in mandalay. until 1991, there were only three universities in upper burma: mandalay university, the university of medicine, mandalay, and the defense services academy. all of these universities are in mandalay. only some other cities had schools called "degree colleges." these were small schools that were part of mandalay university. these colleges had classes in a small number of subjects.
from 1962 to 1988, ne win was in charge of the government. he was very isolationist. this means that he did not want myanmar to be part of global trade or tourism. in the 1980s, mandalay was the second biggest city in myanmar. it looked like a town with low buildings, dusty streets, and more bicycles than cars.
during the 1980s, there were two big fires. in may 1981, a fire destroyed more than 6,000 buildings. 36,000 people were left homeless. on 24 march 1984, there was another fire. this fire destroyed 2,700 buildings. 23,000 more people were made homeless.
fires are still a big problem. in february 2008, there was another big fire in mandalay. it destroyed the yadanabon market. this was the second-biggest market in the city. in february 2009, a fire destroyed 320 houses. more than 1,600 people were made homeless.
the fires during the 1980s destroyed a lot of buildings. this made a lot of land empty. many chinese people in burma bought this land. a lot of these people had come from yunnan in china. many chinese people came to upper burma and mandalay from yunnan and sichuan in the 1990s. 250,000 to 350,000 people from yunnan came to mandalay in the 1990s. today, about 30% to 40% of the people of mandalay are chinese. the native burmese people complain that mandalay is now like a part of china.
the chinese have rebuilt the parts of the city that burned down. they built apartment buildings, hotels, and shopping centers. they helped make mandalay again an important city for trade and commerce. it now connects trade for upper burma, lower burma, china, and india.
mandalay has grown much bigger over time. it now includes what used to be amarapura. (amarapura was where king mindon's capital city used to be before he moved it to mandalay.) mandalay celebrated its 150th birthday on 15 may 2009 at 4:31:36 am.
there are many important places and buildings in mandalay.
the royal palace in mandalay is a very important building. a lot of it was burned down during world war ii. the royal mint and watch tower did not burn down. the rest of the buildings were rebuilt.
the mandalay palace's name in burmese is "mya nan san kyaw" ( ; "the famed royal emerald palace"). it is also called (), or the "great golden royal palace".
today the palace is an important symbol of mandalay. many tourists and visitors come to see it.
the atumashi monastery is a buddhist monastery. a monastery is a building where monks (holy men) live, work, and pray. this place is a "kyaung", a special kind of monastery. the name means "inimitable "vihara"."
the monastery burned down in 1890. only the plinth (bottom platform) did not burn. the government decided to rebuild the monastery. they started building on 2 may 1995. it was finished being built in june of 1996.
mandalay hill is a big hill in mandalay. it is a holy hill. there is a legend about the hill. the buddha visited the hill and made a prophecy. he said that some day a great city would be built at the bottom of the hill.
the hill is tall. there is a road to the top. there are many temples, monasteries, and pagodas built on the hill.
the kuthodaw pagoda is a very large pagoda. it was built by king mindon in 1857. it was designed to look like the shwezigon pagoda in nyaung u.
there are 729 rocks around the pagoda. each rock is smooth and has writing on it. the writing are the words of the "tipiṭaka". (the "tipiṭaka" are the buhhdist holy books.) these stone rocks are the "world's largest book."
mahamuni buddha temple.
the mahamuni buddha temple is one of the most important buddhist temples. it has an important buddha statue. the statue was made during the life of the gautama buddha. the gauthama buddha hugged the statue seven times. this caused the statue to come to life.
buddhists believe that the statue is alive because of this. they call it the mahamuni sacred living image. this makes the mahamuni temple the most holy pagoda in mandalay.
the temple was built by king bodawpaya in 1784. the buddha is sitting. it is tall.
near the bottom of mandalay hill is the kyauktawgyi pagoda. it was built by king mindon from 1853 to 1878. it was carved out of one big block of marble. around it are 80 arahants.
the yadanabon zoological garden is a small zoo in mandalay. it is in between the palace and mandalay hill. it is the only zoo in the world that has burmese roofed turtles.
the shwenandaw monastery (, ; lit. "golden palace monastery") is an important buddhist monastery. it was built by king thibaw min in 1880. it is made from teak, a kind of wood. inside of it are many carvings on the walls and roofs. the carvings show buddhist myths.
in 2007, the united nations (un) guessed that there were about 1 million people living in mandalay. in 2014, the myanmar government counted all of the people in the country for a census. they found that there were 1,225,133 people living in mandalay then. the un thinks that there will be 1.5 million people in mandalay in 2025.
mandalay has always been an important city for the bamar people. most of the people who have lived in mandalay are burman people. lots of chinese people have been moving to mandalay. the chinese have been coming for the past 20 years. now there are more chinese people than burman people in mandalay.
today, 40-50% of the people in mandalay are chinese. about 30% of mandalay's people are yunnanese. the rest of the people in mandalay are probably burman. there are also a lot of burmese indians in mandalay. (these are indian people who live in myanmar.)
people in mandalay speak the burmese language. a lot of people also speak the standard chinese language. the chinese language is used a lot in markets like zegyo market. people who have a lot of money and education also speak the english language.
mandalay is in the country of myanmar. it is by the side of the irrawaddy river. its coordinates are 21.98° north, 96.08° east.
the city is above sea level. it is in the same time zone as the rest of mandalay: myanmar standard time (mst), .
mandalay is on a tectonic fault. this means that there are two tectonic plates that come together underneath the city. (a "tectonic plate" is a big piece of earth.) the tectonic fault underneath mandalay is called the sagaing fault. it is where the india plate and the sunda plate meet.
a lot of earthquakes happen on tectonic faults. the biggest earthquake in mandalay happened in 1956. that one was a magnitude 7 earthquake. that earthquake did a lot more damage to the city of sagaing, which is nearby. it is now called the "great sagaing quake."
mandalay has a tropical savanna climate. this means that the city has a wet season and a dry season. there is a lot of rain during the wet season. there is very little rain during the dry season. the wet season is from may to october. the dry season is from november to april.
the coldest month is january. the average temperature is . the hottest month is april. then, the average temperature is .
it is very hot in april and may. most days it is hotter than . some days it is hotter than .
the hottest temperature ever in mandalay was . the coldest temperature ever was .
mandalay in writing.
there are some important books and poems that talk about mandalay. some of these are famous.
rudyard kipling wrote a poem called "mandalay." he wrote it in 1890. this poem has a famous saying in it: "on the road to mandalay."
in 1907, oley speaks wrote a song using the words of the poem. he called the song "on the road to mandalay." the song is very famous. frank sinatra sang the song and called it "come fly with me".
george orwell wrote a novel called "burmese days". he wrote it in 1934. orwell was part of the indian imperial police. he was stationed in mandalay. the novel is about his experiences (what he did and saw.) he also wrote some non-fiction essays and short stories. some of these are "a hanging" (1931) and "shooting an elephant" (1936).
mandalay has three twin towns:
an act of congress is a statute enacted by the united states congress according to the powers granted to it by the constitution of the united states. the term can be used in other countries with a legislature called a "congress," such as the congress of the philippines. but most often the term is associated with the united states congress. in the us, there are several steps from a bill or resolution becoming a law. it must first be passed by a majority of both of the houses of congress. then the bill or resolution is sent to get signed by the president. it becomes an act of congress by either the president's signature or, if the president does not return the bill or resolution within ten days.
senators and representatives create thousands of written proposals each year for new laws. called bills, only a few few ever make it all the way through the process to become a law. the constitution requires only three steps: passing the house, passing the senate and approval by the president. the actual process has become much more complicated. 
a bill may be proposed by anyone but only a member of congress, called the bill's sponsor, may introduce them on the floor of one of the houses of congress. a bill may be introduced in both the senate and house at the same time. in theory, this saves time over sending it though one house, then the other. in each house of congress, a bill is sent to a committee. a committee studies the bill and recommends changes. if a committee does nothing, the bill is considered "dead". a committee may also add other unrelated provisions to a bill called amendments. committees usually divide themselves into smaller groups called subcommittees. the bill's sponsors then try to convince the subcommittees to approve the bill. they do this through hearings. if the bill passes through a committee it is sent to the floor for debate and a vote. a bill may either be passed by be defeated. if passed, it is sent to the other house of congress to follow the same procedures.
in addition to bills, congress also passes acts of congress called resolutions. there are three kinds: simple resolutions, joint resolutions and concurrent resolutions.
these are resolutions concerning the operation of either house of congress. they are not sent to the president for his approval. resolutions by the house of representatives which affect that house are designated "h.res." followed by a number. simple resolutions in the senate are designated "s. res." followed by a number.
a joint resolution may start either in the house or senate. they are essentially the same as a bill. the only difference is a joint resolution that proposes an amendment to the us constitution. they require a two-thirds majority vote in each house. like a simple resolution, they are not sent to the president for his signature. they become effective when they are ratified by three-quarters of the states. a joint resolution that began in the house of representatives is designated "h.j.res." followed by the number. a joint resolution started in the senate is designated "s.j.res.", followed by the number. joint resolutions become law the same as bills.
concurrent resolutions start with either "s.con.res." (senate) or "h.con.res." (house). they are numbered consecutively as they are introduced. concurrent resolutions are those that affect the operations of both the house and senate. they can also be used to create a temporary joint committee. concurrent resolutions are not sent to the president for his signature and do not have the force of law.
jeffrey "jeff" p. weaver (born 1966) is an american political adviser. he was the campaign manager for the bernie sanders presidential campaign in 2016. weaver served as the campaign manager during bernie sanders' successful senate run in 2006. weaver also served as chief of staff in sanders’ house and senate offices.
weaver was born in st. albans, vermont. he studied at boston university, the university of vermont, and georgetown university.
asta nielsen (11 september 1881 – 24 may 1972) was a danish silent movie actress. she was very popular in the 1910s. she was one of the first international movie stars. nielsen was in 74 movies. 70 were in germany where she was known simply as "die asta" ("the asta"). she had large dark eyes, a face like a mask and a figure like a boy. nielsen most often played strong and passionate women trapped by tragic lives. her performances were erotic so nielsen's movies were heavily censored in the united states. therefore, she was not very famous there. nielsen started her own movie studio in berlin in the 1920s. she went back to denmark in 1937 after nazism became a problem. later in life, nielsen became a collage artist and an author.
francis lee bailey jr., commonly referred to as f. lee bailey, (june 10, 1933 – june 3, 2021) was an american criminal-defense lawyer. bailey was born in waltham, massachusetts. he worked in massachusetts and florida.
bailey represented doctor sam sheppard on appeal after sheppard was convicted of murdering his wife. bailey managed to get sheppard a retrial, in which bailey was successful in getting sheppard acquitted. bailey was the lead lawyer in successfully defending in the court martial for the my lai massacre. bailey, along with others, successfully defended o. j. simpson in the trial where simpson was accused of murdering his ex-wife, nicole brown.
in 2014, the maine state bar association and the maine supreme judicial court denied bailey's petition to have his law license reinstated.
bailey died in atlanta, georgia on june 3, 2021, one week before his 88th birthday.
stuffed animal fetishism (or "plushophilia") is a sexual attraction to stuffed animals. people who have this fetish are sometimes called "plushies". people who have a stuffed animal fetish are sometimes thought of as furries.
albert einstein square (, "kikar albert einstein") is a public square in jerusalem, israel. it is located in the entrance of the israel academy of sciences and humanities at the talbiya neighborhood in jerusalem.
albert einstein visited palestine in 1923 for 12 days. he gave the first lecture at the mount scopus campus of the hebrew university of jerusalem. 
einstein was in favor of the hebrew university, as well as zionism and education in general. this is the reason the square is named for him. also, a statue of einstein is nearby in the gardens of the israel academy of sciences and humanities.
ratified on february 3, 1913, the sixteenth amendment (amendment xvi) to the united states constitution allows the congress to impose a federal income tax. this allows the federal government to collect a tax on personal income, no matter where that income came from. the sixteenth amendment overturned the 1895 supreme court landmark decision in "pollock v. farmers' loan & trust co". in "pollock", the court ruled that a 2 percent tax on incomes over $4,000 was unconstitutional. this was because the law the ruling struck down did not allow for apportionment, the court ruled against it. the sixteenth amendment allowed congress to levy a uniform direct income tax without being subject to apportionment.
when the framers of the constitution were determining how the new government would be funded, they were trying to avoid a tax based on a person's income. in the constitution, article one, sections 2 and 9 created the "rule of apportionment". on a practical basis this required congress to tax the states based on each state's population instead of a tax on each person's income or property. for example, if a state made up four percent of the total population, they would be required to pay four percent of the total federal tax. the framers of the constitution expected direct taxes to be used and defined the term broadly. however, they did not see that apportionment would cripple any attempt to collect direct taxes.
before 1913, the bulk of federal revenues came from indirect taxes on goods. these include tariffs on goods imported into the country. they also included excise taxes on items like whiskey. income taxes were not new in 1913. congress had passed the revenue act of 1861 during the civil war to help pay for the war. ten years later it was allowed to lapse. the confederate states of america also had an income tax. starting in 1863, the tax exempted the first $1,000 and charged a 1% tax on the first $1,500 over the exemption. a 2% tax was levied on all income over that amount.
in 1894, congress passed the wilson–gorman tariff act which included a flat rate federal income tax of 2 percent. a year later, the supreme court handed down their decision in "pollock v. farmers' loan & trust co.". they ruled the tax unconstitutional because it was a direct tax and not apportioned to the population of each state.
a constitutional income tax.
on june 16, 1909, president taft sent a message to the senate which read:
 after a debate on the floor of the house lasting five hours, the bill was passed 314-14 (1 vote as "present" and 55 not voting). it was then sent to the state legislatures for ratification. the amendment gave congress the power to apply a direct tax, based on people's incomes, and not subject to the apportionment rule.
effects of the sixteenth amendment.
the largest and most direct effect of the passage of the sixteenth amendment was it shifted power from the states to the national government. states had income taxes before the national government did. this kept the national government weaker due to having less revenue than the states. without the sixteenth amendment, the national government would find it far more difficult to extend its military power to other parts of the world.
def jam vendetta is a 2003 professional wrestling video game published by electronic arts and developed by aki corporation and ea canada. it was released for the playstation 2 and nintendo gamecube. "def jam vendetta" was released on march 31, 2003 in north america, may 23, 2003 in pal regions, and on august 21, 2003 in japan. it featured hip hop musicians from the def jam records label as fighters. the engine for the game was first designed for a sequel to ea's "wcw mayhem", but ea lost their wcw license when wcw was bought by the world wrestling federation (wwf) in 2001.
ign rated the game a 8.9 out of 10. jon robinson of ign said that the multiplayer was "smooth" and "slick". gamespot rated the game 8.4 out of 10. alex navarro of gamespot said "as a wrestling game, def jam vendetta manages to succeed on most every level, providing surprisingly deep gameplay, quality graphics and sound, and a distinctive atmosphere".
hassan 'abd allah al-turabi (c.1932 – 5 march 2016) was a sudanese religious and islamist political leader in sudan. he has been called "one of the most important figures in modern sudanese politics". he was born in kassala, sudan. al-turabi was leader of what was called the national islamic front (nif). he served as speaker of the national assembly serving from 1996 through 1999. he later served as secretary general of the popular congress party from 1999 until his death in 2016.
al-turabi died in khartoum, sudan on 5 march 2016. he was aged 84.
berta isabel cáceres flores (4 march 1971 – 2 march 2016) was a honduran environmental activist and indigenous leader of the lenca people. she was co-founder and coordinator of the council of popular and indigenous organizations of honduras (copinh). she won the goldman environmental prize in 2015.
on march 2, 2016, two armed intruders shot cáceres to death in her home in la esperanza, honduras, after years of threats against her life at age of 44.
a spaghetti strap is a support for clothing with very thin straps. it is often used for garments such as swimwear, camisoles, crop tops, bras, cocktail dresses, and evening gowns.
alcohol by volume (often shortened to abv) tells how much ethanol there is in an alcoholic drink. the quantity is measured at a temperature of .
common levels of alcohol are 3-5 percent for cider, 4-7 percent for beer, and 12-14 percent for wine. distilled alcoholic drinks ( called spirits) contain more than twenty percent ethanol.
a directive of the european union of 1976 says that the alcohol content of alcoholic drinks must be measured using the abv measurement described above.
other ways of measuring alcohol content.
joseph louis gay-lussac (1777-1850) and johann georg tralles (1763-1822) developed other means of measuring alcohol content. these units are usually measured in degrees, noted °gl, or °gt. the scale gay-lussac developed is almost equal to the abv scale described above. there may be slight different, because gay-lussac measured the alcohol content at 15° centigrade, and not 20°.
yakutia airlines ("авиакомпания якутия") is a russian airline. it started in 1992 with the name "sakha avia". in 2002, the name was changed to "yakutia airlines". today, yakutia goes from russia to asia, europe and the usa.
barren island is in the andaman and nicobar group of islands. india's only active volcano is there.
hanalei is a census-designated place in kauai county, hawaii, united states. the population was 450 at the 2010 census. hanalei means "lei making" in hawaiian. "hanalei" also means "crescent bay," coming from the shape of hanalei bay.
hanalei is located next to hanalei river on the north shore of the island of kauai.
according to the united states census bureau, hanalei has a total area of 0.8 square miles (2.1 km2), of which 0.6 square miles (1.6 km2) is land and 0.2 square miles (0.52 km2) is water. the total area is 20.73% water.
people from the russian empire lived here in the 19th century. in 1815 the german physician georg anton schäffer, who worked with the russian-american company, came to hanalei to get goods taken by kaumualii. schäffer got involved in hawaiian politics and heard of kaumualiʻi's plan to take back his kingdom of kauai from kamehameha i with the help of the russian empire. kaumualiʻi later signed a "treaty" granting tsar alexander i protectorate over kauai. an area near hanalei used to be part of russian america.
at the 2000 census, there were 478 people, 193 households and 115 families residing in hanalei. the population density was 736.7 per square mile (283.9/km²). the racial makeup of the cdp was 57% white, 18% asian, 3% pacific islander, <1% from other races, and 21% from two or more races. hispanic or latino of any race were 4.81% of the population.
there were 193 households of which 25% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40% were married couples living together, 10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40% were non-families.
the median household income was $34,375, and the median family income was $55,750. about 22% of families and 25% of the population were below the poverty line, including 33% of those under the age of 18 and none of those 65 and older.
the climate of hanalei is mild.
in probability and statistics, a probability density function is a function that characterizes any continuous probability distribution. for a random variable "x", the probability density function of x is sometimes written as formula_1. the integral of the probability density function in the interval formula_2 yields the probability that a given random variable with the given density is contained in the interval provided. by definition, the probability density function is non-negative throughout its domain, on which the integral sums up to 1. 
probability density versus probability mass function.
the probability mass function is to a discrete probability distribution what the probability density function is to a continuous probability distribution. the probability density function is necessary to be able to work with continuous distributions. 
a random variable with a continuous probability distribution can take on any value within that distribution. casting a dice will give the numbers 1 to 6, with a probability of formula_3, but this is not a continuous function, as only the numbers 1 to 6 are possible. 
in contrast, two people will not have the same height or the same weight. using a probability density function, it is possible to determine the probability for people between and , or between and , even though there are infinitely many values between these two bounds.
a model airplane is a small sized unmanned aerial vehicle. it may be a replica of an existing airplane or an imaginary aircraft.
model aircraft are generally divided into two basic types, flying and non-flying. non-flying models are also called static, display, or shelf models. flying models range from simple toy gliders to powered scale models. some can be very large, especially when used to simulate the conditions of a real flight. static models range from mass-produced toys to highly accurate models used for museum display.
aircraft manufacturers and researchers use wind tunnel models. they are used for testing new designs and development of new ones. sometimes only part of the aircraft is modeled.
heidi suzanne cruz (née nelson;born on august 7, 1972) is an american investment manager at goldman sachs. she is the spouse of republican texas senator and 2016 u.s. presidential candidate ted cruz.
heidi suzanne cruz was born on august 7, 1972 in san luis obispo, california, and grew up in a seventh-day adventist family. cruz's political interest developed when she traveled to washington with her parents at age 8, and grew when she was age 12 and read an issue of time magazine concerning the 1984 presidential election.
she graduated with a b.a. in economics and international relations from claremont mckenna college in 1994. she was active in claremont mckenna's republican group, but was asked to resign after spying on bill clinton's campaign for reelection. in 1995, she received a masters of european business from solvay brussels school of economics and management in brussels, belgium and in 2000, she graduated with a m.b.a. from harvard business school.
heidi married ted cruz on may 27, 2001. heidi met ted cruz while the two were working together on george w. bush's 2000 presidential campaign. in april 2008, cruz gave birth to her first child, caroline camille cruz. her second daughter, catherine christiane cruz, was born in 2011.
in 2003, she worked for the bush administration on economic policy, eventually becoming the director for the western hemisphere on the national security council under national security advisor condoleezza rice in 2003. she left washington dc in 2004 to support ted cruz's run for elective office in texas.
cruz has worked for three investment banks, jp morgan chase, merrill lynch, and goldman sachs.
in 2005, she joined goldman sachs, serving as a private wealth manager and is currently the region head for the southwest region in the investment management division of goldman sachs in houston.
2016 presidential election.
ted cruz said that the decision for him to run for president was difficult for his wife, because she was busy with her business career and raising their 2 children. she changed her mind after listening to a cd from her sister-in-law.
cruz was there the day her husband announced his run for president in march 2015. when ted cruz was criticized for not being born in the united states and running for president, heidi defended cruz by saying that the questioning showed that ted cruz was winning and his opponents wanted to defame him as a result.
aki kaurismäki (born 4 april 1957 orimattila, finland) is a movie director and a screenwriter from finland. in his movies he shows understanding of people who are not very successful in life. he writes in the style of black comedy.
kaurismäki made his first movie in 1983. it was based on "crime and punishment" by fyodor dostoyevsky.
"the man without a past" won the grand prix award in the cannes film festival in 2002. it was also an academy award nominee for best foreign language movie. the plot is about a man who lost his memory, but gets help from many people whom he meets.
other kaurismäki movies include "leningrad cowboys go america" (1989), about a rock and roll band, and "drifting clouds" (1996) about how an unemployed couple manages in life.
aleksis kivi , born alexis stenvall, (10 october 1834 – 31 december 1872) was a finnish writer. he wrote plays and poems and the first significant novel in the finnish language, seven brothers (finnish title: seitsemän veljestä). he is considered one of the greatest authors in finland.
kivi lived in time when all educated people in finland spoke swedish. he was the first professional writer who published his works in finnish. kivi, mikael agricola and elias lönnrot are regarded fathers of a national literature in finnish.
mani raman (1 january 1971 – 6 march 2016), commonly referred to by his stage name kalabhavan mani, was an indian movie actor and singer. mani started his career as a mimicry artist with the kalabhavan troupe. 
mani was in over 200 movies. he was known for his character and villain roles. he won the national film award and kerala state film award in 1999 for his role as ramu in "vasanthiyum lakshmiyum pinne njaanum".he also acted in many tamil films starring villain role.
mani died in kochi, kerala on 6 march 2016. he had liver disease. mani was aged 45.
raymond samuel tomlinson (april 23, 1941 – march 5, 2016) was an american programmer. he created the first email system on the arpanet system in 1971. he used the @ sign to separate the user from their machine, which has been used in email addresses ever since. he was added into the internet hall of fame. he was born in amsterdam, new york.
tomlinson died of a heart attack in lincoln, massachusetts. he was aged 74.
albert gustaf aristides edelfelt (21 july 1854 – 18 august 1905) was a finnish painter. he painted a lot of history subjects and portraits.
edelfelt studied and exhibited in paris. he was invited to paint portraits of many famous people abroad. this way culture of finland became famous many years before the country became independent.
edelfelt was above all a painter, but he also worked as a graphic artist and illustrator. his famous works include the illustrations for johan ludvig runeberg's partiotic collection of poems, the 'ensign stål' stories (1894 - 1900).
reinhold richard "reince" priebus ( ; born march 18, 1972) is an american attorney and politician. he was the 27th white house chief of staff from january 20, 2017 through july 31, 2017. he has been the chairman of the republican national committee (rnc) from january 20, 2011 to january 20, 2017.
on november 13, 2016, president-elect of the united states donald trump announced that priebus would serve as his white house chief of staff. since the position does not need a full senate confirmation vote, priebus became chief of staff on january 20, 2017.
on july 28, 2017, trump fired priebus with john f. kelly as white house chief of staff, making him the shortest serving chief of staff in white house history.
priebus was born in dover, new jersey. he was raised in netcong, new jersey and in wisconsin. priebus studied at the university of wisconsin, whitewater and at the university of miami.
chair of the republican national committee (2011–2017).
on december 5, 2010, priebus stepped down as general counsel for the republican national committee (rnc). the next day he sent a letter to all 168 voting members of the rnc announcing his candidacy for chairman. on january 14, 2011, after seven rounds of voting, priebus was elected chairman of the republican national committee.
criticisms of donald trump.
in december 2015, priebus publicly criticized then republican presidential candidate donald trump's proposal to temporarily suspend muslim immigration in response to terrorist attacks. "i don't agree", priebus told "the washington examiner".
white house chief of staff (2017).
on november 13, 2016, trump announced his choice of priebus for white house chief of staff.
he was sworn in by vice president mike pence on january 20, 2017.
on july 31, 2017 priebus was replaced as chief of staff by president trump with john f. kelly.
possible 2022 gubernatorial campaign.
in february 2021, it was reported that priebus was thinking about running for governor of wisconsin against democratic governor tony evers in the 2022 election.
in 1999, priebus married sally l. sherrow, whom he met in church when they were teenagers. they have two children. priebus is a greek orthodox christian.
the finnhorse or finnish horse is a horse breed developed in finland. the finnhorse is the national horse breed of finland. it is suitable both for riding and to pull vehicles in races and as a workhorse.
studbook of finnhorses was founded 1907. the horse is 156 cm high. it has many colours, but the main colours are brown and black. the finnhorse has often white markings on the face and the legs.
kenneth merwin curtis (born february 8, 1931) is an american lawyer and former politician. he was born in leeds, maine.
curtis, a member of the democratic party. he was the secretary of state of maine serving from 1965–1966. he became the 68th governor in 1967. he held that office until 1975. curtis served as chairman of the democratic national committee from 1977 to 1978. he was the ambassador to canada from 1979 to 1981.
curtis now lives in florida. he is a superdelegate.
an excise or excise tax is an indirect tax charged on certain goods. as an indirect tax, they are charged by the producer or the merchant who then has to pay the government. for the same reason they are also not considered a sales tax. excise taxes are commonly part of the retail price of a product such as gasoline, alcohol or cigarettes. excise taxes may be charged by both state and federal governments.
excise vs sales tax.
excise taxes are different from sales tax in two important ways. first, excise is charged only on specific goods. sales tax can apply to most things a person might buy although certain jurisdictions may exempt food or clothing. excise taxes are usually applied to luxury goods or products linked to health issues such as tanning salons or cigarettes. secondly, sales tax is charged as a percentage of the purchase price. an excise tax is usually a fixed amount added to the price. it can be hard to tell how much excise tax a person pays because it is part of the purchase price. sales tax is added to the price and is usually shown on the receipt.
us excise taxes.
in the united states, excise taxes make up about 4 percent of all federal revenues. this is lower than many other countries. the constitution refers to excise tax as an indirect tax. some states in the united states have different names for excise taxes. for example, in the state of massachusetts the excise tax charged on automobiles is called an "ad valorem tax".
ratified on april 8, 1913, the seventeenth amendment (amendment xvii) to the united states constitution 
changed the method by which united states senators were elected. for the first 125 years of the constitution required us senators to be elected by the state legislatures. a number of problems in the united states senate created the need to change how senators were elected from indirect to direct elections by the people of the united states.
when the constitution was adopted in 1788, senators were to be elected by the state legislatures. this remained in effect for 125 years. by the late 19th century it became clear there were many problems with this procedure. in addition to long vacancies that lasted for months and even years, political machines had gained control over state legislatures. this corrupted the process and the senate was seen as a "millionaire's club" who served private interests instead of the people. beginning in the 1890s, the house of representatives passed several resolutions for a constitutional amendment which proposed senators be elected by direct election. the senate refused to even take a vote on these proposals.
at this point, many states changed their strategy. article five of the united states constitution offers two methods for amending the constitution. in addition to the common method of a two-thirds vote by both houses of congress, was another method. it stated that if two-thirds of the state legislatures apply for one, congress must call a constitutional convention. the method had not been used before. when it appeared two-thirds of the states wanted the change, congress acted. 
joint resolution 39 was passed by the house of representatives in 1911 proposing a constitutional amendment to directly elect us senators. the senate accepted the resolution but since it included a change, it went back to the house. the amended joint resolution was sent to the states for ratification a year later. the required three-quarters of the states ratified the amendment and the seventeenth amendment became official on april 8, 1913.
the people of the united states are to elect two senators from each state, for six years. each senator will have one vote in the senate. there are 100 senators and 100 votes. "the electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the state legislatures" means that anyone who can vote in a state election in their state, may also vote for a senator. in the archaic language of the constitution this was written in such a way to allow for states having different qualifications for persons eligible to vote for their senator.
the clause. previously, when vacancies occurred, several state legislatures were not able to agree on who would fill the position. before the seventeenth amendment, vacancies could last for months and even years in some cases. under the seventeenth amendment, if a senator dies or has to leave office, his state governor may appoint a temporary senator until a special election can be held. 
this is a simple addition to prevent the passage of the seventeenth amendment from interrupting the election or term of any senator chosen before the amendment was passed. the united states senate elections, 1914 were the first nationwide popular elections for senators.
resolution may refer to:
wwe 2k16 is a 2015 professional wrestling video game published by 2k sports and developed by yuke's and visual concepts. it was released for the playstation 3, playstation 4, xbox 360, xbox one, and microsoft windows. it is the seventeenth game in the "wwe games" series. "wwe 2k16" was released on october 27, 2015 in north america, october 30, 2015 in europe, and on october 29, 2015 in australasia. it will be released for windows on march 11, 2016. stone cold steve austin is featured on the cover of the game.
it was announced by 2k that "wwe 2k16" would have the "largest roster in the game's history", featuring over 120 playable characters, and almost double the 67 that were in "2k15".
the game received mixed reviews. ign rated the game a 8.8 out of 10. vince ingenito of ign said that the game was a "step in the right direction" for the series. he said that he liked the gameplay and the roster features, but did not like the overall inconsistency with the game. gamespot rated the game a 4 out of 10. don saas of gamespot said that he liked the 2k showcase mode and the jim ross returning on commentary but also said that "little else in the game makes much of a positive impression."
the flint water crisis is a drinking water contamination crisis in flint, michigan which began in april 2014. when the city changed its water source from treated detroit water and sewerage department water to the flint river, it created a serious public health danger. 
in flint, between 6,000 and 12,000 children have been exposed to drinking water with high levels of lead. they may experience serious health problems. the water change is also a possible cause of an outbreak of legionnaires' disease that has killed 10 people in the county.
on january 5, 2016, michigan governor rick snyder declared a state of emergency for flint. president barack obama declared a federal state of emergency. he authorized additional help from the federal emergency management agency and the department of homeland security almost two weeks later.
legionnaires' disease is a form of pneumonia caused by any type of "legionella" bacteria. over 90% of cases are caused by "legionella pneumophila". 
the length of time between exposure to the bacteria and the appearance of symptoms is generally two to ten days. it can be as much as 20 days. people with legionnaires' usually have fever, chills, and a cough. some also have muscle aches, headache, tiredness, loss of appetite, diarrhea or vomiting.
people of any age may have legionnaires' disease. it is most common in middle aged and older people.
marley eve shelton (born april 12, 1974) is an american television and movie actress. she began her acting career in 1991. she has acted in different movie genres. she played amanda in "grand canyon". she also played tricia nixon cox in "nixon" (1995). voice roles include, nutri ventures, the powerpuff girls as additional adr voices.
shelton was born in los angeles, california.
lawanda page (october 19, 1920september 14, 2002), born alberta peal, was an american actress and comedienne best known for her role as aunt esther in the 1970s tv sitcom "sanford and son". she later reprised the role in "sanford arms" and "sanford".
early life and career.
she was born on october 19, 1920 in cleveland, ohio. page was raised in st. louis, missouri. lawanda page and redd foxx were very close friends from the time they were pre-teens. they attended school and grew up together in st. louis. later on, they both entered the field of comedy separately and performed stage acts. page later recorded several live comedy albums for the laff records label in the late 1960s and early 1970s under the lawanda stage name. one release, a gold-selling album called "watch it, sucker!", was titled after one of her aunt esther character's catchphrases to capitalize on her newfound tv fame. during her tenure as a stand-up comic, which lasted all the way to the 1990s, she was often called "the queen of comedy", or "the black queen of comedy". other than the expletive-free "sane advice" album, released two years after the run of "sanford and son", most of page's albums and stand-up material were raunchy in nature.
other film and television appearances.
in 1977 page appeared in an episode of "the love boat", "martin," "227," "family matters," and "diff'rent strokes." she appeared on "circus of the stars" as a fire eater.
page died of complications from diabetes on september 14, 2002. she is interred in an outdoor crypt at inglewood park cemetery in inglewood, california.
her daughter, the evangelist clara estella roberta johnson, died on june 4, 2006, in los angeles, california, at the age of 69.
the atmosphere of mars is the layer of gases surrounding mars. it is mainly made up of carbon dioxide. the average atmospheric pressure of the martian surface (6.0 mbar) is much lower than that of the earth (1,013 mbar). the pressure is well below the armstrong limit, meaning that water boils at the normal temperature of the human body: 98.6 °f (36.6 °c).
the martian atmosphere contains 96% carbon dioxide, 1.9% argon, 1.9% nitrogen, and traces of oxygen, carbon monoxide, water and methane, and so on. ever since the discovery of methane in 2003, scientists say that this might indicate life. it has also been suggested that is may be caused by geochemical processes, volcanic or hydrothermal activity.
the atmosphere of mars is quite dusty, giving the martian sky a light brown or orange-red color when seen from the surface. data from nasa pointed out that the dust particles are 1.5 micrometres diameter.
on 18 march 2015, nasa found an aurora that is not fully understood and an unexplained dust cloud in the atmosphere of mars.
liquid water on mars was once commonplace, which means the atmosphere was thicker. many studies have found that the atmosphere of mars has been weakened over time due to solar winds. on earth, the magnetic field protects us from most of the wind. mars used to have a magnetic field, but cooling of the core has resulted in the magnetic field being lost.
the solar wind composition experiment (swc) was an experiment that took place on the moon during the apollo program (apollo 11, 12, 14, 15 and 16). it was done to measure the solar wind outside of earth's magnetosphere. it was the first notable measurement of isotopic solar material.
the experiment was suggested by by a swiss team headed by johannes geiss of the university of bern and peter eberhardt of the swiss institute of technology. it was partially funded by the swiss government.
the swc experiment was done by getting a aluminum sheet and facing it towards the sun. the foil was to collect the ion types and energies of the solar wind on the lunar surface. after the experiment, the sheet was placed into a teflon bag, and sent back to earth to be studied. the experiment was successful and found helium, neon and argon isotopic compositions coming from the sun.
caesar's comet (c/-43 k1) is also known as 'comet caesar' and the 'great comet of 44 bc'. it was one of the most famous comets of ancient times. many romans thought the comet's seven-day appearance was a sign of the deification of recently assassinated dictator, julius caesar (100–44 bc).
caesar's comet was one of only five comets known to have had a negative absolute magnitude and may have been the brightest daylight comet in history. it was not periodic, and it had a parabolic orbit. the comet might now be more than 800 au from the sun.
"do you know the way to san jose" is a 1968 popular song. it is about a person from san jose, california who wants to go back to her hometown. dionne warwick performed it.
the song sold over a million copies. warwick won her first grammy award for it.
the song was warwick's first song after "(theme from) valley of the dolls"/"i say a little prayer". it was released in april 1968.
the song was later sung by connie francis, rita reys, neil diamond, nancy sinatra and others.
"don't make me over" is a 1962 popular ballad. it was written by burt bacharach and hal david. dionne warwick sang this song. 
the song reached #5 on the "billboard" r&b charts.
the song was later recorded by other artists, such as jennifer warnes and julia holter.
julia holter (born december 18, 1984) is an american singer, songwriter, record producer, composer and artist. her first studio album, "tragedy", was released in 2011. she released a second album, "ekstasis", in march 2012. this album was compared to works by such artists as laurie anderson, kate bush, joanna newsom and several others. "ekstasis" received many positive reviews.
holter joined domino recording company. she then released her 3rd album "loud city song". the album was a critical success.
she released "have you in my wilderness" in 2015. the album was very successful.
article one of the united states constitution establishes the legislative branch of the federal government, the united states congress. the congress is a bicameral legislature consisting of a house of representatives and a senate
section 1: legislative power vested in congress
section 1 gives federal legislative power exclusively to congress. similar clauses are found in articles ii and iii. the former gives executive power to the president. the latter grants judicial power to the federal judiciary. these three articles create a separation of powers among the three branches of the federal government. the separation of powers was intended to limit congress to making law, the president to enforcing the law and the courts as interpreting the law in different cases.
there is no provision in the constitution that gives congress the power to investigate. however, before the adoption of the constitution, assemblies| in the american colonies exercised that power. before them, the british parliament had investigative powers. congress has always considered it an implicit power in the constitution. in "mcgrain v. daugherty" (1927), the supreme court held that congress did have the power to investigate.
section 2: house of representatives.
clause 1: composition and election of members.
section two provides for the election every two years of members of the house of representatives by the people of the respective states. the "electors" (voters) in the state are those who the state decides are eligible to vote for "the most numerous branch of the state legislature" are eligible to vote for members of the house of representatives from that state.
clause 2: qualifications of members.
the constitution provides three requirements for representatives. a representative must be at least 25 years old. he or she must live in the state in which he or she is elected. a representative must also have been a citizen of the united states for the previous seven years.
clause 3: apportionment of representatives and taxes.
after much debate, the framers of the constitution compromised and made population the basis of determining the number of seats (called apportionment) in the house of representatives. it also used apportionment to determine the tax liability among the states. to accomplish this, the constitution requires that a census be conducted every ten years. this is to determine the population of each state and of the nation as a whole. it also establishes a rule for who should and who should not be included in the count. because the constitution would go into effect before the completion of a national census, it provides for a temporary apportionment of seats in the house of representatives.
originally, the population of each state and of the nation as a whole was determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, three-fifths the number of all other persons (slaves), but excluding non-taxed native americans. this constitutional rule was known as the three-fifths compromise. it was used to determine the number of representatives in the house. larger states contributed more money and would have more seats in the house of representatives. 
the fourteenth amendment removed the three-fifths rule and ordered the census to count everyone regardless of skin color. it stipulated that males over the age of twenty-one could vote. the sixteenth amendment removed the connection between apportionment and direct taxes. the 19th amendment removed the restriction by sex allowing women to vote. the 26th amendment reduced the voting age requirement to those 18 years of age and older. but none of these amendments changed congressional apportionment.
since enactment of the reapportionment act of 1929, congress set the number of house seats at 435, except in 1959 when alaska and hawaii were admitted as states. then the number became 437 temporarily.
clause 4: vacancies.
section two, clause four, provides that when vacancies occur in the house of representatives, it is not the job of the house of representatives to arrange for a replacement. it is the job of the state whose vacant seat is up for refilling. in addition, the constitution does not authorize a state governor to appoint a temporary replacement. he is to arrange for a special election to fill the vacancy. the original qualifications and procedures for holding that election are still valid.
clause 5: speaker and other officers; impeachment.
section two also provides that the house of representatives may choose its speaker and its other officers. the constitution does not require it but every speaker has been a member of the house of representatives. the speaker rarely presides over routine house sessions. instead he chooses to deputize a junior member to accomplish the task.
finally, section two grants to the house of representatives the sole power of impeachment. although the supreme court has not had an occasion to interpret this specific provision, the court has suggested that the grant to the house of the "sole" power of impeachment makes the house the exclusive interpreter of what constitutes an impeachable offense.
this power, which is analogous to the bringing of criminal charges by a grand jury, has been used only rarely. the house of representatives has initiated impeachment proceedings 62 times since 1789, and nineteen federal officials have been formally impeached as a result, including: three presidents (andrew johnson, bill clinton, and donald trump), one cabinet secretary (william w. belknap), one senator (william blount), one supreme court associate justice (samuel chase), and fourteen federal judges.
the constitution does not specify how impeachment proceedings are to be initiated. until the early 20th century, a house member could rise and propose an impeachment, which would then be assigned to a committee for investigation. presently, it is the house judiciary committee that initiates the process. it does this only after investigating the allegations, prepares recommendations for the whole house's consideration. if the house votes to adopt an impeachment resolution, the chairman of the judiciary committee recommends a slate of "managers," whom the house subsequently approves by resolution. these representatives then become the prosecution team in the impeachment trial in the senate (see section 3, clause 6 below).
section 3: senate.
clause 1: composition; election of senators.
the first clause of section three provides that each state is entitled to have two senators. it states they would be elected by its state legislature and serve six-year terms. each senator has one vote. by these provisions, the framers of the constitution intended to protect the interests of the states as states. however, this clause has been superseded by the seventeenth amendment, ratified in 1913. due to problems in the senate, it was changed to senators would now be elected by the people instead of the state legislatures.
clause 2: classification of senators; vacancies.
approximately one-third of the senate is up for re-election every two years. but the entire body is never up for re-election in the same year. the seventeenth amendment changed how vacancies would be filled. under the seventeenth amendment, if a senator dies or has to leave office, his state governor may appoint a temporary senator until a special election can be held.
clause 3: qualifications of senators.
a senator must be at least 30 years of age, must have been a citizen of the united states for at least nine years before being elected, and must reside in the state he or she will represent at the time of the election. as with representatives in the house, the constitution sets the qualifications to be a senator.
clause 4: vice president as president of senate.
section three provides that the vice president is the president of the senate. when serving in this capacity, the vice president, who is not a member of the senate, may cast a vote to break a tie. early in the nation's history, vice presidents frequently presided over the senate. in modern times, the vice president usually does so only during ceremonial occasions or when a tie in the voting is anticipated. a tie-breaking vote has been cast 243 times by 35 different vice presidents.
clause 5: president pro tempore and other officers.
clause five provides for a president "pro tempore of the senate" (meaning temporary), a senator elected to the post by the senate, to preside over the body when the vice president is either absent or exercising the office of the president.
the senate's current practice is to elect a full-time president pro tempore at the beginning of each congress, as opposed to making it a temporary office only existing during the vice president's absence. since world war ii, the senior (longest serving) member of the majority party has filled this position. as is true of the speaker of the house, the constitution does not require that the president pro tempore be a senator, but by tradition, a senator is always chosen.
clause 6: trial of impeachment.
the house of representatives votes to impeach a president, vice president or other civil officer, but the senate serves as judge and jury. the defendant in the trial can be removed from office by a two-thirds vote of the senate. only three times has the senate brought impeachment charges against a president still in office. this was in 1868 against andrew johnson, in 1998 against bill clinton, and in 2020 against donald trump. in each case, the president was not convicted and allowed to serve out his term of office.
clause 7: judgment in cases of impeachment; punishment on conviction.
if any officer is convicted on impeachment, he or she is immediately removed from office. he or she may be barred from holding any public office in the future. no other punishments may be used. any person removed from office may still be criminally prosecuted. they may also be subject to lawsuits. 
section 4: congressional elections.
clause 1: time, place, and manner of holding.
state legislatures have the task of deciding how congressional elections are held. they may decide the scheduling of an election, where voters may cast ballots and how voters are to register. congress has the right to change these rules. 
clause 2: sessions of congress.
clause 2 fixes an annual date upon which congress must meet. by doing so, the constitution gives congress the power to meet, whether or not the president called it into session. 
section 5: procedure.
clause 1: qualifications of members.
section five states that a majority of each house constitutes a quorum to do business; a smaller number may adjourn the house or compel the attendance of absent members. in practice, the quorum requirement is all but ignored. a quorum is assumed to be present unless a quorum call, requested by a member, proves otherwise. rarely do members ask for quorum calls to demonstrate the absence of a quorum; more often, they use the quorum call as a delaying tactic.
clause 2: rules.
each house can determine its own rules (assuming a quorum is present), and may punish any of its members. a two-thirds vote is necessary to expel a member. section 5, clause 2 does not provide specific guidance to each house regarding when and how each house may change its rules, leaving details to the respective chambers.
clause 3: record of proceedings.
each house must keep and publish a journal, though it may choose to keep any part of the journal secret. the decisions of the house—not the words spoken during debates—are recorded in the journal; if one-fifth of those present (assuming a quorum is present) request it, the votes of the members on a particular question must also be entered.
clause 4: adjournment.
neither house may adjourn, without the consent of the other, for more than three days. often, a house will hold "pro forma" sessions every three days. such sessions are held just to fulfill the constitutional requirement. they are not for the purpose of conducting business. neither house may meet in any place other than that designated for both houses (the capitol), without the consent of the other house.
section 6: compensation, privileges, and restrictions on holding civil office.
clause 1: compensation and legal protection.
senators and representatives set their own compensation. under the twenty-seventh amendment, any change in their compensation will not take effect until after the next congressional election.
members of both houses have certain privileges, based on those enjoyed by the members of the british parliament. members attending, going to or returning from either house are privileged from arrest, except for treason, felony or breach of the peace. one may not sue a senator or representative for slander that may happen during congressional debate, nor may speech by a member of congress during a congressional session be the basis for criminal prosecution. 
clause 2: independence from the executive.
senators and representatives may not simultaneously serve in congress and hold a position in the executive branch. this restriction is meant to protect legislative independence by preventing the president from using patronage to buy votes in congress. it is a major difference from the political system in the british parliament, where cabinet ministers are required to be members of parliament.
section 7: bills.
clause 1: bills of revenue.
this establishes the method for making acts of congress that involve taxation. accordingly, any bill may originate in either house of congress, except for a revenue bill, which may originate only in the house of representatives. 
this clause of the u.s. constitution stemmed from an english parliamentary practice that all money bills must have their first reading in the house of commons. this practice was intended to ensure that the power of the purse is possessed by the legislative body most responsive to the people, although the english practice was modified in america by allowing the senate to amend these bills. 
clause 2: from bills to law.
this clause is known as the presentment clause. before a bill becomes law, it must be presented to the president, who has ten days (excluding sundays) to act upon it. if the president signs the bill, it becomes law. if he disapproves of the bill, he must return it to the house in which it originated together with his objections. this procedure has become known as the veto, although that particular word does not appear in the text of article one. the bill does not then become law unless both houses, by two-thirds votes, override the veto. if the president neither signs nor returns the bill within the ten-day limit, the bill becomes law, unless the congress has adjourned in the meantime, thereby preventing the president from returning the bill to the house in which it originated. in the latter case, the president, by taking no action on the bill towards the end of a session, exercises a "pocket veto", which congress may not override. in the former case, where the president allows a bill to become law unsigned, there is no common name for the practice, but recent scholarship has termed it a "default enactment."
what exactly constitutes an adjournment for the purposes of the pocket veto has been unclear. in the "pocket veto case" (1929), the supreme court held that "the determinative question in reference to an 'adjournment' is not whether it is a final adjournment of congress or an interim adjournment, such as an adjournment of the first session, but whether it is one that 'prevents' the president from returning the bill to the house in which it originated within the time allowed." since neither house of congress was in session, the president could not return the bill to one of them, thereby permitting the use of the pocket veto. in "wright v. united states" (1938), however, the court ruled that adjournments of one house only did not constitute an adjournment of congress required for a pocket veto. in such cases, the secretary or clerk of the house in question was ruled competent to receive the bill.
clause 3: presidential veto.
in 1996, congress passed the line item veto act, which permitted the president, at the time of the signing of the bill, to rescind certain expenditures. the congress could disapprove the cancellation and reinstate the funds. the president could veto the disapproval, but the congress, by a two-thirds vote in each house, could override the veto. in the case "clinton v. city of new york", the supreme court found the line item veto act unconstitutional because it violated the presentment clause. first, the procedure delegated legislative powers to the president, thereby violating the nondelegation doctrine. second, the procedure violated the terms of section seven, which state, "if he approve [the bill] he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it." thus, the president may sign the bill, veto it, or do nothing, but he may not amend the bill and then sign it.
every bill, order, resolution, or vote that must be passed by both houses, except on a question of adjournment, must be presented to the president before becoming law. however, to propose a constitutional amendment, two-thirds of both houses may submit it to the states for the ratification, without any consideration by the president, as prescribed in article v.
section 8: powers of congress.
congress's legislative powers are enumerated in section eight:
many powers of congress have been interpreted broadly. most notably, the taxing and spending, interstate commerce, and necessary and proper clauses have been deemed to grant expansive powers to congress.
congress may lay and collect taxes for the "common defense" or "general welfare" of the united states. the u.s. supreme court has not often defined "general welfare," leaving the political question to congress. in "united states v. butler" (1936), the court for the first time construed the clause. the dispute centered on a tax collected from processors of agricultural products such as meat; the funds raised by the tax were not paid into the general funds of the treasury, but were rather specially earmarked for farmers. the court struck down the tax, ruling that the general welfare language in the taxing and spending clause related only to "matters of national, as distinguished from local, welfare". congress continues to make expansive use of the taxing and spending clause; for instance, the social security program is authorized under the taxing and spending clause.
congress has the power to borrow money on the credit of the united states. in 1871, when deciding "knox v. lee," the court ruled that this clause permitted congress to emit bills and make them legal tender in satisfaction of debts. whenever congress borrows money, it is obligated to repay the sum as stipulated in the original agreement. however, such agreements are only "binding on the conscience of the sovereign", as the doctrine of sovereign immunity prevents a creditor from suing in court if the government reneges its commitment.
the supreme court has seldom restrained the use of the "commerce clause" for widely varying purposes. the first important decision related to the commerce clause was "gibbons v. ogden", decided by a unanimous court in 1824. the case involved conflicting federal and state laws: thomas gibbons had a federal permit to navigate steamboats in the hudson river, while the other, aaron ogden, had a monopoly to do the same granted by the state of new york. ogden contended that "commerce" included only buying and selling of goods and not their transportation. chief justice john marshall rejected this notion. marshall suggested that "commerce" included navigation of goods, and that it "must have been contemplated" by the framers. marshall added that congress's power over commerce "is complete in itself, may be exercised to its utmost extent, and acknowledges no limitations other than are prescribed in the constitution".
the expansive interpretation of the commerce clause was restrained during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, when a "laissez-faire" attitude dominated the court. in "united states v. e. c. knight company" (1895), the supreme court limited the newly enacted sherman antitrust act, which had sought to break up the monopolies dominating the nation's economy. the court ruled that congress could not regulate the manufacture of goods, even if they were later shipped to other states. chief justice melville fuller wrote, "commerce succeeds to manufacture, and is not a part of it."
the u.s. supreme court sometimes ruled new deal programs unconstitutional because they stretched the meaning of the commerce clause. in "schechter poultry corp. v. united states," (1935) the court unanimously struck down industrial codes regulating the slaughter of poultry, declaring that congress could not regulate commerce relating to the poultry, which had "come to a permanent rest within the state." as chief justice charles evans hughes put it, "so far as the poultry here in question is concerned, the flow of interstate commerce has ceased." judicial rulings against attempted use of congress's commerce clause powers continued during the 1930s.
in 1937, the supreme court began moving away from its laissez-faire attitude concerning congressional legislation and the commerce clause, when it ruled in "national labor relations board v. jones & laughlin steel company", that the national labor relations act of 1935 (commonly known as the wagner act) was constitutional. the legislation under scrutiny, prevented employers from engaging in "unfair labor practices" such as firing workers for joining unions. in sustaining this act, the court, signaled its return to the philosophy espoused by john marshall, that congress could pass laws regulating actions that even indirectly influenced interstate commerce.
this new attitude became firmly set into place in 1942. in "wickard v. filburn", the court ruled that production quotas under the agricultural adjustment act of 1938 were constitutionally applied to agricultural production (in this instance, home-grown wheat for private consumption) that was consumed purely intrastate, because its effect upon interstate commerce placed it within the power of congress to regulate under the commerce clause. this decision marked the beginning of the court's total deference to congress' claims of commerce clause powers, which lasted into the 1990s.
"united states v. lopez" (1995) was the first decision in six decades to invalidate a federal statute on the grounds that it exceeded the power of the congress under the commerce clause. the court held that while congress had broad lawmaking authority under the commerce clause, the power was limited, and did not extend so far from "commerce" as to authorize the regulation of the carrying of handguns, especially when there was no evidence that carrying them affected the economy on a massive scale. in a later case, "united states v. morrison" (2000), the justices ruled that congress could not make such laws even when there was evidence of aggregate effect.
in contrast to these rulings, the supreme court also continues to follow the precedent set by "wickard v. filburn". in "gonzales v. raich" it ruled that the commerce clause granted congress the authority to criminalize the production and use of home-grown cannabis even where states approve its use for medicinal purposes. the court held that, as with the agricultural production in the earlier case, home-grown cannabis is a legitimate subject of federal regulation because it competes with marijuana that moves in interstate commerce.
other powers of congress.
congress may establish uniform laws relating to naturalization and bankruptcy. it may also coin money, regulate the value of american or foreign currency and punish counterfeiters. congress may fix the standards of weights and measures. furthermore, congress may establish post offices and post roads (the roads, however, need not be exclusively for the conveyance of mail). congress may promote the progress of science and useful arts by granting copyrights and patents of limited duration. section eight, clause eight of article one, known as the copyright clause, is the only instance of the word "right" used in the original constitution (though the word does appear in several amendments). though perpetual copyrights and patents are prohibited, the supreme court has ruled in "eldred v. ashcroft" (2003) that repeated extensions to the term of copyright do not constitute perpetual copyright; also note that this is the only power granted where the means to accomplish its stated purpose is specifically provided for. courts inferior to the supreme court may be established by congress.
congress has several powers related to war and the armed forces. under the war powers clause, only congress may declare war, but in several cases it has, without declaring war, granted the president the authority to engage in military conflicts. five wars have been declared in united states' history: the war of 1812, the mexican–american war, the spanish–american war, world war i and world war ii. some historians argue that the legal doctrines and legislation passed during the operations against pancho villa constitute a sixth declaration of war. congress may grant letters of marque and reprisal. congress may establish and support the armed forces, but no appropriation made for the support of the army may be used for more than two years. this provision was inserted because the framers feared the establishment of a standing army, beyond civilian control, during peacetime. congress may regulate or call forth the state militias, but the states retain the authority to appoint officers and train personnel. congress also has exclusive power to make rules and regulations governing the land and naval forces. although the executive branch and the pentagon have asserted an ever-increasing measure of involvement in this process, the u.s. supreme court has often reaffirmed congress's exclusive hold on this power (e.g. burns v. wilson, 346 u.s. 137 (1953)). congress used this power twice soon after world war ii with the enactment of two statutes: the uniform code of military justice to improve the quality and fairness of courts martial and military justice, and the federal tort claims act which among other rights had allowed military service persons to sue for damages until the u.s. supreme court repealed that section of the statute in a divisive series of cases, known collectively as the feres doctrine.
congress has the exclusive right to legislate "in all cases whatsoever" for the nation's capital, the district of columbia. congress chooses to devolve some of such authority to the elected mayor and council of district of columbia. nevertheless, congress remains free to enact any legislation for the district so long as constitutionally permissible, to overturn any legislation by the city government, and technically to revoke the city government at any time. congress may also exercise such jurisdiction over land purchased from the states for the erection of forts and other buildings.
necessary and proper clause.
finally, congress has the power to do whatever is "necessary and proper" to carry out its enumerated powers and, crucially, all others vested in it. this has been interpreted to authorize criminal prosecution of those whose actions have a "substantial effect" on interstate commerce in "wickard v. filburn" ; however, thomas jefferson, in the kentucky resolutions, supported by james madison, maintained that a penal power could not be inferred from a power to regulate, and that the only penal powers were for treason, counterfeiting, piracy and felony on the high seas, and offenses against the law of nations.
the necessary and proper clause has been interpreted extremely broadly, thereby giving congress wide latitude in legislation. the first landmark case involving the clause was "mcculloch v. maryland" (1819), which involved the establishment of a national bank. alexander hamilton, in advocating the creation of the bank, argued that there was "a more or less direct" relationship between the bank and "the powers of collecting taxes, borrowing money, regulating trade between the states, and raising and maintaining fleets and navies". thomas jefferson countered that congress's powers "can all be carried into execution without a national bank. a bank therefore is not necessary, and consequently not authorized by this phrase". chief justice john marshall agreed with the former interpretation. marshall wrote that a constitution listing "all" of congress's powers "would partake of a prolixity of a legal code and could scarcely be embraced by the human mind". since the constitution could not possibly enumerate the "minor ingredients" of the powers of congress, marshall "deduced" that congress had the authority to establish a bank from the "great outlines" of the general welfare, commerce and other clauses. under this doctrine of the necessary and proper clause, congress has sweepingly broad powers (known as implied powers) not explicitly enumerated in the constitution. however, the congress cannot enact laws solely on the implied powers, any action must be necessary and proper in the execution of the enumerated powers.
section 9: limits on congress.
the ninth section of article one places limits on congress' powers:
the first clause in this section prevents congress from passing any law that would restrict the importation of slaves into the united states prior to 1808. congress could however, levy a "per capita" duty of up to ten dollars for each slave imported into the country. this clause was further entrenched into the constitution by article v, where it is explicitly shielded from constitutional amendment prior to 1808. on january 1, 1808, the first day it was permitted to do so, congress approved legislation prohibiting the importation of slaves into the united states.
civil and legal protections.
a writ of "habeas corpus" is a legal action against unlawful detainment that commands a law enforcement agency or other body that has a person in custody to have a court inquire into the legality of the detention. the court may order the person released if the reason for detention is deemed insufficient or unjustifiable. the constitution further provides that the privilege of the writ of "habeas corpus" may not be suspended "unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it". in "ex parte milligan" (1866), the supreme court ruled that the suspension of "habeas corpus" in a time of war was lawful, but military tribunals did not apply to citizens in states that had upheld the authority of the constitution and where civilian courts were still operating.
a bill of attainder is a law by which a person is immediately convicted without trial. an "ex post facto" law is a law which applies retroactively, punishing someone for an act that was only made criminal after it was done. the "ex post facto" clause does not apply to civil matters.
apportionment of direct taxes.
section nine reiterates the provision from that direct taxes must be apportioned by state populations. this clause was also explicitly shielded from constitutional amendment prior to 1808 by article v. in 1913, the 16th amendment exempted income taxes from this clause. furthermore, no tax may be imposed on exports from any state. congress may not, by revenue or commerce legislation, give preference to ports of one state over those of another; neither may it require ships from one state to pay duties in another. all funds belonging to the treasury may not be withdrawn except according to law. modern practice is that congress annually passes a number of appropriations bills authorizing the expenditure of public money. the constitution requires that a regular statement of such expenditures be published.
titles of nobility.
the title of nobility clause prohibits congress from granting any title of nobility. in addition, it specifies that no civil officer may accept, without the consent of congress, any gift, payment, office or title from a foreign ruler or state. however, a u.s. citizen may receive foreign office before or after their period of public service.
section 10: limits on the states.
clause 1: contracts clause.
states may not exercise certain powers reserved for the federal government: they may not enter into treaties, alliances or confederations, grant letters of marque or reprisal, coin money or issue bills of credit (such as currency). furthermore, no state may make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts, which expressly forbids any state government (but not the federal government) from "making a tender" (i.e., authorizing something that may be offered in payment) of any type or form of money to meet any financial obligation, unless that form of money is coins made of gold or silver (or a medium of exchange backed by and redeemable in gold or silver coins, as noted in "farmers & merchants bank v. federal reserve bank"). much of this clause is devoted to preventing the states from using or creating any currency other than that created by congress. in federalist no. 44, madison explains that "... it may be observed that the same reasons which shew the necessity of denying to the states the power of regulating coin, prove with equal force that they ought not to be at liberty to substitute a paper medium in the place of coin. had every state a right to regulate the value of its coin, there might be as many different currencies as states; and thus the intercourse among them would be impeded." moreover, the states may not pass bills of attainder, enact "ex post facto" laws, impair the obligation of contracts, or grant titles of nobility.
the contract clause was the subject of much contentious litigation in the 19th century. it was first interpreted by the supreme court in 1810, when "fletcher v. peck" was decided. the case involved the yazoo land scandal, in which the georgia legislature authorized the sale of land to speculators at low prices. the bribery involved in the passage of the authorizing legislation was so blatant that a georgia mob attempted to lynch the corrupt members of the legislature. following elections, the legislature passed a law that rescinded the contracts granted by the corrupt legislators. the validity of the annulment of the sale was questioned in the supreme court. in writing for a unanimous court, chief justice john marshall asked, "what is a contract?" his answer was: "a compact between two or more parties." marshall argued that the sale of land by the georgia legislature, though fraught with corruption, was a valid "contract". he added that the state had no right to annul the purchase of the land, since doing so would impair the obligations of contract.
the definition of a contract propounded by chief justice marshall was not as simple as it may seem. in 1819, the court considered whether a corporate charter could be construed as a contract. the case of "trustees of dartmouth college v. woodward" involved dartmouth college, which had been established under a royal charter granted by king george iii. the charter created a board of twelve trustees for the governance of the college. in 1815, however, new hampshire passed a law increasing the board's membership to twenty-one with the aim that public control could be exercised over the college. the court, including marshall, ruled that new hampshire could not amend the charter, which was ruled to be a contract since it conferred "vested rights" on the trustees.
the marshall court determined another dispute in "sturges v. crowninshield". the case involved a debt that was contracted in early 1811. later in that year, the state of new york passed a bankruptcy law, under which the debt was later discharged. the supreme court ruled that a retroactively applied state bankruptcy law impaired the obligation to pay the debt, and therefore violated the constitution. in "ogden v. saunders" (1827), however, the court decided that state bankruptcy laws "could" apply to debts contracted after the passage of the law. state legislation on the issue of bankruptcy and debtor relief has not been much of an issue since the adoption of a comprehensive federal bankruptcy law in 1898.
clause 2: import-export clause.
still more powers are prohibited of the states. states may not, without the consent of congress, tax imports or exports except for the fulfillment of state inspection laws (which may be revised by congress). the net revenue of the tax is paid not to the state, but to the federal treasury.
clause 3: compact clause.
under the compact clause, states may not, without the consent of congress, keep troops or armies during times of peace. they may not enter into alliances nor compacts with foreign states, nor engage in war unless invaded. states may, however, organize and arm a militia according to the discipline prescribed by congress. (article i, section 8, enumerated powers of congress.) the national guard, whose members are also members of the militia of the united states as defined by , fulfill this function, as do persons serving in state militias with federal oversight under .
the idea of allowing congress to have say over agreements between states traces back to the numerous controversies that arose between various colonies. eventually compromises would be created between the two colonies and these compromises would be submitted to the crown for approval. after the american revolutionary war, the articles of confederation allowed states to appeal to congress to settle disputes between the states over boundaries or "any cause whatever". the articles of confederation also required congressional approval for "any treaty or alliance" in which a state was one of the parties.
there have been a number of supreme court cases concerning what constitutes valid congressional consent to an interstate compact. in "virginia v. tennessee", , the court found that some agreements among states stand even when lacking the explicit consent of congress. (one example the court gave was a state moving some goods from a distant state to itself, it would not require congressional approval to contract with another state to use its canals for transport.) according to the court, the compact clause requires congressional consent only if the agreement among the states is "directed to the formation of any combination tending to the increase of political power in the states, which may encroach upon or interfere with the just supremacy of the united states". the congressional consent issue is at the center of the current debate over the constitutionality of the not yet effective national popular vote interstate compact entered into by several states plus the district of columbia.
victory day (also shortened as "v-day") is a common name of many different public holidays in various countries. in most cases it is to commemorate victories in important battles or wars in the countries' history. for example, in russia, it is celebrated on may 9th for the defeat of nazi germany in what russia calls "the great patriotic war" (world war ii). for the united states and britain, the victory in europe (celebrated as victory in europe day or v-e day) was only part of the victory. it is celebrated on may 8th (may 7th in the united kingdom). the war in the pacific did not end for the us and britain until the japanese surrender on sept. 2, 1945. this is celebrated as victory over japan day or v-j day. this part of the war is usually not studied by russians. in france, their victory day also celebrated the end of world war ii and is celebrated on may 8, 1945, when charles de gaulle announced the end of the war.
collard greens (or collards) are loose leafed cultivars of "brassica oleracea". collard greens are part of the acephala group of the species, which includes kale and spring greens.
collard greens are known for their large, dark colored and edible leaves. they are also known as a garden ornamental.
collard greens are available year round. they are tastier and more nutritious in cold months, after the first frost.
helen elizabeth garrett, commonly known as elizabeth garrett, (1963 – march 6, 2016), was an american professor of law and an academic administrator. in 2010, she became provost and senior vice president for academic affairs at the university of southern california. on july 1, 2015, she became the 13th president of cornell university.
garrett died on march 6, 2016 from colon cancer at her new york city home. she was aged 52.
paul ryan (september 23, 1949 – march 6, 2016) was an american comic book and comic strip cartoonist. ryan worked for marvel comics and dc comics on a number of super-hero comics. until his death in 2016, he worked on "the phantom" for king features syndicate. he was born in somerville, massachusetts.
ryan died in worcester, massachusetts of cancer on march 6, 2016. he was aged 66.
adrian hardiman (21 may 1951 – 7 march 2016) was an irish judge. he was the justice of the supreme court of ireland. he served from 7 february 2000 until his death on 7 march 2016.
hardiman was born in dublin, ireland. he studied at belvedere college, at the university college dublin, and at the king's inn. hardiman died in dublin, ireland from a heart attack. he was aged 65.
vernon lomax smith (born january 1, 1927) is an american professor of economics. he worked at chapman university's argyros school of business and economics and school of law in orange, california. smith shared the 2002 nobel prize in economics with daniel kahneman.
he is the founder and president of the international foundation for research in experimental economics, a member of the board of advisors for the independent institute, and a senior fellow at the cato institute in washington d.c..
in 2004 smith was honored with an honorary doctoral degree at universidad francisco marroquín, the institution that named the vernon smith center for experimental economics research after him.
a radiometer or roentgenometer is a device for measuring the radiant flux (power) of electromagnetic radiation. generally, a radiometer is an infrared radiation detector or ultraviolet detector.
reading rainbow is an american children's television series. it aired on pbs kids from june 6, 1983 until november 10, 2006. it encouraged children to read. in 2012, an ipad and kindle fire educational interactive book was launched with the "reading rainbow" name.
the public television series won over 200 broadcast awards, including a peabody award and 26 emmy awards. eleven of those awards were in the "outstanding children's series" category.
when the show was canceled in 2006, reruns ran until august 28, 2009.
the original team included lynne brenner ganek, ellen schecter, and levar burton.
professor paul webley cbe (19 november 1953 – 2 march 2016) was a british educator. he was the director and principal of the school of oriental and african studies at the university of london from 2006 to 2015. from 2010 until his death in 2016, he served as deputy vice-chancellor of the university of london. 
he was a member of the editorial board of the "journal of economic psychology". he was the former president of the international association for research in economic psychology. webley was appointed commander of the order of the british empire (cbe) in the 2015 new year honours for services to higher education.
webley died in london, england on 2 march 2016 from cancer. he was aged 62.
sheila varian (august 8, 1936 – march 6, 2016) was an american breeder and trainer of arabian horses. she was born in santa maria, california. her career began in 1963. she used "vaquero"-influenced methods of training horses. 
varian produced many famous arabian horses who won many show horses in the united states. varian received many awards from the united states equestrian federation. she was added into the national cowgirl museum and hall of fame in 2003.
varian died in arroyo grande, california from ovarian cancer on march 6, 2016. she was aged 79.
i've been to the mountaintop is the name of the last speech martin luther king, jr. gave before he died.
king gave the speech on april 3, 1968. he was in memphis, tennessee for the memphis sanitation strike. the sanitation (garbage) workers in memphis were on strike because they got paid very little, and their work was dangerous. king wanted to support them.
the speech talks mostly about the strike. king talks about the best ways to get the workers what they needed. at the end of the speech, he talks about the possibility that he might be killed.
the next day, king was murdered.
parts of the speech.
the memphis sanitation strike.
when talking about the strike, king focuses on the importance of non-violence. at a protest on march 28, some protesters had become violent and started breaking windows. king says:
king thought that if protesters or the people on strike were violent, other people would only pay attention to the violence. they would not pay attention to how badly the sanitation workers were treated.
king suggested boycotting things sold by white businesses as a nonviolent way of protesting and getting people's attention. he explains that one black person might be poor, but all together, they spent a lot of money. this gave them power. if they stopped buying things from businesses owned by white people, then those businesses would lose a lot of money. then they would have to pay attention, or else they could go out of business. meanwhile, black people could use their money to buy things from businesses owned by other blacks. king says:
the civil rights movement.
king then talks about the civil rights movement. he says:
king promises that civil rights activists will not stop until they get their basic human rights.
at the end of the speech, king says that as soon as he got to memphis, he began to get threats. however, he says he is not afraid of death. this is the most famous part of the speech, and also its ending:
the bible in the speech.
king was a baptist pastor. he often mentioned stories from the bible in his speeches.
in the end of this speech, king is talking about a story from the old testament. moses was the leader of the israelites (the people of israel). the israelites followed moses because they thought he would lead them to a promised land. in this promised land, they could live in peace. 
however, before the israelites got to the promised land, god spoke to moses. god said he would let moses see the promised land with his eyes. however, god would not let moses enter the promised land. the bible says: 
soon after this, moses died. joshua replaced him as leader, and led the people of israel into the promised land.
king is saying that like moses, he has "been to the mountaintop" and seen the promised land a society where black people have peace and equal rights. he knows that he may not get to this promised land with them, because he might die first. however, he tells his listeners that, like the people of israel, african-americans as a people will get to the promised land.
the southern christian leadership conference (sclc) is an african-american civil rights group. the sclc was very important in the civil rights movement. martin luther king, jr. was its first president.
today, the sclc says it is "a nonprofit, non-sectarian, inter-faith, advocacy organization that is committed to nonviolent action to achieve social, economic, and political justice." this means the group is open to people of all faiths and religions, not just christians.
the sclc was created in 1957, after the civil rights movement's successful montgomery bus boycott. on january 10, 1957, dr. martin luther king, jr. invited about 60 black pastors and leaders to atlanta, georgia. their goal, at the time, was to end segregation on buses in the southern united states. however, they agreed that they would only use non-violent ways of protesting and trying to make change. their motto was: "not one hair on one head of one white person shall be harmed."
about a month later, the group met again in new orleans, louisiana. they decided that their goal would be to end segregation everywhere not just on buses. they also chose dr. king as their president, and chose the name "southern christian leadership conference."
the sclc also chose a group of leaders called the board of directors to be in charge of making final decisions and planning strategies. at first, some churches and civil rights organizations joined the sclc. however, it was difficult to get churches to join. groups like the ku klux klan and the white citizens' council used violence and terrorism to attack civil rights activists. so did the police in many states. some churches which joined the sclc, or did civil rights work, were bombed or set on fire.
in 1954, civil rights activists started "citizenship schools." these schools taught african-american adults to read so they could get driver's licenses; fill out forms; open bank accounts; and pass literacy tests that only black people had to pass to sign up to vote. the program spread across the south. they called themselves the "highlander folk school."
in 1961, the state of tennessee took the highlander folk school's land and property away. in that year, the sclc rescued the citizenship school program. the schools' teachers pretended to be teaching adults to read. secretly, they were teaching about democracy, civil rights, leadership, getting people together to protest, politics, and protest strategies. all of these things would be very important in the civil rights movement.
eventually, close to 69,000 teachers taught citizenship schools throughout the south. most of these teachers were volunteers who were not paid. many of the civil rights movement's adult leaders went to or taught citizenship schools.
work in the civil rights movement.
the sclc's work in the civil rights movement included:
ralph abernathy became the president of the sclc after dr. king's murder. under his leadership, the sclc:
abernathy was president until 1977. joseph lowery replaced him, and was president until 1997.
since 1997, some of the issues the sclc has worked on include:
chivalric romances are stories, poems or songs. they were written about marvel-filled adventures. knights having heroic qualities went on quests. it is the emphasis on love and courtly manners which distinguishes it from other kinds of epic. other types of epic are about masculine military heroism.
romances were written in european languages of the middle ages.
the best known romance was king arthur and the knights of the round table. "sir gawain and the green knight" is another example.
comet swift–tuttle (109p/swift–tuttle) is a periodic comet with an orbital period of 133 years. it fits the classical definition of a halley-type comet with a period between 20 and 200 years. it was independently discovered by lewis swift and horace parnell tuttle in july 1862. it has a well-known orbit and has a comet nucleus 26 km in diameter.
chinese records show that in 188 ad the comet reached apparent magnitude 0.1. in 1862, the comet was as bright as polaris. the comet made a return appearance in 1992, and became visible with binoculars. in 2126 it will be a bright naked-eye comet reaching about apparent magnitude 0.7.
it is the parent body of the perseid meteor shower, perhaps the best known shower and among the most reliable in performance.
a close encounter with earth is predicted for the comet's return to the inner solar system in the year 4479, around sept. 15; the closest approach is estimated to be 0.03–0.05 au, with a probability of impact of 1, or 0.0001%.
comet swift–tuttle has been described as "the single most dangerous object known to humanity". however, the probability of earth impact per orbit is about a million to one against. it is estimated as 2 (0.000002%). it is the largest solar system object that makes repeated close approaches to earth with a relative velocity of 60 km/s.
an unusual aspect of its orbit is that it is captured into a 1:11 orbital resonance with jupiter; it completes one orbit for every 11 of jupiter.
the spenserian stanza is a fixed verse form invented by edmund spenser for his epic poem "the faerie queene". each stanza contains nine lines in total. the first eight lines are in iambic pentameter, that is consist of ten syllables, followed by a single alexandrine line in iambic hexameter, that is are made up of twelve syllables. the rhyme scheme of these lines is "a-b-a-b-b-c-b-c-c."
many poets used the stanza after spenser, for example lord byron (chlide harold's pilgrimage), percy bysshe shelley (adonais), john keats (the eve of st. agnes) and alfred tennyson (the lotos-eaters). spenserian stanza remained a typical english form and it was never much popular outside england. only few poets employed it in central europe, for example juliusz słowacki, jan kasprowicz and jaroslav vrchlický. 
biotti is an italian surname. notable people with the surname include:
the african fish eagle ("haliaeetus vocifer") or the african sea eagle is a large species of eagle.
it is found throughout sub-saharan africa where there are large bodies of open water with plenty of fish. it is the national bird of zimbabwe, zambia and south sudan.
this species looks a bit like the bald eagle. they are related, but live on different continents. the bald eagle lives in north america.
caracol televisión is the most viewed national television network in colombia, founded in 1969 and caracol internacional (television channel).
the grupo santodomingo is the caracol televisión's (or canal caracol) main actionist.
fatima naoot (arabic: فاطمة ناعوت ) (born september 18, 1964) is an egyptian writer and poet. in january 2016, the egyptian government sentenced naoot to jail for 3 years after she wrote on facebook about killing sheep for the eid holiday.
naoot was a candidate for the egyptian parliament.
naoot wrote several books of poetry and a book of poetry analysis. she also translated collections of poems from english into arabic.
fatima naoot always seeks for freedom without any authority even if this authority will belong to any religion. in october she published a post on facebook was describing "the eid al-adha’s tradition of slaughtering sheep as the “greatest massacre committed by human beings.” then one candidate from parliament said that "her aim is to insult islam". thus she wrote through ahram online report "that humans justified their lust for killing and enjoying the smell of cooking game by attempting to bestow a divine meaning to their actions.” and because of the law that added in 1982 a legislation which stated that there is from six months to five years and fines of le500 to le1000 for anyone who uses religion to promote, through speech, writing, or any other medium, extremist ideas with the aim of spreading discord or to belittle one of the monotheistic religions or their different sects, or to harm national unity. she put in jail for 3 years and fined 20.000 le. although she said in front of the court that "she did not aim to insult islam, but she just explained her point of view. naoot said through middle east online "i’m not sad about the sentencing as i don’t care about going to jail. i’m sad that the efforts of reformists have been wasted,”. as a result, the arab network for human rights information issued a statement which is "“the recent surge in the prosecution of opinion makers comes in conjunction with a fierce security campaign launched by security bodies against freedom of opinion and expression, with the aim of narrowing the overall climate of freedom of opinion and expression. such a matter, in turn, makes egypt one of the most arab countries that show hostility to freedom of expression as well as press freedom, especially that about 59 journalists have remained in prison so far.” fatma is not a political figure, she is an egyptian writer, poet, translator and journalist who always says her point of view.
sierra de guadarrama national park () is a national park in spain. it covers about . the park is one of the biggest national parks in spain. only four national parks are bigger.
guadarrama national park has eleven different types of places for plants and animals to live (ecologies). more than 1,280 species of animals live in the park. thirteen of them are endangered. there are more than 1,500 types of plants that come from the area. there are more than 30 types of vegetation.
shita-kiri suzume (which means "the tongue-cut sparrow") is a japanese folk legend. it is told by many parents to their children. the story is about being kind and helping someone who is hurt. it is also about being mean and greedy.
shita-kiri suzume is the story of an old man and an old woman who find a sparrow. the old man takes care of the sparrow and gives it food. the old woman treats the sparrow badly and cuts out the sparrow's tongue. after the sparrow flies away, the old man goes to find it in the mountains. when he does, the sparrows give him a choice between two baskets to take home. the basket he picks is filled with many good things. the old woman sees the good things and goes to the sparrows to get a basket for herself. she is greedy and mean when she talks to the sparrows, but they still give her a basket. she is not patient and opens the basket before she gets home. it is filled with bad and scary things.
lester d. menke (december 16, 1918 – march 5, 2016) was an american politician. he was born in o'brien county, iowa. he was a state representative from the iowa's 5th and 7th districts. he served in the iowa house of representatives from 1973 to 1985. he served as speaker pro tempore from 1981 to 1985.
menke died in des moines, iowa on march 5, 2016 from dementia. he was aged 97.
michael white (16 january 1936 – 7 march 2016) was a scottish movie and theatre producer. he was born in glasgow, scotland. white won two tony awards in 1971 and in 1973. white was known for his works in "the rocky horror picture show" and "monty python and the holy grail". 
white died on 7 march 2016 in ojai, california. he died of heart failure. white was aged 80.
jean-bernard raimond (6 february 1926 – 7 march 2016) was a french politician. he served as foreign minister during the government of jacques chirac. raimond was born in paris. he served from 1986 to 1988. he was the french ambassador to a number of states from the 1970s to the 1990s. he also served as a deputy in the french national assembly from 1993 to 2002.
raimond died in neuilly-sur-seine, france on 7 march 2016. he was aged 90.
donald wayne riegle, jr. (born february 4, 1938) is an american politician. he was born in flint, michigan. he served for five terms as a representative from 1967 through 1976. he served for three terms as a senator in the u.s. congress from 1976 through 1995. he is a member of the democratic party.
in 2016 and 2020, riegle endorsed bernie sanders for the democratic nomination for president of the united states.
 is a japanese video game composer, sound designer, guitarist, and producer. he is best known for composing music for the "silent hill" video game series and "silent hill" movies. he has also composed music for many other konami games. 
yamaoka studied product design and interior design at tokyo art college. he said that he first wanted to follow a career in design. he first joined konami on september 21, 1993. on december 2, 2009, he announced that he was leaving konami after 16 years with the company. he joined grasshopper manufacture on february 3, 2010.
the laws of conservation or law of conservation are:
barrier may refer to:
southern american english (aka southern u.s. english or southern drawl) is a group of american english dialects used in the southern united states. southern english is usually used in alabama, arkansas, mississippi, tennessee, kentucky, virginia, north carolina, south carolina, louisiana, texas, oklahoma, georgia and parts of florida. modern day southern english dialects have been used in states including illinois, missouri, nebraska, southern iowa, south central indiana, southern ohio and kansas.
the dialects are also used in some parts of the mid-atlantic states.
in southern english, people use terms like "ain't", "you was","fixin to" (rather than "going to"), "been" (rather than "have been") and "that there".
features of most southern accents include
new york city english (also called new york english) is a regional dialect of american english. it is spoken by many people in new york city and the new york metropolitan area. the dialect is known through its use in media. it is most often used in new york city itself and its nearby suburbs. however, it is used all across the metropolitan area.
the dialect is known for dropping the "r" in some words. for example, the word "cart" in new york sounds similar to "cot" or "caught". some new york area people say "tawk" for "talk".
there are many well known people and fictional characters who speak new york english. they include archie bunker, bugs bunny, fran drescher and marisa tomei.
a geomagnetic reversal is a change in a planet's magnetic field such that the positions of magnetic north and magnetic south are interchanged.
this has happened 183 times over the last 83 million years, averaging about two or three times per million years. before a change of magnetic field, the earth's magnetic field becomes weaker and moves around, like a spinning top would before it falls. scientists know this as a result of studies of magnetism on the sea floor, near the mid-atlantic ridge. the lava slowly moves out of this crevasse (gap in the sea floor) and then it cools with its iron oxide molecules all pointing in the new direction of the earth's magnetic field. we can look at the history of this magnetic field today to look back at the many flips in the past.
reversals occur at intervals from less than 0.1 million years to as much as 50 million years. these periods are called "chrons".
there is no pattern to these changes, which seem to take place at random. chrons last from between 0.1 and 1million years (see diagram) with an average of 450,000 years. most reversals take between 1,000 and 10,000 years to happen.
the latest one, the brunhes–matuyama reversal, occurred 780,000 years ago; and may have happened very quickly, within a human lifetime. a brief complete reversal, known as the laschamp event, occurred only 41,000 years ago during the last glacial period. that reversal lasted only about 440 years with the actual change of polarity lasting around 250 years. during this change the strength of the magnetic field weakened to 5% of its present strength. brief disruptions that do not result in reversal are called geomagnetic excursions.
records of the past.
the past record of geomagnetic reversals was first noticed by observing the magnetic stripe reversals on the ocean floor. this soon led to the development of the theory of plate tectonics. the relatively constant rate at which the sea floor spreads causes "stripes" in the basalt. from these past magnetic fields polarity can be inferred. data is got by towing a magnetometer along the sea floor.
no existing unsubducted sea floor is more than about 180 million years old, so other methods are used for detecting older reversals. most sedimentary rocks have tiny amounts of iron rich minerals. their orientation reflects the magnetic field when they formed. the rocks keep that record unless they get changed by some later process.
a "superchron" is a polarity interval lasting at least 10million years. there are two well-established superchrons, the cretaceous normal and the kiaman.
the cretaceous normal (also called the cretaceous superchron or c34) lasted for almost 40million years. between the cretaceous normal and the present, the frequency has generally increased slowly.
the kiaman reverse superchron lasted from the late carboniferous to the late permian. that is more than 50million years, from 312 to 262 million years ago (mya). the magnetic field had reversed polarity. the name "kiaman" derives from the australian village of kiama, where some of the first geological evidence of the superchron was found in 1925.
the magnetic field of the earth, and of other planets that have magnetic fields, is caused by dynamo action of molten iron in the planetary core. this convection (movement) generates electric currents which in turn give rise to magnetic fields. in simulations of planetary dynamos, reversals occur from the underlying dynamics. for example, gary glatzmaier and collaborator paul roberts of ucla ran a numerical model of the coupling between electromagnetism and fluid dynamics in the earth's interior. their simulation reproduced key features of the magnetic field over more than 40,000 years of simulated time and the computer-generated field reversed itself. global field reversals at irregular intervals have also been observed in a laboratory liquid metal experiment vks2.
effects on life.
as far as we know, there is no effect on life. studies have been done to see if reversals relate in any way to extinction events. statistical analysis shows no evidence for a correlation between reversals and extinctions.
a chron is a general term in earth science. it means a period of time, usually less than a million years.
economic deficit is a status of financial health in which expenditures exceed revenue (more money being spent than coming in). the term "budget deficit" is most commonly used to refer to government spending rather than business or individual spending. when referring to accrued federal government deficits, the term "national debt” is used.
root may refer to:
in mathematics, a root of a function "f" is a number x that turns the value of "f" to 0:
because polynomials are also functions, roots are real things.
the fundamental theorem of algebra says every polynomial with complex coefficients has at least one (complex) root. using the fundamental theorem of algebra and the polynomial remainder theorem together shows that every complex polynomial of degree "n" has exactly "n" complex roots, and some of them may be equal.
in mathematics, de moivre's formula or de moivre's theorem is an equation named after abraham de moivre. it states that for any real number "x" and integer "n", 
the formulation of de moivre's formula for any complex numbers formula_2 (with modulus formula_3 and angle formula_4) is as follows:
here, formula_6 is euler's number, and formula_7 is often called the polar form of the complex number formula_2.
the formula is very important because it connects complex numbers and trigonometry. it can be proved using the trigonometry form of complex numbers by mathematical induction, with the help of some trigonometrical identities. it can also be proved using euler's formula as well. 
by using this formula, any equation of the form formula_9, where "w" is complex, can be solved.
the curtiss f6c hawk is an american fighter. it's a biplane aircraft made in wood and metal. is was used by us navy between 1925 and 1932.
the airbus helicopters h175 is a european helicopter built by airbus helicopters, subsidiary of airbus group. it made first flight in 2009 as eurocopter ec-175.
the sikorsky r-4 is the first military helicopter built in usa. it flown during world war ii and beginning of korea war. some were used by us navy, us coast guard and fleet air arm.
ilyushin il-86 (илью́шин ил-86; nato reporting name: camber) is a soviet civilian aircraft. it was the first wide-body aircraft built in ussr. some are used by russian air force as a transport aircraft. this is the basis of development of the military aircraft ilyushin il-80.
jonathan james "jon" english (26 march 1949 – 9 march 2016) was an english-born australian singer, songwriter, musician and actor. he was an early member of the band sebastian hardie. he played the role of judas iscariot in the australian production of the stage musical "jesus christ superstar" in 1972. he also performed in gilbert and sullivan's operettas "the pirates of penzance", "the mikado" and "h.m.s. pinafore" from 1984. he also acted in a number of television series. as a solo singer, his best known songs were "turn the page", "hollywood seven", "words are not enough", "six ribbons" and "hot town".
english was born in hampstead, london. he moved to sydney as a child in 1961. he had four children. he was a fan of the parramatta eels.
english died from an aortic aneurysm caused by surgery problems on 9 march 2016 in newcastle, new south wales. he was 66.
oprichnina ("опричнина") is a state policy used by russian tsar ivan the terrible between 1565 and 1572. the origin of its name is old russian "опричь", what means 'apart', 'except', or 'special'. oprichnina included secret police, mass repressions, public executions, and confiscation (taking somebody's property) of land from the boyars. it was created because ivan didn't trust the boyars (russian feudal aristocrats) anymore.
the beechcraft king air is a twin-engines aircraft designed and built in usa. it built in two majors series: king air 90 and king air 100. it used as light business aircraft and light transport aircraft. 
beechcraft super king air is a modern variant.
beechcraft king air are known in the us army as u-21 ute, for light transport duties. in us navy it known as t-44 pegasus, a trainer.
airbus helicopters is a french and german company that designs and produces civilians and militaries helicopters. the headquarters is in marignane, france. factories are in france, germany, and for some helicopters in the united states. 
the company was previously named eurocopter. the name change was made 1 january 2014. it's a part of the airbus company.
je suis charlie (french for "i am charlie") is a french slogan. it appeared at the moment of the charlie hebdo shooting in paris. very quickly it became known all over the world. these three words were never translated and used as french language. it was created by french artist joachim roncin.
the british aircraft corporation jet provost is a british military aircraft. it's a single-turbojet aircraft. it was used by nine foreign countries as a trainer. british aircraft corporation strikemaster is a modern variant for light attack duties.
danville is a small town in the u.s. state of new hampshire. new hampshire is in new england which is in the northeastern part of the united states. danville is in the southeast part of new hampshire and is in rockingham county. danville has sandown to its west, hampstead to its south, kingston to its east, and fremont to its north.
it is in the timberlane regional school district, which consists of atkinson, plaistow, sandown and danville. it has a public elementary school named danville elementary school. danville elementary school has preschool to 5th grades.
danville has a population of 4,463 people.
a mass grave is a grave where many bodies are buried together, without coffins. mass graves are usually created when a large number of people die or are killed. for example, in the past, they have been used when many people die at once from disease, a natural disaster, or genocide.
different people have come up with different meanings for the phrase "mass grave." mass graves have been defined as:
since 1993, the united nations has defined a mass grave as a grave where three or more people are buried together.
for centuries, people around the world have used mass graves when many people died at once from epidemics of diseases. the goal of this type of mass grave is not to disrespect the bodies of the dead. the goal is to prevent disease from spreading from the dead to the living. also, if too many people have died, it may be impossible to bury them all separately.
for example, during outbreaks of the bubonic plague ("the black death") in europe, people were terrified of catching this disease from dead bodies. often they buried plague victims in mass graves. daniel defoe, who lived during the great plague of london in 1655-1666, wrote about one mass grave:
however, at some mass graves for plague victims, people still tried to honor the dead with christian burial traditions.
more recently, victims of natural disasters have been buried in mass graves. like with mass graves for disease victims, mass graves for disaster victims are not meant to disrespect the dead. in disasters where many people die, it may not be possible to bury each person one by one.
for example, after 2010 haiti earthquake, there were tens of thousands of bodies in the haitian capital city of port-au-prince. in the first nine days after the earthquake, about 90,000 people were buried in mass graves, using bulldozers. there were so many bodies that there was no room, and not enough workers, to bury them one by one.
one haitian man, who helped bury 2,500 people in three mass graves, said: "you have to understand that it's completely un-haitian to dump bodies like this. we have extreme respect for the dead. and these people deserve a decent burial." later, he and other volunteers put up crosses to mark the graves, put holy water on the graves, and had a priest say prayers for the dead. like at the mass graves for the plague victims, they were still trying to honor the dead, even though they had to bury them in mass graves.
some areas in japan also had to use mass graves after the 2011 tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. in japan, most people are cremated after they die. however, there were too many victims, and not enough kerosene to cremate them or dry ice to keep the bodies from decomposing. in one town, cremating all the town's victims would have taken 100 days. because of this, some towns had to use mass graves to bury the dead.
murder and genocide.
throughout history, people and governments that have murdered many people have buried them in mass graves. unlike mass graves for victims of disease or disasters, this type of mass grave is often meant to disrespect the bodies of the dead after they are murdered.
mass graves have been found from many of the international wars and civil wars in modern history. here are a few examples.
world war i.
during world war i, on july 19, 1916, about 2,300 british and australian soldiers were killed in a battle with the german army. in 2008, about 250 of their bodies were found in mass graves, where the germans had buried them.
world war ii.
during the holocaust, nazi germany killed six million jewish people and millions of other people. nobody knows exactly how many of these people are buried in mass graves. however, here are some examples of mass graves from nazi murders:
during world war ii, german soldiers who died when nazi germany invaded the soviet union were buried in mass graves in eastern europe. in 2013, the german war graves commission moved 70,000 soldiers from mass graves to a cemetery in russia. this was the 82nd cemetery the commission had built to re-bury soldiers buried in mass graves. all together, the 82 cemeteries hold more than 800,000 german soldiers. the commission says there are at least 250,000 more german soldiers buried in mass graves throughout eastern europe.
the soviet union also used mass graves during world war ii. for example, in the piskaryovskoye memorial cemetery, they buried almost 500,000 civilians and soldiers in 186 mass graves. these people had died or been killed during the siege of leningrad.
the soviet union.
in the soviet union, as many as 20 million people may have died or been murdered while joseph stalin ruled the government. most of them were soviet civilians. many were buried in mass graves.
the biggest include:
the korean war.
early on in the korean war, south korea killed at least 100,000 people who had been put in prison for their political beliefs. they buried many of these people in mass graves. in 2007, the south korean truth and reconciliation committee found four mass graves, with more than 400 people in them. the committee estimates that there are about 150 mass graves in south korea.
the vietnam war.
during the vietnam war, in the huế massacre, the viet cong and the north vietnamese army murdered between 2,800 and 6,000 civilians and prisoners of war. they buried the bodies in dozens of mass graves.
genocide in cambodia.
from 1975 to 1979, the khmer rouge, ruled by pol pot, controlled cambodia. the khmer rouge committed a genocide against the cambodian people. historians and scientists say that there are at least 20,000 mass grave sites in the country, holding at least 1,386,734 victims of execution.
during the bosnian war (1992-1995), the bosnian serb army killed more than 8,000 bosnian muslims in the srebrenica genocide. they buried them in mass graves. in 2003, mass grave specialists found a mass grave that was "as big as a tennis court." it included victims of the srebrenica genocide. by 2006, 42 mass graves had been found around srebrenica, and specialists think there are at least 22 more. another 2,070 victims have been found in the graves.
during the kosovo war (1998-1999), serbian soldiers committed many war crimes against the albanian people. as of 2010, six mass graves had been found in serbia with albanian victims inside. the largest had between 705 and 1,000 bodies in it.
the colombian government says that in its civil war, which is still going on today, its enemies have buried at least 6,000 people in mass graves.
cnn recently wrote that the terrorist group islamic state of iraq and syria (isis) killed more than 130 men, women, and children who refused to join isis. they buried their bodies in mass graves.
frederick walter stephen "fred" west (29 september 1941 – 1 january 1995) was an english serial killer. west was born in much marcle, herefordshire. his convictions included sexual assault and theft.
between 1967 and 1987, west – alone and later with his second wife, serial killer rosemary west – tortured and raped young women and girls, murdering at least 12, including their own family members. fred killed at least two people before collaborating with rose, while rose murdered fred's stepdaughter (his first wife's biological daughter) when he was in prison for theft. most of the murders occurred between may 1973 and august 1979, in their homes at 25 midland road and 25 cromwell street in gloucester. many bodies were buried at or near these homes and sometimes even in the walls of their home.
the couple were apprehended and charged in 1994. fred west hanged himself in his prison cell before going to trial. rose west was imprisoned for life, in november 1995, found guilty on 10+ counts of murder. their house at cromwell street was demolished in 1996 and the space converted into a landscaped footpath.
twenty one pilots (often written as twenty one pilots or tøp) is an american band from columbus, ohio. the band was formed in 2009. its members are tyler joseph and josh dun. they put out two albums that they released themselves, "twenty one pilots" in 2009 and "regional at best" in 2011, before being signed by fueled by ramen in 2012. their first album through a record label, "vessel", was released with fueled by ramen in 2013. their next album, "blurryface", was released on may 15, 2015 through the same label. there was also rumors of a new album release with an email to their fans that had a gif of a horse galloping through an eye that had the caption, "are you still sleeping?" leading to many theories that their year-long hiatus had ended. the theories were right, and the band released two songs not too long after, coming from the studio album going by the name "trench", which has a yellow theme, and was released on the 5th of october, 2018. they released a single named "level of concern" on april 9, 2020. they released four singles which are named , "choker", "saturday" and "the outside" in 2021, and also an album, named "scaled and icy" on may 21 in that same year.
ratified on january 17, 1919 and went into effect a year later, the eighteenth amendment (amendment xviii) of the united states constitution banned the making, transporting, and sale of alcoholic beverages in the united states. the volstead act was passed by congress to enforce the eighteenth amendment. it did not prohibit the drinking of alcohol however. it started the period in american history called the prohibition era. this was a period of mass civil disobedience to the law. those who could afford the higher prices of smuggled liquor went to illegal bars called speakeasies. working class people tended to drink moonshine and so-called bathtub gin at home. the eighteenth amendment proved to be a major failure. americans started drinking more than before and it caused crime to rise significantly. the eighteenth amendment was later repealed by the twenty-first amendment. it remains the only amendment to be repealed by another amendment to the constitution.
the first clause, section one, says the law was to go into effect one year from its ratification. it was passed by congress on december 18, 1917. the thirty-sixth state (required number for passage) to ratify the amendment did so 394 days later on january 16, 1919. the forty-seventh state to ratify the amendment was new jersey on march 9, 1922. rhode island was the only state to reject ratification of the 18th amendment.
the second clause gave the federal and state governments concurrent powers to enforce the amendment. congress passed the national prohibition enforcement act, also known as the volstead act. the act defined any beverage containing more than one-half of one percent an intoxicating beverage. it gave the internal revenue service the power to enforce the law.
the third clause gave seven years as the time period for the states to ratify the amendment. this is the first amendment to have a limit on the time in which it was to be ratified. if it was not ratified by the required number of states in that time period, the amendment would not go into effect. article five of the united states constitution requires an amendment be passed by three-quarters of the states. (36 out of the 48 states at that time.)
during the 1820s intense religious and social movements spread across the country calling alcohol and drunkenness a "national curse." they were called temperance movements. the first state to have a temperance law was massachusetts who in 1838 enacted a law prohibiting the sale of liquor in less than quantities. in 1846, maine passed the first state prohibition law. it was repealed two years later, still, other states also passed similar laws.
after the american civil war, immigrants, mainly from ireland, germany, italy and other parts of europe, crowded major cities by the millions. many of these men worked hard and drank just as hard. beer became a favorite drink and many german-americans who knew how to brew beer began producing it in large quantities. by the 1870s, many wives and mothers who were completely dependant on their men, began to protest having their lives ruined by alcohol. they were joined by a number of clergymen. they organized as the woman's christian temperance union (wctu) and became a powerful force for change. they were joined by women such as susan b. anthony and elizabeth cady stanton. prominent in the suffrage movement (women's right to vote). the temperance movement was able to put political pressure on politicians that many were afraid of. the wctu began calling for a nation-wide ban on alcoholic drink. at first, most senators were against the idea. but they also did not want to be seen as voting against it. for this reason they imposed a deadline for ratification of seven years. many hoped it would not be ratified. but the plan did not work since it was ratified just over a year after its passage.
results of prohibition.
gustav boess, mayor of berlin visited new york city in late 1929. he asked the mayor of new york city, jimmy walker, when prohibition was supposed to go into effect. at that time, prohibition had already been the law of the land for over nine years. that the german mayor even had to ask shows how well the eighteenth amendment had been working. in fact, it was not working very well at all.
those who supported prohibition expected the sales of household goods and clothing to go up dramatically. many expected real estate and rents to rise as bars closed and neighborhoods were cleaned up. many producers of soft drinks, juices and chewing gum expected sales to go up as americans had to find new ways of entertaining themselves. none of this happened. instead, the unintended consequences proved to be a decline in amusement and entertainment industries across the country. restaurants failed, as they could no longer make a profit without legal liquor sales. theater revenues declined rather than increase, and few of the other economic benefits that had been predicted came to pass. prohibition proved to be largely negative for the economy. jobs in breweries, distilleries and bars were lost by the thousands. truckers, waiters, barrel makers and many other related workers had large numbers of jobs lost. perhaps the largest unintended consequence was the loss to the government in tax revenues. the state of new york lost almost 75 percent of its revenue. the federal government lost over $11 million in tax revenues while the cost to enforce it was over $300 million.
the prohibition laws had many loopholes (ways to get around the law) that were quickly taken advantage of. the biggest loophole was that neither the eighteenth amendment nor the volstead act made it illegal to drink or be drunk in public. farmers who grew fruit quickly learned to sell their harvests in dehydrated bricks. the warning label included instructions on how to easily turn the bricks into alcoholic drinks. pharmacists were allowed to prescribe whiskey for any number of ailments from anxiety to the flu. as bootleggers learned of this, the number of pharmacies tripled in places like new york state. tools and ingredients to make alcohol at home were sold in hardware and grocery stores. books on how to make liquor were also legal. 
drinking under prohibition did not stop, it simply went underground. in new york city alone there were thousands of speakeasy clubs. the mob made millions in illegal sales of alcohol on the black market. most americans simply ignored the law. the agents who enforced prohibition laws were poorly paid and were easily bribed. gangsters made money and became powerful under prohibition. they even cooperated with one another in setting prices. organized crime gained a national foothold due to prohibition. one of the better known gangsters was al capone. when capone arrived in chicago in 1920 he immediately saw the opportunities that prohibition offered. he organized illegal bootlegging on an international scale. he even controlled the distribution of his alcohol. he hired his own delivery trucks, salespeople, and his own heavily armed guards to protect his investments. capone was making over $100 million a year. he had no trouble bribing all the politicians and law enforcement members in his district.
rockingham county is a county in the u.s. state of new hampshire.
atkinson is a small town in rockingham county, new hampshire.
sandown is a small town in rockingham county, new hampshire.
the messerschmitt me 163 is a german military aircraft used during world war ii. it was a rocket-powered aircraft. it was designed by lippisch.
the plane weighed 4200 pounds when it was empty and almost 10,000 pounds when it was full. it could fly 560 miles per hour. during the last part of world war ii, messerchmitts fought b-17 bombers over germany. about 18 b-17s were shot down and about 10 messerschmitts were shot down.
the fuel the messerschmitts used sometimes exploded.
the mil mi-8 is one of the most famous helicopters built in ussr during the cold war. it is used for transport and attack by more than 50 countries in the world. it's the basis of mil mi-14 and mil mi-17 helicopters.
the yellow-bellied glider ("petaurus australis") is an arboreal and nocturnal gliding possum. it lives in the native eucalypt forests right down eastern australia, from northern queensland to victoria.
the yellow-bellied glider lives in forests and woodlands in eastern australia and is found at a range of altitudes from sea level to 1400 metres.
in north queensland, the sub-species lives at over 700 m above sea level. there are 13 different populations in three places where this glider lives in north queensland. one population lives on mount windsor tableland, another on mount carbine tableland, and the third lives in a linear habitat from atherton to kirrama on the atherton tableland. these three populations together have about 6000 individual gliders. with their habitat in danger, the yellow-bellied glider is classified as uncommon to rare and is named vulnerable to the tropics. this species is more widespread in southern queensland, nsw and victoria.
the yellow-bellied glider is and spends the day in a leaf-lined tree hole, which is usually shared with other members of the same family. it is also one of the most vocal possum gliders. it has a distinctive growling call that it uses as means of communication. a recording of the distinctive call can be heard at 
it eats nectar, honeydew, insects, pollen and a wide spread of tree sap. 
ratified on august 18, 1920, nineteenth amendment (amendment xix) to the united states constitution granted american women the right to vote. the amendment marked the end of a long struggle for women in the united states that began in the mid-nineteenth century. the movement, called women's suffrage, marked a radical change in how women were viewed in america. when the constitution was written, it was accepted that a woman did not have a separate legal identity from her husband. women's suffrage challenged that concept. the nineteenth amendment overturned an earlier decision by the united states supreme court in "minor v. happersett". the court held that the right to vote, guaranteed by the fourteenth amendment to all citizens of the united states, did not apply to women. women were citizens, but did not have the right to vote. the nineteenth amendment was first introduced in congress in 1878 by senator aaron a. sargent. the bill calling for the amendment was introduced unsuccessfully every year for the next 40 years. finally, in 1919, congress approved the amendment and submitted it to the states for ratification. a year later tennessee gave the final vote needed to add the amendment to the constitution. 
in colonial america, women had fixed gender roles they learned from their mothers. growing up, a woman was legally subordinate to her father. when she was married she became a "feme covert" (french: a married woman). her property and her legal status transferred to her husband. the intent of this protected-class status was to protect women from the evils men dealt with including politics. in addition, the custom was also used to ban women from professional jobs, higher education, voting, serving on juries and testifying in court. single women were limited to the jobs of teaching and nursing.
in 1848, the women's suffrage movement began on a national level. a convention in seneca falls, new york was organized by abolitionists elizabeth cady stanton and lucretia mott that also demanded a woman's right to vote. susan b. anthony, along with other activists, joined mott and stanton in forming organizations that demanded the right to vote. many of the early orgainzers never lived to see the passage of the nineteenth amendment some 70 years later.
"leser v. garnett".
when the nineteenth amendment became law, it guaranteed the right to vote could not be denied on account of sex. however, it was not the same as women being allowed to vote. the supreme court case of "leser v. garnett" (1922), while not intended to do so, established this right. the plaintiffs challenged the nineteenth amendment as being unconstitutional. they argued first, that the amendment was invalid because it increased the electorate without the state of maryland's consent. they argued secondly that ratification was based on several states that denied women the right to vote in their state constitutions and therefore their legislatures did not have the right to ratify the amendment. the third argument was that the last two states to ratify the amendment, tennessee and west virginia, violated their own rules of procedure.
in a unanimous decision, the court rejected all three arguments. the first argument is invalid because wording was almost the same as the fifteenth amendment. each used the same method of adoption so one cannot be valid and the other invalid. the second argument, that certain state legislatures did not have the power to ratify based on their own constitutions, is rejected because they were ratifying an amendment to the federal constitution, and so is a federal function. the court ruled the third argument a moot point because two other states after tennessee and west virginia (connecticut and vermont) who followed their own procedures would have been enough to ratify the amendment. but in addressing the substance of the argument, the court went on to point out that the secretaries of state of tennessee and west virginia each accepted the ratification by the legislatures making the ratification by those two states valid. the nineteenth amendment gave women the right to vote but "lesser" made it certain the right could be used even in states where the state constitution did not allow it.
sir kenneth hugo adam (born klaus hugo adam; 5 february 1921 – 10 march 2016) was a german-born british movie production designer. he was born in berlin. adam was best known for his set designs for the james bond movies of the 1960s and 1970s, as well as for "dr. strangelove". he won two academy awards (1975, 1994) and two bafta awards (1964, 1965).
adam died in london on 10 march 2016, aged 95.
lloyd stowell shapley (june 2, 1923 – march 12, 2016) was an american mathematician and economist. he was known for his work on mathematical economics and especially game theory. since the work of von neumann and morgenstern in 1940s, shapley has been thought by many experts as the very creator of game theory. 
with alvin e. roth, shapley won the 2012 nobel prize in economics "for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design". in recent years, he worked at the university of california, los angeles.
shapley was born in cambridge, massachusetts. he studied at princeton university and at harvard university. shapley died on march 12, 2016 in tucson, arizona from complications of a broken hip. he was aged 92.
raymond "ray" griff (april 22, 1940 – march 9, 2016) was a canadian country music singer-songwriter. he was from vancouver, british columbia. 
griff began songwriting in the early 1960s. griff moved to nashville in 1964 to pursue his music career full-time. his first records as a singer were released in the late 1960s. griff had his first hit, "patches", a remake of the clarence carter soul hit in 1970 which peaked at no. 26 in "billboard". 
griff recorded for the small country label royal american and later moved on to dot records without much success. his stint at capitol records from 1975-1979 was more successful, racking up eight more country top 40 hits, the most successful being 1976's "if i let her come in" which peaked at no. 11.
griff died in canada from pneumonia after going through surgery on march 9, 2016. he was aged 75.
naná vasconcelos (2 august 1944 – 9 march 2016) was a brazilian percussionist, vocalist and berimbau player. he was known for his work as a solo artist on over two dozen albums, he worked with pat metheny, don cherry, egberto gismonti, gato barbieri and milton nascimento. he was born in recife, brazil.
vasconcelos died in recife, brazil from lung cancer on 9 march 2016. he was aged 71.
richard davalos (november 5, 1930 – march 8, 2016) was an american actor. he was known for his roles as aaon tusk in "east of eden" and as blind dick in "cool hand luke". he was born in the bronx, new york. his career began in 1953. he retired in 2008.
davalos died on march 8, 2016 at a hospital in burbank, california. he was aged 85.
article seven of the united states constitution explains what needs to happen for the constitution to be approved. it says that nine states need to ratify the constitution before it takes effect. to ratify the constitution, a special group in each state called a convention would have to approve the constitution.
in simple english, this means: the approval of nine states' conventions will be enough to make this constitution official in those states. 
before the united states constitution was passed, the united states had another constitution called the articles of confederation. these articles made the united states into a confederation. the legislature of the confederation government was called the congress of the confederation.
after a few years, the founding fathers decided the united states needed a new constitution and a new form of government. they formed a group called the constitutional convention to write a new constitution. the group finished its final version of the constitution on september 17, 1787. three days later, the convention gave its suggested constitution to the congress of the confederation to get its support.
the congress debated a lot about the constitution. members of congress did not agree on whether congress should support the new constitution or not. on september 28, the congress came to a compromise. they decided just to give the states the constitution and let them vote on it. congress would not suggest that the states pass the constitution, or that they not pass it. this way, the decision would truly be up to the states; no state would be affected by congress's opinion.
in 1787 and 1788, there were debates across the united states about the suggested new constitution. each state's convention would have to vote on the constitution. for a state to ratify the constitution, more than half of the members of its convention would have to vote for the constitution.
on december 7, 1787, delaware became the first state to ratify the suggested constitution. all 30 of the members of its convention voted for the constitution.
on june 21, 1788, new hampshire became the ninth state to approve the constitution. now that nine states had ratified the constitution, it became the highest and most important law of the united states. the united states would have a new form of government, based on the ideas set out in the constitution.
four states are still left.
however, four states still had not approved the constitution. these states were virginia, new york, north carolina, and rhode island. if they did not approve the constitution, they would not be a part of the new government of the united states.
the congress of the confederation decided that the united states would start using the new constitution on march 4, 1789. before that day, virginia and new york ratified the constitution. however, when the first united states congress gathered on march 4 to form the new government, north carolina and rhode island still had not approved the constitution. after the new congress added the bill of rights to the constitution, though, north carolina and rhode island ratified the constitution.
order of approval.
the constitution was ratified by the states in this order:
roberto alfredo perfumo (3 october 1942 – 10 march 2016) was an argentine footballer and sports commentator. he was nicknamed "el mariscal". he was thought as one of the best argentine defenders ever. perfumo played for racing, river plate and brazilian team cruzeiro. with the national team, he played the 1966 and 1974 world cups.
perfumo died at 73 from a skull injury after falling from a stairway in buenos aires on 10 march 2016.
aldo ferrer (april 15, 1927 – march 8, 2016) was an argentine economist and policy maker. ferrer was one of the leading figures of economic nationalism in argentina. he served as minister of economy from 1970 through 1971. he later served as an ambassador to france from argentine. he served as ambassador from 2011 through 2013. he was born in buenos aires.
ferrer died in buenos aires on march 8, 2016. he was aged 88.
article six of the united states constitution says that the constitution, and any laws or treaties the united states might make, will be the most important laws in the united states. it also says that the united states will pay debts from before the constitution was written. finally, it says that members of the united states government have to swear that they will obey the constitution. however, they will never have to swear that they follow a certain religion.
before the united states constitution was written, the united states had another constitution called the articles of confederation. the articles made the states into a confederation.
the first part of article six says that the united states will still honor and pay all of its debts from before the constitution was written. the article says that "these debts are as valid against the united states under this constitution, as [they were] under the confederation [governed by the articles of confederation]."
the second clause of article six is often called the "supremacy clause." it says that these things are the "supreme" laws in the united states the most powerful and most important laws in the country:
because these laws are supreme:
for example, part of the constitution called the bill of rights gives people the right to freedom of religion. because the constitution is the supreme law of the land:
later in history.
a few supreme court decisions helped make the supremacy clause clearer.
the first important case was "marbury v. madison" (1803). in this case, the supreme court ruled that it had the power to review state courts' decisions, if those decisions seemed like they did not follow the supreme law. this power is called judicial review.
in "martin v. hunter's lessee" (1816), the united states supreme court ruled that it was more powerful than the state supreme courts. in the case, the virginia supreme court said that a united states supreme court decision was unconstitutional, and told all of the virginia state courts not to obey it. the united states supreme court ruled that it had the final say in legal issues that had to do with federal laws not the state courts. if a state court and the united states supreme court disagree, the supreme court is the supreme law of the land.
three years later, in "mcculloch v. maryland" (1819), the u.s. supreme court ruled that states cannot control federal institutions. the state of maryland had tried to tax a federal bank. the supreme court ruled that states cannot tax government property. this was another example of a case where the u.s. supreme court decided that the "supreme laws of the land" were more powerful than state laws or court decisions.
in 1824, the supreme court ruled on "gibbons v. ogden" (1824). the state of new york had given aaron ogden a monopoly over the steamboat business in the hudson river. however, thomas gibbons got the same power from a federal government permit. the supreme court decided that the federal permit was more powerful than the state monopoly. supreme court justice john marshall wrote: 
finally, in "reid v. covert" (1957), the u.s. supreme court ruled that no branch of the united states government can be given extra powers by a treaty, if those powers were not given to it by the constitution. this case showed that the constitution could even limit the power of treaties, and was truly the supreme law of the land.
the last part of article six is sometimes called the "no religious test clause."
this clause says that people have to swear to support the constitution if they are:
congress gets to decide the exact words in this oath to support the constitution. however, in this oath, they cannot require a "religious test." this means they cannot make a person swear that they follow a certain religion.
under this clause, congress may include the words "so help me god" in the oath. however, a person cannot be required to say those words. a person cannot be required to swear or say anything about religion in order to work for the united states government.
later in history.
during the 1960 presidential campaign, john f. kennedy was running for president. if he were elected, he would be the first catholic president ever. many people were unsure that americans should elect a catholic as president. this raised the question of whether americans not their government were requiring a "religious test" for their president. would they require that a president be a protestant in order to get elected? 
on september 12, 1960, kennedy talked about this issue directly in his :
kennedy won the election.
david stifler johnson (december 9, 1945 – march 8, 2016) was an american computer scientist. he was known for his works in algorithms and optimization. he was the head of the algorithms and optimization department of at&t labs research from 1988 to 2013. he was a visiting professor at columbia university from 2014 to 2016. he was awarded the 2010 knuth prize.
johnson died on march 8, 2016 at the age of 70.
alfred erich senn (april 12, 1932 – march 8, 2016) was an american professor of history. he worked at the university of wisconsin–madison. senn was born in madison, wisconsin. senn was the author of eight books. he taught about the history of lithuania.
senn died in madison, wisconsin at the age of 83.
william james "bill" wade (october 4, 1930 – march 9, 2016) was an american football quarterback. he played professionally in the national football league (nfl). he was thought as one of the greatest athletes in nashville and vanderbilt university history.
wade was a member of the tennessee sports hall of fame. he was best known for being the starting quarterback on the chicago bears' 1963 nfl championship team. he also played for the los angeles rams.
wade died in nashville, tennessee on march 9, 2016. he was aged 85.
rafiq azad (born rafiqul islam khan; february 14, 1942 – march 12, 2016) was a bangladeshi poet, editor and writer. he was born in tangail. he wrote over 45 collections of poetry including "prakriti o premer kabita, asambhaber paye, sahasra sundar, haturir nichae jiban, khub beshi durea noy, khamakaro bahaman hey udar amiyo batas" and others. he was a freedom fighter during the bangladesh liberation war of 1971. azad was called as one of the most important young poets in the post-liberation war period.
azad died in dhaka, bangladesh from a stroke on march 12, 2016. he was aged 74.
józsef verebes (23 march 1941 – 13 march 2016) was a hungarian football manager and player. he was born in budapest. verebes played for ferencvárosi tc from 1961 through 1962. he managed the hungary national football team in 1987.
on 15 october 2010, verebes became the coach of nagytétény se, competing in the budapest championship. verebes became the advisor of his former club rába eto in 2011.
verebes died in budapest from complications of a stroke at the age of 74.
martin olav sabo (february 28, 1938 – march 13, 2016) was an american politician. he was a member of the democratic-farmer-labor party (dfl). he served as a united states representative for , which includes minneapolis. he served as a representative from 1979 through 2007. 
sabo was born in crosby, north dakota. he studied at augsburg college. sabo died in minneapolis, minnesota from respiratory failure, aged 78.
iolanda balaș (, , later "balázs-sőtér jolán"; 12 december 1936 – 11 march 2016) was a romanian olympic athlete. she was a champion and former world record holder in the women's high jump. she was the first romanian woman to win an olympic gold medal and is considered to have been one of the greatest high jumpers of the twentieth century.
balaș was diagnosed several years ago with type ii diabetes. she died in bucharest, romania from complications from a gastric disorder, at the age of 79.
william alexander gadsby (august 8, 1927 – march 10, 2016) was a canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. he played for the chicago black hawks, new york rangers, and detroit red wings in the national hockey league. he was born in calgary, alberta.
gadsby died in farmington hills, michigan on march 10, 2016. he was aged 88.
ernestine anderson (november 11, 1928 – march 10, 2016) was an american jazz and blues singer. she recorded over 30 albums. she was nominated four times for a grammy award. 
she sung at carnegie hall, the kennedy center, the monterey jazz festival (six times over a 33-year span), as well as at jazz festivals all over the world. in the early 1990s she joined qwest records, the label of fellow garfield high school grad quincy jones. her career lasted for 60 years. anderson was born in houston, texas.
anderson died in her sleep in seattle, washington on march 10, 2016. she was aged 87.
claude estier (8 june 1925 – 10 march 2016), born claude hasday ezratty, was a french politician and journalist. he was deputy of paris in 1967-1968 and again in 1981-1986. he was then senator from 1986 to 2004 and was president of the socialist group in the senate from 1988 to 2004. in 1955 he joined the political redaction of le monde. he quit in 1958.
louis jay meyers (june 21, 1955 – march 11, 2016) was an american festival organizer and co-founder of south by southwest. he was born in austin, texas. meyers was the event’s primary music booker until he sold his share in the event after the 1994 conference. meyers was also an multi-instrumentalist and producer. from 2005 to 2013, meyers was executive director of folk alliance international.
meyers was admitted to a hospital in austin on march 10, 2016 and initially was diagnosed with blood clots. he then died of a suspected heart attack the next day at his home. he was aged 60.
myrtle audrey arinsberg (september 20, 1924 – march 10, 2016), known as gogi grant, was an american popular singer. she was best known for her no. 1 hit in 1956, "the wayward wind". she was voted the most popular female vocalist by "billboard" magazine. this single returned to the "billboard" hot 100 in 1961. she was born in philadelphia, pennsylvania. 
grant died on march 10, 2016 in philadelphia, aged 91. her death was announced by her son, joshua beckett. she also had a daughter, jeri brown.
jovito "jovy" reyes salonga (june 22, 1920 – march 10, 2016) was a filipino statesman and lawyer. he was known as a leading opposition leader during the regime of ferdinand marcos. he served as the opposition leader from 1972 until the people power revolution in 1986, which removed marcos from power. salonga was the 14th president of the senate of the philippines serving from 1987 to 1992.
salonga died in march 10, 2016 from cardiac arrest in quezon city. he was aged 95.
dragoslav "dragan" nikolić (; 20 august 1943 – 11 march 2016) was a serbian actor. he was born in belgrade. in 1967 he starred in the movie "kad budem mrtav i beo". nikolić has since appeared in many movies of different genres. he was one of the most well-known actors in serbian cinema. 
in 2000, he received the "pavle vuisić" award for his lifework. from 2011 to 2013, he was the television host on the serbian edition of quiz "millionaire".
nikolić died in belgrade from cancer at the age of 72.
romulo macció (1931 – 11 march 2016) was an argentine painter. he worked with the local avant-garde art movement which took shape during the 1960s. he was born in buenos aires. 
macció described much of the genteel portrait and landscape art available at that time as "pink chocolate." he was awarded the de ridder prize in 1959 and the torcuato di tella institute international prize in 1962. he helped create the neo-figurative movement that swept latin american art during the 1960s. 
macció died in buenos aires on 11 march 2016. he was aged 84.
lawrence van gelder (february 17, 1933 – march 11, 2016) was an american journalist and instructor. he has worked at several different new york city-based newspapers in his long career. he was born in new york city.
until 2010, he was senior editor of the arts and leisure weekly section of "the new york times" as well as a movie critic. among the newspapers for which van gelder has worked are the "new york daily mirror", the "new york journal-american" and the "world-journal-tribune".
gelder died of leiomyosarcoma (soft muscle cancer) on march 11, 2016, aged 83.
south gyeongsang is a province in south korea. it has cities including its capital changwon, gimhae, and sangju. south gyeongsang's governor is park wan-su.
in 1895, gyeongsang-do divided. in the south, the west was called jinju, and the east dongnae. in 1896, jinju and dongnae joined, making gyeongsangnam-do. in 1896 the provincial capital was jinju, but it changed to busan in 1925. in 1963, busan separated, so in 1983 the provincial capital moved to changwon. ulsan separated in 1997.
south gyeongsang's area is 10531.1km². it occupies 10.6% of south korea's whole area. south gyeongsang's area is the fourth largest of the 16 cities and provinces.
south gyeongsang's population is 3,364,695 and the population density is 307/km².
there are 8 cities and 10 counties in south gyeongsang.
aphelion might mean:
the sikorsky s-76 is an american helicopter. it is used both by civil and military aviation.
the fairey hendon is the first british bomber built in metal. it was designed for night flight. it was used only by the raf.
the saxony-anhalt state election was held on 13 march 2016 in the german state of saxony-anhalt for the next composition of the parliament of saxony-anhalt. the incumbent governor is reiner haseloff of the cdu, governing with the spd.
the only realistic possibility would be a coalition government of the cdu, spd and the greens. together, they would have a 2-seat majority . other combinations (such as the cdu and the left or cdu and afd) are highly unlikely. the stark differences among the parties will make it harder for negotiations to create a coalition.
polls before the election.
the reference for the polls is wahlrecht.de.
the north american aviation a3j vigilante is an american reconnaissance and attack aircraft. it served with us navy onto aircraft carrier. after september 1962 a3j vigilante began a-5 vigilante.
ratified on january 23, 1933, the twentieth amendment (amendment xx) to the united states constitution moved the beginning and ending of the terms of the president and vice president from march 4 to january 20. it moved the start and end dates for members of congress from march 1 to january 21. in both cases the start and end time is at noon. it also gives the procedure to follow if for some reason there is no president-elect.
in the later part of the eighteenth century, when the constitution was written, travel and communications were both very slow by modern standards. to cross the atlantic ocean could take several weeks. traveling by horseback or by carriage on crude roads in the us could take even longer. communications were mainly by letter or messenger. for these reasons the framers of the constitution allowed for the longer periods of time it took to send and receive messages. four months, the time from the election in november to the swearing-in in march, was necessary at the time.
by the 1930s, a railroad passenger could cross the country in 3 days. the post office had been using airmail since 1918. but vastly improved travel times and communications were not the only reasons behind the twentieth amendment. the joint resolution calling for the amendment was sponsored by republican senator george william norris of nebraska. called the "lame duck" amendment, it acquired this name because norris wanted to eliminate the lame-duck sessions of congress where outgoing members still held office and voted on bills for several months before the new members could be sworn in. the bill he wrote applied to both houses of congress, the offices of president and vice-president.
another area the amendment addressed was with the succession of the president if the president-elect died before taking office. it provides for the vice-president elect to become the president-elect and take office on january 20. the amendment also give congress the power to legislate on other issues dealing with the succession of the president.
effects of the twentieth amendment.
the sessions of congress between the election and the beginning of a new term are called "lame duck" sessions because members of congress who were voted out of office still attend and can still vote. originally the term "lame duck" was a financial term meaning those who could not repay a loan. as used in politics, a representative who lost an election was no longer accountable to the voters. as the framers of the twentieth amendment saw it, lame duck representatives should not be able to vote since voters had already rejected their views. the twentieth amendment only shortened the lame duck period by six weeks. between 1933 and 2012, 18 lame-duck sessions of congress have passed laws. 
noura ghazi (نورة غازي) also noura ghazi al-safadi ( نورة غازي الصفدي ) was born september 30 1981 in damascus, syria. she is a syrian lawyer. her husband, bassel disappeared in syria in 2014.
ghazi's father was an activist for workers. when ghazi was five years old, her father was sent to prison by the supreme court of state security. noura ghazi studied law at damascus university.
ghazi became a human rights lawyer in 2004. she defends people who are in jail because they are prisoners of conscience in syria.
ghazi's husband bassel khartabil (arabic: باسل خرطبيل‎), or bassel safadi (arabic: باسل صفدي‎), a syrian-palestinian who wrote open-source software, was arrested on march 15, 2012. they were married at adra prison on january 7, 2013.
while bassel was in prison, from 2012-2015, ghazi wrote a book about him called "waiting". bassel translated the book into english.
the preamble to the united states constitution is a brief introduction to the constitution's purposes and guiding principles. it provides the founding fathers' intentions for creating the constitution and what they hoped the constitution would achieve. it was added to the constitution as an afterthought and was not discussed on the floor of the constitutional convention nor was it voted on. gouverneur morris, one of the writers of the constitution, wrote and added it at the last moment. the preamble itself did not have any legal meaning. the supreme court upheld this view in "jacobson v. massachusetts" (1905).
we the people.
"we the people" means all of the citizens of the united states.
the first few words of the preamble "we the people of the united states" were very different than any treaty or law the united states had ever written before. for example, the united states' first constitution, the articles of confederation, describes itself as "articles of confederation and perpetual union between the states," and then gives a list of all thirteen states. the treaties the united states had signed were the same. they were agreements between states, not people.
at the time, gouverneur morris chose to write "we the people" instead of saying "we the united states of..." and then listing all thirteen states. first of all, article seven of the constitution said that only nine states had to approve the constitution for it to take effect. at the time, nobody knew which states would ratify the constitution and which would not. because of this, the preamble could not list all thirteen states as if they had all already agreed. also, if other states joined the united states later, it would be impossible to add their names to the list. for these reasons, the preamble had to start with "we the people."
the words "we the people" turned into a strong statement that this new government was made by the people of the united states, to benefit the people of the united states. when virginia's delegates were debating the constitution, governor edmund randolph pointed out: "the government is for the people; and the [problem] was, that the people had no [power] in the government before." if the people are going to have to follow the government, he said, should not the people be the ones to create that government?
in order to form a more perfect union.
"in order to form a more perfect union" is a concept most likely based on "commentaries on the laws of england" by sir william blackstone. it was widely read at the time and many of the framers were students of his work. blackstone stated the constitution of england was perfect, but steadily improving. the phrase "a more perfect union" simply meant a better one than any before the constitution.
before the government based on the constitution, the united states was based on the articles of confederation. however, had very little power as a federal government. they did not give the united states government enough power for the country to work and grow. every state was for itself, instead of working cooperatively. sometimes they acted like thirteen separate countries that would only come together if another country attacked them.
"establish justice" meant to establish the rule of law. it meant that everyone was equal before the law with no distinction between the status or wealth of a person. with their new government, the founding fathers wanted to establish (create) justice and fairness. when the british empire governed the american colonies, the colonists did not think the government was fair. for example, parliament would decide that the colonists had to pay taxes on items like stamps and things that were made in other countries. the colonists did not have any say in this.
even after the united states became independent, many of the founding fathers thought that the states had too much power under the articles of confederation. they thought the states had taken away people's rights.
for example, during the shays' rebellion in springfield, massachusetts, the state of massachusetts:
insure domestic tranquility.
shays' rebellion was still fresh in the minds of the framers. it cause many to fear the spirit of the american revolutionary war might be getting out of hand. there was a need to keep peace in the new country
just five years after the articles of confederation were ratified in 1781, many americans were unhappy with the articles. many of the founding fathers thought that the articles had made the united states government too weak. shays' rebellion made it very clear that the national government under the articles of confederation was not strong enough. daniel shays, a veteran of the american revolutionary war, led the rebel farmers trying to overthrow the massachusetts government. the farmers had formed an entire army, which neither the state or federal governments had enough soldiers or money to fight. in desperation massachusetts offered to pay for a private army to fight the rebellion. finally, in 1787, that private army defeated the rebels.pp. 84–86
john jay, one of the founding fathers, said that after the united states government could not pay for soldiers to defend against any armed rebellion: "the inefficiency of the federal government [became] more and more [obvious]." another founding father, henry knox, said that shays' rebellion convinced many people that the united states needed a stronger federal government.p. 127 the rebellion made it clear that the states were not protected, and if they were attacked, they would be on their own. 
provide for the common defense.
"provide for the common defense" meant the framers were well aware that independence from great britain did not mean they were secure. british canada to the north was still full of angry loyalists. to the west were unknown numbers of hostile native american tribes. farther west was the vast louisiana territory held by france. to the south the spanish held florida. worse, these powers were fighting a series of wars in europe that affected much of north america. the framers knew america needed to protect itself. providing for the common defence meant the new government would make sure all of the states were protected and defended if attacked.
promote the general welfare.
"promote the general welfare" is the basic goal of all governments. it was the main reason for having a constitution.
in general, this part of the preamble means that one of the new government's jobs would be to make things better for the whole country. specifically, this part of the preamble has to do with the government's powers to tax people and spend money. it means that the new government will only have the power to tax and spend on things that are good for the entire country. the government will not be allowed to spend money on things that will be good for only a part of the country, or only some people in the country.
for example, of the constitution gives congress the power to tax people and spend money on creating post offices and building roads for mail carriers to use. congress can do this because post offices will "promote the general welfare"—everybody in the country will benefit from being able to send and get mail.
secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity.
"secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity" was important since many had come to america from places with little political or religious freedom. this phrase demonstrates the intent of the new government to protect the newly-won freedoms and protect against a tyrannical government.
however, the articles of confederation were all about the states' rights. at that time, many people were afraid of having a federal government that was too strong. these people were called anti-federalists. they included some of the founding fathers, like patrick henry and james monroe. the anti-federalists worried that a strong federal government could become tyrannical and take away the rights of individual states, like they thought the british colonial government had done. they also worried that a government ruled by a president might turn into a monarchy, where the president would become a king and have total power. because of these worries, the articles of confederation talked all about states' rights, and not about individual people's rights. the framers wanted to establish these rights for the people of the united states and their "posterity" meaning all the generations of americans who would follow.
do ordain and establish this constitution for the united states of america.
"do ordain and establish this constitution for the united states of america" is perhaps the strongest statement in the preamble. it says in effect that the people made the constitution and it is the people who give it power.
the preamble to the united states constitution, is the beginning of the constitution. it is not a law. instead, it talks about the founding fathers' reasons for writing the constitution, and what they hope the constitution will do.
thelma aldana or thelma esperanza aldana hernández de lópez (born september 27, 1955), is a guatemalan lawyer. she became a judge in the supreme court in 2009. she was elected president of the supreme court from 2011 to 2011. in 2013 she replaced claudia paz y paz as guatemala’s attorney general.
aldana graduated from the university of san carlos in guatemala. she has a master's degree in civil and procedural law.
courts for violence against women.
in 2011, when she was president of the supreme court, aldana started special courts in guatemala for femicide cases. killing women, and violence against women became a crime in guatemala. eleven districts now have the special courts. judges and police officers receive special gender crime training. every year there are 56,000 reports of violence against women.
in 2015 aldana led an investigation into government corruption. as a result, the president of guatemala resigned.
jayasinghe rajapakse mohottige don suranimala rajapaksha (sinhala:සුරනිමල රාජපක්ෂ) (5 january 1949 – 14 march 2016) was a sri lankan politician. he was first elected to the parliament of sri lanka in 1994. he was the minister of school education in republic socialist of sri lanka in 2001 to 2004. he was a member of the united national party (unp) and a member of unp working committee. he was appointed as the coordinating secretary to the prime minister ranil wickremasinghe on 27 january 2015.
rajapaksha died on 14 march 2016 at a hospital in colombo, sri lanka from renal failure. he was aged 67.
doreen barbara massey frsa fba facss (3 january 1944 – 11 march 2016) was a british social scientist and geographer. she was working among others on topics involving marxist geography, feminist geography, and cultural geography. her work on space, place and power has been highly helpful within a range of related disciplines and research fields. she served as emeritus professor of geography at the open university.
massey died on 11 march 2016 from pancreatic cancer. she was aged 72.
hilary whitehall putnam (july 31, 1926 – march 13, 2016) was an american philosopher, mathematician, and computer scientist. he was a central figure in analytic philosophy from the 1960s. he worked in philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, philosophy of mathematics, and philosophy of science. until his death, putnam was cogan university professor emeritus at harvard university.
putnam was born in chicago, illinois. he studied at harvard university, at university of pennsylvania and at the university of california, los angeles. putnam died on march 13, 2016 from mesothelioma at his home in boston, massachusetts. he was aged 89.
david joseph walsh (28 april 1923 – 14 march 2016), commonly referred to as davy walsh or dave walsh, was an irish footballer. he was born in waterford, ireland.
he played as a centre forward for, among others, linfield, west bromwich albion and aston villa. walsh was a dual international. he played for both ireland teams – the fai xi and the ifa xi. 
in 1949, he was a member of the fai xi that defeated england 2–0 at goodison park, becoming the first team to beat england at home.
walsh died on 14 march 2016 from pneumonia in dublin, ireland. he was aged 92.
san francisco is a combined city/county in the u.s. state of california.
san francisco may also refer to:
sergio arellano stark (10 june 1921 – 9 march 2016) was a chilean military officer. he led the so-called “caravan of death". it killed many chileans from helicopters and established augusto pinochet’s hold on power. he was born in santiago, chile.
stark died in santiago, chile on 9 march 2016 from complications of alzheimer's disease. he was aged 94.
martha wright, born martha lucile wiederrecht (march 23, 1923 – march 1, 2016), was an american actress and singer. she performed on broadway and on television. she was in "south pacific" and "the sound of music". 
wright died at the age of 92 in newburyport, massachusetts on march 1, 2016.
thomas gayle morris (august 20, 1919 – march 4, 2016) was an american politician. he was born in eastland county, texas. morris served in the new mexico house of representatives from 1953 to 1958. he was elected as a democrat to the united states house of representatives in 1958. morris began serving on january 3, 1959, and left office january 3, 1969, after being defeated for re-election.
morris died in amarillo, texas on march 4, 2016 at the age of 96.
morgan francis murphy (april 16, 1932 – march 4, 2016) was an american politician. he was born in chicago, illinois. he was a member of the united states house of representatives representing illinois's 2nd district. he served from 1973 through 1981. he replaced abner j. mikva. he later served as a u.s. representative for illinois's 3rd district. he served from 1971 through 1973.
murphy died in chicago, illinois from prostate cancer on march 4, 2016. he was aged 83.
article five of the united states constitution outlines how the constitution can be changed. changes to the constitution are called constitutional amendments.
article five also says that there are certain clauses, or parts, of article one of the constitution that could not be amended right away. these clauses are explained in the "protected clauses" section.
before the constitution was approved, the united states was covered by its first constitution, the articles of confederation.
under the articles of confederation, amendments had to be approved by a unanimous vote in all 13 state legislatures. not only did every state legislature have to agree on the amendment. if a single state senator or representative in the country disagreed with an amendment, the amendment would fail. this made it basically impossible to get any amendments passed.
when the founding fathers wrote article five, they were trying to make sure changing the constitution was not too hard, but not too easy either. james madison later explained that the amendment process in the constitution "guards equally against that extreme facility which would render the constitution too mutable; and that extreme difficulty which might perpetuate its discovered faults."
in simple english, madison meant that the amendment process protects equally against:
step 1: proposing an amendment.
there are two steps in the process for changing the constitution. the first step is proposing (formally suggesting) an amendment. article five of the constitution allows this to be done in two different ways.
the first way is the most common way. any member of congress can suggest an amendment. however, two-thirds (67%) of both the united states senate and the united states house of representatives have to agree that the amendment is needed. if this happens, the proposed amendment moves to step 2 in the process.
as of 2020, the second way has never been used. however, it exists to protect the rights of the state legislatures. if two-thirds of the state legislatures ask them to, congress has to call a constitutional convention. delegates would come to the convention from each state. the constitutional convention could propose as many amendments as they wanted to. all of the amendments they proposed would move to step 2 in the process.
at first, when the founding fathers were writing the constitution, they were only going to give congress the power to propose amendments. however, some of the founders, like alexander hamilton and james madison, worried that this gave congress too much power. madison and hamilton re-wrote article five to add the second option for proposing an amendment, and the rest of the founders agreed. adding the second option helped make sure the states had power too the power to propose amendments if enough of their legislatures agreed.
step 2: ratifying the amendment.
step 2 starts when an amendment has been proposed, either by congress or by a constitutional convention. the proposed amendment now has to be ratified. like with step 1, article five gives two choices for how an amendment can be ratified. congress gets to choose which way to use.
congress has almost always chosen the first way: letting the state legislatures ratify the amendment. if three-fourths (75%) of the state legislatures ratify the amendment, it becomes part of the constitution.
the second option is for congress to ask each state to create a "ratifying convention." this is a group of people not members of the state legislature who would decide whether or not to ratify the amendment. if ratifying conventions in three-fourths of the states ratify the amendment, it becomes part of the constitution.
congress has only used the second option once: after it proposed the 21st amendment. (this amendment cancelled the 18th amendment, which made alcohol illegal in the united states. the 21st amendment made alcohol legal again.)
at the time, congress thought that this would be the more democratic option. a large majority of the people in the united states wanted the 21st amendment to pass. however, congress thought the state legislators would refuse to pass the amendment because of pressure from powerful groups that were against alcohol. in other words, congress did not think that the state legislatures would vote the way the people of the united states would want. this example shows why the founding fathers included the "ratifying convention" option in the amendment process. if the state legislatures get too powerful, or do not represent what the people who elected them want, the people have the power to pass amendments too.
between 1789 and december 16, 2014:
article five protects two clauses in article one from being amended until 1808. these clauses are:
article five also puts one absolute limit on constitutional amendments. it completely protects section 3, clause 1 of article one. this clause says that every state will have the same number of united states senators. it does not set a time limit on how long this clause is protected for. it just says: "no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the senate." as of 1808, when the protections on the other two clauses expired, this is the only limit that the constitution puts on suggested amendments. any amendment, about anything else, could be suggested.
separation of powers.
article five gives all of the power for creating constitutional amendments to the legislative branch: the united states congress and the state legislatures. the president of the united states cannot amend the constitution. he has no part in the process of changing the constitution. the united states supreme court confirmed this in a 1798 case called "hollingsworth v. virginia". in its decision, the court wrote: "[t]he president ... has nothing to do with the proposition, or adoption, of amendments to the constitution." however, the supreme court cannot create an amendment either.
this is an example of the separation of powers (also called "checks and balances") that the founding fathers built into the new american government. if the president or the supreme court could change the constitution any time they wanted to, they would have too much power. one person (or nine supreme court justices) could make decisions that would affect every american.
checks and balances in article five.
instead, the founders gave the job of creating constitutional amendments to the legislative branch. by requiring that two-thirds of both houses of congress, and three-quarters of the states, approve of every constitutional amendment, they made sure that there would have to be a lot of debate, compromise, and thought before an amendment was approved. also, because so many legislators have to approve every amendment, it is very difficult for small "special interest" groups (like people who only care about a certain part of the country, or a certain issue) cannot control the vote.
the founders even put checks and balances on the legislative branch's powers. if congress gets too powerful, the states can make it call a constitutional convention. if the states get too powerful, ordinary americans can vote on a constitutional amendment through ratifying conventions. as a legal scholar wrote later: "the ratification of the twenty-first amendment [by ratifying conventions] might be called one of the most democratic moments in american history. ... almost all voters in america had the unprecedented opportunity to [support] or condemn a federal constitutional amendment directly. ... the conventions ratified the choices of the people without fail."pp. 27–28
almost right away, the amendments process became very important. north carolina and rhode island refused to ratify the constitution without a bill of rights. this meant they would not be a part of the new united states government. in 1789, james madison wrote the bill of rights. they were ratified together, as the first ten amendments to the constitution, in 1791. having a bill of rights convinced north carolina and rhode island to ratify the constitution.
the amendments process set out in article five has allowed for many other important amendments to be added to the constitution. for example, these amendments have included:
if article five had made the constitution too hard to change, african-american people might still be slaves, and women might still not have the right to vote.
article two of the united states constitution creates the executive branch of the united states government. the executive branch includes the president; the vice president; the cabinet; executive departments, like the department of state; independent agencies, like the central intelligence agency (cia); and other things like committees and commissions.
section 1: president and vice president.
clause 1: executive power.
section one begins by giving federal executive power to the president only. this is part of the separation of powers that the founding fathers built into the constitution. to prevent any part of the government from getting too powerful, they split the power between three branches. this clause gives executive power to the president. another clause in article one of the constitution gives federal legislative (law-making) power to the united states congress only. a third clause in article three gives judiciary power to the federal courts. no branch is allowed to do a job that the constitution has given to another branch. for example, the president cannot make laws; that is the legislature's job.
this clause says the president is the head of the executive branch. it also mentions the vice president, though the constitution does not give him any executive powers. however, the constitution does say that the president and vice president must be elected at the same time, for the same term (amount of time), and by the same constituency. the founding fathers wanted to make sure the executive branch would survive, and stay independent, if the vice president had to become the president.
clause 2: method of choosing electors.
under the u.s. constitution, the president and vice president are chosen by electors. the constitution allows each state legislature to decide how they will choose electors. since the 1820s, state legislatures have usually chosen electors through an indirect popular vote. this means that people in the state will get to vote on which electors they want. the ballot that people use to vote will have the electors' names on it. usually, it will also say what presidential and vice presidential candidates they plan to support. this allows the people to choose electors who support the candidates they like.
each state has two united states senators and a certain number of united states representatives representing them in congress. (the number of representatives depends on how many people live in the state.) each state gets a number of electors that is equal to the number of members of congress the state has. (for example, if a state has 2 senators and 10 representatives, they have 12 total members of congress, so they get 12 electors.)
the only people who cannot be electors are senators, representatives, and federal officers. this is meant to make sure that the electoral college is made up of regular americans, not politicians.
clause 3: electors.
this clause talks about electors and how they choose a president. once they are chosen, the electors meet in their states to vote for the president and vice president. originally, candidates only ran for president; there were no candidates for vice president. each elector voted for two different candidates for president. they had to vote for at least one candidate who did not live in the elector's home state. the candidate who got more than half of the votes became president. the candidate who got the next highest number of votes (the second-place winner) became vice president.
this clause gives instructions for several possible problems:
the twelfth amendment changed this process in a few ways:
clause 4: election day.
article two allows congress to set a national election day.
clause 5: qualifications for office.
this clause simply means that to be president, a person must meet three requirements:
if a person does not meet all of these requirements, they cannot be president.
two later amendments changed these rules about who can be president and vice president:
clause 6: vacancy and disability.
this clause talks about the possibility that the presidency might become "vacant". this might happen because:
if the presidency becomes vacant, the vice president becomes president. if the vice president is "also" unable to be president, congress can decide who will become president. whoever takes over the presidency will act as president until the actual president gets better (if he is sick or disabled), or until a president is elected in the next presidential election.
congress has come up with a "line of succession" a list of the people who would become president, and in what order, if both the presidency and vice presidency became vacant. as of 2016, the order is: the speaker of the house of representatives; the president "pro tempore" of the senate; and then the fifteen cabinet secretaries, in order of when their departments were first created.
this clause was partially changed by the twenty-fifth amendment in 1967. that amendment creates a process for filling a vacancy in the office of the vice president. it also says that the vice president can become acting president (temporary president) if:
if the president declares himself unable to discharge his duties, he can take the presidency back at any time. for example, in 2002, george w. bush became the first president to formally use the disability clause. he gave power to his vice president for about two hours while he had a medical test which required anesthesia. once he felt ready to be president again, bush took back the presidency.
if the vice president and the cabinet say a president is unable to do his job, the president can still try to take control back. however, if the vice president and the cabinet still think the president cannot do his job, they can challenge the president's return. if two-thirds of both the house and senate agree, the president is declared unable to discharge his duties and the vice president stays in control of the presidency.
clause 7: salary.
this means the president can receive a salary. however, the salary cannot be changed during the president's four-year term in office. also, the president cannot receive any other salary, either from the federal government, or from any state government.
clause 8: oath or affirmation.
before he becomes president, clause 8 requires the new president to take an oath, promising that he will do his best as president, and will also do his best to protect and defend the constitution. usually, the chief justice of the united states gives the oath ("swears in" the new president) at the president's inauguration.
section 2: presidential powers.
section 2 talks about the powers that article two grants to the president.
clause 1: command of military; opinions of cabinet secretaries; pardons.
the constitution gives the president the most powers in areas that have to do with national security and protecting the country.
the president is the military's commander-in-chief. however, as part of the system of checks and balances in the constitution, article one says that only congress can declare war. still, the president can take actions like sending soldiers to certain places without needing congress's approval, or a declaration of war.
the president may ask the "principal (head) officer" of any executive department to give him advice in writing. the constitution actually does not require a formal cabinet. however, america's first president, george washington, organized his principal offices into a cabinet, and every president has done the same since.
the president may grant pardons or reprieves to people who were convicted of crimes (except when the person was impeached). a "reprieve" cancels or changes a punishment for example, changing a death sentence to a sentence of life in prison.
clause 2: advice and consent clause.
this part of section 2 is called the "advice and consent clause". it gives the president powers, but he has to use them with the "advice and consent" (agreement) of the senate. this is another example of checks and balances in the constitution.
here, the constitution gives the president the power to make treaties with other countries. however, two-thirds of the senators must agree with the treaty for it to take effect. if two-thirds of the senate does not agree with the treaty, it is not approved, and there is nothing the president can do about it.
the constitution does not say how the united states can "end" a treaty. since the constitution has passed, the government has done this in a few ways. in 1798, the first time the government wanted to end a treaty (the 1778 treaty of alliance with france), congress passed a law ending the treaty. other times, in the 1800s, a few presidents ended treaties after congress asked them to. the first time a president ended a treaty without congress's approval was in the 1970s, when president jimmy carter ended a treaty with the republic of china. in a lawsuit called "goldwater v. carter", members of congress asked the supreme court to clarify whether a president could end a treaty on his own. the supreme court could not agree on a decision, and the case was dismissed (ended without a decision).
the president may also choose judges, ambassadors, consuls (diplomats), ministers, and other officers; but again, he needs the advice and consent of the senate.
if congress chooses, it can let the president, heads of executive departments, or the courts appoint less important officials on their own, without needing congress's approval.
once the senate gives advice and consent to the president (approves the president's choice for a job), and that person is given the job, the senate cannot go back and change its mind. it cannot take away its advice and consent once the person gets the job.
however, after the senate grants advice and consent, the president "can" change his mind, and decide not to give the job to the person he nominated.
it is not clear whether the president can fire a person who was hired with the advice and consent of the senate. congress has limited this power many times. for example, during the reconstruction era, president andrew johnson wanted to fire people that congress had approved. congress passed a law saying he could not do that, but jackson ignored the law. later, congress impeached him, but the senate did not convict him.
a supreme court case called "bowsher v. synar" (1986) decided that congress can fire a person it approved. congress can do this by repealing the law that gave the president permission to appoint that person.
clause 3: recess appointments.
clause 3 has to do with senate recesses (times when the senate is not meeting). in the past, fast transportation was not available, and it could take a long time for members of congress to get to washington, d.c. because of this, congress would usually meet only during planned "sessions," so everyone would have time to get there. after the planned sessions were over, the senate would go into recess, and all the senators would go home.
during senate recesses, the president may appoint officers to stand in for the missing senators. however, these officers are temporary, and their permission to act as senators expire (end) when the senate finishes its next session.
section 3: presidential responsibilities.
clause 1: state of the union.
clause 1 of section 3 is called the "state of the union clause". it says that "from time to time," the president must give congress information on the "state of the union." ("state of the union" basically means "the situation in the united states.")
originally, presidents personally delivered state of the union addresses to congress every year. thomas jefferson thought this was too much like a king speaking from a throne. instead, he would send congress written messages, and clerks (assistants) would read them. other presidents did the same for over 100 years, until president woodrow wilson went back to speaking in front of congress. every president since wilson has kept doing that .
the purpose of the state of the union is to make sure the president shares information with congress, as well as the entire country. this information helps congress decide whether anything is happening that they need to pass laws for. it also lets the people in the country know what is happening in their government.
clause 2: making recommendations to congress.
the president has the power to suggest to congress anything he thinks is "necessary [needed] and expedient [appropriate]". this is called the "recommendation clause".
the recommendation clause is another part of the checks and balances in the constitution. the president cannot just do anything he thinks is needed; he has to get congress's approval. if the president gives recommendations to congress, congress can approve them. however, if the president gives no suggestions to congress, congress has no power to force him to.
also, just by asking congress, the president shows that he respects them as equals, and is not more powerful or important than they are, like a king would be. one scholar explains: "the recommendation clause empowers the president to represent the people before congress, by recommending measures for the reform of government, for the general welfare, or for the redress of grievances [for problems to be fixed]."p. 43
clause 3: calling congress into extraordinary session; adjourning congress.
clause 3 gives the president the right to call one or both houses of congress "on extraordinary occasions." this clause is meant to allow the government to act quickly in case a major emergency comes up when congress is not in session. if the two houses of congress cannot agree on a date for when to adjourn a special session, the president may adjourn both houses whenever he thinks it is appropriate.
presidents have called extraordinary sessions 27 times in history to deal with crises like wars or emergencies with the economy. the last time this happened was in 1948, when president harry s truman called a special session to try to get civil rights, social security, and health care laws passed.
after airplane travel became common around the 1950s, congress began meeting year-round. since that time, no president has had to call a special session.
clause 4: receiving foreign representatives.
the president receives (greets and hosts) all foreign ambassadors. this clause of the constitution is called the "reception clause".
clause 5: caring for the faithful execution of the law.
the president must "take care that the laws be faithfully executed [used and followed]." this clause in the constitution is sometimes called the "take care clause", the "faithful execution clause," or the "faithfully executed clause".
this clause gives the president power, limits, and a duty, all at the same time:pp. 3–4
supreme court cases have focused on the duties and limits the take care clause puts on the president. for example:
clause 6: officers' commissions.
the president commissions "all the officers of the united states." (this means he gives these officers the power to do their jobs.) these include officers in both the military and foreign service (people who work for the united states government in other countries, like ambassadors). however, article one of the constitution, section 8, gives each state the power to appoint officers in their own militias.
section 4: impeachment.
the constitution also allows some government officials to be removed from office (fired). the president, vice president, cabinet secretaries, and other executive officers, as well as judges, may be impeached by the house of representatives, and then tried in the senate.
anyone who is convicted by impeachment is fired immediately. the senate may also choose to prevent the person from holding any federal office in the future. these are the only punishments that an impeachment proceeding can give. however, the person can still be tried for civil and criminal charges in the courts, and punished if they are found guilty.
impeachment is a power that only congress has. in "nixon v. united states" (1993), the supreme court ruled that even they cannot review or change the senate's decision in an impeachment trial. its impeachment powers give congress a way to make sure that no executive officials or judges are getting corrupt.
"high crimes and misdemeanors".
the constitution says clearly that officials can be impeached for treason or bribery. but it does not say exactly what "high crimes and misdemeanors" includes or does not include. "high crimes" is a phrase from old british law that means crimes committed by people with political power. however, in british history, "high crimes and misdemeanors" could include many different things (even losing a ship by not tying it up). after the constitution was written, alexander hamilton explained in "the federalist papers" what kind of causes for impeachment the founders had in mind: "offences which [come] from the abuse or violation of some public trust. [they cause] injuries done immediately to the society itself."
congress has made the meaning of "high crimes and misdemeanors" clearer by who they have chosen to impeach, and why. since the constitution was ratified, the house of representatives has impeached 18 people - mostly judges, but also two presidents. all but three of these 18 were impeached for crimes other than treason or bribery. for example:
a dissenting opinion (or dissent) is an opinion in a legal case. it is written by one or more judges expressing disagreement with the majority opinion of the court. in some cases, they simply declare a disagreement with the majority opinion. in other cases they may be used to instruct, prod, or otherwise try to convince other justices of the point of view expressed by the minority.
when not necessarily referring to a legal decision, this can also be referred to as a minority report.
dissenting opinions are normally written at the same time as the majority opinion and any concurring opinions. they are also delivered and published at the same time. a dissenting opinion does not create binding precedent nor does it become a part of case law. however, they can sometimes be cited as a form of persuasive authority in subsequent cases when arguing that the court's holding should be limited or overturned. in some cases, a previous dissent is used to spur a change in the law. a later case may result in a majority opinion adopting a particular rule of law formerly advocated in dissent. as with concurring opinions, the difference in opinion between dissents and majority opinions can often highlight the precise holding of the majority opinion. chief justice charles evans hughes stated in 1936: "a dissent in a court of last resort is an appeal".
the dissent may disagree with the majority for any number of reasons: a different interpretation of the existing case law, the application of different principles, or a different interpretation of the facts. 
in law, a legal opinion is usually a written explanation by a judge or group of judges that accompanies an order or ruling in a case. legal opinions may also be written by legal experts. a legal opinion is used to lay out the rationale (reasons for) and legal principles for the ruling.
opinions are usually published at the direction of the court. they may be used to reinforce, explain, change, establish, or overturn legal precedent. if a court decides that an opinion should be published, the opinion is included in a volume from a series of books called law reports or case reports. published opinions of courts are also collectively referred to as case law, which is one of the major sources of law in common law legal systems.
a judicial opinion is a form of legal opinion written by a judge or a panel of judges explaining how they resolved a legal dispute. it cites the decision reached to resolve the dispute. a judicial opinion usually includes the reasons behind the decision. where there are three or more judges, it may take the form of a majority opinion, minority opinion or a concurring opinion.
in law, a concurring opinion is a written opinion by one or more judges of a court which agrees with the decision made by the majority of the court, but states different (or additional) reasons for the decision. it may also be used to add comments. when no absolute majority of the court can agree on the basis for deciding the case, the decision of the court may be contained in a number of concurring opinions. the concurring opinion joined by the greatest number of judges is called the plurality opinion.
having failed to receive a majority of the court's votes, concurring opinions are not binding precedent (common law) and cannot be cited as such. but concurring opinions can sometimes be cited as a form of persuasive precedent (assuming there is no binding precedent already in effect). the conflict in views between a majority opinion and a concurring opinion can assist a lawyer in understanding the points of law in the majority opinion. occasionally, a judge will use a concurring opinion to signal that he or she is open to certain types of "test cases" that would allow the development of a new legal rule. in turn, such a concurring opinion may become more famous than the majority opinion in the same case. a well-known example of this phenomenon is "escola v. coca-cola bottling co." (1944).
concurring opinions by region.
in some courts, such as the supreme court of the united states, the majority opinion may be broken down into numbered or lettered parts. concurring justices may state that they join some parts of the majority opinion, but not others, for the reasons given in their concurring opinion. in other courts, such as the supreme court of california, the same justice may write a majority opinion "and" a separate concurring opinion to express additional reasons in support of the judgment
in law, seriatim (latin for "in series") indicates that a court is addressing multiple issues in a certain order, such as the order that the issues were originally presented to the court.
a seriatim opinion describes an opinion delivered by a court with multiple judges, in which each judge reads his or her own opinion rather than a single judge writing an opinion on behalf of the entire court. this is a practice generally used when a legal case does not have a majority opinion.
use of the word, and other latin phrases, has become less frequent in legal communications as a result of, among other factors, efforts by groups such as the plain language movement to promote the use of "plain english" in legal discourse.
in the united kingdom.
in modern use pleadings is used for "one by one in sequence". for example, in english civil cases, defence statements generally used to conclude with the phrase "save as expressly admitted herein, each allegation of the plaintiffs is denied as if set out in full and traversed herein "seriatim"." this formulation is now discouraged under the english civil procedure rules, especially rule 16.5 (3)-(5).
it is sometimes seen in older deeds and contracts as a more traditional way of using terms of reference. for example "the railway by-laws shall apply to the contract as if set out herein "seriatim"." it is sometimes found as part of the longer phrase "brevatim et seriatim", meaning "briefly and in series".
the term is also used when replying to a communication that contains a number of points, issues or questions to show that the responses are in the same order in which they were raised in the original document: "to deal with your queries seriatim..."
in the united states.
during the supreme court under chief justice marshall, 1801 to 1835, the practice of judicial opinions being delivered in seriatim was discontinued.
in 2009, title iii, rule 15(a)(1) of the u.s. federal rules of civil procedure regarding amended and supplemental pleadings (part of pretrial procedure) was amended to allow three changes in the time previously allowed to make one change. 
this provision will force the pleader to consider carefully and promptly the wisdom of amending to meet the arguments in the motion... and will expedite determination of issues that otherwise might be raised "seriatim".
the right to make changes now ends 21 days after service of a motion.
in law, a memorandum opinion is usually an unpublished legal opinion that cannot be cited as precedent. it is formally defined as: "[1] unanimous appellate opinion that succinctly states the decision of the court; an opinion that briefly reports the court's conclusion, usu. without elaboration because the decision follows a well-established legal principle or does not relate to any point of law." there is no elaboration or explanation because the decision either follows a well-known legal principle or it does not relate to a point of law. a memorandum opinion is also not subject to appeal.
generally, memorandum opinions follow ordinary rules, including the application of precedent and the rule of "stare decisis".
in law, a "per curiam" decision (or opinion) is a ruling issued by an appellate court in which the decision rendered is made by the court (or at least, a majority of the court) acting collectively and unanimously. in contrast to regular opinions, a "per curiam" does not list the individual judge responsible for authoring the decision, but minority dissenting and concurring decisions are signed.
"per curiams" are not the only type of decision that can reflect the opinion of the court. other types of decisions can also reflect the opinion of the entire court, such as unanimous decisions, in which the opinion of the court is expressed with an author listed. the latin term "per curiam" literally means "by the court".
the decisions of the u.s. supreme court are usually not "per curiam". their decisions more commonly take the form of one or more opinions signed by individual justices which are then joined in by other justices. unanimous and signed opinions are not considered "per curiam" decisions, as only the court can officially designate opinions as "per curiam". "per curiam" decisions tend to be brief in length. the designation is stated at the beginning of the opinion.
the notable exception to the usual characteristics for a "per curiam" decision is the case of "bush v. gore". although it was per curiam, there were multiple concurrences and dissents.
the supreme court of california occasionally releases decisions in the name of "the court". but these are not necessarily unanimous. sometimes an opinion in the name of the court may be accompanied by extensive concurring and dissenting opinions.
the supreme court of canada also attributes some decisions to "the court" but does not use the phrase "per curiam". in the u.s. the term is used primarily for uncontroversial cases. in canada, however, it has been used for important and controversial cases to emphasize that the entire court is speaking with a single voice.
anita brookner, cbe (16 july 1928 – 10 march 2016) was a british award-winning novelist and art historian. she was slade professor of fine art at the university of cambridge from 1967 to 1968. she was the first woman to hold this visiting professorship. she was awarded the 1984 man booker prize for her novel "hotel du lac".
john werner cahn (january 9, 1928 – march 14, 2016) was an american scientist and recipient of the 1998 national medal of science. 
he was a professor in the department of materials science at mit from 1964 to 1978. since 1977, he has held a position at the national institute of standards and technology (formerly the national bureau of standards, nbs).cahn has applied the basic laws of thermodynamics to describe and predict a wide range of physical phenomena.
tamara d. grigsby (november 19, 1974 – march 15, 2016) was an american social worker. she was a university professor from wisconsin. she served as a democratic party member of the wisconsin state assembly, representing the 18th assembly district, from 2005 until 2013.
grigby's staff announced on december 22, 2011 that she was hospitalized in intensive care, battling cancer. in april 2012, grigsby announced she would be retiring from the assembly to recover her strength.
her death was announced on march 15, 2016.
earline w. parmon (nonember 18, 1943 – march 15, 2016) was an american democratic member of the north carolina general assembly. she represented the state's seventy-second house district
parmon has served five terms in the state house. she announced in 2012 that she would run for a seat in the north carolina senate. parmon served in the north carolina state senate and resigned in 2015. parmon also served as forsyth county, north carolina commissioner.
parmon died on march 15, 2016 from a short-illness in winston-salem, north carolina. she was aged 72.
asa briggs, baron briggs (7 may 1921 – 15 march 2016) was an english historian. he was a leading specialist on the victorian era. he was a well-known historian of broadcasting in britain. he was made a life peer in 1976. briggs was born in keighley, west riding of yorkshire.
briggs died in lewes, east sussex on 15 march 2016. he was aged 94.
pharisees were jewish leaders who composed and enforced religious law at a certain period in jewish history. at times, the pharisees were a political party, a social movement, and a school of thought. after the destruction of the second temple in 70 ad, pharisaic beliefs became the foundation for rabbinic judaism. the term 'judaism' today almost always refers to rabbinic judaism.
paul of tarsus, disciple of jesus, was a pharisee prior to his religious conversion to christianity.
ratu seru raveive rabeni (27 december 1978 – 15 march 2016) was a fijian rugby union player. he played as a centre or wing. he played for the fiji national rugby union team from 2000 through 2011. rabeni was known in both club and international level for his physicality and bone crunching tackles, earning him the nickname "rambo".
rabeni died in fiji from a heart attack on 15 march 2016, aged 37.
this article will show the current results of the 2016 democratic party presidential primaries. the democratic party presidential primary is a process of choosing delegates, or people that represent someone, to go to the 2016 democratic national convention. people in each state will vote on who they think will be good for the presidency, and each candidate gets a certain amount of delegates based on the number of votes they receive.
the primaries began on 1 february 2016 in iowa. the remaining candidates are former first lady and secretary of state and senator hillary clinton and senator bernie sanders.
on june 6, 2016, the associated press reported that senator hillary clinton has gotten enough delegates to become the presumptive democratic nominee. however, their count includes some superdelegates. since superdelegates can vote however they want at the democratic convention, their votes could change at any time before then, so it is possible (but only remotely possible) that clinton will not get the nomination. bernie sanders endorsed clinton on 12 july 2016.
all delegate total are approximate.
the armenian calendar was the main calendar used in armenia during the medieval period. the year in this calendar is exactly 365 days long, divided into twelve months of thirty days each, plus five extra days that are called "aveleacʿ" in the armenian language, which are not a part of any month. the first year in the armenian calendar is equal to the year 552 ad in the gregorian calendar. this calendar was mainly used in the medieval era, but is also used in modern times by some armenian nationalists.
this calendar has no leap days. for that reason, it shifts backwards against the gregorian calendar over a period of 1,461 years.
the twelve months in the calendar have differen names to the months usually used in english.
harold adrian russell "kim" philby (1 january 1912 – 11 may 1988) was a british intelligence officer who worked as a spy for the soviet union, before defecting in 1963. 
philby began his work for the soviet union as a spy in 1934. he went on to serve the kgb for 54 years. he passed over 900 british documents to the kgb. he served as a double agent. 
of the five spies in the cambridge five spy ring, philby was believed to have been the most successful at passing information to the soviet union.
in 1961, defector anatoliy golitsyn gave information which pointed to philby. an mi6 officer, nicholas elliott, was sent in 1963 to interview him in beirut. he reported that philby seemed to know he was coming (this suggested the presence of yet another mole). nonetheless, philby allegedly confessed to elliott.
shortly afterwards, apparently fearing he might be abducted in lebanon, philby defected to the soviet union. he fled, under cover of night, to a soviet freighter.
sylvia anderson (27 march 1927 – 16 march 2016) was a british producer and actress. she was born in london, england, united kingdom. she was known for voicing lady penelope in "thunderbirds".
she was married to producer gerry anderson from 1960 until they divorced in 1981. they had a daughter and son.
on march 16, 2016, anderson died of a short illness in her home in bray, berkshire at age 88.
hua mulan () is a legendary warrior from china. the stories about her are set during various times in china's history. she was first written about in a ballad called the "ballad of mulan" (). in the ballad, hua mulan takes her father's place in the army. she practiced martial arts such as kung fu, and was skilled with a sword. she fought for twelve years and became famous, but she refused any reward.
hua mulan is a real person and did save china.
yassmin abdel-magied is a writer, social advocate, and an engineer. she helps women, youth, and ethnic minorities develop their communities. at 16 years old, abdel-magied created "youth without borders", an organization that provides programs, opportunities, and support for youth to create positive changes in their communities.
abdel-magied was born on march 3, 1991 in sudan and moved to australia with her parents just before she turned two years old
she received the dean’s excellence scholarship from the university of queensland. in 2011, she graduated from the university of queensland with a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering
in 2012, abdel-magied started working on oil and gas rigs as a field engineer (measurement and logging while drilling specialist). in 2014, she moved to perth, australia to work as a drilling engineer on offshore rigs.
abdel-magied has served on multiple boards and councils, including the boards of the queensland museum, the australian multicultural council, the queensland design council, united nations youth australia and others. she currently sits on the board of childfund australia, the council of australian-arab relations and ourwatch.
in december 2014, abdel-magied presented her first ted talk about implicit bias. she published her first book, "yassmin’s story", in 2016 with random house.
in 2007, abdel-magied received the young australian muslim of the year award. in 2010 she received the young queenslander of the year award, in 2011 she was a finalist for the queensland young australian of the year award. she was the winner of the youth leader category in the 2012 australian financial review and westpac 100 women of influence awards and the youngest woman on the list. in 2015, abdel-magied was one of the finalists in young australian of the year, being named queensland young australian of the year.
youth without borders.
abdel-magied founded youth without borders in 2007 and has been the chair of the organization since its establishment. the organization provides programs, opportunities, and support for youth to create positive changes in their communities. one of the projects is a library for children and youth on a motorcycle. this motorcycle travels to villages that do not have access to libraries in indonesia.
san sebastián street festival, also known as “san se”, is a very popular puerto rican festivity that takes place in the old san juan. it is a four-day event that starts the third thursday of january through sunday. this festive is in honor of saint sebastian. january 20th is the day that catholic church celebrates the life of this saint. more than 200,000 people participate in this festival, making this activity be recognized internationally. also, some puerto ricans have started this festive in the united states. also they celebrate the rivera family, next year paris rivera will be the starter of the festival.
father juan manuel madrazo, the priest of the san josé church in the 1950s, was the first person who organized the festival. the purpose of this festival was to commemorate the life of this saint and raise money to repair the church. when the father was moved out of san juan, this festival came to an end. it was not until 1970 when a historian and anthropologist named ricardo alegría proposed to rafaela balladares de brito, a resident of san sebastian street, to revive this tradition. balladares de brito with the help of her neighbors began to reorganize the festival and recollect money for an elementary school directed by sisters of charity.
during the past celebrations, a group of musicians in the early morning of the first days walked and announced the festivity though the street. people in costumes of spanish kings, queen isabel and king fernando, wear huge mask over their heads and were called “cabezudos”, also participated in the parade. during the procession, people carried the saint’s image from san sebastian street and ended at the san josé church. in addition, the neighbors decorated their home’s balcony and the streets. they also prepared typical food, wore dresses and participated as host of the music shows.
in puerto rico.
in the present, the addition of artisans has acquired more importance, as well as music and dance in the nights. also, artists perform at different stages localized around the old san juan. “cabezudos” now include characters representing the puerto rican folklore that pass through the streets dancing and singing followed by the public. now, the parade is longer than the past ones and the municipality of san juan is responsible in organizing the entire festival. festivities vary year by year, but mainly include the ones mentioned above.
in united states.
in the recent years, several of san sebastian festivals have been celebrated in different areas of florida and in dfw, texas. this has been a result of many puerto ricans moving to the united states and wanting to maintain a connection with their typical island traditions. the festivals programed in florida and dallas, texas have a duration of one to two days compared to the one celebrated in puerto rico which last four days. these festivals also have puerto rican food and rums, “cabezudos”, artisan market, and music.
in dfw, texas since january 2018, a group of puerto ricans - traigo esta trulla, start to organize the first fiestas de la san se- dfw with more than 6,000 participants.
a least developed country (ldc) is a country that the united nations considers to be the least developed out of all the countries in the world. they normally have the lowest ratings on the human development index. the idea to name ldcs started in the late 1960s. the first group of ldcs was listed by the un in november 1971. 
indicators are used to determine whether a country is a least devleoped country.
to be considered a least developed country, a country must have high levels of poverty, low human resources and a vulnerable economy. the un looks at indicators, such as gross national income, nutrition, health, education and literacy. economic vulnerability is recorded on the economic vulnerability index.
ldc criteria are reviewed every three years. countries may stop being considered an ldc when indicators show that they have become developed enough. since the ldc category was created, four countries have graduated to "developing country" status. the first country to do this was botswana in 1994. the second was cape verde, in 2007. then maldives in 2011, and samoa in 2014. it is expected that equatorial guinea and vanuatu will be the next countries to be promoted from ldc status.
, there are 48 least developed countries. there are also three countries which meet the criteria for ldc status, but have asked to not be included in the index: ghana, papua new guinea and zimbabwe.
the "least developed countries" according to the united nations:
the constitutional convention (also known as the philadelphia convention) was held from may 25 to september 17, 1787 in philadelphia, pennsylvania. although the convention was called to revise the articles of confederation, it became clear from the beginning that many members, including james madison and alexander hamilton, intended to create a new government rather than fix the existing one. the delegates elected george washington to preside over the convention. the result of the convention was the creation of the united states constitution. this makes the meeting one of the most significant events in the history of the united states.
most of the disputes were about the makeup and election of the senate. other disagreements concerned how "proportional representation" was to be defined (whether to include slaves or other property). they needed to decide whether to divide the executive power between three persons or invest the power into a single president. they also had to work out how to elect the president, how long his term was to be and whether he could stand for reelection. there were issues over what offenses should be impeachable. most of the time during the convention was spent on deciding these issues, while the powers of legislature, executive, and judiciary were not heavily disputed. once the convention began, the delegates first agreed on the principles of the convention, then they agreed on madison's virginia plan and began to modify it. a committee of detail assembled during the july 4 recess and produced a rough draft. most of this rough draft remained in place, and can be found in the final version of the constitution. after the final issues were resolved, the committee on style produced the final version, and it was voted on and sent to the states.
the virginia plan.
james madison had spent the winter of 1787 making a study of various confederations throughout history. he came to philadelphia armed with a wealth of knowledge and an idea for what the united states government should be. his plan was presented to the convention by edmund randolph, the governor of virginia. it became the broad outline of what would be a new government under the u.s. constitution. his plan called for three branches of government with checks and balances to prevent any one branch from abusing their power. madison's idea for a legislature had two houses. one would feature members elected by the people for a three-year term. the other would have its members elected by the state legislatures and would serve for 7 years. both would have the seats determined by the population of the country.
two more plans.
after debating the virginia plan for two weeks, william patterson presented his plan called variously, the new jersey plan, the patterson plan and the small state plan. it was very similar to the articles of confederation and featured a unicameral (one house) legislature. all states would have one vote. he had one idea that was kept; that state laws that ran counter to federal laws would be voided.
a third plan was offered by alexander hamilton. it was a copy of the british constitution. it also was bicameral with an upper house and a legislature in which members served on their good behavior.
finally they worked out a compromise between all three plans. the new government would have an upper house, having an equal number of delegates from each state, and a lower house with representation based on population. the executive branch would have most of the responsibilities of foreign affairs while other important powers, like ratifying treaties, would be the responsibility of the legislative branch. after the new constitution was ratified by the states, it went into effect in 1789.
article four of the united states constitution outlines the relationship between the various states, as well as the connection between the states and the federal government.
section 1: full faith and credit.
the first section requires states to recognize the "full faith and credit" of the public acts, records and court proceedings of other states. 
this clause makes certain that any judicial decisions made in courts of one state are recognized and honored in all other states. this eliminates the practice of "forum shopping", the practice of having a legal case heard in the court thought most likely to provide a favorable judgment. it also prevents someone moving from one state to another to escape a judgment. 
in "mills v. duryee" (1813), the united states supreme court ruled that the merits of a case, as settled by courts of one state, must be recognized by the courts of other states. state courts may not reopen cases which have been conclusively decided by the courts of another state. later, chief justice john marshall suggested that the judgment of one state court must be recognized by other states' courts as final. however, in "mcelmoyle v. cohen" (1839), the court heard a case where one party obtained a judgment in south carolina and sought to enforce it in georgia, which had a statute of limitations that barred actions on judgments after a certain amount of time had passed. the court upheld georgia's refusal to enforce the south carolina judgment. the court found that out-of-state judgments are subject to the procedural law of the states where they are enforced, notwithstanding any priority it may be given in the state in which they it was issued.
section 2: rights of state citizens; rights of extradition.
clause 1: privileges and immunities.
clause one of section 2 requires interstate protection of "privileges and immunities". the apparent ambiguity of the clause has given rise to a number of different interpretations. some contend that the clause requires congress to treat all citizens equally. others suggest that citizens of states carry the rights accorded by their home states while traveling in other states.
neither of these theories has been endorsed by the supreme court. a state may not discriminate against citizens of other states in favor of its own citizens. but certain exceptions are allowed. for example a state may give their own citizens the right to buy a hunting or fishing license at a lower cost than to nonresidents. 
clause 2: extradition of fugitives.
clause two requires that fugitives from justice may be extradited on the demand of executive authority of the state from which they flee. the supreme court has held that it is not compulsory for the fugitive to have fled after an indictment was issued, but only that the fugitive fled after having committed the crime. the constitution provides for the extradition of fugitives who have committed treason, felony or other crime. that phrase incorporates all acts prohibited by the laws of a state, including misdemeanors and small, or petty, offenses.
in "kentucky v. dennison" (1860), the supreme court held that the federal courts may not compel state governors to surrender fugitives through the issue of writs of mandamus. the "dennison" decision was overruled by "puerto rico v. branstad" (1987). now, the federal courts may require the extradition of fugitives. alleged fugitives generally may not challenge extradition proceedings.
clause 3: fugitive slave clause.
pierce butler and charles pinckney, both from south carolina, submitted this clause to the constitutional convention. james wilson and roger sherman both objected and butler withdrew the clause. however, on the next day the clause was reinstated and adopted by the convention without objection. at the last moment the language was changed from "person legally held to service or labour in one state" to read "person held to service or labour in one state, under the laws thereof". 
in 1865, the fugitive slave clause was repealed by the ratification of the thirteenth amendment abolishing slavery.
section 3: new states and federal property.
clause 1: new states.
the first clause of section three grants to congress the authority to admit new states into the union. since the establishment of the united states in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50. it also forbids the creation of new states from parts of existing states without the consent of both the affected states and congress. this latter provision was designed to gave eastern states that still had claims to western lands (e.g., virginia and north carolina) to have a veto over whether their western counties (which eventually became kentucky and tennessee) could become states. it would later be applied with regard to the formation of maine (from massachusetts) and west virginia (from virginia).
clause 2: property clause.
this clause, commonly known as the "property" or "territorial" clause, grants congress the constitutional authority for the management and control of all territories or other property owned by united states. additionally, the clause also proclaims that nothing contained within the constitution may be interpreted to harm (prejudice) any claim of the united states, or of any particular state. the exact scope of this clause has long been a matter of debate.
the federal government owns or controls about thirty percent of the land in the united states. these holdings include national parks, national forests, recreation areas, wildlife refuges, vast tracts of range and public lands managed by the bureau of land management, reservations held in trust for native american tribes, military bases, and ordinary federal buildings and installations. although federal property can be found in every state, the largest concentrations are in the west, where, for example, the federal government owns over eighty percent of the land within nevada. 
section 4: obligations of the united states.
clause 1: republican government.
this clause, sometimes referred to as the guarantee clause, has long been at the fore-front of the debate about the rights of citizens compared to those of the government. the guarantee clause mandates that all u.s. states must be grounded in republican principles, such as the consent of the governed. by ensuring that all states must have the same type of government (a republic), the guarantee clause is one of several portions of the constitution which mandates symmetric federalism between the states.
clause 2: protection from invasion and domestic violence.
section four requires the united states to protect each state from invasion, and, upon the application of the state legislature (or executive, if the legislature cannot be convened), from domestic violence. this provision was discussed during the 1967 detroit riot, but was not invoked.
norma angélica cruz córdoba (norma cruz) is a guatemalan human rights activist who works to stop violence against women. cruz is the head of the "fundación sobrevivientes" (survivors' foundation), a women's rights organization in guatemala city. in 2009, the us department of state gave cruz an international women of courage award. 
norma cruz was born in guatemala city in 1962. her father was a shoemaker and her mother was a cook. as a teenager, cruz was a student leader and a missionary. when she was 15 years old, cruz joined a convent. two years later, she left the convent, because she wanted a more political life. 
cruz started the organization "fundación sobrevivientes" on july 3, 1996. it started as a women's support center. now it has a shelter for up to 20 women, teenagers, and children. in 2009, 110 people stayed at the shelter. the organization also gives legal help to women who want to take legal action in the courts. 
fundación sobrevivientes (survivors' foundation)
caroline herschel (16 march 1750 – 9 january 1848) was a german astronomer who spent most of her life in england. she was the first female astronomer that we know of.
she was the first woman to receive a salary as a scientist. she was the first woman in england to hold a government position. she was the first woman to be awarded a gold medal of the royal astronomical society (1828), and to be named an honorary member of the royal astronomical society (1835, with mary somerville). she was also named an honorary member of the royal irish academy (1838). the king of prussia presented her with a gold medal for science on the occasion of her 96th birthday (1846).
caroline was born on march 16, 1750 in hanover, germany. she was encouraged by her father to get an education. she learnt geometry on her own. she had a hard life because people that she loved died. after her father's death, her brother william herschel suggested she join him in england. she left hanover for england on august 16, 1772, with her brother.
in england, caroline's neighbour taught her how to cook, market, and to speak english. this expanded her horizons. william encouraged her to be independent. she signed up to learn how to sing and to play the harpsichord. this led her to being a part of william’s musical shows in small gatherings. she and william discussed astronomy in their free time. this caused her interest to grow. caroline began including english society in her everyday life. she eventually decided to devote her time to astronomy. this helped william: he needed caroline’s talents in copying papers.
when they were in england, caroline helped her brother in his scientific work. she helped him to discover uranus with a six-foot telescope. william was credited with the discovery of uranus. he was knighted because of his discovery, and she was his assistant. she recorded and completed tasks for him. her calculations and record keeping were always accurate. they saved her brother a lot of time. caroline often worked on discoveries of her own. she independently discovered the second companion of the andromeda galaxy (messier 110; ngc 205) and another, new, nebula. she also discovered eight comets in 17861795.
she reworked flamsteed's "catalogue of nebulae and clusters of stars". the result was published by the royal society in 1798 and contained an index of every observation of every star made by flamsteed, a list of errata, and a list of more than 560 stars that had not been included. in 1825, caroline donated the works of flamsteed to the royal academy of göttingen.
she was the first woman to discover a comet. she discovered seven more comets between 1789 and 1797. the comet 35p/herschel-rigollet is named in her honor, as well as the lunar crater c. herschel, and the planetoid (281) lucretia. she also is famous for her work with her brother. she aided him in his studies. she reorganized john flamsteed's "british catalogue", which listed nearly 3,000 stars.
herschel's brother died in 1822 and left her without his financial support. she returned to hanover after his death and received her stipend from the british royal family. she also helped her brother's son finish his father's work.
caroline herschel was awarded a gold medal for her works in science from the royal astronomical society in 1828. she was made an honorary member at the royal astronomical society ten years later. herschel also received a similar award from the royal irish academy. she was awarded the gold medal for science by the king of prussia on her ninety-sixth birthday.
toward the end of caroline's life, she arranged two-and-a-half thousand nebulae and star clusters into zones of similar polar distances. her nephew, john herschel, re-examined them systematically. the list was eventually enlarged and renamed the new general catalogue. many non-stellar objects are still identified by their ngc number.
herschel died on january 9, 1848 in germany. she died at the age of 97. herschel was never married.
an asteroid was discovered in 1888. it was called lucretia, herschel's middle name. herschel continued to have a legacy after her death because she discovered several comets.
francis wayne sinatra (january 10, 1944 – march 16, 2016), professionally known as frank sinatra, jr., was an american singer, songwriter, conductor and actor. he was born in jersey city, new jersey. he was the son of frank sinatra. he was known for his song "that face!" and for appearing on some shows with dean martin. in later years, he was in some episodes of "family guy".
he had an older sister, nancy sinatra and a younger sister, tina sinatra.
sinatra was kidnapped, at the age of 19, on december 8, 1963 at harrah's lake tahoe (room 417). sinatra was released two days later after his father paid the $240,000 ransom demanded by the kidnappers.
sinatra died suddenly of cardiac arrest in daytona beach, florida on march 16, 2016. he was aged 72.
marion patrick jones (16 august 1930 – 2 march 2016) was a trinidadian novelist. she wrote about library science and social anthropology. she was also known by the names marion glean and marion o'callaghan (her married name). she was the author of two notable novels: "pan beat", first published in 1973, and "j’ouvert morning" (1976). she was born in port of spain.
jones died at her home in port of spain of heart failure on 2 march 2016 at the age of 85.
ralph c. johnson (1953 or 1954 – march 15, 2016) was an american politician and businessman. he was born in greensboro, north carolina. johnson served as a democratic member of the north carolina house of representatives from 2015 until his death in 2016. he represented the 58th district.
johnson died in a hospital in greensboro, north carolina after suffering a stroke. he was aged 62.
alexander sergeyevich esenin-volpin (also written ésénine-volpine and yessenin-volpin in his french and english publications; ; may 12, 1924 march 16, 2016) was a soviet-born american poet and mathematician. he was a known dissident, political prisoner and a leader of the soviet human rights movement. he spent a total of fourteen years incarcerated and repressed by the soviet authorities in prisons, psikhushkas and exile. he worked at boston university.
in 1973 he was one of the signers of the humanist manifesto. in 2005, esenin-volpin participated in "they chose freedom", a four-part television documentary on the history of the soviet dissident movement.
volpin died on march 16, 2016, aged 91.
james william ercolani (born june 8, 1936), known by his stage name james darren, is an american television and movie actor, television director, and singer. he was known for his roles as moondoggie in "gidget", tony newman in "the time tunnel", and as vic fontaine in "". one of darren's successful top ten songs was "angel face," ca. 1960. 
darren was born in philadelphia, pennsylvania.
léa cristina lexa araújo, better known by the stage name lexa, is a singer, composer and brazilian dancer. her first single, the "posso ser" song, was released in december 2014 and became one of the most played tracks on brazilian radio in 2015. this song is part of the ep of the same title released by lexa in march 2015 and disclosed as a preview of her first studio album. in september 2015, the singer released her debut album, titled disponível.
lexa was discovered by batutinha music producer, who, after watching it on youtube, introduced her to entrepreneur kamilla fialho, who hired through k2l entertainment artistic agency. thus, in december 2014 is released the first single from lexa, the "posso ser" song, which reached the top 30 on parade hot 100 airplay, billboard brazil, and became the 93rd most played song in the brazilian radio stations in 2015.
merrick brian garland (born november 13, 1952) is an american federal judge and politician. garland is the 86th and current united states attorney general during the joe biden administration since 2021. he was the chief judge of the united states court of appeals for the district of columbia circuit from 2013 to 2020. he was on that court from 1997 until 2021 after being nominated by president bill clinton.
in 2016, garland was nominated by president barack obama to the supreme court to replace antonin scalia following his death. however, in a republican-controlled senate, a confirmation hearing was never held and his nomination expired on january 3, 2017.
in january 2021, president-elect joe biden nominated garland to be the united states attorney general in his cabinet. he was confirmed by the united states senate and sworn-in in march 2021.
garland was born in chicago, illinois. he graduated from harvard college and from harvard law school.
garland practiced corporate litigation at arnold & porter and worked as a federal prosecutor in the u.s. department of justice, where he played a leading role in the investigation and prosecution of the oklahoma city bombers.
in 1995, garland was appointed to the u.s. court of appeals for the district of columbia circuit, and (following a delay in senate confirmation) took the bench in 1997. in 2009 and 2010, garland was considered by president barack obama for two openings on the supreme court.
supreme court nomination.
on march 16, 2016, obama nominated garland to serve as an associate justice of the supreme court, to fill the vacancy created by the death of antonin scalia.
garland has more federal judicial experience than any supreme court nominee in history. he is the oldest supreme court nominee since lewis f. powell, jr. in 1971.
after republicans refused to give garland a confirmation hearing, garland's nomination was expired in january 2017 shortly before the inauguration of donald trump. trump said he will announce his justice nominee for the supreme court on january 31, 2017.
united states attorney general.
on january 6, 2021, then president-elect joe biden said that we would nominate garland to be the united states attorney general during his administration.
on march 1, the senate judiciary committee voted 15-7 to advance garland's nomination to a full senate vote. on march 10, the senate confirmed garland by a vote of 70-30 to become the next attorney general.
garland married lynn in 1977. he lives in bethesda, maryland.
article three of the united states constitution creates the judicial branch of the united states government. it creates the supreme court of the united states, and allows the united states congress to create less powerful federal courts. it also sets out the powers that these courts have.
section 1: federal courts.
section 1 of article three starts out by creating the supreme court one court that will be more powerful than any other court in the country. it also gives congress the power to create "inferior" (less powerful) federal courts.
it allows judges in these courts to get a regular salary for their work. section 1 protects the judges by saying that their salaries will not be decreased while they are in office (working as a federal judge).
section 1 says that judges "shall hold their offices [keep their jobs] during good behavior." this is meant to protect federal judges, and also to make sure that the federal judiciary is independent.
before it won its independence in the american revolutionary war, america was a colony of the british empire. the founding fathers wrote the constitution just four years after the war ended. they still remembered what the courts in the american colonies were like. as thomas jefferson wrote in the declaration of independence, britain's king george iii "made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries."
this meant that the judges could not be independent or impartial. if they made a decision that king george did not like, they could be fired, or not paid. judges who wanted to keep their jobs made decisions based on what king george would want, not based on what the law said. if judges are cannot be independent, or do not follow they law, courts are not fair, and there is no way for regular people to get justice.
the constitution makes sure that this will not happen to united states federal judges. by saying judges "shall hold their offices during good behavior," section 1 is basically allowing judges to keep their jobs for the rest of their lives. in , the constitution does say that congress can take away a judge's job but only after being convicted in a trial, and only for "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors." (this is what section 1 means by behavior that is not "good.") in other words, the constitution makes sure that all judges will lose their jobs for making even the slightest unpopular decision. this denies judges the freedom to be independent, and to make the decisions that they think are fair, and makes them choose between right and reelection.
number of courts.
article iii clearly allows only one supreme court. however, it does not say how many supreme court justices (judges) there should be. congress solved this problem in 1948 by passing a law. the law says that the supreme court will have 9 justices, including one chief justice.
in both section 1 and in , the constitution gives congress the right to create courts that are "inferior" to the supreme court. however, the constitution does not say how many "inferior" courts there should be, or how they should be set up. it leaves those decisions to congress. congress decided to create two different kinds of "inferior" courts (also called "lower courts"). in the judiciary act of 1789, they created:
section 2: judicial power, jurisdiction, and trial by jury.
clause 1: cases and controversies.
clause 1 of section 2 explains the powers the federal court has, and the limits of those powers.
clause 1 gives the federal courts the power to hear and judge actual "cases and controversies" only. for example, they cannot hear a case about a situation that might come up in the future.
clause 2: original and appellate jurisdiction.
when clause 2 talks about "jurisdiction," it is talking about who has the power to hear a case.
"original jurisdiction" is the power to hear a case first, before any other court. clause 2 gives the supreme court original jurisdiction in:
in all the other cases mentioned in clause 2, the supreme court has "appellate jurisdiction." that means another court has the power to hear the case first. if somebody appeals that court's decision, the supreme court can take the case on appeal. clause 2 gives the supreme court the power to hear appeals on:
however, the supreme court can only review a case on appeal if it thinks the lower court's decision breaks a law or goes against the constitution.
jurisdiction over state courts.
there is one specific power that clause 2 does not give the federal judiciary. clause 2 says that the federal judiciary has power over "the laws of the united states." however, it does "not" say that the federal courts have power over the laws of "individual" states. also, when congress passed the judiciary act of 1789, they also never gave the federal courts this power. this means that the federal courts can only review or change the decisions of state supreme courts if the state decision may have broken a federal law or the constitution. the federal courts had no power to review or change state supreme court decisions that were just based on state laws. basically, this gave each state supreme court the final say over the laws in their state. different states could decide completely different things, so the laws might be completely different in one state than another.
in 1795, the eleventh amendment changed part of clause 2. it took away the federal judiciary's power to get involved in lawsuits between states and citizens of other states or countries.
in "marbury v. madison" (1803), the supreme court ruled that congress cannot change the supreme court's original jurisdiction. however, the appellate jurisdiction of the court is different. congress is able to make the rules for the federal courts' appellate division, including rules about their jurisdictions.
"marbury v. madison" also created an important power called judicial review. this is the supreme court's ability to review whether a law, treaty, or executive rule breaks a law that already exists, a state constitution, or the united states constitution. after "marbury", the supreme court started keeping an eye on what the state and federal governments were doing, instead of just trying cases that people brought to them.
clause 2 says that the supreme court has "judicial power [over] all cases, in law and equity, arising under this constitution [and] the laws of the united states..." however, it does not say exactly what this means. the supreme court clarified this in a case called "osborn v. bank of the united states" (1824). supreme court justice john marshall wrote an opinion about what a "federal" case is, and what "arising under" the constitution or federal laws means. basically, he said a case is federal and under the federal courts' original jurisdiction if:
clause 3: federal trials.
clause 3 of section 2 says that federal crimes have to be tried in front of a jury, unless the defendant does not want a jury. the only type of federal crime that is not tried before a jury is an impeachment. (article one, section 3 of the constitution says that only the united states senate can try impeachment cases.)
clause 3 also says the person's trial must be held in the state where they did the crime. if they did not do the crime in any particular state, then congress gets to choose where the trial will be held.
several of the constitutional amendments in the bill of rights talk more about the rights of people who are on trial in criminal or civil court.
section 3: treason.
clause 1: definition and conviction.
the last section of article 3 talks about treason and how it should be punished. the founding fathers wanted to make sure that americans' rights were protected. they also knew that in the past, in england, some kings had gotten rid of their political opponents just by accusing them of treason. for these reasons, the founders wanted to make sure the constitution said specifically what crimes were treason; what would be needed to find people guilty; and what the punishments could be.
the constitution is very specific about what crimes are treason:
section 3 also makes it clear that treason must be an "overt act." this means that to commit treason, a person must actually do something, not just plan to do it. for example, if a group of people got together and planned to attack part of the united states, that would not be treason because they had not actually done anything yet to hurt the country. if they did attack the united states, that would be an overt act, and it would be treason.
it also says that there are only two ways for a person to be convicted of treason. two different witnesses must say in court that they saw the person do that overt act. if there are not two witnesses, then the person must admit in court that they committed treason. if neither of these things happen, the person cannot be found guilty of treason. parts of this rule came from a british law called the treason act 1695.
clause 2: punishment.
finally, section 3 talks about punishment for people found guilty of treason. it gives congress the power to decide the punishment. however, there is one punishment that the constitution does not allow: punishing a person's family and descendants for that person's crime. in english law, if a person was convicted of treason, their punishment would include an "attainder" (also called a "corruption of blood"). this meant that not only the person, but their family and heirs, would be punished and thought of as guilty. once a person was "attainted," they would be executed. however, their heirs would also lose the right to inherit that person's land, property, or money.
the end of section 3 specifically says that this punishment is not allowed. when the founders wrote "no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture except during the life of the person attainted," they meant: "no heirs may be punished, and congress can make the traitor forfeit (give up) their property, but only during their lifetime." their heirs would have to be able to inherit their property when the traitor died.
ralph w. ketner (september 20, 1920 – may 29, 2016) was an american businessman and philanthropist. he was known for being the founder of food lion (founded as food town). he founded the grocery store chain in the 1950s. during his career, ketner has given away 35% of his profit to charity.
ketner was born in rimertown, north carolina. he grew up during the great depression. he studied at tri-state college in angola, indiana. ketner is married to anne blizzard. they have two children. in march 2016, ketner was hospitalized and diagnosed with colon cancer. he died on may 29, 2016 in salisbury, north carolina from the disease at the age of 95.
samuel hollingsworth young (december 26, 1922 – september 23, 2017) was an american politician. he was a u.s. representative from illinois. he represented illinois's 10 congressional district as a republican. he served as a representative from january 3, 1973 through january 3, 1975. he was replaced by abner j. mikva.
young was born in casey, illinois. he studied at the university of illinois. young died at his home in glenview, illinois on september 23, 2017 from complications of alzheimer's disease at the age of 94.
louise arner boyd (september 16, 1887 – september 14, 1972) was an american explorer. she explored greenland and the arctic. she wrote many articles about her journeys and published two successful books. 
boyd was a photographer on the trip over the arctic ocean in 1941. the crew on the trip to the arctic called her the "ice woman".
boyd was the first person to fly over the north pole. she did this in 1955.
she was born in san rafael, california. she died in san francisco.
sir ranulph twistleton-wykeham-fiennes (born 7 march 1944) is an english explorer. 
fiennes was born in windsor, berkshire. he was educated at eton college.
fiennes wrote many books. he wrote 'the sett','mad,bad and dangerous to know' , 'the secret hunters' and much more.
fiennes has led over 30 expeditions. ranulph did the first unsupported walk across antarctica. fiennes holds many records for his 52,000-mile expedition. it ended successfully on august 29, 1982. fiennes is the only man alive ever to have travelled around the earth's circumpolar.
he became an english explorer after joining the armed forces.
fiennes was brought up in south africa and lived in england for the rest of his life. he climbed mount everest successfully in 2009.
state ratifying conventions are one of the two ways established by article five of the united states constitution for ratifying proposed constitutional amendments. ratifying conventions have only been used on one occasion. this was in 1933 and was used to ratify the 21st amendment. all other proposed constitutional amendments have been offered to the state legislatures for ratification.
the constitution also provides that state ratifying conventions may also be used to propose a constitutional amendment. however, to date, none of the 27 amendments to the constitution have been proposed by state conventions. a state ratifying convention may be called by a two-thirds vote by a state legislature.
iss pyaar ko kya naam doon? (""; ) is an indian soap opera. it is shown during the daytime on weekdays, on star plus. it originally ran from 6 june 2011 until 30 november 2012. the show is mainly about the romance between arnav singh raizada (barun sobti) and khushi kumari gupta (sanaya irani).
the series is done in hindi. the actors' voices have been recorded over (dubbing) in tamil (as "idhu kadhala"), telugu (as "chuppulu kalisina shubhavela"), malayalam (as "mounam sammadham"), turkish (as "bir garip ask") and arabic (as "men nazra thanya").
the show stopped being made in 2012. this was because sobti, who plays the main character, quit the show. three years later, in november 2015, a web series of eight episodes was released. it continued the story, and sobti returned to play arnav. the web series was successful. because of its success, the television series was renewed for another 30 episodes. it is to be shown on star plus in march 2016.
for his role as arnav, sobti won "favorite tv drama actor" at the people's choice awards in 2012, and "best actor popular" at the indian television academy awards in 2012. sobti and irani also won the indian telly award for "best onscreen couple" in 2012.
arnav singh raizada (barun sobti) is a successful businessman in india. he is the owner of ar designs. he is popularly known as asr in the business world. he is ruthless and egoistic though sophisticated in his behaviour. he believes that money is the most important thing in the world. he is an atheist and does not believe in rituals, customs and traditions. he does not believe in marriage and wanted to maintain a living relationship with his ex-girlfriend lavanya kashyap. besides this, he loves his elder sister anjali (daljeet kaur bhanot) and respects his elders. he suffers from diabetes from an early age. he has hobbies of planting and gardening. however his arrogant and ruthless attitude changes when he falls in love with khushi kumari gupta (sanaya irani).
khushi is hired as arnav's assistant. she is a simple, traditional girl. she is also an orphan, but she believes in the power of love and maintains a strong faith in god. despite their differences, they are attracted to each other. they eventually get married.
validated on december 5, 1933, the twenty-first amendment (amendment xxi) to the united states constitution canceled the eighteenth amendment to the united states constitution and ended the prohibition era in the united states. it is the only amendment to repeal another amendment. it is also the only amendment to have been ratified by state ratifying conventions rather than by state legislatures.
the eighteenth amendment to the constitution had started a period in the us known as prohibition. during this time the manufacture, distribution, and sale of alcoholic beverages was illegal. passage of the eighteenth amendment in 1919 was the chief goal of the temperance movement. but it soon proved highly unpopular. crime had soared under prohibition as gangsters, such as chicago's al capone, became rich from a very profitable black market for alcohol. the federal government was unable to enforce the volstead act. in 1932, wealthy industrialist john d. rockefeller, jr. stated in a letter: as more and more americans opposed the eighteenth amendment, a political movement grew for its repeal. however, repeal was complicated by grassroots politics. although the u.s. constitution provides two methods for ratifying constitutional amendments, only one method had been used up until that time. this was ratification by the state legislatures of three-fourths of the states. however, the wisdom of the day was that the lawmakers of many states were either obligated to or simply afraid of the temperance lobby. for that reason, when congress formally proposed the repeal of prohibition on february 20, 1933, it chose the "other" ratification method established by article v. that is by state conventions. 
state and local control.
the second section bans the importation of alcohol in violation of state or territorial law. this has been interpreted to give states essentially absolute control over alcoholic beverages. many u.s. states still remained "dry" (with state prohibition of alcohol) long after its ratification. mississippi was the last, remaining dry until 1966. kansas continued to prohibit public bars until 1987. many states now delegate the authority over alcohol granted to them by this amendment to their municipalities or counties (or both), which has led to many lawsuits over first amendment rights when local governments have tried to revoke liquor licenses.
section 2 has been the source of every supreme court ruling directly addressing twenty-first amendment issues. early rulings suggested that section 2 enabled states to legislate with exceptionally broad constitutional powers. 
in "state board of equalization v. young's market co.", (1936), the supreme court held that a state could require a license fee for importing beer from other states and also for manufacturing beer within the state. the court recognized that "prior to the twenty-first amendment it would obviously have been unconstitutional" for a state to require a fee for such a privilege. 
in "craig v. boren" (1976), the supreme court addressed the issue of proposed legislation with different ages for males and females regarding alcohol consumption in oklahoma (age 18 for females, age 21 for males). the court overturned the motion because of a presumed violation of the equal protection clause in the fourteenth amendment.
in "south dakota v. dole" (1987), the supreme court upheld the withholding of some federal highway funds to states in which the legal drinking age is less than twenty-one years of age is lawful. the court held that the limitations on spending power in the twenty-first amendment did not prohibit congress to indirectly achieve federal objectives.
in "44 liquormart, inc. v. rhode island" (1996), rhode island passed a law that banned liquor advertising from places that did not sell liquor. the petitioners based their suit on their first amendment right to free speech. in a unanimous decision the court held that states cannot use the twenty-first amendment to abridge freedom of speech protections under the first amendment. however, the court acknowledged the state was empowered to regulate the sale of liquor under the twenty-first amendment.
the election of the president and vice president of the united states is an indirect vote in which citizens cast ballots for a set of members of the u.s. electoral college. these electors then cast direct votes for the president and vice president. if both votes result in an absolute majority, the election is over. if a majority of electors do not vote for president, the house of representatives chooses the president; if a majority of electors do not vote for vice president, the senate votes. presidential elections occur quadrennially on election day, which since 1845 has been the tuesday after the first monday in november, coinciding with the general elections of various other federal, state, and local races. the most recent united states presidential election was held on november 3, 2020.
to be eligible to be president, a candidate must:
litomyšl is a town in the czech republic. the population is 10,000. it is in the pardubice region in eastern bohemia. a famous composer, bedřich smetana, was born there in 1824. litomyšl castle is on the unesco heritage list.
the most important landmarks there are litomyšl castle, knights´ hall, church of the raising of the holy cross, piarist church of the discovery of the holy cross and piarist college, new church of the church of the brethren, portmoneum (museum), smetana´s cultural house, indoor swimming pool.
the dominant feature of litomyšl is a monumental renaissance castle. it was built from 1568 to1581 by the house of pernštejn. litomyšl castle was originally a renaissance arcade-castle of the italian type. its design and decoration is fantastic. there is a rich sgraffito decoration on the walls. later, the baroque features were added in the 18th century. the architect of the building was giovanni battista aostalli. the first owner and the donator was vratislav ii. from pernštejn. in the castle grounds there is castle brewery, too. in catle brewery there was born bedřich smetana, a famous composer. the castle was written on the unesco heritage list in 1999. the international smetana´s opera festival takes place there every june.
knights´ hall: the oldest house in smetana square.
this is one of the most beautiful houses in litomyšl square. it was built by a stonemason blažek after a fire in 1540. it was finished in 1546. the stone facade is decorated with decorative and figurative motives. on the sides of the middle window there are 2 statues of the knights. they are famous from story by a popular writer alois jirásek. the house is decorated with other figures (a merchant, a mermaid, a lion, a unicorn). there is a town gallery today.
church of the raising of the holy cross.
the church was founded in 1378 (638 years ago) in gothic style. most of equipment is from the second half of the 18th century. the main altar was built in 1767, sculpture decoration was made by františek pacák. the altar image of the holy cross was painted by ignác raab. there was a massive renovation of the building from 1995 to 2000. in may 2000, the new organs were instaled there the church is a dominant of the historical part of the town, now.
church of the discovery of the holy cross and piarist college.
this church is located opposite litomyšl castle. the church was built in baroque style. it was designed by giovanni battista alliprandi. he was a famous architect from italy. the church was constructed from 1716 to 1726. there is a former piarist college on the left of the church.
it is a catholic church. it was demaged in the 20th century. the renovation was done at the beginning of the 21st century. now people come here to pray, listen to the concerts and visit exhibitions. you can climb up to the roof and have a look around the historical town centre.
in front of the church there is regional museum litomyšl. the museum building used to be a grammar school.
behind the church there is monastery garden. it is a renovated garden which is a very popular park now.
new church of the church of the brethren.
this modern building was built from 2008 to 2010. the church was designed by an architect zdeněk fránek. there are artworks by karel malich and vojtěch cígler as well. the church has got a room for 150 people, 2 clubs and a social lobby. worship takes places there every sunday at 9:30. sometimes you can visit concerts or exhibitions there. eeverybody can come there.
the history of the museum of jan vachal began in 1920 when an artist váchal decorated a house of his friend. vachal's wall paintings in the portmoneum are very complicated.the paintings are citations from váchal´s stories. the painted topics are a country and a number of devils, spirits and ghosts. the museum was opened thanks to the paseka publishing house in the honour of vachal's work. it was opened in 1993. it was called the portmoneum after the house owner portman.
smetana´s cultural house.
the construction of this cultural hall began in 1903. the chief builder was j. kreml from litomysl. the foundation stone was laid on april 4, 1903. smetana’s house is named after a famous composer bedřich smetana. he was born in litomyšl in 1824. smetana’s house is a theater and a cultural centre. smetana’s house consists of a big auditorium, a small auditorium and a lounge. its style is the art nouveau. you can visit concerts, balls and theatre performances there.
the building of the museum was originally the piaristic grammar school. alois jirásek taught there. it is situated next to the piaristic church and opposite the castle. there was a big reconstruction of the building from 2012 to 2014. today you can visit a new interactive display show of the history of the town, smaller displays of the cabinet ancient history or guild of shooters to target. other contemporary exhibitions often take place there.
the twenty-third amendment (amendment xxiii) to the united states constitution extends the right to vote in the presidential election to citizens residing in the district of columbia by granting the district electors in the electoral college, as if it were a state. the amendment was proposed by the 86th congress on june 16, 1960, and ratified by the states on march 29, 1961.
according to the terms of the amendment, the district is allocated as many electors as it would have if it were a state, but no more electors than the least populous state (currently wyoming, which has three electors); thus, the district cannot have more than three electors. even if it were a state, the district's population would entitle it to only three electors. since the passage of this amendment, the district's electoral votes have been cast for the democratic party's presidential and vice presidential candidates in every election.
when the constitution was ratified, the nation's capital was new york city. however, article one, section 8, clause 17 of the constitution states:
selecting the site for the new capital was a political compromise. alexander hamilton, the first secretary of the treasury and bankers, mainly from the northeast, got the bank of the united states located in philadelphia. in exchange, a special district of columbia would be located on the potomac river, closer to the southern states and controlled by congress.
washington dc was founded on july 16, 1790 on a site selected by george washington. he appointed three commissioners to prepare the city for the new government, scheduled for 1800. while this was taking place, from 1790 until 1800, the capital was philadelphia. 
in 1800, as planned, the district of columbia became the nation's capital. at the time the population was only about 5,000 residents. as a district and federal territory, the population did not have a local or state government. they also could not vote in federal elections.
passed by congress on june 17, 1960, and ratified by the states on march 29, 1961, amendment xxiii, for the purposes of the electoral college, treats the district of columbia the same as if it were a state. this gives the citizens of the district the right to vote in presidential elections. the amendment does not make the district a state, it gives the residents the same number of electors the same number as if it were a state. but, per the amendment, no more than the smallest state. the amendment does not give district citizens any representation in congress. congress continues to govern the district.
while the district of columbia is considered politically neutral at the time of passage in 1961, the district swung dramatically toward the democratic party since. african-americans have voted in greater numbers than they had in the 1940s and 1950s. according to the 1970 census, 71% of the federal district was black, a dramatic jump. as a result, the district has sent its 3 electoral votes to the democratic candidate in every single presidential election since 1964. however, the district's electoral votes have yet to prove decisive in a presidential election. the smallest electoral college majority won by a democratic president since the twenty-third amendment's ratification was the 56 vote majority achieved by jimmy carter in 1976.
newton edward daniels (6 april 1938 – 17 march 2016), known by his stage name paul daniels, was an english magician and television performer. 
he was known for his show "the paul daniels magic show". it ran on the bbc from 1979 to 1994. he was known for his catchphrase of "you'll like this ... not a lot, but you'll like it". he also hosted three game shows on the bbc, odd one out from 1982 to 1985, every second counts from 1986 to 1993 and wipeout from 1994 to 1997. 
he was born in south bank, middlesbrough. he married jacqueline skipworth in 1960. the couple had three sons: gary, paul and martin. daniels was married to his assistant debbie mcgee from 1988 until his death. 
daniels died of a brain tumor in wargrave, berkshire, aged 77.
suaad allami (arabic: سعاد اللامي) or suaad abbas salman allami (arabic: سعاد عباس سلمان العلمي ) is an iraqi lawyer from sadr city in baghdad. in 2009 she received the international women of courage award. alami started a women's center in baghdad with the ngo women for progress. women for progress was the first legal clinic for women in iraq. 
allami graduated from baghdad university school of law in 1992. she worked as a lawyer in iraq's family courts for seventeen years. 
in 2010 allami received a master's degree (llm) in law and human rights from the university of minnesota law school. 
allami was in the baghdad provincial council and sadr city district council from 2004 to 2009. she wrote laws for the district and sub-district councils of baghdad province. 
allami opened the first all female legal clinic in iraq. she runs five women’s centers in baghdad. 
superior is a city in northwestern wisconsin, united states. at the 2010 census, the population was 27,244. superior is at the western end of lake superior. it is also the county seat of douglas county.
superior was the last place that the "edmund fitzgerald" visited before it sank.
the twenty-fifth amendment (amendment xxv) to the united states constitution says that if the president becomes unable to do his or her job, the vice president becomes the president (section 1) or acting president (sections 3 or 4). this can happen for a short period of time, if the president is just sick or disabled for a short time. it could also happen until the end of the president's term (the president's time in office), if the president died, resigned, or is "unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office".
the twenty-fifth amendment also says what should happen if there is a "vacancy" in the vice president's office (meaning there is no vice president).
the amendment was ratified by the states and became part of the u.s. constitution on february 10, 1967.
 of the constitution says:
this means that if the president is fired, dies, resigns, or is unable "to discharge [his] powers and duties" (unable to do the things a president has to do), the vice president will take over their job. the vice president will do the president's job until they get better (if they are just sick or disabled), or until the next presidential election (if the president resigned or is dead). if neither the president nor the vice president can do the president's job, congress can decide who takes over the president's job. this is all the constitution says about this subject.
this clause was not very specific. it did not say:
in 1841, the ninth president, william henry harrison, became the first united states president to die in office. before this, representative john williams had suggested that the vice president should become acting president if the president died. also, after harrison died, his cabinet had met and decided that vice president john tyler would become "vice-president acting president." however, tyler did not like this idea. he announced that he had become the president, and was not just doing the old president's job. he refused to look at any papers that were addressed to him as "acting president."
tyler took the presidential oath, moved into the white house, and took over all of the old president's powers. nobody formally challenged tyler's claim to the presidency. eventually, both houses of congress passed a resolution saying that tyler was the tenth president of the united states. this created "the precedent of full succession." a precedent is a rule or law that might be followed in the future if a similar situation came up again. "full succession" means that the vice president would become the president, not acting president, if the actual president died. the "precedent of full succession" became known as the "tyler precedent."
at other times, presidents did not die, but they were unable to do their jobs because of illness. for example, during his presidency, woodrow wilson had a stroke. however, the first lady, edith wilson, and the official white house doctor kept the stroke a secret. because of this, no one took over the presidency, even though wilson could not do the job at that time.
before the 25th amendment, the office of vice president had been empty eighteen times because the vice president died, resigned, or had to take over for the president. for example, there was no vice president for nearly four years after franklin d. roosevelt died.
these problems made it clear that the government needed more specific rules.
on november 22, 1963, president john f. kennedy was assassinated. kennedy's assassination made it very clear to congress that they needed to figure out a solution about presidential succession right away. the united states was in the middle of the cold war. the new president, lyndon b. johnson, had previously had a heart attack in 1955 along with a family history of johnson men dying relatively young (in their early 60s, which he did in 1973 aged 64). the next two people in line for the presidency were the speaker of the house of representatives, john mccormack (who was 71 years old), and the president pro tempore of the senate, carl hayden (who was 86 years old). congress started moving more quickly.
members of congress suggested two different amendments to fill in the details missing from clause 6.
the keatingkefauver proposal suggested allowing congress to make a law about who should decide when a president is disabled. it was proposed in 1963 by senator kenneth keating of new york,p. 345 and supported by tennessee senator estes kefauver.p. 28 however, other senators were worried that congress could abuse this power, or would not actually make the law after the amendment was passed.pp. 30–35
the bayhceller proposal ended up becoming the twenty-fifth amendment. on january 6, 1965, senator birch bayh proposed the amendment in the united states senate, and representative emanuel celler (chairman of the house judiciary committee) proposed it in the united states house of representatives. unlike the keatingkefauver proposal, it suggested a way to fill the vice president's position if it was empty, and also set out rules for how a president could be declared "disabled."pp. 348–350
on february 19, 1965, the senate passed the amendment. however, the house passed a different version of the amendment on april 13. the house and senate had to form committees to figure out a version of the amendment they could all agree on. on july 6, 1965, both houses of congress passed the final version of the amendment and sent it to the states for ratification.
as with all constitutional amendments proposed by the congress, the twenty-fifth amendment had to be ratified by three-fourths of the states (38 of 50). ratification was complete 19 months after the amendment was proposed. another nine states subsequently also ratified the amendment; three states did not vote to ratify the amendment.
the states ratified the amendment in this order:
section 1: presidential succession.
section 1 made the "tyler precedent" a law. it says that if a president is removed from office, dies, or resigns, the vice president immediately becomes president (not "acting president").
section 2: vice presidential vacancy.
before the twenty-fifth amendment, if the vice president's position was empty, it stayed empty until the next election.
under section 2, whenever there is a vacancy in the office of vice president, the president nominates someone to replace the vice president. if a majority of both houses of congress agree, that person becomes the vice president.
section 3: presidential declaration.
section 3 says that a president can declare themselves "unable to discharge the powers and duties of their office" (unable to do their job). he or she must say this in a written letter to both the president pro tempore of the senate and the speaker of the house of representatives. once the president does this, the vice president becomes acting president. the president can take back the presidency at any time by sending letters to the president pro tempore and the speaker of the house, saying he or she is able to discharge the powers and duties of the presidency again.
section 4 is the only part of the amendment that has never been used. it allows other executive officials to declare the president unable to do his job. the vice president must agree to do this. so must:
to declare the president unable to do his job, these people would have to sign and give a letter to the president pro tempore of the senate and the speaker of the house. as with section 3, the vice president would then become the acting president.
the president may take back the presidency by sending a letter to the president pro tempore and the speaker of the house. however, if the vice president and the cabinet think the president is still disabled and still cannot do his job, they can challenge his return. they have four days to write another declaration saying the president is still unable to do his job. the vice president is still acting president during these four days. congress then has to get together within 48 hours, if they are not already in session. then congress has 21 days to make a decision. in the meantime, the vice president is still acting president.
if two-thirds of each house of congress votes that the president still cannot do his job, the vice president would continue to be acting president. if congress does not vote this way, or if they do not vote at all within 21 days, the president takes over the presidency again.
the twenty-fifth amendment has been invoked (used) six times since it was added to the constitution. section 1 has been used once; section 2 has been used twice; and section 3 has been used three times. only section 4 has never been used, though it was considered twice.
use of section 1.
president richard nixon resigned on august 9, 1974, before the house could vote on whether to impeach him for crimes related to the watergate scandal. vice president gerald ford became president as soon as nixon resigned.
use of section 2.
on october 10, 1973, vice president spiro agnew resigned. two days later, president richard nixon nominated united states representative gerald ford of michigan to be the new vice president. according to section 2, more than 50% of each house of congress had to approve ford as vice president. by december 6, 97% of the senate and 92% of the house had approved ford. ford was sworn in to the vice presidency later on december 6 before both houses of congress. ford is the only person in united states history ever to be vice president, and later president, without being elected to either office.
when gerald ford became president after richard nixon resigned, the vice presidency became vacant. on august 20, 1974, the new president ford nominated former new york governor nelson rockefeller to be the new vice president. on december 10, 1974, the senate confirmed rockefeller with a vote of 90–7. nine days later, the house voted 287-128 to confirm rockefeller. he was sworn into office later on december 19, 1974, before the senate.
use of section 3.
presidents have used section 3 of the 25th amendment three times. each time, they have given power to their vice presidents for a short time because they needed to get anesthesia for medical tests or surgery. the three acting presidents in united states history are listed below.
george h. w. bush (1985).
on july 12, 1985, president ronald reagan found out that he had a small growth in his colon that could turn into colon cancer. his doctor told him he needed surgery. reagan decided to have surgery right away.
however, reagan did not want to invoke section 3 of the 25th amendment. he was worried that giving presidential power away would set a bad precedent. the white house's head lawyer and reagan's chief of staff suggested that he use section 3 and give power to vice president george h.w. bush.
two letters were created. the first invoked section 3 and said reagan would be unable to discharge his duties. the second said that reagan knew about section 3, and did not think it applied to his situation, but still wanted bush to take over during his surgery. on july 13, reagan signed the second letter and had it delivered to the president pro tempore and the speaker of the house.
reagan's autobiography, and other books, argue that reagan clearly meant to give power to vice president bush.pp. 197–200 the white house lawyer, fred fielding, said:
however, since reagan did not specifically mention section 3 and say he could not do his job as president, he did not officially invoke the 25th amendment.
dick cheney (2002; 2007).
on june 29, 2002, president george w. bush became the first president to officially invoke section 3. he needed a colonoscopy, a test of the colon, and would be getting anesthesia. he formally gave power to his vice president, dick cheney, using the rules that the 25th amendment set out. unlike reagan, he specifically said he was using section 3 of the 25th amendment in his letter to the president pro tempore and the speaker of the house. after about two hours, bush was awake and took back the presidency.
on july 21, 2007, president bush again invoked section 3 so he could have another colonoscopy. again, cheney was acting president for about two hours, until bush was ready to take back the presidency.
considered use of section 4.
as of 2021, section 4 has never been invoked, however there were at least two occasions where the use of section 4 was considered and another where its non-use came under substantial criticism. these occurred during the presidency of ronald reagan.
1981: reagan assassination attempt.
on march 30, 1981, a man named john hinckley tried to kill president ronald reagan. reagan was shot and needed immediate surgery, so he could not invoke section 3 to give power to his vice president. his vice president, george h.w. bush, did not invoke section 4, because he was on an airplane returning from texas. reagan was out of surgery by the time bush got to washington, d.c.pp. 195–6, 253-5
in 1995, birch bayh, who had written the senate version of the 25th amendment, wrote that section 4 should have been invoked.
1987: reagan accused of not doing his job.
in 1987, reagan's chief of staff, donald regan, resigned.p. 218 howard baker replaced him.p. 83 reagan's staff told baker that reagan seemed lazy and unable to do his job. they told him to be ready for section 4 of the 25th amendment to be invoked.
according to the pbs program "american experience":
in an interview on the program, edmund morris, who had written a biography of reagan, said:
aluf meir dagan (; 30 january 1945 – 17 march 2016) was an israeli politician. he was a former israel defense forces officer. he was a former director of the mossad. he served as director from 2002 through 2011.
dagan was born in the soviet union. he moved to israel at age five.
dagan died of liver cancer in tel aviv, israel at the age of 71.
larry drake (february 21, 1950 – march 17, 2016) was an american actor. he was known for his role as benny stulwicz on the television show "l.a. law", robert g. durant in "darkman" and as pops in "johnny bravo". he won two emmy awards in 1988 and in 1989.
drake died of cardiac arrest complicated by a rare form of blood cancer on march 17, 2016 in hollywood, california at the age of 66.
zoltán kamondi (6 april 1960 – 17 march 2016) was a hungarian movie director, actor, screenwriter and producer. he was born in budapest, hungary. he was known for directing "paths of death and angels".
kamondi died on 17 march 2016 at the age of 55.
marian kociniak (11 january 1936 – 17 march 2016) was a polish movie and theatre actor. he was known for his role in the 1970 movie "how i unleashed world war ii". he was born in warsaw, poland.
kociniak died in warsaw, poland from a heart attack on 17 march 2016 at the age of 80.
jean miotte (1926 – 1 march 2016) was a french abstract painter. he worked with the style known as l'art informel. he was born in paris. miotte's work is preserved and studied at the miotte foundation in manhattan. 
moitte died in new york city, new york at the age of 90.
james douglas (may 20, 1929 – march 5, 2016) was an american actor. he best known for his role as grant colman on "as the world turns" (1974–81, with return appearances in 1986 and 1989).
douglas was born in los angeles, california. he died on march 5, 2016 at the age of 86.
his first major role came in 1964 when he joined the cast of the primetime soap "peyton place". he played the role of steven cord. he stayed with the series until it left the air in 1969.
he then turned mainly to daytime roles, appearing as elliott carrington on "another world" from 1972 to 1974. he then moved to "as the world turns". he also appeared on "the edge of night" in 1984 and on "one life to live" as dr. marcus polk (1985–87).
erik duval (11 september 1965 – 12 march 2016) was a belgian scientist. duval chaired the informatics section of the computer science department of the katholieke universiteit leuven. he also chaired the research unit on human-computer interaction. duval died in antwerp, belgium from non-hodgkin lymphoma at the age of 50.
solomon marcus (; march 1, 1925 – march 17, 2016) was a romanian mathematician of jewish descent. he was a member of the mathematical section of the romanian academy. he was also emeritus professor of the university of bucharest's faculty of mathematics. 
his main research was in the fields of mathematical analysis, mathematical and computational linguistics and computer science, but he also published numerous papers on various cultural topics: poetics, linguistics, semiotics, philosophy and history of science and education.
marcus died of heart failure on march 17, 2016 at the age of 91.
vladimir yakovlevich shainsky () (december 12, 1925 — december 25, 2017) was a soviet and russian composer. in the 1950s shainsky played in leonid utyosov's orchestra. he taught young people how to conduct music. he worked as a composer and musical leader at different dance orchestras. he studied in baku conservatory, the composers faculty.
shainsky was born in kiev.
shainsky has been awarded many awards, including the ussr state prize (1981), people's artist of the russian sfsr title (1986), order of friendship (1996), multiple laureate of the russian (formerly soviet) "song of the year" festival (since 1971).
vladimir shainsky died on december 25, 2017, at the age of 93, after a long illness at the san diego hospital in california, usa.
these species of tree frogs in the hylidae family are commonly referred to as the arizona tree frog:
nancy olson (born april 14, 1928) is an american actress. she was nominated for the academy award for best supporting actress in "sunset boulevard" (1950). other movies including "the absent-minded professor" and "airport 1975" (1974). she has mostly retired from acting. olson was born in milwaukee, wisconsin.
albert abraham michelson (december 19, 1852 – may 9, 1931) was an american physicist. he was born in strzelno (in posen, prussia, now in poland) but grew up in california. he was known for his work on measuring the speed of light. that work led to him being awarded the nobel prize in physics in 1907. he was the first american to receive it in the field of science.
donna mills (born december 11, 1940) is an american actress and producer. she began her television career in 1966 with a recurring role on "the secret storm". she played abby cunningham on "knots landing". she won several soap opera digest awards for this role. she also played madeline reeves in "general hospital" in 2014-2015. she won an emmy award for outstanding special guest performer in a drama series.
mills was born in chicago, illinois. some sources give her birth date as 1942 or 1943.
r136a1 is the most massive and luminous known star. it is a wolf–rayet star at the center of r136. 
r136 is the central group of stars of the large ngc 2070 open cluster in the tarantula nebula. the nebula lies about 50 kiloparsecs (163,000 light-years) in the large magellanic cloud. 
r136a1 has 265 the mass of the sun, and 8.7 million times its luminosity. it is also one of the hottest at over 50,000 k. the cluster is only about 1.5 million years old, and is pouring out a huge amount of energy. together, they outshine our sun by a factor of 30 million.
the star is the largest of nine huge stars in the cluster.
madison is a family name of english origin. it has become a popular first name in the united states. it was one of the most popular names during the 2000s–2010s for girls.
although less common, the name has also been used for boys.
the tarantula nebula (also known as 30 doradus) is an h ii region in the large magellanic cloud (lmc). it was originally thought to be a star, but in 1751 lacaille recognized it was a nebula.
the tarantula nebula has an apparent magnitude of 8. considering its distance of 49 kpc (160,000 light-years), this is an extremely luminous object. its luminosity is so great that if it were as close to earth as the orion nebula, the tarantula nebula would cast shadows.
it is the most active starburst region known in the local group of galaxies. it is also one of the largest such regions in the local group with an estimated diameter of 200 pc.
30 doradus has at its centre the star cluster ngc 2070 which includes the group of stars known as r136. this group puts out most of the energy that makes the nebula visible. the estimated mass of the cluster is 450,000 solar masses. it may become a globular cluster in the future.
in addition to ngc 2070, the tarantula nebula has other star clusters, including the much older hodge 301. the most massive stars of hodge 301 have already exploded in supernovae. the closest supernova observed since the invention of the telescope, supernova 1987a, occurred in the outskirts of the tarantula nebula. the remnants of many other supernovae are difficult to detect in the complex nebulosity.
rice allergy is a type of food allergy. people allergic to rice react to some rice proteins after they eat rice or breathe in rice steam. although some reactions might lead to severe health problems, doctors can diagnose rice allergy with many methods and help allergic people to avoid reactions.
some rice proteins are regarded as the causes of allergy in some people. people allergic to rice might have sneezing, runny nose, itching, asthma, stomachache or eczema after they eat rice. besides eating rice, people with a rice allergy can have reactions breathing rice steam from cooked rice. allergic people might have skin rashes and swellings. moreover, they might stop breathing and die due to cardiac arrest.
manuel ezequiel bruzual (santa marta, colombia, 1830 – curaçao, 15 august 1868), was a military leader committed to liberal ideas, also in charge of the war and navy ministry in 1864, and in 1868 was designated provisional president of venezuela.
the bank of the city of buenos aires ("banco ciudad de buenos aires"), doing business as banco ciudad, is a publicly owned, municipal commercial bank in buenos aires, argentina.
banco credicoop ("creditco-op bank") is an argentine cooperative bank. after the 2001 crisis in argentina, it became the second private bank in the country behind banco macro bansud and the first with completely national public capital. it is the most important cooperative bank in latin america.
banco credicoop has its origin in the credit unions. in 1976 the argentinean military government tried to eliminate credit unions, an area of ​​the cooperative sector. this prompted a defensive action that led to the merger of credit cooperatives in order to survive, giving rise to banco credicoop in 1979, from the merger of the 44 credit unions that existed in the capital and in greater buenos aires. aires, some of which had been created in the early 20th century.
towards the mid-1940s, with the election of juan domingo perón, the credit unions began to reflect the industrial development that took place in the country, originating an accelerated growth and diversification of the sectors served.
starting in 1958, the creation of the cooperative funds mobilization institute (imfc) as a second-tier cooperative caused a real explosion in the number and geographical dispersion of the entities. from that moment, the cooperative credit unions developed a new type of operation based on capturing resources through sight accounts, compensated by a national clearinghouse of payment orders. 
this allowed them to dispose of between 9% and 11% of the total deposits in the financial system, which the savings banks channeled to finance small and medium-sized companies, cooperatives and individuals. the development of cooperativism in a sector as sensitive as the financial one provoked the early opposition of national and foreign banks, as well as sectors of the big bourgeoisie, which generated a series of regulations and restrictive actions on the part of the argentine state that reached their culminating point from the coup d'état of 1966.
the civic-military dictatorship that governed argentina between june 1966 and march 1973 –which intended to reorganize argentine society– attacked credit cooperatives in their double character: as a financial company oriented to the development of small and medium-sized national companies, wage earners and entities of the social economy, a sector that had no place in the economic plans of the self-proclaimed “argentine revolution”; and as a social movement that had to freeze its activity –along with all the other social and political institutions of the country– during the stage of “economic time” imposed by the dictatorship. in short, of the 974 credit unions that operated in 1966, only 417 were able to survive the dictatorship. their share of total deposits in the financial system had fallen from more than 10% to just under 2%.
banco galicia is a private bank of argentina. it belongs to the grupo financiero galicia. it was founded in 1905 as banco de galicia y buenos aires, and traditionally its board of directors was made up of members of the escasany, ayerza and braun menéndez families. its shares began trading on the buenos aires stock exchange in 1907.
banco galicia was founded in 1905 by a group of businessmen from the galician community in argentina, and in 1907 its shares began trading on the buenos aires stock exchange. in 2000, grupo financiero galicia was created and became the controlling company of the bank, acquiring 100% of its shares in 2014.
the commercial network grew significantly at the end of the 1950s and continued to expand to the 326 branches it has today, developing its potential and earning its reputation as an innovative bank, currently considered a leader and reference within the national banking industry.
in the late 1950s, banco galicia launched the capital investment fund fima acciones and founded the predecessor of the asset manager galicia asset managment.
as part of its growth strategy, banco galicia began to expand into rural areas in the interior of the country, where it was believed that there was high growth potential. access to financial services in the interior was limited compared to buenos aires and its surroundings, and its population used fewer banking services.
in 1979, it launched the first atm network in the country, together with 4 of the main banks in the financial system. in order to expand its network throughout argentina, in 1986 banco galicia offered to open 13 branches with atms in the province of santiago del estero in exchange for placing the bank's characteristic symbol on the province's flag, as well as it is how today the cross of santiago can be seen on the provincial flag.
between 1995 and 1999, banco galicia acquired shareholdings in various entities and formed several non-banking companies that provided financial services -mainly through the issuance of own-brand credit cards- and insurance.
in 2000, it launched the first internet financial portal in argentina and in 2006 the first payment service through a bank's cell phone in argentina.
after being significantly affected by a deep economic and financial crisis in 2001 and 2002, banco galicia managed to recover to resume its leadership position. it is currently one of the main banks in the argentine financial system, being the most important among those in the private sector with national controlling capitals.
open english is an online english school. in 2014, the school had 100,000 students in the spanish speaking world.
andrés moreno, nicolette rankin and wilmer samiento, co-founded open english in caracas, venezuela in september 2006. in 2009, rankin and moreno moved the company to miami, florida. moreno played the english student and rankin played the english teacher in their homemade commercials for open english.
from 2010 to 2013, the company raised $120 million in vc funding, including $69 million in 2013 from venture firm technology crossover ventures (tcv).
in 2013, co-founder rankin left open english and co-founded another online school, next university. in 2015, next university was acquired by open english.
the 1949 south american championship was the 21st. edition of the copa américa, the main national team football competition in south america. it was held in, and won by, brazil. paraguay finished as runner-up while argentina withdrew from the tournament.
this achievement ended a 27-year streak without official titles for the brazilians. the last one had been in the 1922 south american championship, also played on brazilian soil. jair da rosa pinto from brazil was the top scorer of the tournament, with nine goals.
for a complete list of participating squads, see: "1949 south american championship squads"
a playoff match was played between brazil and paraguay to determine the champion.
the 1949 south american championship final was the final match to determine the winner of the 1949 south american championship, the 21st. edition of this continental competition. it was held on may 11, 1949, in estádio são januário of rio de janeiro. brazil hosted the tournament after 27 years.
brazil had won all its previous matches, thrashing their rivals in all of them (totalising 36 goals in 5 games). nevertheless, the 2–1 loss to paraguay caused both teams tied on points so a final match had to be played to crown a champion. 
on the other hand, the paraguay side had a strong team with such notable players, regarded by some journalists as the best of its history. in fact, the paraguayan side achieved some notable results such as the 2nd place in the previous edition.
brazil won the match against paraguay, thrashing them by 7–0 and winning its 3rd. continental title.
phyllodytes maculosus is a frog. it lives in brazil. it lives in the forest in bahia and minas gerais.
tomb raider is a 2018 action-adventure movie. it was directed by roar uthaug. it is based on the 2013 video game "tomb raider". it stars alicia vikander as lara croft.
a military column is a formation of soldiers where one group of soldiers stand in front of the other.
ehwaz (ᛖ) is the elder futhark rune for the letter "e" and horse. elder futhark runes were created by the vikings. the literal meaning is horse but it has a deeper meaning.
ehwaz may mean travel. this is because horses were used to travel by the vikings. ehwaz can also mean loyalty or trust. horses are normally loyal to their owners.
the battle of five forks was fought on april 1, 1865, southwest of petersburg, virginia, near the five forks, at the end of the siege of petersburg, and at the end of the american civil war.
jo nesbø (; born jon nesbø; 29 march 1960) is a norwegian writer, musician, economist, and former footballer and journalist . more than 3 million copies of his novels had been sold in norway as of march 2014. his books have been translated into over 50 languages, and by 2021 had sold some 50 million copies worldwide. this had made him the most successful norwegian author of all time.
nesbø is best known for writing crime novels featuring inspector . however, in 2007 he released his first children's book, "doktor proktors prompepulver" (english translation: ). he also had his book "hodejegerne" (english translation: the headhunters) turned into the 2011 action thriller film of the same name. nesbø has also had the idea for the norweigian political thriller tv series "okkupert" (english translation: occupied). 
nesbø is also the main singer and songwriter for the norwegian rock band , which started in 1992. nesbø's brother, knut nesbø, used to be a guitarist for the band. the band was awarded the gammleng-prisen, a norwegian culture award, in 1996. they have also had a number one record chart with "jenter & sånn" in 1994.
yang seungkyu (; born 1980) is a south korean architect.
he majored in architectural engineering in college, worked in an architectural office, and learned architectural design. he participated in the expansion of 's yangjae-dong research center and the construction of a new subway station in shenzhen, china (ling zhi station, fan shen station). after that, he worked for a construction it venture and was in charge of development and planning of bim software. he participated in monthly cad & graphics as a professional writing, focusing on cad know-how based on architectural practice. in 2013, he obtained a qualification as a registerd architect and joined in 2014. he participated as the construction foreman of the substation building that supplies electricity to the main stadium of the and participated as a torchbearer. at the 2019 digital architecture competition, he won the best award of the year for his entry of "power facility bim vr, ar". he obtained a master's degree in engineering with a paper titled "a study on the correlation between urban decline and power usage". he wrote "introduction to bim: revit guidebook" and "the cakewalk series – autocad for practical business("follow autocad in action")" and participated in the mentoring book "how did they come to architects?".
"all dogs go to heaven 2" is a sequel to the goldcrest films production, "all dogs go to heaven" (1989). it is an animated movie that follows the life of gordon freeman, who dies at the end.
honduras national under-17 football team is the national football team from honduras and has been to the fifa u-17 world cup five times with their best result when they reached the quarter-finals in 2013. 
jimmy nolen (april 3, 1934 – december 18, 1983) was an american guitarist. he was known for his distinctive "chicken scratch", which is lead guitar playing in james brown's bands. 
in its survey of "the 100 greatest guitarists of all time," the english magazine "mojo" ranks nolen number twelve.
alexia putellas segura (1994) is a catalan professional footballer. she plays as a midfielder for barcelona, whom she captains, and for the spain women's national football team. she is widely known as one of the best female footballers in the world.
levadiakos football club is a greek professional football club from livadeia, greece. the club plays in the super league greece.
levadiakos started in 1961 when local clubs trofonios and pallevadiaki connected to a greater club. levadiakos played in the second division being close to relegation in almost every season. in may 1987 they were promoted to alpha ethniki . levadiakos stayed there only for four seasons. after their second relegation the club even went to the 3rd division of greece. after ten years in 2005 they were promoted again but was immediately relegated. in the next summer levadiakos bought many expensive players and appointed georgi vasilev as manager. the team was promoted again. after relegation 2019 they came back in 2022.
levadiakos' stadium was built in 1952. the stadium is located in livadeia, about 130 km north-west of athens.
seasons in the 21st century.
best position in bold.
key: 1r = first round, 2r = second round, 3r = third round, 4r = fourth round, 5r = fifth round, gs = group stage, qf = quarter-finals, sf = semi-finals.
juliet of the spirits () is a 1965 italian french fantasy comedy-drama movie directed by federico fellini and starring giulietta masina, sandra milo, mario pisu, valentina cortese, valeska gert, friedrich von ledebur, caterina boratto, george ardisson, anne francine. it was nominated for 2 academy awards in 1967.
welcome bay is a suburb in tauranga, new zealand. neighbouring suburbs include hairini and maungatapu. there are several schools in welcome bay including three primary schools.
zoran đinđić (1 august 1952 – 12 march 2003) was a serbian politician. he was prime minister of serbia from 2001 until we was assassinated in 2003.
he was the mayor of belgrade in 1997, and long-time opposition politician.
john patrick ruffo (born 8 march 1988) is an australian singer, songwriter, dancer, actor and television presenter. he finished third during the third season of the australian version of "the x factor" in 2011. he won the twelfth season of "dancing with the stars" in 2012.
after appearing on "the x factor", ruffo signed with sony music australia. his singles include "on top", "take it home" and "untouchable". he has also had acting roles in the soap operas "home and away" and "neighbours".
ruffo was born in balcatta, a suburb of perth, western australia. in 2017, he was diagnosed with brain cancer.
léon dumarsais estimé (21 april 1900 – 20 july 1953) was president of haiti from 16 august 1946 until 10 may 1950
devils of darkness is a 1965 british horror movie directed by lance comfort and starring william sylvester, hubert noël, carole gray, tracy reed, diana decker, rona anderson, peter illing, gerard heinz, eddie byrne. it was distributed by planet film distributions.
in electrical and electronic engineering, a daisy chain is a wiring scheme. it has multiple devices, which are wired together in sequence or in a ring, similar to a garland of daisy flowers.
daisy chains may be used for power, analog signals, digital data, or a combination of them.
the term daisy chain may refer either to large scale devices connected in series, such as a series of power strips plugged into each other to form a single long line of strips, or to the wiring patterns embedded inside of devices. other examples of devices which can be used to form daisy chains are those based on usb, firewire, thunderbolt and ethernet cables.
johnnie clyde johnson (july 8, 1924 – april 13, 2005) was an american pianist. he played jazz, blues and rock and roll. his work with chuck berry led to his induction into the rock and roll hall of fame. 
he was posthumously awarded the congressional gold medal for breaking racial barriers in the military.
johnson began playing the piano in 1928. he joined the united states marine corps during world war ii. he became a member of bobby troup's all-serviceman jazz orchestra, the barracudas. .
over the next 20 years, the two collaborated on many of berry's songs, including "school days", "roll over beethoven", "carol", and "nadine". the song "johnny b. goode" was reportedly a tribute to johnson, with the title referring to johnson's behavior when he was drinking.
johnson received little recognition until the chuck berry concert documentary, "hail! hail! rock 'n' roll", was released in 1987. the experience forged a permanent bond between him, keith richards, eric clapton, and steve jordan. although johnson had been supporting himself as a bus driver in st. louis, the exposure and experience of the film helped him return to headlining.
in 2005, he played piano on styx's re-recording of "blue collar man", entitled "blue collar man @ 2120", for their album "big bang theory". it was recorded at chess studios, on the 46th anniversary of the recording of "johnnie b. goode" at the same studio.
johnson died at the age of 80 from a kidney ailment and pneumonia in st. louis on april 13, 2005. he was buried in the jefferson barracks national cemetery.
integrated device technology, inc., is an american corporation. it is headquartered in san jose, california. 
they designs, manufactures, and markets low-power, high-performance mixed-signal semiconductor solutions for the advanced communications, computing, and consumer industries. the company markets its products primarily to original equipment manufacturers (oems). 
the company is focused on three major areas: communications infrastructure (wireless and wired), high-performance computing, and advanced power management.
the torrent duck ("merganetta armata") is a bird in the anatidae family.
phyllodytes punctatus is a frog. it lives in brazil. scientists have seen it in exactly one place: fazenda gravatá in sergipe.
the adult frog is about 18.2-22.8 mm long from nose to rear end. the skin on the back is brown, and there are brown spots on the back and legs. this frog has a bump on its nose and three bumps on each eyelid.
a dongle is a small piece of computer hardware. when you plug the dongle to your device, it will provide additional functionality, or enable a pass-through to such a device that adds functionality.
the term has since been added to other types of devices with a similar form factor, such as:
security dongles are typically used to help prevent unauthorized use and copying of certain forms of software. initially using ports such as the serial port or parallel port, most are now in usb format.
very short cables that connect relatively large jacks to smaller plugs/. it allow cables to be easily installed and removed from equipment with limited space available for connectors. the chromecast devit negates the need for a short adapter cable.
sumtotal systems, inc. is an american software company. it is based in gainesville, florida. it provides human resource management software and services to private and public sector organizations. 
the company uses multiple cloud-based channels, including software as a service (saas), hosted subscription, and premises-based licensure.
in september 2014, sumtotal was acquired by skillsoft, a provider of online learning to corporate training organizations.
the company now called sumtotal systems originated in the 2003 merger of click2learn (asymetrix) and docent software.
technology and services.
services include learning management, workforce management, talent management, hr, planning, analytics, payroll and benefits. the company delivers its software as a service (saas) using cloud computing. the company has regional offices in the us, canada and outside of north america.
barrick gold corporation is an american mining company. they produces gold and copper with 16 operating sites in 13 countries. it is located in toronto, ontario, canada. it has mining operations in argentina, canada, chile, côte d'ivoire, democratic republic of the congo, dominican republic, mali, papua new guinea, saudi arabia, tanzania, the united states and zambia. the company had 71 million ounces of proven and probable gold reserves.
barrick had been the world's largest gold mining company until newmont corporation acquired goldcorp in 2019. barrick expects to produce between 4.6 and five million ounces of gold and between 440 and 500 million pounds of copper in 2020.
barrick gold reported total co2e emissions (direct + indirect) for 31 december 2020 at 7,351 kt. it has set a greenhouse gas emissions reduction target of 30% and will be net-zero carbon emissions by 2050. at its operations in the united states, barrick is transitioning away from coal to natural gas and solar power, in an effort to reduce emissions. 
environmental and human rights violations have taken place around a number of mining operations. they are now closed or were previously operated by a different company, including violence in papua new guinea and tanzania. forty people were arrested in chile following a demonstration against the potential environmental impacts of a mining project. executives of acacia mining had faced charges of bribery, conspiracy, forgery, money-laundering, tax-evasion and environmental damage. there has also been small groups of opposition in the dominican republic.
emory andrew tate iii is an american-british and former professional kickboxer. after his professional career ended, he started offering paid memberships and courses through his website. his commentary has resulted in various platforms banning him.
tate was born on december 14,1986, in washington, d.c., he grew up in luton, england. his father, emory andrew tate ii, was an international master of chess. when he was five years old, he learned to play the game of chess. although his father would often withdraw him from tournaments because of his poor performance, he eventually became a talented player.
tate started training in martial arts and boxing in 2005. while he was working as a television advertising salesman, he won the 2009 iska full contact cruiserweight title in derby, england. although he had won 17 of his 19 professional fights, he was regarded as the best fighter in his division in europe.
tate won his first iska title after defeating jean-luc benoit in a rematch. in 2013, he defended his title against jean-luc benoit in france. he became the second iska world champion to hold titles in two different weight divisions. he competed in mixed martial arts for a couple of years before eventually calling it quits due to injuries.
"big brother" online ventures.
in 2016, while he was a guest on big brother, he was criticized for his racist and homophobic comments on twitter. after the release of a video that showed him assaulting a woman with a belt, he was removed from the show. he later said that the actions in the video were consensual. during his time on the show, he had only been there for six days. 
tate's website claims that he runs a webcam studio using his girlfriend as an employee. in romania, he and his brother started a business that sells sob stories using webcam girls. they claim that they have made millions of dollars from their operation.
tate runs a website called hustler's university which provides monthly membership fees to individuals who want to receive education on various subjects, such as cryptocurrency trading and dropshipping. until august 2022, members were able to receive substantial commissions for recruiting others through an affiliate marketing program.
critics noted that the scheme functioned as a pyramid scheme. tate became very prominent in 2022 after he encouraged members of his university, hustler's university, to post videos of him on social media in an attempt to boost their engagement.
social media presence.
tate became known for his tweets about the sexual abuse cases involving harvey weinstein. he also stated that those who suffered from sexual harassment should share the blame for their actions. in 2017, he made a statement about depression that was widely criticized. tate's accounts were suspended multiple times. in 2021, one of his accounts was mistakenly verified by twitter, which he had created to avoid his previous ban. the account was then permanently deleted. twitter claimed that the mistake was made due to an error, and the account had been promoted with a link.
tate was first known as a far-right figure online due to his appearances on various right-wing sites, such as infowars and jack posobiec.he was described by the independent's rabbil sikdar as a cult-like figure who is known for his anti-feminist views. tate has called himself a and a sexist, and he has stated that women are merely "long for the man" and that if they accused him of being an unfaithful husband, he would attack them with a machete. the white , which is an organization that fights against male-on-male violence, considers his statements to be extremely . hope not hate, an activist group that fights against fascism and racism, criticized tate's social media presence, saying it could encourage the far-right audience to follow him. in response, tate noted that his content mainly focuses on teaching his followers how to avoid being toxic and low-value individuals.
in a youtube video that was later deleted, tate stated that he moved to romania because it was easier to get away with rape in eastern europe. however, in april 2022, his house was raided by the country's diicot, which is an investigative agency that focuses on terrorism and organized crime.
in august 2022, the us embassy in romania alerted local authorities about the presence of an american woman at a property. following a raid, the two women were recovered. according to the authorities, the investigation is still ongoing. the us state department did not comment on the incident.
ihor tarasovych dashko (june 18, 1977, sambir, lviv region — april 9, 2022, mariupol, donetsk region) — ukrainian military officer, lieutenant colonel border guard of the state border service of ukraine, participant of the russian-ukrainian war. hero of ukraine (april 17, 2022, posthumously).
ihor dashko was born on june 18, 1977 in sambir, lviv region.
studied at secondary school no. 1 named after t. shevchenko, sambir, which he graduated in 1994.
after graduating from the academy of the state border service of ukraine in 1999, he started working in the city of mariupol, in the department of the state border service of ukraine.
from the summer of 2012 to january 2022, he served in the western regional department of the state security service.
a month before the russian invasion of ukraine, he again moved to the city of mariupol.
circumstances of death.
on april 9, 2022, he blew himself up at a radio station in mariupol so that it would not reach by the russian invaders. the last his words on the radio were "glory to ukraine! ".
...and then there were three... is the ninth studio album by genesis. the album was released on march 28, 1978.
slip is liquidized clay that is used to join together harder clay, or to paint other pieces of clay.
tottenham hotspur f.c. women, or just tottenham or spurs for short, is an english women's football club with connections to the tottenham hotspur f.c. men's football club. the club currently plays in the women's super league (or wsl for short), the top football division of women's football in england. it was created in 1985.
edf may refer to:
liveramp holdings, inc. (commonly liveramp), is a american saas company based on san francisco, califonia. it offers a data connectivity platform whose services include data onboarding, the transfer of offline data online for marketing purposes.
it was originally founded in 1969. the company underwent several name changes. they eventually took the liveramp name from a company it purchased, after spinning off the marketing services (ams) division to global advertising network interpublic group of companies.
liveramp's headquarters is located in san francisco, california, united states. the company has other regional u.s. offices in little rock, arkansas; new york, new york; seattle, washington; boston, massachusetts; phoenix, arizona; and philadelphia, pennsylvania.
international offices are located in the united kingdom, france, australia, china, japan and singapore.
 also known as the bandai namco group and generally bandai namco, is a japanese holding company. it is headquartered in minato, tokyo. it was formed from the merger of two companies - bandai and namco on september 29, 2005. 
the company specializes in toys, video games, arcades, anime, and amusement parks.
their united states branch, bandai namco holdings usa, was officially formed on january 6, 2008. they handle the us operations of the company from their headquarters located in irvine, california. 
le père goriot (, "old goriot" or "father goriot") is an 1835 novel by french novelist and playwright honoré de balzac (1799–1850). it is in the "scènes de la vie privée" section of his novel sequence "la comédie humaine". it is set in paris in 1819. it follows the lives of three characters: the elderly goriot, a mysterious criminal named vautrin and a naive law student named eugène de rastignac.
the novel takes place during the bourbon restoration. it brought major changes to french society. the struggle by individuals to reach a higher social status is a major theme in the book. balzac analyzes through goriot and others the nature of family and marriage that provides a pessimistic view of them.
in the first book edition, the novel had seven chapters:
the character eugène de rastignac had appeared as an old man in balzac's earlier philosophical fantasy novel "la peau de chagrin". while writing the first version of "le père goriot", balzac named the character "massiac", but he decided to use the same character from "la peau de chagrin". other characters were changed in a similar way. 
"le père goriot" is widely considered balzac's essential novel. its influence on french literature has been considerable, as shown by novelist félicien marceau's remark: "we are all children of "le père goriot"." 
in his book "le pére goriot: anatomy of a troubled world", martin kanes calls it "the keystone of the "comédie humaine". it is the central text of anthony pugh's study "balzac's recurring characters". entire chapters have been written about the detail of the maison vauquer. 
thus, says balzac biographer graham robb, "goriot" is one of the novels of "la comédie humaine" that can safely be read in english for what it is."
according to the editor of the norton critical edition, peter brooks, the book is now seen as "the most endurable and popular of balzac's myriad works" and a "classic of the [18th]-century european novel".
a well-known line of this book by balzac is when vautrin tells eugene, "in that case i will make you an offer that no one would decline." 
this has been reworked by mario puzo in the novel "the godfather" (1969) and its movie adaptation (1972) as "i'm gonna make him an offer he can't refuse". 
it was ranked as the second most significant cinematic quote in afi's 100 years...100 movie quotes (2005) by the american film institute.
laryngeal consonants are consonants that are articulated (made) in the larynx. laryngeal consonants include pharyngeal consonants, glottal consonants, and for some languages uvular consonants.
used people is a 1992 romantic comedy movie. beeban kidron directed it based on the 1988 play "the grandma plays" by todd graff. it stars shirley maclaine, marcello mastroianni, bob dishy, kathy bates, marcia gay harden, jessica tandy, doris roberts, sylvia sidney. it was distributed by 20th century fox.
a co-articulated consonant is a consonant sound made at two places of articulation at the same time. they are similar to consonants with secondary articulation but are not the same. for example, [gb] is a co-articulated consonant and [gʷ] is not.
magnificent obsession is a 1929 novel by lloyd c. douglas.
magnificent obsession may also refer to:
lac may refer to:
ronald kroon (17 september 1942, amsterdam – 12 july 2001, huizen) was a dutch freestyle swimmer who won two bronze medals at the 1962 european aquatics championships.
he also competed at the 1960 and 1964 summer olympics with the best achievement of 8th place in the 4×100 meters medley relay.
between 1960 and 1964 he was four times national champion and set 12 national records in the 100 m freestyle event.
he was the first dutch athlete to swim 100 meters within 55 seconds.
alexander nikolayevich yakovlev (russian: алекса́ндр никола́евич я́ковлев; 2 december 1923 – 18 october 2005) was a soviet and russian politician, diplomat, and historian.
a member of the politburo and secretariat of the communist party of the soviet union throughout the 1980s, he was termed the "godfather of glasnost", and was the intellectual force behind mikhail gorbachev's reform programme of glasnost and perestroika.
jane greer (born bettejane greer; september 9, 1924 – august 24, 2001) was an american film and television actress best known for her role as "femme fatale" kathie moffat in the 1947 film noir "out of the past".
franck lavaud (february 16, 1903 – february 27, 1988) was a haitian general and politician who was an acting head of state during two terms: from january 11, 1946 until august 16, 1946 and from may 10, 1950 until december 6, 1950.
both times he led a military junta along with paul magloire and antoine levelt.
phyllodytes megatympanum is a frog. it lives in brazil.
the skin of the frog's back and legs is light brown. the place where the legs meet the body is yellow. this frog's eardrum is very large. the eardrum is called a tympanum.
the solidus is a coin used in the late roman empire and byzantine empire. it was first introduced by constantine the great in 312. it later influenced the shilling in the united kingdom.
dance gavin dance is a post-hardcore band that came from sacramento, california. the band, as of august 2022, has four members; vocalist jon mess, rhythm guitarist andrew wells, drummer matthew mingus, and lead guitarist, will swan.
jun togawa (戸川純, togawa jun) is a japanese singer, musician and actress. jun was born in shinjuku, tokyo, japan on march 31st, 1961, making her 61 as of 2022. one of her close friends is susumu hirasawa.
jun made her musical debut with the band halmens as a guest singer, after gaining attention, she started her solo debut, with the album tamahime sama in 1984. jun has associations with susumu hirasawa (平沢進), and her own sister, kyoko togawa (戸川京子). she had made her acting debut in the drama shiawase senso four years prior to her solo debut. jun is well known for her acting in toto toilet commercials, along with her song suki suki daisuki. 
suki suki daisuki.
suki suki daisuki is the second track off of her solo album suki suki daisuki, it was released on november 10, 1985. suki suki daisuki is by far her most popular song, after many youtube and tiktok videos used to sound for videos of a more creepy, or scary nature. some even call suki suki daisuki a 'yandere' song.
downwell is an indie video game published by devolver digital in 2015. it is playable on steam (service) for microsoft windows, playstation 4, android (operating system), ios, the playstation vita, and later added to the nintendo switch. 
in the 2d game, you play as welltaro, a "curious man", who descends a well with gunboots while taking out enemies and getting new weapons and upgrades after each level.
direct contact is a 2009 american bulgarian german action thriller movie directed by danny lerner and starring dolph lundgren, michael paré, bashar rahal, raicho vasilev, gemma garrett. it was distributed by lionsgate.
ronald francis clements (born april 25, 1953) is an american animator, film director, producer and screenwriter.
gary a. trousdale (born june 8, 1960) is an american animator, film director, storyboard artist and screenwriter.
kirk wise (born august 24, 1963) is an american animator, film director and screenwriter best known for his work at walt disney animation studios.
roger charles allers (born june 29, 1949) is an american animator, film director, playwright, screenwriter and storyboard artist.
wolfgang reitherman (june 26, 1909 - may 22, 1985) is a german-american animator, director and producer.
hamilton somers luske (born october 16, 1903 - february 19, 1968) is an american animator and film director.
clito geronimi (june 12, 1901 - april 24, 1989) was an american animation director.
thornton hee (march 26, 1911 - october 30, 1988) was an american animator, director and teacher.
bagh (, meaning "garden") may refer to:
benjamin sharpsteen (november 4, 1895 - december 20, 1980) is an american film director and producer for disney.
thomas montgomery newman (born october 20, 1955) is an american composer and conductor. he is best known for his many movie scores.
newman stated composers like dave grusin, john williams, jerry goldsmith, elmer bernstein, alfred newman, carl w. stalling, lalo schifrin and john barry as influences.
"un-break my heart" is a 1996 song by american singer toni braxton and taken from her second studio album "secrets" and won a grammy in 1997. it topped the single charts for 11 weeks in the united states. it has been covered by weezer and il divo.
betrayed is a 1988 american japanese spy thriller movie directed by costa-gavras and starring debra winger, tom berenger, john heard, betsy blair, john mahoney, ted levine, timothy hutton. it was distributed by metro-goldwyn-mayer.
subway, subways, the subway, or the subways may refer to:
the diocese of rome (; ) is a diocese under the jurisdiction of the pope, who is also the bishop of rome. the first bishop of rome was saint peter. the current bishop of rome since 13 march 2013 is pope francis.
nimari is a western-indo aryan language mainly spoken in the nimar in the state of madhya pradesh. barwani, khargone, burhanpur, beria, dhar etc, are also places where it's spoken.
the brandenburg concertos are a set of concertos written by johann sebastian bach. it was written for christian ludwig, magrave of brandenburg-schwedt.
the set was collected and given to the margrave by bach in 1721. at that time, he was working as kapellmeister at cöthen. christoph wolff thinks that the concertos may have been written when bach was working at weimar.
the voiced velar tap is a sound reported to be used in some spoken languages. the sound should be impossible and is not in english.
kurdistani party, shortly pakurd (kurdish: partiya kurdistanî, پارتیا کوردستانی), is a kurdish nationalist political party founded on 26 may 2014 with the signature of 500 delegates. the party's predecessor is the kurdistan conscience initiative, which organizes acts of civil disobedience. the founding chairman of the party is i̇brahim halil baran, and the current party spokesperson is sedar halman. the party declared its aims as "open kurdistanist politics, kurdistan nationalism, non-violence and civil society".
book of dreams is the tenth studio album by steve miller band. it was released in may 1977 through capital records and went to number 2 in the united states and number 1 in canada. it was the group's most successful albums.
the rajkoti are a dardic tribal group based in chitral, khyber pakhtunkhwa, pakistan. they speak kalami, a dardic language. they live in the valley of rajkot and kalkot.
rajkot is a city in gujarat state of india. it has a population of over a million and the fourth largest city in the state. it used to be the capital of the princely state of saurashtra.
the avocets are water birds which poke around in mud to get their food. they are a kind of bird which are often called "waders".
the genus name "recurvirostra" comes from latin , 'curved backwards' and , 'bill'. 
avocets sweep their long, thin, upcurved bills from side to side when feeding in the brackish or saline wetlands they prefer. their plumage is pied (usually black and white), sometimes also with some red.
avocets have webbed feet and swim. their diet consists of aquatic insects and other small creatures. their favourite places are mudflats and estuaries. they walk around on the mud, sticking their bill into it and sweeping from side to side to find small prey.
avocets have made a return to britain. during wwii some land was allowed to return to its previous salt marsh condition. this was followed by the later development of nature reserves. avocets now use the titchfield haven national nature reserve as a summer breeding ground.
blackrock, inc. is an american multi-national investment company. it is based in new york city, united states. it was established in 1988. blackrock is the world's largest asset manager, with trillion in assets under management (as of january 2022). blackrock controls globally with 70 offices in 30 countries and clients in 100 countries.
blackrock has looked for the position itself as an industry leader in environmental, social and corporate governance (esg).
blackrock was founded in 1988 by larry fink, robert s. kapito, susan wagner, barbara novick, ben golub, hugh frater, ralph schlosstein, and keith anderson. their objective is to provide institutional clients with asset management services from a risk management perspective. 
by 1992, blackstone had a stake equating to about 35% of the company, and stephen a. schwarzman and fink were considering selling shares to the public. the firm adopted the name blackrock, and was managing $17 billion in assets by the end of the year. 
later schwarzman remained with blackstone, while fink went on to become chairman and ceo of blackrock inc.
the u.s. government had an contract with blackrock to help resolve the fallout of the financial meltdown of 2008. according to "vanity fair", the financial establishment in washington and on wall street believed blackrock was the best choice for the job. 
at the end of 2014, the sovereign wealth fund institute reported that 65% of blackrock's assets under management were made up of institutional investors.
blackrock is a shareholder in many institutional investors. they own shares in blackrock. this chain of possesion is similar to circular ownership structures. later they have been identified in the united kingdom, for example.
investments in india.
the firm maintains a dedicated india fund. such made investments in indian start-ups like byju's, gowork, paytm, pine labs, etc. as of 2020, it's lowering its investment in the country while increasing it in china.
in his 2018 annual letter to shareholders, ceo of blackroad larry fink wrote that other ceos should be aware of their impact on society. in may 2018, anti-war organizations held a demonstration outside the annual blackrock shareholders' meeting in manhattan, new york.
blackrock was examined for allegedly taking advantage of its close ties with the federal reserve system during the covid-19 pandemic response efforts. in june 2020, "the new republic" wrote that blackrock "was having a very good pandemic" and was casting "itself as socially responsible.
benjamin levi madden (ne combs; born march 11, 1979) is an american musician. he is the lead guitarist and backing vocalist for the band good charlotte.
madden was born in waldorf, maryland to robin madden and roger combs. he has an identical twin, joel madden with whom he formed the band good charlotte.
madden and actress cameron diaz had a daughter raddix madden in 2019.
john powell (born september 18, 1963) is an english composer, conductor, pianist and record producer, best known for his film scores.
john powell may refer to:
wilfred jackson (january 24, 1906 - august 7, 1988) is an american animator, arranger, composer and director best known for his work on the "mickey mouse" and "silly symphonies" series and the "night on bald mountain/ave maria" segment of "fantasia" from walt disney productions.
the black crook is work of the musical theatre. it was first produced in new york city in 1866. there were 474 shows.it opened on september 12, 1866 at the 3,200-seat niblo's garden on broadway in manhattan.
the ataris are an american punk rock band from anderson, indiana.
musical style and influences.
the ataris' music has been described as alternative rock, emo, indie rock, pop punk and punk rock. the ataris stated artists like everclear, pennywise, weezer, built to spill, the vandals, 311, dag nasty, descendents, down by law, face to face, green day, hüsker dü, lagwagon, nirvana, nofx, richard hell and the voidoids, social distortion, the replacement, mu330 and barenaked ladies.
311 is an american rock band from omaha, nebraska.
musical style and influences.
311's music has been described as alternative metal, alternative rock, funk metal, funk rock, nu metal, post-grunge, rap metal, rap rock and reggae rock. 311's influences include the clash, the cure, descendents, red hot chili peppers, cypress hill, de la soul, a tribe called quest, led zeppelin, bob marley, fishbone and bad brains.
phyllodytes amadoi is a frog. it lives in brazil. it lives in the rainforest. scientists have only seen it in one place, in bahia, but they think it lives in other places too.
this frog is smaller than other frogs in "phyllodytes". the adult frog is 15.6-23.0 mm long from nose to rear end.
descendents are an american punk rock band formed in 1977 in manhattan beach, california.
lagwagon is an american punk rock band originally from goleta, california, just outside of santa barbara, california.
mu330 are an american ska punk band from st. louis, missouri, united states.
midtown is an american pop punk band from new brunswick, new jersey, united states.
alexandre michel gérard desplat (born august 23, 1961) is a french film composer and conductor.
desplat was born in paris to jacques desplat and katie ladopoulou. his parents are of french and greek ancestry.
desplat stated composers like georges delerue, john williams, danny elfman, claude debussy, maurice ravel, bernard herrmann and antônio carlos jobim as influences.
georges delerue (march 12, 1925 - march 20, 1990) is a french composer who composed over 350 scores for cinema and television.
carter benedict burwell (born november 18, 1954) is an american film composer.
burwell was born in new york city to natalie benedict and charles burwell.
burwell stated composers like jerry goldsmith, john barry, richard strauss, maurice jarre, pyotr ilyich tchaikovsky and max steiner as influences.
burwell married christine sciulli in 1999 and had kids tycho burwell, tor burwell and greta burwell.
joel king goldsmith (november 19, 1957 - april 29, 2012) is an american composer of film, television and video game music.
goldsmith was born in los angeles, california to jerry goldsmith and sharon hennagin. his parents are jewish.
goldsmith married martha lopez in 1999 and had a daughter sophia goldsmith in 2002.
goldsmith died of cancer on april 29, 2012 in hidden hills, california.
goldsmith stated composers like peter bernstein, david newman, miklós róza, alex north, carl w. stalling, mercer ellington, franz waxman, leonard rosenman, raymond scott and lalo schifrin as influences.
peter bernstein (born april 10, 1951) is an american film score composer and is the son of acadamy award-winning composer and conductor elmer bernstein, with whom he frequently collaborated.
mercer kennedy ellington (march 11, 1919 - february 8, 1996) is an american musician, composer and arranger.
craig armstrong (born april 29, 1959) is a scottish composer of modern orchestral music, electronica and film scores.
life and career.
armstrong was born in glasgow, scotland.
armstrong stated composers like jerry goldsmith, john barry, max steiner, richard strauss, maurice jarre and pyotr ilyich tchaikovsky as influences.
the battle of trenton was fought on december 26, 1776 in trenton, new jersey. it was a part of the american revolutionary war. george washington led the continental army against hessians in trenton. the americans won the battle.
marco beltrami (born october 7, 1966) is an american composer and conductor of film and television scores.
beltrami was born in long island, new york, of italian and greek descent.
beltrami stated composer jerry goldsmith as an influence.
nicholas britell (born october 17, 1980) is an american composer, pianist and film producer based in new york city.
early life and education.
britell was raised in a jewish family in new york city.
britell stated composers like george gershwin, quincy jones and philip glass as influences.
britell was married to cellist caitlin sullivan.
the the abstract house or la casa astratta is a palace in viale beatrice d'este 24, milano, italy in the historic center of milan inside the luxurious quadronno district, which collects the open-air masterpieces of numerous archistars of the fifties.
the palazzo la casa abstract was built by carlo perogalli and attilio mariani together with the painter francesco magnelli in 1952, and is inspired by the reworking of the pictorial theories of kandinsky that dialogue with italian rationalism,carlo perogalli and attilio mariani also completed the adjacent building in viale beatrice d'este 26 in 1952, while giordano forti and camillo magni in 1957 created the masterpiece adjacent to "the abstract house" known as palazzo forti, making the whole area an open-air museum.
the abstract house of viale beatrice d'este in milan is the iconic masterpiece of the mac artistic movement, full of suggestions and the deepest conceptual meanings of the entire movement for concrete art with global significance.
the abstract house is the maximum expression of the architectural conceptual theories of perogalli and mariani synthesis of the artistic movement mac, founded in 1948 in milan with atanasio soldati, gillo dorfles, bruno munari and gianni monnet with the aim of overcoming figurative art by referring to the lesson of kandinsky.
the inseparable unity of the arts is significantly manifested in this example, the so-called "abstract house"; it presents a composition of the facade inspired by the work of alberto magnelli, a well-known abstract painter of tuscan origins who moved to paris.
the palazzo is a unique expressed synthesis applied to a building of the mac-movimento d'arte concreta artistic movement. it is defined by the art critic of claudio camponogara as "one of the richest and most significant buildings of the entire movement for concrete art".
the painter francesco magnelli, active in paris, collaborates with the designers in particular to layout the facade where the apartments of the abstract house in viale beatrice d'este are distributed according to a pictorial scheme, also finding inspiration from the artist alberto magnelli. the same design is taken up in negative inside the entrance hall with an artistic inlay in the rubber floor with the aim of establishing a close relationship between the facade and the interior space. in the atrium a sculpture was created by attilio mariani.
thus, for a short period of time (from 1948 to 1958), for architects and artists, milan became the city where they could experience a new conception of the relationships between the arts. the palace shows how the concrete forms are not simply paintings applied to the walls of a building designed separately by another person, but are born and developed together with the architecture with which they identify. the task of breaking the stereometry of the building is entrusted to the balconies which, united in a clever play of colors, enliven the front with beams of intense blue and give the impression of a large abstract composition pleasing to the eye and functional. the same design is taken up in negative inside the entrance hall, where an inlay of the rubber floor has the purpose of establishing a close relationship between the external facade and the internal space, where there is also a mariani sculpture. perogalli also considers this creation one of the most original and significant in which "the synthesis of the arts ... is also notable for the strong chromatic component: the facade of the building has a cladding in white marble and blue ceramic tiles. the decoration is expressed both in the free composition and in the choice of colors on the facade.
"the façade endowed with movement and plasticity for the protrusions of the balconies and bow windows that the chromatic play enhances: cladding in white marble, mirrors in black ceramic mosaic, balconies in blue ceramic mosaic."
bruno morassutti (padua, december 8, 1920 - belluno, september 4, 2008) was an italian architect and designer. morassutti is an archistar among the protagonists of the birth of italian design active in the fifties, a protagonist of italian rationalism.
morassutti's best known masterpiece is the bosco verticale in the exclusive quadronno district of milan, which anticipates boeri's recent construction.
bruno morasutti works with angelo mangiarotti for several projects in the united states with ernesto nathan rogers. morasutti was born into a wealthy family that owns a hardware chain.
morassutti collaborated on numerous projects with angelo mangiarotti and was influenced by gualtiero galmanini, in 1950 he went to work in chicago for bbpr first and then with max bill, architect, painter , sculptor, designer.
bruno morassutt was born in padua, studied in venice, where he graduated in 1946. in 1949 he left for the united states.
morassutti is aware of the limitations of academic training for a new course in architecture, and decides to start research in teliesin, arizona in the united states, with frank lloyd wright in the 1940s. research with wright will have a poetic development and dialogue in many of his future creations of strong identity. the researches with wright in an artistically unknown america in italy will continue for years both in arizona and in wisconsin, also comparing themselves with other designers such as auguste perret, richard neutra in california, ludwig mies van der rohe in chicago to then reach his own and totally avant-garde italian rationalist system upon his return to italy, although open to different types of contaminations that created a concept of avant-garde design that is unique in the world.
morassutti is aware of the limitations of academic training for a new course in architecture, and decides to start research in teliesin, arizona in the united states, with frank lloyd wright in the 1940s. research with wright will have a poetic development and dialogue in many of his future creations of strong identity. the researches with wright in an artistically unknown america in italy will continue for years both in arizona and in wisconsin, also comparing themselves with other designers such as auguste perret, richard neutra in california, [[ludwig mies van der rohe] ] in chicago to then reach his own and totally avant-garde italian rationalist system upon his return to italy, although open to different types of contaminations that created a concept of avant-garde design that is unique in the world.
since the early 1950s he has dedicated himself to the design of industrial design often together with [[angelo mangiarotti]], his furniture has the characteristic of being free of junctions, thanks to the joint, "tables, stools, benches and bookcases that combine functionality and decoration, freely assembled and easy to pack ".
ādaži (pronunciation: ]) is a town in latvia with town rights since 2022. it is the center of the ādaži district. as of 2022, ādaži had a population of 7,482 people. ādaži is on small river vējupe near river gauja. lake mazais baltezers is to south from the town.
ādaži was a small village until 1970s (with population of 303 people in 1965). after, a new farming village was built. in 21th-century, ādaži grew as cottage village, with some food factories.
a big military camp of nato is to north from the town.
roads from ādaži: riga—tallinn (a1), ādaži-jaunciems (p1), lapmeži-ādaži-baltezers (v50), ādaži-garkalne (v46). the nearest railway stations are garkalne (5 km) and carnikava (6 km). the center of riga is 22 km from ādaži to south.
koknese () is a town in middle latvia. it is in aizkraukle district. as of 2022, koknese had a population of 2,562 people. koknese is on rivers pērse and daugava.
koknese was a castle and river harbor at middle ages. it has town rights at 1277 until 17th century. town rights were given again in 2021.
roads from koknese: riga—daugavpils (a6), tīnūži—koknese (p6), ērgļi—koknese (p79), ogre—koknese (v996), suntaži—koknese (v920). koknese is railway station on line riga—daugavpils.
the centre of district aizkraukle is 14 km to east from koknese. the capital city riga is 100 km to west.
gabriel yared (born october 7, 1949) is a lebanese-french composer.
yared stated composers like johann sebastian bach, robert schumann, oliver wallace, john barry, elmer bernstein, jerry goldsmith, maurice jarre, john williams and lalo schifrin as influences.
rupert gregson-williams (born october 12, 1966) is an english composer of film, video games and television scores.
gregson-williams stated composers like elmer bernstein, gabriel yared, jerry goldsmith, john williams, james newton howard, howard shore, maurice jarre, alan silvestri, hans zimmer, john debney, alexandre desplat, david newman and philip glass as influences.
cape elizabeth is a town in cumberland county, maine, united states.
casco is a town in cumberland county, maine, united states.
chebeague island is a town in cumberland county, maine, united states.
frye island is a town in cumberland county, maine, united states.
gorham is a town in cumberland county, maine, united states.
gray is a town in cumberland county, maine, united states.
harpswell is a town in cumberland county, maine, united states.
harrison is a town in cumberland county, maine, united states.
long island is a town in cumberland county, maine, united states.
new gloucester is a town in cumberland county, maine, united states.
north yarmouth is a town in cumberland county, maine, united states.
pownal is a town in cumberland county, maine, united states.
raymond is a town in cumberland county, maine, united states.
sebago is a town in cumberland county, maine, united states.
standish is a town in cumberland county, maine, united states.
windham is a town in cumberland county, maine, united states.
yarmouth is a town in cumberland county, maine, united states.
avon is a town in franklin county, maine, united states.
the 1958 fifa world cup final took place in råsunda stadium, solna (near stockholm), sweden on 29 june 1958 to determine the champion of the 1958 fifa world cup.
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carrabassett valley is a town in franklin county, maine, united states.
carthage is a town in franklin county, maine, united states.
eustis is a town in franklin county, maine, united states.
industry is a town in franklin county, maine, united states.
kingfield is a town in franklin county, maine, united states.
new sharon is a town in franklin county, maine, united states.
new vineyard is a town in franklin county, maine, united states.
the 1962 fifa world cup final was the deciding match of the 1962 fifa world cup. 
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phillips is a town in franklin county, maine, united states.
the 1930 fifa world cup final was a football game in the 1930 fifa world cup. 
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strong is a town in franklin county, maine, united states.
temple is a town in franklin county, maine, united states.
weld is a town in franklin county, maine, united states.
wilton is a town in franklin county, maine, united states.
the 1938 fifa world cup final was the game between italy and hungary.
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amherst is a town in hancock county, maine, united states.
aurora is a town in hancock county, maine, united states.
brooklin is a town in hancock county, maine, united states.
brooksville is a town in hancock county, maine, united states.
bucksport is a town in hancock county, maine, united states.
castine is a town in hancock county, maine, united states.
cranberry isles is a town in hancock county, maine, united states.
dedham is a town in hancock county, maine, united states.
deer isle is a town in hancock county, maine, united states.
eastbrook is a town in hancock county, maine, united states.
ronnie mcnutt was a 33 year old veteran in the army. he shot himself with a shotgun. he died on facebook live stream on august 31, 2020.
street fighter is a japanese video game series and multi-media franchise produced by capcom.
street fighter may also refer to:
ķekava is a town in latvia with town rights since 2022. it is the center of the ķekava district. as of 2022, ķekava had a population of 5,446 people. ķekava is on small river ķekaviņa near river daugava. reservoir of riga hydroelectric power station is to north-east from the town.
ķekava was a small village until 1970s (with population of 333 people in 1967). after, a new chicken meat factory was built. a new workers village was built and it grew the population.
roads from ķekava: riga—warszawa (a7), riga bypass road (a5), ķekava-plakanciems (v6), ķekava bypass road (not built yet). the center of riga is 17 km from ķekava to north-west.
on 1 september 2022 argentina's former president and current vice president cristina fernández de kirchner had a gun pointed at her head by a man outside her official residence in the neighborhood of recoleta, buenos aires. as the man tried to kill her, the gun failed. no shots were fired. he was arrested on the scene.
on september 1, 2022, at 8:50 p.m. (local time in argentina), the vice president of argentina arrived at her home after a session in the senate. fernández was signing copies of her book "sinceramente" outside her home, when fernando andrés sabag montiel, about 35 years old, pointed a 32-caliber bersa gun at the president's head. he pulled the trigger twice but none of the magazine's five serviceable cartridges were chambered. the object had a damaged serial number.
supporters of the vice president gathered at the scene to sing songs in her support.
fernando andrés sabag montiel is the person who tried to fire at cristina fernández. he has a record for carrying a knife. he lives in the la paternal neighborhood. in photographs of the attacker released by the media, a tattoo of the black sun, a neo-fascist symbol, can be seen on his elbow.
sabag was quickly arrested by the victim's security and police elements. he was taken to a police tent where he is interrogated. elements of the argentine scientific police carried out expert investigations on the site.
alberto fernández, president of argentina, announced that maría eugenia capuchetti is the judge in charge of the investigations and the prosecutor is carlos rívolo.
the president asked the judicial authorities for speed in the clarification as well as to take care of the detainee's life.
for a week, the corner of the vice president's apartment has been in constant presence of sympathetic protesters, this presence responded to the previous presence of opposition protesters, in turn incited in response to a breakthrough in one of the corruption cases linked to lázaro báez on august 22.
after the event, several doubts arose from some sectors of the population and the media, due to the way in which the assassination attempt against fernández was raised. for example, the police had mistakenly broken into a home of the detainee, sabag montiel, but his real home had been located after a person showed up at a police station claiming that he had rented it for eight months , citing the serious lack of security on the part of the police to protect fernández, sabag montiel came to aim just a few centimeters from his face.
the attacker posted photos of his tattoos with nazi symbols, such as the black sun, on instagram, which generated speculation that if he worked alone or is part of an organization; political scientist pedro núñez told dw español that "the justice obviously has to act quickly, since the worst that could happen is that this is diluted over time and more and more conspiracy theories appear about what happened."
some peronist politicians accused the opposition of promoting "hatred" towards cristina kirchner. the former president of bolivia, jeanine áñez, accused fernández of "self-victimizing" and "blaming" the opposition without any investigation and impose a political holiday. the provincial deputy of santa fe, amalia granata, said that the attack on fernández was "armed" and is "a pantomime" to victimize her.
the attack is added to the list of presidents of argentina who suffered assassination attempts
michelle visage (born michelle lynn shupack; september 20, 1968) is an american radio dj, singer, actress, media personality, television host producer and former showgirl. 
as a member of the band seduction, she earned five singles with the group that charted on the "billboard" hot 100. in 1993, as lead vocalist in the s.o.u.l. s.y.s.t.e.m., she reached the top of the dance charts. in 2011, she joined the american reality competition series "rupaul's drag race". she has served as a permanent judge since season three. she is also a permanent judge on "rupaul's drag race all stars", "rupaul's drag race uk, "and "rupaul's drag race down under".
iecava () is a town in latvia with town rights since 2021. it is in the semigallia region of southern latvia, in bauska district. as of 2022, iecava had a population of 5500 people. iecava is 40 km south of riga and 23 km north of bauska. until 1 july 2021, iecava was a village and was the center of iecava district. iecava is on river iecava.
the town produces eggs, vegetable oil and alcoholic drinks.
roads in iecava: riga—warsaw (a7), iecava—stelpe (p92), jelgava—iecava (p93), iecava—emburga (v1008), baloži—iecava (v7), daugmale—iecava (v9), lambārte—iecava (v1047).
railway line jelgava—krustpils passes near iecava. this line no has passenger trains.
peter gosselin fitzgerald (born october 20, 1960) is a retired american lawyer and politician.
mārupe is a town in latvia with town rights since 2022. it is the center of the mārupe district. as of 2022, mārupe had a population of 17,796 people. mārupe is on small river mārupīte. borders of mārupe meet borders of riga, the capital of latvia.
the largest businesses registered in mārupe in 2020 were: road transport company "kreiss", auto parts saler "inter cars latvija", computers saler "also latvia", electricals and computers saler "mooncom".
the main road of mārupe is riga-jaunmārupe (p1132). two big roads are the borders of town: rīga-eleja (a8) and rīga-ventspils (a10). the center of riga is 9 km from mārupe to north-east. nearest railway passenger station is tīraine 2 km to west from center of mārupe. trains through tīraine to riga and jelgava go 26 times daily. riga city buses also go to mārupe.
daylight is a 1996 british american action thriller movie directed by rob cohen and starring sylvester stallone, amy brenneman, viggo mortensen, jay o. sanders, dan hedaya, claire bloom, vanessa bell conway, karen young, danielle harris, sage stallone. it was distributed by universal pictures.
kel or kel may refer to:
sergio di stefano (5 july 1939 – 17 september 2010) was an italian actor and voice actor. he was known for dubbing voices. these include gregory house in the first six seasons of "house" and william riker in "". he was also a regular voice dubbing artist for john malkovich and jeff bridges.
di stefano died of a heart attack in rome on 17 september 2010, aged 71.
"sri lanka matha" is the national anthem of sri lanka.
karl-august fagerholm (31 december 1901, in siuntio – 22 may 1984, in helsinki) was speaker of parliament and three times prime minister of finland (1948–50, 1956–57, and 1958–59).
osteopilus is a group of frogs in the family hylidae. these frogs have a bony bumps on their skulls. this makes their heads like helmets. these helmet-skulls are called casques. the name "osteopilus" comes from the greek words "osteo-" for "bone" and "" () for "felt cap." together, "osteopilus" means "bone cap." 
these frogs can be brown, brown-gray, or olive green in color with darker markings or patterns. the disks on their toes. they do not have much webbing on their front feet. the eyes and eardrum are large. 
these frogs live in the greater antilles and the bahamas, but human beings have brought "o. septentrionalis" to the lesser antilles, hawaii, and florida.
there are eight species in this genus:
the amati girls is a 2001 american drama movie directed by anne de salvo and starring cloris leachman, mercedes ruehl, paul sorvino, mark harmon, sean young, dinah manoff, lee grant, sal viscuso, jay acovone, sam mcmurray, mary winston, robert picardo. 
adnan menderes (1899 – 17 september 1961) was a turkish politician. he was the prime minister of turkey between 1950 and 1960.
samir al-rifai (arabic: سمير الرفاعي;‎ 30 january 1901 – 12 october 1965) was jordanian politician.
he served several terms as the 8th prime minister of jordan.
he was born in safed.
leopold figl (2 october 1902 – 9 may 1965) was an austrian politician of the austrian people's party (christian democrats) and the first federal chancellor after world war ii.
he was also the youngest federal chancellor of austria after the war before sebastian kurz.
carlos coimbra da luz (4 august 1894 – 9 february 1961) was a brazilian politician, lawyer, teacher and journalist who served as acting president of brazil from november 8 to november 11, 1955.
arturo fortunato alessandri palma (december 20, 1868 – august 24, 1950) was a chilean political figure and reformer who served thrice as president of chile, first from 1920 to 1924, then from march to october 1925, and finally from 1932 to 1938.
charles robberts swart dms (5 december 1894 – 16 july 1982), nicknamed blackie, was a south african politician who served as the last governor-general of the union of south africa from 1959 to 1961 and the first state president of the republic of south africa from 1961 to 1967.
chulalongkorn (thai: จุฬาลงกรณ์, 20 september 1853 – 23 october 1910) was the fifth monarch of siam under the house of chakri, titled rama v. he was known to the siamese of his time as phra phuttha chao luang (พระพุทธเจ้าหลวง, the royal buddha).
vajiravudh (thai: วชิราวุธ, rtgs: wachirawut, 1 january 1881 – 26 november 1925) was the sixth monarch of siam under the chakri dynasty as rama vi.
he ruled from 23 october 1910 until his death in 1925.
josé fernando emilio "fher" olvera sierra (born 8 december 1959) is a mexican rock musician and singer-songwriter. he was the lead singer for the mexican rock band maná.
robert l. vining jr. (march 30, 1931 – september 1, 2022) was an american lawyer and politician. he was the united states district judge of the united states district court for the northern district of georgia from 1979 to 2022. he was nominated to the court by president jimmy carter. vining jr. was born in chatsworth, georgia.
vining jr. died on september 1, 2022 in dalton, georgia at the age of 91.
earnie dee shaver (august 31, 1944 – september 1, 2022), best known as earnie shavers, was an american professional boxer. he was active between 1969 and 1995. he was a two-time world heavyweight championship challenger.
shavers died at his daughter's home in virginia from a short-illness on september 1, 2022, one day after his 78th birthday.
anthony phillip mann (august 1942 – 1 september 2022) was a british-born new zealand science fiction writer. he taught drama studies at the victoria university of wellington in wellington. he retired from the position of professor of drama at victoria in 1998. in the 2017 new year honours, mann was appointed a member of the new zealand order of merit, for services to literature and drama.
mann died in wellington, new zealand on 1 september 2022, at the age of 80.
ravil ulfatovich maganov (, ; 25 september 1954 – 1 september 2022) was a russian businessman. he was the chairman of the national oil company lukoil.
on 1 september 2022, maganov died after falling from a sixth-floor window at a hospital in moscow, russia at the age of 67. 
charlbi dean kriek ( ; 5 february 1990 – 29 august 2022) was a south african actress and model. she was best known for her roles in the "spud" movies, "black lightning" television series and the 2022 movie "triangle of sadness".
dean died on 29 august 2022 at a hospital in new york city at the age of 32.
since june 2022, floods in pakistan have killed at least 1,191 people, including 399 children. the floods were caused by monsoon rains and melting glaciers. it is the world's deadliest flood since the 2017 south asian floods. on 25 august, pakistan declared a state of emergency because of the flooding. by 29 august, it was said that around 'one-third' of the country was underwater. by 2 september, the death toll passed 1,200.
milutin šoškić (serbian cyrillic: милутин шошкић; 31 december 1937 – 27 august 2022) was a serbian professional footballer. he played as a goalkeeper. he made 50 appearances for yugoslavia national football team between 1959 to 1966. he won an olympic gold medal in 1960.
šoškić died on 27 august 2022 at the age of 84.
aptos (ohlone for "the people") is an unincorporated town in santa cruz county, california.
manuel almeida duarte (29 may 1945 – 2 september 2022) was a portuguese footballer. he played as a striker. he played for the portugal national football team, making two appearances in 1966. 
duarte died on 2 september 2022 at the age of 77.
in several latin american countries, a ' (; plural '), also referred to as a ' () or ' () is a joint transmission through the media, generally radio and television stations, which aims to reach the largest number of inhabitants of a state. these types of broadcasts are usually of a political nature, since they are mostly messages from government authorities about different matters of general interest, as well as the transmission of electoral debates for the elections to the executive power of each country. 
the institutional characteristics of the national chain vary according to the legislation and customs of each country.  it may be a resource officially provided for in legislation or the name may be used informally, to describe a coordinated transmission. the coupling of the different media to the signal of the official chain can also be voluntary or compulsory.  similarly, the national network can be used for different types of transmissions in addition to the official messages of the state authorities.
during the government of cristina kirchner, the number and frequency of "cadenas nacionales" increased, some media criticized their use as not limited to cases of "institutional significance".
the then national senator for citizen unity cristina fernández de kirchner, at the presentation of his book "sinceramente" in rosario (argentina), said that "he does not regret the national channels, since otherwise the media would not have shown the public policies of the then president of argentina". 
during the administration of the president mauricio macri, its use decreased.
in chile, during the period of the popular unity, some radio stations (mainly from the opposition), got off the "cadenas nacionales" to broadcast their normal programming. at that time they were mandatory.
another similar situation was the opposition, on the part of the honduran press, to broadcasting national channels during the government of president manuel zelaya, considering that "in the past the "cadena nacional" system was used constantly, mainly by the de facto governments, without satisfactory results".
mandatory national channels with political content have been strongly criticized by some media, since in some countries they must broadcast content that often differs from their editorial line. 
that was the case of the radio station rctv in venezuela, an opponent of hugo chávez, which refused to broadcast a message from the ruler in 2007, despite the fact that in said country there is a law on social responsibility in radio and television, which obliges radio and television to broadcast information from the executive power. currently, a "cadena nacional" is broadcast almost every day, normally headed by nicolás maduro or delcy rodríguez.
the decision of king ferdinand ii of aragon and queen isabella of castile to banish the jews from spain in the year 1492. while jews who converted to christianity were not banished, tomás de torquemada and the spanish government still tortured many of them. they did not believe that the converted jews were really christian in the spanish inquisition.
john j. nance (born july 5, 1946) is an american pilot, attorney, aviation and healthcare safety analyst, and author.
nance is also a "new york times" best-selling author. two of nance's books, "pandora's clock" and "medusa's child", were adapted and broadcast as a four-hour television miniseries for nbc and abc.
rn or rn may refer to:
jack in the box is the debut studio album of south korean rapper j-hope, released on july 15, 2022, through big hit music. it contains 10 tracks, including the lead single, "more", which preceded it on july 1, and the follow-up single, "arson", which was released the same day as the album, together with an accompanying music video. a concept album revolving around the story of pandora's box, jack-in-the-box discusses themes of passion, ambition, humanity, insecurity, success, and anxiety about the future. primarily an old-school hip hop record, the album features a blend of genres, including pop, grunge, and r&b. 
it has 10 tracks, including the lead single, "more", which preceded it on july 1, and the follow-up single, "arson", which was released the same day as the album, with a music video. a concept album revolving around the story of pandora's box, jack in the box discusses themes of passion, ambition, humanity, insecurity, success, and anxiety about the future. primarily an old-school hip hop record, the album features a blend of genres, including pop, grunge, and r&b.
2. pandora's box
5. = (equal sign) 
6. music box: reflection
7. what if... 
8. safety zone
amalia iris sabina granata (born, february 26, 1981) is an argentine model, television panelist, politician and pro-life activist. she has been a provincial deputy for the province of santa fe since 2019.
in mid-2007 she left for romania together with his partner, the soccer player cristian fabbiani.
a few months later she returned to argentina, distancing herself from the player with whom she had a daughter, born in 2008 in rosario (argentina).
since february 2016, she has been in a relationship with businessman leonardo squarzon, father of her second child.
us girls is a bbc sitcom series that aired for 2 seasons and 12 episodes from 27 february, 1992 and 14 april, 1993. it stars joanne campbell, mona hammond and marlaine gordon.
bear mccreary (born february 17, 1979) is an american musician and composer of film, television, and video game scores based in los angeles, california.
mccreary was born in fort lauderdale, florida to laura kalpakian and jay mccready and raised in bellingham, washington.
mccreary married singer and songwriter raya yarbrough and had a daughter sontaine mccreary.
mccreary credits composers jerry goldsmith, elmer bernstein, danny elfman, ennio morricone, john williams, shirley walker and hans zimmer as his influences.
miklós róza (april 18, 1907 - july 27, 1995) was a hungarian-american composer.
greens may refer to:
the man of the hole (; – ), or the tanaru indian (), was an indigenous person who lived alone in the amazon rainforest in the brazilian state of rondônia. he was probably the only person living in tanaru indigenous territory. the brazilian government created that territory was created as a protected indigenous territory in 2007.
it is not known what language the man of the hole spoke, what his people called themselves, or what his name was. he was the last surviving member of his people after brazilian settlers killed the other people of his group in a genocide in the 1970s–1990s. the man of the hole lived alone from the mid-1990s until his death in 2022. from 1996, the brazilian fundação nacional do índio (funai) monitored and occasionally interacted with him from a distance, but he otherwise chose to remain isolated. living primarily by hunting and gathering and moving frequently, he left behind a deep hole of unknown purpose in each of his homes. this was the reason for his nickname. the man of the hole survived another attack by an armed rancher in 2009. in 2018, his case attracted international attention when funai released a video of him to raise awareness about the threats uncontacted peoples faced in brazil. he was found dead in one of his homes in august 2022.
sheezan mohammed khan (born 9 september 1994), is an indian actor. he is known for portraying ali baba in "".
pietro badoglio, 1st duke of addis abeba, 1st marquess of sabotino (28 september 1871 – 1 november 1956), was an italian general during both world wars and the first viceroy of italian east africa.
with the fall of the fascist regime in italy, he became prime minister of italy.
juan francisco velasco alvarado (june 16, 1910 – december 24, 1977) was a peruvian general who served as the 58th president of peru after a successful coup d'état against fernando belaúnde's presidency in 1968.
under his presidency, nationalism, as well as left-leaning policies that addressed indigenous peruvians, such as nationalization or agrarian reform were adopted.
these policies were reversed after another coup d'état in 1975 led by his prime minister, francisco morales-bermúdez.
usair flight 1493 was a scheduled commercial flight that was involved in an accident at los angeles international airport (lax) on february 1, 1991, colliding with skywest airlines flight 5569. both planes caught fire after the impact and 35 of their occupants died, and another 29 were injured, thirteen of them seriously.
the conclusions of the accident investigation carried out by the national transportation safety board (ntsb), established several causes for the accident.
the fact that the ground radar was out of service on the day of the incident was one such root cause, as it would otherwise have been able to detect the presence of the skywest aircraft on the runway in time to alert the incoming us airways flight. other decisive factors were the lack of synchronicity between the flight progress tabs available to the controllers and the actual position of the aircraft on the airport runways and taxiways, which made the flight aircraft 5569 received incorrect instructions due to its controller's incorrect perception of its location. the poor night lighting of the runways and the glare problems that this lighting caused in the operators of the airport control tower, reducing their ability to see small aircraft during their maneuvers on the taxiways, was another of the determining factors of the sinister.
the national transportation safety board blamed the airport administration for not having enough staff to handle landings and takeoffs, especially during night operations.
líneas aéreas privadas argentinas (), better known by its acronym lapa, was an argentine airline. at its peak, it operated international flights to atlanta, in the united states, uruguay, and an extensive network of domestic flights throughout the country. it was the first airline to break the monopoly established by aerolíneas argentinas and its subsidiary austral líneas aéreas.
on august 31, 1999, its flight 3142 with origin in buenos aires and destination to córdoba, crashed and caused the death of 65 people, one of the most serious accidents in the history of argentine aviation. the airline went bankrupt and ceased operations on april 20, 2003.
alex north (born isadore soifer, december 4, 1910 - september 8, 1991) is an american composer best known for his many film scores.
north born isador soifer was born in chester, pennsylvania to jewish parents jesse and baila (bessie) who had left the russian empire for the us around 1906.
north died on september 8, 1991 in los angeles, california.
franz waxman (ne washsmann; december 24, 1906 - february 24, 1967) is a german-born composer and conductor of jewish descent, known primarily for his work in the film music genre.
carl w. stalling (november 10, 1891 - november 29, 1972) is an american composer, voice actor and arranger for music in animated films.
stalling was born in lexington, missouri to ernest and sophia c. stalling.
the lotte world tower () is a , 123-story skyscraper. it is located in sincheon-dong, songpa district, seoul, south korea. it opened to the public on april 3, 2017. it is currently the tallest building in south korea and the sixth tallest in the world.
landmark 81 is a supertall skyscraper in ho chi minh city, vietnam. the investor and primary developer is vinhomes, a vietnamese company that is also the country's largest real-estate company. landmark 81 is the tallest building in vietnam, the second tallest building in southeast asia, and the 17th tallest building in the world.
the r-7 semyorka is a family of russian and soviet rockets. they were first developed as an intercontinental ballistic missile. then it evolved into rockets carrying people. some of the rockets in this family include the soyuz, voskhod, and vostok. the r-7 rockets are known for the korolev cross, which happens when the rockets separate their boosters.
british cameroon or the british cameroons was a league of nations mandate to the united kingdom in cameroon. it began after the british, the french and the belgians had conquered kamerun from the german empire in world war i. at the paris peace conference, in 1919 and 1920, the mandate for cameroon was granted to france and britain. the territory was roughly equivalent to a part of present-day cameroon and nigeria. the territory was bordered by french cameroon and colonial nigeria.
in machine learning, the perceptron (or mcculloch-pitts neuron) is an algorithm for supervised learning of binary classifiers. a binary classifier is a function which can decide if an input, represented by a vector of numbers, belongs to some specific class. it is a type of linear classifier, i.e. a classification algorithm that makes its predictions based on a linear predictor function combining a set of weights with the feature vector.
franklin is a town in hancock county, maine, united states.
frenchboro is a town in hancock county, maine, united states.
gouldsboro is a town in hancock county, maine, united states.
great pond is a town in hancock county, maine, united states.
hancock is a town in hancock county, maine, united states.
lamoine is a town in hancock county, maine, united states.
mariaville is a town in hancock county, maine, united states.
mount desert is a town in hancock county, maine, united states.
orland is a town in hancock county, maine, united states.
osborn is a town in hancock county, maine, united states.
otis is a town in hancock county, maine, united states.
penobscot is a town in hancock county, maine, united states.
southwest harbor is a town in hancock county, maine, united states.
stonington is a town in hancock county, maine, united states.
sullivan is a town in hancock county, maine, united states.
surry is a town in hancock county, maine, united states.
swan's island is a town in hancock county, maine, united states.
tremont is a town in hancock county, maine, united states.
trenton is a town in hancock county, maine, united states.
verona island is a town in hancock county, maine, united states.
waltham is a town in hancock county, maine, united states.
winter harbor is a town in hancock county, maine, united states.
farewell, my lovely is a 1975 british american crime mystery thriller movie directed by dick richards and is the third adaption of the novel of the same name by raymond chandler. it stars charlotte rampling, john ireland, robert mitchum, sylvia miles (in her oscar nominated role), anthony zerbe, harry dean stanton, joe spinell, sylvester stallone, ivor danvers and was distributed by itc entertainment.
the costanera center torre 2, better known as gran torre santiago (great santiago tower), and previously known as torre gran costanera, is a 62-story tall skyscraper in santiago, chile. it is the second tallest in latin america (behind mexico's t.op torre 1). it is the fourth-tallest building in the southern hemisphere (behind new zealand's sky tower, australia's q1 tower and australia 108).
the leonardo is a 55-floor mixed-use building in sandton, johannesburg, south africa. it stands at a height of , taller than the third tallest building in africa, the carlton centre. it is built at 75 maude street, approximately 100 metres from the johannesburg stock exchange.
justin gabriel hurwitz (born january 22, 1985) is an american film composer and television writer.
hurwitz was born in los angeles, california to ken hurwitz and gail halabe. his parents are jewish.
hurwitz stated composers like christophe beck, irving berlin, stephen sondheim, alan menken, cole porter, leonard bernstein, richard rodgers, jerry goldsmith, elmer bernstein, danny elfman, maurice jarre, hans zimmer and patrick doyle as influences.
"you're the voice" is a 1986 song by australian singer john farnham and was released on 15 september 1986 and was taken from his 12th studio album "whispering jack". it topped the charts in australia for 7 weeks and has been covered by heart and alan parsons.
twin tower is a 2002 short documentary movie directed by bill guttentag and robert david port. it depicts the september 11, 2001 attacks on the world trade center. it is about two brothers, policeman joseph vigiano and fireman john vigiano jr., and their actions during the attacks. the movie was awarded an oscar for best documentary short at the 2003 academy awards honoring movies released in the year 2002.
jawbreaker is a 1999 american teen black comedy movie directed by darren stein and starring rose mcgowan, rebecca gayheart, julie benz, judy greer, pam grier, charlotte ayanna, ethan erickson, carol kane, marilyn manson, tatyana ali. it was distributed by sony pictures releasing.
black eagle is a 1948 american western movie directed by robert gordon and was based on the 1909 short story "the passing on black eye" by o. henry. it stars william bishop, virginia patton, gordon jones, james bell, trevor bardette and was distributed by columbia pictures.
adolf friedrich johann butenandt (24 march 1903 – 18 january 1995) was a german biochemist.
he was awarded the nobel prize in chemistry in 1939 for his "work on sex hormones."
he initially rejected the award in accordance with government policy, but accepted it in 1949 after world war ii.
he was president of the max planck society from 1960 to 1972.
he was also the first, in 1959, to discover the structure of the sex pheromone of silkworms which he named as bombykol.
eliana ramos (23 december 1988 – 13 february 2007) was a uruguayan fashion model who was signed with dotto models. on 13 february 2007, ramos died from a heart attack brought on by anorexia. her sister luisel, who was also a model, died from the same cause of death six months before. their deaths attracted widespread attention in latin america.
umberto ii, full name umberto nicola tommaso giovanni maria di savoia (15 september 1904 – 18 march 1983), was the last king of italy.
he reigned for 34 days, from 9 may 1946 to 12 june 1946, although he had been de facto head of state since 1944 and was nicknamed the may king (italian: re di maggio).
the lycée henri-iv is a french educational center located in the latin quarter of paris, in the fifth arrondissement of paris.
the school is recognized for its excellent results in the baccalaureate, in the general competition and in the entrance exams to the grandes ecoles, and more specifically in the literary competitions (ecoles normales supérieure de paris, lyon and paris-saclay, école des chartes). it is known for its elitism and for having trained many french intellectuals, politicians, scientists and personalities.
dražen petrović (22 october 1964 – 7 june 1993) was a yugoslav and croatian professional basketball player.
a shooting guard, he initially achieved success playing professional basketball in europe in the 1980s, before joining the national basketball association (nba) in 1989.
krešimir "krešo" ćosić (26 november 1948 – 25 may 1995) was a croatian-yugoslavian professional basketball player and coach.
he was a collegiate all-american at brigham young university.
he revolutionized basketball in yugoslavia and was the first basketball player in the world to play all five positions.
eugene paul "e. p." wigner (november 17, 1902 – january 1, 1995) was a hungarian-american theoretical physicist who also contributed to mathematical physics.
he obtained american citizenship in 1937, and received the nobel prize in physics in 1963 "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles".
milovan djilas (12 june 1911 – 30 april 1995) was a yugoslav communist politician, theorist and author.
ngāti is a 1987 new zealand drama movie directed by barry barclay and starring wi kuki kaa and judy mcintosh. the spoken languages in the movie are māori and english.
vlaamse vervoersmaatschappij de lijn (english: flemish transport company "de lijn"), usually known as de lijn (, "the line"), is a company run by the flemish government in belgium. 
they provide public transportation with about 2240 buses and 399 trams. de lijn was founded in 1991. they were made after the public transportation companies of antwerp and ghent fused with the flemish part of the nmvb (nationale maatschappij van buurtspoorwegen, or the "national company of neighborhood railways").
de lijn operates:
only 1/2 of the buses with the logo of de lijn on them are actually owned by de lijn. the other half are buses owned by private companies, such as keolis. these companies get paid to drive the services of de lijn.
10.or, often pronounced tenor, is a mobile phone brand. it was launched by chinese company huaqin technology, which was founded in 2005. the brand was launched in india at amazon india.
in 2017, the company made a debut in india with 10.or e smartphone. it is sold only on amazon india. the brand made many product launches.
product launch history.
prior to 2018, three models were launched. they debuted in india in 2017 with the model 10.or e in two variants. it became a hit among the young. it was viewed as a low budget phone with some good features. in august 2018, the 10.or d2 phone was launched. after almost a year, the company launched its latest phone, the 10.or g2, in july 2019. two variants with 4gb and 6gb ram were also released.
10.or models include:
re-animator (also called h. p. lovecraft's re-animator) is a 1985 american comedy horror movie directed by stuart gordon and produced by brian yuzna, the film stars jeffrey combs as herbert west.
the jamaican laughing frog, savanna-la-mar tree frog, or brown tree frog ("osteopilus ocellatus") is a frog. it lives in jamaica. scientists have seen it 1500 meters above sea level.
loch veyatie is a loch in sutherland in the highland council area in northern scotland. it is between the peaks of cul mor and suliven and is 30 metres deep.
the loch makes up part of the border between ross-shire and sutherland. the main river to flow into loch veyatie is abhain a' chnocain and the other main inflow is a channel between it and cam loch. flowing out from loch veyatie is uidh fheàrna a channel which flows into fionn loch.
sutherland is a historic county in northern scotland. today, sutherland is a part of the highland council area.
loch urigill is a loch in sutherland in the highland council area in northern scotland.
henry pryce jackman (born july 30, 1974) is an english composer.
life and career.
jackman was born in london.
henry jackman was the son of andrew pryce jackman.
jackman stated composers like james newton howard, howard shore and john williams as influences.
patrick arthur doyle (born april 6, 1953) is a scottish film composer with irish heritage.
life and career.
doyle was born on april 6, 1953 in uddingston, south lanarkshire, scotland.
doyle lives with his wife lesley, with whom he has four children.
doyle stated composers like james horner and john williams as influences.
alberto iglesias fernández-berridi (born october 21, 1955) is a spanish composer.
early and personal life.
alberto iglesias fernández-berridi was born in san sebastián.
iglesias stated composers like bernard herrmann and henry mancini as influences.
jardine house (), formerly known as connaught centre (), is an office tower in hong kong. 
central plaza or plaza central (spanish for "central square"), may refer to:
globe life field is a baseball park in arlington, texas. it is the home field of the major league baseball team called the texas rangers. it is located just south of choctaw stadium, the rangers' former home ballpark.
gorkha kingdom () was a kingdom on the indian subcontinent, present-day western nepal.
researchers have found that a group of proteins in wheat may be responsible for triggering inflammation in chronic conditions such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis. the protein could also contribute to the development of non-celiac gluten sensitivity.
patients with systemic lupus erythematous develop discoid lupus lesions with some frequency. however, patients who present initially with discoid lupus infrequently develop systemic lupus. discoid lupus can be divided into localized, generalized, and childhood discoid lupus.
shailendra prasad sah (nepali: शैलेन्द्र प्रसाद साह) is a nepalese politician. he is a member of provincial assembly of madhesh province from people's socialist party, nepal. sah, a resident of bishnupur rural municipality, saptari, was elected via 2017 nepalese provincial elections from saptari 2(a).
saptari 2 is one of four parliamentary constituencies of saptari district in nepal. this constituency came into existence on the constituency delimitation commission (cdc) report submitted on 31 august 2017.
saptari 2 incorporates rajbiraj municipality, mahadeva rural municipality, tilathi koiladi rural municipality, chinnamasta rural municipality.
it encompasses the following provincial assembly of madhesh province segment.
esteban josé bullrich (born, may 26, 1969) is a bachelor of systems and argentine politician. he served as a national senator from 2017 to 2021 for the province of buenos aires. he was previously a national deputy (2005-2007, 2009), minister of social development (2007-2008) and education (2010-2015) of the city of buenos aires and minister of education of argentina (2015-2017).
he was born on may 26, 1969 in the city of buenos aires. he is the son of esteban bullrich zorraquín (great-grandson of adolfo bullrich, founder of what is now known as patio bullrich) and maría ocampo alvear. he is also the third cousin of patricia bullrich.
he received a bachelor of systems from the caece university, and has a master in business administration from the kellogg school of management at northwestern university (usa). he ventured into politics under the guidance of ricardo lópez murphy. at the age of 34, he led the party's youth, then held the first vice presidency of recreate capital.
minister of education.
mauricio macri became president in 2015, and announced that he would be his minister of education. his mandate ended in 2017, after he became a senator. he was replaced by alejandro finocchiaro.
as a senator, he opposed the national campaign for legal, safe and free abortion in 2018, stating religious arguments to do so.
national senator (2017-2021).
in 2017 he presented himself as the first candidate for senator for cambiemos in the province of buenos aires, winning the elections on october 22 with 42.15% of the votes.
on december 9, 2021, he presented his resignation in the upper house.
bullrich is married to maría eugenia sequeiros, with whom he has five children: luz, margarita, agustín, lucas, and paz bullrich. bullrich is a devout catholic.
on april 28, 2021, esteban bullrich declared to the media that he was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (als), a neurodegenerative disease that currently has no cure and whose treatments are palliative.
on june 28, 2022, he appeared at the movistar arena stadium located in buenos aires, in order to publicize more about his disease and raise funds to create the first argentine center specialized in the care of als patients. this event called "la vida es hoy" ("the life is today") had the participation of different artists such as silvina moreno and diego torres.
on august 31, 2022, he was hospitalized for "respiratory difficulty".
lumen field is an american football stadium located in seattle, washington. it is home to the nfl's seattle seahawks and mls's seattle sounders fc.
sohrab ahmari is an american right-wing journalist and political commentator. he was born in iran. 
ahmari is a catholic and a republican. ahmari works at the new york post. ahmari supported donald trump as president of the united states. he wrote an opinion piece for the christian website first things called against david frenchism which criticized david french and other never trumpers.
never trump movement is a nickname for american conservatives opposed to donald trump.
joel crawford is an american storyboard artist and director. he is best known for his work on several dreamworks animation films, including "" (2020).
in 2006, joel crawford joined dreamworks animation, where he served as a story artist on "shrek forever after", "rise of the guardians", the "kung fu panda" trilogy, the lego movie, and "bee movie". in october 2017, crawford signed on to direct ', replacing both kirk demicco and chris sanders as director. in november 2017, crawford directed "trolls holiday", a half-hour christmas-themed spinoff of the 2016 film "trolls". in march 2021, crawford replaced bob persichetti as director of the 2022 film '.
bari weiss is an american journalist and political commentator who considers herself centre-left. weiss is a zionist. when she was a student at columbia university she made a documentary called columbia unbecoming which accused several professors of anti-semitism because of their comments about israel. for several years weiss worked as a journalist at the new york times. weiss caused a lot of controversy when she interviewed bret weinstein, said that aziz ansari wasn’t actually guilty of sexual assault defended brett kavanaugh when he was accused of rape complained that people who supported left-wing politics were too quick to accuse other people of fascism and promoted the intellectual dark web. weiss later said she had gone through a lot of bullying, harassment and anti-semitism when at the new york times since she didn’t agree with everything that they said so she quit. since then weiss started her own substack. 
weiss wrote a book on how to resist anti-semitism. weiss is in a lesbian marriage.
loch dionard is a loch in sutherland in the highland council area in northern scotland.
fionn loch is a loch in sutherland in the highland council area in northern scotland.
cam loch is a loch in sutherland in the highland council area in northern scotland.
loch assynt is a loch in sutherland in the highland council area in northern scotland.
dr. bret weinstein is a biologist whose area of study is evolution. 
evergreen state university.
weinstein was a professor at evergreen state university. evergreen had a tradition where black students would not go there one day a year called the day of absence to remind everyone how much they needed black people. then the college decided to say that from now on the day of absence would have to be all white students who would not come during the day of absence. dr. bret weinstein said that telling white people not to go to school one day a year was racist and therefore opposed it. several students launched riots in protest and accused him of being a white supremacist. dr. bret weinstein and his wife dr. heather heying then quit and were interviewed about what happened by bari weiss, tucker carlson, dave rubin, eric weinstein, ben shapiro and joe rogan. 
dr. bret weinstein was in the documentary no safe spaces with dennis prager and adam carolla. 
bret weinstein and his wife dr heather heying wrote a book called a hunter-gatherer’s guide to life in the 21st century and co-host a podcast called the dark horse podcast.
bret weinstein has caused controversy due to him believing that ivermectin can be used to treat covid and because of him not believing that the covid vaccine works. bret weinstein is also part of the intellectual dark web.
loch an gainimh is a loch in sutherland in the highland council area in northern scotland.
loch poll is a loch in sutherland in the highland council area in northern scotland.
loch beannach is a loch in sutherland in the highland council area in northern scotland.
kevin daniel williamson is an american journalist and political commentator. he works for national review, the new york post and the dispatch.
williamson wrote a book called the end is near and it’s going to be awesome which criticized alarmism. williamson was a republican before 2016 when he became one of many conservatives who were never trumpers. 
then he wrote a book called the case against trump about why no one should ever vote for donald trump. williamson left national review to work for the atlantic but was fired for believing that abortion should be a crime with the same punishment as murder. 
he also wrote a book about cancel culture called the smallest minority. williamson has a lot of libertarian opinions but he has some pro-government positions like having written in support of using the government to force people to get vaccinated against covid. 
he also wrote a book called big white ghetto about subcultures that exist among white people in the united states.
dr. eric weinstein is a mathematician and physicist who works for peter thiel. he hosts a science podcast called the portal. 
weinstein voted for bernie sanders in 2016 and says he supports left-wing politics. but he’s also very critical of political correctness and identity politics and is good friends with ben shapiro, jordan peterson and douglas murray. he is also very critical of candace owens and donald trump and has said “i’m not a free speech absolutist”. eric weinstein is bret weinstein’s brother.
douglas murray is a british journalist and political commentator. he considers himself a neoconservative. 
douglas murray wrote an award-winning biography of oscar wilde’s lover. murray wrote a play about raoul wallenberg and a book called neoconservatism: why we need it about why he’s a neoconservative. he also wrote a book called the strange death of europe which criticized the european union and filmed a prager university video about it. 
douglas murray is homosexual but is opposed to gay identity politics and wrote a book called the madness of crowds criticizing identity politics and cancel culture. murray wrote a book called the war on the west about how western civilization is actually good. douglas murray criticized donald trump for saying that the election of 2020 was rigged.
cyrus mistry (born cyrus pallonji mistry; 4 july 1968 – 4 september 2022), was an indian businessman. he was the chairperson of tata group from 2012 to 2016. he was the sixth chairman of the group. he was born in present-day mumbai, india.
mistry was killed in a car crash on 4 september 2022 in charoti, india at the age of 54. his father, pallonji mistry died two months before him.
thorkild simonsen (7 july 1926 – 4 september 2022) was a danish politician. he member of the social democrats. he was mayor of århus from 1982 to 1997 and interior minister of denmark from 1997 to 2000.
simonsen died on 4 september 2022, at the age of 96.
shavez hart (6 september 1992 – 3 september 2022) was a bahamian track and field sprinter. his 200 metres personal best of 20.23 makes him the fourth fastest bahamian of all time.
on 3 september 2022 hart was shot dead in north abaco, bahamas three days before his 30th birthday.
yuri nikolayevich bashkatov (, ; 20 june 1968 – 3 september 2022) was a soviet (moldovan) freestyle swimmer. he competed at the 1988 and 1992 summer olympics, winning silver medals in both events.
what is a woman? is a documentary from matt walsh of the daily wire. in it walsh goes around the world to interview several different people and ask them if they could tell him what a woman is. in it walsh argues that a woman is an adult human female and walsh argued that someone who is born male but is transgender is not actually a woman. walsh’s critics said that the documentary was prejudiced against transgender people. j.k. rowling praised the documentary and said it did a good job.
peter daniel eckersley (15 june 1979 – 2 september 2022) was an australian computer scientist, computer security researcher, and activist. from 2006 to 2018 he worked at the electronic frontier foundation. he was the head of ai policy. he became director of research at the partnership on ai in 2018 and left the role in 2020.
on 31 august 2022, eckersley was diagnosed with cancer. he died two days later while preparing to have surgery in san francisco, california at the age of 43.
mišo cebalo (6 february 1945 – 2 september 2022) was a croatian chess grandmaster. he won the 19th world senior chess championship at condino 2009. in 2011 he was awarded the title of fide senior trainer.
cebalo died on 2 september 2022 in zagreb, croatia at the age of 77.
matt walsh is an american christian conservative who works at the daily wire. walsh calls himself a theocratic fascist on twitter but also says that this is a joke. walsh criticized pete buttigieg for having adopted kids since walsh is opposed to gay adoption and gay marriage. walsh criticized kristi noem for having vetoed a law that would ban private companies from forcing their workers to get vaccinated against covid. carrie underwood caused some controversy when she tweeted a video of walsh attacking school mask mandates. walsh is known for the question what is a woman? and wrote a children’s book called johnny the walrus criticizing transgenderism in children. walsh also made a documentary called what is a woman? which was praised by jk rowling.
diane r. noomin ( rosenblatt, may 13, 1947 – september 1, 2022) was an american comics artist. she was known for her works in the underground comics movement. she is best known for her character didi glitz.
noomin was the editor of the anthology series "twisted sisters". her other best known works were in "wimmen's comix", "young lust", "arcade", and "weirdo". 
noomin died on september 1, 2022 in san francisco, california at the age of 75.
johnny the walrus is a book by matt walsh. 
it is about a woman whose son johnny pretends to be a walrus for fun and who then tries to force johnny to live his life as if he actually were a walrus because people on the internet tell her that she’s a bad person if she doesn’t but who is eventually convinced by a zookeeper that he is a human not an animal and that she should ignore what the internet people say. walsh has said that the book is an allegory for the issue of transgender children.
barbara ehrenreich (, ; ; august 26, 1941 – september 1, 2022) was an american writer and political activist. she was a well known person in the democratic socialists of america movement. ehrenreich was best known for her 2001 book "nickel and dimed: on (not) getting by in america".
ehrenreich died on september 1, 2022 under hospice care in alexandria, virginia from a stroke, six days after her 81st birthday.
gheorghe berceanu (28 december 1949 – 30 august 2022) was a romanian light-flyweight greco-roman wrestler. he won the world title in 1969 and 1972. he won an olympic gold medal in 1972 in munich and a silver in 1976 in montreal. berceanu spent most of his career at steaua bucurești, and later worked there as a coach.
berceanu died on 30 august 2022, at the age of 72.
barry william boehm (may 16, 1935 – august 20, 2022) was an american software engineer. he was a distinguished professor of computer science, industrial and systems engineering at the university of southern california. he was known for his works in the area of software engineering. 
boehm died on august 20, 2022 at the age of 87.
the ministry of education (; me) is a public body dependent on the national executive power (pen) of argentina. it is in charge of guaranteeing an integral, permanent and quality education for all the inhabitants of the country. it is the one that establishes the educational policy and controls its fulfillment.
the government and administration of the national educational system is a concurrent and concerted responsibility of the executive power through the ministry and the executive powers of the provinces and the government of the autonomous city of buenos aires. the national state sets educational policy and controls its compliance in order to consolidate national unity, respecting provincial and local particularities and is the one that guarantees the financing of the national educational system.
 was a japanese philanthropist and businessman. he was the founder of kyocera and kddi. he was the chairman of japan airlines.
inamori was elected as a member into the national academy of engineering in 2000.
inamori died on 24 august 2022 in kyoto city, japan at the age of 90.
peter stephan zurbriggen (27 august 1943 – 28 august 2022) was a swiss archbishop of the catholic church. he was a diplomat for the holy see from 1993 until his retirement in 2018. he was apostolic nunzio to austria from 2009 to 2018.
manzoor hussain (28 october 1958 – 29 august 2022), better known as manzoor junior, was a pakistani field hockey player. he won a bronze medal at the 1976 summer olympics and a gold medal at the 1980 summer olympics.
emilio trivini (5 april 1938 – 27 august 2022) was an italian rower. he won a silver medal at the 1964 summer olympics and a bronze at the 1964 european championships.
manolo sanlúcar (born manuel muñoz alcón, 24 november 1943 – 27 august 2022) was a spanish flamenco composer and guitarist. he was seen as one of the most important flamenco composers.
hana zagorová (6 september 1946 – 26 august 2022) was a czech singer-songwriter, actress, and presenter. she won the national zlatý slavík music award, nine times between 1977 and 1985. 
nel noddings (; january 19, 1929 – august 25, 2022) was an american feminist, educator, and philosopher. she was best known for her work in philosophy of education. 
noddings was born in key largo, florida on august 25, 2022 at the age of 93.
ruth porat (born 1958) is a british-american businesswoman who is the chief financial officer of alphabet and google since 2015.
graziella galvani (27 june 1931 – 25 august 2022) was an italian actress. her best known roles were in "kapò" (1960), "ghosts of rome" (1961), "shivers in summer" (1963), "pierrot le fou" (1965), "el diablo también llora" (1965), "nick carter and red club" (1965), "unknown woman" (1969), "open letter to an evening daily" (1970), "fiorina la vacca" (1972), "seduction" (1973), "miracles still happen" (1974), "la terrazza" (1980) and "tre colonne in cronaca" (1990).
galvani died on 25 august 2022 in urbino, italy at the age of 91.
joey defrancesco (april 10, 1971august 25, 2022) was an american jazz organist, trumpeter, saxophonist, and singer. he released more than 30 albums under. 
defrancesco died at his home in phoenix, arizona on august 25, 2022, at the age of 51.
springfield township, or simply springfield, is a township in delaware county in the u.s. state of pennsylvania. the population was 24,211 at the 2010 census. springfield is a suburb of philadelphia. it is about west of the city.
durness is a village and civil parish in sutherland in the highland council area near the north western corner of scotland.
cape wrath is a cape in the durness parish in sutherland in the highland council area in northern scotland. it is the most north-west piece of land on great britain. a large part of the cape is owned by the mod and used as a shooting range.
strabeg is a rural locality and bothy in sutherland in the highland council area in northern scotland. some hiking routes pass through strabeg and strabeg is accessible only on foot.
michael j. knowles is an american former actor and political commentator. he co-hosts a podcast with ted cruz.
in 2016, knowles wrote an article for the daily wire called“an actual conservative’s guide to the alt-right. in it, he criticized milo yiannopoulos, steve bannon and donald trump and accused them of being too close to the alt-right. in the same article knowles criticized the alt-right for racism and anti-semitism. he said it went against the ethics and morals of christianity.
since then knowles filmed a prager university video called “what is the alt-right. knowles said that the alt-right actually had much more in common with left-wing politics than with right-wing politics. knowles wrote a book called reasons to vote for democrats about all the reasons to vote for the democratic party of the united states and the book had no words in it as a joke. it was praised by ben shapiro and donald trump. 
knowles also filmed a prager university video called “control the words, control the culture”. it is about how language can be used as a political tool. and inspired by that video, knowles wrote a book called speechless: controlling words, controlling minds. he argues that conservatives should support certain forms of censorship and cancel culture to fight back against left-wing politics. 
he also filmed a prager university video called conservatives are the real environmentalists in which he says that right-wing politics are better for the environment than left-wing politics are. 
he also made a prager university video called celebrating columbus. he says people should continue to celebrate columbus day despite criticism of christopher columbus. 
knowles also hosts a book club for prager university.
knowles was banned from ever again appearing on fox news after he called greta thunberg a “mentally ill child” being exploited by the left. in 2022, the new york times criticized knowles for having said on twitter “the 2020 election was obviously rigged”. knowles is also extremely critical of never trumpers. 
an actual conservative's guide to the alt-right
what is the alt-right prager university
reasons to vote for democrats by michael knowles amazon 
control the words, control the culture , prager university
speechless: controlling words, controlling minds by michael knowles at amazon
is greta thunberg mentally ill: the uses and abuses of the term mental illness - national review
"the 2020 presidential election was obviously rigged" - michael knowles on twitter
a sidecar is a small, one-wheeled vehicle that attaches to the side of a motorcycle. this allows one or two additional passengers to be carried in the vehicle. the sidecar's wheel is not in line with any of the motorcycle's wheels.
german troops used many motorcycles with sidecars in world war ii, from the bmw and zündapp brands.
kenelm winslow (april 29, 1599 – september 13, 1672) was a pilgrim who traveled to plymouth, massachusetts in 1629.
early life and pilgrimage.
winslow was born on april 29, 1599 in droitwich, england. his parents were edward and magdalene winslow. in 1629, he traveled to plymouth, massachusetts with his brother josiah. in 1640, he became the town surveyor. he was fined ten shillings for neglecting the highway shortly after becoming the town surveyor.
in 1641, he moved to marshfield, massachusetts. winslow became deputy in the massachusetts general court in 1653 for eight years. kenelm was a joiner, farmer, and shipper. in 1669, he was one of the 26 owners of assonet, massachusetts.
personal life and death.
his brother was edward winslow. winslow was married to eleanor adams in june 1634. they had four children. winslow died on september 13, 1672 in salem, massachusetts.
christ lag in todes banden ("christ lay in death's bonds"), bwv 4, is a cantata by johann sebastian bach. it is one of bach's earliest cantatas. it was written for easter sunday. the cantata is based on the hymn "christ lag in todesbanden" by martin luther. 
the cantata may have been written in 1707. at the time, bach was working in mühlhausen. bach performed the cantata again in leipzig. he changed parts of the cantata. however, the changes were not big.
the cantata is written for satb choir, a cornetto, three trombones, two violins, a viola, and basso continuo. the cornetto and trombones play in unison with the choir. the cantata has eight movements:
every movement has the melody of the hymn tune. unlike many of bach's other cantatas, bwv 4 does not have any recitatives.
foreigner is a 1977 debut studio album by british american hard rock band foreigner released on 8 march, 1977. it went to number 4 in the united states and number 9 in australia.
big hero 6 is a franchise comic book, later, the series became the film big hero 6. it grossed 650 million-ish and won the 87th animated oscars.
the swiss football association (, , , ) is the leading body of football in switzerland. it organizes the football league, the swiss football league and the switzerland national football team. it is based in bern.
it was formed in 1895 and was a founding member of fifa in 1904 and joined uefa in 1954. fifa is now based in switzerland at zürich. also uefa is based in the swiss city of nyon.
the south asian association for regional cooperation (saarc) is a regional organization in south asia. its member states are afghanistan, bangladesh, bhutan, india, maldives, nepal, pakistan, and sri lanka.
the hong kong university of science and technology (hkust) is a public university in clear water bay, hong kong. it was established in 1991.
it was ranked 27th in the world and second in the "top 50 under 50" by qs 2021. it was ranked first in the "times higher education young university rankings" in 2019.
the university has four main academic schools. they are science, engineering, business and management, humanities and social science. the university also has the interdisciplinary programmes office, hkust jockey club institute for advanced study, and hkust institute for public policy.
pahari people (kashmir) may refer to:
homicidal is a 1961 american horror thriller movie directed by william castle and starring glenn corbett, alan bunce, patricia breslin, eugenie leontovich, ralph moody. it was distributed by columbia pictures.
om prakash sharma (nepali: ओम प्रकाश शर्मा) is a nepali politician of nepali congress and minister for energy and drinking water since 9 june 2021. he is also serving as member of the madhesh province provincial assembly.
upendra yadav () is a nepalese politician. 
he has served as the chairman of the people's socialist party, nepal since 2020. 
he has been the member of parliament for saptari 2 since 2017. he served as the deputy prime minister of nepal under the government of kp sharma oli from 2018 to 2020. he also served as the minister of foreign affairs in the dahal cabinet from 2008 to 2009 and in the khanal cabinet in 2011.
abortion laws specify under what circumstances a woman can get an abortion. getting an abortion means that the pregnancy is ended early, without the birth of a child. these laws vary widely, by country, and sometimes by area. they have also changed over time.
as of 2022, about 60% of the people live in a country that allows abortion, under some circumstances. when abortion is legal, it may mean that only part of the reasons are recognized, or that it is only legal for part of the pregnany.
options for regulation.
generally, there are the following options, from the most liberal, to the most restrictive, when a pregancy can be ended:
common reasons for allowing an abortion:
discussions about abortion.
abortion is a controversial subject in many societies: people argue in favor or arganist it, using argumrnts from religion, moral and ethical values, or practical or political reasons. note that legally outlawing abortions will not stop people from getting an abortion: they may get an unsafe abortion, which is riskier than a legal abortion. a study done in 2007 found that abortion rates were similar in countries where abortion was legal, and those countries where it wasn't. very often, people get an abortion, because they do not have easy access to modern contraceptives. according to the same study, the number of abortions is decreasing, because contraceptives are more commonly available.
the table below lists in chronological order the united nations member states that have legalized abortion on request in at least some initial part of the pregnancy, or that have fully decriminalized abortion. as of july 2022, 65 countries have legalized or decriminalized abortion on request.
where a country has legalized abortion on request, prohibited it, and legalized it again (e.g., former soviet union, romania), only the later year is included. countries that result from the merger of states where abortion on request was legal at the moment of unification show the year when it became legal across the whole national territory (e.g., germany, vietnam). similarly, countries where not all subnational jurisdictions have legalized abortion on request are not included (e.g., leading to the exclusion of australia, mexico, the united kingdom and the united states). countries are counted even if they were not yet independent at the time. the year refers to when the relevant law or judicial decision came into force, which may be different from the year when it was approved.
johann adolf hasse (also spelled johann adolph hasse; baptised 25 march 1699 16 december 1783) was a german composer, singer, and music teacher. he was an important opera composer in the 18th century.
hasse was born in bergedorf, near hamburg. his father and grandfather were organists. he studied in hamburg from 1714 to 1717. in 1718 he joined the hamburg state opera. he was a tenor singer. in 1719, he started working in brunswick. he performed operas written by georg schürmann, francesco conti and antonio caldara. his own opera, "antioco", was performed in brunswick in 1721. it is his only opera which is written in the german language.
he might have left germany in 1722. he went to naples. in naples, he converted (changed his religion) to catholicism. he studied writing music and counterpoint with alessandro scarlatti. hasse's first opera in italy was "il sesotrate". it was performed on 13 may 1726. the opera was a success. it made him a famous composer and musician.
dresden and venice.
in 1730 hasse visited venice. he married faustina bordoni, an opera singer. his opera "artaserse" was performed there. it was his first opera which uses metastasio's text. the opera was a success.
he became the "kapellmeister" of the dresden court in around 1730. he arrived at dresden in 1731. his employer was king august ii of poland. he wrote operas and church music in dresden. in dresden, he wrote the opera "cleofide". the opera uses text by metastasio. johann sebastian bach and his son wilhelm friedemann bach may have watched the opera's first performance. on the next day, bach performed on the organ. hasse might have watched bach play the organ. carl philipp emanuel bach said that his father and hasse were good friends.
as part of his job, hasse did not have to stay in dresden. from 1733 to 1734 he stayed in italy. he wrote music for the ospedale degli incurabili, an orphanage in venice. he also went to vienna. he taught archduchess maria theresa of austria how to sing. hasse came back to dresden in december 1733. he wrote new operas. he also wrote some church music. in 1734, the king of poland went to warsaw. hasse went back to italy. he stayed in italy until 1737. 
he went back to dresden in 1740. he wrote the operas "antigono" and "ipermestra". the text for these operas were written by metastasio. hasse and metastasio became good friends. they wrote many operas together.
hasse moved to venice in 1773. he taught singing and wrote music for the incurabili. he died in 1783. people forgot about him after he died.
bride kidnapping is when a man abducts the woman he wants to marry. the practice is also known as marriage by abduction or marriage by capture,
bride kidnapping (which is often shortened to bridenapping) has been practiced around the world, throughout history. peoples as diverse as the hmong in southeast asia, the tzeltal in mexico, and the romani in europe have done it.
bride kidnapping still occurs in different parts of the world. it is most common in the caucasus and central asia.
most countries see bride kidnapping as a sex crime, and not as a valid form of marriage. in some cases, it is seen somewhere beteen a forced marriage and an arranged one. 
in many cases, the woman will cooperate with the kidnapper, to save her face, or to save the honour of her family or her parents. 
many countries also have laws that say that this is not a crime, if the woman later marries the man. very often, there are also customs, which see bride kidnapping as some form of tradition.
in most nations, bride kidnapping is considered a sex crime because of the implied element of rape, rather than a valid form of marriage. some types of it may also be seen as falling along the continuum between forced marriage and arranged marriage. the term is sometimes confused with elopements, in which a couple runs away together and seeks the consent of their parents later. in some cases, the woman cooperates with or accedes to the kidnapping, typically in an effort to save face for herself or her parents. in many jurisdictions, this used to be encouraged by so-called marry-your-rapist laws. even in countries where the practice is against the law, if judicial enforcement is weak, customary law ("traditional practices") may prevail.
bride kidnapping is often (but not always) a form of child marriage. it may be connected to the practice of bride price, wealth paid by the groom and his family to the bride's parents, and the inability or unwillingness to pay it.
bride kidnapping is when one man (or a man and his friends) abduct one woman. when this is done on a larger scale (a large group of men abducting many women), this is known as raptio, and different from bride kidnapping. in the 21st century, there have been more cases of war rape, which may have elements of bride kidnapping. women and girls abducted by groups such as boko haram in nigeria, the lord's resistance army in uganda and isis in the middle east have been taken as wives by their abductors.
in some countries, there are still rituals, which involve a symbolic bride kidnapping as part of a wedding. some say that the honeymoon is a relic of such a practice: the husband going into hiding with his wife to avoid reprisals from her relatives, with the intention that the woman would be pregnant by the end of the month.
the jamaican snoring tree frog, lichened tree toad, green-backed tree toad, or harlan's antilles frog ("osteopilus crucialis") is a frog. it lives in jamaica. scientists have seen it as high as 1200 meters above sea level.
boris nikolayevich lagutin () (24 june 1938 – 4 september 2022) was a soviet light middleweight boxer. he was born in moscow, russia. he won a bronze medal at the 1960 summer olympics and two gold medals at the 1964 and 1968 summer olympics.
lagutin died on 4 september 2022 in moscow at the age of 84.
rodrigo rené gonzález torres (26 september 1941 – 4 september 2022) was a chilean politician. he was a member of the chamber of deputies from 2002 until his death. he was a member of the party for democracy. he was also mayor of viña del mar from 1992 to 1994 and again from 1996 to 2000. he was born in viña del mar, chile.
gonzález torres died on 4 september 2022 from an aortic dissection in viña del mar at the age of 80.
on september 4, 2022, a stabbing spree happened in thirteen locations on the james smith cree nation and in weldon, saskatchewan, canada. 10 people were killed and 15 others hospitalized. it is one of the deadliest massacres in canadian history.
31-year-old damien sanderson and 30-year-old myles sanderson are the suspects and police are currently looking for them. some of the victims are believed to have been targeted, while others were randomly attacked.
hero – gayab mode on is an indian fantasy television series produced by peninsula pictures. it premiered on 7 december 2020 on sab tv, and stars abhishek nigam in the titular lead role opposite yesha rughani and tunisha sharma.
the show revolves around a man who finds a ring which gives him supernatural powers. he must fight alien forces who are after the ring and save the world, aided by his friends and family.
mangal pandey (died on 8 april 1857) was an indian solider. he was a soldier of the bengal army under company rule in india. he was known for actions in the events immediately preceding the outbreak of the indian rebellion of 1857.
early life and career.
pandey was born in 1827 at nagwa, a village of upper ballia district, ceded and conquered provinces (now in uttar pradesh). he was born to a hindu brahmin family.
he joined the bengal army in 1849. he was a sepoy (private solider) at 5th company of 34th bengal native infantry (bni).
pandey had revolted against the east india company because they brought a new weapon. it was called as enfield rifle. these rifles had cartridges greased with animal fats. many indian soldiers doubted that it was made of cow which is holy animal for hindu and beef which is not touchable for muslims. these reasons caused the sepoy mutiny. 
he shot two british officers. he was tried in a military court. he was accused of working against company. he was hanged on 8 april 1857 at barrackpore in bengal presidency.
lars vogt (8 september 1970 – 5 september 2022) was a german concert pianist and conductor. vogt was born in düren, germany. he became known after winning the 1990 leeds international piano competition. he founded the festival 'spannungen' in heimbach (eifel) in 1998. in october 2019, the orchestre de chambre de paris (ocp) announced the appointment of vogt as its new music director. 
in february 2021, vogt was diagnosed with cancer. he died on 5 september 2022 from the disease three days before his 52nd birthday.
klyuchevskaya sopka (; also known as klyuchevskoi, ) is a stratovolcano, the highest mountain of siberia and the highest active volcano of eurasia. it is about from the bering sea. it appeared 6,000 years ago. its first recorded eruption occurred in 1697. it was first climbed in 1788 by daniel gauss.
a magnitude 6.6 or 6.8 earthquake hit luding county in sichuan province, china on 5 september 2022. the epicenter was located from chengdu. a total of 46 people died, 50 were injured and 16 were missing.
chemical asphyxiants, which interfere with the transportation or absorption of oxygen in the body, include hydrogen cyanide and carbon monoxide – these should be treated as toxic gases (meaning that a lab-specific sop is required). examples include nitrogen, argon, helium, methane, propane, carbon dioxide.
robert awtry locker (march 15, 1938 – august 15, 2022) was an american major league baseball right-handed pitcher. he pitched from 1965 to 1975 for five different teams. he played for chicago white sox, milwaukee brewers, oakland athletics and the chicago cubs.
locker died in bozeman, montana, on august 15, 2022. he was 84.
gérard antoine gaston vignoble (29 october 1945 – 22 august 2022) was a french politician. he was a member of the centre of social democrats. he was in the national assembly from 1988 to 1997 and again from 2002 to 2007.
vignoble died in dinard, france on 22 august 2022 at the age of 76.
dinard (; , ; gallo: "dinard") is a commune in the ille-et-vilaine department, brittany, northwestern france.
esther victoria cooper jackson (august 21, 1917 – august 23, 2022) was an american civil rights activist and social worker. she was one of the founding editors of the magazine "freedomways". she also was an organizational and executive secretary at the southern negro youth congress.
jackson died at a retirement center in boston, massachusetts on august 23, 2022, two days after turning 105.
thomas paul patrick knox (november 23, 1933 – august 24, 2022) was a canadian professional ice hockey right winger. he played in one national hockey league game for the toronto maple leafs from 1954 to 1955. he won the bronze medal for canada at the 1956 winter olympics. 
knox died on august 24, 2022 in southampton, canada at the age of 88.
lily renée phillips ("née" willheim; may 12, 1921 – august 24, 2022), often known as l. renée, lily renée, or reney, was an austrian-born american artist. she best known as one of the earliest women in the comic-book industry. her best known works were "jane martin", "the werewolf hunter", "the lost world" and "señorita rio".
renée celebrated her 100th birthday in may 2021, and died on august 24, 2022, at the age of 101.
giles heneage radice, baron radice, (4 october 1936 – 25 august 2022) was a british labour politician and author. he was a member of parliament (mp) from 1973 to 2001. he later became a member of the house of lords from 2001 until shortly before his death in 2022.
radice died from cancer on 25 august 2022, at age 85.
james leroy thomas (february 5, 1936 – august 31, 2022) was an american first baseman and right fielder, coach and front-office executive in major league baseball (mlb). he played for six teams from 1961 to 1968. he played for the new york yankees, los angeles angels, boston red sox, atlanta braves, chicago cubs and the houston astros.
thomas died at his home in st. louis, missouri on august 31, 2022, at age 86.
domingo santo liotta (29 november 1924 – 31 august 2022) was an argentine surgeon. his works were about heart surgery. he was said to have created multiple cardiac prostheses. he also helped create the first total artificial heart used in a human being.
liotta died on 31 august 2022, at the age of 97.
gwendolyn midlo hall (june 27, 1929 – august 29, 2022) was an american historian. she focused on the history of slavery in the caribbean, latin america, louisiana (united states), africa, and the african diaspora in the americas. she wrote "africans in colonial louisiana: the development of afro-creole culture in the eighteenth century" (1992).
hall died on august 29, 2022 in guanajuato city, mexico at the age of 93.
vladimir kuzmich gusev (, 19 april 1932 – 29 august 2022) was a russian and soviet politician. from 2010 to 2012, he was senator from his home region, saratov oblast. from 1986 to 1990, he was the deputy premier of the soviet union.
ivanovo oblast (, "ivanovskaya oblast") is a federal subject of russia (an oblast). it had a population of 1,061,651 as of the 2010 russian census.
mick bates (24 september 1947 – 29 august 2022) was a welsh politician. he was a member of the welsh assembly (am) for montgomeryshire from 1999 to 2011. bates was a member of the welsh liberal democrats.
bates died from cancer on 29 august 2022, at the age of 74.
gastone simoni (9 april 1937 – 28 august 2022) was an italian roman catholic prelate. he was born in castelfranco di sopra, italy. he became a priest in 1960. he was the bishop of the roman catholic diocese of prato, italy, from 1992 until his retirement in 2012.
ralph eggleston (october 18, 1965 – august 28, 2022) was an american animator, art director, storyboard artist, writer, movie director, and production designer. he worked at pixar animation studios. he wrote and directed the oscar-winning pixar short movie "for the birds".
eggleston died on august 28, 2022, at his san rafael, california, home, from pancreatic cancer at the age of 56.
stefan arczyński (31 july 1916 – 28 august 2022) was a polish photographer and veteran of world war ii. he worked in essen, berlin, and wrocław. he took pictures for magazine covers and for postcards; he also photographed art.
arczyński died on 28 august 2022, at the age of 106.
mogens palle (14 march 1934 – 27 august 2022) was a danish professional boxing promoter and manager. in the mid-1960s he was the european manager of sonny liston, and in 2001 organized the match between mike tyson and brian nielsen in denmark. in 2008, he was honored in the international boxing hall of fame.
robert francis lupone (july 29, 1946 – august 27, 2022) was an american actor and artistic director. his sister is patti lupone. lupone was nominated for the tony award for best featured actor in a musical for his role in "a chorus line" (1976). he also appeared in the plays "a thousand clowns" (2001), "true west" (2000), "a view from the bridge" (1997), "late nite comic" (1987), "saint joan" (1977), and "the magic show" (1974).
lupone died on august 27, 2022, at a hospice facility in albany, new york from pancreatic cancer, aged 76.
tadeusz ferenc (10 february 1940 – 27 august 2022) was a polish economist and politician. he was a member of sejm from 2001 to 2002. he was the mayor of rzeszów from 2002 until his death. 
ferenc died on 27 august 2022, at the age of 82.
espen henrik skjønberg (7 april 1924 – 26 august 2022) was a norwegian actor. his career began in 1937. he was known for his role as carl brener in the 1995 movie "pakten" and for his lead role in the 1994 drama "the last lieutenant".
skjønberg died on 26 august 2022, at the age of 98.
aldo mirate (7 may 1943 – 26 august 2022) was an italian politician. he was a member of the italian communist party. he was in the chamber of deputies from 1972 to 1979.
mirate died in asti, italy on 26 august 2022, at the age of 79.
roland mesnier (july 8, 1944 – august 26, 2022) was a french-born american pastry chef and culinary writer. he was the executive pastry chef from 1979 to 2004 at the white house. he was born in bonnay, france.
mesnier died on august 26, 2022 in burke, virginia from problems caused by cancer, aged 78.
burke is an unincorporated section of fairfax county, virginia, united states. burke includes two census-designated places: the burke cdp, population 41,055 in 2020
and the burke centre cdp, population 17,326 in 2020.
burke centre is a planned residential community located west of burke in fairfax county, virginia, united states.
stratton rollins heath jr. (born december 28, 1937) is an american politician. he was a member of the colorado senate from 2009 to 2017. heath was the democratic nominee for governor in 2002. he lost to incumbent republican governor bill owens.
william forrester owens (born october 22, 1950) is an american former politician. he was the 40th governor of colorado from 1999 to 2007. he is a member of the republican party. he was re-elected in 2002 by the largest majority in state history. he was known for making transportation, education and tax cuts during his time as governor.
henry gabriel cisneros (born june 11, 1947) is an american politician and businessman. he was the mayor of san antonio, texas, from 1981 to 1989. he is a democrat. he also was the 10th secretary of housing and urban development (hud) in the administration of president bill clinton from 1993 to 1997. 
alphonso r. jackson (born september 9, 1945) is an american republican politician. he was the 13th united states secretary of housing and urban development (hud) from 2004 to 2008. he was nominated by president george w. bush.
steven c. preston (born august 4, 1960) is an american politician and businessman. he is the president and ceo of goodwill industries international. he was the 14th united states secretary of housing and urban development from 2008 to 2009 and the 22nd administrator of the u.s. small business administration from 2006 until 2008.
james thomas lynn (february 27, 1927december 6, 2010) was an american politician. he was the secretary of housing and urban development from 1973 until 1975. he was the director of the office of management and budget from 1975 until 1977.
lynn died of a massive stroke at his home in bethesda, maryland, on december 6, 2010 at the age of 83.
robert coldwell wood (september 16, 1923 – april 1, 2005) was an american political scientist, academic and politician. he was a professor of political science at mit. from 1965 to 1969, wood was the under secretary of the department of housing and urban development under president lyndon b. johnson. for two weeks in january 1969, he was the 2nd united states secretary of housing and urban development.
wood died from stomach cancer at his home in boston, massachusetts, on april 1, 2005 at the age of 81.
thérèse anne coffey (born 18 november 1971) is a british politician who is currently secretary of state for environment, food and rural affairs since 25 october 2022. she was the deputy prime minister of the united kingdom and secretary of state for health and social care from 6 september to 25 october 2022. she was the secretary of state for work and pensions from 2019 to 2022. she is a member of the conservative party. she has been the member of parliament (mp) for suffolk coastal since 2010.
albion is a town in kennebec county, maine, united states.
brewster is a town in barnstable county, massachusetts, united states.
ali a. zaidi (born 1987/1988) is a pakistani-american lawyer and politician. he is the first white house deputy national climate advisor since 2021. he was the new york deputy secretary for energy and environment. 
in september 2022, president joe biden announced that zaidi would replace gina mccarthy as white house national climate advisor.
laurence paul fox (born 1978) is an english actor and political activist. he is known for his role as ds james hathaway in the british tv drama series "lewis" from 2006 to 2015.
a conservative activist, fox did not support the george floyd protests and was against vaccination during the covid-19 pandemic. he ran for mayor of london in the 2021 election.
frances tiafoe jr. ( ; born january 20, 1998) is an american professional tennis player. he has been ranked by the association of tennis professionals (atp) as high as no. 24 in men's singles.
tiafoe won his first and only atp title at the 2018 delray beach open. he was born in hyattsville, maryland.
meyer lansky (born maier suchowljansky; july 4, 1902 – january 15, 1983), known as the "mob's accountant," was an american organized crime figure. he helped create the national crime syndicate in the united states.
lansky died of lung cancer on january 15, 1983, aged 80 in miami beach, florida.
can you teach my alligator manners? is a children's television series on disney channel. it's about a young man named mikey and his pet alligator named al.
the first season of canta conmigo ahora began on july 25, 2022 and was broadcast by el trece, is the argentine version of the british program "all together now".
the winner of this first season was nicolás reyna and the runner-up was agustina sol pereira.
the protagonist of the program, in addition to its participants, will be the team of 100 jurors who will be different people who have to do with the musical world, of these only 15 will be recognized figures, here is the list of those confirmed: 
yeh dil mannge more () is an indian romance drama television series produced by ekta kapoor and shobha kapoor under balaji telefilms. it premiered on 15 august 2022 on dd national and stars akshay mhatre and twinkle patel as protagonists.
the series revolves around an army officer and a doctor. the series explores how tied under their profession they fight each other, ultimately falling in love.
mumbra devi temple is an old hindu temple located at the top of parsik hill in mumbra of thane district, maharashtra, india. it is located on the hill, approx 210 meters from sea level. it has idols of nine goddesses. these nine idols are carved in stone. mumbra devi temple is crowded with devotees on navratri, one of the most revered hindu festivals observed in the honour of mother goddess durga.
it is also visited by many trekkers, who come to climb the hill.
the temple is managed and taken care of by bhagat family, who also built the recent constriction of the temple. mumbra devi is the main deity of the koli and agri fishermen tribes living in the mumbra area.
jayant salgaonkar (1 february 1929 – 20 august 2013) was an indian astrologer, businessman, historian, publisher and writer. he is known for founding "kalnirnay", a calendar published in india. "kalnirnay" is the world's largest selling publication (almanac). 
education and career.
he was born in 1929 in malvan in sindhudurga district of maharashtra. salgaonkar did his schooling till the 10th grade. he has been interested in astrology since his childhood. in 1973, he founded "kalnirnay", a yearly almanac of all religions providing simplified information about the panchang, auspicious days, festivals, holidays, sunrise and sunset. he sold over 10 million copies in nine languages. he was the pioneer of the daily horoscope and the daily crossword in the marathi language newspaper. 
awards and recognition.
he has been awarded jyotirbhasakr by sakeshwar vidhyapeeth and mumbai jyotirvidyalay. he holds a d.lt. from maharashtra jyotish vidyapeeth. he was conferred with a lifetime achievement award by konkan marathi sahitya parishad. in may 2013, he was given saraswat chaitanya gaurav purashkar by saraswat prakashan.
he died on 20 august 2013 in the hinduja hospital in mahim, mumbai after a brief illness. he was cremated at at the dadar crematorium. his last rites were attended by political leaders such as ajit pawar, narayan rane, jayant patil, uddhav thackeray and raj thackeray. he is survived by his wife and three sons.
dr. gauravv mittal (born 24 august 1974), also written as gaurav mittal, is an indian businessman, serial entrepreneur and astro-numerologist and mathematician. he was conferred an honorary doctorate in ayurveda, astrology and vastu sciences by the american university in 2021. he is the founder & ceo of itcons e-solution, an it firm that he founded in 2007 and mahhaguru navgrah private limited, founded in 2018. he is also the chairperson and managing trustee for mahakal maharaj bikaner sewa mandir trust, which was founded in 2015. mittal received the karmaveer chakra award and global fellowship award in 2017 from the international confederation of non-governmental organizations in partnership with the united nations.
early life and career.
gauravv mittal was born on 24 august 1974 in jodhpur, in the indian state of rajasthan. as a businessman, he founded itcons e-solution, an it company, in 2007, which was funded by amity capitals ventures, the ministry of micro, small and medium enterprises and the technology development board. the company was also awarded microsoft's biz spark award and was shortlisted as a finalist for the tata nen hottest start-up award. in 2015, he started a chain of pre and primary schools called diviniti school & daycare as part of his social and educational venture under his trust.
in 2018, mittal entered into fmcg and ayurvedic medicine business, where he launched rashijal and navgrah jal and other beverages, including juices, soft drinks, and soda. he also launched a series of ayurvedic medicines and products with brand name navgrah. he owns several patents in his name.
as a astrologer and numerologist, he has made various predictions, some of his notable predictions include the winning of yogi adityanath as up chief minister, arvind kejriwal as delhi chief minister and narendra modi as prime minister of india. he is actively involved in predicting indian politics. he is also a columnist for the hindi newspaper "jansatta", and the english newspaper, "deccan herald", where he columns about astrology and business. 
nepal-india relations are more than the sum of treaties/agreements between the two countries. 
the frequent high-level visits by the leaders of the two countries at different points of time and the interactions constitute the hallmark of the ties between the two countries. furthermore, such visits have helped promote goodwill, trust, understanding and cooperation between them. 
in addition, they have injected fresh momentum to further relations of friendship and cooperation on a more mature and pragmatic footing.
the zimbabwe national cricket team, also known as chevrons represents zimbabwe in men's international cricket. zimbabwe cricket (earlier known as the zimbabwe cricket union) controls the cricket team. zimbabwe has been a full member of the international cricket council (icc) since 1992. 
as of march, 2022, zimbabwe is currently ranked 10th in tests, 13th in one day internationals (odis) and 11th in twenty20 internationals (t20is) by the icc.
nicholas lou saban jr. (; born october 31, 1951) is an american football coach. he became the head football coach at the university of alabama in 2007. before that, saban was head coach of the national football league's miami dolphins, louisiana state university (lsu), michigan state university, and the university of toledo. saban is known to be the greatest coach in college football history.
in 2013, saban was added to the alabama sports hall of fame. 
early life and education.
saban was born in fairmont, west virginia. he graduated from monongah high school in the small community of monongah, west virginia. saban is of croatian ancestry.
in 1908, when he was 13 years old, stanko settled in portland, oregon, in 1908. he later married anna mihalic, of croatian-american heritage.
in 1975, saban received his master's degree for sports administration from kent state.
danny lee jesus "d. j." fluker (born march 13, 1991) is an american football offensive tackle who is a free agent.
he played college football at alabama, where he was recognized as an all-american.
in addition to football, fluker was also a member of the foley track & field team. over there, he threw the shot put. it was recorded a top-throw of 53 ft 1 in at the 2009 mobile challenge. he took 4th position.
on march 7, 2017, fluker was released by the chargers, who had relocated to los angeles.
dc films is american film production company that is a subsidiary of warner bros., a division of warner bros. discovery dedicated to the production of films based on characters from dc comics. walter hamada is the current president of dc films.
"your wildest dreams" is a 1986 single by english progressive rock band the moody blues and is the leading single from their 12th studio album "the other side of life". it went to number 9 in the united states and number 20 in australia.
arteshbod gholam-ali oveissi (‎; 16 april 1918 – 7 february 1984) was an iranian general and the chief commander of the imperial iranian armed forces under mohammad reza pahlavi. he was the last general to head the imperial army of iran. he is regarded as one of the most powerful military generals in iran's modern history.
kalash or kalasha may refer to:
jafar sharif-imami (; 
9 september 1910 – 16 june 1998) was an iranian politician. 
he was the prime minister from 1960 to 1961 and again in 1978. he was a cabinet minister, president of the iranian senate, president of the pahlavi foundation. he was also the president of the iran chamber of industries and mines during the reign of shah mohammad reza pahlavi.
abdul qadir nuristani (born 9 april 1927-died 29 april 1978) was an afghan minister of the interior during the republic of afghanistan.
abdul qadir had been a chief of police. he was noted for his strict adherence to his beliefs. he replaced minister faiz mohammad, a purged parchamite, in september 1975.
abdul qadir died on 29 april 1978 in the saur revolution.
the austrian landesliga is the fourth level of football in austria. it is divided into nine leagues— one for each austrian state:
jaat is a community of traditionally non elite peasants in northern india and pakistan.
jats had its origins in pastoralism in the lower indus valley of sindh until they were forced northwards due to the islamic conquests.
many jat people serve in the indian army, including the jat regiment, sikh regiment, rajputana rifles and the grenadiers, where they have won many of the highest military awards for gallantry and bravery. jat people also serve in the pakistan army especially in the punjab regiment.
jaats inhabited throughout the punjab region, sindh and some other northwestern parts of subcontinent. 
shina may refer to:
rangri also known as ranghri is a indo-aryan dialect of haryanvi spoken in pakistan, primarily by muhajir ranghars in punjab province as well as karachi and mirpur khas in sindh.
the 1813 charter ended the monopoly of the east india company and threw open indian trade to all british merchants. the act clearly upheld the british queen's sovereignty over the company's territories in india.
the hispaniolan common tree frog, dominican tree frog, or hispaniolan laughing tree frog ("osteopilus dominicensis") is a frog. it lives in hispaniola. hispaniola is an island, and the countries haiti and the dominican republic are on it.
experimental physics is a type of physics which is based around observations of experiments.
moutfort is a village in the commune of contern. as of 2022, moutfort had a population of 1450.
the dom (in arabic: دري) are a people with origins in the indian subcontinent, which through ancient migrations dispersed to the middle east, north africa, central asia, turkey and still other parts of the indian subcontinent. they speak domari, an endangered indo-aryan language. they have been associated with another traditionally itinerant group of indo-aryans called differently, the roma people and lom people: the three groups are said to have separated from each other or, at least, share a similar history. in particular, both the dom, lom and roma ancestors left the subcontinent of northern india between the 6th and 11th centuries
loch an leothaid is a loch in sutherland in the highland council area in northern scotland.
loch an leothaid bhuain is a loch in sutherland in the highland council area in northern scotland.
loch stack is a loch in sutherland in the highland council area in northern scotland.
the florida governor's mansion (also called the people's house of florida) is a historic u.s. residence and is the official residence of the governor of florida and the state's first family. it is located at 700 north adams street, tallahassee, florida. it has been the residence of every governor of the state since thomas leroy collins in 1956. in july 2006, it was added to the u.s. national register of historic places.
sean patrick lee (born july 22, 1986) is a former american footballer. he played in the position of linebacker. he played his entire professional career with the dallas cowboys for 11 years.
he played college football at penn state. he was selected by the cowboys in the second round of the 2010 nfl draft. 
lee is the son of craig lee and geralyn lee. he lived in upper st. clair, pennsylvania. lee's older brother conor was the placekicker for the university of pittsburgh. his sister alexandra was a student athlete at upper st. clair high school. sean is also a grandson of donald j. lee, a federal judge at u.s. district court for the western district of pennsylvania.
on april 26, 2021, lee announced his retirement. at the time of his retirement, lee was the last active cowboy that played under head coach wade phillips.
harka raj sampang rai (or harka sampang; ) is a nepalese politician. he is the current mayor of dharan. rai is also a social activist. he has been elected as an independent candidate for the post mayor, having 'walking stick/lauro' as the electoral symbol via the 2022 local election. he defeated nepali congress candidate kishore rai by receiving 20,821 votes.
a period 8 element would be an element in the eighth period (row) of the periodic table. no period 8 elements have been proven to exist. these elements are almost certainly too big to exist in nature, so they would be synthetic elements. they would probably decay very quickly, because of radioactivity, so they would have very short half-lives. however, some scientists believe that an island of stability may exist in this range, which would be more stable and have longer half-lives. some of these elements would be part of a new category of elements, called superactinides.
the guangzhou chow tai fook finance centre (), is a skyscraper in guangzhou. it is also known as east tower. it was completed in october 2016 and is tall. this makes it the tallest completed building in guanzhou, the third-tallest in china, and the eighth-tallest in the world. the guangzhou ctf finance centre has a total 111 floors above ground, and 5 below ground. it houses a shopping mall, offices, apartments, and a hotel.
the guangzhou ctf finance centre is situated on a lot along zhujiang east road in zhujiang new town, guangzhou's central business district. in that neighborhood, the skyscraper is located east of the central axis with an underground mall and connections to public transportation underneath it. the guangzhou ctf centre is part of the guangzhou twin towers. the other tower of the pair, the tall guangzhou international finance center, is located on the other side of the axis and is also known under the name "west tower". the guangzhou ctf centre is therefore known as the "east tower" as well. both towers have a similar height, size, and function, and are situated close to the tall canton tower.
the guangzhou ctf finance centre is owned by chow tai fook enterprises, and houses the world's fastest elevators, which can reach speeds up to .
lorne balfe (born february 23, 1976) is a scottish composer and producer of film, television and video game music.
balfe stated composers like hans zimmer, joel goldsmith, peter bernstein, jean-michel jarre, danny elfman, lalo schifrin and john barry as an influences.
"why can't we live together" is a 1972 debut single by american soul singer timmy thomas and taken from his debut album of the same name. it was a one-hit wonder in the united states.
andrea morricone (born october 10, 1964) is an italian composer and conductor, known for his scores.
morricone stated composers like bernard herrmann, nino rota, max steiner, peter bernstein, joel goldsmith, marvin hamlisch, alex north, victor young and franz waxman as influences.
steven price (born april 22, 1977) is a british movie composer.
price stated composers like peter bernstein, joel goldsmith, andrea morricone, alan silvestri, kevin kiner, lalo schifrin, jean-michel jarre, gustavo santaolalla, joseph williams, james horner, alexandre desplat, john barry, bernard herrmann, michael giacchino, john debney, patrick doyle, michael kamen, danny elfman and harry gregson-williams as influences.
baiyoke tower ii (, , ) is an 88-story, skyscraper hotel at 222 ratchaprarop road in the ratchathewi district of bangkok, thailand. it is the fourth tallest building in the city. the building has the baiyoke sky hotel, the tallest hotel in southeast asia and the seventh-tallest all-hotel structure in the world.
the piano concerto in no. 1 in e minor, op. 11 is a piano concerto by frédéric chopin.
in 1829, chopin wrote his first piano concerto, the piano concerto in f minor. he wrote the concerto in e minor soon after he performed the concerto in f minor. however, the concerto in e minor was published first. so, it is given the number one.
chopin first performed the concerto on 11 october 1830. it was a part of his last concerts in poland. he played the concerto again at his first concert in paris.
the concerto is written for solo piano two flutes, two oboes, two clarinets, two bassoons, four horns, two trumpets, a trombone, timpani, and strings. it has three movements:
the concerto was liked by the audience. it was praised after its rehearsal on 22 september 1830. however, almost no reviews was published for the first performance. this was because of the censorship at the time.
robert schumann said that "chopin introduces the spirit of beethoven into the concert hall" with his piano concertos.
christopher heaton-harris (born 28 november 1967) is an english politician. he became the secretary of state for northern ireland on 6 september 2022. he is a member of the conservative party. he was the government chief whip of the house of commons and parliamentary secretary to the treasury from february to september 2022. heaton-harris has been the member of parliament (mp) for daventry since 2010.
ernst pfister (28 april 1947 – 4 september 2022) was a german politician. he was a member of the free democratic party. he was a member of the landtag of baden-württemberg from 1980 to 2011.
peter francis straub (; march 2, 1943 – september 4, 2022) was an american novelist and poet. he wrote "julia," "ghost story", and "the talisman".
straub died at a hospital in new york city on september 4, 2022, aged 79, from problems caused by a broken hip. 
mark alan littell (january 17, 1953 – september 5, 2022) was an american professional baseball player who pitched in the major leagues from 1973 to 1982. he played for the kansas city royals and st. louis cardinals.
metropolitan herman (born joseph swaiko, february 1, 1932 – september 6, 2022) was the primate of the orthodox church in america (oca). he was the archbishop of washington and new york, and metropolitan of all america and canada. 
he was elected metropolitan on , replacing metropolitan theodosius (lazor).
bairdford is a census-designated place within the township of west deer in allegheny county, pennsylvania, united states.
maría magdalena teresa ruiz guiñazú (15 february 1935 – 6 september 2022) was an argentine writer and journalist. she worked in the national commission on the disappearance of persons. she won the golden martín fierro award in 1993.
very bad things is a 1998 french american black comedy movie directed by first time director peter berg and starring christian slater, cameron diaz, daniel stern, jon favreau, joey zimmermann, jeremy piven, jeanne tripplehorn. it was distributed by polygram filmed entertainment.
abraham sharp (1653 – 18 july 1742) was an english mathematician and astronomer.
sharp was born in bradford. he was the son of a well-to-do merchant, and was educated at bradford grammar school.
he became a schoolmaster in liverpool and later a bookkeeper in london. his wide knowledge of mathematics and astronomy attracted flamsteed's attention. sharp was invited, in 1688, to enter the royal observatory. there he improved instruments and worked as a calculator. he published "geometry improved" and logarithm tables.
he returned to bradford in 1694. the atlas coelestis was the largest star map of its time. it had 26 maps of the major constellations visible from greenwich, and two planispheres designed by sharp.
the crater sharp on the moon is named after him.
fernando de noronha () is an archipelago in the atlantic ocean, off the brazilian coast. it consists of 21 islands and islets, extending over an area of . only the main island is inhabited. it has an area of and a population estimated at 3,101 in 2020. most of the archipelago is low-lying, but there are some parts that reach in elevation.
the archpielago is part of the state of pernambuco, brazil.
the islands are administratively unique in brazil. they form a "state district" () that is administered directly by the government of the state of pernambuco (even though they are closer to the state of rio grande do norte). the state district's jurisdiction also includes the very remote saint peter and saint paul archipelago, located northeast of fernando de noronha. seventy percent of the islands' area was established in 1988 as a national marine park.
in 2001, unesco made it a world heritage site because of its importance as a feeding ground for tuna, sharks, turtles, and marine mammals. its time zone is utc−02:00 all year round.
the saint peter and saint paul archipelago ( ) is a group of 15 small islets and rocks in the central equatorial atlantic ocean. it lies in the intertropical convergence zone, a region of the atlantic characterized by low average winds punctuated with local thunderstorms. it lies approximately from the nearest point of mainland south america (the northeastern brazilian coastal town of touros); northeast of the archipelago of fernando de noronha; from the city of natal; and from the west coast of africa. administratively, the archipelago belongs to brazil and is part of the special "state district" () of fernando de noronha, in the state of pernambuco. fernando de noronha is the nearst island.
in total, the archipelago covers an area of about by .
there's a lighthouse, and a research station, with four people. as there is no freshwater supply on the islands, the research station has a water desalinization plant.
yelena ivanovna kondulainen (; born 9 april 1958 as "lembi kontulainen") is a russian actress, honored artist of the russian federation (2002), and pop singer.
ataollah khosravani (1919–date of death unknown) was an iranian politician. he served as the secretary-general of iran novin party and held several cabinet posts in the 1960s.
arteshbod gholam reza azhari (; 18 february 1912 – 5 november 2001) was a military leader and prime minister of iran.
the cuban tree frog, marbled tree toad, or giant tree frog ("osteopilus septentrionalis") is a frog. it lives in cuba, isla de pinos, the cayman islands, and the bahamas. human beings have brought it to curacao, anguilla, costa rica saint maarten, saba, the turks and caicos islands, nevis, puerto rico, florida, georgia, mississippi, and the island of oahu in hawaii.
this frog is larger than other frogs in hylidae. the disks on their toes are also very large. there is no webbed skin on their front feet. there is some webbed skin on their back feet. this frog is usually gray or green in color. sometimes it is brown or light brown instead.
the female frog lays eggs in temporary bodies of water. the tadpoles grow fast so they become frogs before the water dries up. the tadpoles have round bodies. the skin on their backs is black in color. parts of their tails are gray-brown in color.
this frog can eat smaller frogs. because human beings brought it to places where it did not always live, it has become an invasive specie. it eats the frogs that have lived in those places a long time.
it makes a chemical in its skin that can harm human skin.
the california governor's mansion is the official residence of the governor of california. it is in sacramento. 
the building was built in 1877. the estate was bought by the californian government in 1903. it has been the executive residence for 14 governors. since 1967 the mansion has been managed by california state parks as the governor's mansion state historic park.
varna may refer to:
the six vilayets (ottoman turkish: ولايت سته, vilâyat-ı sitte) or the six armenian vilayets (armenian: վեց հայկական վիլայեթներ, vets' haykakan vilayet'ner), were the main armenian-populated vilayets of the ottoman empire (van, bitlis, diyarbekir, sivas, erzurum, mamuret-ul-aziz).
ezekiel elijah elliott (born july 22, 1995) is an american football player. he played in the position of running back for the dallas cowboys of the national football league (nfl). 
he played college football at ohio state. from there, he got second-team all-america honors in 2015. he was a three-time pro bowl and two-time all-pro selection. he showed the league in rushing yards in 2016 and 2018.
elliott was born in alton, illinois. their parents were both athletes in college. his father, stacy, was a linebacker for the missouri football team and ceo of fifth down enterprises. elliott's maternal grandfather played basketball for drake university. his uncle is finnish professional basketball player shawn huff.
he was a true freshman at ohio state university in 2013. elliott rushed for 262 yards on 30 carries with two touchdowns as a backup to starter carlos hyde.
elliott was known as the most complete back to enter the nfl before the draft in 2007. he was predicted to be a top 10 selection. 
elliott was selected in the first round with the fourth overall pick by the dallas cowboys in the 2016 nfl draft on april 28, 2016. he was the first running back selected in the draft that year. elliott was widely regarded as an early favorite for the 2016 offensive rookie of the year.
elliott bought his parents a new house after signing his rookie contracts. he studied marketing at ohio state university. 
in august 2020, elliott became a shareholder of oncore golf technology, inc.. it is a manufacturer of golf balls located in buffalo, new york.
in may 2021, the police cited elliott, after one of his dogs bit and injured two people in his frisco neighborhood.
malcolm terel butler (born march 2, 1990) is an american football player. he played in the position cornerback who is a free agent. he played his first four seasons with the patriots, who signed him as an undrafted free agent in 2014. 
he was a member of the tennessee titans for three seasons after leaving new england. butler retired ahead of the 2021 season, but returned to the patriots the following year.
he was a two-time super bowl winner and pro bowl selection during his patriots tenure. butler is best known for his goal line interception in the final seconds of super bowl xlix. the interception prevented a go-ahead touchdown and effectively ensured the patriots' victory. it is regarded as one of the greatest players in nfl history.
butler was born in vicksburg, mississippi. he has four siblings. he graduated from vicksburg high school in 2009. butler received a scholarship to hinds community college in raymond, mississippi. butler also participated in track and field at vicksburg, where he took part in sprints and jumps. he had personal record of 12.07 seconds in the 100-meter dash, 1.83 meters (6'0") in the high jump, and 6.92 meters (22'8.5") in the long jump.
"the hollywood reporter" published an article in february 2017. it stated that the production company narrative capital had gained the rights to the story of butler. his agent derek simpson also got the rights for a film tentatively titled "the secondary."
new york state route 174 (ny 174) is a state highway. it is in onondaga county, in central new york, in the united states. the highway is long. 
it passes through mostly rural regions. route 174 begins at an intersection with ny 41 in borodino, a small-town of spafford. it heads generally northward for most of its length, except for short distances in the villages of marcellus and camillus. 
the road was first constructed in the early 19th century. it followed the path of nine mile creek. it connected several early settlements in central new york. 
later, the northern half of the route was improved as a plank road in 1855. this was done by a private corporation that collected tolls from travelers on the road. the state took over the maintenance of the road by the beginning of the 20th century. several minor realignments have been made in the areas of the villages of marcellus and camillus to accommodate newly built bypasses.
dominic alexander charles lewis (born january 29, 1985) is a british film and television composer.
life and career.
lewis was born in london. he cites his early influences include john williams, alan silvestri, jean-michel jarre, claude debussy, maurice ravel, joel goldsmith, peter bernstein, lorne balfe, hans zimmer, the beatles, the beach boys, eric clapton and jimi hendrix.
lewis is married to erin lewis.
tyler bates (born june 5, 1965) is an american musician, producer and composer for film, television and video game scores.
bates was born in los angeles, california.
bates stated composers like danny elfman and hans zimmer as influences.
leigh adrian harline (march 26, 1907 - december 10, 1969) is an american film composer and songwriter.
harline was born in salt lake city, utah to swedish parents carl harlin and johanna matilda petersson.
frank edwin churchill (october 20, 1901 - may 14, 1942) is an american film composer and songwriter.
life and career.
churchill was born in rumford, maine to clara e. curtis and andrew j. churchill.
churchill committed suicide on may 14, 1942, at his ranch north of los angeles in castaic.
classical physics is a group of physics theories that predate modern, more complete, or more widely applicable theories. if a currently accepted theory is considered to be modern, and its introduction represented a major paradigm shift, then the previous theories, or new theories based on the older paradigm, will often be referred to as belonging to the area of "classical physics".
as such, the definition of a classical theory depends on context. classical physical concepts are often used when modern theories are unnecessarily complex for a particular situation.
raymond scott (born harry warnow; september 10, 1908 - february 8, 1994) is an american composer, band leader, pianist, record producer, and inventor of electronic instruments.
early life and career.
scott was born in brooklyn, new york to russian jewish immigrants, joseph and sarah warnow.
on february 8, 1994, scott died of pneumonia in north hills, los angeles, california.
brazing is a metal-joining process. two or more metal items are joined together by melting and flowing a filler metal into the joint. the filler metal has a lower melting point than the adjoining metal.
brazing differs from welding because it does not melt the work pieces. brazing differs from soldering because it uses a higher temperature and more closely fitted parts than soldering. 
during the brazing process, the filler metal flows into the gap between close-fitting parts by capillary action. 
the filler metal is brought slightly above its melting temperature. while protected by a suitable atmosphere, usually a flux. it then flows over the base metal and joins the work pieces together. a big advantage of brazing is it can join the same or different metals with considerable strength.
sequoia or sequoyah may refer to:
balsamic vinegar is made from grapes. the name is derived from a hebrew word meaning "spicy." the condiment is very strong, so it is applied to food usually in a small amount. it can be used to dress fresh fruit, salads, and meat dishes.
william norman ferguson (september 2, 1902 - november 4, 1957) is an american animator for walt disney studios.
a failed state is a political body, usually a state, that can no longer work as it should. there are different definitions, but in general at least one of the following is true:
in such a state, there often is widespread corruption and there may be civil war (where different factions fight for control).
examples of failed states are yemen,or somalia.
brenda chapman (born november 1, 1962) is an american director, storyboard artist and writer.
chapman was born in beason, illinois as the youngest of five.
chapman was married to director kevin lima and had a daughter emma rose lima.
the the palace maffezzoli or palazzo maffezzoli is a palace in via anelli 15, milano, italy, designed by guido maffezzoli
 adjacent to and in support of an existing masterpiece palazzo galmanini portaluppi of 1953, and palace tre torri of 1957, in the historic center of milan inside the luxurious quadronno district, which collects the open-air masterpieces of numerous archistars of the fifties.
the building, belonging to the rationalist movement, is linked to the idea of ​​a forest in the city connected to the vertical forest of via crivelli, with a canadian ivy that completely covers it.
the building is made of bricks and bush-hammered concrete, left exposed strongly influenced by the rationalist movement. it is in fact the parapets of the balconies that characterize the facades, through a skilful use of sandblasted bricks that draw geometries that are certainly functional, simple and precise, but not entirely alien to a certain taste for the reinterpretation of traditional elements such as ventilation grids, typical of lombard farmhouses, to which many of luigi caccia dominioni's contemporary linguistic choices for many milanese condominiums also refer.
particular attention is paid to the construction detail, so much so that critics consider the condominium of maffezzoli and pellegrini an "exercise of high design expertise and rare sensitivity".
• design: 1957-1958
• execution: 1958
• reference date: 1957 - 1958
palazzo maffezzoli has a particular architectural, artistic, historical and cultural interest.
kevin lima (born june 12, 1962) is an american film director who has directed "a goofy movie", "tarzan", "102 dalmatians" and "enchanted".
life and career.
lima was born in pawtucket, rhode island to joaquin lima and caroline lillian bourdeau.
jean-michel andŕe jarre (born august 24, 1948) is a french composer, performer and record producer.
jarre was born in lyon to francette pejot and maurice jarre.
andor may refer to:
clone wars may refer to:
a septic equation is an equation where the highest degree of the polynomial is seven. it consists of up to eight different terms.
the piano concerto in no. 2 in f minor, op. 21 is a piano concerto by frédéric chopin.
chopin wrote the concerto in 1829. it was his first piano concerto. however, his piano concerto in e minor was published first. so, that concerto is given the number one.
chopin first performed the concerto on 17 march 1830. he started writing the piano concerto in e minor soon after.
the concerto is written for solo piano two flutes, two oboes, two clarinets, two bassoons, two horns, two trumpets, a trombone, timpani, and strings. it has three movements:
height discrimination (also known as heightism) is prejudice or discrimination against people based on height. it refers to the discriminatory treatment against people whose height is not within the normal acceptable range of height in a population. many different studies have shown it to be a cause of bullying. 
baker's yeast is the name for strains of yeast, which are used for baking, as a leavening agent. bakers yeast is usually of the species "saccharomyces cerevisiae," which is also used for brewing.
arteshbod abbas gharabaghi (; 1 november 1918 – 14 october 2000) was the last chief of staff of the iranian armed forces, as well as deputy commander-in-chief of the iranian imperial army.
gharabaghi died in paris in 2000. he was buried in père lachaise cemetery.
irina ivanovna alfyorova par (; born 13 march 1951, novosibirsk, soviet union) is a soviet and russian actress.
ado or ado may refer to:
happiness is... part 2 () is a 2019 russian family film. the sequel to the film "happiness is..." (2015).
an almanac of seven winning, upbeat, upbeat, disney-winning film novels. several aspiring filmmakers have tried to figure out what happiness is and how to achieve it.
kelly may refer to: 
javad saeed () was an iranian politician.
amir (), previously known as timsar (), is the honorific title used for officer of high rank, ranking 2nd brigadier general and higher in the islamic republic of iran army. the title is also for law enforcement force of islamic republic of iran commanders, except for those who have served in the islamic revolutionary guard corps, where "sardar" is equal to the title. amirs are often graduates of the university of command and staff (dafoos).
ranks being addressed by the title in ground force, air force and air defense base include:
ranks being addressed by the title in the navy include:
amir hossein azmoudeh (; born in 1908 in tehran - died in 1998 in france) was one of the senior soldiers of the pahlavi period. 
savak (, abbreviation for "sâzemân-e ettelâ'ât va amniat-e kešvar", ) was the secret police, domestic security and intelligence service in iran during the reign of the pahlavi dynasty. 
the hispaniolan yellow tree frog or common tree frog ("osteopilus pulchrilineatus") is a frog. it lives in hispaniola. hispaniola is an island, and the countries haiti and the dominican republic are on it. scientists have seen it as high as 1100 meters above sea level.
quarxs was one of the first computer animated series, predating "reboot", and the first one produced in hd. it was created by maurice benayoun and belgian comic-book artist françois schuiten. it was shown between 1990 and 1993.
each episode is three minutes long. 100 were planned, but only 12 were made. a cryptobiology researcher, who discovered quarxs, describes them as mysterious, omnipresent and invisible creatures that bend the laws of physics, biology and optics, and the only reason the world is not perfect.
"quarxs" is the only fictional series by maurice benayoun, a contemporary artist who later moved to media art. it has received many awards from international events and festivals, such as siggraph, imagina, ars electronica, isea, images du futur, sitges, tampere, and the international monitor award. the series has been shown in more than 15 countries.
quarxs has received many awards:
nirmalendu goon is a bangladeshi poet and journalist. he was won by government of bangladesh and bangla academy literary award. 
the 2010 fifa puskás award was the second fifa puskás award. it was awarded on january 10, 2011, during the 2010 fifa ballon d'or gala in switzerland. fc bayern munich player hamit altıntop was the winner of the award, for his goal against kazakhstan during uefa euro 2012 qualifying.
the 2020 fifa puskás award was the twelfth fifa puskás award. it was awarded on december 17, 2020, during the the best fifa football awards 2020 ceremony, which was held virtually, with the nominees being revealed by fifa on november 25, 2020. tottenham hotspur player son heung-min, for his goal against burnley.
the short-tailed albatross or steller's albatross ("phoebastria albatrus") is a large seabird from the north pacific. with a wingspan of up to , it is the largest of the albatrosses of the northern hemisphere. while breeding occurs in large colonies, the adult birds prefer a solitary life. it is a good flyer. 1949, almost all birds were thought to be extinct. when a few were re-discovered in 1951, they were protected. since then, their numbers have increased, so that in 2022, they are no longer seen as "endangered", but as "vulnerable". short-tailed albatrosses feed on cephalopods, fish, and crustaceans. they are oportunists, and will also feed on the organic waste ships throw overboard. 
although related to the other north pacific albatrosses, it also exhibits behavioural and morphological links to the albatrosses of the southern ocean. it was described by the german naturalist peter simon pallas from skins collected by georg wilhelm steller (after whom its other common name is derived). once common, it was brought to the edge of extinction by the trade in feathers, but with protection efforts underway since the 1950s, the species is in the process of recovering with an increasing population trend. its breeding range, however, remains small.it is a part of the albatross family.
lom people, also known as bosha, live in turkey, georgia (country) and armenia. they once migrated from the indian subcontinent in middle ages and settled finally in the caucasus mountains and black sea region in turkey. there native language is lomavren language an indo-aryan languages with armenian and iranian loanwords 
while in georgia and armenia the lom people are christian of the eastern orthodox church, in turkey the lom are muslims and speak turkish.
lomavren is the native language of the lom people, and belong to indo-aryan languages with armenian and iranian loanwords.
burkittsville is a town in frederick county, maryland, united states.
emmitsburg is a town in frederick county, maryland, united states.
myersville is a town in frederick county, maryland, united states.
new market is a town in frederick county, maryland, united states.
walkersville is a town in frederick county, maryland, united states.
woodsboro is a town in frederick county, maryland, united states.
accident is a town in garrett county, maryland, united states.
the abdals in turkey are nomad, and the majority live in anatolia. they came once together with turkmen people from central asia to anatolia in sultanate of rum. the abdals have an own sectret language, it's a mix of turkish-arabic-persian-kurdish and some romani loanwords, they believe in alevism and there jobs are circumcising boys, to make basket, tinsmith, metalworking and musicians. 
deer park is a town in garrett county, maryland, united states. as of 2010 it had a population of 399. it is part of the pittsburgh media market.
elizabeth ii, the queen of the united kingdom and the other commonwealth realms, the longest-living and longest-reigning british monarch, died at the age of 96 on 8 september 2022 at balmoral castle in scotland at 15:10. the official announcement came three hours after which was 18:30 bst. 
hours before her death was announced, doctors said that her health had been worsening recently and they would watch her health.
at balmoral castle in scotland, on 6 september, two days before her death, the queen accepted the resignation of boris johnson and appointed liz truss to replace him as prime minister. 
after the queen's death her oldest son charles, prince of wales, became king of the united kingdom and fourteen other commonwealth realms. 
her state funeral was on 19 september.
her daughter princess anne registered the death certificate of queen elizabeth ii on 29 september 2022. it said she died of old age.
the head of the commonwealth is the ceremonial leader of the commonwealth of nations, an intergovernmental organisation that is made up of 56 sovereign states.
in 1949, king george vi was king of each of the countries that then made-up the british commonwealth (later the commonwealth of nations): the united kingdom, canada, australia, new zealand, south africa, india, pakistan, and ceylon. 
the london declaration, which was made in late april 1949, said that the king, as the symbol of the countries of the commonwealth, was the head of the commonwealth.
ssx may refer to:
castletown (scottish gaelic: "baile a' chaisteil") is a village on the north coast of caithness. it is in the highland council area of scotland. 
castletown is on the a836 main road between john of groats and tongue via thurso. it is 5 miles east of thurso. in 2020 castletown had a population of 810.
castletown may refer to:
the prohibition of mixed marriages act, 1949 was a law that was passed in south africa in 1949. it was one of the first laws passed during an era known as apartheid. it made it illegal for "white people" to marry "non-white people". one year later, another law required all people living in south africa to register as one of four racial groups. the other groups were black, coloured and asian. the law did not criminalize sexual relationships between people of the other groups.
the law was changed in 1968 and abolished in 1985.
according to a study by the south african statistical office, there were 1393 mixed-race marriages in 1987; this accounts for 2.1 percent of all marriages of that year.
caithness () is a historic county in northern scotland. the only county caithness borders is sutherland. caithness is linked to the rest of the country through the a9 and a836 main roads as well as the far north line. wick john o' groats airport is in caithness. many ferry links between the scottish mainland and the orkney islands are through caithness. the nearby isle of stroma is within its borders.
towns and villages.
in 2011, caithness had a population of 26,486.
there are several towns and villages in caithness.
howard melton webb (born 14 july 1971) is an english past professional football referee. he is set to be the chief operating officer for pgmol in november 2022 when his contract as general manager and chief var officer of the professional referee organization for major league soccer runs out. webb is regarded as one of the top referees by the international federation of football history and statistics. he has refereed many notable games.
susanna reid (born 10 december 1970) is an english television presenter and journalist.
from 2003 to 2014, she co-hosted bbc breakfast with bill turnbull and charlie stayt. in 2013, she was runner-up in the 11th series of the bbc one dancing show strictly come dancing. since 2014, reid has been the main presenter of the itv1 breakfast programme good morning britain with ben shephard, kate garraway and formerly piers morgan. she also presented sunday morning live on bbc one from 2010 to 2011.
prakrit (from prakrta, meaning natural) was the indo-aryan languages spoken in ancient india. the prakrits were used as a colloquial language, and can be contrasted therein with sanskrit which was used as a literary language and developed a real written grammar. we can say that the prakrits stand to sanskrit as vulgar latin stands to classical latin.
bandeau is a clothing comprising of a strip of cloth around a woman's breasts. it is usually part of a bikini, strapless, off the shoulder and sleeveless. it is commonly made by elastic materials to prevent it from slipping down or is tied/pinned at the back or front. 
mbb may refer to:
bangladesh pratidin is a daily, bengali-language independent newspaper in bangladesh. it was founded on 15 march 2010. bangladesh pratidin tops the list of highest circulated dailies in the country out of 345 newspapers published from dhaka and elsewhere. 
kyle balda is the director of minions: rise of gru.
the hispaniolan giant tree frog or hispaniola tree frog ("osteopilus vastus") is a frog. it lives in hispaniola. hispaniola is an island, and the countries haiti and the dominican republic are on it. scientists have seen it as high as 1700 meters above sea level.
some giant tree frogs from southern hispaniola may be a part of a different species.
deforestation and degradation or steams is the main cause of habitat loss for giant tree frogs. 
the a836 is a main road that runs along the north coast of scotland mostly in caithness and sutherland in the highland council area. it runs from john o' groats to tongue along the coast before turning south towards lairg. it ends when it reaches the a99 just west of tain. it was built in 1922. it is long.
sian louise massey-ellis (née massey; born october 5, 1985) is an english football match official.
she works as an assistant referee in the premier league and the english football league. she has also been appointed to matches in the efl cup, uefa women's champions league, fifa women's world cup and its qualification rounds, and uefa europa league. massey-ellis was named to fifa's list of female assistant referees in 2009 and turned professional in 2010.
sean fletcher (born 20 april 1974 in new york city, united states of america) is an american-british journalist and television presenter. he is best known as a standby presenter and a standby newsreader on "good morning britain" and formerly just a presenter also on "countryfile". he was born in new york, new york, the united states of america.
fletcher also presented the itv game show "rebound" (2015–2016) and the bbc sunday talk show in the morning "sunday morning live" (2017–present).
graham stephen potter (born 20 may 1975) is an english professional football manager and past player. he is currently the head coach for premier league club chelsea.
in journalism, a source or news source is a person, written thing, or other way of getting knowledge gives the reporter information that is new. sources can be official records, books or other printed works, broadcasts, people who work for governments or businesses, organizations and corporations, people who saw and heard crimes, accidents, or other news, and people to whom a news event or issue is important.
according to shoemaker (1996) and mcquail (1994), many things can make a source bona fide, or good, or bad. reporters should build good relationships with sources so that they trust each other, especially if they write about the same kind of thing often. these reporters are called "beat reporters." beat reporters should also not become close friends with their sources. journalists should also be skeptical. that means they should wonder whether the source is telling the truth or whether they are lying or wrong. for example, the city news bureau of chicago wrote "if your mother says she loves you, check it out." journalists should not use only one source. instead, they should find many sources that agree with each other, especially when they are writing about a controversy, or something people might disagree or fight about.
kakava is a pre-islamic spring feast, hold every year in edirne on 5-6 may. 
at this day, the romani people in turkey, celebrated it with music, dance, food and bonfire, where the young people jumped over. after bonfire night, they went to the near river tunca, washing feet, hands and face and take candles there, and send wishes. they believe baba fingo a deity come out of the river and protect them
hilary jones may refer to:
üsküdar is a district of istanbul, turkey, located in the anatolian part of the city in a neighboring valley on the banks of the bosporus, being its ancient name chrysopolis (golden city), and in the mediaeval period scutari.
bloons td 6 is a 2018 tower defense video game. it is the sixth game in the "bloons td" series. it was developed and published by ninja kiwi. it was first released in june 2018 for ios and android. the game was later ported onto steam. it was first released on microsoft windows in december 2018. it was released on macos in march 2020. it was added to apple arcade on february 11, 2022, as bloons td 6+.
how to play.
in "bloons td 6", the player creates a defense to pop all of the enemy balloons. these enemy balloons are called "bloons", which must be destroyed by popping them with monkeys. cash is spent to buy monkeys and their upgrades. popping bloons rewards cash to spend on more defense. if the bloons reach the exit, they will cause the player to lose lives.
every round, bloons are sent in waves. rounds become increasingly harder, as the bloons become increasingly stronger. some bloons may gain special properties, making them resistant to certain types of monkeys.
monkeys can be used to create a defense that is designed to defend against the bloons. most of the monkeys can harm the bloons, which are capable of dealing damage. some of the monkeys can support other monkeys or produce extra income.
joanne mccartney is a british lawyer and a co-operative party politician. he is a member of the labour party. since 2004, he has served as a member of the london assembly, representing enfield & haringey. following the election of sadiq khan as mayor of london in 2016, mccartney became statutory deputy mayor of london.
prior to his career in politics, mccartney worked as a lawyer in labor law. he also served as a judge for the housing ombudsman handling disputes between landlords and tenants.
mccartney was elected as a councilor in the london borough of enfield in 1998, representing edmonton and then palmers green. mccartney was elected to the london assembly for enfield and haringey in the 2004 assembly elections and became a councilor in 2006 local elections.
he is on the london advisory board of the equality commission. as a member of parliament, he has campaigned for devolution.
mccartney won re-election in the 2008 by about 1,400 votes. in the 2012 election, he increased his margin to 36,741 votes. in the 2016 election, he broke records by winning by a margin of 51,152 votes.
mccartney has three children and is chair of governors at his local primary school.
sandak (godparent) is the one who holds the male infant on his knee during the brit milah, while another person, the mohel, circumcises him.
the far north line is a railway which runs through the east of the highland council area in scotland. it runs from inverness to thurso and wick. it is the northernmost passenger railway in the united kingdom.
it is entirely a single-track railway. there are crossing loops at some stations to allow trains to pass each other.
zaurbek chermenovich dzanagov ( ossetian dzanygaty chermeny firt zaurbek ; december 2, 1955 , vladikavkaz , ussr - september 7, 2022) was a soviet and russian sculptor.
he was best known for the tree of sorrow monument , joint with alan kornaev , to the victims of the terrorist act that occurred on september 1-3, 2004 in the building of school no. 1 in beslan ( north ossetia-alania ).
honored sculptor of the republic of north ossetia alania (since 1995 ), laureate of the prize of the government of the russian federation in the field of culture ( 2006 ), member of the union of artists of russia (since 1982 ).
belongs to the moscow school of sculpture. in his work, he refers to the traditional ossetian archaic, giving it a modern sound. he uses various materials in his work: wood, stone, bronze, ceramics. he considers the topics related to spirituality and the inner world of man to be the closest to him, using easel, park and monumental sculptures for their implementation, which attract with a range of self-expression.
frederick nnaemeka leonard born may 1,1980 is a nigerian actor. he won the award for "best supporting actor" at the golden icons academy movie awards in 2014. he also won "best actor" at the zulu african film academy awards in 2016.
frederick leonard may refer to:
obstetrics and gynaecologyis a field of medicine that is concerned with pregnancy and childbirth, and women's health in general. gynaecology is commonly spelled gynecology. it is the branch of medicine concerned with the female reproductive system. obstetrics is about pregnancy and childbirth. usually, this takes a number of specializations, after a general study of medicine.
radio nacional del paraguay it is the radio station governmental broadcaster of the paraguay. founded in the 1940s, it ceased broadcasting in 2005. shortwave and currently, it reaches its international audience exclusively through the internet. locally it is broadcast on medium wave, on the frequency of 920 khz. the programs are in spanish and in guarani language.
clinical lycanthropy is a condition from psychiatry. people affected either think they can transform into an animal, or that they are transforming into an animal, or that they are an animal. this is of course a false idea. its name is associated with the mythical condition of lycanthropy, a supernatural affliction in which humans are said to physically shapeshift into wolves. it is purported to be a rare disorder.
if it occurs, the condition occurs with mental disoreders that involve psychosis or hallucinations, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or clinical depression.
usually, treating the underlying condition (for example with antipsychotics) also make this condition go away.
hilary robert jones (born 19 june 1953) is an english general practitioner, presenter and writer on medical problems.
jones is known for his appearances on social media and most often on television. he has written for news of the world and the sun on sunday magazines.
todd lawrence boehly (born 20 september 1973) is an american businessman and investor. he helped found and is in charge of eldridge industries, a holding company located in greenwich, connecticut. he is also the temporary chief executive officer of the hollywood foreign press association and the chairman of blueco 22 limited for club chelsea.
wick (scottish gaelic: "inbhir ùige" (ipa:[ˈinivɪɾʲˈuːkʲə]), scots: "week") is a town in caithness in the highland council area in northern scotland. the town is atop the wick river and opposite to wick bay. as of 2011, wick had a population of 6,954. wick has has been a borough since the 19th century however in 1902 it was merged with nearby pulteneytown. wick is on the a99 road which links with the a9 road in latheron. from there one can travel all the way to southern scotland. the far north line also runs to wick from wick railway station. wick is also served by wick john o' groats airport.
wick may refer to:
fall into darkness is a 1996 american television thriller movie directed by mark sobel and was based on the novel of the same name by christopher pike. it stars tatyana ali, charlotte ross, jonathan brandis, paul scherrer, sean murray and aired on nbc.
bibiana steinhaus-webb (born 24 march 1979) is a german football referee. she is currently the women's select group director in the pgmol with howard webb, the chief operating officer as her spouse. she is the referee for mtv engelbostel-schulenburg of the lower saxony football association, but since october 2020 only as a var. she was a referee for fifa and a women's elite category referee for uefa.
the jamaican yellow tree frog, yellow bromeliad frog or spalding's tree frog ("osteopilus marinae") is a frog. it lives in jamaica. scientists have seen between 120 and 880 meters above sea level.
prince william of gloucester (william henry andrew frederick; 18 december 1941 – 28 august 1972) was a grandson of king george v and a cousin of queen elizabeth ii. at the time of his birth he was fourth in line to the throne, and ninth in line at the time of his death.
he graduated from cambridge and stanford. he then joined the foreign and commonwealth office, serving in lagos and tokyo, before returning to take over royal duties. he led an active life, flying piper aircraft, trekking through the sahara, and even ballooning.
he is still the most recent child of george iii to be diagnosed with porphyria. porphyria is widely believed to be the illness that most likely caused george iii's mental breakdown.
prince william died in 1972, aged 30, in an air crash while piloting his plane in a competition.
phillipa "pip" tomson (born 30 august 1977) is an english television presenter and journalist. she is the senior news correspondent for itv breakfast show good morning britain.
willis reed jr. (born june 25, 1942) is an american retired basketball player, coach and general manager. he spent his entire professional playing career (1964–1974) with the new york knicks. in 1982, reed was inducted into the naismith memorial basketball hall of fame. in 1996 he was voted one of the "50 greatest players in nba history".
the island of stroma also known as the isle of stroma or just stroma is an uninhabited island just of the north coast of scotland in caithness in the highland council area.
the following is a list of programs that have currently or formerly aired on the pbs kids block on pbs.
the following programs below are currently airing on selected stations with outdated content.
exclusive to amazon video.
the following programs below are currently co-distributed by amazon video.
the luli people are also called as central asian gypsy are once migrated from the city multan to china and from there to central asia and caucasus mountains. they lived in several countrys like uzbekistan, turkmenistan, kyrgyzstan, kazakhstan and tajikistan anc crimea , they are muslims of sunni islam with elements from an old tribal religion, based on zoroastrianism
adil ray (; born 26 april 1974) is a british actor, comedian and a radio and television presenter.
ray stars in the bbc one comedy citizen khan, which he created and helps write as well working on various bbc radio stations. he also is a standby presenter of the itv breakfast show good morning britain and he acted as sadiq nawaz in the channel 4 drama series ackley bridge. in 2021, he presented the revival of the itv afternoon game show lingo.
afro-turks, in turkish "afro-türkler", also named as araplar or zanji, refer to black people of turkish citizens whose ancestors once came to the ottoman empire from different countrys of africa. they are sunni muslims and speak turkish as first language and fully assimilated in turkish culture. starting centuries ago, some africans slaves who were freed by turks over the course of the 18th and 19th century, were transported to the ottoman empire from niger, kenya, sudan via zanzibar and settled in dalaman, izmir, gediz, manavgat and çukurova. much of them intermarried with turks.some of them originally lived in crete, but were sent to the aegean coast of anatolia in turkey due to the greek-turkish population exchange in 1923. there traditonal festival dana bayram (calf feast) is hold every year in izmir. afro turks from germany, descendants of the gustworker who once came from turkey to germany, visit the festival in izmir. they established in 2006 an association for african culture and solidarity (afrikalılar kültür ve dayanışma derneği).
merlin charles sainthill hanbury-tracy, 7th baron sudeley (17 june 1939 – 5 september 2022) was a british peer, author, and monarchist. in 1941, at the age of two, he became the barony of sudeley. he was a member of the conservative party. he was vice-chancellor of the international monarchist league, and president of the traditional britain group.
just jaeckin (8 august 1940 – 6 september 2022) was a french movie director, photographer, and sculptor. he was born in vichy, france. he was known for directing the 1974 movie "emmanuelle".
jaeckin died on 6 september 2022 in saint-briac-sur-mer, france at the age of 82.
saint-briac-sur-mer (, literally "saint-briac on sea"; ; gallo: "saent-beriac"), is a commune in the ille-et-vilaine department in brittany in northwestern france.
elias "edo" spier (26 may 1926 – 6 september 2022) was a dutch architect, designer, journalist, and politician. he was a member of the democrats 66 party. he was in the senate from 1991 to 1995. spier was born in amsterdam, netherlands.
spier had a jewish background and survived the holocaust. he died on 6 september 2022, at the age of 96.
braj basi lal (2 may 1921 – 10 september 2022), better known as b. b. lal, was an indian writer and archaeologist. he was born in jhansi, british india. he was the director general of the archaeological survey of india (asi) from 1968 to 1972 and was director of the indian institute of advanced studies, shimla. lal also served on various unesco committees.
lal died on 10 september 2022 in new delhi, india at the age of 101.
joseph sonny west (july 30, 1937 – september 8, 2022) was an american rock songwriter and musician. he was best known as the co-writer of two of buddy holly's best known songs; "oh, boy!" and "rave on".
west died in grove, oklahoma on september 8, 2022, at the age of 85.
yoel schwartz (; 29 september 1939 – 8 september 2022) was an israeli haredi jewish rabbi, torah scholar, and writer. he wrote over 200 jewish books. he was a senior lecturer at dvar yerushalayim yeshiva.
radoslav brđanin (9 february 1948 – 7 september 2022) was a bosnian serb political leader and a war criminal. in 2004 he was sentenced to 32 years in jail by the international criminal tribunal for the former yugoslavia for crimes he did during the bosnian war.
he died on 7 september 2022.
jános fuzik (10 october 1957 – 7 september 2022) was a hungarian journalist and politician. he was a member of the . he was a member of the national assembly from 2014 to 2018.
fuzik died on 7 september 2022, at the age of 64.
william keith los'e (22 july 1967 – 7 september 2022) was a tongan rugby union player. he played as a lock. after retiring from playing, he worked as a radio host and television commentator. he was born in auckland, new zealand. he played for the tonga national rugby union team in 1995 three times.
lance mackey (june 2, 1970 – september 7, 2022) was an american dog musher and dog sled racer. he was from fairbanks, alaska. mackey was a four-time winner of both the yukon quest and the iditarod trail sled dog race.
mackey died of throat cancer on september 7, 2022 at the age of 52.
dagmar elisabeth schipanski (née eichhorn; 3 september 1943 – 7 september 2022) was a german physicist, academic, and politician. she ran for president of germany in the 1999 election. she was a member and president of the landtag of thuringia between 2004 to 2009.
schipanski died on 7 september 2022 four days after her 79th birthday.
annemarie renger (née wildung; 7 october 1919 – 3 march 2008) was a german politician for the social democratic party of germany (spd).
from 1972 until 1976 she was the 5th president of the bundestag. she was the first woman to hold this office. she was nominated as the presidential candidate of the spd in 1979, the first woman to be nominated for president by a major party.
piet schrijvers (15 december 1946 – 7 september 2022) was a dutch professional football manager and player. he was a goalkeeper. he played for the netherlands national football team from 1971 to 1984 for forty-six times.
schrijvers died on 7 september 2022 from problems caused by alzheimer's disease at the age of 75.
bernard shaw (may 22, 1940 – september 7, 2022) was an american journalist. he was the lead news anchor for cnn from 1980 until his retirement in march 2001.
shaw died at a hospital in washington, d.c. on september 7, 2022, at the age of 82 from pneumonia.
pierre muller (1952 – 9 september 2022) was a german politician. he was a member of the government of the city of geneva, switzerland, beginning in 1995. he was the mayor of geneva from 1999 to 2000 and again from 2004 to 2005. he was a member of the parti libéral genevois.
csaba kőrösi is a hungarian politician. he was the director of environmental sustainability in the office of the president of hungary. in june 2022 was elected to be the president of the united nations general assembly for its seventy-seventh session.
john edward musker (born november 8, 1953) is an american animator, film director, film producer and screenwriter.
life and career.
musker was born in chicago, illinois to irish catholic parents robert j. musker and joan t. lally.
musker is married to gale. they had twin sons, jackson and patrick, and a daughter, julia.
torpedo alley is a 1952 american world war ii movie directed by lew landers and starring mark stevens, charles winninger, dorothy malone, bill williams, douglas kennedy, james millican, william henry, charles bronson.
the the palace malchiodi or palazzo malchiodi is a palace in via anelli 9, milano, italy, designed by gian carlo malchiodi adjacent to and in support of an existing masterpiece palace crivelli of 1955, in via crivelli 9 by carlo perogalli and attilio mariani, in the historic center of milan inside the luxurious quadronno district, which collects the open-air masterpieces of numerous archistars of the fifties.
gian carlo malchiodi who will design other buildings in the same street will decide to later open his own studio in this building, saying he wants to admire his creations every day, where his son umberto malchiodi also worked in an area unique in the world for italian design with masterpieces created on commission from an enlightened milanese nobility and bourgeoisie of the 1950s that will give birth to italian design then recognized all over the world.
the palazzo malchiodi has the particularity, like the nearby work of galmanini, of being born with a "double front" being located on the corner between via anelli and via crivelli, malchiodi harmonizes two different souls as if they were two distinct buildings that interact with each other, without solving the problem of the corner.
• design: 1956-1958
• execution: 1957
• reference date: 1956 - 1957
the the palace tre torri also known as palazzo torri is a residential building designed in 1957 by gian carlo malchiodi located in via anelli 13 on the side of palazzo maffezoli, in the historic center of milan inside the quadronno district, which collects the open-air masterpieces of numerous archistars of the fifties.
this milanese residential building takes its name from the three characteristic columns of the tower façade that make up the frontispiece, which make up a chessboard with the loggias, alternating full and empty spaces, which communicate with each other through the glass.
the palazzo di tre torri has a particular architectural, artistic, historical and cultural interest.
• design: 1953-1955
• execution: 1955
• reference date: 1953 - 1955
the the palace perogalli also known as palazzo perogalli is a residential building designed in 1952 by carlo perogalli and attilio mariani in viale beatrice d'este 26, in the historic center of milan inside the quadronno district, which collects the open-air masterpieces of numerous archistars of the fifties.
the palace offers a view of via anelli and palazzo galmanini portaluppi at the corner of via anelli, considered the most important design masterpiece in the area.
carlo perogalli and attilio mariani also built the adjacent design building in viale beatrice d'este 24 known as the abstract house.
the palazzo is like the adjacent building, in support, of la casa astratta, an expression of the theories of the mac-movimento d'arte concreta with a facade that recalls "a rhythmic score based on the alternation of brown and havana clinker panels, separated from each other by the empty windows and the glossy white of the roller shutter boxes."
palazzo perogalli was built a few years after the abstract house, in which the main element this time is the color which, on the side façade, gives a dynamic effect and breaks the static nature of the wall box through staggered clinker panels of different sizes and alternating colors, orange and brown.
the palazzo is the first example of clinker cladding, which will later become one of the "means of expression most used by the milanese design culture" and will be the inspiration for works by gio ponti, caccia dominioni, franco albini, and ignazio gardella "who reflect on the theme of architectural skin composed of flakes of the most varied shapes and shades of color".
• design: 1951-1952
• execution: 1952
• reference date: 1951 - 1952
pride and prejudice is a 1940 american romantic drama movie directed by robert z. leonard and was based on the 1813 novel of the same name by jane austen. it stars greer garson, laurence oliver, mary boland, edna may oliver, maureen o'sullivan, edmund gwenn, marsha hunt, ann rutherford, melville cooper, frieda inescort and was distributed by metro-goldwyn-mayer. it won an academy awards in 1941.
lovin' molly is a 1974 american romantic drama movie directed by sidney lumet and was based on the novel "leaving cheyenne" by larry mcmurtry. it stars susan sarandon, anthony perkins, beau bridges, blythe danner, edward binns, conrad fowkes and was distributed by columbia pictures.
this is a list of episodes for the stop-motion television series "robot chicken". the first episode aired on february 20, 2005, at 11:30 p.m. est on cartoon network's adult swim block, and the eleventh season premiered on september 7, 2021, at 12:00 a.m. edt. there have been a number of half-hour specials.
the ags-17 plamya is a soviet automatic grenade launcher. ("plamya" means "flame" in russian. ags stands for .) it was designed to fire 30x29mm grenades. it was designed by alexander fedorovich kornyakov and okb-16 (now kbp tula). it was manufactured by "molot" plant. multiple countries use the ags-17. it was later replaced by the ags-30.
the ags-17 "plamya" was designed in 1968 by alexander fedorovich kornyakov and okb-16, but manufactured by "molot" plant. it was designed to arm soviet troops to fire at unarmored troops. it was first seen in service in 1971.
the ags-17 has been used in many wars, these include the syrian civil war, soviet invasion of afghanistan and more.
during the soviet-afghan war, the ags-17 was used on trucks, armored personnel carriers (apcs) and other vehicles during the war, but the ag-17a was used on mi-8s.
first chechen war.
during the first chechen war, russia used the ags-17 against chechnya, but also some chechens may have stolen the weapon from russian soldiers.
south african border war.
the south african army bought the ags-17. it was the first time it was used outside of afghanistan.
syrian civil war.
during the syrian civil war, the syrian republican guard, the rebel syrian national army, and is fighters all used ags-17 plamya.
a video was seen of troops using an ags-17 during the 2014 russian invasion of ukraine, but ukraine used the rgsh-30. donetsk and luhansk, with the russian ground forces, have also used the ags-17 against ukraine.
yemeni civil war.
during the yemeni civil war, almost all have used the ags-17, including saudi arabia, houthis and other factions.
2020 nagorno-karabakh conflict.
during the nagorno-karabkh conflict, both armenia and azerbaijan have used the weapons against each other.
2022 russian invasion of ukraine.
during the 2022 russian invasion of ukraine, the ags-17 has been used by russia and ukraine against each other, as it has seen intense fighting in the counter-offensive, kyiv offensive and other battles. it has also been seen in the hands of territorial defense forces, donetsk, and luhansk.
the ags-17 plamya combines the properties of a mortar, with the abilities to use mounted fire, and the properties of automatic guns, with an 840mm barrel. the ags-17 is belt fed, with a belt containing about 17 grenades. to this day it is still used by the russian ground forces. the intended purpose was to stop armored vehicles and enemy infantry.
the ags-17 is belt-fed. it uses 30x29mm grenades with steel casing. it usually uses vog-17m, the standard grenade for the ags-17, and the vog-30, which was a better version of the vog-17m with more explosive filling and fragmentation. there is also the vog-30d, a new, improved variant of the vog-30, introduced in 2013. there is also the io-30 grenade, which is he (highly explosive), and the io-30tp which is a practice grenade used for training. finally, it also uses the vus-30, which is a smoke grenade. there is a bulgarian company named arcus that made handheld grenades based on the vog-17m, which are called the ar-rog.
there are multiple variants of the ags-17, which include:
the ag-17a is a remote controlled variant of the ags-17, with a heavier barrel and higher rate of fire, which is put on vehicles and helicopters such as the mi-8 and gaz tigr. 
a variant of the ag-17a, which is also remote controlled.
the rgsh-30 is a ukrainian variant of the ags-17 made by a company named precisions systems. it has the same purpose of the ags-17, to destroy enemy vehicles and infantry. it fires vog-17 grenades, but it only has a 5 round belt.
a successor of the ags-17, the ags-30 fires 30x29mm. it was first seen in 2002, but developed in 1971. it comes with a 2.7x magnification scope, and has a longer range. it has been seen in use multiple times in chechnya and other places, but it is heavier.
the ag-30m is a variant of the ags-30. it is remote controlled, and sometimes is also placed on vehicles such as the mi-8, similar to the ags-17d and ags-17a.
a bulgarian variant of the ags-17.
a montenegrin and serbian name for the ags-17.
30 krkk ags-17.
finnish variant and name for the ags-17.
the ags-17 has multiple users, these include:
arnold jacob "red" auerbach (september 20, 1917 – october 28, 2006) was an american professional basketball coach and executive.
he served as a head coach in the national basketball association (nba), most notably with the boston celtics.
he was also the head coach of the washington capitols and tri-cities blackhawks.
madan mohan malaviya ( (25 december 1861 — 12 november 1946) was an indian scholar, educational reformer and politician. he was famously known for his efforts in the indian independence movement. he was president of the indian national congress for four times. 
he founded an organisation called . he was generally known as "pandit" (a title of respect), and mahamana (great soul).
malaviya was one of the founders of "the bharat scouts and guides". he founded a highly influential english newspaper, "the leader," in 1919. the newspaper was published from allahabad. he was also the chairman of "hindustan times" from 1924 to 1946. his efforts resulted in the launch of its hindi edition named "hindustan dainik" in 1936.
malaviya was posthumously awarded the india's highest civilian distinction bharat ratna, on 24 december 2014.
the zimbabwe national netball team is the national netball from zimbabwe. they went to the netball world cup in 2019 and finished 8th in the tournament.
"you may be right" is a 1980 song by billy joel, taken from his seventh studio album glass houses. it went to number 6 in canada and number 7 in the united states and was used in the 1990s sitcom series "dave's world".
trinidad and tobago women's national under-17 football team represents trinidad and tobago in youth soccer and they have hosted the 2010 fifa u-17 women's world cup.
fifa u-17 women's world cup.
the team qualified for the first time in 2010.
deep blue something is an american rock band formed in 1991.
sergei alexandrovich belov (russian: серге́й алекса́ндрович бело́в; 23 january 1944 – 3 october 2013) was a russian professional basketball player, most noted for playing for cska moscow and the senior soviet union national basketball team.
he is considered to be one of the best european basketball players of all time, and was given the honour of lighting the olympic cauldron with the olympic flame during the 1980 summer olympics opening ceremony, in moscow.
in 1991, belov was named by fiba as the best fiba player ever.
the green bromeliad frog, jamaican green tree frog, or wilder's tree frog ("osteopilus wilderi") is a frog. it lives in jamaica. scientists have seen between 120 and 880 meters above sea level.
the adult male frog is 24.3 to 27.9 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 24.2 to 29.2 mm long. there is no webbed skin on the front feet and a little webbed skin on the back feet. this frog is usually yellow-green in color but it can be red-brown in color. the belly is lighter in color. some frogs have spots on their sides.
this frog lives in bromeliad plants. bromeliads are plants that can live on the ground or high up on other plants. rainwater collects in the leaves of the bromeliads. the frogs lay their eggs in this water. the first tadpoles to hatch eat the other eggs. scientists think the tadpoles may also eat each other. "osteopilus brunneus" tadpoles do eat green bromeliad frog tadpoles if they are in the same plant. but "osteopilus brunneus" lays its eggs in larger bromeliad plants, and the green bromeliad frog lays its eggs in smaller ones. scientists think green bromeliad frogs do this so that the "osteopilus brunneus" tadpoles will not eat their young.
the green bromeliad frog lives in tropical forests and subtropical forests.
the adult frog eats insects. it eats leafhoppers.
this frog is in some danger of dying out. this is because human beings cut down the forests where they live to build houses and to collect wood for building.
richard francis dennis barry iii (born march 28, 1944) is an american retired professional basketball player who starred at the ncaa, american basketball association (aba) and national basketball association (nba) levels.
barry is the father of former professional basketball players brent barry, jon barry, drew barry, and scooter barry, and current professional player canyon barry.
his wife, lynn norenberg barry, was a star basketball player at the college of william & mary, where she became the first female athlete to have her jersey number (22) retired.
myersiohyla is a group of frogs in the family hylidae. scientists made this group in 2005 after they looked closely at all the frogs in hylidae. at first, they put four species in "myersiohyla". all four had been in the group "hyla" before 2005. the genus is found in the tepui region of guyana and venezuela.
there are six species in "myersiohyla":
raymond james stadium is a stadium in tampa, florida. it is home to the tampa bay buccaneers of the national football league (nfl).
george gervin (born april 27, 1952), nicknamed "the iceman", is an american former professional basketball player who played in both the american basketball association (aba) and national basketball association (nba) for the virginia squires, san antonio spurs, and chicago bulls.
gervin averaged at least 14 points per game in all 14 of his aba and nba seasons, and finished with an nba career average of 26.2 points per game.
in 1996, gervin was named as one of the 50 greatest players in nba history, and in 2021, gervin was named as one of the 75 greatest players in nba history.
phai phongsathon (thai: ไผ่ พงศธร) (born 12 june 1982) is a luk thung and mor lam singer from isan area. he also plays professional football as a midfielder for yasothon.
the gang of four messing up hong kong(traditional chinese: 亂港四人幫) was first used by sing pao daily news in august 2016 to call these four men as a group – zhang xiaoming, leung chun-ying, jiang zaizhong and tung chee hwa.
sing pao daily news kept writing for months that the group had been causing trouble in hong kong for their own gain. leung sounded like he looked down on the above-said writing when he once answered reporters' questions. ta kung pao and wen wei po, whose boss is jiang, kept writing for months that the above-said writing was telling lies.
many people cared about their writing bad things about each other. they had different guesses on why it was happening.
in february 2017, sing pao daily news said that some people had begun doing horrible things to try to make them stop writing about 'the gang of four messing up hong kong'.
riotsville, usa (stylized as "riotsville, usa") is an american documentary movie. it was completed in 2022. the movie is about "the militarization of the police and the reaction of a nation to the uprisings of the late '60s, creating a counter-narrative to a critical moment in the country's history." it begins showing the "civil unrest in places like watts and harlem and how the u.s. military began training for an increased presence in the inner cities." then it shows "the construction of fake towns, dubbed 'riotsville,' that the army and military police used to perform riot control exercises..." 
the movie was produced using archival footage from the government and the media. it was directed by sierra pettengill. the producers were jamila wignot and sara archambault. the executive producers were charlotte cook and laura poitras. it is narrated by charlene modeste. the narration was written by tobi haslett. the movie was supported by a 2020 grant from the international documentary association. magnolia pictures scheduled its streaming and limited theatrical release for september 16, 2022.
"riotsville, usa" was presented in the "next" category at the 2022 sundance film festival. it was also show at the san francisco international film festival in 2022. 
the movie had mixed but generally positive reviews. shayna warner says it "is an impressive weaving of all the moving parts, large and small, that come together to cement one point of view as acceptable." susannah gruder called it "a transfixing and troubling archival documentary. . . ." on the other hand, warren cantrell found the movie provocative but disorganized and not well focused. 
jens ingemar "ingo" johansson (22 september 1932 – 30 january 2009) was a swedish professional boxer who competed from 1952 to 1963. he held the world heavyweight title from 1959 to 1960, and was the fifth heavyweight champion born outside the united states.
sanya malhotra (born 25 february 1992) is an indian actress who works in hindi films. she began her career with supporting roles in the biographical sports film "dangal" (2016) and the comedy "badhaai ho" (2018), both of which rank among the highest-grossing indian films.
malhotra received nominations for the filmfare critics award for best actress for her roles in the drama "photograph" (2019) and the black comedy "ludo" (2020), and also received praise for starring in "shakuntala devi" (2020), "pagglait" (2021) and 
"love hostel" (2022).
herman boerhaave (1 december 1668 – 23 september 1738) was a dutch botanist, chemist, christian humanist, and physician of european fame.
he is regarded as the founder of clinical teaching and of the modern academic hospital and is sometimes referred to as "the father of physiology," along with venetian physician santorio santorio (1561–1636).
philipp heinrich scheidemann (26 july 1865 – 29 november 1939) was a german politician of the social democratic party of germany (spd).
in the first quarter of the 20th century he played a leading role in both his party and in the young weimar republic.
during the german revolution of 1918-1919 that broke out after germany's defeat in world war i, scheidemann proclaimed a german republic from a balcony of the reichstag building.
heydar gholi latifiyan () (1879- december 16, 1915) also known as heydar latifiyan (), was a supporter of the persian constitutional revolution and the democrat party of iran. he was an iranian popular commander in world war i.
"...the russian army from one side reaches the village of kolmeh, which is located between the robat karim road and tehran, and the local fighters are surrounded from three sides. the russians start bombarding the area from almost a mile, until in the evening, the strongholds of the local batop fighters are bombarded. but everyone survives. but in the evening, the infantry riders of the russian army came closer and the war with swords started and after a bloody clash, seventy people were killed...". heydar latifiyan was also killed like the rest of his comrades. according to the traditions of the local people, the russians made it difficult to identify the bodies by cutting off the heads of the dead. the only body that could be identified (by his clothes) was that of heydar latifiyan, who was buried near the north of vahan abad village. (nowadays, one kilometer to tehran international airport).
bjarni benediktsson (30 april 1908 – 10 july 1970) was an icelandic politician of the independence party who served as prime minister of iceland from 1963 to 1970.
marie-josé of belgium (marie-josé charlotte sophie amélie henriette gabrielle; 4 august 1906 – 27 january 2001) was the last queen of italy. as she was only queen for 34 days she got the nickname "the may queen".
prince claus of the netherlands, jonkheer van amsberg (born klaus-georg wilhelm otto friedrich gerd von amsberg; 6 september 1926 – 6 october 2002) was the husband of queen beatrix, and the prince consort of the netherlands from when beatrix became queen in 190 until he died in 2002.
a solvation shell or solvation sheath is a chemical compound or biomolecule which makes up a part of a solute.
clinton charles sundberg (december 7, 1903 (some sources say 1906) – december 14, 1987) was an american character actor in film and stage.
mooning is the act of displaying one's bare buttocks, by removing clothing. very often, poeple also bend over, and their genitals may be visible as well. in english-speaking countries, mooning is used to show protest, or disrespect. it can also be done as a form of provocation. mooning can be done for shock value, for fun, as a joke or as a form of exhibitionism. the māori have a form of mooning known as that is a form of insult. 
in some countries, mooning is seen as a form of indecent exposure. this often depends on the context.
richard backus (march 28, 1945 – august 29, 2022) was an american actor and television writer. he has been nominated for four daytime emmy awards for writing and one for acting.
backus died on august 29, 2022, at the age of 77.
the yenish people are descendants of itinerant germans minstrel's from the middle ages who had a nomadic life. a separate people, called the yenish people, arose on this background. the yenish people have their own customs and do not want to be confused with the roma people, just as they also speak their own language: the yenish language, which is considered a variety of german language. there are around 400,000 in germany, 40,000 in austria and 35,000 yenish in switzerland. in belgium in the 1990s there were around 7,000 nomadic yenish, but the number of permanent residents is unknown. to this day, people of yenish origin can be found at all levels of the circus and showman buisness.
a haul truck is a huge truck used to transport materials in mining and heavy construction. it is a large type of dump truck which cannot run on highways or regular roads.
most of these trucks are of a two-axle design, but some are three axis. haul truck capacities range from 40 short tons (36 long tons; 36 t) to 496 short tons (443 long tons; 450 t). large quarry-sized trucks range from 40 to 100 short tons (36 to 89 long tons; 36 to 91 t).
"rufst du, mein vaterland?" ("do you call, my fatherland?") was the national anthem of switzerland from 1848 to 1961. in 1961, switzerland changed their national anthem to the swiss psalm. it was sung to the tune of god save the king, the british national anthem.
the song originally had seven verses, but only the first, second and sixth were commonly sung.
11th song is the debut studio album by deep blue something. the album was released on october 13, 1993.
pleasant view is a city in cheatham county, tennessee, united states. the population was 4,807 at the 2020 census.
mojado power () is a 1981 mexican comedy movie directed by alfonso arau (who also stars) and also starring blanca guerra, pedro damián, socorro bonilla.
"no reply at all" is a 1981 song by genesis and is taken from their album abacab. it went to number 7 in canada and number 29 in the united states.
"abacab" is a 1981 song by genesis. it is the title track from the 11th studio album of same name. it went to number 3 in south africa, number 8 in norway and number 9 in the united kingdom.
ernst dokupil (born 24 april 1947) is a retired austrian footballer and coach.
dokupil started his career with sc wacker wien and after merging for fc admira/wacker. after one year with 1. simmeringer sc he went to sk rapid wien. 1976 he went back to simmering where he played to seasons.
1978 he became coach of simmering. 1981 he won the 2nd league and simmering was promoted to the bundesliga. he then went to admira/wacker. from 1987 to 1989 he was coach of first vienna fc. 1994 he became manager of sk rapid wien. in his first season as coach rapid won the austrian cup. the next season rapid reached the final of the uefa cup winners' cup . in the 1997/98 he became sports director of rapid. after heribert weber was fired he became again coach of rapid for the 2000/01 season. 
keith grayson (august 14, 1966 – april 17, 2022), professionally known as dj kay slay, was an american disc jockey. he is referred to by "the new york times" as "hip hop's one-man ministry of insults". grayson was born on august 14, 1966, in the new york city neighborhood of bronx. he began his career in the 1980's.
on april 17, 2022, grayson died from covid-19 at age 55.
dj kay slay has released six studio albums:
the bernese march (, ) is the anthem of the canton of bern, switzerland.
dennis is a town in barnstable county, massachusetts, united states.
eastham is a town in barnstable county, massachusetts, united states.
harwich is a town in barnstable county, massachusetts, united states.
orleans is a town in barnstable county, massachusetts, united states.
truro is a town in barnstable county, massachusetts, united states.
yarmouth is a town in barnstable county, massachusetts, united states.
alford is a town in berkshire county, massachusetts, united states.
clarksburg is a town in berkshire county, massachusetts, united states.
dalton is a town in berkshire county, massachusetts, united states.
egremont is a town in berkshire county, massachusetts, united states.
florida is a town in berkshire county, massachusetts, united states.
hancock is a town in berkshire county, massachusetts, united states.
lanesborough is a town in berkshire county, massachusetts, united states.
lee is a town in berkshire county, massachusetts, united states.
monterey is a town in berkshire county, massachusetts, united states.
mount washington is a town in berkshire county, massachusetts, united states.
new ashford is a town in berkshire county, massachusetts, united states.
otis is a town in berkshire county, massachusetts, united states.
peru is a town in berkshire county, massachusetts, united states.
richmond is a town in berkshire county, massachusetts, united states.
sandisfield is a town in berkshire county, massachusetts, united states.
savoy is a town in berkshire county, massachusetts, united states.
sheffield is a town in berkshire county, massachusetts, united states.
washington is a town in berkshire county, massachusetts, united states.
west stockbridge is a town in berkshire county, massachusetts, united states.
williamstown is a town in berkshire county, massachusetts, united states.
windsor is a town in berkshire county, massachusetts, united states.
acushnet is a town in bristol county, massachusetts, united states.
berkley is a town in bristol county, massachusetts, united states.
dartmouth is a town in bristol county, massachusetts, united states. the area was the first part of south eastern massachusetts settled by europeans. dartmouth is the third largest town in massachusetts. as of 2020 the towns population was 33,728. the town borders westport, freetown, fall river, buzzards bay, and new bedford. 
dighton is a town in bristol county, massachusetts, united states.
easton is a town in bristol county, massachusetts, united states.
freetown is a town in bristol county, massachusetts, united states.
monique riley (born 23 november 1995) is an australian model, actress and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned miss universe australia 2022. she will represent australia at miss universe 2022.
early life and career.
riley was born in sydney, new south wales and originally from queensland. she works as an executive assistant with a degree in creative industries from the queensland university of technology in brisbane. she later auditioned for the national institute of dramatic arts in sydney, new south wales.
amid the new coronavirus (covid-19) pandemic, which started in 2020, she worked part-time as a model and an actress in sydney while serving as an executive assistant helping run her partner’s construction company.
miss universe australia 2022.
on july 4, 2022, riley was introduced as one of the seven miss universe australia 2022 candidates from new south wales. on september 9, 2022, riley competed against 36 other candidates at the miss universe australia 2022 at the warner bros. movie world in gold coast, queensland. in the competition, riley advanced to the top 10 and later the top 5, before being announced as the competition's winner and was succeeded by daria varlamova.
miss universe 2022.
as miss universe australia, riley will represent australia at miss universe 2022.
wick john o' groats airport, or simply wick airport is an airport in caithness in the highland council area in northern scotland. it serves the town of wick which it is 2 miles north of and much of the rest of caithness. there are several connecting bus services from the airport.
wick airport opened in 1933 as a grass airfield operated by highland airways ltd. but in 1939 the raf took over the airfield due to world war ii and upgraded it giving it a solid runway and more hangars.
between 1976 and 2020 loganair operated services to edinburgh before they were discontinued because of the pandemic. that same year eastern airways revoked their service to aberdeen leave wick airport with no regular service. eastern airways and loganair didn't reinstate their flights initially due to low demand but the scottish goverment offered £4 million to the highland council to bring back flights to wick. in april 2022, eastern airways once again started flying to and from aberdeen.
bricherhaff (german:brücherhof/bruecherhof, luxembourgish:brucherhoff) is a lieu-dit and farmstead in the commune of contern in luxembourg. it is on a slip road 150 metres long off of the cr132 main road. bricherhaff is located atop the syre river and is directly east of the bruecherbesch which is named after it. it is also directly west of brichermillen which is owned by the same person.
the name bricherhaff likely derives from the person who built and owned the area following it's construction. there are other places called bricherhaff and bricher or brucher was a common surname at the time of the lieu-dit's construction. also "haff" is luxembourgish for farm therefore the name likely meant "bricher's farm".
construction and early history.
bricherhaff was constructed at some point in the late 18th or early 19th century by the owners of the farm land surrounding it. it was built upon the syre river and was a farmstead used to store farming equipment and house workers. the oldest mention of the name bricherhaff of brucherhof dates back to 1844 which a singular mention of the place. the first proper mention of the lieu dit of bricherhaff is on a newspaper published in july 1890 where it is mentioned that bricherhaff is located adjacent to moutfort and medingen. the same infomation was mentioned once more in april 1891. an 1895 gazetteer of places in luxembourg contained bricherhaff as well as brichermillen. 
various community funds were distributed to bricherhaff in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
bricherhaff stayed a small farmstead throughout the 20th century however was continually mentioned in newspapers and old documents. bricherhaff was unaffected by world war i and in may 1923 it was a stopping point for the funeral tour of mr mathias hemmen who died in brichermillen. in february 1930 a bricherhaff resident bernard lautwein was involved in illegal shooting and fined. in may of that same year, there was another similar incident. in januaray 1931, census data recorded the combined population of bricherhaff and brichermillen to be 30 and it was recorded and published by a local newspaper.
in the 1931 census the combined population of bricherhaff and brichermillen was 30 and the sinlged out population of brichermillen was 17 therefore it had a population of 13.
"you better you bet" is a 1981 song by english rock band the who and taken from their 9th studio album "face dances". it went to number 4 in canada and was their last top 10 hit in the united kingdom. it was also their last top 20 hit in the united states.
fan commonly refers to:
fan, fan or fans may also refer to:
cop land is a 1997 american crime thriller movie directed by james mangold and starring sylvester stallone, harvey keitel, robert de niro, ray liotta, robert patrick, peter berg, frank vincent, edie falco, janeane garofalo, cathy moriarty, deborah harry, victor williams. it was distributed by miramax films.
george bancroft (september 30, 1882 – october 2, 1956) was an american 
movie actor. his career spanned seventeen years from 1925 to 1942. he was cast in many notable films alongside major movie stars throughout his hollywood years. he died october 2, 1956, two days after his 74th birthday.
salvatore biasco (31 december 1939 – 6 september 2022) was an italian economist and politician. he was a member of the democratic party of the left. he was in the chamber of deputies from 1996 to 2001.
biasco died on 6 september 2022 at the age of 82.
raymond roy rippelmeyer (july 9, 1933 – september 9, 2022) was an american professional baseball player and pitching coach. he was a right-handed pitcher. he played for the washington senators in 1962. he coached for the philadelphia phillies from 1970 to 1978.
rippelmeyer died on september 9, 2022, at the age of 89.
menno boelsma (8 january 1961 – 10 september 2022) was a dutch speed skater. he competed at the 1988 winter olympics in the 500 m and 1000 m events and finished in 16th and 24th place. he was born in monster, netherlands.
boelsma died on 10 september 2022 at the age of 61.
jack lee ging (november 30, 1931 – september 9, 2022) was an american actor. he was best known as general harlan "bull" fulbright on the television adventure series "the a-team". he was born in alva, oklahoma. his career began in 1958 and he retired in 1994. ging played college football for the university of oklahoma.
ging died at his home in la quinta, california, on september 9, 2022, at the age of 90.
ilja seifert (6 may 1951 – 10 september 2022) was a german politician. he was a member of the party of democratic socialism and later the left. he was in the volkskammer from march to october 1990 and in the bundestag from 1990 to 1994, 1998 to 2002, and again from 2005 to 2013.
seifert died on 10 september 2022 at the age of 71.
javier marías franco (20 september 1951 – 11 september 2022) was a spanish novelist, translator, and columnist. his best known works were "a heart so white" ("corazón tan blanco," 1992")" and "tomorrow in the battle think on me" ("mañana en la batalla piensa en mí," 1994). he was one of spain's most popular novelists. 
he was honored with the rómulo gallegos prize (1994), the international impac dublin literary award (1997), the international nonino prize (2011), and the austrian state prize for european literature (2011). 
marías died of problems caused by covid-19 in madrid, on 11 september 2022, nine days before his 71st birthday.
john william o'malley (june 11, 1927 – september 11, 2022) was an american academic, catholic historian, and jesuit priest. he was a university professor at georgetown university. he wrote about religious history of early modern europe.
tiltonsville is a village in southern jefferson county, ohio, united states. it is near the ohio river. the population was 1,372 at the 2010 census. 
uppalapati venkata krishnam raju (20 january 1940 – 11 september 2022) was an indian actor and politician. he was born in mogalthur, then-british india. he was a member of the lok sabha from 1998 until 2004 as a member of the bharatiya janata party. his first acting role was in the 1966 movie "chilaka gorinka". 
raju died on 11 september 2022 in hyderabad, india from problems caused by pneumonia while recovering from covid-19 at the age of 82.
swami swaroopanand saraswati (2 september 1924 – 11 september 2022) was an indian religious leader. in 1982, he became the shankaracharya of dwarka sharada peetham in badrinath. saraswati was born in seoni, then-british india.
saraswati died on 11 september 2022 in narsinghpur, india from a heart attack, nine days after his 98th birthday.
elias michael theodorou (may 31, 1988 – september 11, 2022) was a canadian mixed martial artist. he competed for the ufc in the middleweight division. he won "". he was born in mississauga, canada.
he became the first professional athlete to be exempt for cannabis use in north america in january 2020.
theodorou died on september 11, 2022 from liver cancer at the age of 34.
anthony michael varvaro (october 31, 1984 – september 11, 2022) was an american professional baseball pitcher. he played in major league baseball (mlb) for the seattle mariners, atlanta braves, and boston red sox from 2010 to 2015. he later became a police officer with the port authority of new york and new jersey. varvaro was born in staten island, new york city.
varvaro was killed in a car crash on september 11, 2022 in jersey city, new jersey at the age of 37.
françois chau (born october 26, 1959) is a cambodian american actor. he was known for his roles as dr. pierre chang in abc's "lost". 
spencer locke (born september 20, 1991) is an american actress. she is known for her roles as kylie in "cougar town," jenny bennett in "monster house," ione in "detention", and k-mart in the "resident evil" movies.
mitchel tate musso (born july 9, 1991) is an american actor and singer. he is best known for his three disney channel roles as oliver oken in "hannah montana", jeremy johnson in the animated series "phineas and ferb" and his disney xd role as king brady on "pair of kings".
he voiced dj in the animated movie "monster house".
on september 11, 2022, an earthquake of the magnitude 7.6 or 7.7 hit papua new guinea, in the northern part of morobe province. at least seven people died, four others were injured and some people are missing because of landslides.
melanie joy (born september 2, 1966) is an american social psychologist and author. she is known for creating the term carnism, which is the study and research about human relationships with animals and pets. she is the founding president of nonprofit advocacy group beyond carnism. she was a professor of psychology and sociology at the university of massachusetts boston. 
chittaranjan das (5 november 1870 – 16 june 1925), popularly called deshbandhu (friend of the nation), was an indian freedom fighter, political activist and lawyer. he played an important role during the indian independence movement. he founded of the swaraj party (independence party) in bengal during the period of british colonial rule in india. 
chittaranjan das was born in calcutta on 5 november 1870. his family were members of brahmo samaj. das was the son of bhuban mohan das, and nephew of the brahmo social reformer durga mohan das. his father was a solicitor and a journalist. he edited the english church weekly, "the brahmo public opinion". his eldest grandson was siddhartha shankar ray (former chief minister of west bengal) and his granddaughter is justice manjula bose. he is commonly known as desh bandhu. it is an honorific name meaning "friend of the nation". 
chittaranjan das again took the brief and successfully defended sri aurobindo ghosh on charges of involvement in the alipore bomb case in 1909. in his uttarpara speech, sri aurobindo gratefully acknowledged that chittaranjan das broke his health to save him. das made this last statement after an eight day long deliberation.
he was actively involved in the activities of anushilan samiti. 
das was a leading figure in bengal during the non-cooperation movement of 1919–1922. he requested to the people to ban on british-made clothes. it set an example by burning his own european clothes and wearing khadi clothes.
he was the first mayor of calcutta. he beleived in non-violence and constitutional methods for the realisation of national independence. he advocated hindu-muslim unity, cooperation and communal harmony and championed the cause of national education. he resigned his presidency of the indian national congress at the gaya (in bihar) session after losing a motion on "no council entry" to gandhi's faction. 
he then founded the swaraj party, with veteran leader motilal nehru and young hussain shaheed suhrawardy, in 1923, to express his uncompromising opinion and position.
das was also known as a distinguished bengali poet. during the days of national movement, he published the first two volumes of his collection of poems titled ""malancha" and "mala". in 1913 he published ."sagar sangeet"" (the songs of the sea). sri aurobindo was in pondichery. he was in dire need of financial support. chittaranjan offered him one thousand rupees as a token of his support for an english translation of the poem.
in 1925 chittaranjan's health began to fail due to overwork. chittaranjan went to darjeeling to recuperate his health staying at sir n. n. sircar's house "step aside" in may 1925. mahatma gandhi visited him and stayed with him for some days. gandhiji wrote,
he died on 16 june 1925.
united airlines flight 826 was a flight that collided with twa flight 266 on december 16, 1960. no one survived. it was the deadliest at the time. the accident became known as the park slope plane crash or the miller field crash, named after the two crash sites. the accident was also the first hull loss and the first fatal accident involving a douglas dc-8.
aircrafts and crews.
united airlines flight 826, "mainliner will rogers", registration n8013u, was a dc-8-11 carrying 77 passengers and seven crew members. it was travelling from o'hare international airport to idlewild airport (now john f. kennedy international airport) in queens. the crew consisted of captain robert sawyer (age 46), first officer robert fiebing (40), flight engineer richard pruitt (30) and four stewardesses.
trans world airlines flight 266, "star of sicily", registration n6907c, was a super constellation carrying 39 passengers and five crew members. it was travelling from dayton and columbus, ohio to laguardia airport in queens. the crew consisted of captain david wollam (age 39), first officer dean bowen (32), flight engineer leroy rosenthal (30) and two stewardesses.
there was a initial survivor in the accident, stephen baltz, an 11-year-old boy from wilmette, illinois. he was travelling alone on flight 826 to spend christmas with his relatives. he was thrown from the plane into the snowbank, where the snow helped to put out the fire on his clothes. although he was alive and conscious, he was severely burned and had breathed in burning fuel. baltz died of pneumonia the next day.
the total number of fatalities of the accident would not be surpassed until a lockheed c-130b hercules was shot down in may 1968, killing 155 people. in terms of commercial aviation, the death toll would not be surpassed until viasa flight 742 on march 1969. the aircraft crashed on takeoff and killed all 84 people on board, as well as 71 people on the ground.
in 2010, on the 50th anniversary of the accident, a memorial to the 134 victims of the two crashes was revealed in green-wood cemetery, brooklyn. the cemetery is the site of the common grave containing the remains of those whom could not be identified.
the collision is covered in "collision course," the fifth episode of the first season of the weather channel documentary series "why planes crash".
james vincent hayes (24 march 1879 – 1 june 1964) was an english footballer. he made his debut for newton heath in february 1901. at newton heath, which was renamed manchester united in 1902, he suffered several injuries. he left united for brentford in may 1907, but returned to united in june 1908. he helped the club win the fa cup in 1909. he left united in november 1910 after scoring two goals in 128 appearances in his two spells at the club.
he later coached norway at the 1912 summer olympics and wiener sc and vienna in austria. from 1913 to 1919 he was player-manager of rochdale. in 1923 he became coach of atlético madrid in spain.
loveridge's tree frog ("myersiohyla loveridgei") is a frog. scientists have seen it on mount duida in amazonas, venezuela. scientists have seen between 614 and 910 meters above sea level.
the dutch cape colony was a colony started by the dutch east india company. the colony was in south africa, at the cape of good hope.
andrei sychevoi (born may 16, 1969) is a russian military officer. he is a lieutenant general of the russian armed forces.
on 20 july 2022, sychevoi became commander of russian forces of the western military district. he replaced colonel general alexander zhuravlyov. sychevoi was reportedly dismissed from the post by 4 september 2022.
in early september 2022, it was believed that sychevoi had been captured by ukrainian forces in kharkiv. it was believed by some to be sychevoi because the captured officer looked like sychevoi. however it was never proven be sychevoi who was captured.
the battle for the soul of the nation was a speech given by u.s. president joe biden on september 1, 2022. it took place at independence hall in philadelphia, pennsylvania.
biden mainly talked about how former president donald trump and his followers, so-called "maga republicans", were a threat to the country. biden also talked about law and order issues around stricter gun laws and his support for the department of justice's and the fbi's investigation into trump.
biden also called trump supporters as "semi-fascists". on september 4 in a rally, trump called the speech "the most vicious, hateful, and divisive speech ever delivered by an american president."
charles robert schwab sr. (born july 29, 1937) is an american investor and financial executive. he is the founder and chairman of the charles schwab corporation. he semi-retired from the company in 2008 when he stepped down as ceo, but he remains chairman and is the largest shareholder to this day.
in may 2021, his net worth was said to be $10.6 billion, making him the 210th richest person in the world.
friedrich "fritz" gschweidl (13 december 1901 in vienna– 5 april 1970) was an austrian footballer and coach. he played as forward.
gschweidl started his carrer with strebersdorf. then he went on to the second league club sc bewegung xx. 1924 he came to first vienna fc. with them he won 5 austrian championsship, three austrian cups and the mitropa cup. he retired from playing in 1948. he played 774 matches for vienna.
he debuted in the austrian national football team on 4th may 1924 versus hungary. when he became part of the so called "wunderteam" (wonder team) he had already 27 caps. his last match was on 24th march 1935 versus italy.
from 1935 till 1948 he was playing manager of first vienna fc. after his retirement in 1948 he became coach of young boys bern. 1949 he went back to his profession as accountant. he died 1970 in vienna.
william klein (april 19, 1926 – september 10, 2022) was an american-born french photographer and filmmaker. his works were mainly about photojournalism and fashion photography. he was seen as one of the most influential photographers of all time.
klein died on september 10, 2022 in paris, france at the age of 96.
prince christian of denmark, count of monpezat (christian valdemar henri john; born 15 october 2005) is a member of the danish royal family. he is the oldest child of crown prince frederik and crown princess mary. he is a grandson of queen margrethe ii. he has been second in the line of succession to the monarchy of denmark since birth.
william marcus paul stewart ("né" tubbs; born 8 november 1972) is an english former professional footballer. he played as a forward from 1991 until 2011. 
on 8 september 2022, stewart was diagnosed with motor neurone disease.
alexander albon ansusinha (, born 23 march 1996) is a thai-british racing driver. he competes in formula one for williams racing. albon raced in formula one for scuderia toro rosso and red bull racing and in dtm for af corse.
in september 2022, albon was hospitalized and recovered from respiratory failure caused by appendicitis-related surgery.
an einsatzkommando was a group of about 1,500 soldiers who were a part of the einsatzgruppen, which were german marksmen who lined up jews in ditches and shot them.
the meteor missile is used in beyond visual range combat. it's main standout features is both is range and ability to retarget in flight.
grand ayatollah sheikh hossein vahid khorasani (; born mohammad-hossein molla-saleh (persian: )‎; 1 january 1921) is an iranian writer and shia marja'. he was born in nishapur, iran. he is the head of the qom seminary. khorasani is said to be the most learned shia religious figure. his lectures and quotes have been used against the thinking of the supreme leader of iran.
lise thiry (born 5 february 1921) is a belgian scientist and politician. she was voted as one of the top 100 belgians on a television show on the belgian french-speaking public channel rtbf. thiry was born in liège, belgium. she worked as a researcher and virologist at the pasteur institute and looked for ways to detect aids. in 1990, she became a senator.
thiry turned 100 in february 2021.
ramsey emmanuel lewis jr. (may 27, 1935 – september 12, 2022) was an american jazz composer, pianist and radio personality. lewis recorded over 80 albums. during his career, he won three grammy awards. lewis was born in near north side, chicago, illinois. his best known album was "the in crowd", which won him a grammy in 1965. he hosted a morning radio show on wchi-fm until 2009.
lewis died on september 12, 2022 at his home in chicago from cardiac arrest at the age of 87.
joe hart (may 8, 1944 – september 11, 2022) was an american republican politician. he was the 11th state mine inspector of arizona from 2007 to 2021. he also was a member of the arizona house of representatives representing arizona's 2nd legislative district from 1992 to 2001. hart was born in kingman, arizona.
hart died on september 11, 2022 at the age of 78.
the discourses on livy, also discourses or discorsi, was written around 1517 and published in 1531 by niccolò machiavelli. 
it is a discussion about the history of early ancient rome. although it strays very far from this and also uses modern political examples to illustrate points. machiavelli presents it as a series of lessons on how a republic should be started and structured. 
while it more openly explains the advantages of republics, it also has many similar themes from his other works. for example, machiavelli said that to save a republic from corruption, it is needed to return it to a "kingly state" using violent means. he excuses romulus for killing his brother remus and co-ruler titus tatius to gain absolute power for himself in that he made a "civil way of life". commentators disagree about how much the two works agree with each other, as machiavelli often refers to leaders of republics as "princes". machiavelli even sometimes acts as an advisor to tyrants. other scholars have pointed out the power-hungry and imperialistic features of machiavelli's republic. nevertheless, it became one of the central texts of modern republicanism.
in differential calculus, the product rule is a rule that helps calculate derivates that have multiplication.
say we have the function formula_3.
the two functions being multiplied are formula_4 and formula_5.
we can set
the rule needs us to find the derivative of both formula_8 and formula_9.
we can find formula_10 by first using the sum rule to split formula_8 into formula_12 and formula_13. after using the power rule, we have formula_14.
to find formula_15, we need to find the derivative of formula_5, which is formula_17, meaning formula_18.
now we can substitute the values into the equation,
one definition of a derivative is
formula_20, and we're trying to find the derivative of formula_21, so we can first set formula_22 to formula_21.
we can't really do much with this so we need to manipulate the equation.
the formula_26 part is equal to formula_27, meaning it didn't change the value of the equation. now we can factor,
formula_28, and because formula_29 approaches formula_27, formula_31 is equal to formula_32.
formula_33, and formula_34 and formula_35 are just equal to formula_15and formula_37.
the loire is a river in east-central france.
loire may also refer to:
le chant des wallons ("the song of the walloons"; ) is the anthem of wallonia in belgium. it was written by théophile bovy in 1900 in the walloon language. it (along with the region's flag and coat of arms) became officially recognized on 15 july, 1998.
most of the time only the first and third verses are sung. below are the full lyrics, with translations into english and french.
de vlaamse leeuw (; "the flemish lion") is the anthem of flanders, a region of belgium.
only the first two verses and their choruses are often sung.
"limburg, mijn vaderland" ("limburg, my fatherland") is the anthem of two regions, dutch limburg and belgian limburg.
most of the time only the first verse is sung, plus the second one sometimes. the fourth verse is not sung in belgium because it talks about the strong ties between the netherlands and the house of orange-nassau.
when it existed, the soviet union had a national anthem and regional anthems for each of its republics.
the 2021–22 austrian cup was the 91st edition of the national cup in austrian football. red bull salzburg were the defending champions. 
the competition was held as follows.
thirty-two first round matches were played between 16 july and 18 july 2021.
sixteen second round matches were played between 21 september and 23 september 2021.
eight third round matches were played between 26 october and 2 november 2021.
the four quarter-finals were played between 4 and 6 february 2022.
the two semi-final matches were played on 2 and 16 march 2022.
the final was played on 1 may 2022.
the saint lucia national netball team represent saint lucia in international netball. they have qualified for the netball world cup in 1979 and 2003.
dame cressida rose dick (born 16 october 1960) is a retired british senior police officer. she served as commissioner of police of the metropolis from 10 april 2017 to 10 april 2022. she is the first female and the first openly homosexual officer to lead the service of the metropolitan police.
dick joined the met in 1983. from 1995 to 2000, she was a high-ranking officer in the thames valley police. after earning a master's degree in criminology, she returned to the met in 2001 and held senior positions in the force's diversity directorate, in anti-gang operations and anti-gun crimes, and in counterterrorism operations. 
in june 2009, she was promoted to the rank of assistant commissioner. she was the first woman to hold that post. she served as acting deputy commissioner in late 2011 and 2012 during a vacancy in the office. she oversaw the met's security preparations for the security operations of the 2012 london olympics. dick retired from the met in 2015 to accept a position at the foreign office. but she returned in 2017 upon being selected by the home office to succeed bernard hogan-howe as commissioner of the metropolitan police, becoming the first woman to hold that position.
sir mark peter rowley qpm (november 1964) is a british senior police officer. he is currently the commissioner of police of the metropolis since september 12, 2022.
he was the deputy commissioner of police of the metropolis for special operations and concurrent chairperson of the national police chiefs' council counter-terrorism co-ordinating committee and national director of counter terrorism policy. he was previously chief constable of surrey police (2009-2011), and was also interim deputy chief constable of the metropolitan police between february 2017 and april 2017. he retired from the police in march 2018. in july 2022 , it was announced that he was returning to policing as the city's police commissioner, replacing former commissioner dame cressida dick. he was right in as commissioner on 12 september 2022.
myersiohyla aromatica is a frog. scientists have seen it on tepuy huachamacari in amazonas, venezuela. scientists have seen between 1700 meters above sea level.
the nineteenth edition of the south american championship in football was held in buenos aires, argentina from 12 january to 10 february. this tournament, an "extra" edition with no trophy handed to the winners, is considered official by conmebol.
the participating countries were argentina, brazil, bolivia, chile, paraguay, and uruguay.
colombia, ecuador, and peru withdrew from the tournament.
each team played against each of the other teams. two points were awarded for a win, one point for a draw and zero points for a defeat.
succession is an american satirical black comedy-drama television series created by jesse armstrong. it premiered on june 3, 2018, on hbo. the show is about a rich family fighting over to have control of logan roy's (brian cox) company and money. it also stars jeremy strong, kieran culkin and sarah snook.
"succession" has been very popular with audiences and critics. it has won the british academy television award for best international programme, the golden globe for best television series – drama, and the primetime emmy for outstanding drama series. 
rakim hasheem allen (december 9, 1991 – september 12, 2022), better known by his stage name pnb rock, was an american rapper and singer. he was best known for his single "selfish" (2016). he also worked on xxxtentacion's hit single "changes". he released two studio albums: "catch these vibes" (2017) and "trapstar turnt popstar" (2019). allen also released five mixtapes. 
early life and personal life.
allen was born on december 9, 1991, in philadelphia. his stage name, pnb rock, comes from an acronym for streets pastorius and baynton in the philadelphia neighborhood of germantown. he was mainly raised by his mother because his father was murdered. as a teenager, allen got legal issues.
allen had two children.
allen died after he being shot at roscoe's chicken 'n waffles, a fast food restaurant, during a robbery in los angeles on september 12, 2022 at the age of 30.
three people were arrested.
jack charles (1943 – 13 september 2022), also known as uncle jack charles, was an aboriginal australian actor. he was known for his activism for aboriginal people. his best known roles were in "the chant of jimmie blacksmith" (1978), "cleverman" (2016) and "preppers" (2021).
charles died of a stroke on 13 september 2022 in melbourne, australia at the age of 79.
fabian raymond picardo (born 18 february 1972) is a gibraltarian politician and barrister. he has been chief minister of gibraltar and leader of the gibraltar socialist labour party since 2011.
the chief minister of gibraltar is the head of his majesty's government of gibraltar.
sir peter richard caruana, (born 15 october 1956) is a retired gibraltarian politician. he was the chief minister of gibraltar from 1996 to 2011 and leader of the gibraltar social democrats (gsd) from 1991 to 2013.
caruana was named knight commander of the order of st michael and st george (kcmg) in the 2013 birthday honours for services to gibraltar.
sir joshua abraham hassan (21 august 1915 – 1 july 1997), nicknamed "salvador" ("saviour"), was a gibraltarian politician, and first mayor and chief minister of gibraltar for more than 20 years.
sir robert john peliza kbe gmh ed (16 november 1920 – 12 december 2011) was a gibraltarian politician. he was the chief minister of gibraltar from 1969 to 1972.
adolfo john canepa, cmg, obe, gmh (born 17 december 1940) is a gibraltarian politician. he was the leader of the opposition. he was the chief minister of gibraltar from 8 december 1987 to 25 march 1988. he was also the leader of the association for the advancement of civil rights (aacr).
elizabeth bolden (née jones; august 15, 1890 – december 11, 2006) was an american supercentenarian who, at the time of her death at age 116 years, 118 days, was recognized by guinness world records as the then-world's oldest living person.
elizabeth jones was born in 1890 in somerville, tennessee, the daughter of freed slaves.
she married louis bolden (1892–1955) in 1908, and their first child, a son, ezell, was born on september 21, 1909. elizabeth and louis bolden had three sons and four daughters and raised cotton and subsistence crops on farmland near memphis until the 1950s. only two daughters were living at the time of bolden's death in 2006; they were queen esther rhodes, who died in 2007 at age 90, and mamie brittmon. at the time of her 116th birthday in august 2006, bolden had 40 grandchildren, 75 great-grandchildren, 150 great-great-grandchildren, 220 great-great-great-grandchildren and 75 great-great-great-great-grandchildren.
in her final years, bolden resided in a memphis nursing home that she had lived in since she was 109, and was described by her family as unable to communicate. they requested that media attention (such as interviews and visits) be limited. while she was the world's oldest person bolden was rarely seen in public.
she was photographed for two different books in early 2005, and was featured in "jet" magazine in may 2005 and the memphis "commercial appeal" in june 2005. for her 116th birthday, new photographs were released for the first time in almost a year, and her family said that she was looking forward to her birthday.
elizabeth bolden was verified in april 2005 as being the oldest documented resident of the united states since the death of emma verona johnston the previous december. prior to this, bettie wilson, had been the oldest known american. after the death of hendrikje van andel on august 30, 2005, she was thought to be the world's oldest living person until december 9, 2005, when maría capovilla was authenticated as older. she became the oldest living person following capovilla's death on august 27, 2006. this was officially confirmed on september 17, 2006, by guinness world records.
at the time of her death aged 116 years 118 days she was the sixth-oldest undisputed person ever documented. after her death, emiliano mercado del toro became the world's oldest person and julie winnefred bertrand became the world's oldest woman. she was the last remaining undisputed person born in the year of 1890.
olga mercedes zammitt obe, jp, (born 31 august 1940) is a retired gibraltarian teacher. she was the mayor of gibraltar from 1 august 2009 to 31 july 2010.
the mayor of gibraltar is the ceremonial official of the british overseas territory of gibraltar. since 1 june 2021, christian santos gmd has held the position of mayor of gibraltar.
sir joseph john bossano (born 10 june 1939) is a gibraltarian politician. he was the chief minister of gibraltar from 1988 to 1996 and leader of the gibraltar socialist labour party from 1978 to 2011. he was leader of the opposition from 1984 to 1988 and 1996 to 2011.
bossano was appointed a knight commander of the most distinguished order of saint michael and saint george (kcmg) by her majesty queen elizabeth ii in the 2018 new year honours.
operation london bridge is the funeral plan for queen elizabeth ii. the plan includes the news of her death, the time of mourning, and the details of her funeral. the plan was made in the 1960s. it changed many times before her death on september 8th, 2022.
the phrase "london bridge is down" would be used to tell the death of the queen to the prime minister of the united kingdom and key people. saying the phrase would also start the operation. many government departments, the church of england, metropolitan police service, the british armed forces, the media, the royal parks, london boroughs, the greater london authority and transport for london are a part of the plan.
many more plans were also created to help operation london bridge, such as operation unicorn, the plan that explains what would happen if the queen were to die in scotland. 
because the queen died in scotland, operation unicorn was also started.
lili tree frog ("myersiohyla liliae") is a frog. it lives in guyana. scientists have seen it in exactly one place: kaieteur national park, 400 meters above sea level.
the adult male frog is 32.5-37.1 mm long from nose to rear end. the skin on the frog's back is bright green during the day. the frog can change color. the skin on its back is green-brown at night. the belly is blue. the iris of the eye is silver in color and bronze in color at night.
the scientists who wrote the first paper about this frog, philippe kok, named it after his daughter, lili kok.
mieczysław gogacz (born november 17, 1926 in nadroż near rypin , died september 13, 2022 in warsaw) [1] [2] - professor of philosophy, representative of thomism, in which he represented the purification trend of st. thomas from aristotelianism and neoplatonism. in addition, he dealt with the history of medieval philosophy , ontic issues, the theory of cognition, aesthetics, pedagogy, the theory of culture, mysticism and religious life. honorary citizen of the city of rypin [3].
initially associated with the catholic university of lublin, later with the academy of catholic theology, where in 1967–1997 he was the head of the department of the history of ancient and medieval philosophy, and the cardinal stefan wyszyński university in warsaw (which was created from the academy of catholic theology), where he worked at the department of the history of philosophy. he also lectured at the university of warsaw, the medical academy of warsaw and the military university of technology .
member of the conservative and monarchist club. co-founder of the scientific society of thomology. author of several dozen books and several hundred articles on philosophical, pedagogical and theological topics.
poecilotheria metallica is an old world species of tarantula. it is also known as the peacock tarantula. it is the only blue spider of the genus "poecilotheria". the species is found in deciduous forest in andhra pradesh of india. it is a critically endangered species according to iucn. it means that has an extremely high risk of extinction in the future.
herriman is a city in salt lake county, utah, united states.
millcreek is a city in salt lake county, utah, united states. as of 2020 it has a population of 63,380.
511 was a common year starting on saturday in the julian calendar
the pas station is a station in the pas, manitoba, canada. the station is served by via rail's winnipeg – churchill train and the keewatin railway train to pukatawagan, which is also run by via. the station building was built in 1928 and was designated historical in 1992.
the station was built as the terminus of what would become the hudson bay railway in 1908. at first it served by terminating services from the cities in the south. but later destinations were expanded. by 1929 trains were running to churchill, thompson, flin flon, lynn lake, winnipeg, saskatoon and prince albert. by the 1960s all train services were operated by cn. in 1978 serives were taken over by via rail whom at the time operated a total of 18 departures per week out of the station. 
the 1978 timetable consisted of: 
in 1980 terminating services from saskatoon were cancelled. then in 1981 via received a budget cut which saw tri-weekly services to thompson and to winnipeg via swan river discontinued. in 2002 services to lynn lake were cut back to pukatawagan followed by the service being cancelled in 2006 and replaced by a twice weekly mixed use train operated by the local first nations. in 2011 one of the 3 weekly trips to and from churchill was made to terminate here rather than continue on to winnipeg. in 2018 flooding saw services to churchill cut back to gillam and they weren't restored until over a year later. during the covid 19 pandemic terminating services were cancelled and service to winnipeg and churchill were retained on a once weekly freequency. this is because the route served vital communites without reliable road access. service has since reached pre-pandemic levels.
currently the pas sees 7 departures per week to a few destinations:
the pas also sees 1 train per week which arrives from churchill which terminates there.
the fly orchid, "ophrys insectifera", is a flower which uses scent for mimicry. 
the plant uses scent to mimic the wasps' female sexual pheromones. this attracts male wasps. the wasps pollinate the flowers as they try to mate with them.
it is a remarkable example of sexually deceptive pollination and floral mimicry. the plant is pollinated by only two species of wasp of the genus "argogorytes".
the soil the orchid grows in is poor, and it needs mycorrhiza to help it get nutrients.
the emilia romagna grand prix is a formula one motor racing event held at the autodromo internazionale enzo e dino ferrari, often referred to as "imola" after the town where it is located. the event takes the name "emilia romagna" from the italian region where the circuit is located. the venue has previously hosted the italian grand prix in 1980, and the san marino grand prix from 1981 to 2006.
the nunsiade (or "anunziazion", annunciation) is a traditional friulian liturgical song for advent. the text is taken from the first chapter of the gospel of luke, from verse 26 to 38. since the latin text begins with the words "missus est angelus gabriel" it is usually called "missus" in italian.
the tradition started from patriarch francesco barbaro in the church of st. mary in the castle of udin, from 1596 and 1616. since the end of the 17th century many authors wrote many "nunsiadis", among the other zuan tite tomadin, antoni de zorz, meni pecile, vigji comencin, zuan tite candot, jacop tomadin and vitori franz. the version of candot is the most singed nowadays.
the choir is divided in 3 groups: one acts as narrator, one for the angel, and the last as mary.
missus may signify
ladi kwali is a nigerian potter that was born in 1925 in kwali, niger state. she learnt to make pottery through her aunt. she died on 12 august 1984.
marahuaca odorous frog ("myersiohyla inparquesi") is a frog. scientists have seen it on tepui marahuaca sur in amazonas, venezuela. scientists have seen between 2600 meters above sea level.
lazarus ekwueme is an actor, composer, scholar and also an expert in music. he was born in oko town on the 28th of january, 1936. he studied at yale university.
tanure ojaide is a nigerian poet and academic that was born in 1984. he was born to urhobo parents from agbon kingdom of delta state. tanure is a poet who emphasizes social justice and the environment. his views on religion and other topics are also well known.he had his primary education at st.george grammar school and in fgc warri.he graduated from university of ibadan in 1971. after he graduated, he taught for two years at st. kelvin grammar school. he also taught at university of maiduguri. the institution later sent him to the united state where he obtained his m.a.in creative writing and ph.d in english.
niyi osundare is a leading african poet who was born on march 12,1947 in ikere, ekiti state.
oyewole tomori is a nigerian proffesor who was born in ilesa, osun state.
chukwuedu nwokolowas born in april, 1927 in a place called oraifite in anambra state. he attended government college at umuahia at the year 1934 to 1939 and then he got admission to the university of ibadan for his medical training. he worked with nigeria civil service as a specialist physician at the year 1956. 
david aradeon is a nigerian architect,urban planner and currator born in 1933 in lagos.
joe hogsett is the 49th mayor of the city of indianapolis, indiana. prior to being elected as the mayor of indianapolis, he served as the secretary of state of indiana from 1989 to 1994 and as the chairman of the indiana democratic party from 2003 to 2004. he was elected the mayor of indiana in 2015 and was re-elected in 2019.
on the film review website rotten tomatoes, films that every critic who reviewed the film labelled it as bad have a 0% rating. as of 2022, 43 films have received this rating.
pero, liguria may refer to:
roberto del giudice (25 september 1940 – 25 november 2007) was an italian actor and voice actor. he was best known for dubbing characters in animation, live action and other content, including arsène lupin iii in the "" manga series. his other famous roles include miss piggy in "the muppets", zazu in "the lion king" and benny in "who framed roger rabbit".
del giudice died in rome after an illness on 25 november 2007, aged 67.
pero is a locality near san lorenzo della costa in the comune of santa margherita ligure in the metropolitan city of genoa in liguria in northern italy.
nabopolassar was the first king of the neo-babylonian empire he reigned from 626 bc to 605 bc.
henry john heinz was an american entrepreneur, best known for creating the h. j. heinz company at the young age of 25.
a state government is the government that controls a subdivision of a country in a federal form of government, which shares political power with the federal or national government. a state government may have some level of political autonomy, or be subject to the direct control of the federal government.
the economy of uganda has great potential for fast economic growth and development. uganda has significant natural resources, including large amounts fertile land, regular rainfall, and mineral deposits.
medical physics deals with the use of physics and concepts and methods related to physics being used to prevent, diagnose or treat diseases for human well-being.
dunbeath is a village in the south of caithness in the highland council area in northern scotland.
the the palace galmanini portaluppi or palazzo d'este is a palace in viale beatrice d'este 23, milano, italy, designed by gualtiero galmanini and piero portaluppi adjacent to and in support of an existing masterpiece palazzo maffezzoli of 1957, in the historic center of milan inside the luxurious quadronno district, which collects the open-air masterpieces of numerous archistars of the fifties.
this milanese residential building, belonging to the rationalist movement, have historical and artistic interest and is located in viale beatrice d'este, on the corner of via luigi anelli, is a symbol of the milanese design setting 1950s, from which the best known italian design in the world was born, which saw the first architects also become designers of objects and scholars of concepts, art and sculpture.
this is the work of the italian architect gualtiero galmanini and portaluppi, who was the designers of the architectural modern movement is a foundational building in italian design heritage, that pays attention to architectural details, simple and sophisticated elegance. 
it consists of a body with two exteriors and two interiors.
the façade is characterized by a mosaic wall covering tessera bisazza of checkered colored mixed glass with corrugated curves, that create plays of white and gray light. the building demonstrates extensive use of classical and other typically asymmetrical elements, including rigidity and symmetry in the arrangement of windows between via anelli and viale d'este.
the palazzo in viale beatrice d'este has a refined and original design, its stylistic code is characterized by geometric rigor and the alternation between solidity and transparency, in structures in which glass, concrete and metal combine to create spaces, volumes and games of light and shadow, and is considered one of the great masterpieces of gualtiero galmanini in collaboration with portaluppi, historical partners united in research on the stars and astrolabes.
• design: 1953-1956
• execution: 1956
• reference date: 1953 - 1956
palazzo palazzo galmanini portaluppi has a particular architectural, artistic, historical and cultural interest.
the palazzo crivelli is a residential building designed in 1955 by carlo perogalli and attilio mariani located in via crivelli 9, in the historic center of milan inside the quadronno district, which collects the open-air masterpieces of numerous archistars of the fifties.
this milanese residential building have a façade that make up the frontispiece, which make up a chessboard with the loggias, alternating full and empty spaces, which communicate with each other through the glass.
the palazzo crivelli has a particular architectural, artistic, historical and cultural interest.
• design: 1953-1955
• execution: 1955
• reference date: 1953 - 1955
marco and the pirates (original title: marco macaco) is a 2012 danish computer-animated movie directed by jan rahbek. the film was produced by nice ninja productions and distributed by sf film. "marco and the pirates" was released in denmark on 11 october 2012.
edgware road is a london underground station on the bakerloo line. the station lies between london paddington and marylebone train stations and lies wholly within the oyster travelcard zone 1. another separate station of the same name can be found on the circle, northern as well as the hammersmith and city line.
edgware road station was opened 15 june 1907 as part of baker street and waterloo railway (bs&wr). it is now on the bakerloo line on the north-east corner adjacent to the marylebone flyover and on the corner of edgware road, harrow road and marylebone road junctions.
the station was designed by leslie green and had an ox blood terracotta facade. bs&wr had parliamentary permission to continue the line to london paddington train station, the approved route curved under the main line station. it continued to and ended at sussex gardens and sussex gardens.
"who's crying now" is a 1981 song by journey and is the first single from their seventh studio album "escape". it went to number 3 in canada and number 4 in the united states.
greek thrace or western thrace is a geographical greek region. administratively, it is part of the periphery of eastern macedonia and thrace. it is located in the northeastern part of greece and borders the region of macedonia in the west, in the east it is bordered by the river evros, in the south it opens to the aegean sea, and in the north it is bounded by the rhodope mountains. thrace is divided into three regional units (former prefectures): xanthi, rhodope and evros. turkish minority live there, including also pomak and xoraxane roma
kurama, most commonly known as the nine-tailed fox, nine-tails for short, is the fox demon spirit sealed inside of the fictional character naruto. kurama was one of the tailed beasts shown in the anime and manga naruto. after being sealed inside naruto, kurama tries to hold its cynical perspective about the world, but with alongside naruto's insistence on treating it nicely and with respect, it overturns its hatred and deliberately strives to use it's huge power for the world's redemption.
"ij io̧kwe ļo̧k aelōn̄ eo aō" (; "i love my islands") was the national anthem of the marshall islands. it was used from 1979 (when the marshall islands split from the trust territory of the pacific islands) until 1991, when it was replaced by "forever marshall islands".
"yumi, yumi, yumi" (; "we, we, we") is the national anthem of vanuatu. it was written and composed by françois vincent ayssav and became the national anthem in 1980.
 was a landscape architect who designed many japanese gardens. he was awarded the order of the rising sun in 1986 for his efforts in promoting japanese culture.
"come ye blessed" (), also called the pitcairn anthem (), is the anthem of norfolk island and one of the two anthems of the pitcairn islands, the other being "we from pitcairn island".
the lyrics are taken from the gospel of matthew (chapter 25, verses 34-36 and 40).
the song of australia is a poem that was proposed to be the national anthem of australia. it was very popular in south australia.
<poem>there is a land where summer skies
are gleaming with a thousand eyes,
blending in witching harmonies ;
and grassy knoll and forest height,
are flushing in the rosy light,
and all above is azure bright — australia!
there is a land where honey flows,
where laughing corn luxuriant grows,
land of the myrtle and the rose;
on hill and plain the clust'ring vine
is gushing out with purple wine,
and cups are quaffed to thee and thine — australia!
there is a land where treasures shine
deep in the dark unfathom'd mine
for worshippers at mammon's shrine;
where gold lies hid, and rubies gleam,
and fabled wealth no more doth seem
the idle fancy of a dream — australia!
there is a land where homesteads peep
from sunny plain and woodland steep,
and love and joy bright vigils keep;
where the glad voice of childish glee
is mingling with the melody
of nature's hidden minstrelsy — australia!
there is a land where, floating free,
from mountain-top to girdling sea,
a proud flag waves exultingly;
and freedom's sons the banner bear,
no shackled slave can breathe the air,
fairest of britain's daughters fair — australia!</poem>
the sugar land space cowboys are a minor league baseball team in sugar land, texas. the team plays at constellation field.
the team started playing baseball as the sugar land skeeters in 2012. they were a part of the atlantic league of professional baseball, a baseball league. their name was another word for mosquitos, which can be found in texas. they won championships in 2016 and 2018. in 2022, the team was bought by the houston astros, and became a triple-a baseball team. they named themselves the space cowboys when they were bought.
my bougainville is the anthem of the autonomous region of bougainville in papua new guinea. it is sung to the same tune as "the song of australia" which was made by carl linger.
<poem>god bless our lovely homeland
from mountain peaks to golden sands
land of the brave and land of the free
the brave and the free
enfold her children in your hands
beneath the southern cross we stand
one mighty christian family.
the smile of god upon her face
the pride and joy of all the race
she wears beneath her purple sheen
her mantle of green
today we pledge our love and life
we'll stand by you in every strife
our own dear home, our motherland
craig mack (may 10, 1971 – march 12, 2018) was an american rapper and record producer. he was signed to bad boy records. mack was best known for his 1994 hit single "flava in ya ear", which reached the top ten of the billboard hot 100. the song won "single of the year" at the 1995 source awards. on march 12, 2018, mack died from a heart failure at a nearby hospital in walterboro, south carolina at age 46.
craig mack released three studio albums and six singles:
"don't stop believin'" is a 1981 song by journey and is the second single from their 7th studio album "escape". it is their signature song by the band and decades after its release, it has become one of the most downloaded tracks from the 20th century. it has been covered by the cast of glee.
didhu is a small village in pokaran tehsil of jaisalmer district of rajasthan, in which total 263 families live. according to the 2011 census didhu village has a population of 1730, out of which 945 are males and 785 are females. in didhu village population of children with age 0-6 is 357 which is 20.64% of total village population. according to the constitution of india and the panchayati raj act, didhu village is administered by the panchayat ajasar sarpanch (village head) who is the representative of the village and the panchayat. didhu village has government and private schools.
"faithfully" is a 1983 single by journey and is the second single from their 8th studio album "frontiers". it went to number 12 in the united states.
gordonstoun school is a co-educational independent school for boarding and day pupils in moray, scotland. it is in the north-west of elgin. 
admission is not just a matter of money. there is an interview and references and exam results are considered. it is one of the few full boarding schools in the united kingdom today.
it is famous as the secondary school which king charles iii went to as a teenager. his father, prince philip, went there as a teenager.
the qianlong emperor (25 september 1711 – 7 february 1799) was the fifth emperor of the qing dynasty and the fourth qing emperor to rule over china proper, reigning from 1735 to 1796.
born hongli, the fourth son of the yongzheng emperor, he reigned officially from 11 october 1735 to 8 february 1796. in 1796, he abdicated in favour of his son, the jiaqing emperor, out of filial piety towards his grandfather, the kangxi emperor, who ruled for 61 years, so that he would remain the longest-reigning emperor.
the jiaqing emperor (13 november 1760 – 2 september 1820), whose personal name is yongyan, was the sixth emperor of the manchu-led qing dynasty, and the fifth qing emperor to rule over china proper, from 1796 to 1820.
he was the 15th son of the qianlong emperor.
during his reign, he prosecuted heshen, the corrupt favorite of his father, and attempted to restore order within the qing empire while curbing the smuggling of opium into china.
felix bloch (23 october 1905 – 10 september 1983) was a swiss-american physicist and nobel physics laureate who worked mainly in the u.s. he and edward mills purcell were awarded the 1952 nobel prize for physics for "their development of new ways and methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements."
osvaldo dorticós torrado (17 april 1919 – 23 june 1983) was a cuban politician. he was the president of cuba from 1959 to 1976. he was a close ally of cuban revolutionary and longtime leader fidel castro.
the wrecking crew is a 1968 american spy adventure comedy movie directed by phil karlson and was based on the 1960 novel of the same name by donald hamilton. it was the fourth and last movie in the same name. it stars dean martin, elke sommer, sharon tate, chuck norris, bruce lee, nancy kwan, nigel green, tina louise and was distributed by columbia pictures.
yellow faced tiger (, originally released in the united states as slaughter in san francisco) is a 1974 hong kong american action thriller movie directed by lo wei and starring chuck norris, sylvia chang, don wong tao, dan ivan.
the 2022–23 austrian cup is the 92st edition of the national cup in austrian football. red bull salzburg are the defending champions. 
the competition was held as follows.
thirty-two first round matches were played between 15 july and 17 july 2021.
sixteen second round matches were played between 30 august and 1 september 2022.
eight third round matches will be played between 18 and 20 october 2022.
four quarter-final matches will be played between 3 and 5 february 2023
code of silence is a 1985 american action crime movie directed by andrew davis and starring chuck norris, henry silva, molly hagan, john mahoney, kelsey grammer, dennis farina, ralph foody, ron dean, bert remsen. it was distributed by orion pictures.
"hotter than hell" is a 2016 single by english singer dua lipa and taken from her debut album "dua lipa". it was a moderate success and was also her first top 20 single in the united kingdom.
4, also known as foreigner 4 is a 1981 studio album by english american band foreigner and was released on 3 july, 1981 through atlantic records. it went to number 1 in the united states, number 5 in the united kingdom, number 2 in canada and number 3 in australia.
theophilus "doctor" doctorson khumalo (born 26 june 1967), also known as doctor khumalo, is a south african former soccer player. he is best known for being a star midfielder for kaizer chiefs as well as the south african national team. khumalo is regarded as one of the best south african midfielders of his generation. he was known as a strong player who stood out for his leadership, his passing ability, dribbling, tackling, and his ability to score a goal. he won the 1996 african cup of nations with south africa beating tunisia with the score 2-0. he was named south african footballer of the year in 1992. his nickname was "doctor" because of his intellingence in midfield. considered to be one of the greatest players in the history of kaizer chiefs.
khumalo started playing football in 1984 with swallows reserves, khumalo then went to kaizer chiefs, where he initially played for the junior team. his father, eliakim khumalo, a renowned player of the 1970s and early 1980s, served as his mentor. khumalo was promoted to the senior team by coach ted dumitru the following year, when he started a game against arch rivals orlando pirates.
khumalo went on to become a star player for kaizer chiefs and did not play for any other south african soccer club, only leaving them for short overseas playing periods – he signed with fifa agent marcelo houseman who first took him to argentinian club ferro carril oeste for six months in 1995, while in 1996 and 1997 he played for the columbus crew of major league soccer.
the high-point of khumalo's soccer career was the 1990s; he was part of the kaizer chiefs teams that won three south african league championship titles and five knockout trophies and he was also voted south african footballer of the year in 1992. during his career at the club, he played in a total of 397 league and cup games, scoring 75 goals.
after the re-admission of south africa to fifa in 1992, khumalo was selected to be a member of the south african squad for its first official international match in july of the same year, against cameroon. south africa won the match 1–0, due to a penalty scored by khumalo. he was also a leading member of the winning south african national team at the 1996 african cup of nations . he also represented south africa in the 1997 fifa confederations cup and the 1998 fifa world cup. throughout his whole international career, he played for south africa 50 times (twice as captain), scoring nine goals making him the 13th most capped south african footballer. khumalo turned down a chance to play for the 1998 and 2000 african cup of nations. he made his international farewell in 2001. 
one of doctor khumalo's most memorable games was perhaps the 1996 mandela cup match, where south africa played against brazil. phil masinga scored the first goal from doctor khumalo's corner kick. khumalo then scored the second goal to make the score 2–0 in favour of the south africans. unfortunately for bafana, brazil came back in the second half, scoring three goals, to win the encounter 3–2.
he retired in 2002 and then in 2004 as a player-coach. although he was a winning co-coach (with donald "ace" khuse) of kaizer chiefs in the 2002–2003 season (guiding the club to a 12-game unbeaten record and earning themselves a joint coach of the month psl award), khumalo has stated that his aim is to become a soccer administrator. since 2004, khumalo served as a television soccer commentator and presenter, being named afterwards south african under-17 national coach.
khumalo was voted 62nd in the top 100 great south africans in 2004. he is married to namibian beauty queen blanche garises. 
he has a safa level 1, level 2 and level 3 coaching licences, an english football association licence which he got in 2005 and a uefa b licence through the german football federation in 2007. he previously worked as head coach for the kaizer chiefs under-17 team and together with khuse. he was the assistant coach for kaizer chiefs 
khumalo made his film acting debut with the german/south african production themba. he plays himself as the coach of the under 21s. the movie is about themba, a young and ambitious football youth, who is faced with poverty, aids and violence, but eventually makes his way on to the south african national team. the film is based on a novel by lutz van dijk and premiered at the berlinale 2010.
the neblina tree frog ("myersiohyla neblinaria") is a frog. it lives in venezuela. scientists have seen it between 1250 and 2100 meters above sea level. they think it may live in brazil too.
rex elvie allen (december 31, 1920 – december 17, 1999), known as "the arizona cowboy", was an american film and television actor, singer and songwriter; he was also the narrator of many disney nature and western productions. for his contributions to the film industry, allen received a motion pictures star on the hollywood walk of fame in 1975, located at 6821 hollywood boulevard. he died on december 17, 1999, two weeks before his 79th birthday.
ez or ez may refer to:
goofball may refer to 
the regionalliga is the third level in austrian association football. the regionalliga is divided into 3 divisions.
regionalliga in austria.
in the 1959-60 regionalliga ost and mitte were formed, regionalliga west a year later. till 1973/74 the regionalliga was the 2nd level in austrian football. the champions were promoted to the highest league.
the kirpan is a curved, single-edged dagger or knife carried by sikhs. traditionally, it was a full-sized sword but modern sikhs have reduced the length to that of a dagger or knife due to modern considerations based on societal and legal changes since then.
bermondsey underground stations is located on the eastern edge of bermondsey in the london borough of southwark. the station also serves the western side of rotherhithe in south-east london. the station is in travelcard zone 2 on the jubilee line as part of the jubilee line extension between london bridge and canada water.
originally the station was intended to be a multi-story car park with an office complex on the top but plans later turned into an underground stations.
the station was designed by ian ritchie architects and was opened 17 september 1999.
london bus rounds: 47, 188, 381 and c10. night bus routes n199 and n381.
treehouse tv is a canadian english language children's television channel owned by ytv canada inc and corus entertainment and launched on november 1 1997 
the tsehay hawkins era of the wiggles will move to this channel on december 20, 2022
no retreat, no surrender is a 1985 american chinese action movie directed by corey yuen and starring kurt mckinney, jean-claude van damme, tai-chung kim, peter "sugarfoot" cunningham. it was distributed by new world pictures. it was followed up by two sequels.
pound puppies is an canadian-american computer-animated television series that premiered on october 10, 2010 and created by david sacks.
monaco forever is a 1984 american comedy movie directed by william a. levey and starring charles pitt and jean-claude van damme in a brief cameo.
the athens olympic aquatic centre is a building at the athens olympic sports complex. it has one pool indoors and two pools outdoors. the centre was built for the mediterranean games in 1991. the centre was expanded for the 2004 olympic games. during the olympics, the outdoor pools hosted swimming, water polo, and syncronized swimming. the indoor pool hosted diving events.
as of 2015, the outdoor pools are now used for public swimming programs.
critical condition is a 1987 american comedy movie directed by michael apted and starring richard pryor, rachel ticotin, rubén blades, joe mantegna, bob dishy, sylvia miles, bob saget, randall "tex" cobb, wesley snipes. it was distributed by paramount pictures.
the men's 3 metre springboard diving competition at the 2012 olympic games in london was held on the 6th and 7th of august, 2012. they were held at the aquatics centre in the olympic park.
ilya zakharov from russia won the gold medal. qin kai from china won the silver medal. he chong, also from china, won the bronze medal.
the diving competition was held in three rounds:
the worker's marseillaise (, ) is a russian socialist revolutionary song named after the french national anthem, "la marseillaise".
maximilian, margrave of baden (maximilian andreas friedrich gustav ernst august bernhard; born 3 july 1933), is the elder son of berthold, margrave of baden and princess theodora of greece and denmark. 
through his mother, he is the oldest living nephew of elizabeth ii and prince philip, duke of edinburgh. he is the first cousin to charles iii. he is the head of the grand-ducal house of baden.
the women's 3 metre springboard diving competition at the 2012 olympic games in london was held on the 3rd, 4th and 5th of august, 2012. they were held at the aquatics centre in the olympic park.
wu minxia from china won the gold medal. he zi, also from china, won the silver medal. laura sánchez from mexico won the bronze medal.
the diving competition was held in three rounds:
tun samy vellu s/o sangalimuthu (; 8 march 1936 – 15 september 2022) was a malaysian politician. he was the minister of works from june 1983 to june 1989 and again from may 1995 to march 2008. he was also the minister of energy, telecommunications and posts from june 1989 to may 1995 and minister of works and public amenities from september 1979 to june 1983.
he was a member of parliament from september 1974 to march 2008. in december 2010, he announced his retirement from politics.
asad rauf (punjabi, ; 12 may 1956 – 14 september 2022) was a pakistani cricket umpire and cricketer. he was a member of the icc elite umpire panel from 2006 to 2013. in 2013, he was found guilty of fixing cricket matches and corruption. in february 2016, he was banned for five years from cricket.
rauf died on 14 september 2022 from cardiac arrest in lahore, aged 66.
andrew james whitworth (born december 12, 1981) is a former american football player. he played in the position of tackle. he played in the national football league (nfl) for 16 seasons. he played college football at lsu, where he twice received first-team all-sec honors. 
cincinnati bengals selected him in the second round of the 2006 nfl draft. during his 11 seasons with the bengals, whitworth was named to three pro bowls and one first-team all-pro. whitworth spent his last five seasons with the los angeles rams, where he extended his pro bowl selections to four and his first-team all-pro honors to two. 
noted for the longevity of his career, he retired as the oldest tackle in nfl history. he was the oldest offensive lineman to win a super bowl.
whitworth is a native of monroe, louisiana. whitworth attended west monroe high school in west monroe, louisiana, where he played high school football for the rebels under coach don shows. he has graduated in 2001. 
he was also part of four straight district championship teams in one of the toughest districts in the state. cnnsi.com rated him as the sixth-best offensive line prospect in the nation. he was a tennis champion in louisiana. he was also an excellent golfer. 
whitworth married melissa. they have four children: twins sarah and drew, michael, and katherine. melissa was the 2003 miss louisiana, she was also an award-winning louisiana reporter and she won cincinnati's version of dancing with the stars.
whitworth is active in the community through his bigwhit 77 foundation. he hosts a fund-raising golf tournament in louisiana. he serves there as a motivational speaker to youth groups in both greater cincinnati and in louisiana.
in march 2020, whitworth donated $250,000 to the los angeles regional food bank during the 2019–20 covid-19 pandemic.
radko polič (18 august 1942 – 15 september 2022) was a slovenian actor. he won the golden arena for best actor at the 1976 pula film festival and the best actor award at the 10th moscow international film festival for his role in "idealist" (1977).
he died on 15 september 2022, one month after his 80th birthday.
phil ivey is a professional u.s texas hold em poker player. he has won 10 world series of poker bracelets. in 2017 ivey was put into the poker hall of fame. ivey was born in riverside california.
cletus maanu paul (1938/1939 – 15 september 2022) was a new zealand māori leader. he was co-chair of the new zealand maori council.
in 2013, paul was diagnosed with cancer. he died on 15 september 2022, at the age of 83.
"waiting for a girl like you" is a 1981 song by british american band by foreigner and is the second single from their 4th studio album "4". it went to number 2 in the united states for 10 weeks, number 2 in canada, number 3 in australia, number 8 in the united kingdom and number 9 in canada.
francescantonio nolè (9 june 1948 – 15 september 2022) was an italian roman catholic bishop. he was the archbishop of cosenza-bisignano from 15 may 2015 until his death. he was born in potenza, italy. he was also the bishop of tursi-lagonegro from 2000 to 2015.
nolè died on 15 september 2022, at the age of 74.
graziosa maggi (10 june 1925 – 15 september 2022), better known as diana maggi, was an italian-born argentine actress. her best known role was in the 1950 movie "campeón a la fuerza". maggi was born in milan. 
maggi died on 15 september 2022, at the age of 97.
general francis richard dannatt, baron dannatt, (born 23 december 1950) is a retired senior british army officer. he is member of the house of lords. he was chief of the general staff (head of the army) from 2006 to 2009.
edward thomas butler (8 may 1957 – 15 september 2022) was a welsh journalist, sports commentator, and welsh rugby union player. he played for the wales national rugby union team team between 1980 and 1984 and scored 2 tries. butler was known for his support of welsh independence.
butler died peacefully in his sleep at while at a camp during a hiking trip in cusco in the andes mountains in peru at the age of 65.
mária wittner ("gazdagh-wittner;" 9 june 1937 – 14 september 2022) was a hungarian revolutionary and politician. she took part in the hungarian revolution of 1956. she was a member of the member of the national assembly from 2006 to 2014.
william arnold pearl (october 31, 1930 – september 14, 2022) was an american professional bodybuilder and athlete. he won the mr. universe contest five times. he was named "world's best-built man of the century". he later became an expert trainer and wrote about bodybuilding.
pearl died on september 14, 2022 in phoenix, oregon from problems caused by parkinson's disease at the age of 91.
dimitrios pandermalis (; 1940 – 14 september 2022) was a greek archaeologist. he was professor of archaeology at the aristotle university of thessaloniki. he worked on the archaeological sites of dion and pieria. he also worked for the acropolis museum.
he died on 14 september 2022, at the age of 82.
kenneth george douglas (15 november 1935 – 14 september 2022) was a new zealand trade union leader. douglas was born in wellington, new zealand. in the 1999 new year honours, douglas was appointed a member of the order of new zealand (onz).
douglas died in wellington on 14 september 2022, aged 86.
géza csapó (29 december 1950 – 14 september 2022) was a hungarian sprint canoeist. he was in two summer olympics. he won two medals in k-1 1000 m event, a silver in 1976 and a bronze in 1972.
csapó died on 14 september 2022. he was 71 years old.
lieutenant general paul francis wynnyk, (born june 29, 1964) is a former canadian army officer. he served from 2016 to 2018 as commander of the canadian army. on july 16, 2018, he became the vice chief of the defence staff, until his retirement in july 2019.
paul wynnyk is of ukrainian descent. he was the grandson of emigrants in alberta from radvantsi, lviv region, in western ukraine. he was born in edmonton on june 29, 1964, and was raised in the village of breton, alberta.
wynnyk attended royal roads military college and the royal military college of canada. he was commissioned into the canadian military engineers in 1986. he became commanding officer of 1 combat engineer regiment in edmonton in 1997. then he became the commander of 1 area support group in 2004. later, he was sent to combined security transition command in afghanistan as assistant commanding general in march 2009. he went on to be commander of land force western area in 2010. he became as deputy commander of the canadian army in 2012 and commander of the canadian forces intelligence command and chief of defence intelligence in july 2014.
in january 2016, it was announced that he would become chief of the army staff and commander of the canadian army. on july 16, 2018, he was named vice chief of the defence staff.
in july 2019, he claimed that chief of the defence staff general jonathan vance planned to replace him as the vice-chief of the defence staff with vice-admiral mark norman. then he give his resignation from his position.
in october 2019, wynnyk was appointed as deputy minister of municipal affairs for the government of alberta.
awards and decorations.
 he was a qualified paratrooper and as such wore the canadian forces jump wings with red maple leaf
mark miller (born claude herbert miller jr.; november 20, 1924 – september 9, 2022) was an american actor and writer. he played bill hooten in "guestward, ho!", jim nash in "please don't eat the daisies" television series, and alvie in "savannah smiles", which he wrote and produced.
his daughter is actress penelope ann miller.
miller died in santa monica, california on september 9, 2022, at the age of 97.
jean bock (15 january 1931 – 11 september 2022) was a belgian politician. he was in the liberal reformist party (prl). later, he was in the reformist movement (mr). he was born in gouvy, belgium. he was in the senate of belgium from 1995 to 1998. he was mayor of gouvy from 1983 to 2004, .
grzegorz jan matuszak (8 january 1941 – 13 september 2022) was a polish politician. he was in the democratic left alliance. he was in the senate of poland 2001 to 2005.
matuszak died on 13 september 2022. he was 81 years old.
brian mcknight (born june 5, 1969) is an american singer, songwriter, actor, record producer, and multi-instrumentalist. mcknight is most recognized for his strong falsetto and belting voices. he has earned 16 grammy award nominations. 
kostas kazakos (, alt. sp. costas kazakos; 29 may 1935 – 13 september 2022) was a greek actor, television director, and politician. he was in the greek parliament 2007 to 2012. he was in the communist party. his acted in "enas delikanis" (1963), "act of reprisal" (1964), "bullets don't come back" (1967), "iphigenia" (1977) and "the man with the carnation" (1980). he was born in pyrgos, greece.
kazakos died on 13 september 2022 from respiratory failure after a long-respiratory illness at a hospital in athens, greece. he was 87 years old.
the salzburg football association (german:salzburger fußballverband; sfv) is the leading body of the football clubs of the austrian state salzburg. it was founded in 1921 . its headquarter is in salzburg.
the sfv is one of 8 regional organizations of the austrian football association (, öfb).
in 2015, sfv had 25,000 members from 133 football clubs with 765 teams.
heiderose berroth (2 june 1947 – 13 september 2022) was a german politician. she was in the free democratic party. she was in the landtag of baden-württemberg from 1996 to 2011. berroth was born in stuttgart, germany.
berroth died on 13 september 2022. she was 75 years old.
horacio enrique accavallo (14 october 1934 – 13 september 2022) was an argentine professional boxer. he competed from 1956 until 1967. he was the wba and wbc flyweight champion march 1966 to october 1968.
the belarusian marseillaise () is a belarusian socialist and patriotic song. it is based on the french national anthem, "la marseillaise", but is sung to a different tune.
on 12 september 2022, many clashes happened between armenian and azerbaijani troops near the armenia–azerbaijan border. it is the first major event between both countries since the 2021–2022 armenia–azerbaijan border crisis. both sides blamed each other for the rise in tensions and eventual attacks. 
armenia says that azerbaijan had attacked armenian areas near the cities of vardenis, goris, sotk, and jermuk. which were later confirmed by satellite images from nasa. azerbaijan, however, said that armenia had staged "large-scale provocations" near the dashkasan, kalbajar and lachin regions.
russia said on 13 september that it had helped create a ceasefire between azerbaijan and armenia, but both sides confirmed it was broken minutes after the ceasefire happened.
at least 202 armenian soldiers were killed or are missing, 20 armenian soldiers were captured, 3 armenian civilians were killed and 2 are missing, and 7 armenian civilians were injured, according to armenia; and 80 azerbaijani soldiers were killed and 3 azerbaijani civilians were injured, according to azerbaijan.
the armenia–azerbaijan border (, ) is the international border between armenia and azerbaijan. the border is said to be either or long. 
hurricane danny was a hurricane in united states. it was the only hurricane to make landfall in the united states during the 1997 atlantic hurricane season. it was the second hurricane and fourth tropical storm of the season. 
like the previous four tropical or subtropical cyclones of the season, danny did not start in the tropics. a trough caused convection that entered the warm waters of the gulf of mexico. danny was guided northeast through the gulf of mexico by two high pressure areas, a rare occurrence in the middle of july.
after making landfall on the gulf coast, danny moved across the southeastern united states. it later affected parts of new england with rain and wind.
danny is notable for its extreme rainfall, the tornadoes generated by it, and the destruction it caused. it killed nine people. it caused $ (1997 usd, $ 2022 usd) in damage. the storm dropped a record amount of rainfall for alabama. at least 36.71 inches (932 mm) fell on dauphin island. flooding, power outages, and erosion occurred in many areas of the gulf coast. 
of the nine deaths caused by danny, one happened off the coast of alabama, four occurred in georgia, two occurred in south carolina, and two occurred in north carolina.
prawit wongsuwan (, ; born 11 august 1945) is a thai politician. he was minister of defence from 2008 to 2011 and from 2014 to 2019. he is the deputy chairman of the national council for peace and order (ncpo).
after the constitutional court of thailand suspended prime minister general prayut chan-o-cha from being prime minister on 24 august 2022, prawit became acting prime minister until the court makes a ruling on the issue.
downhill racer is a 1969 american sports drama movie directed by first time director michael ritchie and was based on the 1963 novel by oakley hall. it stars robert redford, gene hackman, camilla sparv, karl michael vogler, jim mcmullan, kathleen crowley, dabney coleman, sylvester stallone and was distributed by paramount pictures.
the national anthem of the kingdom of yugoslavia () was created in december 1918 from the national anthems of serbia, croatia and slovenia. it was replaced by "hey, slavs" in 1941.
"urgent" is a 1981 song by british american band foreigner and is lead single from their 4th studio album "4". it went to number 1 in canada and south africa and went to number 4 in the united states.
"you might think" is a 1984 song by american rock new wave band the cars and is the leading single from their 5th studio album "heartbeat city". it went to number 8 in the united states and was covered by weezer in 2011.
"everday is a winding road" is a 1996 song by american country rock singer sheryl crow and taken from her self-titled album from 1996. it went to number 1 in canada, number 11 in the united states and number 12 in the united kingdom. it was covered by prince in 1999.
"just another day" is a 1997 single by john mellencamp and was taken from his 14th studio album "mr. happy go lucky". it went to number 1 in canada and number 46 in the united states.
"key west intermezzo (i saw you first)" is a 1996 song by john mellencamp and taken from his 14th studio album "mr. happy go lucky". it went to number 1 in canada, number 14 in the united states and charted for the last time in australia and new zealand.
miguel alemán valdés (29 september 1900 – 14 may 1983) was a mexican politician who served a full term as the president of mexico from 1946 to 1952, the first civilian president after a string of revolutionary generals. his administration was characterized by mexico's rapid industrialization, often called the mexican miracle, but also for a high level of personal enrichment for himself and his associates. his presidency was the first of a new generation of mexican leaders, who had not directly participated in the mexican revolution, and many in his cabinet were also young, university-educated civilians, close friends from his days at university.
was an estona pm (from 1990-1990) 
"juke box hero" is a 1981 song by british american band foreigner and is the third single from their 4th studio album "4". it went to number 26 in the united states, number 48 in the united kingdom and performed the best in south africa where it reached number 7.
"young turks" is a 1981 song by rod stewart and taken from his 11th studio album "tonight i'm yours". it went to number 1 in israel, number 2 in canada, number 3 in australia and number 5 in the united states.
goofball is the second extended play by english music producer and sound designer eddie jefferys, known as his stage name moody good. it was released by english record label never say die on 15 march 2019. it has four songs, including a collaboration with australian electronic music producer hydraulix.
myersiohyla chamaeleo is a frog. it lives in amazonas, venezuela. scientists have seen it on the tepui cerro de la neblina between 1450 and 2100 meters above sea level.
the royal dutch football association (, ; knvb ) is the governing body of football in netherlands.
megastomatohyla is a genus of frogs. it is in in the family hylidae. they live in cloud forests in mexico. it lives in the states of veracruz and oaxaca. all of the species in this genus are rare and only live in a few places. the name "megastomatohyla" comes from the greek word "mega" for "large" and "stomatos" for "mouth," because the tadpoles have large mouths. "hyla" is the name of another genus. four of the frogs in "megastomatohyla" were in "hyla" before the scientists changed their minds. they are called large-mouthed treefrogs in english.
taxonomy and characteristics.
in 2005, scientists looked closely at the family hylidae and the frogs in it. they changed the genuses and groupings. scientists looked at molecular data and decided to make "megastomatohyla" a genus. before that, these frogs were called the ""hyla mixomaculata" group."
these frogs have only look similar in one way that people can see with their eyes: the tadpoles have a very large oral disk with many teeth: 7–10 rows of teeth in front and 10–11 rows of teeth in the back. 
"megastomatohyla" are small frogs. they lay their eggs in streams. the largest frog in "megastomatohyla" is about long from nose to rear end. males do not sing for the females and they do not have vocal slits. they do not have nuptial pads on their thumbs. the eardrum is not visible. the front feet have only a little webbed skin, and the back feet have more webbed skin.
the genus had four species in it:
robert rinder, (born 31 may 1978 in southgate, london) also known as rob rinder, is a british criminal barrister and television presenter. he is best known on itv as judge rinder in the reality series "judge rinder" since 2014 and as a standby presenter on the weekday breakfast programme "good morning britain". in 2016, he became the host of judge rinder's crime stories where he reconstructs real crimes. he was also a dancer in the bbc one dancing show "strictly come dancing".
rinder was born into a jewish family in southgate. he is the grandchild of a holocaust survivor.
adolf otto reinhold windaus (25 december 1876 – 9 june 1959) was a german chemist who won a nobel prize in chemistry in 1928 for his work on sterols and their relation to vitamins. he was the doctoral advisor of adolf butenandt who also won a nobel prize in chemistry in 1939.
hitoshi ashida (芦田 均, "ashida hitoshi", 15 november 1887 – 20 june 1959) was a japanese politician. he was a leader in postwar politics. ashida was prime minister of japan in 1948. he quit his leadership responsibilities after a corruption scandal (shōwa denkō jiken) involving two of his cabinet ministers.
field marshal plaek phibunsongkhram (thai: แปลก พิบูลสงคราม; pibulsongkram or pibulsonggram; 14 july 1897 – 11 june 1964) was a thai military officer and politician who served as the prime minister of thailand from 1938 to 1944 and 1948 to 1957. other name were marshal p. in thailand (thai: จอมพล ป.) and phibun in the west.
carl zeiss (11 september 1816 – 3 december 1888) was a german scientific instrument maker, optician and businessman. in 1846 he founded his workshop, which is still in business as carl zeiss ag. zeiss gathered a group of gifted practical and theoretical opticians and glass makers to reshape most aspects of optical instrument production. his collaboration with ernst abbe revolutionized optical theory and practical design of microscopes.
john stith pemberton (july 8, 1831 – august 16, 1888) was an american pharmacist and confederate states army veteran who is best known as the inventor of coca-cola. in may 1886, he developed an early version of a beverage that would later become coca-cola, but sold his rights to the drink shortly before his death.
he suffered from a sabre wound sustained in april 1865, during the battle of columbus. his efforts to control his chronic pain led to morphine addiction. he began to experiment with various painkillers and toxins. in the end, after development of an earlier beverage blending alcohol and cocaine, this led to the recipe that later was adapted to make coca-cola.
paul langerhans (25 july 1847 – 20 july 1888) was a german pathologist, physiologist and biologist. he was credited with the discovery of the cells that secrete insulin. the cells were named after him as the islets of langerhans.
louis-marie grignion de montfort (31 january 1673 – 28 april 1716) was a french roman catholic priest and confessor. he was known in his time as a preacher and was made a missionary apostolic by pope clement xi.
the lycée saint-louis is a secondary school located in paris. founded in 1820 by the raoul d'harcourt as the "collège d'harcourt", it provides exclusively prepatory classes for grandes ecoles.
in grammar, a conjunctive participle is a verb form which describes an action completed before another action.
bethnal green underground station is in travelcard zone 2 on the central line. the station lies between liverpool street and mile end stations. the stations are open for 24 hours on a friday and saturday as part of the night tube service. the station was opened as part of the planned central line eastern expansion on 4th december 1946. the station had been used as an air-raid shelter.
the 1935 - 1940 london passenger transport board (lptb) new works programme included the new deep level station at bethnal green as park of the central line extension from liverpool street to ongar and woodford.
on the 3rd march 1943, british media reported a heavy raf raid on berlin the night of 1/2 march 1943. the civil air-raid siren sound at 8.17pm, when then started a large orderly flow of people went down the stairs into bethnal green station. how-ever a middle-aged woman and a child fell down the last three steps from the bottom of the stairs which caused people to fall around them. in the end 173 people mostly women and children died due to asphyxiation.
in 1993, a plaque commemorating the 50th anniversary of the 1943 disaster was put up on the south-eastern staircase where the incident took place. it bears the coat of arms of the london borough of tower hamlets and its records the event as "the worst civilian disaster of the second world war.
artificial intelligence is a sub-discipline of computer science. ai tries to allow computers to mimic human intelligence in order to solve complex problems and make decisions at scale. natural language generation (nlg) is a part of ai. 
"evil woman" is a 1975 single by british band electric light orchestra and taken from their 5th album "face the music". it went to number 10 in the united kingdom and united states, number 6 in canada and number 8 in new zealand.
derai ( bengali: দিরাই) is an upazila (sub-district) of the sunamganj district in northeastern bangladesh, part of the sylhet division. 
"absolutely everybody" is a 1999 song by australian singer vanessa amorosi and is the second single from her 2000 debut album "the power". it went to number 1 in hungary, number 2 in ireland, number 3 in austria, number 5 in germany, number 6 in australia, number 7 in the united kingdom, number 8 in switzerland and number 10 in new zealand.
the day the sun went out is the debut studio album by boysetsfire. the album was released on october 7, 1997.
robert hofstadter (february 5, 1915 – november 17, 1990) was an american physicist. he was the joint winner of the 1961 nobel prize in physics (together with rudolf mössbauer) "for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his consequent discoveries concerning the structure of nucleons".
rudolf ludwig mössbauer (31 january 1929 – 14 september 2011) was a german physicist best known for his 1957 discovery of recoilless nuclear resonance fluorescence for which he was awarded the 1961 nobel prize in physics. this effect, called the mössbauer effect, is the basis for mössbauer spectroscopy.
gustav adolf bauer (6 january 1870 – 16 september 1944) was a german social democratic party leader and the chancellor of germany from june 1919 to march 1920.
"don't give up" is a song by english singer peter gabriel featuring kate bush and was taken from 5th studio album "so". it went to number 9 in the united kingdom, number 5 in australia, number 4 in the netherlands, number 4 in ireland and number 16 in new zealand. it has been covered by alicia keys, willie nelson, sinéad o'connor, natalie bassingthwaighte and lady gaga.
"the thriving cult of greed and power" is an article. it is written by u.s. journalist richard behar. the article is highly critical of scientology.
it was first published by "time" magazine on may 6, 1991, as an eight-page cover story. later, it was published in "reader's digest" in october 1991. he stated that the attorneys and private investigators (affiliated with the church of scientology) were investigating him while researching the "time" article. the investigators contacted his friends and family about him.
"the thriving cult of greed and power" is known even today by journalists in the media, as a reference for historical information on the church of scientology.
a military academy or service academy is an institution for millitary officers. it prepares candidates for service in the officer corps. it normally provides education in a military environment depending on the country concerned.
there are three types of academy exist: 
earlier, the academies were established in the 18th century to provide new officers for technically specialized corps, such as military engineers and artillery, with scientific training.
in the united states, the united states military academy (usma) is one such institution. it is located at west point, new york. it was founded on march 16, 1802. it is one of five service academies in the nation.
lisa del giocondo (june 15, 1479 - july 15, 1542), was an italian noblewoman and a member of the gherardini family from florence. she was the model for the mona lisa portrait. the portrait was commissioned by her husband and painted by leonardo da vinci during the italian renaissance.
lisa was born on june 15, 1479, in via maggio. at the age of fifteen she married francesco di bartolomeo di zanobi del giocondo, a cloth and silk merchant in 1495. as a dowry she brought 170 florins and the farm san silvestro. she had five children: piero, piera, camilla, marietta, and andrea. in 1521 their daughter marietta became a catholic nuns in the renowned monastery of sant'orsola.
when her husband died of the plague in 1538, lisa also went to live in that monastery. she lived there for several years and was buried there.
"you see me crying" is a 1975 song by aerosmith and is the last single from their 3rd studio and breakthrough album "toys in the attic". it failed to chart anywhere in the world.
afeez oyetoro born on august 20, 1963, is a nigerian actor, comedian known as "saka"
early life and education.
afeez oyetoro was born on the 20th of august, 1963, in iseyin local government area of oyo state southwestern nigeria. finished from obafemi awolowo university (oau) where he got his bachelor's degree in art, later went to the university of ibadan (ui) for his master's degree in theatre art. saka is now a doctorate degree holder from the university of ibadan, ibadan in oyo state.
the 2020–21 austrian cup was the 90st edition of the national cup in austrian football. red bull salzburg were the defending champions. 
the competition was held as follows.
thirty-two first round matches were played between 28 and 30 august 2021.
sixteen second round matches were played between 16 and 18 october 2020 .
eight third round matches were played between 3 and 5 november 2020 . due to covid-19 pandemic no spectators were allowed.
the four quarter-finals were played between 5 and 7 february 2021. due to covid-19 pandemic no spectators were allowed.
the two semi-final matches were played on 2 and 3 march 2021. due to covid-19 pandemic no spectators were allowed.
the final was played on 1 may 2021. due to covid-19 pandemic no spectators were allowed.
renato pietro mori (29 may 1935 – 22 august 2014) was an italian actor and voice actor. on television and film, he was best known for playing police officers and inspectors in crime films and tv dramas. as a dubber. he was a regular voice actor for morgan freeman, gene hackman, james earl jones and john rhys-davies. he retired in 2011.
mori died in rome after a long illness on 22 august 2014, aged 79. he was survived by his son simone, who is also a voice actor.
christien alexis anholt (born february 25, 1971), is a british actor. he is known to the public for his role as nigel bailey in the television series relic hunter. he is the son of actor tony anholt. his first appearance dates back to 1989, in the film reunion, which earned him the nomination for best actor at the cannes film festival. he starred in the television series felicity and participated in various theatrical and film productions, most notably alongside mel gibson and glenn close in hamlet.
mahsa amini ( – "mahsâ amini"; 23 september 1999 in saqqez – 16 september 2022 in tehran) was an kurdish iranian woman who was arrested by the iranian government's guidance patrol for not wearing a "hijab" correctly in public. she was arrested for "islamic guidance" by iran's police. after two hours, she was taken to hospital. according to the government, she suffered both a stroke and heart attack and later went to a coma. eyewitnesses and women who were detained with her said amini was severely beaten. this fact and her leaked medical scans led independent observers to diagnose cerebral hemorrhage and stroke. because of scars and other marks on her body, many people said that she had been tortured.
the news of mahsa amini's death over the mandatory hijab shocked iranian society and the persian-speaking social media and sparked a wave of protests.
abai (ibrahim) qunanbaiuly (kazakh: абай құнанбайұлы;  – ), was a kazakh poet, educator, philosopher, musician, and political figure for the development of the kazakh language as a recognized written language.
early life and education.
abai was born on august 10, 1845, in abay district, east kazakhstan. he was named ibrahim, but was soon given the nickname abai (meaning "wise"), which he carried throughout his life for his cleverness.
after years of studying at a madrasah under the mullah ahmed riza, he attended a russian school in his youth, partly because of his father's economic status. abai encountered the works of mikhail lermontov and alexander pushkin at the semipalatinsk school.
bond street is a london underground station located on the central, location and elizabeth lines, stations in mayfair, west london. it's in travelcard zone 1. the line is on the central line between marble arch and oxford circus, and the jubilee line between baker street and green park. bond street station will also open on the elizabeth line in the fourth quarter of 2022 between london paddington and tottenham court road.
bond street station first opened on 24th september 1990 by the central london railway, three months after the first stations opened on the central line. the station had several major reconstructions, the first of which replaced the original lifts with escalators along with the addition of a new sub-surface ticket hall, designed by architect charles holden, and came into uses on 8th june 1926.
jubilee line era.
the charles holden facade was later demolished, and was replaced by the "west one" shopping arcade as part of the jubilee line opening on the 1st may 1979.
the most recent expansion was completed in november 1917, in preparation for the arrival of the elizabeth line, brining bond street onto a network rail line.
the westbound central line platform of the station featured on the cover of the 1978 pop music single "down in the tube station at midnight" by the jam.
daybreak was a british breakfast television program that aired on itv from 6 september 2010 to 25 april 2014.
jisi (korean: 제사; hanja: 祭祀; rr: jesa, ) is a ceremony commonly practiced in the east asian cultural sphere. jisi helps people celebrate their ancestors. jisi are usually held on the anniversary of the ancestor's death. most people participate in jisi but some religious groups such as protestants and muslims do not. the catholic church permitted jisi in 1939. many people who have left their home countries avoid the rites
john i (15 - november 20, 1316), called the posthumous was king of france and navarre, as the posthumous son and successor of louis x of france, for the five days he lived. he thus had the shortest recognized reign of any french king.
he was born a king of the house of capet and the posthumous son of louis x of france and clementia of hungary. john i was king for five days under his uncle's regency, until his death on november 20, 1316. john i was buried in saint-denis cathedral. he was succeeded by his uncle philip v of france.
a censer is a container made for burning incense or perfume in some solid form. they are very ancient and have many different forms and are made out of many different materials. many designs have holes to allow a flow of air. in many cultures, burning incense has spiritual and religious connotations, and this influences the design and decoration of the censer.
in western contexts, "censer" is often used for pieces made for religious use, especially those on chains that are swung through the air to spread the incense smoke widely.
a spirit tablet, is a sign used to honor an ancestor or a deity. the name of the deity or past ancestor is usually inscribed onto the tablet. they originated in china and are common across the east asian cultural sphere. spirit tablets are commonly seen in temples, shrines, and household altars throughout china and taiwan.
accretion is the process of growth or increase of astronomical bodies. typically it occurs by the gradual accumulation of additional layers of matter. see formation and evolution of the solar system for a discussion.
the confucian church ( or ) is a confucian religious institution inspired by the christian church.
chinese people outside of china started their own confucian churches, they are especially common in indonesia and the united states.
since around 2000 interest in confucianism has been growing, which has renewed talks about a national "confucian church". the holy confucian church () was started on november 1, 2015.
sacrifice to heaven (jitian 祭天) is the worship of shangdi originating in china. in ancient chinese society, nobles of all levels constructed altars for heaven. at first only nobles could worship shangdi but later beliefs changed and everyone could worship shangdi.
kaz (born kazimieras gediminas prapuolenis, july 31, 1959) is an american cartoonist, animator, writer, storyboard artist, and illustrator.
kaz lives in hollywood, california, with his wife linda marotta.
mansfield is a town in bristol county, massachusetts, united states.
norton is a town in bristol county, massachusetts, united states.
raynham is a town in bristol county, massachusetts, united states.
rehoboth is a town in bristol county, massachusetts, united states.
seekonk is a town in bristol county, massachusetts, united states.
swansea is a town in bristol county, massachusetts, united states.
aquinnah is a town in dukes county, massachusetts, united states.
chilmark is a town in dukes county, massachusetts, united states.
gosnold is a town in dukes county, massachusetts, united states.
oak bluffs is a town in dukes county, massachusetts, united states.
west tisbury is a town in dukes county, massachusetts, united states.
boxford is a town in essex county, massachusetts, united states.
cainsville is a city in harrison county, missouri, united states.
new hampton is a city in harrison county, missouri, united states.
ridgeway is a city in harrison county, missouri, united states.
blairstown is a city in henry county, missouri, united states.
brownington is a city in henry county, missouri, united states.
calhoun is a city in henry county, missouri, united states.
deepwater is a city in henry county, missouri, united states.
montrose is a city in henry county, missouri, united states.
urich is a city in henry county, missouri, united states.
cross timbers is a city in hickory county, missouri, united states.
weaubleau is a city in hickory county, missouri, united states.
the new zealand women's national under-17 football team is a national association football youth team of new zealand is controlled by new zealand football. they have qualified to every fifa u-17 women's world cup and their best placing was third in 2018.
ofc u-17 women's championship.
the ofc under 17 women's championship is a tournament held once every two years to decide the only two qualification spots for the oceania football confederation (ofc) and its representatives at the fifa u-17 women's world cup. since 2017 it has been renamed as the ofc u-16 women's championship and held in the year preceding the u-17 world cup. 
kaz or kaz may refer to:
the iphone 14 and iphone 14 plus are smartphones made by apple inc.. 
they are the sixteenth generation of the iphone. it succeeds the iphone 13 and iphone 13 mini. it was announced on september 7, 2022 at 2022 apple worldwide developers conference and were announced in apple event.
the iphone 14 was made available on september 16, 2022. iphone 14 plus will be available on october 7, 2022. it is the first iphone bringing back to use the "plus" after moniker since iphone 8 plus in 2017.
frederick dierks bentley (born november 20, 1975) is an american country music singer and songwriter.
bihu is the most prominent festival celebrated by the people of assam. it is a set of three celebrations performed throughout the year. the three bihus are celebrated at different times of year, in the months of bohaag (baisakhi), kaati (kartik) and maagh, according to hindu calendar. as per modern calendar these days fall in the month of mid april, october/ november and early january.
assam is a small state in the north-eastern part of the country. its economy is mainly based on agriculture. the inhabitants of assam are known agrarians from ages. hence all their daily activities and celebrations are agriculture oriented only. bihu is also one of such festivals. it is very much evident from the months of celebration of this festival that these months are actually significant in relation with farming of native crop of assam, the paddy. bohaag bihu is celebrated at the seeding time of paddy. kaati bihu is celebrated when the sowing of paddy is complete and the transformation of the saplings is done. maagh bihu represents the culmination of the harvesting period of the crop.
the word bihu is derived from the language of ‘dimasa kacharis’, which is the agricultural community of assam, since ages. the word was originally ‘bishu’, which meant ‘to ask for prosperity’ from the tribal god. bihu is the distorted version of bishu.
bohaag bihu is also known as rongali bihu and celebrated with the highest joy and mirth among all the three bihus. as stated it is the commencement time of the new season of farming. but along with, bohaag is the first month according to assamese calendar. hence it is also celebrated as the new year festival. this period also marks the transition in the seasonal cycle and people greet the coming season of spring with enthusiasm. rongali bihu is celebrated over a period of 7 days. there are various phases and significance of the respective 7 days of the bihu. the first day is known as goru bihu (cows are washed and worshipped). this is followed by manuha bihu (human beings take early day bath and wear new attire). then on third day deities are worshipped and washed. hence the festival stretches over a span of time and the celebrations culminate by bidding adieu to bihu on the last day of festival.
kati bihu is also known as kongali bihu. it is celebrated with solidarity. however, the celebrations are quietest of all the three bihus. the farmers are busy in their paddy fields and earthen lamps are lit to mark the celebrations. farmers pray for a better crop during this time of the farming cycle.
maagh bihu is also known as bhogaali bihu. bhogalli means eating and enjoyment. hence the name itself implies the mood of the festival. men folk prepare cottages in the barren fields after harvesting of the crops and spend whole night while singing and dancing in communion. delicious food and sweets are exchanged among the people. in the very next morning, the cottage is lit up in fire and this brings an end to yearly festival of bihu.
it is quite evident that bihu is a festival of farming community whose livelihood is mainly dependent upon the agriculture. the festival of bihu is celebrated by one and all in assam. the boundaries of rich or poor, cast creed etc are diminished in the dazzling light of joy and merriment.
stefan nutz (born 15 february 1992) is an austrian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for austrian bundesliga club sv ried.
in "liber pontificalis", it says that they ascribe a decree to pope eleutherius that no kind of food should be despised by christians(et hoc iterum firmavit ut nulla esca a christianis repudiaretur, maxime fidelibus, quod deus creavit, quæ tamen rationalis et humana est).
an underground cable is a cable that is buried below the ground. they distribute electrical power or telecommunications. such cables are an alternative to overhead cables, which are several meters above the ground. overhead cables are often replaced with underground cables. downtown areas with many tall buildings usually have few or no cables above ground, this is mainly for aesthetic purposes because underground cables can not be seen. they are also less dangerous to people because they are out of the way. they cost more to install, but last longer.
pope gelasius ii (??? − 29 january 1119) was pope of the roman catholic church from 24 january 1118 to his death in 29 january 1119. 
he was born in gaeta, principality of capua and died in cluny, duchy of burgundy, kingdom of france. he was ordained a priest on 9 march 1118 after he fled to gaeta. he returned to rome in july under norman protection after he excommunicated henry v and the antipope.
hualien county () is a county in taiwan. it is the largest county in taiwan in terms of area. it is located on the mountainous eastern coast.
it contains the port of hualien. it is famous for tourism.
kinmen (or quemoy) is a small group of islands close to the coast of china. it is governed by the republic of china (taiwan). it forms a county, kinmen county (), of fujian province. the capital is jincheng township.
the county is claimed by the people's republic of china (prc) as part of its own fujian province. it is very close to xiamen, no more than 2 kilometres.
the matsu islands () are a small group of islands in the taiwan strait. there are 19 islands.
they are governed as a county of the republic of china (roc), lienchiang county (). this county is part of fujian province. it is the smallest county in the roc.
cross-strait relations () is the relations between the governments of the people's republic of china (prc) and the republic of china (roc). neither government recognises one another. both officially use the one-china policy. under this policy, there is only one legitimate government of china. both the prc and the roc claim to be that government.
cross-strait relations are not international relations, where matters are handled by the ministry of foreign affairs. this is because both governments claim that each other's territory is part of their country. however, the relations are not purely domestic relations either.
any interaction by the prc's government with taiwan is done by the association of relations across the taiwan strait (arats). this is under the taiwan affairs office of the prc. any interaction by the roc's government with mainland china is done by strait exchange foundation (sef) under the mainland affairs council of the roc.
views from each side.
the prc's view is that taiwan is part of prc under the "one country, two systems" () policy. this policy was introduced by deng xiaoping in 1984. the roc's view is that mainland china is part of the roc under the "'one country, two areas" () policy. this policy was introduced by wu po-hsiung in 2012.
however, currently both sides temporarily agree that both countries belong to one china. this was agreed under the "1992 consensus" () to facilitate cross-strait matters. the prc regards taiwan as part of the prc, while the roc regards mainland china as part of the roc.
the tainan mosque () is a mosque in tainan, taiwan. it is the sixth mosque in taiwan, and the first and only mosque in tainan. the mosque was built in 1996.
a land was initially donated by an chinese muslim living in the united states to taipei grand mosque. it was then transferred to kaohsiung mosque which managed the construction of the tainan mosque. starting in 1983, they collected money for 10 years for the mosque construction, and the construction finally started in 1993 and the mosque was opened in 1996.
the mosque has four floors, which consists of prayer hall, shop, meeting room, ablution room and office.
the at-taqwa mosque () is a mosque in dayuan township, taoyuan county, taiwan. it is the seventh and latest mosque in taiwan. the mosque was built in 2013.
the construction of the mosque was started by an indonesian-taiwanese couple who had an indonesian shop around dayuan. the couple purchased a land beside their shop to build a mosque. after collecting all of the money needed to make the mosque, the mosque was finally constructed and opened on 9 june 2013.
the establishment of the mosque shows that the number of muslims is growing in taiwan, where many of them work in factories, shops or houses. many of those muslims come from indonesia. this can be considered as the fourth muslim migration to taiwan.
the mosque area is 130 square meters. it has three floors, where it consists of male prayer hall, female prayer hall, guess room, classes and dormitories.
the jamia mosque or shelley street mosque () is a mosque in hong kong, people's republic of china. it is the first and oldest mosque in hong kong.
the original building of the mosque was built in 1890 during the british hong kong government as the mohammedan mosque on a piece of land rented by the government in 1850. in 1915, the building of the mosque was expanded and it was renamed to jamia mosque after world war ii.
the mosque building is included into the grade i building in which it is considered as a historical building which needs to be protected and conserved.
the kowloon mosque and islamic centre () is a mosque and islamic center in hong kong, people's republic of china. it is the largest mosque and second mosque to be built in hong kong.
the original building of the mosque was built in 1896 at the site where the tsim sha tsui police station now is located. the mosque served the indian muslim troops in british hong kong stationed at whitfield barracks. in the late 1970s, the mosque was relocated to its current site at nathan road by compensation given by mtr corporation and donations from muslims around hong kong.
the mosque was designed by architect i. m. kadri. the building was designed with traditional muslim architecture. the unique feature of this mosque are the four 11-meters-high minarets. there are three prayer halls, community hall, clinic and library. around 3,500 people can fit into this mosque for prayer.
the mosque primarily serves the hong kong muslims with origin from south asia. therefore, the most becomes an important place for the non-chinese muslims in hong kong.
the ammar mosque and osman ramju sadick islamic centre () or wan chai mosque is a mosque and islamic center in hong kong, people's republic of china. it is the third mosque in hong kong. the original building of the mosque was built in 1967.
the original building of the mosque was a small mosque besides a cemetery at 7 seymore street. in 1978, the mosque was relocated to a new place at oi kwan road because the land was needed by the government to construct aberdeen tunnel. the new mosque building was reopened on september 1981.
the mosque was designed by architect ramju sadick. the mosque has eight floors which consists of prayer hall, chinese restaurant, bakery, clinic, classrooms, library and seminar room.
the mosque is the headquarter place for incorporated trustees of the islamic community fund of hong kong (the main islamic organization in hong kong) and the hong kong islamic youth association.
atoms for peace is a band from california. they started in 2009. they did not have a name until february 2010. the members are thom yorke, flea, nigel godrich, joey waronker, and mauro refosco. in february 2013, they released their first album, "amok" on xl recordings. the album charted at number 1 in nine countries. "pitchfork" scored it 6.9/10.
coal mining is the process of getting coal out of the ground. it is part of the mining industry. coal is used as a resource for making electricity.
surface mining is done when the coal is near the surface. coal miners remove the soil above the coal. the coal can then be removed without the coal miners having to go deep underground..
underground mining is when the coal is farther underground, making it too expensive to remove soil. in this process, coal miners and all of the coal mining equipment are brought deep underground and coal is carried up out of the ground. this is especially dangerous because of fires, explosions, and poison gas in coal mines.
before coal can be used, it must be processed in a coal processing plant. it is made smaller using a sizer and crusher. parts that might be harmful to any equipment which will use the coal later on, such as the screening for metallic parts inside the mined coal.
coal is delivered to customers in several ways. trucks, conveyors, trains and ships transport coal to be used in factories and power plants.
mustafa abdul jalil (born 1952) is a libyan politician. he was the chairman (leader) of the national transitional council from 5 march 2011 until it ended on 8 august 2012. he supported the libyan revolution. he was born in badya. he is a sunni muslim.
polly jean harvey mbe (born 9 october 1969) is an english musician. she is best known for being a singer and guitarist. her music is usually released under the name pj harvey. she plays lots of instruments as well as the guitar. these include piano, organ, bass, saxophone, harmonica, and most recently, the autoharp. she has a contralto singing range. in june 2013, she made a member of the order of the british empire for her music.
harvey was born in bridport, dorset, england. she grew up on a farm in corscombe, dorset. 
pj harvey trio.
in 1988, harvey became a member of a band called automatic dlamini. the band was started by john parish in 1983. she left it in january 1991. this was to make her own band with rob ellis and steve vaughan. the band was called the pj harvey trio. 
their first extended play was "dress". in march 1992, she released her first album with them on too pure records. it was called "dry". it entered the uk albums chart at number 3. it got good reviews. the album's first single, "50ft queenie", was released in april 1992.
the pj harvey trio's second album "rid of me" was released by island records in may 1993. it reached number 27 in the uk singles chart. it was produced by steve albini and head.
in august 1993, the band broke up. 
in 1995, harvey released her first album on her own, "to bring you my love". it is her best-selling album in the united states. three singles were released from it. the album was produced by harvey, flood, and john parish. parish also played guitar, organ, drums, and percussion on it.
in 1996, she released an album with john parish. it was called "dance hall at louse point". that year she also sung on two songs called "death is not the end" and "henry lee" on nick cave and the bad seeds' album "murder ballads". "henry lee" was released as a single.
in 1998, she released "is this desire?". the reviews it got from critics were not as good as for "to bring you my love". however, "is this desire?"'s first single "a perfect day elise" was harvey's best-selling single in the uk so far. the album was nominated for best alternative music performance. parish played guitar and keyboards on it. harvey produced the album with flood and head.
harvey acted in the 1998 movie "the book of life" and a short movie called "a bunny girl's tale".
on 23 october 2000, "stories from the city, stories from the sea" was released. in won the 2001 mercury prize. it is pj harvey's best-selling album in the uk so far. thom yorke is on three of the songs. in 2005 rolling stone put it at number 431 in their list greatest albums of all time. the album's third single "this is love" was nominated for best rock album and best female rock performance at the grammy awards.
harvey's sixth album "uh huh her" was released in 2004. in 2007 a band started called uh huh her. they got their name from the album's title.
in 2007, "white chalk" was released. parish played instruments on it and sang. harvey produced the album with flood and parish. harvey released three singles from the album.
harvey released her second album with john parish, "a woman a man walked by", in 2009.
"let england shake" was released in 2011. it got good reviews. "pitchfork" gave it 8.8/10. it won the 2011 mercury prize. two singles were released from it. john parish plays instruments on it.
mallika sherawat (born october 24, 1976 as reema lamba) is an indian actress. she was born in rohtak to a jat family. the first movie she acted in was the 2002 bollywood movie "jeena sirf merre liye". she acted in the 2005 chinese movie "the myth". in 2010, "hisss" was released. it was her first english movie. sherawat played the main character, naagin. in 2011, she was in another english movie, "the politics of love".
yeah yeah yeahs is an indie rock band from new york city. they are two boys, nick zinner and brian chase, and one girl, karen o. karen o is the singer. they started in the world of music in 2000. in 2009 a second guitarist, david pajo, joined the band and replaced imad wasif. they have four albums, which are: "fever to tell", the first, "show your bones", the second, "it's blitz!", the third, and the fourth, "mosquito". they play different genres of music: alternative rock, indie rock, art punk, dance punk and post punk revival. they were nominated to the grammy awards on 3 occasions: "fever to tell", "show your bones" and "it’s blitz!". and they have had 7 nominations to the mtv awards for three of their works: "maps" in 2004, "heads will roll" in 2009 and "sacrilege" in 2013.
lady margaret hall is one of the colleges of the university of oxford. it was established in 1878 as the first women's college at the university. it first admitted male students in 1979.
bonfire night is an event dedicated to celebration with bonfires or fireworks. different traditions celebrate bonfire night on different days. in great britain, it is celebrated as guy fawkes night on 5th november. other versions of bonfire night are also celebrated on this date in several other commonwealth countries. a similar bonfire tradition is celebrated in parts of scandinavia and is known as walpurgis night.
collateral is a 2004 american crime thriller movie. this movie is set in los angeles. it is about a hit-man named vincent who is out to murder several witnesses and a prosecutor. his main hostage, taxi driver max, reluctantly agrees to do some harsh things along with him. max, though, eventually has enough. he then shoots vincent, killing him. jamie foxx plays max and tom cruise plays vincent. the movie was released in late august 2004. it became a success in the u.s. box office and worldwide. the reviews were excellent.
passenger name record is the name for a set of data in a database, which contains the path a passenger travelling with one or more airlines takes. in some cases, groups of people travelling together are stored in the same passenger name record. passenger details often contain more information than that which is strictly necessary. additional information stored includes the gender of the passenger, if the passenger is part of a frequent flyer programme, details about the ticket, or if the passenger has special meal requirements - for example vegetarian.
international pnr sharing agreements.
european union to united states.
united states–european union agreement on passenger name records.
european union to australia.
on january 16, 2004, the article 29 working party released their "opinion 1/2004 (wp85)" on the level of pnr protection ensured in australia for the transmission of passenger name record data from airlines.
in 2010 the european commission's directorate-general for justice, freedom and security was split in two. the resulting bodies were the directorate-general for justice (european commission) and the directorate-general for home affairs (european commission).
on the 4th of may 2011, stefano manservisi, director-general at the directorate-general for home affairs (european commission) wrote to the european data protection supervisor (edps) with regards to a pnr sharing agreement with australia, a close ally of the us and signatory to the ukusa agreement on signals intelligence.
the edps responded on the 5th of may in "letter 0420 d845":
european union to canada.
the article 29 working party document "opinion 1/2005 on the level of protection ensured in canada for the transmission of passenger name record and advance passenger information from airlines (wp 103)", 19 january 2005, offers information on the nature of pnr agreements with canada.
in india pnr is used by indian railway as passenger name record usually travelers need it to check their confirmation of their seats. it is a 10 digit number which has to be entered on website for checking pnr status.
david karp (born july 6, 1986) is an american entrepreneur who started the website tumblr in 2007. he sold the website to yahoo! for us$1.1 billion in 2013. he was born in new york city. he started learning html when he was 11. when he was 15 he stopped going to high school. he was taught at home instead. in 2013, "forbes" said that karp's net worth is more than $200 million. his cultural and ethnic background is jewish.
kwame malik kilpatrick (born june 8, 1970) is an american politician. he was a michigan state representative and mayor of detroit. he is a democrat. kilpatrick was mayor of detroit from 2002 until he resigned in 2008. in spring 2013, kilpatrick was sentenced to almost 28 years in prison after being declared guilty on many criminal charges, including fraud. he went to federal prison in eastern michigan.
saint john of damascus ( 675 or 676 – 4 december 749) was a christian leader from damascus. he was a monk and a priest (a christian preacher). he was born and raised in damascus, which is today the capital of the country of syria. he died in the jerusalem in palestine, at the mar saba monastery.
john of damascus studied religion. he also studied law, theology, philosophy and music. he is said by some sources to have served as a chief administrator to the muslim caliph of damascus before he became a priest. he wrote works about christianity. he composed hymns that are still used by greek orthodox churches around the world. he is considered "the last of the fathers" of the eastern orthodox church. he is best known for arguing to let people use pictures of greek orthodox saints, which are called "icons". he is also honored by catholic churches, specifically the roman catholic church.
pope saint leo iv (790 – 17 july 855) was pope of the roman catholic church from 10 april 847 until he died in 855. 
he was born in rome. he died in rome on 17 july 855 and was buried in st. peter's basilica. there was a medieval tradition that had claimed that a woman, pope joan, had succeeded him by disguising herself as a man but she is believed to be fictitious.
rosamund pike (born 27 january 1979) is an english actress. she became known in the 2002 movie "die another day" in which she played the bond girl and double agent miranda frost. she also played helen in the 2012 melodrama movie "jack reacher". her role in "gone girl" got her an academy award nomination. pike was born in london.
pope john xv (??? − march 996) was pope of the roman catholic church from august 985 to his death in 996. 
he was born in rome, papal states and died in march 996 in rome, papal states, holy roman empire.
during his time as pope, there was a dispute that arose over the deposition in 991 of arnulf, archbishop of reims. arnulf was made archbishop of reims in 988 by hugh capet of france. arnulf was the nephew of the king's bitter rival, charles of lorraine and considered arnulf a turncoat. he demanded his deposition by john xv. hugh capet captured both charles and archbishop arnulf and convoked a synod at reims in june 991. he deposed arnulf and chose as his successor abbot gerbert of aurillac who would later be known as pope silvester ii.
at the synod, arnulf, bishop of orléans accused john xv:
die another day is a 2002 british action thriller spy movie directed by the movie director lee tamahori. it is about james bond going across north korea trying to get redemption. pierce brosnan plays james bond, halle berry plays bond's ally agent jinx, and rosamund pike plays the double agent miranda frost. the movie got negative reviews. the box office of the movie, however, was positive. the movie was released in november 2002. madonna sings the title song of the movie.
black friday is the day after thanksgiving in the united states. even though it falls on a friday, which is the last day before the weekend, and comes right after thanksgiving thursday, it is not a federal holiday. there are some states, however, that observe this day instead of columbus day for workers of the state government.
the name "black friday" started to be used sometime after world war ii, but it was not popular outside of philadelphia until around 1975
many americans see black friday as the official beginning of the christmas holiday season, a time when many people go shopping for gifts to give to their family and friends on christmas day. on black friday, many stores have big sales, and it is common to see long lines of people waiting outside stores and in malls to get the best deals first before they run out. because of this, stores usually open around 6 am in the morning or later. some stores, though, started opening at 5 am and even 4 am in the late 20th century. now, a few stores even open at midnight. shoppers like to stay out all day to get what they need, making black friday the busiest shopping day of the year. 
on the first monday after the long weekend is cyber monday, when many people go online shopping.
lions appear in heraldry more often than any other animal. it traditionally symbolises bravery, valour, strength, and royalty.
they may appear as a charge on the shield or as a crest. they are described in the "blazon" (heraldic description) by their "tincture" (color) and "attitude" (position). sometimes the teeth and claws of a lion can be colored differently from the rest of its body; it is said to be "armed" of that color (e.g. "a lion or armed gules" is a gold lion with red teeth and claws). sometimes the tail is even described, if it is shown in an unusual way. one reason why lions are shown in so many different ways is because when heraldry developed, a lot of people wanted a lion on their coat of arms, but no two coats of arms can be the same. the purpose of heraldry in the middle ages was to identify people with bold images over the outside of their armour. since a lot of people started putting lions on their coats of arms, they placed them in a lot of different positions and in every color used in heraldry. in france and germany, they even made patterns of colors on some of their lions, as if they were painted.
french heralds refer to lions in the walking positions as "leopards", but this term is seldom used by british heralds.
although there are many "attitudes" or positions now used in heraldry, very few of these were known to medieval heralds, who simply wanted to draw a lion to fill the space provided on the shield. the following table describes the different attitudes of heraldic lions:
other terms are used to describe the lion's position in further detail. the lion's head is normally seen in agreement with the overall position, (facing left) unless otherwise stated. if a lion's "whole body" is turned to face right, he is "to sinister" or "contourné". if his "whole body" faces the viewer, he is "affronté". if his "head only" faces the viewer he is "guardant" or "gardant", and if he looks back over his shoulder (body facing left but head turned to face right) he is "regardant". these words follow the main description of position, and then the lion is further described as "armed" (teeth and claws) of another color, if another color is used. and finally, the tail may be described if it is unusual. a lion (or other beast) "coward" carries its tail between its hind legs. the tail also may be "nowed" (knotted), or the lion may be "queue fourchée" (forked tail) or "double-queued" (two tails).
monkwearmouth–jarrow was a combination of two english monasteries run as a single community. both were founded by benedict biscop. monkwearmouth, built first, was a magnificent example of the roman style of architecture. it housed one of the first stained glass works in england. jarrow became the center of anglo-saxon learning in the north of england and contained the largest library in anglo-saxon england. bede, the great anglo-saxon scholar, studied, taught and wrote there. the sister anglo-saxon monasteries were the uk nomination for world heritage site status in 2011.
in 674 benedict biscop, a northumbrian nobleman, built a monastery known as monkwearmouth. egfrith, king of northumbria gave him fifty hides of land at the mouth of the river wear. this monastery would be dedicated to saint peter and came to be called st. peter's at monkwearmouth. benedict wanted his monastery to be a center of both learning and religion. benedict used frankish stonemasons who he brought over to england to construct the monastery. monkwearmouth was the first (and jarrow the second) church structures to be built of stone in england. benedict them brought over glassmakers from frankia to fit the windows of the church and chapels with fine stained glass. they established a workshop there at monkwearwolf. within a year the monastery was completed. in 678 a letter from pope agatho exempted the monastery from external control. benedict got all the , sacred vessels, decorations and . some he found locally while others he bought in francia and rome. in 682 king egfrith gave another forty hides of land to benedict for a second monastery. it was to be at the mouth of the river trent at jarrow. the dedication ceremony for jarrow abbey was held on 23 april 685. named for saint paul when the sister monastery was completed benedict assigned ceolfrith to the abbot. bede, who was about ten years old at the time, was one of the monks who went with him. king egfrid, who was at the dedication, died in battle against the picts less than a month later. the two sister abbeys, only seven miles apart, were thought of as one. 
the library that benedict started made it possible for bede to write his works including his famous "ecclesiastical history of the english people".information from. there wasn't another library like it in england. by the time of his death in 689 benedict had completed four trips to rome and the south and brought back large collections of books each time. the full extent of bede's work would still not be possible if not for ceolfrid, the fourth abbot. he doubled the size of the library left by benedict biscop.
the at monkwearmouth-jarrow was kept very busy. there was a growing demand for copies of bibles, books, documents and especially the works of bede. requests came in from other parts of england and the . works from the scriptorium would be found in leningrad, rome, and other parts of europe. under increasing requests for its products, the monkwearmouth-jarrow scriptorium adopted a faster script style used in later works.
in 794, just a year after the vikings sacked lindisfarne, the vikings attacked monkwearmouth and jarrow. the flames were so hot the glass was melted. both sites were abandoned for a time. their location on the coast of northumbria made them easy targets for viking raids. the twin monasteries were rebuilt. unlike many old ruins that disappear over time, the old walls of monkwearmouth and jarrow can still be seen. they are next to or part of the modern buildings that replaced the original buildings built in 674 and 682.
"wrecking ball" is a song performed by miley cyrus. it was released on august 25, 2013. "wrecking ball" is a pop song which is about the ending of a relationship. it was thought to be inspired by cyrus' former engagement to australian actor liam hemsworth. "wrecking ball" was the vevo record with most views in the first 24 hours after its release, and the record for being the fastest clip to reach 100 million views on the service. the record was broken in 2014 by anaconda of nicki minaj.
the song was controversial for the music video that had cyrus naked and riding a wrecking ball.
"troublemaker" is a song by olly murs. he also wrote the song. it was released on october 12, 2012. the song features flo rida. "troublemaker" was a major commercial success. it was a success across the united kingdom and the united states. it also served as the closing song at murs's 2013 arena tour.
green acres is an american sitcom that was produced by filmways and released by orion pictures (now metro-goldwyn-mayer). "green acres" stars eddie albert and eva gabor as a couple who move from new york city to a rural country farm in the fictional community of hooterville. the show also had supporting roles by tom lester, frank cady, pat buttram, alvy moore, hank patterson, barbara pepper, and several others. "green acres" is a sister show to "petticoat junction" which also takes place in hooterville.
"green acres" was created by jay sommers who was also a writer and executive producer for "petticoat junction". the idea of "green acres" came from a radio show which sommers directed and produced. the series was first broadcast on cbs on september 15, 1965, and was canceled on april 27, 1971. during its run, "green acres" had six seasons with a total of 170 episodes.
characters from "petticoat junction"
hal linden (born harold lipshitz; march 20, 1931 in new york city, new york) is an american stage and screen actor, television director and musician. linden is known for his role as cpt. barney miller in "barney miller". he won two special daytime emmy awards and a tony award. linden is the spokesman for the jewish national fund, a position he has held since 1997.
theodore john "ted" kaczynski (born may 22, 1942 in evergreen park, illinois) is an american mathematician who was known as the unabomber. between 1978 and 1995, kaczynski engaged in a nationwide bombing campaign against people involved with modern technology, planting or mailing numerous home-made bombs, ultimately killing a total of three people and injuring 23 others.
kaczynski was born and raised in evergreen park, illinois, a chicago suburb. kaczynski was accepted to harvard university at the age of 16. he earned an undergraduate degree. he then earned a phd in mathematics from the university of michigan. he became an assistant professor at the university of california, berkeley in 1967 at age 25. he resigned two years later.
in 1971, he moved to a cabin without electricity or running water, in lincoln, montana. he lived there while learning survival skills. from 1978 to 1995, kaczynski sent 16 bombs to targets including universities and airlines, killing three people and injuring 23. 
kaczynski sent a letter to the new york times on april 24, 1995. he promised "to desist from terrorism" if the times or the washington post published his manifesto.
kaczynski was arrested in his cabin on april 3, 1996. his brother, david, called the police so that they could arrest him. he pleaded guilty of his crimes on january 22, 1998. he is an inmate of adx florence, fremont county, colorado. on december 14th, 2021, he was moved from adx florence to the federal medical center, butner, north carolina, for his health. on february 7th, 2022, a pen pal of kaczynski announced that he had terminal cancer of the skin. 
kaczynski has written many books, industrial society and it's future, , and technological slavery are his most famous. industrial society and it's future is best known as the "unabomber's manifesto". 
opposing viewpoints is a series of books on current events. it tries to explore the many different opinions of each event in the style of a debate. the series tries to encourage critical thinking and public awareness by providing opposing views on issues that have been debated.
evergreen park is a village in cook county, illinois, united states. it is a suburb of chicago. the population was 19,852 at the 2010 census. serial killer theodore kaczynski was born here in 1942 and playboy model jenny mccarthy was also born here in 1972.
the price tower is a nineteen-story, 221-foot-high tower in bartlesville, oklahoma. it was designed by frank lloyd wright. it is the only well-known skyscraper by wright, and is one of only two vertically buildings designed by wright. the price tower was commissioned by harold c. price of the h. c. price company, a local oil pipeline and chemical firm. it opened to the public in february 1956.
the imperial hotel, tokyo is a hotel in tokyo. it was built in the late 1880s at the request of the japanese aristocracy to increase western visitors to japan. it was designed by frank lloyd wright. the hotel site is located just south of the imperial palace grounds, next to the previous location of the palace moat. 
the modern hotel overlooks the palace, the western-style hibiya park, and the ginza neighborhood. three buildings have stood on the hotel site, each of which embodied the finest western design of its era. the hotel eventually slipped into decay as time took its toll. in a controversial decision, it was decided to demolish the old hotel and replace it with a high-rise structure, to maximize the use of land.
yury vasilyevich yakovlev (25 april 1928 – 30 november 2013) was a russian movie and stage actor. yakovlev appeared in over 100 russian-language movies.
his most popular movies include; "the irony of fate", "anna karenina", "", and in "hussar ballad". he has won many awards throughout his career including russia's highest civilian honor the order of lenin.
yakovlev was born on 25 april 1928 in moscow, soviet union. he studied at the vakhtangov theatre. yakovlev was married three times. he had one son, anton. yakovlev now lived in moscow, russia.
yakovlev felt ill in early morning of 29 november 2013. he soon fainted in his home. he was rushed to a moscow hospital where he died there on 30 november 2013 from heart failure, aged 85.
arnold peralta (29 march 1989 – 10 december 2015) was a honduran football player. he played as a defensive midfielder for c.d.s. vida, rangers f.c. and olimpia. he also played for the honduras national football team. he represented honduras in seven fifa world cup qualification games.
peralta was shot dead sixteen times by an unknown gunman on 10 december 2015 in his hometown of la ceiba, aged 26.
fujian province or fukien province () is a province of the republic of china. its capital is jincheng township in kinmen county.
the palais royal is a building in paris. it was once a palace of the french royal family. it was built in the 1630s by cardinal richelieu to hold his art collection. when richelieu died in 1642, it became the property of the young king louis xiv. it was successively the property of the dukes of orléans and later marie antoinette before being destroyed in 1870 during the franco-prussian war. 
from 1649, the exiled henrietta maria of france and her daughter princess henrietta lived here. the two had escaped england during the english civil war. they were sheltered here by king louis xiv, who was henrietta maria's nephew.
in 1692, when the duke of chartres (future regent of france) married françoise marie de bourbon, the king gave the palais royal to his brother, philippe of france, duke of orléans, "monsieur".
louis philippe i, future king of the french, was born here. he was the son of the young philippe égalité and his wife louise marie adélaïde de bourbon.
louise henriette de bourbon also died here. she was married to louis philippe, duke of orléans. the future louis philippe i was also born here.
julia serano (born 1967 as thomas l. serano) is a transsexual american writer, biologist, musician, poet, and activist. she lives in oakland, california. in 2007 her first full-length book whipping girl: a transsexual woman on sexism and the scapegoating of femininity" was published by seal press. in october 2013 was published. her essays have also been published on websites and in magazines and books about feminism.
serano did a phd in biochemistry and molecular biophysics at columbia university. serano worked at uc berkeley as a researcher for seventeen years.
she was a member of the indie rock band bitesize.
serano is a feminist. she is bisexual.
for years she was a crossdresser. she wore clothes made for women but still called herself a man. in 1998 serano moved to the san francisco bay area. there she met her wife dani. around this time serano started identifying as bigender and transgender. in 2001 she started identifying as a trans woman. she calls herself a "femme tomboy".
in 2002 made a chapbook called "either/or". in 2004 she made a chapbook called "draw blood".
in 2005 serano made a chapbook called "on the outside looking in: a trans woman's perspective on feminism and the exclusion of trans women from lesbian and women-only spaces".
serano's first book "whipping girl" talks about transmisogyny. transmisogyny is a word that serano uses to talk about a kind of misogyny (woman-hating) that is experienced by trans women. "whipping girl" has updated versions of three of the four essays in "on the outside looking in".
in her second book "excluded", serano wrote about how feminist and queer movements have left out transgender women, feminine people, bisexuals, sex workers, and others.
in both of her books serano talks about how gender is not a performance.
judith butler (born february 24, 1956) is an american philosopher. they were born in ohio. they got their phd in philosophy from yale university in 1984. they live in berkeley, california, with their partner wendy brown. in 1990 their book "gender trouble" was published by routledge. it is considered an important work in modern feminism. in the book butler talks about their theory of gender performativity, which is that gender, along with sex and sexuality, is something you "perform" rather than an expression of human biology. in other politics, they have supported palestine and the democratic party, including hillary clinton and kamala harris.
butler was born a female in ohio and went to hebrew school. they studied at bennington college in the 70s before moving on to study philosophy at yale university. they publicly classified themselves as non-binary in 2020.
melissa victoria harris-perry (born october 2, 1973) is an american television host and writer. she hosts a television programme on msnbc called "melissa harris-perry". 
life and career.
she got a ph.d. in political science from duke university in 1999. that year she married dennis lacewell. she divorced him in 2005. she is a professor of political science at tulane university. in 2004 her first book "barbershops, bibles, and bet: everyday talk and black political thought" was published. in 2011 yale press published perry's book "sister citizen: shame, stereotypes, and black women in america".
enrico letta (born 20 august 1966) is an italian politician. he is the secretary of the democratic party since 2021. he was the prime minister of italy (head of government) from 2013 to 2014. previously, he had also been a member of several italian governments, as of 1998. in april 2015 he announced that he was not going to be a professional politician anymore, and that he wanted to concentrate on academia.
he was born in pisa, tuscany. he is married to gianna fregonara and has 3 children.
in october 2021, letta won the by-election for the siena district with 49.9% of votes, returning to the parliament after six years. 
chancellor is a town in the southeastern part of the u.s. state of south dakota. it is located in turner county, and 264 people lived there at the 2010 census. chancellor was started in 1886.
the prime minister of italy, officially president of the council of ministers, is the head of government of italy.
living former prime ministers of italy.
as of , there are eleven living former prime ministers. the most recent death of a former prime minister was that of ciriaco de mita (1988–1989), on 26 may 2022.
davis is a town in the southeastern part of the u.s. state of south dakota. it is located in turner county, and 85 people lived there at the 2010 census. davis became a town in 1896.
dolton is a town in the southeastern part of the u.s. state of south dakota. it is located in turner county, and 37 people lived there at the 2010 census. dolton became a town in 1909.
detroit metropolitan wayne county airport , is a major airport in the united states. it is in the detroit area and serves all the city. it is one of the busiest airports in the united states and gets many passengers. it has many international and domestic destinations. it is one of delta airlines biggest airport hubs after hartsfield–jackson atlanta international airport in atlanta. it is also a hub of spirit airlines. its many destinations include cities in north america, south america, europe, and asia.
a helicopter landing pad (helipad) is a landing area for helicopters, like a runway for an airplane.
korean air is the flag carrier and largest airline of south korea. its headquarters are in seoul. it has two hubs at both airports in seoul, the major international airport incheon international airport and the smaller domestic airport seoul gimpo. korean air has planes from both boeing and airbus, including the boeing 747 and airbus 380. these fly to destinations all over the world, including places in asia, africa, europe, south america, and north america.
titanic ii is a disaster-drama movie from 2010 produced by shane van dyke and distribution by the asylum. it is not a sequel to the movie from 1997. 
certain movie websites, however, say this movie may be a mock of the 1997 hit movie. the movie "titanic ii" is about the "ss titanic ii" luxury liner sent on a maiden voyage exactly 100 years after the original rms "titanic", except the "titanic ii" is operating in reverse opposite the original ship. the more recent ship exits new york city and heads to united kingdom at southampton. like the earlier ship, however, she crashes into an iceberg, killing most of the ship's passengers and crew. only a handful of people survive. "titanic ii" was condemned by many critics as a rip-off of james cameron's 1997 movie. the criticisms involved mostly plot and movie directions.
brooke burns (born march 16, 1978) is an american actress, fashion model and television personality she acts mostly in movies which are direct to video and in certain television programs. she starred as jennifer cullen in the television movie "the most wonderful time of the year" in 2008. burns was born in dallas, texas.
linacre college is one of the colleges of the university of oxford. it was founded in 1962, and was the third graduate-only college at the university. it was the first graduate college founded at oxford to admit both male and female students. 
a botanical name is a formal scientific name which follows the "international code of nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants" (icn). if it concerns a plant cultigen, the additional cultivar term must follow the "international code of nomenclature for cultivated plants". 
the code of nomenclature covers "all organisms traditionally treated as plants, whether fossil or non-fossil, e.g. blue-green algae (cyanobacteria); fungi, including chytrids, oomycetes, and slime moulds; photosynthetic protists and taxonomically related non-photosynthetic groups".
the purpose of a formal name is to have a single name which is accepted and used worldwide for a particular plant or plant group. for example, the botanical name "bellis perennis" was given to a plant species which is native to most of the countries of europe and the middle east, where it has various names in many languages. later it has been introduced worldwide, bringing it into contact with more languages.
some english names for this plant species are: daisy, english daisy, lawndaisy. in other languages, some examples are: , , , .
the cultivar "bellis perennis" 'aucubifolia' is a golden-variegated horticultural selection of this species. 
parts in a name.
depending on rank, botanical names may be in one part (genus and above), two parts (species and above, but below the rank of genus) or three parts (below the rank of species):
a name in three parts, i.e., an infraspecific name (a name for a taxon below the rank of species), needs a "connecting term" to indicate rank. in the "calystegia" example above, this is "subsp." (for subspecies). in botany there are many ranks below that of species (in zoology there is only one such rank, subspecies, so that this "connecting term" is unnecessary there). a name of a "subdivision of a genus" also needs a connecting term (in the "acacia" example above, this is "subg.", subgenus). the connecting term is not part of the name itself. 
for botanical nomenclature, the "icbn" prescribes a two-part name or binary name for any taxon below the rank of genus down to, and including the rank of species. taxa below the rank of species get a three part name. 
a binary name consists of the name of a genus and an epithet.
jean kent (joan mildred summerfield; 29 june 1921 – 30 november 2013) was a british movie and television actress. she was also known as jean carr. she was born in brixton, london. kent was known for her role as mille harris in "the browning version".
kent died in bury st. edmunds, suffolk on 30 november 2013, aged 92. she died following a fall a few days earlier at her home in westhorpe, suffolk.
the house of orléans was a french noble and royal family. it descends from louis xiv of france and his only brother philippe, duke of orléans. the families main traditional home was the palais royal in paris. the family later became very powerful during the reign of louis philippe i. he ruled france under the title "king of the french". the king successfully married his children into other royal families of europe.
the present head of the house is prince henri of orléans. he is known as the count of paris. he also claims the title king of the french, but is known simply as "his royal highness the count of paris" and sometimes the "duke of france". however, the titles are not officially recognised because france is no longer a monarchy. henri has been a claimant to the throne since 1999. the count was married to duchess marie thérèse of württemberg. she is herself a daughter of a one-time claimant to the throne of württemberg.
vicente pío marcelino cirilo aleixandre y merlo (april 26, 1898 – december 14, 1984) was a spanish poet. he was born in seville. aleixandre won the nobel prize in literature in 1977. he was part of the generation of '27. he died in madrid from tuberculosis in 1984.
an airline alliance is when two or more airlines make an agreement to work with each other. the three largest airline alliances are star alliance, skyteam, and oneworld. airline alliances make it easier for passengers to travel around the world, reducing their stops or connections. the biggest alliance is star alliance, which has 28 member airlines such as united, lufthansa, and air canada. the second biggest is skyteam, which has 19 members including delta, klm, and air france. the third biggest alliance is oneworld, which has 13 members including american airlines, british airways, and qantas.
membership and market data for the largest airline alliances (as of march 2013) 
the five satins are an american doo-wop group. they were best known for their 1956 million-selling song, "in the still of the night." they were formed in 1954 and continued performing until 1994. when it was formed, the group had six members.
antonio borrometi (27 may 1953 – 19 january 2022) was an italian politician. he was a member of the chamber of deputies between 1996 until 2001. he was born in modica, italy. borrometi was a member of the italian people's party.
borrometi died in bologna, italy on 19 january 2022, at the age of 68.
sir david roxbee cox (15 july 1924 – 18 january 2022) was a british statistician.
her best known works were creating or expanding, logistic regression, the proportional hazards model, and the cox process, which was named after him.
cox died on 18 january 2022, at the age of 97.
dušan klein (21 june 1939 – 9 january 2022) was a slovakian-born czech movie director and screenwriter. he was known for his roles in "how the world is losing poets", "how poets are losing their illusions" and "how poets are enjoying their lives". he was also a holocaust survivor. he was born in michalovce, present-day slovakia.
klein died on 9 january 2022 in prague, czech republic, at the age of 82.
the (first) slovak republic (), also known as the slovak state ("slovenský štát"), was a partially-recognized state of nazi germany which existed between 14 march 1939 and 4 april 1945.
mino de rossi (21 may 1931 – 7 january 2022) was an italian road bicycle and track cyclist. he won the gold medal in the men's 4.000m team at the 1952 summer olympics. he was a professional road cyclist from 1952 to 1968. he was born in arquata scrivia, italy.
de rossi died on 7 january 2022, at the age of 90.
arquata scrivia (local dialect: "auquâ") is a "comune" in the province of alessandria in the italian region piedmont. it is about southeast of turin and about southeast of alessandria.
emanuel "manny" steward (july 7, 1944 – october 25, 2012) was an american boxer, trainer, and commentator. he worked for hbo boxing. he was also called the godfather of detroit boxing. steward trained 41 world champion fighters. his heavyweight fighters had a combined record of 34-2-1 in title fights. he was added into the international boxing hall of fame, and the world boxing hall of fame. 
steward died october 25, 2012 of problems caused by diverticulitis surgery and colon cancer at a hospital in chicago, illinois at the age of 68.
bottom creek is an unincorporated community located in mcdowell county, west virginia, united states.
bastheim is a municipality in rhön-grabfeld in bavaria in germany. wechterswinkel abbey is in the village of wechterswinkel, part of bastheim. 
bischofsheim in der rhön (before january 2020, the town was called: "bischofsheim an der rhön") is a town in rhön-grabfeld, in bavaria, germany. it is in the rhön mountains, 29 km southeast of fulda.
several originally separate villages became part of the town bischofsheim. these are frankenheim, haselbach, oberweißenbrunn, unterweißenbrunn and wegfurt.
alphonse matejka (9 january 1902 in st. gallen, switzerland - 27 october 1999 in la chaux-de-fonds, switzerland) was a famous occidentalist of czech origin.
the matejkas were originally from wischkovitz (bohemia). his father arrived in switzerland before 1900, maybe due to the lack of job opportunities in the czech republic. he was granted swiss citizenship in 1915. his son alphonse was born in st. gallen the 9 january 1902. he spent his last years as a student in the mercantile section of the cantonal school where he founded a student union under the name of "industria sangallensis".
due to his linguistic ability, he managed to get a job at reichenbach & co. that comopany would later transfer him to its subsidiary in paris. there, he met his wife, jeanne bellanger. the couple got married in 1928.
in the 30s he moved to zurich and then to amsterdam in 1936, coming back to switzerland to finally settle down in la chaux-de-fonds. he got a job at the watchmaking industry.
alphonse matejka was able to speak several romance and germanic languages. he also spoke russian, being able to write for a russian journal and even translate to that language for the russian academy of sciences.
he got engaged in the ido movement. however, he started supporting occidental in 1937.
in 1942 he published the first edition of the textbook "occidental die internationale welthilfssprache". it was followed in 1945 by "wörterbuch occidental-deutsch e deutsch-occidental". this book was based upong the works of joseph gär and ric berger. after the language name was changed to interlingue, he wrote and updated the book "interlingue die natürliche welthilfssprache, für millionen geschaffen, von millionen verstanden. vollständiger lehrgang in 20 lektionen".
he was also "cosmoglotta"'s main editor for several years.
burglauer is a municipality in rhön-grabfeld in bavaria, germany. it is on the river lauer.
fladungen is a town in rhön-grabfeld, in bavaria, germany. it is in the rhön mountains, 11 km northwest of ostheim, 20 km west of meiningen, and 33 km east of fulda. it is the northernmost town in bavaria, bordering hesse to the northwest and thuringia to the northeast.
fladungen is at the southern edge of the rhön mountains, and the rhön biosphere reserve begins a few kilometers outside of town. it is at the front of the river streu, which flows southeast through it to join the franconian saale near bad neustadt.
elza da conceição soares, known professionally as elza soares (; 23 june 1930 – 20 january 2022) was a brazilian samba and bossa nova singer. in 1999, she was named singer of the millennium with tina turner by bbc radio. soares was born in rio de janeiro, brazil. her career began in 1950. in 2015, she released her best known album "a mulher do fim do mundo". in 2002, soares was nominated for a grammy award.
in 2007, soares was diagnosed with diverticulitis and had many surgeries. she died on 20 january 2022 at her home in rio de janeiro from natural causes, aged 91.
großbardorf is a municipality in rhön-grabfeld in bavaria in germany.
großeibstadt is a municipality in rhön-grabfeld in bavaria in germany. the river franconian saale flows through kleineibstadt.
the municipality has the following villages: großeibstadt and kleineibstadt. the township is a member of the administrative community saal an der saale.
petrus thomas ratajczyk (january 4, 1962 – april 14, 2010), known professionally as peter steele, was an american musician and singer-songwriter. he was best known as the lead vocalist, bassist and composer of the gothic metal band type o negative. steele also created the metal group fallout and the thrash band carnivore.
steele died at a hospital in scranton, pennsylvania on april 14, 2010 from sepsis caused by diverticulitis, aged 48.
the southern cameroons broadcasting corporation (scbc tv) is an anglophone cameroonian television channel that has been transmitting since 6 may 2017.
the southern cameroons broadcasting corporation (scbc tv), is a channel primarily focused on the history and culture of the peoples of the english-speaking regions of cameroon, interviews with exiled leaders and documentaries on human rights abuses in these regions. 
it started on 6 may 2017 and is currently based in south africa.
the cameroonian government wanted to shut down the channel because of its reports on the anglophone crisis.
hausen is a municipality in rhön-grabfeld in bavaria in germany.
hendungen is a municipality in rhön-grabfeld in bavaria in germany.
herbstadt is a municipality in rhön-grabfeld in bavaria in germany. it has the following villages: breitensee, herbstadt, ottelmannshausen and a hamlet: dörfleshof.
heustreu is a municipality in rhön-grabfeld in lower franconia in germany. it is on the river streu.
heustreu is in the main-rhön region in the north of lower franconia. the rhön mountains are a low mountain range in the north of bavaria, hesse and thuringia. the most successful football club in heustreu is the tsv 1894 heustreu e.v., which plays in the kreisklasse of rhön-grabfeld.
höchheim is a municipality in rhön-grabfeld in bavaria in germany. höchheim has the following villages: gollmuthhausen, höchheim, irmelshausen, rothausen.
irmelshausen is a village in the municipality of höchheim in rhön-grabfeld in bavaria in germany.
hohenroth is a municipality in rhön-grabfeld in bavaria in germany.
hollstadt is a municipality in rhön-grabfeld in bavaria in germany.
mellrichstadt is a town in rhön-grabfeld, in bavaria, germany. it is 17 km southwest of meiningen, and 13 km northeast of bad neustadt. it has the following villages: bahra, eußenhausen, frickenhausen, mühlfeld, sondheim im grabfeld and roßrieth.
features in john douglas-gray's thriller 'the novak legacy' 
niederlauer is a municipality in rhön-grabfeld in bavaria in germany. the rivers franconian saale and lauer flow through the village.
nordheim vor der rhön is a municipality in rhön-grabfeld in bavaria in germany. it is in the upper streu valley, between ostheim and fladungen.
oberelsbach is a municipality in rhön-grabfeld in bavaria in germany.
oberstreu is a municipality in rhön-grabfeld in bavaria in germany.
ostheim vor der rhön is a town in northern bavaria in rhön-grabfeld in franconia.
david bramwell mbe (25 november 1942 – 20 january 2022) was an english botanist and taxonomist. he was the director of the jardín botánico canario viera y clavijo, gran canaria from 1974 until 2012. he was born in ormskirk, england. bramwell was director of the unesco chair for the conservation of plant biodiversity in macaronesia and west africa from 2011 until 2014.
bramwell died in liverpool, england on 20 january 2022, aged 79.
from 4 to 6 january 2022, over 200 people were killed by bandits in zamfara state, nigeria. this was the deadliest terrorist attack in recent nigerian history.
the nigerian bandit conflict began in 2011. bandit gangs carry out attacks in the country's northwest. thousands of people have been killed.
stanisław grędziński (19 october 1945 – 19 january 2022) was a polish sprinter. he was born in ostrzyca, poland. grędziński won two gold medals at the european athletics championships in 1966. he came in fourth place at the 1968 summer olympics.
grędziński died on 19 january 2022, aged 77.
paavo johannes heininen (13 january 1938 – 18 january 2022) was a finnish composer, academic and pianist. he was born in helsinki, finland. heininen was one of the most important finnish modernist composers.
heininen died on 18 january 2022 in järvenpää, five days after his 84th birthday.
patricia kenworthy nuckols (june 21, 1921 – january 17, 2022) was an american field hockey player and a pilot in the women airforce service pilots (wasp) during world war ii. she played for the u.s. national team. in 1988, was honored into the usa field hockey hall of fame. in 2010, she was one of the 200 former wasp pilots to be honored with the congressional gold medal.
kenworthy nuckols was born in philadelphia, pennsylvania and raised in vermont. she turned 100 in june 2021. kenworthy nuckols died in manchester, vermont on january 17, 2022.
shrunk is an upcoming american live-action family comedy film that is the reboot of honey, i shrunk the kids. it is fourth film in the honey, i shrunk the kids franchise, following honey, i blew up the kid and honey, we shrunk ourselves. it will be released in 2022. 
the movie will feature an older nick szalinski following in wayne's footsteps as he continues wayne's size-changing experiments while they both deal with diane's death. nick now has two children, theo, who has a gloomy disposition and is sensitive about his weight, and maddie, who hosts a youtube show where she showcases nick's inventions.
east quogue is a hamlet and census-designated place (cdp) in suffolk county, new york, united states. the population was 4,757 at the 2010 census.
collegeville is a borough in montgomery county, pennsylvania, a suburb of philadelphia, united states. the population was 5,089 at the 2010 census.
skippack township is a township in montgomery county, pennsylvania, united states. the population was 13,715 at the 2010 census. 
college township is a township in centre county, pennsylvania, united states. the population was 9,521 at the 2010 census.
topanga () (tongva: "topaa'nga") is a census-designated place (cdp) in western los angeles county, california, united states. as of the 2020 census the population of the topanga cdp was 8,560. 
sewanee () is a census-designated place (cdp) in franklin county, tennessee, united states. the population was 2,311 at the 2010 census.
loudon is a city that is the county seat of loudon county, tennessee, united states. its population was 5,381 at the 2010 census. 
the danube swabians are german settlers of the former austria-hungary empire. they founded villages, and worked as farmers. their ancestors were once settled from 1686 - 1829 by the order of the house of habsburg in hungary, and parts of former yugoslavia and romania who belonged to the habsburger monarchy, from different parts from austria and germany like hesse, bavaria, the palatinate, hunsrück, baden-württemberg, swabian jura fulda (district), rhön, franconia, rhein-pfalz-kreis, swabia (government region), but also alsace, lorraine, southern netherlands and luxembourg etc. the city ulm at alb-donau-kreis, in swabian jura, was the startpoint, where this german emigrants went with the "ulmer schachtel" (a small boat), along the danube river, this is why they got the name "danube swabians". they speak different german dialects. they believed in roman catholicism and lutheranism and hold much of the old norse mythology. after world war ii, most of the danube swabians were expelled by the order of the potsdam conference, to allied-occupied austria and allied-occupied germany. only a few danube swabians live today in this country who once belongend to the habsburger monarchy. most danube swabian descendants live in austria and germany, but also some in usa, canada and australia.
the germans from the hochstift fulda settled at 25 villages in the baranya and in the city pécs arround 1717 - 1804, this subgroup is named "stifolder" or stiffoller. an example of the "stifullerisch" danube swabian german-dialect of baranya: "mer rede noch die schwowisch muddersprooch", 
dna testing shows that danube swabians from hungary are real descendants of germans 
the first german settlers came via the danube river 1686 - 1713, and was swabians mostly from black forest in wurttemberg and called by the hungarian, serbian, croatian, and romanian population as svábok, švabo, şvabii. the german itself have said donauschwowe
the term danube swabians was ofically given in 1922.
encanto is a 2021 american animated musical fantasy comedy movie produced by walt disney animation studios. it was made by walt disney studios motion pictures. it was directed by jared bush and byron howard, co-directed by writer charise castro smith who co-wrote the screenplay with bush, and produced by yvett merino and clark spencer. the original songs were written by lin-manuel miranda.
it is disney's sixtieth animated movie. it was released through disney+ on december 24, 2022 to strong positive reviews. it won a golden globe award for best animated movie.
forced by the thousand days war to flee her village in colombia, a young alma madrigal loses her husband pedro but saves her triplets, which is to say her three twin children: julieta, pepa, and bruno. a miracle happens and her candle becomes magic, gets rid of the people chasing them, and creates a living house, the casita, for them to live in, along with a magical village bordered by tall surrounding mountains— "an "encanto"." the candle's magic gives "gifts" to each madrigal descendant, which they are to use to help the villagers. however, bruno, who had the power of telling the future, disappeared aftee mirabel, julieta's youngest daughter, did not get a gift, and ten years later mirabel is still sad about not having one. mirabel explains this with the song “the family madrigal”
on his fifth birthday, pepa's youngest son, antonio, gets the ability to talk with animals, and the family takes a picture with him but leaves out mirabel. mirabel then sings a song wishing she were also special. ("waiting on a miracle"). mirabel suddenly sees the casita cracking and the candle's flame flickering, but is ignored when the casita seems fine to the others. after overhearing alma praying, mirabel decides to save the miracle's magic. the next day, she talks to her super-strong older sister, luisa, who admits that she has a hard time dealing with all the work she has to do ("surface pressure") then suggests that bruno's room may hold clues to the mystery. there, mirabel finds a cave and gets pieces of a slab of emerald. after mirabel gets out, luisa realizes that her gift is weakening. after her family reminds her of the reasons that bruno is not to be talked about ("we don't talk about bruno"), mirabel rebuilds the slab and discovers it is an image of mirabel standing in front of a broken casita. mirabel takes this to mean that she will destroy the family.
later that evening, mirabel's oldest sister isabela, who can make plants and flowers grow at whenever she wants, is supposed to become engaged to their neighbour mariano guzmán. but then, mirabel's oldest cousin dolores, who has superhearing, lets everyone know that she overheard mirabel talking with her father about bruno's vision. the casita begins to crack again, causing everyone's powers to go out of control, ruining the night and mariano's proposal when pepa accidentally starts a rainstorm. as everyone runs, mirabel follows a group of rats and finds a secret passage behind a portrait. there she meets bruno, who tells that his vision of mirabel would have gotten her in trouble with the family so he broke the vision and went into hiding to protect her, hiding himself inside the house's walls so he could still be near them. bruno tells her that the vision could change, meaning that mirabel would either destroy the madrigal family or fix it. at mirabel's urging, he reluctantly conjures another vision. at first, it goes the same way as the last one, with mirabel still standing in front of a broken casita. but a golden butterfly appears, and the vision changes into an image of mirabel hugging a young woman, who seems to be isabela.
mirabel apologizes to isabela but accidentally gets her to admit that she does not want to marry mariano and actually hates having to be perfect. then isabella creates a cactus and wonders if she should grow whatever plants she feels like growing. ("what else can i do?"). after the song, they hug, fixing the candle and the cracks. but, alma sees the two of them, with isabela growing whatever she wants, and accuses mirabel of causing the family's problems out of jealousy for not having a gift. mirabel blames alma for the immense pressure she puts on the family. their rising argument weakens the candle again and creates a wikt:fissure that splits a nearby mountain and destroys the casita. despite mirabel's trying to save it, the candle dies in her hands, leaving all the madrigals powerless. while the family and several locals look at the damage, mirabel feels guilty and leaves the town.
after a few hours of fruitless search, alma finds a tearful mirabel back at the river where pedro died. she explains how, in her determination to preserve the magic, she ignored the toll it took on her family and finally takes responsibility for what happened ("dos oruguitas"). after hearing alma's tragic backstory, mirabel tells her that despite her flaws, she is the one who brought and protected the family together all these years. after a golden butterfly appears, they reconcile, and bruno appears and confronts alma to defend mirabel, unexpectedly cheering her up with his return. they reunite with the madrigals, and the townspeople arrive to help them rebuild the casita ("all of you"). when the house is rebuilt, the madrigals give mirabel a gleaming doorknob with an m on it. when she places it in the front door, the magic springs back to life, restoring the casita and all the family's gifts and spreading through the village. the madrigals pose for another family picture, this time with mirabel and bruno included.
the centre de documentation et d'étude sur la langue internationale (cdeli; english: center for documentation and study about the international language) in la chaux-de-fonds, switzerland, was founded in 1967 by . it is the main branch of the city's library. it contains more than 20,000 bibliographic units. interlinguistically neutral (thus "la langue internationale"), cdeli aims to preserve documents in and about all kinds of constructed languages: it offers, in addition to esperanto books and periodicals, the richest collections of materials about volapük and interlingue, among others.
bobs worth (21 may 2005 – 20 january 2022) was an irish-bred, british-trained thoroughbred racehorse. he won the albert bartlett novices' hurdle in 2011, the rsa chase in 2012 and the cheltenham gold cup in 2013 at the cheltenham festival. he was the first horse since flyingbolt in the 1960s to win three different races every year at the cheltenham festivals. 
bobs worth died on 20 january 2022, aged 17.
longview is a city in cowlitz county, washington, united states. longview's population was 36,648 at the time of the 2010 census. it is the largest city in cowlitz county.
kelso is a city in the southwestern part of the u.s. state of washington and is the county seat of cowlitz county. at the 2010 census, the population was 11,925.
robert george goalby (march 14, 1929 – january 20, 2022) was an american professional golfer on the pga tour. he won the masters tournament in 1968. he was born in belleville, illinois. he became a professional in 1952. he came in second place at the pga championship in 1962. 
goalby died on january 20, 2022 in belleville at the age of 92.
rödelmaier is a municipality in rhön-grabfeld in bavaria in germany.
saal an der saale is a municipality in rhön-grabfeld in bavaria in germany. it is on the river fränkische saale. the municipality has the two townships saal an der saale and waltershausen.
 ever since the 1978 municipal reform, it has been the seat of the joint administration of these independent communities: wülfershausen, großeibstadt, and saal an der saale. the entire administrative area is home to about 4200 residents as of 2008. 
salz is a municipality in rhön-grabfeld in bavaria in germany.
imran khan (; born imran pal; 13 january 1983) is an american former actor. he was the nephew of actor aamir khan and director-producer mansoor khan. his best known roles were in "i hate luv storys" (2010), "delhi belly" (2011), "mere brother ki dulhan" (2011) and "ek main aur ekk tu" (2012).
sandberg is a municipality in rhön-grabfeld in bavaria in germany.
sandberg is within the main-rhön regional planning region.
sandberg is divided into nine municipal subdivisions or villages:
schönau an der brend is a municipality with 1,378 residents in rhön-grabfeld in northern bavaria, germany. it has two villages: schönau an der brend and burgwallbach.
sondheim vor der rhön is a municipality in rhön-grabfeld, bavaria, germany. it is administrated by the "verwaltungsgemeinschaft ostheim".
stockheim is a municipality in rhön-grabfeld in bavaria in germany. it is in the streu valley between ostheim and mellrichstadt.
strahlungen is a municipality in rhön-grabfeld in bavaria in germany.
sulzdorf an der lederhecke is a municipality in rhön-grabfeld in bavaria in germany. the district has six villages: (obereßfeld, schwanhausen, serrfeld, sternberg im grabfeld, sulzdorf an der lederhecke, zimmerau) and four hamlets: brennhausen, heckenmühle, serrfeldermühle, sulzdorfermühle.
sulzfeld is a municipality in rhön-grabfeld in bavaria in germany. it has the following villages: kleinbardorf, leinach, sulzfeld, sulzfelder forst. the large regional jewish cemetery, jewish cemetery (kleinbardorf) is also in sulzfeld.
trappstadt is a municipality in rhön-grabfeld in bavaria, germany.
unsleben is a municipality in rhön-grabfeld in bavaria in germany.
unsleben is in the main-rhön area.
near its south-east sides, the brook els flows into the stream streu.
willmars is a municipality in rhön-grabfeld in bavaria in germany.
wollbach is a municipality in rhön-grabfeld in bavaria in germany.
wülfershausen is a municipality in rhön-grabfeld in bavaria in germany, on the saale river. the municipality has these two villages: wülfershausen and eichenhausen. the township is a member of the administrative community saal an der saale.
abenberg () is a town in roth, in bavaria, germany. it is 9 km west of roth bei nürnberg and 25 km southwest of nuremberg.
abenberg has 14 districts:
allersberg is a municipality in roth, in bavaria, germany.
büchenbach is a municipality in roth, in bavaria, germany.
georgensgmünd is a municipality in roth, in bavaria, germany.
greding () is a town in roth, in bavaria, germany. it is 28 km southeast of roth bei nürnberg and 32 km north of ingolstadt.
greding is in the south-eastern corner of middle franconia. the municipal area borders on two neighbouring bavarian districts, eichstätt and neumarkt, and also on the two regions of upper bavaria and upper palatinate. greding is about 32 km north of the city of ingolstadt on the a9 autobahn (junction 57).
greding stands on the river schwarzach in the altmühl valley nature park. two hills around the town are the kalvarienberg and the galgenberg.
the township of greding includes the villages of attenhofen, birkhof, esselberg, euerwang, grafenberg, großhöbing, günzenhofen, hausen, heimbach, herrnsberg, hofberg, kaising, kleinnottersdorf, kraftsbuch, landerzhofen, linden, mettendorf, obermässing, österberg, röckenhofen, schutzendorf, untermässing and viehhausen.
neighbouring townships are beilngries, berching, dietfurt an der altmühl, freystadt, hilpoltstein, kinding and thalmässing.
hausen is a village in the town greding in roth in middle franconia in bavaria.
the small village on the schwarzach and in the altmühl valley nature park.
heideck is a town in roth, in bavaria, germany. it is in the metropolitan area of nuremberg and at the same time in the franconian lake district.
hilpoltstein () is a town in roth, in bavaria, germany. it is 10 km southeast of roth bei nürnberg and 30 km south of nuremberg, close to the lake 'rothsee.
kammerstein is a municipality in roth in bavaria in germany.
rednitzhembach is municipality in roth in bavaria in germany.
rohr is a municipality in roth, in bavaria, germany.
röttenbach is a municipality in roth, in bavaria, germany.
schwanstetten is a municipality in roth, in bavaria, germany. schwanstetten is 15 km south of nuremberg.
division of the municipality.
after the local government reforms of 1978 schwanstetten has 6 districts:
spalt is a town in roth, in bavaria, germany. it is 19 km southwest of schwabach.
spalt is between nuremberg, ansbach, and treuchtlingen in the north of the franconian lakelands. in the southwest of the city is the great brombachsee and its dam. the fränkische rezat flows through georgensgmünd into the rednitz.
"(starting in the north and going clockwise)"
division of the town.
the following places belong to the community of spalt:
egelmühle, enderndorf, engelhof, fünfbronn, großweingarten, güsseldorf, hagsbronn, heiligenblut, hohenrad, höfstetten, hügelmühle, kaltenbrunn, keilberg, massendorf, mosbach, mühlreisig, nagelhof, ottmannsberg, schnittling, steinfurt, stiegelmühle, stockheim, straßenhaus, theilenberg, trautenfurt, untererlbach, wasserzell, wernfels
thalmässing is a municipality in roth, in bavaria, germany.
wendelstein is a municipality in roth, in bavaria, germany, about southeast of nuremberg.
wendelstein is about 13 km south-southeast of the center of the city of nuremberg in the schwarzach valley. to the north it borders nuremberg, to the east feucht, schwarzenbruck and pyrbaum, to the south allersberg and schwanstetten and to the west rednitzhembach and schwabach. the municipal area also includes an unsettled exclave, one square kilometer in size, of lorenzer reichswald north of a former ammunition dump, heeresmunitionsanstalt feucht.
oumar diakité (born 20 december 2003) is an ivorian professional footballer. he plays for fc liefering in the austrian second league as midfielder on loan from fc red bull salzburg. 
he started with asec mimosas. 2020/2021 he became part of their first squad. he played with them in the caf champions league and the caf confederation cup. in january 2022 he went to fc red bull salzburg in the austrian bundesliga and was loaned to fc liefering in the second league. 
ranbir sidhu is a canadian designer and artist based in toronto. sidhu is known for creating and exhibiting custom sculptures that defies gravity and reality. he was commissioned to design and create a custom piece called "ovo" for rapper drake, which was made from diamond dust and 24k gold flakes.
ranbir sidhu was born in london, england and raised in scarborough, toronto. according to bay street bull, "sidhu has been drawn to creation from a young age, his father fostered his talent early on with an architectural drafting table. sidhu attended pickering high school. in 2015, he launched his furniture design and art collective company "futurezona".
in march 2021, sidhu has designed and created a custom "ovo table" for drake. wrote, "the collaboration between drake and sidhu is monumental as it continues to propel the toronto art scene forward".
masaya okugawa (born 14 april 1996) is a japanese professional footballer. he plays as a midfielder for bundesliga club arminia bielefeld.
okugawa started with ayano boys club. then he went on to kyoto sanga fc and played in the youth system. in september 2014 he signed a professional contract with them. his debut was in the j2 league on 5 may 2015 against fc gifu.
in june 2015 he went on to red bull salzburg in the austrian bundesliga he was then loaned to liefering. he debuted for liefering in a league match versus kapfenberger sv. he made 64 matches for liefering. then he was loaned to sv mattersburg. 2018 he came back to salzburg and was loaned to holstein kiel till the end of 2018–19 season. 2019 he came back to salzburg and became part of the first squad. in july 2019 he debuted versus sc-esv parndorf 1919 in a cup match. his first goal was in a league match versus sk rapid wien also in july 2019. on 3 november 2020, okugawa scored his first uefa champions league goal in a 6–2 defeat against bayern munich in the 2020–21 season. he played 30 matches for salzburg and scored 9 goals. 
okugawa joined german club arminia bielefeld on loan on 31 january 2021. the deal contained an option to buy. in juny 2021 he became part of the bielefeld squad.
red bull salzburg
the alba party is a scottish nationalist and pro-independence political party in scotland. the party was founded by laurie flynn, with the former first minister of scotland alex salmond as leader. salmond created the party's 2021 scottish parliament election campaign in march 2021.
sir jeffrey mark donaldson (born 7 december 1962) is a northern irish politician. he has the leader of the democratic unionist party (dup) since june 2021. he has been the member of parliament (mp) for lagan valley since 1997. he is the leader of the dup in the uk house of commons since 2019. he is northern ireland's longest-serving current mp.
carla suzanne denyer (born 1985) is a british green party politician. she has been the co-leader of the green party of england and wales since 2021. she has been a city councillor in bristol since 2015.
adrian philip ramsay (born 1981) is a british politician and businessman. he is the co-leader of the green party of england and wales with carla denyer since 2021. he was the deputy leader of the green party of england and wales from 2008 to 2012. he was a norwich city councillor from 2003 to 2011.
he worked as chief executive of the centre for alternative technology from 2014 to 2019 and from 2019 has been ceo of mcs charitable foundation.
leland e. byrd (april 8, 1927 – january 19, 2022) was an american college athletic administrator, basketball player and coach. he was an all-american player at west virginia university (wvu). he later became an athletic director at many universities in the united states, even wvu. byrd was born in lynch, kentucky. he was raised in matoaka, west virginia. his playing career lasted from 1944 until 1948. he coached glenville state pioneers between 1955 until 1966.
byrd died on january 19, 2022 in morgantown, west virginia at the age of 94.
matoaka is a census-designated place in mercer county, west virginia, united states. the population was 227 at the 2010 census.
gloria mcmillan (march 13, 1933 – january 19, 2022) was an american actress. she mainly appeared on radio shows and specials. she was known for her role as harriet conklin on the 1950s sitcom "our miss brooks". her career began in 1947 and she retired in 1990. mcmillan was born in portland, oregon.
mcmillan died on january 19, 2022 in los angeles, california at the age of 88.
zara rutherford (born 5 july 2002) is a belgian-british pilot. she is the youngest female pilot to fly solo around the world. her five month journey began in kortrijk, belgium, on 18 august 2021. it ended on 20 january 2022.
carl johanson is a swedish author and illustrator of bangladeshi descent who lives and works in brittany, west of france. he is well known for the book "all kinds of cars".
he was born in west coast.
 is a japanese–british singer-songwriter and model.
rina sawayama is a japanese female artist from niigata prefecture. she is currently attracting attention as the next pop icon in the uk. she is an artist and creator who self produces her own music videos, writes lyrics and composition. 
rina sawayama was born on 16th of august 1990. her hometown is niigata prefecture. her occupations are singer, model and music composer. the labels are avex in japan and dirty hits in the uk. 
in 2013, rina sawayama started her career with her first single “sleeping in walking”. after then her first mini album “rina” released in 2017 was selected as one of the “artist to know in 2017” by the fader(usa) and “dazed 100(100 creators of the next generation)”by dazed(uk).  in november 2019, she was awarded “vogue japan women of the year 2019” which is given to women who have made various achievements in the year. on april 17, 2020, they released their first studio album, “sawayama”. it received high praise from music critics, with a 5-star rating from ”nme”, 4-star ratings from ”allmusic”, independent, and ”rolling stone”, and an 89/100 rating from the review collection site metacritic.
her career has not been limited to music, and it has been announced that she will appear as a main cast member in the movie "john wick: chapter 4" to be released in 2022.
rina sawayama was born in niigata in 1990, she later moved to tokyo and then to london when she was four years old due to her father's job transfer. after attending a japanese school in north london, she studied political science at cambridge university. however, rina sawayama is bullied and driven to the brink of depression on campus, where the old ways of white family society still exist and discrimination and prejudice against students from asian and western countries still persist. at that time, she met the lgbtq community on campus and was saved by the members of the group. 
there are four members in the family: his mother, father, and an older brother. rina sawayama parents divorced when she was a teenager. after that, she stayed in london with her mother and lived there.  she has an older brother who is a translator, web designer, copywriter, photographer, and web consultant.  now, all of her family members live in japan apart from rina sawayama.
rina sawayama is also a model. in 2013, she started working with “anti agency”, a modeling agency created by her friend. she was selected as a campaign model for the 2016 osaka building, “lucua osaka”. it was also announced that she will be a main cast member in the movie "john wick chapter 4" scheduled to be released in 2022.
awards and nominations.
rina sawayama named one of noisey's "25 women under 25 who are absolutely killing it right now" for international women's day 2016. in 2017, she was selected as one of the "dazed 100" nominees, a group of 100 next-generation creators who will be responsible for the future of youth culture. november 2019, ”vogue japan women of the year 2019” will be awarded to women who have shone in a variety of fields that year. in 2020, her first album ”sawayama” was awarded ”allmusic best of 2020” ”and favorite pop album”.
last dance is a 1996 american drama movie directed by bruce beresford and starring sharon stone, rob morrow, randy quaid, peter gallagher, jack thompson, jayne brook, skeet ulrich, patricia french. it was distributed by touchstone pictures and was a box office disappointment.
antonina girycz (20 february 1939 – 19 january 2022) was a polish actress. she appeared in more than 50 movies and television shows. her career began in 1966. girycz was known for her roles in "katastrofa" (1965) and "a woman's decision" (1975). she was born in berdyczów, poland.
girycz died on 19 january 2022 at the age of 82.
berdychiv (, polish: berdyczów, , ) is a city in the zhytomyr oblast (province) of northern ukraine. it is the administrative center of the berdychiv raion (district).
the bogoso explosion happened on a road near bogoso, western region, ghana on 20 january 2022. a truck taking mining explosives crashed with a motorcycle. the explosion damaged the nearby apiate village. the driver of the truck had noticed a fire and ran to warn people nearby to run to safety.
the blast destroyed many buildings and left a large crater next to the road. at least 17 people were killed and 59 injured.
bogoso is a town and is the capital of prestea-huni valley district, a district in the western region of ghana. the weather is known for being very tropical.
ecnomiohyla veraguensis is a frog that lives in costa rica and panama. scientists have seen it at 540 meters above sea level. it lives in the talamanca mountains in costa rica and in the santa fé national park in panama.
this frog lives high in the tree branches.
ruth heller aucott (born c. 1934) is an american former field hockey player and official. she played on the u.s. women's national field hockey team seven times from 1955 to 1967. she was one of the first people honored into the u.s. field hockey association hall of fame. she was born in abington, pennsylvania.
angela marie "chickie" geraci poisson, formerly angelea marie geraci (born june 18, 1931), is an american former field hockey player and coach. she played on u.s. women's national field hockey team from 1953 to 1963. she was in the first class of people honored into the u.s. field hockey association hall of fame. geraci poisson was born in east orange, new jersey.
butterfly kiss is a 1995 british road drama movie directed by michael winterbottom and starring amanda plummer, saskia reeves, kathy jamieson, lisa riley, freda dowie, fine time fontayne, katy murphy, emily aston, ricky tomlinson.
william richard tolbert jr. (13 may 1913 – 12 april 1980) was the 20th president of liberia from 1971 until he was assassinated in 1980 liberian coup d'état by the order of samuel doe.
on april 12, 1980, tolbert was killed in monrovia early today in a coup by disgruntled army enlisted men ostensibly representing the long disenfranchised indigenous population of that country. he was shot three times in the head by a band of soldiers who broke into the executive mansion at 1 a.m., according to reports reaching here. samuel doe commands the soldiers by overthrow and execute tolbert.
maura t. healey (born february 8, 1971 in bethesda, maryland) is an american politician and lawyer. healey is the attorney general for the state of massachusetts. she is a member in the united states' democratic party.
healey became the attorney general for the state of massachusetts in 2015. she was elected the second time three years later.
in the 2022 massachusetts gubernatorial elections, healey began her run for governor of the state. she won the democratic nomination in september 2022.
the nova bus lfs hev is a diesel electric hybrid version of the nova bus lfs. it was launched at the 2006 cuta trans-expo in toronto. the first examples went to sto at the beginning of 2007. the nova bus lfs hev has diesel electric hybrid propulsion.
the nova bus lfs artic is an articulated version of the nova bus lfs. it is made for high ridership routes or bus rapid transit (brt). the lfs artic had its formal unveiling at the 2007 cuta trans-expo. the nova bus lfs artic has diesel propulsion.
halt and catch fire is an american historical drama television series. it was shown on television channel amc in the united states from june 1, 2014, to october 14, 2017. the series had 40 episodes and 4 seasons. main actors of the program include lee pace, scoot mcnairy, mackenzie davis.
laksam is a small city in cumilla district of bangladesh. it is in the chittagong division. laksam is the birthplace of asia's first female nawab (royal title of powerful rulers) and one of the earliest female education activist faizunnsa chowdhurani.
punjabi : ਨਵਾਬ;
urdu: نواب), also spelt nawaab, navaab, navab, nowab, nabob, nawaabshah, nawabshah or nobab, is a royal title. it was used by sovereign ruler, often of a south asian state. in in many ways it is similar to the western titles of king. the relationship of a nawab to the emperor of india has been compared to that of the kings of saxony to the german emperor. in earlier times, the title was given by the mughal emperor to muslim rulers of subdivisions or princely states in the indian subcontinent who were loyal to the mughal empire. the title is an equivalent to the title maharaja. 
"nawab" usually refers to males. it means "viceroy". the female equivalent is "begum" or "nawab begum". the primary duty of a nawab was the administration of a certain province.
similar to a british peerage, the title of "nawabi" was also given to persons and families who ruled a princely state of british india. in some cases, the titles were also given with jagir grants. these were either cash or land-holdings. 
playsight interactive is company that combine camera, artificial intel igence and sports. it offers smart sports video platform for over 25 sports and across 20 countries. for example basketball, tennis, ice hockey and soccer. there are over 1000 smartcourts lockated around the world. you can find the smartcourts there: golden state warriors, toronto raptors, detroit pistons and phoenix suns and over 70 ncaa sports programs, including harvard university, the university of southern california, indiana university, claremont colleges, fairleigh dickinson university and princeton university. the united states tennis association has playsight's smartcourt technology on 32 courts in lake nona, florida. playsight was one of fast company's most innovative companies in 2017 and 2018.
playsight was founded in kfar saba, israel, in 2010. they used technology with roots in the israeli military. at first the three partners were developing weaponry and war simulators for the israeli army. after one of the partners, evgeni khazanov, looling for his daughter’s tennis practice. he wondered why a sport with so much money did not have any advanced technology to help players improve their game.
the technology was commercialized in 2013. later it was adapted for many other sports including soccer, martial arts, volleyball, squash, handball, gymnastics, dancing, hockey and wrestling. playsight costs $20 million and now has offices in kfar saba, new jersey and los angeles. 
goodbarber is a no-code development platform, developed in france, which allows users unfamiliar with programming to build mobile apps and progressive web applications, using drag and drop graphic user interface.
goodbarber was born from the merger of two french software companies, duoapps and webzinemaker, it was founded in 2001, in ajaccio (corsica), by françois-sébastien simoni and 3 associates (j. pietri, p. chiappe and f. bernardini). at the beginnings, the goodbarber's platform performed as generator of blogs in saas mode, websites and webtvs. in 2011, duoapps and webzinemaker officially launched the native mobile application builder named goodbarber in order to develop and market a technical solution to build native ios and android applications and progressive web apps, for content publishing and ecommerce shopping stores. also used as content management system by some research organizations.
goodbarber's technology is recognized among no-code development platforms, best known as app builders or app makers.
as a cross-platform software, the technical platform generate mobile applications compatibles for mobile phones for both android and ios and progressive web application (pwa) mobile applications, accessible from the web through by a mobile browser.
in the same class of software, other noticeable companies are appy pie, appsheet, buildfire, microsoft powerapps, appinstitute, zoho.
initially launched on the english and french markets, between 2013 and 2015 goodbarber was enhanced to integrate italian, spanish, german, portuguese and turkish in its editor interfaces.
in april 2015, goodbarber acquired mougli, an online appointment platform for professionals
in december 2018, the companies webzinemaker and duoapps merged into a single entity under the name of goodbarber.
developments, locations and key figures.
in 2013, goodbarber first attended mobile world congress.
goodbarber has been listed in the ft 1000 by the financial times and the french economic newspaper les echos.
in 2020, it integrated the mercado pago payment platform, as payment solution for ecommerce apps.
goodbarber is physically established in 3 countries (france, portugal and the united states)
the golden-eyed fringe-limbed tree frog ("ecnomiohyla bailarina") is a frog that lives in panama and costa rica. scientists have seen it between 400 and 1400 meters above sea level. it lives in the talamanca mountains in costa rica and in the santa fé national park in panama.
this frog lives high up in the tree branches.
the lesser swimming frog ("pseudis minuta") is a frog that lives in argentina, uruguay, brazil and scientists think it could also live in paraguay.
the people's liberation army of namibia (plan) was the armed wing of the south west africa people's organisation. plan fought against the apartheid south african defence force and south west african territorial force during the south african border war. in its history, plan used guerrilla tactics and as well as a large recruitment network in rural south west africa to gain popularity. 
during the border war most of plan’s activities includes mine warfare and acts of sabotage. at first plan lacked any units, and the operations were carried out by political exiles who spent time living in refugee camps in neighbouring country such as people’s republic of angola. mpla helped plan launch raids inside south west africa itself. by the end of the war, plan had 32,000 members with three battalions of troops equipped with heavy weapons.
 is a city in fukui prefecture, japan.
from japanese census data,
 is a city in fukui prefecture, japan.
from japanese census data,
richard rich, 1st baron rich (july 1496 – 12 june 1567), was lord chancellor during king edward vi of england's reign, from 1547 until january 1552. he was the founder of felsted school with its associated alms houses in essex in 1564. he was a beneficiary of the dissolution of the monasteries, and persecuted perceived opponents of the king and their policies. he played a role in the trials of catholic martyrs thomas more and john fisher as well as that of protestant martyr anne askew.
mirtha sebastiana uribe soriano (born 12 march 1985) is a peruvian volleyball player.​ she was a member of the peru women's national volleyball team.
she competed at the 2003 pan american games , 2007 pan american games , 2011 pan american games , 2015 pan american games, 2006 women's pan-american volleyball cup, 2007 women's pan-american volleyball cup , 2008 women's pan-american volleyball cup , 2009 women's pan-american volleyball cup, 2010 women's pan-american volleyball cup, 2011 women's pan-american volleyball cup, and 2013 women's pan-american volleyball cup.
she competed at the 2006 fivb volleyball women's world championship, 2010 fivb volleyball women's world championship, 2011 fivb world grand prix, 2015 fivb volleyball women's world cup, 2015 fivb world grand prix. and 2017 fivb world grand prix.
she played for cv universidad de san martín de porres.
she played for alianza lima, deportivo jaamsa, circolo sportivo italiano, and latino amisa.
vera aleksandrovna klimovich (born 29 april 1988 minsk) is a belarusian volleyball player.
she competed at the 2015 women's european volleyball championship, 2017 women's european volleyball championship, 2019 women's european volleyball championship, and 2019 women's european volleyball league winning a bronze medal.
on club level she plays for vb casalmaggiore, volley 2002 forlì, maccabi xt haifa, and hämeenlinnan lentopallokerho.
carlos percy liza espinoza (; born 10 april 2000) is a peruvian professional footballer who plays as a forward for peruvian primera división club sporting cristal.
carlos percy liza espinoza was born in chimbote, in the department of ancash. percy grew up in a christian family and in a home with average conditions.
born and raised in the city of chimbote, at the age of 17 he settled in lima, where sporting cristal agreed to discipline him after his transfer to the capital. after a rapid progression through the reserve team, proclaiming himself in 2018, he made his official debut with the first team in april 2019 at the age of 18. after being prone to injuries early in his career, he established one more season in reserve reaching the two-time championship that year. the following year he established himself as a fundamental player for the club, winning his first title in the 2020 season. another season followed, in which liza managed to win the torneo apertura, copa bicentenario and would be proclaimed runner-up in the tournament.
florin stoian (born 1 october 1979), better known by his stage name florin salam, is a roma manele singer.
roland freisler (30 october 1893 – 3 february 1945) was a german nazi jurist, judge, and politician who served as the state secretary of the reich ministry of justice from 1934 to 1942 and president of the people's court from 1942 to 1945.
he was a prominent ideologist of nazism who influenced the nazification of germany's legal system as a jurist, and he attended the wannsee conference, the event which set the holocaust in motion. he was appointed president of the people's court in 1942, overseeing the prosecution of political crimes as a judge, becoming known for his aggressive personality, humiliation of defendants, and frequent sentencing with the death penalty.
although the death penalty was abolished with the creation of the federal republic, he defined murder in german law in 1941, which survives to date in the strafgesetzbuch § 211.
the feldherrnhalle (field marshals' hall) is a large loggia in munich, germany. it was made similar to the loggia dei lanzi in florence, italy the building was commissioned in 1841 by king ludwig i of bavaria. he had it built to honour the tradition of the bavarian army.
in 1923, it was the site of the brief battle that ended hitler's beer hall putsch. during the nazi era, it was a monument to members of the nazi party who died there.
the feldherrnhalle was built between 1841 and 1844. it was built at the southern end of munich's ludwigstrasse. it is next to the palais preysing and east of the hofgarten. before it was built, the gothic "schwabinger tor" (gate) was in that place. friedrich von gärtner built the feldherrnhalle> he was requested to do so by king ludwig i of bavaria.
the feldherrnhalle was a symbol of the honours of the bavarian army. it included statues of two military leaders; johann tilly and karl philipp von wrede. tilly led bavarians in the thirty years war. philipp von wrede led the fight against napoleon. the statues were created by ludwig schwanthaler.
a group by was added to the centre of the monument in 1892, after the franco-prussian war it represented the victory over france. the lions were created by wilhelm von rümann. they were added in 1906. 
site of the beer hall putsch.
the feldherrnhalle was the scene of a conflict on 9 november 1923. it was between the bavarian state police and the followers of adolf hitler. this was the end of the nazis' failed attempt to take over the bavarian state. that is commonly referred to as the "beer hall putsch". in the gun battle, four policemen and fourteen marchers were killed. many more were wounded, including hermann göring. 
after the nazis took power in 1933, hitler turned the feldherrnhalle into a memorial to the nazis killed there. a memorial to the killed men was put up on its east side. it is opposite the location of the shootings. this monument was called the "mahnmal der bewegung". it was designed by paul ludwig troost. the square in front of the feldherrnhalle (the odeonsplatz) was used for ss parades and rallies. new ss recruits took their oath of loyalty to hitler in front of the memorial.
after the war.
at the end of the war, the feldherrnhalle was changed back to how it was earlier. local people smashed the "mahnmal der bewegung" to pieces on 3 june 1945. in the 1950s, a plan to move bavaria's memorial to the unknown soldier to the feldherrnhalle was ended. there was concerns that neo-nazis would meet at the site.
on 25 april 1995, reinhold elstner set himself on fire in front of feldhernhalle. he did this to protest against "the ongoing official slander and demonization of the german people and german soldiers". 
arnstorf is a municipality in rottal-inn in bavaria in germany.
arnstorf has 151 municipal parts:
ruppertskirchen is a village in the municipality of arnstorf in rottal-inn in lower bavaria in southern germany. ruppertskirchen is on the simbach stream between arnstorf and simbach bei landau on state highway 2112. before the regional reorganisation in bavaria in 1972 ruppertskirchen was an independent municipality with 42 subdivisions. at that time ruppertskirchen was the largest municipality in present-day markt arnstorf and, in terms of area, the largest in the old district of eggenfelden. it had a railway stop on the old landau–arnstorf railway.
aicha, altmannskinden, asbach, bergham, blumdorf, bruckbach, bruckmühle, dingelsberg, döttenberg, eck, ed, eiselstorf, freising, furtschneid, grafendorf, hag, holz, kattenberg, kolmöd, kornöd, lindach, mühlberg, niederlucken, nömer, picklöd, puch, püchl, raisting, reitberg, schröttendorf, sendllmeier, sichenpoint, siegerstorf, sommerstorf, staudach, steindorf, stelzenöd, stockahausen, volkstorf, zenzlhub, zwilling. 
bad birnbach is a municipality in rottal-inn in bavaria in germany.
bayerbach is a municipality in rottal-inn in bavaria in germany.
dietersburg is a municipality in rottal-inn in bavaria in germany.
francesco paolo fulci (19 march 1931 – 21 january 2022) was an italian politician. he was born in messina, italy. fulci was the italian ambassador to the united nations between 1993 until 1999 during the oscar luigi scalfaro presidency.
fulci died on 21 january 2022 at the age of 90.
james ricardo forbes (july 18, 1952 – january 21, 2022) was an american basketball player. he played for the united states national basketball team during the 1972 olympics, where he won a silver medal. forbes was born in dale county, alabama. he was drafted by the chicago bulls in 1974, but never played for them.
forbes died on january 21, 2022 in el paso, texas from problems caused by covid-19, aged 69.
mace alvin neufeld (july 13, 1928 – january 20, 2022) was an american movie and television producer. neufeld was born in new york city. he produced "the hunt for red october", "invictus" and "the equalizer".
neufeld died on january 20, 2022. he was 93.
john d. hawke jr. (june 29, 1933 – january 3, 2022) was an american lawyer and politician. he was the united states under secretary of the treasury for domestic finance from 1995 to 1998 during the bill clinton presidency. he was the united states comptroller of the currency from 1998 to 2004 during the clinton and george w. bush presidencies. hawke jr. was born in new york city.
hawke jr. died on january 3, 2022 in washington, d.c. from cancer, aged 88.
"lucky" is a song by jason mraz and colbie caillat. it is the third single from mraz's third studio album "we sing. we dance. we steal things." mraz and caillat won the 2010 grammy award for best pop collaboration with vocals. mraz and lil wayne also did a remix of the song "lucky" and later was released on z100. 
"lucky" first appeared on the "billboard" hot 100 at number 96. on the same week it had a debut on the pop 100 chart at 84 and moved to a peak of 48. the next week the song rose to number 84 on the hot 100 and peaked at number 48. 
mechanicsville is an unincorporated area and census-designated place (cdp) in hanover county, virginia, united states. the population was 36,348 during the 2010 census.
ricki lynn seidman (born august 24, 1955) is an activist and political adviser and a government official.
seidman was born on august 24, 1955, to a jewish family to frank seidman and eileen joan. 
seidman graduated with b.a. from miami university and got a j.d. from the university of georgia school of law. upon completion she worked as a senior investigator for the investigation firm.
blessing annatoria chitapa is a zimbabwe-born who has won the ninth series of "the voice uk." 
she was auditioned for the ninth series of the voice uk. she was then announced as the winner of the series after performing "angels" by robbie williams in 2020.
the r160a and r160b are types of new york city subway cars made by alstom and kawasaki. they were made in 2005 and delivered in 2006. by 2010 all units were in new york and were assigned to multiple routes on the new york city subway. they are new technology types. the r160a is numbered from 8313 to 9974 and the r160b is numbered from 8713 to 9942. they were both built to run on the nyc subway b division lines (lettered services). there are 4 types of r160s, they are the r160a-1, r160a-2, r160b-1, r160b-2.
the r142a is a new york city subway car by kawasaki. it was built and delivered from 1999 to 2003 , the r142a numbers are 7211 to 7810 and the r142 and r142a were the first series of new technology trains , it was built for operation on the nyc subway a division (number services).
the r188 is a new york city subway car by kawasaki for the new york city subway. this series is composed of 126 new cars built from 2012 to 2016 and 380 r142a conversation cars originally built from 1999 to 2002. the r188 are used by the a division and run exclusively on the irt flushing line.
the committee against torture (cat) is a group founded by the united nations (un). the committee is a group of human rights experts that watch and supervise the united nations convention against torture. the committee is one of eight un-related human rights agreements. all countries that have agreed to the convention must send regular reports to the committee on how human rights are being applied. once a country has approved the convention, they must send a report to the committee in one year. after that, they must send a report every four years.
the committee looks into each report and might tell the country some suggestions on how to improve their human rights. sometimes, the committee may think about complaints from people that say that their convention rights have been broken.
karna is one of the major character, as described in the epic mahabharata. he is regarded as the vaikartana in the epic mahabharata. 
he is known for his heroic acts as a warrior and the donor. 
gas-s-s-s (on-screen title: gas! -or- it became necessary to destroy the world in order to save it.) is a 1970 american science fiction black comedy movie directed by roger corman and starring robert corff, elaine giftos, cindy williams, bud cort, talia shire, george armitage. it was distributed by american international pictures.
harold and maude is a 1971 american romantic black comedy movie directed by hal ashby and starring bud cort, ruth gordon, vivian pickles, eric christmas, tom skerritt, cyril cusack, charles tyner. it was distributed by paramount pictures and became a cult classic.
hachijō language is the language that is spoken in the island of hachijō-jima in tokyo.
eduardo raúl flores (23 april 1944 – 20 january 2022) was an argentine football striker. he played for estudiantes de la plata in argentina and nancy in france.
flores died on 20 january 2022 in buenos aires from cancer, aged 77.
the adventures of god () is a 2000 argentine fantasy drama movie directed by eliseo subiela and starring pasta dioguardi, flor sabatella, daniel freire, lorenzo quinteros, maría concepción césar.
clark "jethro" gillies (april 7, 1954 – january 21, 2022) was a canadian professional ice hockey player. he played for the new york islanders and buffalo sabres of the national hockey league between 1974 and 1988. gilles was captain of the islanders from 1977 to 1979. he won the stanley cup four years in a row with them, from 1980 to 1983. he was elected to the hockey hall of fame in 2002. gillies was born in moose jaw, saskatchewan, canada.
gillies died on january 21, 2022 at the age of 67.
adolfo lugo verduzco (24 march 1933 – 21 january 2022) was a mexican politician. he was a member of the institutional revolutionary party (pri). lugo verduzco was born in hidalgo, mexico. he was a senator for hidalgo between 1982 until 1987. he was also governor of hidalgo between 1987 until 1993.
lugo verduzco died on 21 january 2022 in pachuca, mexico at the age of 88.
arthur jeffrey tarnow (february 3, 1942 – january 21, 2022) was an american politician and lawyer. he was a united states district judge of the united states district court for the eastern district of michigan between 1998 until his death. he was nominated to the court by president bill clinton. tarnow was born in detroit, michigan.
tarnow died at a detroit hospital on january 21, 2022 from heart disease, aged 79.
the northern cardinal ("cardinalis cardinalis") is a bird in the genus "cardinalis"; it is also known as the redbird, common cardinal, red cardinal, or just cardinal. it can be found in southeastern canada, through the eastern united states from maine to minnesota to texas, new mexico, illinois southern arizona, southern california, and south through mexico, belize, and guatemala. 
the northern cardinal is the state bird of seven u.s. states, more than any other species: illinois, indiana, kentucky, north carolina, ohio, virginia, and west virginia. it was also a candidate to become the state bird of delaware, but lost to the delaware blue hen.
subhash bhowmick (2 october 1950 – 22 january 2022) was an indian footballer and manager. during his playing career, he played for east bengal and mohun bagan. he also played for india between 1970 and 1985. bhowmick was born in english bazar, malda, west bengal, india.
bhowmick died in ekbalpur, india on 22 january 2022 from problems caused by kidney disease and diabetes at the age of 71.
gianni di marzio (8 january 1940 – 22 january 2022) was an italian football manager. he was born in naples, italy. he was known for managing napoli, catania and catanzaro. his managing career lasted from 1968 until 2016. between 1963 until 1964, he played for s.s. juve stabia.
di marzio died in padua, italy on 22 january 2022, two weeks after his 82nd birthday.
colm keane (1951 – 22 january 2022) was an irish author, broadcaster and journalist. he wrote 29 books, including eight no.1 irish best-sellers. he was born in county cork, ireland. in the 1980s, he was hired to work with rté radio 1.
keane died on 22 january 2022, aged 70.
karen mayne (born april 6) is an american politician. she is a member of the utah senate from the 5th district since 2008. she became the state senate's minority leader in 2019. mayne was born in salt lake city, utah. mayne is a member of the democratic party.
in january 2022, mayne was hospitalized after falling at her home and suffered from a head and shoulder injury. she was later diagnosed with cancer.
alta is a town in eastern salt lake county, utah, united states. it is part of the salt lake city, utah metropolitan statistical area. the population was 383 at the 2010 census.
on 21 january 2022, an airstrike hit a prison in saada, yemen. it killed at least 100 people and injured more than 200 others.
fighter jets from the saudi military coalition bombed a makeshift prison in saada province, killing at least 87 prisoners. those injured in the attack are still being rescued.
saada () is the capital city of saada governorate in north-western yemen. its population in 2004 was about 51,870. 
hatsune miku, (japanese : 初音ミク), also called miku hatsune, is a japanese virtual singer created by crypton future media and its official character portrayal of a 16 year old girl with long turquoise ponytails. miku's personification was launched as a virtual idol and performed on stage as an animated projection.
miku uses yamaha corporation's vocaloid 2, vocaloid 3 and vocaloid 4 vocal synthesis technologies. she also uses crypton future media's piapro studio, a stand-alone vocal synthesizer editor. she was the second vocaloid sold using the vocaloid 2 engine and the first japanese vocaloid to use the japanese version of the 2 engine. her voice is based on that of japanese actress saki fujita.
the character's name comes from a combination of the japanese words for first (初, hatsu), sound (音, ne), and future (ミク, miku[a]), meaning "the first sound of the future", referring to his position as the first in crypton's "character vocal series".
ben dunne (19 may 1908 – 14 april 1983) was the founder of dunnes stores.
ben dunne was born bernard dunne on 19 may 1908, in county down, ireland. when he was young, he would often pick berries and help at a butcher’s shop. he went to st. mary's school until he was 14 years old.
in 1926, when he was 18, after deciding not to emigrate to the united states, dunne moved to drogheda and worked in anderson's drapery store there, he then moved to cameron's drapery store in longford before finally moving to roches stores in cork in the mid–1930s, it was there he met his wife nora maloney, they married in 1939.
in 1944, ben dunne left roches stores to open his own store, dunnes stores, on patrick's street in cork. police were forced to deal with crowds on opening day. he made an agreement with des darrer until 1952, when darrer rebranded the dunnes stores as darrers stores, it closed down in 2007.
later life and death.
in 1960, groceries were introduced to dunnes stores, and he saw a number of changes in the 1960s and 1970s, he passed away of a heart attack on 14 april 1983, at the age of 74.
the paradoxical swimming frog, paradox frog, jackie, jacky, proteus frog, swimming frog, or paradoxical frog ("pseudis paradoxa") is a frog that lives in colombia, the guianas, french guiana, guyana, suriname, bolivia, trinidad, and peru.
most adult frogs are 45 to 65 mm long from nose to rear end, but some of them can be more than 75 mm long.
the skin on the frog's back is green toward the head and front. it is brown toward the rear end. it can have three or four brown lines. the frog's belly is white.
this frog eats insects and smaller frogs.
this frog mates after rain or other wet weather. the male frogs hide next to plants near the top of the water and sing for females. the females lay eggs that look like green froth on the top of the water.
if the mother frog lays eggs in a temporary body of water (the kind that dries up), the tadpoles turn into frogs quickly. if the mother frog lays eggs in a permanent body of water, the tadpoles stay tadpoles for a long time. these tadpoles grow to huge sizes.
the tadpoles of this frog can grow to be 22.0 cm long, much larger than the adult frogs. this is one of the largest tadpoles of any frog in the world. it is smaller when it is an adult than when it is a tadpole.
the name "paradox" here means "riddle" or "something backwards." for this frog, it means that the tadpole is larger than the adult.
the historical fort of agra is located in the indian city of agra. it was constructed by the mughal emperor akbar between 1565 and 1573.
up until the mughals seized it during the mughal dynasty, until 1638, when the capital was moved from agra to delhi, it served as the primary palace for the sikarwar clan of rajput monarchs. 
it was also known as "lal-qila," "fort rouge," and "qila-i-akbari."the marathas were the last indian kings to rule it before being taken by the british. 
the agra fort was officially listed as a unesco world heritage site in 1983. it is located around 2.5 kilometers northwest of the taj mahal, it's more well-known sibling structure. 
the walled city is a better way to characterize the fort. 
the past of agra fort before mahmud ghaznavi's assault is unknown, just like the rest of agra. however, the chauhan rajputs took control of it in the 15th century. 
sikandar lodi (a.d. 1487–1517), who relocated his capital from delhi to agra and built a few structures in the already-existing fort at agra, gave that city its position as the nation's capital shortly after.
the mughals seized control of the fort and ruled from it after the first battle of panipat (1526 a.d.). humayun was crowned there in a.d. 1530. throughout the reign of akbar, the fort acquired its current look.
currently, it serves as a tourist destination and is maintained by the government.
the union sportive bergerac rugby valley of dordogne is a french rugby union club. it is based in bergerac, in the dordogne department.
he is playing in federal 2 for the 2021-2022 season. 
the paris peace accords was a peace treaty signed on january 27, 1973. it was planned to end the vietnam war and restore peace in vietnam. henry kissinger and lê đức thọ were awarded the nobel peace prize for their efforts. lê đức thọ did not want it because there was not any peace. the agreement's rules were broken by both north and south vietnamese forces. two years later, this led to north vietnam taking saigon, then combined it into modern day vietnam.
scota and scotia are the names given to the mythological daughters of two different egyptian pharaohs in irish mythology and scottish mythology. the legends vary but all agree that a scota was the ancestor of the gaels. they traced their ancestry to irish invaders, called scotti. the scotti settled in argyll and caledonia. these area later became scotland.
carl johan merner is a swedish film producer. he is better known as the producer of "gnomes and trolls: the secret chamber" and "the real estate".
 is a city in fukui prefecture, japan.
from japanese census data,
 is a city in fukui prefecture, japan.
from japanese census data,
this is a list of television programs formerly or currently broadcast on cartoon network and hbo max's cartoonito in the united states.
 is a city in fukui prefecture, japan.
from japanese census data,
antónio josé lima pereira (1 february 1952 – 22 january 2022) was a portuguese footballer. he played as a central defender. pereira made twenty appearances for the national team between 1981 until 1985. he was born in póvoa de varzim, portugal.
pereira died on 22 january 2022, aged 69.
emerich roth (28 august 1924 – 22 january 2022) was a czechoslovakian-born swedish author and lecturer. he was known for his works about spreading information about racism and violence committed by the nazis during the holocaust. roth was a holocaust survivor and was sent to auschwitz concentration camp.
elio pietrini (2 january 1939 – 18 january 2022) was an argentine-born venezuelan actor. he appeared in many telenovelas. pietrini was born in buenos aires, argentina. he was known for his role as rubén in "abigail". he also appeared in "amores de fin de siglo" and "destino de mujer".
pietrini died on 18 january 2022 in miami, florida from covid-19, aged 83.
the covid-19 pandemic was first seen in the state of pennsylvania in march 2020. as of january 22, 2022, almost 2,543,000 people had tested positive for covid-19. in addition, as of the same date, almost 39,400 had died after testing positive.
the covid-19 numbers improved slightly in late january 2022 in pennsylvania.
statistics of the state.
as of january 22, 2022, most of the state's cases were in or near erie, pittsburgh, allentown and york-gettysburg-lancaster.
lucy haeran koh (born august 7, 1968) is an american politician and lawyer. she is the united states circuit judge of the united states court of appeals for the ninth circuit since 2021. she was nominated to the court by president joe biden. she is the first korean american woman to be a federal appellate court in the united states. 
koh was a united states district judge of the united states district court for the northern district of california between 2010 until 2021. she was nominated to this court by president barack obama.
cailleach, also known as beara, was a goddess in ancient celtic mythology. she is often portrayed as the founding deity of scotland. cailleach is sometimes regarded as the daughter of the irish moon god, elier mac delbáed. she was worshipped as a heavenly hag, and supreme being.
 ('old woman' or 'hag' in modern irish and scottish gaelic) comes from the old irish ('veiled one'), an adjectival form of ('veil'), an early loan from latin , 'woollen cloak'.
the ventures are an american instrumental rock band. they were formed in 1958 in tacoma, washington, by don wilson and bob bogle. the band was a four member group that helped make the electric guitar popular in the united states and across the world during the 1960s. however, they were very popular in japan.
john barnett rambo (august 9, 1943 – january 8, 2022) was an american professional basketball player and high jumper. he won a bronze medal in the 1964 summer olympics in tokyo. rambo was born in atlanta, texas.
rambo died on january 8, 2022 from a heart attack in paramount, california at the age of 78.
crooked streets is a 1920 american spy drama movie directed by paul powell and was based on the short story "dinner at eight" by samuel merwin. it stars ethel clayton, jack holt, clyde fillmore, clarence geldart, joseph crowell and was distributed by paramount pictures.
eggenfelden is a municipality in rottal-inn in bavaria, germany.
eggenfelden is in the valley of the rott at the intersection of b 20 with the b 388 and the beginning of the b 588. the city has two railway stations on the railway passau - neumarkt - sankt veit as well as an airfield (airfield eggenfelden). eggenfelden is about 56 km southeast of landshut, 60 km south of straubing, 70 km south-west of passau, 84 kilometers north of salzburg and 110 kilometers east of munich.
the municipality eggenfelden has 119 officially named districts:
egglham is a municipality in rottal-inn in bavaria in germany.
ering is a municipality in rottal-inn in bavaria in germany.
ellery queen is an american mystery drama series that aired on nbc. it was based on the fictional character of the same name and ran for one season and 22 episodes from 11 september, 1975 to 4 april, 1976. it starred jim hutton as the title character and david wayne as the inspector.
the proterra catalyst be40 is a low floor, battery electric transit bus made by proterra catalyst. it was first made as the 40 - foot catalyst be40 at the 2014 apta bus and paratransit conference in kansas city. foothill transit, the launch customer for the first generation bus, was the first to order the latest generation bus. the be40 has battery electric propulsion. this bus has probably retired from mta nyc transit because it was replaced by the xde40 and the xe40.
the m queens boulevard local/sixth avenue local is a rapid transit service in the b division of the new york city subway. it’s route or bullet has been colored orange , since it uses the ind sixth avenue line in manhattan . the m operates on weekdays . but on weekends , it terminates at essex st in manhattan or myrtle av in brooklyn. the m runs between middle village - metropolitan ave and forest hills - 71 ave , it’s equipment is the alstom r160a-1.
the federal ethics and anti-corruption commission (feacc) is a commission headquartered in addis ababa by the government of ethiopia. 
feacc is responsible for controlling ethiopia's corruption problems and making the country less corrupt and more lawful. the federal ethics and anti-corruption commission is accountable to the prime minister of ethiopia.
under proclamation no. 1236-2020 the federal ethic and anti-corruption commission is charged with "it has become necessary to prevent corruption and impropriety and to create a society of good ethical values and moral which shall not condone but rather prepared to resolutely combat corruption; in order to arid, sustain the development, peace and democratic process in our country." the federal ethics and anti-corruption commission has had the authority to press charges to individuals and has had brought charges to high-ranking government officials to high courts and businessmen in 2013. but later the role of prosecuting and investigation went to the federal police commission and the ministry of justice.
the feacc has the powers to register assets and has had to disclose the names of government officials to denied registering their assets to the feacc. the feacc under no.668/2010 has the authority to demand anyone including the president and prime minister of the country to register their assets to the feacc and coming to their headquarters to do so.
the federal ethics commission is "the commission is comprised of various directorates and three services. the directorates are:
the commissioner’s office and the deputy commissioner’s office are also part of the organizational set-up. the commission currently has 282 staff members (164 male and 118 female)."
osman hussein osman (born 1951) is a sudanese politician. he became the acting prime minister of sudan in january 2022 after abdalla hamdok's resignation.
léon walras (16 december 1834-5 january 1910) was a french economist. he started what is known as lausanne school, or marginalism today. he looked at market equlibrium. he started general equilibrium theory. for this, he looked at marginal utility: this is the added benefit of consuming another unit of an economic good. his thoughts are very important for neoclassical econmics. in general equilibrium theory, he looked at a scenario, where there are (an unspecified, large) number of households and companies, who act on several markets: he postulated that what is true in one market, in equilibrium must be true for all of them: there is a system of price determination that has the property that supply and demand match on all markets. abraham wald could prove this hhypothesis only much later. today, it is part of the arrow–debreu model. 
the hawaiian kingdom, or kingdom of hawaiʻi, was a sovereign state located in the hawaiian islands. 
the country was formed in 1795, when the warrior chief kamehameha the great, of the independent island of hawaiʻi, conquered the independent islands of oʻahu, maui, molokaʻi and lānaʻi and unified them under one government. in 1810, the whole hawaiian archipelago became unified when kauaʻi and niʻihau joined the hawaiian kingdom voluntarily. two major dynastic families ruled the kingdom: the house of kamehameha and the house of kalākaua.
major european powers recognised the country. the united states became its chief trading partner and watched over it to prevent some other power (such as britain or japan) from threatening to seize control. hawaiʻi was forced to adopt a new constitution in 1887. king kalākaua signed it, because the honolulu rifles, an anti-monarchist militia, thratened him. queen liliʻuokalani, who succeeded kalākaua in 1891, tried to replace the 1887 constitution with a new one. she was but was overthrown in 1893, largely at the hands of the committee of safety, a group of residents consisting of hawaiian subjects and foreign nationals of american, british and german descent, many of whom had been educated in the us, had lived there for a time. hawaiʻi was an independent republic until the u.s. annexed it through the newlands resolution, on july 4, 1898. this created the territory of hawaii. united states public law 103-150 adopted in 1993 (informally known as the apology resolution), acknowledged that "the overthrow of the kingdom of hawaii occurred with the active participation of agents and citizens of the united states" and also "that the native hawaiian people never directly relinquished to the united states their claims to their inherent sovereignty as a people over their national lands, either through the kingdom of hawaii or through a plebiscite or referendum."
the gardens of the eyrignac manor are located in salignac-eyvigues, in the dordogne, in the périgord noir (new aquitaine region). they received the remarkable garden label in 2005 and have been included in the additional list of historic monuments of the 17th and 18th centuries since 1986. they are located not far from the caves of lascaux and sarlat-la-canéda.
the marine commandos, abbreviated to marcos and officially called the marine commando force (mcf), are the special forces unit of the indian navy and is responsible for conducting special operations.
driving miss daisy is a 1989 american comedy-drama movie directed by bruce beresford and was based on the 1987 play of the same name by alfred uhry. it stars jessica tandy, morgan freeman, dan aykroyd, patti lupone, esther rolle, joann havrilla and was distributed by warner bros.. it was nominated for 9 oscars and won 4 academy awards in 1990.
the pseudis fusca is a frog that lives in minas gerais, brazil.
sometimes people make experiences which they see in the context of a belief system. they call these experiences religious experiences, spiritual experiences, sacred experiences, or mystical experiences. william james made the concept popular, in the 19th century. he did this to fight the growing rationalism of western society. 
in many religions, such experieces are called revelations. this also applies to the knowledge that comes from them. these religions say that a god or gods caused these revelations, and that they are not a result of a natural cause. they are considered real encounters with god or gods, or real contact with higher-order realities of which humans are not ordinarily aware.
skeptics say that these religious experiences are a normal feature of the human brain. as such, they can be studied in the same way other features of the brain are studied. to better be able to study them, scholars have classified such experiences in different ways.
psychologist and philosopher william james described four characteristics of mystical experience in "the varieties of religious experience." according to james, such an experience is:
the notion of "religious experience" can be traced back to william james. he used the term "religious experience" in his book, "the varieties of religious experience". it is considered to be the classic work in the field. at professional conferences, people often cite this book. james makes a difference between institutional religion and personal religion. institutional religion refers to the religious group or organization, and plays an important part in a society's culture. personal religion, in which the individual has mystical experience, can be experienced regardless of the culture.
the term has been used before james, though. in the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries, several historical figures said that religion and its beliefs can be grounded in experience itself. many of these views had a lot of influence. kant said that moral experience justified religious beliefs. john wesley also thought that the religious experiences in the methodist movement (paralleling the romantic movement) were a basis to religious commitment as a way of life.
the notion of "experience" has been criticised.
the term "religious empiricism" is seen as highly problematic. karl barth saidf that the term was wrong altogether. some influential modern scholars holding this liberal theological view are charles raven and the oxford physicist/theologian charles coulson.
robert sharf points out that "experience" is a typical western term, which has found its way into asian religiosity via western influences. the notion of "experience" introduces a false idea of duality between "experiencer" and "experienced". in kensho there is no duality of observer and observed. "pure experience" does not exist; all experience is mediated by intellectual and cognitive activity. the specific teachings and practices of a given tradition may even determine what "experience" someone has; this means that this "experience" is not the "proof" of the teaching, but a "result" of the teaching. a pure consciousness without concepts, reached by "cleansing the doors of perception", would be an overwhelming chaos of sensory input without coherence.
the bangladesh a cricket team, simply known as bangladesh a, also known as bangladesh emerging cricket team, is a cricket team representing bangladesh, and is the second tier of international bangladeshi cricket below the full bangladesh national cricket team.
the bangladesh cricket board (, also known as bcb, is the governing body of cricket in bangladesh. the bangladesh cricket board first became an associate member of the international cricket council in 1977 and on 26 june 2000 became a full member. the board has its headquarter at sher-e-bangla national cricket stadium in mirpur, dhaka.
benjamin scott giroux (born october 24, 1984) is an american actor, director and producer. he is best known for portraying the toddler in henry danger, the adventures of kid danger and danger force on nickelodeon, mikey munroe in bunsen is a beast also for nickelodeon and little zach in hart of dixie for the cw. he is also set to voice the main character in big nate from nickelodeon on paramount+.
charles thomas schlatter (born may 1, 1966) is an american actor who has appeared in numerous films and television series. he is best known for portraying dr. jesse travis, the resident student of dr. mark sloan (dick van dyke) on the cbs series diagnosis: murder and for starring in the big screen comedy 18 again!, opposite george burns. since the 1990s, he continues to work mainly as a voice actor.
flydubai flight 981 was a scheduled international passenger flight from dubai international airport, in the united arab emirates, the boeing 737-800 crashed while landing at rostov-on-don airport in russia. there were no survivors, a total of 62 people between passengers and crew lost their lives in the tragic accident.
the captain was 37-year-old aristos sokratous, from cyprus. he had over 6,000 hours of total flying time, including 4,905 hours on the boeing 737. sokratous was promoted to captain a year and a half before the crash. at the time of the crash, he had intended to quit the airline after accepting a job from ryanair, which would allow him to be based with his family in cyprus. his wife was due to give birth to their first child a few weeks after the crash. according to several flydubai staff members, sokratous decided to leave the airline mainly because of fatigue and lifestyle issues.
the first officer, 36-year-old alejandro cruz álava, was from spain. he had more than 5,700 hours of flying time, with 1,100 of them on the boeing 737. he started flying with flydubai in 2013, two years before the crash, and had previously flown two regional airlines in the spanish canary islands – binter and naysa – before joining the company.
according to the final report by the interstate aviation committee (iac), the accident flight was both pilots' first ever flight to rostov. the captain had experience flying into other russian airports, but the first officer did not.
this is a list of television programs that have been broadcast by toon disney (now disney xd) in the united states. the channel was launched on april 18, 1998, as a spinoff of disney channel, and aired mostly syndicated animated programming, ranging from action to comedy.
the first program broadcast on toon disney was the mickey mouse segment from "fantasia" titled "the sorcerer's apprentice". it was followed by a sampling of other mickey mouse shorts and episodes of "timon and pumbaa", "the new adventures of winnie the pooh", "goof troop", "talespin", and "aladdin".
the list does not include the programs that were introduced as jetix, a block on toon disney that ran from 2004 to 2009.
in the protestant reformation, a number of people criticizes the roman catholic church. people such as martin luther, jean calvin, huldrych zwingli or jan hus were reformers: in the end, each of them had followers which started their own church. today, most of these churches are known as protestant. in the european wars of religion, countries, but also local leaders fought for influence. most of the time one side of the warring fraction was catholics, the other was protestants. 
examples of these wars:
nanda saukhya bhare is a marathi language television drama series that aired on zee marathi from 20 july 2015 to 1 october 2016.
the series premiered from monday to saturday at 7.30 pm by replacing "ase he kanyadan".
a linear-feedback shift register is a shift register which will produce a sequence of numbers. the next value of the sequence depends on the current value. thie first value is usually called seed. usually, the function xor is used to link two consecutive values. commonly, the function xor is used on a bit-level. with n bits, it is possible to represent 2n numbers, so after 2n-1 values the sequence will repat. in computing, linear-feedback shift registers are commonly used to compute pseudorandom numbers.
there are two common types:
both are equivalent, but they produduce different sequences
tuza maza breakup is a marathi language television drama series that aired on zee marathi from 18 september 2017 to 11 august 2018.
the series premiered from monday to saturday at 8.30 pm by replacing "khulta kali khulena".
pasant aahe mulgi was an indian marathi language television program that aired on zee marathi from 25 january 2016 to 20 august 2016.
pasant ahe mulgi is about the out-going urmi and mischievous but sweet, vasu. pasant ahe mulgi will show us how a match made in heaven will face turmoil on earth when their families come face to face. vasu’s father has strong religious beliefs, whereas urmi’s family is a typical middle class family with contemporary thoughts. how will these two families with opposite thoughts come together? will vasu’s family like urmi? will the matching of minds be enough or will vasu’s family ask for a girl with a perfect horoscope match for their son?
the series was broadcast from monday to saturday at 8 pm by replacing the show "honar sun me hya gharchi".
honar sun me hya gharchi was an indian marathi language television series which aired from 15 july 2013 to 24 january 2016.
the series premiered on 15 july 2013 from monday to saturday at 8 pm by replacing "unch majha zoka".
the kingdom of serbia () was a country in the balkans which was created when the ruler of the principality of serbia, milan i, was proclaimed king in 1882. it collapsed in 1918 and merged with slovenia,croatia,bosnia,and montenegro into the kingdom of serbs, croats and slovenes or better known as the kingdom of yugoslavia after the austro-hungarian empire collapsed in 1918 along with the german empire while the ottoman empire collapsed in 1923 after world war 1 .
nickolas robert diaz born august 2, 1983 is an american professional mixed martial artist who competes in the middleweight division of the ultimate fighting championship ufc. former strikeforce, wec and ifc welterweight champion. 
"for list of jetix programs around the world, see list of programs broadcast by jetix."
this is a list of television programs broadcast on the jetix blocks on toon disney and abc family.
noaa weather radio or nwr is an automatic 24-hour weather radio network broadcasted in the united states.
it plays weather information direct from a nearby national weather service office. it will normally play normal weather information. this includes weather forecasts. in the case of bad weather. it will play the watches and warnings.
alen roberti simonyan (armenian:ալեն ռոբերտի սիմոնյան; born 5 january 1980) is an armenian politician. he is the president of the national assembly of armenia since 2021. in 2022, he became the acting president of armenia following the resignation of armen sarkissian.
lavrentije trifunović (; 27 january 1935 – 23 january 2022) was a serbian orthodox bishop. he was born in bogoštica, yugoslavia.
trifunović was the bishop of šabac between 2006 and his death. he was bishop of šabac and valjevo (1989–2006), bishop of western europe (1973–1989), bishop of western europe and australia (1969–1973) and vicar bishop of moravica (1967–1969).
trifunović died on 23 january 2022 at a military hospital in belgrade, serbia, four days before his 87th birthday.
ramachandran nagaswamy (10 august 1930 – 23 january 2022) was an indian historian, archaeologist and epigraphist. he was known for his work on temple works and art history of tamil nadu. he was a director of the tamil nadu archaeology department from 1966 until 1988. he was awarded india's third highest civilian award the padma bhushan in 2018. nagaswamy was born in madras, india.
nagaswamy died on 23 january 2022 at his home in chennai, india at the age of 91.
the federal police commission is an ethiopian federal government law enforcement agency it was established in 1995 to serve and protect the public from crimes and terrorism. it is the equivalent to the fbi. it has the role to safeguard the constitution provide prosecution for federal crimes and possible help for the public peace at highly volatile times.
the federal police is equivalent to the fbi, atf and other foreign agencies as one whole organization. it has the powers to prosecute criminals by its own and arrest also. they are the main law enforcement agency in the country and can enforce the majority of federal laws throughout the nation. they have taken lead in charging individuals suspected in corruption inside the country from the feacc. 
there are 16 ranks in the fpc, the last rank is considered the highest rank which is the commissioner general. the organization is under a parent ministry, the ministry of peace. 
jean-claude mézières (; 23 september 1938 – 23 january 2022) was a french "bandes dessinées" artist and illustrator. he was known for his wild west-inspired comics. his best known works were "valérian and laureline", "lady polaris" and "canal choc". mézières was born in paris, france.
mézières died on 23 january 2022, aged 83.
ketevan "keto" losaberidze (, 1 august 1949 – 23 january 2022) was a georgian archer. she competed for the soviet union at the 1972 and 1980 olympics. she won a gold medal in 1980, becoming the only soviet olympic champion in archery. she was born in tqibuli, georgian ssr, soviet union.
losaberidze died on 23 january 2022 in tbilisi, georgia, at the age of 72.
barbara krafftówna, barbara krafft-seidner (5 december 1928 – 23 january 2022) was a polish actress. she appeared in more than 40 movies and television shows between 1953 and 2020. she was born in warsaw, poland. she was known for her roles in "tonight a city will die" (1961), "how to be loved" (1963), "the saragossa manuscript" (1965) and "the codes" (1966).
krafftówna died in skolimow, poland on 23 january 2022, at the age of 93.
hartmut becker (6 may 1938 – 22 january 2022) was a german actor. he played sgt. gustav wagner in "escape from sobibor" in 1987. he also starred in the 1970 movie "o.k".
becker died on 22 january 2022 in berlin, germany at the age of 83.
romualdo coviello (8 may 1940 – 21 january 2022) was an italian politician. he was a member of the christian democracy party, the italian people's party, and democracy is freedom – the daisy. he was in the senate of the republic from 1987 to 2006. he was born in avigliano, italy.
coviello died in rome, italy on 21 january 2022, at the age of 81.
avigliano (lucano: ) is a town and "comune" in the province of potenza, in the southern italian region of basilicata. 
josé augusto da silva curvo (27 august 1949 – 20 january 2022), also known as tampinha, was a brazilian politician. he was a member of the social democracy party and later the democratic labour party. he was in the chamber of deputies from 1991 to 1995 and again in 2016. she was born in cuiabá, brazil.
curvo died on 20 january 2022, at the age of 72.
heidi biebl (17 february 1941 – 20 january 2022) was a german alpine skier. biebl won gold medal in the downhill at the 1960 winter olympics. she also competed at the 1964 winter olympics, finishing fourth. she was born in oberstaufen, bavaria, germany.
biebl died on 20 january 2022, at the age of 80.
jouni veli juhani seistamo (9 november 1939 – 9 january 2022) was a finnish professional ice hockey player. he played for tappara in the sm-liiga. seistamo was born in tampere, finland. he was honored into the finnish hockey hall of fame in 1986. he also competed at the 1960 winter olympics and the 1964 winter olympics. 
seistamo died in january 2022, at the age of 82.
tyler jeffrey dillashaw born february 7, 1986 in sonora, california. is an american professional mixed martial artist. he is competing at the flyweigh and bantamweight division of the ultimate fighting championship and is the former two-time ufc bantamweight champion.
nokia 770 (has known name is: nokia 770 internet tablet) was an nokia internet tablet developer of nokia corporation.
it was announced on may 25, 2005 and release of united states on november 3, 2005. in canada on november 5, 2005 and united kingdom on november 10, 2005.
in april 2008, nokia announced they will be ended support of nokia 770 internet tablet, because was no longer after release in november 2005. in may 6, 2008, they will be ended of nokia 770 sales in nokia website. nokia 770 was discontinued on may 18, 2008.
manfred thierry mugler (; 21 december 1948 – 23 january 2022) was a french fashion designer. he was born in strasbourg, france. mugler was openly gay. he was known for designing demi moore's dress from "indecent proposal". he also created a line of fragrances and perfumes called "angel".
mugler died on 23 january 2022 at his home in paris, one month after his 73rd birthday.
an aroma compound, also known as an odorant, aroma, fragrance or flavor, is a chemical compound that has a smell or odor. examples of things that have an aroma compound can be perfumes or fruits.
the counter terrorist specialist firearms officer (ctsfo) is a department within the metropolitan police of the uk. it doesn't only have jurisdiction in london but across the whole country. 
the ctsfo firearms officer have reasonability's in conducting warrant operations in london or other parts in uk for high-risk situations or counter terrorism operations across the kingdom. they also escort high risk diplomats when entering the nation. 
ctsfo is the highest standard of authorized firearms officer within the national police firearms training curriculum (npftc). both of them were established by the metropolitan police service in 2012.
robert david "robbie" moore (may 3, 1954 – january 6, 2022) was a canadian professional ice hockey goaltender. he played for the philadelphia flyers and washington capitals for the national hockey league between 1978 until 1984. moore was born in sarnia, ontario, canada.
moore died on january 6, 2022 in sarnia at the age of 67. 
harpreet kaur chandi (born 1988 or 1989) is a british army medical officer and physiotherapist. she is the first known woman of colour to complete a solo expedition to reach the south pole on 3 january 2022.
chandi joined the army reserves when she was 19 and then the british army at 27. on 23 march 2013, she was a lance corporal. she received a territorial army commission as a lieutenant in the royal army medical corps (ramc). she was promoted to captain on 15 december 2016. 
she was commissioned into the army reserves in 2012 and joined the regular army in 2016.
chandi began her solo expedition on 7 november 2021, leaving from antarctica's hercules inlet. the journey to the south pole involved travelling a distance of . chandi was not the first woman to successfully complete a solo expedition to the south pole, with the journey first being undertaken by norway's liv arnesen. it was not until 1935 that the first woman, caroline mikkelsen walked on any part of the antarctic continent.
chandi completed her journey in 40 days, 7 hours and 3 minutes, making her the third fastest solo woman to reach the south pole, behind johanna davidsson of sweden and hannah mckeand from great britain. felicity aston was the first solo woman and first person to only use muscle power to complete the challenge taking 59 days.
moriuchi takahiro ( born april 17, 1988, in tokyo) is known as taka, the lead vocalist of japanese rock band one ok rock. he was listed as “50 greatest rockstars in the world” on kerrang! magazine in 2017. he was a member of news until he left the group in earlier life
he was born as a first son between and . they are both well known singers in japan. he went to keio elementary school and continued to study at keio middle school. in the first year of his middle school, he entered johnny's office in 2001. he made his debut as a member of a group “news” in september 2003.   he gained his career so quickly that he was bashed by the fans. they were saying that taka gained his career because of his parents, not his skills. in december 2003, a weekly magazine posted a scandal. the subject was a suspicion of taka drinking alcohol and smoking cigarettes. he left johnny's office after this scandal. in 2005, his parents divorced. he joined the band one ok rock in the following year. the group continued to grow and became famous around the world as a rock star.
taka said he studied english pronunciation by listening to linkin park’s songs again and again. he is well known for his song “"new divide"” from the movie “ ". taka was planning to sing in his concert as a guest. however, the concert had been canceled due to chester bennington’s(vocalist) sudden death. he attended “linkin park and friends celebrate life in honor of chester bennington " and sang “somewhere i belong” to mourn chester’s death.
taka saw this band when he was young and dreamed of becoming a bandman. kenken (member of rize) said that the band one ok rock was built mostly based on rize in the interview. 
fall out boy is a band from the early 2000s. taka said in his interview that he was positively influenced by this band. he also played as an opening act in fall out boy’s concert. the band is famously known for the song “"immortals"” from the movie “"big hero 6"”. 
hilario candela (june 4, 1934 – january 18, 2022) was a cuban-born american architect. he was best known for his design of the miami marine stadium on virginia key, florida. candela was born in havana, cuba. he also helped design the knight center complex and some campuses at the university of miami and miami dade college.
candela died on january 18, 2022 in coral gables, florida from problems caused by covid-19, aged 87.
the 2022 abu dhabi attack was a terrorist attack against three oil tanker trucks and an airport extension in abu dhabi, united arab emirates. it was led by the houthi movement using drones, ballistic missiles and cruise missiles. 
the attack was named "operation hurricane" by the houthis. 3 civilians (two were indian, and another from pakistan) were killed and 6 were injured by a drone attack. 
the houthi movement (; "al-ḥūthīyūn" ), officially called ansar allah (' "supporters of god") and simply knowns houthis, is an islamist political and armed movement. it began in saada in north yemen in the 1990s. the houthi movement is a zaidi shia majority force. 
under the leadership of hussein badreddin al-houthi, the group was an opposition to former yemeni president ali abdullah saleh.
badr al-din al-huthi (; –2010) was a yemeni political and religious leader.
ancestry and early life.
badr al-din was born in in dahyan, saada. he belonged to the arab tribe of huth.
he studied under the prominent scholar majd al-din al-mu'yyadi.
leadership of zaydis.
in the 1970s–1980s, badr al-din gained scholarly reputation among the high-ranking clergy of zaydi shi'a in yemen. (salmoni, loidolt, wells 100).
following the death of husayn in september 2004, badr al-din briefly took over the leadership of the huthis before transferring the office to his son abd al-malik.
the house of representatives ("majlis al-nuwaab") is the lower house of the parliament of yemen. it shares the legislative power with the shura council, the upper house. 
the assembly of representatives has 301 members, elected for a six-year term in single-seat constituencies. it is one of the few parliamentary chambers in the world to currently have no female representation.
antonino valletta (7 october 1938 – 21 january 2022) was an italian politician. he was a member of the labour federation, the democrats of the left, and the socialist party. he was in the senate of the republic from 1994 to 2001. valletta was born in sant'agapito, kingdom of italy.
valletta died in isernia, italy on 21 january 2022, at the age of 83.
sant'agapito is a "comune" (municipality) in the province of isernia in the italian region molise. it is about west of campobasso and about south of isernia. 
the monarchy of denmark is a constitutional institution and a historic office of the kingdom of denmark. the kingdom includes denmark and its territories of the faroe islands and greenland.
denmark has had absolute primogeniture since 2009.
the danish act of succession created on 27 march 1953 said that descendants from king christian x and his wife, alexandrine of mecklenburg-schwerin cannot become king or queen, through approved marriages.
prince joachim of denmark, count of monpezat, (; joachim holger waldemar christian; born 7 june 1969) is a member of the danish royal family. he is the younger son of queen margrethe ii. he is sixth in the line of succession to the danish throne.
princess benedikte of denmark, princess of sayn-wittgenstein-berleburg (benedikte astrid ingeborg ingrid, born 29 april 1944) is a member of the danish royal family. she is the second daughter and child of king frederick ix and queen ingrid of denmark. she is the younger sister of the reigning queen of denmark, margrethe ii, and the older sister of queen anne-marie of greece.
she is the widow of richard, 6th prince of sayn-wittgenstein-berleburg. they have three children. princess benedikte is currently 11th in the line of succession to the danish throne.
black forest ham () is a variety of dry-cured smoked ham produced in the black forest region of germany. since 1997, it can only be made in a well-defined geographical area. in the case of black forest ham, the salting, and curing needs to be done in the black forest. most of the pigs used come from other regions of germany, or the european union. this only applies to the european union, though. in the united states and canada, there are different kinds of ham which are sold as "black forest ham": these are usually produced locally, and very often, the methods of producing them are different from the original of the black forest. 
in 2018, about 6. 1 million tons were produced. about 85 percent was sold through discount stores, about ten percent was sold through specialized retailers, and the remaining fice percent was sold through restaurants. 
raw ham is salted and seasoned with garlic, coriander, pepper, juniper berries and other spices. after curing for two to three weeks, the salt is removed and the ham aged an additional two weeks. it is then cold-smoked using "local conifers and sawdust" at around for several days. it ripens in an air-conditioned room for several weeks, becoming almost black on the outside and acquiring much of its distinctive flavor. as a result it usually tastes very salty.
black forest ham is boneless and about one-fifth fat. it has a very pronounced flavor and is common in german cuisine. it may be eaten fresh, for example on "holzofenbrot" or rye bread, with fruit, or used as an ingredient in cooked dishes. whole pieces of black forest ham can be preserved for months when stored properly. it is typically served at room temperature.
black forest bacon () is bacon produced the same way, and comes in two categories: "durchwachsener speck" has several layers of meat, and half of it is fat; "fetter speck" is almost completely fat. both variants include the skin, called pork rind. the pork rind is too hard to eat, but it is cooked in some traditional german dishes, such as "linsen mit spätzle" or "eintopf", to add its flavors to the food.
unlike black forest ham, this is not a protected designation. 
ratko mladić (, ; born 12 march 1942) is a bosnian serb convicted war criminal and colonel-general. he led the army of republika srpska (vrs) during the yugoslav wars. 
in 2017, he was found guilty of committing war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide by the international criminal tribunal for the former yugoslavia (icty) for leading the siege of sarajevo and the srebrenica massacre.
jean laborde (8 march 1922 – 18 january 2022) was a french politician. laborde was born in bouzon-gellenave, france. he took part in the french resistance. in 1973, he was elected to the national assembly. in 1977, he was elected mayor of auch. he retired from politics in 1995.
laborde died in auch, france on 18 january 2022 at the age of 99.
ottman azaitar born february 20, 1990 is a moroccan-german mixed martial artist who currently competes in the lightweight division of the ultimate fighting championship. brave combat federation lightweight champion one time.
blood in blood out (also known as bound by honor and blood in blood out: bound by honor) is a 1993 american mexican epic crime drama movie directed by taylor hackford and starring damian chapa, jesse borrego, billy bob thornton, benjamin bratt, delroy lindo, danny trejo, ving rhames, lanny flaherty, raymond cruz. it was distributed by hollywood pictures.
ho chi minh city college of stage performance and cinematics is a college in district 1, ho chi minh city, vietnam. the college provides college degree courses (3-3.5 years) in stage performance, cinematics. most of the actors and actresses in ho chi minh graduated from this college.
july 10, 1998: the ho chi minh city college of theater and cinema was established on the basis of merging the school of dramatic arts ii and the vietnam film school in ho chi minh city, which was established in 5 years. 1977.
on february 11, 2007, prime minister nguyen tan dung signed an opinion on the proposal to establish the ho chi minh city university of theater and cinema under the ministry of culture, sports and tourism. department of upgrading the college of theater and cinema in ho chi minh city under the ministry of culture, sports and tourism.
on october 13, 2009, the school was upgraded to a university by the government's signed procedures.
in january 2010, the school held a ceremony to receive the official decision to establish ho chi minh city university of theater and cinema.
characters who studied at the school:
deposition is how an aerosol becomes a solid. it may be a wet or a dry process. 
ice candle is a kind of candle made from water. it is fantastical and looks like a lamp-shade. it has been made in cold areas in winter. it melts in a few days so we can enjoy it for a moment. 
the ice candle was first made in shimokawa, hokkaido. in shimokawa, there are few days in a year when the temperature exceeds 30 degrees below freezing. so this town is known as extreme cold. the members of “egg of columbus”, which is a town development idea semester in shimokawa, had thought about some ideas on how people enjoy a cold winter with snow. in 1985, they found a sentence, “...the flame moves in the ice block, it changes to the natural lamp-shade quickly, the flame in the natural and pale clear glass lights up in the garden fantastically...” this is from “live in north literary calendar, northern area column (kita no kurashi saiziki, hoppo-ken column)” written by ryuichi ito who was a professor of hokkaido university of education. he wrote about the candle which is made by scandinavian finland children. the egg of columbus got some hints to create the ice candle from that sentence. in 1986, the ice candle was created. they put a wish for people to be able to spend winter happily in it. in 1987, the ice candle was introduced on tv. from around that time, townspeople have made it at their own home. now, the ice candle is known by japanese nationwide and loved by people living in cold areas.
how to make.
to make the ice candle, you need a bucket, water and a cold environment to freeze water.
at night the temperature is under -16 degrees, put water into the bucket, then get it outside and through the night. next morning, turn it upside down and take out the ice if the water has almost frozen. flow outside the water which couldn’t freeze. put a candle into the hole of the ice. not to break it, treat it carefully.
we can make it with our own original ideas. for example, the colors and the shapes. if you want to color it, you can use a food coloring or paints. if you want to make it differently, you can use a milk carton or a balloon instead of a bucket.
ice candle festival.
the ice candle festival is one of the festivals which is held in winter. in this festival, the venue is illuminated by many ice candles. the place of origin is also shimokawa in hokkaido. two years later after the ice candle appeared, the name of shimokawa winter festival, which was already there, was changed to ice candle festival. in this festival, the ice candle was put not only at the venue but also at each house in the town. in total, about 7000 ice candles were put in the town. in addition, people who go to the festival enjoy eating food outside while seeing the ice candles. now, the ice candle festival is held in various places in japan. lake-yamanakako ice candle festival in yamanashi prefecture and mt. nobeyama plateau ice candle festival in nagano prefecture are also famous festivals.
shimokawa in hokkaido. 下川町. (n.d.). 下川町 -道北・”ワクワク”が生まれるまち-. shimokawa town. retrieved january 16, 2022, from https://www.town.shimokawa.hokkaido.jp/
egg of columbus. ウェブマガジンカムイミンタラ. (2005, august 1). ウェブマガジン カムイミンタラ ~北海 道の風土・文化誌 :まちづくりアイディア研究会 コロンブスの卵 下川 幻想的なアイスキャンドルの灯火の中に 過疎の逆境をはね返す活力が燃えてくる.1984-2010 rinyu kanko. retrieved january 16, 2022, from http://kamuimintara.net/detail.php?rskey=49199203t01
history.  のーすもーる 北海道の森. (2004). 北海道下川町発祥★アイスキャンドル. northmall. retrieved january 16, 2022, from http://www.northmall.jp/shimokawa/icecandle/index.html 
how to make. しもかわ観光協会 shimokawa time. (n.d.). アイスキャンドルの作り方 | しもかわ観光協会. npo法人し もかわ観光協会. retrieved january 16, 2022, from http://www.shimokawa-time.net/event/ice-candle/ice-make/
ice candle festival. しもかわ観光協会 shimokawa time. (n.d.). アイスキャンドル | しもかわ観光協会. npo法人しもかわ 観光協会. retrieved january 16, 2022, from http://www.shimokawa-time.net/event/ice-candle/
ice candle festival. https://www.soumu.go.jp/main_sosiki/jichi_gyousei/c-gyousei/2001/kaso/pdf/h17hyousyou-01.pdf
lake-yamanakako ice candle festival. resort stay lake yamanakako area  山中湖観光ガイド. (n.d.). 山中湖アイスキャンドルフェスティバル（ice candles festival). 山中湖観光協会 公式ホームページ. retrieved january 16, 2022, from https://lake-yamanakako.com/event/10384
mt. nobeyama plateau ice candle festival. 長野県公式観光サイト go n a g a n o. (2007). 第２５回野辺山高原アイスキャンドルフェスティバル | イベント情報. go nagano 長野県公式観光サイト. retrieved january 16, 2022, from https://www.go-nagano.net/topics_detail11/id=17529 
pui pui molcar is a stop motion animation. it was broadcasted on japanese television and it has 01 to 12 series. also every story has only about three minutes. molcar means a car that is shaped like a guinea pig. in this animation, they have their own characteristics and emotions. also there are people who drive a molcar. every character does not speak a word, but this animation is loved by a wide range of ages. the genre of this animation is comedy for children and it is stop motion animation.
this animation was created for children, but a wide age of people pay attention to it because of twitter. the reason for increasing popularity is in every episode. every story is not only cute, but also deep. the view of the world is pop, but people appear to have an ugly attitude. also it has a parody of a movie. for example, back to the future. these are the reasons more people attract. an animation history researcher mentioned that molcar's appearance, the story and heartwarming attitude made it interesting and popular.
an educational critic mentioned that the animation has no conversation, so understanding of the story in music, moving facial experiences are good for children to create imagination. also mentioned, because of the pandemic people have more time to stay at home. that is why this animation is more popular. 
1.音楽ナタリー. (2021b、 may 26). 「モルカー」サントラジャケットに大迫力のポテト、めざまし ボイスの収録も決 定(動画あり). retrieved january 13, 2022, from https://natalie.mu/music/news/429820 
2. j-cast. (2021、 june 14). 「pui pui モルカー」なぜ社会現象に? twitterでのブームを過 熱させた「3つの 要素」. retrieved january 13、 2022, from https://www.j-cast.com/2021/06/14413656.html?p=all 
3. flash. (2021、 february 2). 『pui puiモルカー』を尾木ママが分析! 大人にも子供にも大人 気の理由. smart flash/スマフラ[光文社週刊誌]. retrieved january 13, 2022, from https://smart-flash.jp/entame/130671 
4. fashion press. (2021b、 september 2). パペットアニメ『pui puiモルカー』コラボカフェが東 京・大阪・静 岡・仙台にオープン. retrieved january 13, 2022, from https://www.fashion-press.net/news/76907
muji is a japanese retail company which sells clothing, furniture, general merchandise, foods and so on.
their three principles.
muji is based on three core principles, which remain unchanged to this day:
their products, born from an extremely rational manufacturing process, are succinct, but they are not in the minimalist style.
they think simplicity and emptiness yield the ultimate universality, embracing the feelings and thoughts of all people. 
1980 seiyu co., ltd.’s private brand “muji” was born
1985 muji business division was established
1989 established ryohin keikaku co., ltd.
1990 transferred the business rights of “muji” from seiyu co., ltd. 
1991 started overseas expansion (first store in the uk, first store in hong kong)
1997 received the plma (international pb product manufacturers association) excellence award
2000 established muji house co., ltd. (currently muji house co., ltd.)
countries of operation.
as of august 2021, 497 muji stores were opened domestically and 571 stores were opened in 32 countries and regions around the world. 
china(299), hong kong(20), taiwan(54), korea(39)
england(7), france(7), italy(6), germany(8), spain(4), portugal(1), ireland(1), sweden(1), poland(1), switzerland(1), finland(1), denmark(1), us(10), canada(9), 
singapore(10), malaysia(9), thailand(22), india(3), australia(5), philippines(5), vietnam(2), kuwait(3), uae(7), saudi arabia(5), bahrain(2), qatar(2), oman(1)
muji contributes to the realization of a resource-recycling, nature-friendly society and a sustainable society through the products, services and activities it provides. 
as one of the examples, they collect unnecessary clothes at stores to circulate global resources and reduce waste.  the collected clothes are recycled as raw materials for clothes, re-dyed and resold as "remuji".
also, as part of their efforts to reduce plastic waste, they have installed water dispensers in muji stores.  this is a water supply service that uses tap water that anyone can use for free if people purchase a "bottle of water that you pack yourself" at the store or bring their own bottle.
muji’s expanding activity.
muji wants to be a platform that responds sensitively to various issues that are occuring in society and solves them in a better direction from “conscience and creativity. this commitment drives them to various activities. here are eight examples. 
the first one is “resource utilization”. as one of these activities, in order to support producers in areas where it is difficult to maintain paddy fields due to the aging of the population, they brewed sake by studying products with added value before general-purpose products, where prices are sluggish, with local people. 
the second one is “building connections”. this is a service for mobile sales in rural areas and direct delivery from production areas at online stores. 
the third one is “public design”. as a concrete example, in april 2015, muji set up sofa benches in the gate lounges and natural oak tables and chairs in the food court of the narita airport terminal 3 to create a pleasant environment in which passengers can relax. 
the fourth is “simple food”. at muji diner and cafe & meal muji, the person in charge goes to the production area and offers the ingredients selected. 
the fifth is “reduce waste”. one example is remuji. this is an initiative to recycle products that customers have used for years and those products that are deemed unsellable as a result of a glitch during the manufacturing and distribution process. 
the sixth is “social initiative”. in japan, muji provides support for earthquakes and heavy rain disasters, and in developing countries, they are working to revitalize the region. 
the seventh is “long-lasting homes”. muji renovation club and muji house provide a one-room space where people can easily change their life according to lifestyle changes and family growth. 
the last one is “nature conservation”. with the idea of “enjoying nature--naturally”, they operate three campsites and manage a total of approximately 700,000 tsubo of forests around the sites. 
kemio is a video creator who makes full use of sns and is active in multiple fields. with humorous talk, he was respected by young people, and youtube has more than 1.9 million subscribers (as of september 2021). he is 193 cm tall and is also active as a model. and he was followed by 1.1 million instagram followers (as of september 2021). currently based in new york, usa, his roommate miles often appears in youtube videos. 
he was born in tokyo. his birthday was october 16th in 1995. he began his career in the entertainment industry when he was 18 years old. he first started up a short video in 2013. in a street interview on a tv program, he talked about posting a video to youtube, it became a hot topic.
study abroad in the united states
on september 12, 2016, he announced that he would leave japan and move to the united states. from the end of 2016 to the beginning of 2019, while attending a language school in los angeles, he is active mainly on youtube and sns. on february 10, 2019, he announced on his youtube channel that he would continue to be based in the united states. he currently lives in new york with his roommate miles.
miha fes (march 30, 2019, laforet museum harajuku) 
list a cricket (also known as list a) is a classification of the limited-overs (one-day) form of the sport of cricket, with games lasting up to eight hours. list a cricket includes one day international (odi) matches and various domestic competitions in which the number of overs in an innings per team ranges from forty to sixty, as well as some international matches involving nations who have not achieved official odi status. together with first-class and twenty20 cricket, list a is one of the three major forms of cricket recognised by the international cricket council (icc). in november 2021, the icc retrospectively applied list a status to women's cricket, aligning it with the men's game.
kona coffee is one of the kinds of coffee that is made in kona, hawaii. and it is famous for being the second most expensive coffee in the world following the blue mountains. it is too rare and accounts for only less than 0.1% of all coffee production all over the world.
in 1825, the person who was one of the royal family of hawaii went to britain with the king of hawaii and brought coffee plants on the way home. those plants spread to many regions of hawaii. in 1828, coffee plants were planted in the kona region. after that, many farms were made there. but, because of pest damage and the price decline of coffee, most farmers quit their jobs. in this situation, japanese immigrants moved to the kona region and started to grow coffee to pay their land cost by coffee. this is the beginning of kona coffee. now, kona coffee is drunk at the dinner party in white house because this is the only coffee that is grown in america and the quality is quite high. 
kona is one of the districts of hawaii, and it is located western. also,it is the only place which grows coffee in the u.s. states. it has a good natural environment for growing coffee thanks to some volcanoes that give soil many nutrients. also, the unique oceanic climate of the kona region, which is cooler and rains a lot more than that of flat ground, is good for growing coffee. furthermore, there is a terroir that is called “ kona coffee belt” that is around 32 km long and 3.2 wide area. in this territory, there are many farms and shops that sell kona coffee directly from the farms and as much as 900,000 kg of coffee beans are harvested annually.
kona blends and flavor coffee.
there are some blended kona coffees that are made by mixing some kinds of coffee beans because 100% kona coffee is quite expensive because of labor and land cost. in the hawaii-grow coffee law, blended coffee that accounted for 10% of kona coffee beans can be called kona blended coffee. the coffees that have extra flavor like macadamia nut, vanilla and so on are also famous. those flavor coffees are made by adding flavor during roasting.
this coffee has a less bitter taste and softly sourness. because of its great sourness, this coffee is called “queen of sourness”. you can feel the sweet and fresh smell like tropical fruits. also kona coffee is graded 5 stages according to the size of the beans. the bigger beans are graded better and those coffee beans have better taste. the biggest coffee beans are called “extra fancy” and there are only 15 % of kona coffee. following “fancy”, “no 1”, “select”, “prime”. other coffee beans are called “ hawaiian coffee”. also, there are coffee beans which are called peaberry. it is round beans although originally one is half round. those coffee beans contain more nutrition.
j church is a light rail line in the muni metro system, and is operated by the san francisco municipal railway.
j church begins service at 5 a.m. weekdays, 6 a.m. saturdays and 8 a.m. sundays and continues until 12:15 a.m. every night. daytime headways are every 10 minutes, and 12 minutes on weekends.
track work on the j church line was largely completed in 1916. the service from church and 30th street station to market street and van ness avenue started on august 11, 1917. service went further along van ness avenue to pine street on august 29, 1917; service to pine street was discontinued on may 31, 1918, with service along market street to the ferry building the next day. the new transbay terminal became the inner terminus for every other streetcar line on january 15, 1939, with all service going there after january 1, 1941.
light rail operation.
as part of the creation of the muni metro system, streetcar operation switched to light rail operation in 1981 – the last line to do so. while many streetcar lines switched to bus lines after world war ii, the j church avoided this due to the private right-of-way it uses between 18th street and 22nd street.
extension to balboa park.
the outer end of the line was originally at church and 30th streets. it was where streetcars used a triangle of railroad track to turn back. studies to further the line from its southern terminus had been made in the 1920s and 1970's. in 1990–91, the tracks were extended to the balboa park bart station and the metro center (muni light-rail base), giving j-line cars a much shorter connection to the yard than before. the extension opened on august 31, 1991. but the new section was used only by light rail cars starting or ending their runs; all-day j-line service was not use the new tracks until june 19, 1993.
the k ingleside is a light rail line of the muni metro system in san francisco, california. it mostly serves the west portal and ingleside neighborhoods. opened on february 3, 1918, it was the first line to use the twin peaks tunnel.
the k ingleside line stops at concrete boarding islands in the middle of the street next to the tracks. some stops have raised platforms for accessibility. stations between west portal and embarcadero is only served by the outbound k. but, not the inbound k, as it switches to t at west portal.
the k ingleside begins service at 5 a.m. weekdays, 6 a.m. saturdays and 8 a.m. sundays, with the end of service around 12:30 a.m. each night. trains on the weekdays are scheduled to come every 10 minutes. trains on the weekends are scheduled to come every 12 minutes.
the san francisco municipal railway (muni) opened its k line along with the twin peaks tunnel on february 3, 1918. the line ran from st. francis circle station along west portal avenue, through the tunnel, along market street to van ness avenue (joining the j church at church street). and along existing tracks on van ness avenue to pine street. on june 1, 1918, the j and k lines were removed from van ness avenue and went further along market street to a loop at the ferry building.
changes in 1980s.
more changes to the service route followed until finally on december 17, 1980. it was when the k line was light rail operated, with service from embarcadero station to balboa park, on weekdays only. weekend service continued to use pcc cars until september 1982. this was when the muni metro became fully operational.
changes in 2000s.
from february 2001 to june 7, 2003, k ingleside service was cut back to st. francis circle. it was also replaced by buses on ocean avenue for street repaving, and route reconstruction along ocean avenue. 
following service changes on june 30, 2007, the k ingleside and the t third street lines were combined inside the market street subway tunnel. though keeping their line designations, resulting in an upside-down, horseshoe-shaped route from balboa park to bayshore and sunnydale. at west portal station, inbound k trains heading towards downtown change their signs to the t line; at embarcadero station, t trains heading into downtown change signs to the k line.
the l taraval is a light rail line of the muni metro system in san francisco, california. the line is currently not operating and replaced by buses through the end of 2024 for reconstruction along taraval street.
the line begins at wawona and 46th avenue station (near the san francisco zoo), which is on a one-way loop on vicente street, 47th avenue, wawona street, and 46th avenue. it runs north on 46th avenue to taraval street, then runs east on taraval street to 15th avenue. the line then runs south one block on 15th avenue, then east on ulloa street to west portal station, where it tags along with all the other muni metro lines towards embarcadero station.
before the covid-19 pandemic, the l taraval operates 7 days a week, with train service beginning at 5 a.m. weekdays, 6 a.m. saturdays and 8 a.m. sundays and running until 12:30 a.m.
muni's l taraval line opened as a shuttle from west portal to 33rd avenue on april 12, 1919. it went further west along taraval street to 48th avenue at ocean beach on january 14, 1923; that october 15, the shuttle service was replaced with larger streetcars running through to the ferry building. the l taraval went south (turning off taraval at 46th) to the san francisco zoo, the line's current outer terminus, on september 15, 1937. every other streetcar line was routed to the new transbay terminal on january 15, 1939; they went back to the ferry building on january 1, 1941, but the transbay terminal became the inner terminal for all streetcars on june 6, 1948.
light rail operation.
the l switched to light rail operations as part of the opening of the muni metro system in 1980. while many streetcar lines switched to buses operations after world war ii, the l taraval remained a streetcar line due to its use of the twin peaks tunnel.
l taraval improvement project.
the l taraval improvement project, originally called the l taraval rapid project, was to improve street safety and speed up trains.
l taraval improvement project construction began in august 2019. in september 2019, construction on the first phase of the project began. it took place between sunset blvd and 46th avenue. the first phase was completed in july 2021. the second phase began in january 2022, with the second phase of the construction project taking place from sunset blvd to ulloa st near west portal station. this phase is expected to last through 2024.
the m ocean view is a muni metro light rail line in san francisco. the line was established in 1925.
the m ocean view begins service at 5 a.m. weekdays, 6 a.m. saturdays and 8 a.m. sundays, with the end of service occurring around 12:30 a.m. each night.
the m ocean view line began operation on october 6, 1925, as a shuttle service from st. francis circle to broad and plymouth in the city's ocean view district. it went through the twin peaks tunnel to the downtown ferry building on october 31, 1927, but went back to a shuttle service on february 27, 1928. the shuttle service was replaced by buses on august 6, 1939, but streetcar service returned on on december 17, 1944. on june 6, 1948, the transbay terminal became the inner terminus of the line.
changes in 1980s.
while many streetcar lines switched to bus operations after world war ii, the m ocean view remained a streetcar line due to its use of the twin peaks tunnel. on august 30, 1980, the line went further to balboa park bart station. the full line switched to light-rail operations with the opening of the muni metro system on december 17, 1980. 
the n judah is a light rail line of the muni metro system in san francisco, california. the line is named after judah street that it runs along for much of its length, and named after railroad engineer, theodore judah.
as with all muni lines, service begins around 5 a.m. on weekdays, 6 a.m. on saturdays, and 8 a.m. on sundays and holidays. daytime headways are 10 minutes on weekdays and 12 minutes on weekends.
on january 10, 1998, muni opened the muni metro extension to 4th and king/caltrain. it was originally served by a temporary shuttle service, the e embarcadero, which ran between embarcadero station and 4th and king/caltrain. on august 22, 1998, the e embarcadero line was removed and the n judah line was extended to its place. 
a lot of service changes took place at the time when the t third street line began service on april of 2007. the n judah was cut back to embarcadero station; the surface part on the embarcadero was served only by the t third street line, plus the j church line at peak hours. the changes were unpopular with the public; they caused big delays in the market street subway and made n judah riders transfer to reach the caltrain station when they did not before. on june 30, 2007, muni reversed several of the changes; the j church and n judah were put back to their previous routes.
future plans, according to the sfmta rail capacity strategy, include a new subway tunnel which connects to the market street subway to 9th avenue. additionally, the n judah line will be rebuilt to run three car trains. further plans include a connection between the l taraval and n judah lines, which may run on 46th avenue.
the t third street is a muni metro line in san francisco, california. it is the first new light rail line in san francisco in more than half a century and the first fully accessible line in the system.
testing on the line took place in summer 2006, with limited service starting on january 13, 2007, and full service beginning on april 7, 2007. it runs along the newly constructed light-rail tracks on third street and bayshore boulevard in the visitacion valley, bayview/hunters point, dogpatch, and mission bay neighborhoods, connecting to the existing muni metro system along the embarcadero and under market street.
in the future, the line may be going to caltrain's bayshore station (to which it was originally planned to run) and, in the other direction, to san francisco's washington square in north beach through chinatown central subway route.
the t third operates seven days a week, beginning at 5 a.m. weekdays, 6 a.m. saturdays and 8 a.m. sundays, operating until 1 a.m.
following service changes on june 30, 2007, the k ingleside and the t third street lines were combined inside the market street subway tunnel. though keeping their line designations, resulting in an upside-down, horseshoe-shaped route from balboa park to bayshore and sunnydale. at west portal station, inbound k trains heading towards downtown change their signs to the t line; at embarcadero station, t trains heading into downtown change signs to the k line.
the underground section of the line was closed west of castro station from june 25 to august 24, 2018, due to the twin peaks tunnel shutdown. on august 25, 2018, at the end of the shutdown, muni began running two-car trains on the k/t line.
t-third has been built in phases. the second phase, currently under construction, is also known as the central subway project, and will reroute t-third north of the 4th and king station. once the second phase is complete, the t will no longer be combined with k ingleside, avoiding both king street and the market street subway.
the s shuttle is a light rail line in the muni metro system in san francisco, california. the service began in 2001 as the s castro shuttle, an effort to deal with crowding at castro station. it was discontinued in 2007 when the t third street line was opened. service went further to st. francis circle station in 2013, but cut back to west portal station in 2016.
muni introduced the s castro shuttle. this aimed to reduce crowding at the busy castro station. the service began on april 2, 2001. at this time it was running only at peak hours on weekdays.
a lot of service changes took place with the start of full service on the t third street line on april 7, 2007. the new line was routed through the subway to castro station. it replaced the s castro shuttle; changes were also made to the j church, n judah, and several bus lines. the changes were unpopular with the public; the muni metro changes caused big delays in the market street subway, and forced many users to transfer to reach the caltrain station when they did not back then. 
on june 30, 2007, muni reversed some of the changes. the j, n, and s were restored to their previous routes. and the t was combined with the k ingleside line.
e embarcadero is a historic streetcar line that is the san francisco municipal railway's second heritage streetcar line in san francisco, california.
f market & wharves is a heritage streetcar line that is operated by the san francisco municipal railway in san francisco, california.
brave combat federation is the largest mixed martial arts mma promotion in the middle east and the fastest growing global mma promotion. the organization was established on 23 september 2016 by sheikh khalid bin hamad al khalifa. brave combat federation features mixed martial artists from more than 40 nations in five continents. brave combat federation events are aired though multiple media partners including el rey network, combate, myx tv, s+a espn 5 and bahrain radio and television corporation.in july 2021, brave combat federation was nominated for the first time as promotion of the year on the world mma awards.
the battle of al-hasakah, also known as the al-hasakah riot is a current islamic state attack and prison riot. is are freeing their group's imprisoned fighters from al-sina'a prison in the ghuwayran area of al-hasakah city. this city is under the control of the kurdish administration of northern syria.
battles previously occurred in al-hasakah in 2015 and 2016.
al-hasakah (, , ), is the capital city of the al-hasakah governorate, in the northeastern corner of syria. it is one of the ten largest cities in syria and the largest in the governorate. it had a population of 251,570 in 2004.
arnis līcītis (8 january 1946 – 21 january 2022) was a latvian actor. he was born in riga, latvia. his career began in 1965. his best known roles were in "long road in the dunes" (1981), "musketeers twenty years after" (1992) and "dangerous summer" (2000).
līcītis died on 21 january 2022 in riga ​at the age of 75.
imants kalniņš (born 26 may 1941) is a latvian composer, musician and politician. he has written six symphonies, some operas (including the first rock opera in the ussr, "ei, jūs tur!" ()), oratorios, cantatas, choir songs and movie scores. he was a member of the 5th, 7th, 8th, and 9th sitting of the saeima from 1993 to 1995 and again from 1998 through 2010.
in 2021, kalniņš received the great music award.
fatma girik (12 december 1942 – 24 january 2022) was a turkish actress and politician. she was born in istanbul, turkey. her career began in 1957 and she retired in 2012. she was mayor of şişli between 1989 until 1994. girik was known for her roles in "karakolda ayna var", "kız kolunda damga var" and "seviştiğimiz günler".
girik died on 24 january 2022 at a hospital in istanbul from multiple organ failure caused by covid-19, aged 79.
grabill is a town in cedar creek township, allen county, indiana, united states. the population was 1,053 at the 2010 census.
cedar creek township is one of twenty townships in allen county, indiana, united states. as of the 2010 census, its population was 12,570.
mark edward souder (july 18, 1950 – september 26, 2022) was an american republican politician. he was a u.s. representative from indiana from 1995 to 2010.
on may 18, 2010, souder announced his resignation from congress, after admitting to an extramarital affair with one of his part-time female staff members.
in january 2022, souder was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer.
edward śmigły rydz was an important leader of poland.
he was born in 1886 when poland did not exist anymore and was partitioned between austria, prussia and russia. edward was born in the austrian part. 
śmigły was studied painting in cracow and became a painter. during world war 1 he joined józef piłsudski's legions that fought to bring poland back.
piłsudski respected him a lot and made him general of the polish army. after piłsudski, the leader of poland died in 1935, he became the new leader. when world war 2 broke out in 1939 he defended poland against the nazi and soviet invasion.
he lost and had to leave poland. during world war 2 śmigły returned to poland secretly and led a resistance group against the nazis.
he died in warsaw in december of 1941.
cody ray allen garbrandt nickname "no love" (born july 7, 1991) is an american professional mixed martial artist 
who currently competes in the flyweight and bantamweight division of the ultimate fighting championship. ufc bantamweight champion (one time).2017 fight of the year vs. t.j. dillashaw.
rupert william penry-jones (born 22 september 1970) is a british actor. he is known for his roles as adam carter in "spooks", clive reader in "silk", joseph chandler in "whitechapel", and mr quinlan in the american horror series "the strain". he played mayor don mitchell in the 2022 dc comics movie "the batman".
robert "con" o'neill (born 15 august 1966) is an english actor. he was nominated for a tony award for best actor in a musical and a drama desk award for outstanding actor in a musical for playing michael "mickey" johnstone in the musical "blood brothers". he is known for his role as viktor bryukhanov in the mini-series "chernobyl". o'neill was also in the 2022 dc comics movie "the batman" as a police chief.
jorge masvidal (nickname gamebred; born november 12, 1984 in miami, florida) is an american professional mixed martial artist. he currently competes in the lightweight and welterweight division for the ultimate fighting championship. masvidal has been competing professionally since 2003. he has also competed for bellator, strikeforce, shark fights, and world victory road. he holds the record for the fastest knockout in ufc history at five seconds, and holds the ufc bmf championship belt.
on 23 january 2022, a gunshot was heard in front of presidential residence in the burkinabé capital ouagadougou. the soldiers was reported to have taken the control of military base in the capital. although the government denied the ongoing coup in the country. however, several hours later, president roch marc christian kaboré was said to have been arrested by the soldiers at military camp in the country. the next day, kaboré was removed from power.
it was reported that the internet in the country has stopped working. on 24 january 2022, it was announced that paul-henri sandaogo damiba was the coup's leader and would become the country's head of state.
lassina zerbo (born 10 october 1963) is a burkinabé politician and scientist. he became the prime minister of burkina faso on 10 december 2021. before, he was the executive secretary of the comprehensive nuclear-test-ban treaty organization. his term ended when the government was dissolved during the january 2022 burkina faso coup d'état.
esther hayut (; born 16 october 1953) is an israeli judge. she is the chief justice of the supreme court of israel. she was sworn in on 26 october 2017.
garig gunak barlu is a protected area in australia. it is located in northern territory of australia. 
the name derives from the local garig language, and the words "gunak" 'land' and "barlu" 'deep water.
christophe joseph marie dabiré (born 27 august 1948) is a burkinabé politician. he was the prime minister of burkina faso from 24 january 2019 to 9 december 2021.
michel kafando (born 18 august 1942) is a burkinabé politician. he was transitional president of burkina faso from 2014 to 2015. he worked in the government as minister of foreign affairs from 1982 to 1983 and was the permanent representative (ambassador) of burkina faso to the united nations from 1998 to 2011.
jean-baptiste philippe ouédraogo (born 30 june 1942) is a burkinabé physician and retired military officer. he was president of upper volta (now burkina faso) from 8 november 1982 to 4 august 1983. he has retired from politics and works at a medical clinic.
parks and wildlife commission of the northern territory is the northern territory government agency which aim for tasks such as the establishment of "parks, reserves, sanctuaries and other land", the management of these and the "protection, conservation, sustainable use of wildlife etc. 
serge korber (1 february 1936 – 23 january 2022) was a french movie director and screenwriter. he directed 45 movies between 1962 and 2007. he was born in paris, france. his movies include "an idiot in paris" (1967), "a little virtuous" (1968), "l'homme orchestre" (1970), "perched on a tree" (1971) and "hearth fires" (1972).
korber died on 23 january 2022 at his home in tarn, france at the age of 85.
meier schwarz (28 january 1926 – 12 january 2022) was a german-born israeli plant physiologist, academic and holocaust survivor. he was born in nuremberg, germany. schwarz was head of the department for soilless cultures at the jacob blaustein institute for desert research in beer sheva.
schwarz was president of the international society for soilless cultures (isosc), and founder of the natural sciences department of teacher education at the jerusalem college and the jerusalem college of technology. he also served as president of the international society of religious researchers.
his family were able to manage schwarz to migrate to israel in 1938 before being killed at auschwitz concentration camp.
schwarz died on 23 january 2022 in jerusalem, israel, two weeks before his 96th birthday.
megan kate gale (born 7 august 1975) is an australian model and actress. she modeled for vodafone. she later became an actress. gale played fatma in "the water diviner" (2014) and valkyrie in george miller's "" (2015).
game of death redux (死亡遊戲 redux) is a 2019 special features distributed with the movie "game of death (1978 movie)"
in 1978 the "golden harvest" has released "game of death" ("死亡遊戲"). the 1978 version uses portions of the original footage married to an entirely new plot. the revised version of the film uses only 11 minutes and 7 seconds of the footage from the original "the game of death (1972)".
creation of special feature.
but on 2019 producer "alan canvan" edited "game of death redux". the edit only uses footage shot during the original production of "the game of death". the movie was released as a special feature in "the criterion collection's" blu-ray box set of bruce lee films, on july 14, 2020.
it was presented closely the way bruce intended. while at the same time, keeping in-tact some of the stronger as aspects of the universally panned, pieced together 1978 movie (known to fans as game of death ’78), such as john barry’s acclaimed score, as well some of the film’s strong audio design.
new version on 2022.
there is a second version of "game of death redux" on 2022. 
with the first version alan canvan had concentrated entirely on the flow of the piece. but he was not satisfied to how the shots were cut and how the music drove the narrative artistically. canvan wanted a complete visual and sound restoration. so he got help from a new team. after a year the new redux has been fully restored with a brand-new color grade and audio mix. additionally, chris kent, who looped bruce’s war cries for robert clouse’s game of death movie, lent his voice once again to match the audio portions from 1978. finally, reworking a dozen sequences resulted in a much more concise and dramatic presentation of the narrative.
canvan’s game of death redux was the latest project that focused on bruce lee’s original 1972 storyline, a subject that was previously explored in john little’s 2000 documentary, and artport’s bruce lee in g.o.d 死亡的遊戯 (released in japan the same year), not to mention a series of fan edits that have been circulating the internet. all aforementioned edits use 1972-era the game of death footage that was initially discovered by hong kong film expert bey logan, who stumbled upon the footage in the now-defunct golden harvest studio vaults back in 1999.
the game of death.
the game of death ("死亡的遊戲") is an incomplete "hong kong" martial arts film, of 39 minutes (approximatley two minutes is missing from the beginning), filmed in 1972, directed, written, produced by and starring "bruce lee", as hai tien, with "kareem abdul-jabbar", as mantis, "james tien", "chieh yuan", "dan inosanto", "ji han-jae" and "hwang in-shik" (only a short footage outdoors). unifinished because of bruce lee's death. produced company "concord production inc." and "golden harvest". the 1972 original footage it was distributed in 2000 by two documentaries, "" and " bruce lee in g.o.d 死亡的遊戯" and 2019 by short film "game of death redux". the 1972 original script it was distributed by short film "the story".
during a search is discovered among the choreography writings, hand-written storyline, 12 pages in length and containing all scene breakdowns and select dialogue passages the original storyline stands in sharp contrast to the one presented in the film "game of death (1978 movie)". after the discovery of lee's script notes in 2000 it was directed the short film "the story". the movie is the storyline for "the game of death" and the missing part of "bruce lees "the game of death", not played in 1972. directed in "south korea" by "john little", distributed as a special feature in dvd of the documentary '.
first trailer in 1973 within the documentary "" where some exclusive fragments were shown.
bruce lee historian john little released bruce lee: a warrior's journey, a documentary revealing the original footage of "the game of death". the documentary also includes a fairly in-depth biography of lee and leads into the filming of "the game of death".
in 2000, the japanese film-documentary "bruce lee in g.o.d 死亡的遊戯" was released on dvd. this film shows the existing footage that was shot for the film before he died, interviews, and historical re-enactments of what went on behind the scenes.
bellator mma (formally bellator fighting championships) is an american mixed martial arts promotion based in santa monica, california. it is known for being one of the largest mixed martial arts promotions in the world, following ufc.
pseudis bolbodactyla is a frog that lives in minas gerais and espírito santo in brazil.
geratskirchen is a municipality in rottal-inn in bavaria in germany.
hebertsfelden is a municipality in rottal-inn in bavaria in germany.
julbach is a village and municipality in rottal-inn in bavaria in germany. julbach has 16 other settlements.
kirchdorf am inn is a municipality in rottal-inn in bavaria in germany. it lies on the river inn.
malgersdorf is a municipality in rottal-inn in bavaria in germany.
massing is a municipality in rottal-inn in bavaria in germany.
nathan donald diaz (born april 16, 1985) in stockton, california is an american professional mixed martial artist, he is competing at the lightweight and welterweight division. before signing with the ufc, diaz competed in world extreme cagefighting, strikeforce, and pancrase. he has been in the ufc since winning the ultimate fighter 5.
mitterskirchen is a municipality in rottal-inn in bavaria in germany.
mitterskirchen is in a small side-valley of the rott, bordering on upper bavaria. mitterskirchen is at the federal highway b588, about seven kilometers south-west of eggenfelden, 18 kilometers north of altötting, 23 kilometers north-east of mühldorf, as well as 22 kilometers south-west of pfarrkirchen. the next train station on the railway line passau - mühldorf is in eggenfelden.
postmünster is a municipality in rottal-inn in bavaria, germany.
reut is a municipality in rottal-inn in bavaria in germany.
roßbach is a municipality in rottal-inn in bavaria, germany.
schönau is a municipality in rottal-inn in bavaria, germany.
pinnochio is a 2022 american musical fantasy film directed by robert zemeckis from a screenplay by zemeckis and chris weitz. the film, produced by walt disney pictures, is a live-action adaptation of walt disney's 1940 animated film of the same name, which is itself based on the 1883 italian book "the adventures of pinocchio", by carlo collodi. the film stars tom hanks, cynthia erivo, and luke evans with benjamin evan ainsworth, joseph gordon-levitt, and keegan-michael key in voice roles.
"pinocchio" was released on september 8, 2022, by disney+. the film received mixed reviews from critics.
a hobo cricket named jiminy cricket enters the home of an elderly woodcarver named geppetto, accompanied by his pet kitten figaro and pet fish cleo, and finds that he has completed work on a marionette puppet he names pinocchio. when geppetto decides to retire for the night, he makes a wish on a star. a few hours later, the star magically brings pinocchio to life and he is soon visited by the blue fairy, who tells pinocchio that if he acts brave, truthful and selfless, he can be a real boy and she also appoints jiminy the responsibility of being pinocchio's conscience to teach him right from wrong. when geppetto awakens and finds pinocchio alive, he is at first shocked, but becomes overjoyed.
after a few days, geppetto decides that pinocchio should attend school and sends him there. however, pinocchio is soon approached by a con-artist fox and cat named "honest" john and gideon as they convince him that he should live a life of fame in order to truly be a real boy, when they really want to sell him to the puppet master stromboli in exchange for wealth. jiminy, who finds pinocchio with the help of a seagull named sofia, convinces pinocchio to continue going to school. unfortunately pinocchio is thrown out of school on account of being a puppet, so he decides to go to stromboli's after all and jiminy can't stop him when john places a glass jar over him.
at stromboli's theater, pinocchio befriends one of stromboli's employees vitelli and her puppet sabina. pinocchio puts on a good show for the crowd as they throw their cash to him, but stromboli locks pinocchio in a bird cage to prevent him from ever leaving, wanting to exploit pinocchio for all he's worth. soon, stromboli's coach ends up freeing jiminy from the jar and when he enters the coach, he manages to help pinocchio escape when pinocchio has him reach the keys to the lock on the cage by telling lies since that makes his nose grow. geppetto, figaro and cleo go out to look for pinocchio when he fails to come home for dinner.
soon, pinocchio is swiped up by a coach full of children driven by a charismatic coachman, who is taking the kids to pleasure island, an isle where misbehavior is encouraged. when they reach the island, pinocchio slowly gets disturbed by the amount of cruelty the kids commit, much to the bemusement of an unruly boy named lampwick. when jiminy, who got separated from pinocchio again, makes it to the island, he soon finds out that the kids their get turned into donkeys and the coachman sells them to the salt-mines with help from his fog-like henchmen. pinocchio witnesses lampwick get transformed himself at a pool hall and he and jiminy escape the island before the coachman and his goons can get them, but not before pinocchio gains a donkey's ears and tail.
pinocchio and jiminy make it back to geppetto's but find that he's not home because sofia gave him a flyer of pleasure island to let him know where pinocchio is and that he sold all of his clocks to buy a boat to go there. while trying to find geppetto, pinocchio reunites with vitelli and sabina, who tell him that stromboli has been arrested and they have taken over his puppet show. they offer pinocchio to join them, but pinocchio declines, wanting to save his father, which makes his donkey parts disappear. sofia pulls a rope for pinocchio to hold out to the sea, where they soon find geppetto in his boat. just as they reunite, they are swallowed by a giant sea monster named monstro. they take refuge in a giant boat in monstro's stomach, and pinocchio gets the idea to make him sneeze by starting a fire within him. the plan is successful, and monstro sneezes them out, but he gives a chase that ends with him and the group crashing on dry land and rendering geppetto unconscious.
pinocchio thinks geppetto has died, and despairs before geppetto comes to and soon tells pinocchio that despite being a puppet, he has proven himself to be a true boy at heart for all that he's done and they depart for home as pinocchio slowly transforms into a real boy. jiminy then breaks the fourth wall before ending the film.
figaro the cat, cleo the goldfish and monstro the sea monster also appear.
stubenberg is a municipality in rottal-inn in bavaria in germany. it is on the river inn, close to the border with austria.
tann is a municipality in rottal-inn in bavaria, germany. it has about 4,000 residents and is 15 km from the corner of austria away.
triftern is a municipality in rottal-inn in bavaria in germany.
unterdietfurt is a municipality in rottal-inn in bavaria, germany.
tomodachi collection is a life and social simulator video game created for the nintendo ds by nintendo spd. the video game is a prequel to the video game tomodachi collection: new life or tomodachi life in other countries. the video game is only available in japan for japan ds's. this game features nintendo's avatars featured on the wii called miis.
the game first starts the player on an empty island. on the island, you are to give the island a name. afterwards, you must give your island a look-alike mii that looks like you. then you will feed them, give them another mii to live with. after this is complete, the player is allowed to make as many miis as they want to unlock other parts of the island such as an interior or clothing store. the game does not end, and you can play for as long as you want.
tomb of nader shah is a building in mashhad, which is designed by hooshang seyhoun. this building is the grave and resting place of nader shah, shah of afsharid iran.
jonathan dwight jones nickname "bones" (born july 19, 1987) in rochester, new york is an american professional mixed martial artist who currently competes in the light heavyweight division of the ultimate fighting championship. he is a former two-time ufc light heavyweight champion, holding the title from march 2011 to april 2015 and from december 2018 to august 2020. jones also held the interim ufc light heavyweight championship.
inge aicher-scholl (11 august 1917 – 4 september 1998), born in present-day crailsheim, germany, was the daughter of robert scholl, mayor of forchtenberg, and elder sister of hans and sophie scholl, who studied at the university of munich in 1942, and were core members of the white rose student resistance movement in nazi germany. inge scholl wrote several books about the white rose after the war.
elisabeth hartnagel-scholl (born 27 february 1920 in forchtenberg as elisabeth scholl; died 28 february 2020 in stuttgart) was the sister of hans and sophie scholl.
elisabeth hartnagel (then scholl) grew up together with her siblings inge (1917–1998), hans (1918–1943), sophie (1921–1943) and werner (1922–1944). her siblings initially enthusiastically followed national socialism and were members of the league of german girls or hitler youth, but later became dissatisfied with the nazi regime.
scholl arrest and sippenhaft.
her siblings hans and sophie were arrested on february 18, 1943. elisabeth found this out from the newspaper. four days later, on the 22nd february, hans and sophie scholl and their fellow student christoph probst were sentenced to death in munich by the people's court chaired by judge roland freisler, who came from berlin for the sole purpose of the trial. around 5 p.m., the convicts were beheaded in munich's stadelheim prison. at the funeral of hans and sophie scholl on the 24th february, the parents and siblings inge, elisabeth and werner were present. three days later, on elisabeth's 23rd birthday, the scholl family was taken into custody in ulm, elisabeth scholl fell seriously ill in "protective detention" and was released after two months. she was the first of the scholls to be released from prison.
after the war.
in october 1945, she married fritz hartnagel (1917–2001). fritz had been sophie’s fiance, and after the execution fritz and elisabeth had been brought together from their shared grief at their loss. together the couple had four children. after the death of her sister inge aicher-scholl in 1998, elisabeth began to speak about her siblings at schools and other educational institutions. she was commited to keeping the memory of her brother and sister alive. she died on february 28, 2020, one day after her hundredth birthday.
friedrich "fritz" hartnagel (born february 4, 1917 in ulm; died april 29, 2001 in stuttgart) was a lawyer and soldier of the wehrmacht during world war ii. in the 1950s, hartnagel, then a judge in stuttgart, campaigned against the rearmament of the federal republic. he was sophie scholl's (unofficial) fiancée.
early life and relationship with sophie scholl.
when hitler first came to power hartnagel was entranced by him and his vision for germany. he volunteered for an officer career in the spring of 1936 after an early abitur and was a professional officer of the wehrmacht until the end of world war ii.
in 1937, hartnagel met sophie scholl at a dance event. under scholl's influence and after experiences on the front (including in the battle of stalingrad), hartnagel changed from an enthusiastic soldier to an opponent of war and nazi dictatorship. he supported the resistance activities with news about the course of the war and war crimes and with amounts of money (including 1000 reichsmarks) although he never officially joined any reistance movements.
after the execution of hans and sophie on the 22nd february 1943 hartnagel assisted the scholl family. after the remaining scholl family members were put into sippenhaft (clan arrest), hartnagel appealed for clemency for the scholl family. after they were released, he supported them financially. 
after the war.
on april 14, 1945, hartnagel was captured by us troops and kept as a prisoner of war until september 1945. in october 1945, he married sophie's sister elisabeth scholl, who he had grown close to after sophie's execution.
in 1946, hartnagel began law studies at the ludwig maximilian university in munich (the same college sophie scholl had gone to.) he completed his studies and became a judge. he died on april 29, 2001, at the age of 84.
the atlanta compromise was an informal agreement, between the black people of the cotton-producing states of the united states, and the government of these states. it came after a speech by booker t. washington, given in 1895. the compromise is the following: the black people would tolerate means of racial segregation, most notably the jim crow laws. in exchange the white government of these states would allow them to get some basic education for free; this education was focused on technical jobs or basic training in jobs the industry needed. this would also improve the living conditions of the black peaople. black people would no longer focus on fighting for egality, integration into society or justice. white people would finance educational institutions for black people, such as tuskegee university. even though people agreed on these points, their agreement was never written down. 
shortly afterwards, arounf 1900, african-american leaders, such as w. e. b. du bois and william monroe trotter, said that black people should instead focus on the stuggle for civil rights. it was du bois who coined the term to atlanta compromiise to refer to the speech by brooker t. washington.
in mathematics, the formula_1-factorial is the generalized formula for the factorial.
when formula_2, it is called the double factorial, and generally it is written as formula_3.
hamid motahari (persian: حمید مطهری born 25 april 1974 in tehran, iran) is an iranian retired professional football midfielderand who is head coach and now he is currently assistant of yahya golmohammadi in persepolis f.c.
hamid motahari born 25 april 1974 in tehran iran.
hamid motahari is married and result of this life is a daughter named harir.
hamid motahari is a former player and iranianfootball coach.
he started his football career with the youth of vahdat f.c. team and at the same time he played for the youth and adults.
he joined persepolis f.c. after playing for teams such as sepahan and keshavarz f.c.
he was a player at persepolis f.c. until the end of his playing career, but with a serious injury, his playing career ended very quickly.
he was playing in the iran u-20 1991–1993 and the iran u-23 1993–1995
hamid motahari joined the railway team in 2009 at the age of 35 as a coach and was present in the technical staff of this club for about 2 years as an assistant coach.
in 2014, he became the head coach of omid perspolis f.c.. 
after a year, he joined saipa f.c. and in 2016, he signed a contract with paykan f.c. and was the assistant coach of majid jalali in this team for two years.
after a short experience, he joined nassaji mazandaran f.c. and then was a member of the technical staff of shahr khodro f.c. from 2020-2019.
when yahya golmohammadi was in the perspolis f.c. team, he also took motahari to this team. 
hamid motahhari has been yahya golmohammadi assistant in perspolis f.c. since 2020. 
saba qom f.c. 2007-2009 assistan
rah ahan f.c. 2009-2011 assistan
saipa f.c. 2014-2015 assistan
paykan f.c. 2016-2018 assistan
nassaji mazandaran f.c. 2019 assistan
shahr khodro f.c. 2019-2020 assistan
motahari is now yahya golmohammadi's assistant in perspolis f.c.
life skills are abilities which help people to deal with the demands and challenges that they face in life.
the world health organization in 1999 identified cross-cultural areas of life skills:
most of the times children get life skills when they play or discover new things with adults.
fordtown is an unincorporated community in sullivan county, tennessee, united states, the community's name was adopted due to the number of people with the last name ford, who lived in the area. it is accessed by the road named after it, fordtown road.
orientalism is an idea that the eastern world and the western world have opposite ways of thinking in terms of being and knowledge. it is often shown in the superiority of the west and the inferiority of the east. edward said was the first person to use the word this way in his 1978 book "“orientalism”". he describes orientalism as “a style of thought based upon an ontological and epistemological distinction made between ‘the orient’ and ‘the occident’ ”. before the term orientalism was used by said, it had a different meaning. in 1798, after napoleon invaded egypt, an era started. during this era, it was easier for european colonial powers to use their economic and political power over much of asia and africa. this allowed for more academic study of the east than before. this was called “the oriental renaissance” in the 19th century. it had a large and broad effect on literature, art, and architecture in europe. 
during the 19th and 20th centuries, the term orientalism was used to describe the effects of the orient’s influence on art, literature, and architecture fields. it was also used to label the academic study done by philologists (people who study the history of language) who were focused on the oriental languages and the understanding of ancient oriental texts. this knowledge was thought to be enough to understand oriental civilizations. there was no interest to the day-to-day life of these oriental communities and their heterogeneous customs and traditions. 
during the time of colonial power in the 19th and 20th centuries, the role of the orientalist academic changed. the knowledge that was learned in this field of study was used to justify european colonialism over the arab world.
orientalism in architecture, art, and literature.
beginning in the 19th century, the "oriental renaissance" influenced european culture in many ways. in the architectural field there are many different revivals in europe. the indo-saracenic revival at the end of the 18th century, or the egyptian revival, recreated buildings with motifs taken from the indian subcontinent and egypt.
the “oriental renaissance” affected also the romantic movement. in fact, romantic writers and artists showed a great interest in this oriental rediscovery. a great example can be found in flaubert’s (one of the most important french writer of the 19th century) novel salammbò in 1862, where the orient is depicted as something opposite of the occident, eroticized and exoticized. travelers’ accounts were very popular and contributed to form an imaginary vision of the orient in the western societies. lord byron, victor hugo, nerval, chateaubriand are some of the famous writers of the time that evoked exotic scenes and wild adventures by their accounts.
during the 19th century, orientalist painting movement also developed. the drawings of the french painters jean-auguste-dominique ingres and eugene delacroix, or the english painter william holman hunt are important examples of this movement. they depicted the east as something different, dangerous, wild, sexual, often because of their imagination and not because of the reality. for example, the french painter ingres drew images of nude oriental women using ancient greek and roman sculptures rather than real models. it would have been very difficult to persuade a woman in the arab and indian world to pose naked.
this was because the main goal was to capture the imagination of the european people. the harem was at the center of european sexual fantasies. naked and half-naked women in the harem were the subject of many orientalist paintings, but painters rarely ever got to see an actual harem. other popular images used by orientalist painters included mainly concubines and exotic landscapes. the orient was often eroticized, the muslim was presented as a violent and sexually perverted person, and the muslim woman was viewed as oppressed and enslaved by the muslim male. travel stories, literary works, and artistic works contributed strongly to create the image of a strange, different, exotic, and dangerous orient.
philology as a career.
starting from the 19th century, the term orientalism was used to indicate also a scholarly field specialized in oriental languages and sacred ancient texts. in the late 18th century and early 19th century, studies about sanskrit, persian, and egyptian hieroglyphs started to become very popular. new institutions were established during this period to help developing these studies. in 1795 was established the school of living oriental languages in paris in 1795, in 1821 the societe asiatique, the royal asiatic society in london in 1834, the american oriental society in 1842.
philology was considered to be the only necessary thing to understand oriental civilizations. orient was a wide and vague term. however, it was clear that the orientalists studied mostly the islam and muslims rather than india and china. over the time the oriental studies were divided into more specific labels such as “near eastern” and “east asian” departments. finally, at the beginning of the 20th century the term “middle east” was invented by the us army.
every orientalist assumption about the east starts with the premise that the europeans were the modern colonizers, and the orientals were the backward subjects. “belonging to a country with definite interests in the orient” has surely influenced the point of view of these scholars about the east. according to the orientalist vision, the orient and orientals were objects of study, and the europeans were the subjects. orientalism was based upon the belief in a basic difference between the east and the west, and deeply influenced by the essentialism. according to this current of thought, human history is divided into civilizations with their own unique and unchangeable essences. the people and their characteristics could be understood by studying these unchanging cultural essences in the ancient and authoritative texts of the classical period (the golden age in islam is a period that goes from the 8th to the 14th century). the interest in the present conditions of the muslims and their current thoughts were not important for a good comprehension. that is why the oriental scholar was typically a philologist. from this ideology originated the abstract concept of the homo islamicus, or arabicus. this homo islamicus was a specific type of human being, had a fixed mindset, and was clearly opposed to the western mindset. in fact, the islamic civilization was considered, in these essentialist terms, a coherent civilization that remained the same in all times and places, from the rise of islam until today. islam was considered the opposite of western civilization, rigid, inflexible, tyrannical, in decline, hostile to outside influences, inferior, and these characteristics were considered part of the essence of the islamic civilization. instead, the western civilization was considered modern, rational, liberal, advanced, and the top of the human hierarchy. “the west”, by defining “the orient”, was defining itself. orientalists believed that islamic civilization reached its prime under the abbasid dynasty during the 8th/10th century, and then gradually lost its energy and vigor. a clear example of this way of thinking can be found in the lecture “islam and science” that ernest renan (france’s most important philologist and scholar of religion) gave at university of sorbonne of paris in 1883. islam was considered inferior, not rational, opposed to the science, and the muslim was fanatical. renan affirmed that the period of splendor during the abbasid dynasty was due only to the scientific tradition of greek antiquity that was been preserved until that moment. this kind of discourse supported the idea of western superiority and legitimized european colonialism. 
persistence of orientalist assumptions through the 20th century.
similar views were still present in the 20th century and can be traced in many important academic works such as "the decline of the west" (1918) by oswald spengler, or "a study of history" by arnold toynbee (1934-61); both works present orientalist concepts. another important book, "the government of the ottoman empire in the time of suleiman the magnificient" was written by albert howe lybyer in 1913. lybyer was not able to read the turkish ottoman language, but several generations of scholars accepted his argumentations until the 50s and 60s. he argued that the period of maximum splendor of the ottoman empire, in the 15th/16th century under the sultan suleiman the magnificent, occurred because christian subjects from the balkans and caucasus ruled the institutions of the empire. once the islam played a central role in the government, the ottoman empire became ineffective and decadent.
hamilton gibb and harold bowen published "islamic society and the west" in 1950-57. gibb was one of the most famous orientalist of his day. in this book, they affirm that until the 19th century the islamic society was not influenced by the western civilization. islam was an expression of a fixed and unchangeable set of beliefs valid to every place and time. problems that muslims were facing during the 20th century could be understood through the medieval islamic thought. bowen and gibbs portrayed an islamic civilization that remained the same during the centuries, characterized by of despotism and lack of cohesion. they ignored the different forms of islam practiced in the world. from morocco to indonesia, all was considered the same static and rigid islamic society.
orientalist knowledge and colonial power.
the orientalist scholarship was in part used by colonial powers to justify colonialism. silvestre de sacy, the most important orientalist scholar of his period, advised the french government during the invasion of algeria in 1830. in the early 20th century, the orientalist scholar snouck hurgonje helped the dutch government in the formulation of the policies during the colonization of indonesia. thomas edward lawrence, famous for his nickname “lawrence of arabia”, was an orientalist scholar and student of the oxford orientalist and archeologist d.g. hogarth. lawrence was sent by the british government to arabia to join the arab rebel forces in the “arab revolt” during the first world war. lord cromer is a great example to see how colonial power and orientalist knowledge were connected. cromer was general counsel of the british protectorate of egypt from 1883 to 1907, and was considered an authoritative figure on egypt and the orient. in 1908 published ‘"modern egypt’". he gave an account of his permanence in egypt. in his narrative, we find all the characteristic elements of orientalism. in fact, he placed a clear distinction between the rational and advanced west, and the irrational and submissive east. muslim women were seen as enslaved, and islam as an unchanging, backward, and oppressive religion. he affirms that the egyptians are incapable of governing themselves, highlighting instead the civilizing mission of the british colonists. 
orientalism by edward said.
orientalism is a theory put forward by edward said in his book, "orientalism" (1978).
edward said was born in jerusalem in 1935, but he mostly grew up in cairo, egypt. said completed his education in the united states. he graduated from princeton university, and earned his doctorate at harvard university in english literature. he then became a famous professor at columbia university. edward said wrote about the situation between israel and palestine. his statements were shared by the plo, (the palestine liberation organization is the most important palestinian political organization, founded in the 1964). in 1977, edward said was elected as an independent to the plo's parliament, the palestine national council. said started to criticize the way in which arabs and muslims were portrayed as different and inferior by the west. in 1978 his book "'orientalism"' was published. the book had a huge impact, it quickly gained popularity, and was translated in more than 35 languages. the book explores how the west depicts the east. the west depicted the east as 'other' and essentially inferior. this 'otherness' helped the west to justify the colonisation of the east. edward said defines orientalism as: ""a way of coming to terms with the orient that is based on the orient's special place in european western experience."" said also states that the west has portrayed itself as the contrary of the orient. he shows this with an example, a quote from sir alfred lyall (english philosopher, editor, clergyman and traveller) to illustrate the way of thinking of 17th-century europeans: ""on the one hand there are westerners, and on the other there are arab-orientals; the former are (in no particular order) rational, peaceful, liberal, logical, capable of holding real values, without natural suspicion; the latter are none of these things."" the relationship between the orient and occident goes way back, european powers like france and britain have a long history in the orient, influencing it, imperialising and colonising it. this domination was imposed especially as of 1798, after napoleon's expedition in egypt. said states that the relationship between the orient and occident is one of power. the orient, seen as a place of sensuality, immorality, exoticism. and authoritarianism, is compared to the west, defined as being rational, liberal, moral, diametrically the opposite. in this way, the orient has been made oriental by the west. said states that we should not think that orientalism was only an idea, but something more pervasive, that has been influencing our ideas, culture, clothing, and so on. these ideas keep orientalism alive still today.
to define the concept of orientalism, said was deeply influenced by the french thinker michel foucault and his theory of power and knowledge. a second important figure for edward said was the italian thinker antonio gramsci, known for his theories about the cultural hegemony. gramsci states that rulers do not obtain their power by being violent; instead, through the ideology, they induce the people to accept their power. using a similar logic, said stated that the west had legitimated its hegemony over the orient by promoting certain ways of thinking.
examples of orientalism can be found even nowadays in the media culture. 
the disney company was criticized for only producing movies featuring white characters. in response to this, from the 1980s, disney started producing movies such as pocahontas, mulan and aladdin, featuring non-white characters. aladdin was disney's first movie taking place in the middle east, with a non-white princess. nevertheless, the movie received a lot of criticism because of how the middle eastern people, places, and cultures were shown. many people protested to change the lyric of the song at the beginning of the film: “""where they cut off your ear if they don’t like your face. it’s barbaric, but hey, it’s home., since it described the middle east as a violent, scary, and barbaric place. the women were portrayed as integrally veiled, dressed in belly dancing-outfits, playing with bengal tigers. they were exoticized, and not in line with the reality. jasmine and aladdin, the main characters, speak with an american accent and have lighter skins than the villain jafar, who has an anglo-arab accent.
edward wadie said (1935-2003) was a palestinian academic. he came up with the theory of orientalism (1978) and wrote the book "culture and imperialism" (1993)"."
edward wadie said was born on 1 november 1935, son of hilda said and wadie said. he was born during the time the british ruled over palestine. he was raised as a christian palestinian, though he would later become agnostic. he was trained as a pianist, though this was not the main focus of his career. 
said attended st george's school, which is a british boys' school in east jersualem. he would later study in victoria college, alexandria, before moving to the us. he graduated from princeton university in 1957. he completed his masters and phd at harvard university.
said published orientalism in 1978, and "culture and imperialism" in 1993. he was a leading founder of a field of academic study known as postcolonial studies.
said died on 24 september 2003. the cause of his death was leukaemia.
the tanzimat was a period of reform in the ottoman empire that began in 1839 and ended in 1876. it intended to modernise the ottoman empire, and allowed for religious freedom.
bloomingdale is a census-designated place (cdp) in sullivan county, tennessee, united states. the population was 9,888 at the 2010 census and 10,188 in 2013.
it is part of the kingsport–bristol (tn)–bristol (va) metropolitan statistical area, which is a component of the johnson city–kingsport–bristol, tn-va combined statistical area – commonly known as the "tri-cities" region.
bloomingdale is located at .
according to the united states census bureau, the cdp has a total area of , all of it land.
as of the 2020 united states census, there were 8,918 people, 3,977 households, and 2,449 families residing in the cdp.
shane baxley (born february 13, 1986), is an american concept designer.
baxley has created concept art for vehicles, characters and environments for titles, including "", "bumblebee", the "loki" series, and spike jonze's award-winning apple home pod commercial. most recently he has contributed designs to james gunn's "the suicide squad" including starro and "the thinker" as well as designs for the to be released "peacemaker" series and "guardians of the galaxy volume 3". other contributions not yet released include "star wars" "obi-wan kenobi", "furiosa", "black panther 2" and "blue beetle".
early life and education.
shane baxley was born in santa clara, california. he graduated from los gatos high school in 2004. having graduated from art center college of design's transportation design department.
in 2012, he worked as a freelance designer for several automotive and product design studios including: bertone, boombang, design by eleven, l’oreal and astro studios before shifting to film. in 2014, he appeared in eight episodes of the reality show motor city masters.
in 2015, baxley launched "baxley corp" which handles a wide array of design and art direction.
in 2019, during the covid pandemic he created the motorcycle brand known as "bax moto" which is currently seeking prototype funding.
most recently he contributed a short story to the book "traverse: vehicles from the outer rim of imagination" which donated profits to the "williams syndrome association".
elizabethton is a city in, and the county seat of carter county, tennessee, united states. elizabethton is the historical site of the first independent american government (known as the watauga association, created in 1772).
the city is also the historical site of the transylvania purchase (1775) which was a major site during the american revolutionary war for both the battle of musgrove mill (1780) and the battle of kings mountain (1780). it was within the secessionist north carolina "state of franklin" territory (1784–1788).
elizabethton is located within the "tri-cities" area (encompassed by bristol, johnson city, and kingsport) of northeast tennessee.
their time zone is coordinated universal time (utc): utc-5 (eastern time).
according to the united states census bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and , or 1.62%, is water.
public schools in elizabethton are operated by elizabethton city schools. www.ecschools.net
satellite campuses of northeast state community college and tennessee college of applied technology are located in the eastern part of the city off tennessee state route 91.
milligan college and emmanuel christian seminary are located in the southwestern part of the city off tennessee state route 359.
fall branch is a census-designated place (cdp) in washington and greene counties in the u.s. state of tennessee. the population was 1,291 at the 2010 census. some areas in sullivan also use the fall branch zip code.
one of the earliest settlers at fall branch was isaac white. he was a revolutionary war veteran who arrived in the area in 1781. he eventually established a farm at what is now the intersection of interstate 81 and state highway 93. another early settler, gabriel morgan, built a grist mill at fall branch in the early 1800s. the mill stood until the 1930s, when it was torn down.
by the early 1800s, fall branch was known as "crouch town", after a family of early settlers. the name had changed to "james' cross roads" by 1830, when a post office was established. the name "falls branch" had been adopted by 1854, and the "s" was dropped from "falls" in 1883, giving the community its current name. the name was inspired by the waterfall the community's main creek, also called fall branch, spills over just before it empties into horse creek.
in 1836, fall branch was designated as the county seat of the proposed "powell county", which would have consisted of parts of washington, greene, sullivan, and hawkins counties. while voters approved of the new county, it was rejected by the tennessee supreme court on the grounds that it failed to meet the minimum size required by the state constitution for new counties.
a school, fall branch seminary, was established at fall branch in 1842. fall branch high school, initially a two-year school, was established before 1900. the high school was consolidated with several other smaller schools to form daniel boone high school in nearby gray in 1971.
a number of buildings dating to the 19th century still stand in fall branch. the masonic lodge, home to johnson lodge no. 274, was completed in 1869. the joseph sheppard house, constructed in the late 1850s, was believed to have been used to hide confederate soldiers during the civil war. the bud white home was constructed by a local physician, jonathan blair white, in 1869. the hopper house, used as a boarding home for early fall branch seminary students, was constructed in the first half of the 19th century.
one school is located in fall branch; fall branch school, which serves grades prek–8 in the washington county portion of the community. west pines elementary school (grades prek–8) previously served the greene county portion until its closure in 2019. grades prek-5 now attend baileyton elementary in baileyton and grades 6-8 now attend north greene middle school in ottway. high school students attend north greene high school (greene county portion) and daniel boone high school (washington county portion).
fall branch is located off interstate 81 exit 50, on state route 93 near where tennessee state route 93 and tennessee state route 81 intersect south of kingsport, north of jonesborough and northeast of greeneville.
muni metro is a light rail system serving san francisco, california, united states, operated by the san francisco municipal railway (muni).
market street subway.
on february 18, 1980, the muni metro officially began. it started with weekday n line service in the subway. the metro service was put in phases. the subway was served only on weekdays until 1982. the k ingleside line began using the entire metro subway on weekdays on june 11, 1980, the l taraval and m ocean view lines on december 17, 1980, and the j church line on june 17, 1981. meanwhile, weekend service on all five lines (j, k, l, m, n) continued to use pcc streetcars operating on the surface of market street to the transbay terminal. the muni metro was closed on weekends. at the end of the service day september 19, 1982, streetcar operations on the surface of market street were discontinued entirely. the remaining pccs taken out of service, and weekend service on the five light rail lines switch to buses for a while. finally, on november 20, 1982, the muni metro subway began operating seven days a week.
, the l taraval is replaced by bus service, while other routes have resumed rail operation.
muni metro runs from approximately 5 am to 1 am weekdays, with later start times of 7 am on saturday and 8 am on sunday. owl service, or late-night service, is operated on much of the l and n lines by buses that show the same route designation. 
wörthersee stadion is a stadium in klagenfurt, austria. it is the home ground of sk austria klagenfurt .
the first wörtherseestadion was built in 1960 as the home ground of the old sk austria klagenfurt with a capacity of 10,900. although austria klagenfurt was relegated in 2004 the carinthian government was for building a new stadium for the uefa euro 2008.
council of women world leaders
the council of women world leaders, created in 1996, is a network of 77 current and former presidents and prime ministers. it is the only organization in the world dedicated to women heads of state and government. the council's ministerial initiative also involves current and former cabinet ministers and secretaries in the work of the council.
sir edward william stafford (23 april 1819 – 14 february 1901) was the third premier of new zealand. he was the prime minister three times. 
a capital gains tax (cgt) is a tax on the profit realized on the sale of a non-inventory asset. the most common capital gains are seen from the sale of stocks, bonds, precious metals, real estate, and property.
not all countries have a capital gains tax and most have different rates of taxation. countries that do not impose a capital gains tax include bahrain, barbados, belize, cayman islands, isle of man, jamaica, new zealand, sri lanka, singapore, and others. 
in some countries, such as new zealand and singapore, professional traders and those who trade frequently are taxed on such profits as a business income. 
manipuri women have been known for their valor, skill and active involvement in social, economic, political and cultural activities, besides holding almost all the household responsibilities as a mother, wife, daughter, sister and daughter in law.
thomas callan hodson, the then british political agent of 1908 manipur, quoted in his monograph, the meitheis, as follows:
"the women hold a high and free position in manipur, all the integral trade and exchange of the produce of the country being managed by them. the habit of the country is to have bazars (markets) at convenient spots by the road side, where a handful of women congregate at the early hour...!"
leima linthoingambi was the queen of king ningthoukhomba (1432-1567) of manipur. during the invasion of the ankla tribes, the king had to proceed at the war field. at the king's absence in the capital city, the tangkhul tribes raided the city. but in disguise as the king, the queen resisted their revolution by offering strong wine at the king's absence. with her wits, the kingdom was saved. this account is recorded in the ningthourol lambuba.
kuranganayani, originally known as shija phongalokpi, is the biological daughter of king gaurishyam and the adoptive daughter of king bhagyachandra. she was offered hand in marriage to the ahom king to strengthen the relationship between the two kingdoms as well as to get military aid from the ahoms for the meiteis to resist the burmese conquest of manipur. but she turned out to be a heroine even in the ahom kingdom. it was she who saved the ahom kingdom from the hands of the moamoriya revolts.
thambalnu was a lady from a poor family in yairipok town of manipur. but her beauty and charm causes conflicts among many able men in the kingdom in her times. during flood times from the imphal river in the kingdom, the royal oracle proclaimed that the water god wangbren will be pleased if a young girl is offered to him. since thambalnu became a problem for numerous men, she was chosen to be offered to the deity. so, she was forcibly (or voluntarily) put in sacrifice to the strong river flow. after her death, the flood was also gone.
queen kumudini was widowed when her son was at a ripe age. she devised many diplomatic relations and plots to protect the throne from the other family members of the royalty. when her son, chandrakirti became the king, she was known as a popular feminine icon in the kingdom.
waitangi ( or , ) is a locality in the bay of islands on the north island of new zealand. it is close to the town of paihia, 60 kilometres north of whangarei. "waitangi" is a māori-language name meaning "weeping waters".
waitangi day (), the national day of new zealand, celebrates the anniversary of the initial signing – on 6 february 1840 – of the treaty of waitangi, which is seen as the founding document of the nation. the first waitangi day was not celebrated until 1934, and it was made a national public holiday in 1974.
a (in new zealand māori, cook islands māori, tahitian), (in tongan), (in marquesan) or (in samoan) is a sacred place that is for religious and social purposes in polynesian societies. in all these languages, the term also means cleared, free of weeds, trees.
the spinoff is a new zealand online magazine and news site founded by duncan greive in 2014. it is known for current affairs coverage, political and social analysis, and cultural comment. it is financed by subscription.
the comprehensive and progressive agreement for trans-pacific partnership (cptpp), also known as tpp11 or tpp-11, is a trade agreement among australia, brunei, canada, chile, japan, malaysia, mexico, new zealand, peru, singapore, and vietnam. it is an updated agreement from the trans-pacific partnership (tpp). the eleven signatories have combined economies representing 13.4 percent of global gross domestic product. a
the xinjiang internment camps, officially called xinjiang vocational education and training centers (chinese: 新疆职业技能教育培训中心) by the government of china, are internment camps run by the xinjiang uygur autonomous region government and its chinese communist party (ccp).
human rights watch says that they have been used to imprison uyghurs and other muslims since 2017 as part of a "people's war on terror," a policy announced in 2014. the camps have been criticized by many countries and human rights organizations for alleged human rights abuses.
the rohingya genocide is a series of ongoing crimes by the myanmar military of the muslim rohingya people. the genocide has commited in two phases to date: the first was a military crackdown that happened from october 2016 to january 2017, and the second has been happening since august 2017. the crisis forced over a million rohingya to flee to other countries. most fled to bangladesh. others escaped to india, thailand, malaysia, and other parts of south and southeast asia.
a gun buyback program, or gun buyback scheme, is a gun policy that would allow the government to purchase privately owned firearms to reduce firearms in a country, especially those sold on the streets. a buy back program would provide a process whereby civilians can sell their privately owned firearms to the government without risk of prosecution.
community centres or community halls are public locations where members of a community gather for group activities, social support, public information, and other purposes. they may sometimes be open for the whole community or for a specific group within the greater community. community centres can be religious in nature, such as christian, islamic, or jewish community centres, or can be secular, such as youth clubs.
a condolence book or book of condolence is a book in which people may write their condolences after a death or great tragedy.
after the death of a leading figure or great disaster, condolence books are put in public places for members of the general public to use. when closed, the books are given to the relatives.
after especially notable deaths, official records of the condolences may be reprinted. for example, after the assassination of abraham lincoln, the government printing office published a leather-bound, gilt-edged collection of official condolences in 1867.
in the united states, the term assault weapon is used for some types of firearms. usually these arms have a detachable magazine, a pistol grip and some have a vertical forward grip, flash suppressor or barrel shroud. some firearms are specified by name.
the christchurch call to action summit (also called the christchurch call), was a political summit started by new zealand prime minister jacinda ardern that took place on 15 may 2019 in paris, france, two months after the christchurch mosque shootings of 15 march 2019. co-chaired by ardern and president emmanuel macron of france. the purpose was to "bring together countries and tech companies in an attempt to bring to an end the ability to use social media to organise and promote terrorism and violent extremism". 
covid-19 pandemic caused many governments to limit the spread of the disease by adding stay-at-home orders, curfews, quarantines, "cordons sanitaires" and similar societal restrictions. by april 2020, about half of the world's population was under some form of lockdown, with more than 3.9 billion people in more than 90 countries or territories having been asked or ordered to stay at home by their governments. 
carbon neutrality refers to the goal of getting to net-zero carbon dioxide emissions to prevent or reduce global warming. this can be done by balancing emissions of carbon dioxide with its removal (often through carbon offsetting) or by eliminating emissions from society (the transition to the "post-carbon economy"). it is used in the context of carbon dioxide-releasing processes associated with transportation, energy production, agriculture, and industry.
a hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that uses two or more specific types of power, such as submarines that use diesel when surfaced and batteries when submerged. other means to store energy include pressurized fluid in hydraulic hybrids.
switching from one to the other at the proper time while speeding up yields a win-win in terms of energy efficiency, as such that translates into greater fuel efficiency, for example.
the māori party () is a political party in new zealand supporting indigenous rights.
act new zealand, known simply as act (), is a right-wing, classical-liberal political party in new zealand. according to former party leader rodney hide, act's values are "individual freedom, personal responsibility, doing the best for our natural environment and for smaller, smarter government in its goals of a prosperous economy, a strong society, and a quality of life that is the envy of the world".
act was briefly led by former national party leader don brash for the 2011 election, after which the party caucus was reduced to one seat.
novavax, inc., is an american biotechnology company based in gaithersburg, maryland that creates vaccines to fight against serious infectious diseases. before to 2020, company scientists developed experimental vaccines for ebola, influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), and other emerging infectious diseases. 
during 2020, however, the company redirected its efforts to focus on development and approval of a vaccine for covid-19.
zhao lijian (; born 10 november 1972) is a chinese politician and the deputy director of the chinese ministry of foreign affairs information department.
suhayra aden (born 1995) is a new zealander and former dual australian citizen who travelled to syria in 2014 to join the islamic state of iraq and the levant (isil). because of her connections to isil, her australian citizenship was removed. in february 2021, she was detained by turkish authorities while trying to enter the country with her two children. turkey dropped charges against aden and began proceedings to deport her.
british "vogue" is a british fashion magazine published based in london since autumn 1916. it is the british version of the american magazine "vogue". the magazine is considered to be one that connects fashion to high society and class.
time" 100 (often stylized as time" 100) is an annual article that lists 100 of the most influential people in the world. it is published by the american news magazine "time". it was first published in 1999 as the result of a debate among american academics, politicians, and journalists, the list is now a highly publicized annual event. 
only the winner of the reader's poll, conducted days before the official list is revealed, is chosen by the general public. 
italian lira was the currency of italy between 1861 and 2002 and of the napoleonic kingdom of italy between 1807 and 1814 and of the albanian kingdom between 1941 and 1943. between 1999 and 2002, the italian lira was officially a national subunit of the euro. the subdivison of the lira was centesimi.
the official sign of the lira was ₤.
one united states dollar was equal to 1,591 lira.
the banknotes of the lira were the ₤1000, ₤2000, ₤5000, ₤10,000, ₤50,000, ₤100,000 and the ₤500,000. 
the coins of the lira were the ¢1, ¢2, ¢5, ¢10, ¢20, ¢25, ¢50, ₤1, ₤2, ₤5, ₤10, ₤20, ₤50, ₤100, ₤200, ₤500, ₤1000.
grape juice comes from crushing and blending grapes into liquid form. sugars in grape juice allow it to be used for a sweetener.
in north america, the most common grape juice is purple. the juice is made from concord grape. white grape juice is made from niagara grapes. in california, sultana grapes are sometimes used from the raisin or table grape to produce white juice.
grape juice from concentrate means that excess water from the grapes was removed. this makes grape juice more concentrated. this allows grape juice to be compressed and frozen. it makes the packaging and transport easier. water is then added to the juice before being sold. 
a major brand of american grape juice, welch's, is made from concord grapes, using an entire grape (pulp, skin and seeds). a small amount of citric acid is naturally found in grapes. it may be added for tart taste and antioxidant properties.
prospect is a monthly british general-interest magazine, specializing in politics, economics, culture, arts, and current affairs. 
the magazine was launched in october 1995 by david goodhart.
some of the world's leading intellectuals have featured in prospect in the last few years.
"prospect" received worldwide attention in october 2005 when it published its list of the world's top 100 public intellectuals, which included noam chomsky, umberto eco, richard dawkins, steven pinker and christopher hitchens.
wētā (also spelled weta) is the common name for a group of about 70 insect species in the families anostostomatidae and rhaphidophoridae. they are found in new zealand. they are giant flightless crickets, and some are among the heaviest insects in the world. wētā are preyed on by introduced mammals, and some species are now critically endangered.
hemiandrus jacinda is a species of wētā endemic to new zealand. it was first described by steven a. trewick in 2021. this species was named in honour of the prime minister of new zealand, jacinda ardern. 
mecodema jacinda is a large-bodied ground beetle endemic to maungatautari sanctuary, waikato, new zealand. it is the largest species of "mecodema" found on maungatautari, which also has the medium-sized "m. curvidens" inhabiting the forest. it is named after new zealand prime minister jacinda ardern.
it is in the family carabidae and the suborder adephaga.
whanganui (;), previously spelled wanganui, is a city in the manawatū-whanganui region of new zealand. the city is located on the west coast of the north island at the mouth of the whanganui river.
hamish mcdouall is a new zealand local government politician. he has been the mayor of whanganui since 2016. he is a member of the new zealand labour party. 
philip shane ardern (born 26 january 1960) is a new zealand politician. he is a member of the national party and represented the electorate of taranaki-king country from 1998 to 2014.
in new zealand politics, māori electorates, also known as the māori seats, are a special category of electorate that until 1967 gave reserved positions to representatives of māori in the new zealand parliament. 
every area in new zealand is covered by both a general and a māori electorate; as of 2020, there are seven māori electorates. 
the marriage (definition of marriage) amendment act 2013 is an act of parliament in new zealand, which since 19 august 2013, allows same-sex couples to legally marry.
the act was proposed as a member's bill by mp louisa wall in may 2012, and was drawn from the ballot in july of that year. it passed its third reading in the house of representatives on 17 april 2013, and became law when it received the royal assent two days later.
the crimes act 1961 is an act of the new zealand parliament that forms a leading part of the criminal law in new zealand. it repeals the crimes act 1908. most crimes in new zealand are created by the crimes act, but some are created elsewhere. 
the new zealand abortion legislation act 2020 is an act of parliament in new zealand that amends the law to decriminalise abortion. under the act, abortion is available without restrictions to any woman who is not more than 20 weeks pregnant. women seeking an abortion after 20 weeks have to be looked at by a qualified health professional.
the two-state solution to the israeli–palestinian conflict is a plan for an independent state of palestine alongside the state of israel, west of the jordan river. the boundary between the two states is still controversial and under negotiation, with palestinian and arab leadership. the territory of the former mandate palestine (including jerusalem) which did not form part of the palestinian state would continue to be part of israel.
the 2018–2019 gaza border protests, by the organiser called the great march of return (), were a series of demonstrations held each friday in the gaza strip near the gaza-israel border from 30 march 2018 and onwards.
the protests demanded that the palestinian refugees must be allowed to return to lands they were displaced from in what is now israel. they also protested against israel's gaza blockade and united states recognition of jerusalem as capital of israel.
ritz crackers are a brand of snack cracker. they were introduced by nabisco in 1934. they are disc-shaped and lightly-salted.
ritz crackers varieties include the original ritz, low sodium ritz, honey butter ritz, whole wheat ritz and honey wheat ritz.
sydney stern chose the name ritz. the name appealed to people who went through the difficulties of the great depression by offering them "a bite of the good life."
hiv (human immunodeficiency virus), the virus caused by aids (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) and is one of the most serious public health challenges in the world. however, the world is committed to preventing new hiv infections and ensuring that everyone living with hiv has access to hiv treatment. in 2019, an estimated 170 million people worldwide are infected with hiv, since 2010, the number of new hiv infections fell by 23%. for example, in one year, this is different from the number of people diagnosed with hiv in one year. worldwide, about 81 percent of people living with hiv know their hiv status in 2019. the remaining 19% (about 710 million people) still need access to hiv testing services. important way hiv testing is the gateway to hiv prevention, treatment, care and support services.
hiv/aids pandemic by continent.
hiv/aids is a major concern epidemic in africa and cause of death in many parts of africa. although the continent contains about 15.2% of the world's population, sub-saharan africa accounts for about 69% of hiv patients, and 70% of all aids deaths in 2011. in the north african countries have the lowest prevalence rates, as their populations usually share cultural patterns that reduce the spread of the disease, in contrast to what the desert countries did in africa. southern africa is the most affected region on the continent. as of 2011, hiv has infected at least 10% of the population in botswana, lesotho, malawi, mozambique, namibia, south africa, swaziland, zambia and zimbabwe.
aids cases in most countries in western europe have fallen to levels not seen since the initial outbreak; many people attribute this trend to active education campaigns, blood transfusion screening and increased condom use. in addition, since new aids treatments have proven to be effective (even if expensive) methods to suppress hiv, western europe’s aids mortality rate has also fallen very much in the past few years. there are many ways to transmit hiv, including paid sex, sex between men, injecting drugs, mother-to-child behavior, and heterosexual behavior. however, many new infections in this area have occurred through contact with hiv-infected people in other areas. the prevalence of adults (15-49 years old) in the region is 0.3%, and there are currently 570,000 to 890,000 hiv-infected persons. due to the availability of antiretroviral therapy, the number of deaths from aids has remained low since the trough in the late 1990s. however, in some countries, there is still a large number of undiagnosed hiv, and the evidence of resistance to antiretroviral drugs in some newly infected people in the region is worrying. in addition, the risky behaviors of men who come into contact with men have recently increased.
as of 2008, 4.7 million people in asia were infected with hiv. the united nations believes that the epidemic in asia peaked in the mid-1990s, and that the annual rate of hiv infection subsequently decreased by more than half. regionally, the epidemic has remained fairly stable since the 2000s.
in 2016, it was estimated that 1.5 million adults and children were infected with hiv / aids in north america, excluding central america and the caribbean. 70,000 adults and children are newly infected each year, with an adult prevalence rate of 0.5%. 26,000 people die of aids in north america each year.
at the beginning of 2018, there are almost about 1 million people living with hi /aids in south america. by the number of its population, brazil is the country with the most hiv-positive people with 830,000 people. as of april 2018, chile is the country with the most infections. while the falkland islands are the only territory where no cases were detected. the biggest problem that exists is discrimination against people with hiv/aids in less developed countries. this is due to ignorance of the disease, with outdated premises and the high religious population by influenced to other people.
in this region, the national conditions regarding hiv and aids vary greatly. part of the reason is the distance between the major islands in oceania. the extensive development of the region also plays an important role. it is estimated that the prevalence of between 0.2 to 0.7 percent, there are currently 45,000 to 120,000 adults and children living with hiv. papua new guinea is one of the worst aids epidemic in the region. according to unaids, since 1997, hiv cases in the country at a rate of 30% per year, by the end of 2006, hiv prevalence in the country is about 1.3% from the population.
sybil (2006 – 27 july 2009) was a cat living at 11 and 10 downing street. named after "sybil fawlty" from the television show "fawlty towers", she was the pet of then chancellor of the exchequer, alistair darling.
when introduced in september 2007, sybil, who was black and white, was the first cat at downing street since humphrey was reportedly removed in november 1997, due to cherie blair's aversion to cats. in january 2009, she returned to edinburgh.
saint sarah, also called sara e kali (sara the black) is a patron saint of the romani people of catholicism faith. she was born in the 1st century into a family of indian saint thomas christians of south india who went as merchants to roman egypt. according to legends, saint sarah sailed from egypt to france in a boat with the three marys. her day of honour is on may 24. 
baba fingo or father fingo is a male deity in turkish romani folklore. the romanlar in turkey believe in baba fingo as their saviour. the festival kakava is celebrated at edirne on 5-6 may. the romanlar make a bonfire and go to the meric river in the night. they believe baba fingo comes out of the water and protects the romani people. 
the legend of baba fingo says that long ago, the people lived in egypt. but the pharaoh was cruel to them. so baba fingo led the people out through the red sea. another legend says that baba fingo was a good and wise commandant who worked for pharaoh, but he liked women and alcohol too much. the pharaoh's other commandants were jealous of him. they tricked him with women and alcohol and he got lost in the river. although the romanlar have been quasi-muslims for centuries, the popular folk belief in baba fingo plays a very important role for them.
the gap band was an american contemporary r&b and funk band. the group became famous in the 1970s. the band had three brothers, ronnie, charlie and robert wilson. they were based in tulsa, oklahoma.
in 1979, the group released "oops up side your head" (also titled "i don't believe you want to get up and dance (oops!)". the studio album released that year, "the gap band ii", went gold.
in 1980, the album "gap band iii"' hit #1. this album had soul ballads. they were, "yearning for your love", "burn rubber on me (why you wanna hurt me)", which was a chart topper, and "humpin".
in 1982, the album "gap band iv" peaked at #1. songs from this album included "early in the morning", which hit #1 on the hot r&b/hip-hop songs, then known as the hot black singles chart. another gap band #1 hit in 1982 on the same chart was "outstanding".
on august 26, 2005, the gap band was honored as a broadcast music, inc. icon at the 57th annual bmi urban awards.
robert wilson died from a heart attack at his home in palmdale, california. he was 53.
starting in the 1990s, r&b and hip hop artists, including brand nubian, mary j. blige, shaquille o'neal, ice cube and snoop dogg.
dendropsophus ozzyi is a frog that lives in brazil.
old bawn is a small town in tallaght, dublin.
old bawn translates in irish to seanbhábhún, meaning that old bawn was founded by someone named sean.
old bawn house was built back in 1635 by an archibishop. in the rebellion of 1641, the original old bawn house was destroyed but rebuilt. during the 19th century, the house was sold to the o'donnell family who would establish a paper mill in the area.
in the 1960s, old bawn house was demolished, although its ruins can still be found.
old bawn lies just south of tallaght, and is a small town bordering the tallaght village area, firhouse and bohernabreena.
roads and estates include st. maelruain’s park, home lawns, seskin view (western part), old bawn way, etc.
the dublin bus routes that serve here are 65b, 175, 75 and 77a.
a pollinator is an animal that does pollination. pollination is almost entirely done by insects, though there are some exceptions. some birds (such as hummingbirds) pollinate flowers as they take nectar. overall, however, it is insects that pollinate. bees, of course, pollinate flowers as they take nectar. but wasps, ants, flies, beetles, butterflies and moths all have many species which are pollinators. the plant which offers the pollen is called the "pollenizer".
to be a pollinator, an insect has to move pollen from the male anther to the female stigma of a flower. the pollinator gets away with much of the pollen for its own use.
although it is obvious that flowering plants are the plants which usually offer pollen, there is a pre-history of pollination in cycads.
bees may not be the most numerous insects which take up the pollen. hoverflies (syrphidae) are very numerous visitors to flowers, and they may be more numerous than bees in many environments.
the list of pollinators is long. bees, wasps, ants, flies, mosquitoes, lepidoptera and beetles all have some pollinators who take nectar, and also some vertebrates: bats, birds, monkeys, lemurs, possums, rodents.
wild pollinators often visit many plant species, and plants are visited by many pollinator species. all these relations together form a network of interactions between plants and pollinators. surprising similarities exist in the networks of interactions between plants and pollinators. this structure is similar in very different ecosystems on different continents, consisting of entirely different species.
irish migration to great britain has occurred from the earliest recorded history to present.
gengan tonaki (渡名喜元完; "tonaki gengan", 30 october 1884 – 24 january 1997) was a japanese (okinawan) farmer and supercentenarian, and at the time of his death at age 112 years, 86 days the oldest japanese man ever (although the claimed 120-year-old shigechiyo izumi was believed to have been older) before being beaten by denzo ishizaki.
tonaki was born in late october 1884 in sashiki (today nanjō), okinawa, as the second child and only boy of seven siblings, of whom one sister, who was eight years younger, was still living at the time of his death. in mid-1st decade of the 20th century, tonaki fled to hawaii to avoid the russo-japanese war and worked at a sugar refinery for about ten years before returning to okinawa, working as a farmer until age 89. he married a woman named kame (who was eight years younger and died at age 61 during the battle of okinawa) and had six children (of whom one died young of liver disease and four, all except his second son, died during the battle of okinawa).
tonaki became the oldest living man in japan on 20 september 1991, after 108-year-old gihei oka's death and also the oldest living japanese man overall, later on 16 february 1992 after the 109 years, 13 days old russo-japanese war veteran mamoru eto's death, as eto who was just 4 days younger than oka emigrated to the united states, and later on 30 october 1994 only the second japanese man who became a supercentenarian, after eiju tsuru who died on 11 january 1990, just 24 days before his 111th birthday, although shigechiyo izumi who died on 21 february 1986 was still believed to have been aged 120 years, 237 days and denzo ishizaki claimed to have been ten days older than tonaki, as his birth register which showed a birth year of 1886 rather than 1884 was claimed to have been delayed by two years.
after 111-year-old frenchman émile fourcade's death on 29 december 1995, tonaki became the last living man born in 1884 as well as the second-oldest living man behind danish-born americanman christian mortensen, although americanman johnson parks has been verified to have been 15 days older than tonaki but recently become disputed after a study proving that he may have been born around ten years later than he claimed.
french migration to the united kingdom is a phenomenon that has occurred at various points in history.
turner broadcasting system, inc. (abbreviated as tbs) is an american television and media conglomerate, part of at&t's warnermedia. founded by ted turner and based in atlanta, georgia, it merged with time warner on october 10, 1996. among its main properties were its namesake tbs, tnt, cnn, and trutv. it also licensed or had ownership interests in international versions of these properties. the headquarters of turner's properties are located in both the cnn center in downtown atlanta, and the turner broadcasting campus off techwood drive in midtown atlanta, which also houses turner studios.
the company was known for several pioneering innovations in u.s. multichannel television, including its satellite uplink of local atlanta independent station wtcg channel 17 as one of the first national "superstations", and its establishment of cnn—the first 24-hour news channel.
george little (may 22, 1937 – may 15, 2021) was a scottish-canadian teacher and politician who led the new brunswick new democratic party (ndp) from 1980 to 1988. he died on may 15, 2021 at saint john regional hospital in saint john, new brunswick, a week before his 84th birthday.
extremely severe cyclonic storm tauktae () was a powerful arabian sea tropical cyclone that became the strongest tropical cyclone to make landfall in the indian state of gujarat since the 1998 gujarat cyclone and one of the strongest tropical cyclones to ever affect the west coast of india.
the cyclone made landfall in gujarat the same day as india recorded its, at the time, highest single-day covid death toll, with 4,329 deaths reported.
tauktae resulted in at least 82 deaths in india, and left another 81 people missing.
darwin's arch was a natural rock arch on the southeast of darwin island on the galapagos islands in the pacific ocean. the arch sat on a rocky plateau, nicknamed "the theatre". 
the arch collapsed because of natural erosion on may 17, 2021, leaving two freestanding pillars.
lee edward evans (february 25, 1947 – may 19, 2021) was an american sprinter. he won two gold medals in the 1968 summer olympics, setting world records in the 400 meters and the 4 × 400 meters relay. 
evans co-founded the olympic project for human rights and was part of the athlete's boycott and the black power movement. he was born in madera, california.
in 2011, evans was diagnosed with a brain tumour. on may 15, 2021, evans had a stroke and was hospitalized in lagos, nigeria. he died four days later, aged 74.
jason derek brown (born july 1, 1969) is an american man. brown is wanted for first degree murder and armed robbery in phoenix, arizona. on november 29, 2004, according to the police and federal bureau of investigation, brown shot and killed an armored car guard just outside a movie theater and stole the money. three years later, on december 8, 2007, the fbi named him as the 489th fugitive to be put on its ten most wanted list.
on november 29, 2004, robert keith palomares, a 24-year-old armored car guard, was carrying the weekend deposits just outside the amc theater at 4915 e. ray road in phoenix. not long after 10 a.m., a hooded gunman ambushed and shot palomares with a .45 caliber glock semi-automatic pistol. five of six bullets struck palomares in his head. though he was armed, palomares didn't have time to defend himself. the gunman took a bag of money with $56,000 in cash and left the crime scene on a bicycle. palomares was taken to the good samaritan hospital. he was pronounced dead.
witnesses had described the shooter as between 25 and 30 years old and hispanic. the authorities then recovered the bicycle. they lifted fingerprints from it that linked brown to the ambush murder. brown was then the prime suspect in the case. he was charged by the maricopa county superior court with armed robbery and first degree murder on december 4. two days later, he was charged with a federal count of unlawful flight to avoid prosecution by united states district court for the district of arizona.
brown was born in los angeles, california
the styrian international is an international badminton tournament. it was supposed to be held for the first time in graz, styria, austria, in june 2020. the event is part of the badminton world federation's future series and part of the badminton europe elite circuit.
the styrian motorcycle grand prix is a motorcycling event. it was introduced during the 2020 and 2021 grand prix motorcycle racing season as a response to the covid-19 pandemic.
abujam () is a meitei family. it is native to ancient kangleipak (antique manipur). people of this family mainly live in manipur, india.
ahanthem is a meitei family. it is native to ancient kangleipak (antique manipur). people of this family mainly live in manipur, india.
aheibam () is a meitei family. it is native to ancient kangleipak (antique manipur). people of this family mainly live in manipur, india.
akham is a meitei family. it is native to ancient kangleipak (antique manipur). people of this family mainly live in manipur, india.
akoijam () is a meitei family. it is native to ancient kangleipak (antique manipur). people of this family mainly live in manipur, india.
amakcham is a meitei family. it is native to ancient kangleipak (antique manipur). people of this family mainly live in manipur, india.
amom is a meitei family. it is native to ancient kangleipak (antique manipur). people of this family mainly live in manipur, india.
angom is a meitei family. it is native to ancient kangleipak (antique manipur). people of this family mainly live in manipur, india.
angomjambam () is a meitei family. it is native to ancient kangleipak (antique manipur). people of this family mainly live in manipur, india.
arambam () is a meitei family. it is native to ancient kangleipak (antique manipur). people of this family mainly live in manipur, india.
aribam () is a meitei family. it is native to ancient kangleipak (antique manipur). people of this family mainly live in manipur, india.
arubam () is a meitei family. it is native to ancient kangleipak (antique manipur). people of this family mainly live in manipur, india.
asem is a meitei family. it is native to ancient kangleipak (antique manipur). people of this family mainly live in manipur, india.
athokpam is a meitei family. it is native to ancient kangleipak (antique manipur). people of this family mainly live in manipur, india.
atom is a meitei family. it is native to ancient kangleipak (antique manipur). people of this family mainly live in manipur, india.
ayekpam is a meitei family. it is native to ancient kangleipak (antique manipur). people of this family mainly live in manipur, india.
chabungbam () is a meitei family. it is native to ancient kangleipak (antique manipur). people of this family mainly live in manipur, india.
chakpram () is a meitei family. it is native to ancient kangleipak (antique manipur). people of this family mainly live in manipur, india.
chanambam () is a meitei family. it is native to ancient kangleipak (antique manipur). people of this family mainly live in manipur, india.
chandam () is aa meitei family. it is native to ancient kangleipak (antique manipur). people of this family mainly live in manipur, india.
chingakham is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
 (july 11, 1966may 6, 2021) was a japanese manga artist. he was best known for his popular dark fantasy manga "berserk" and is one of the best-selling manga series of all time. in 2002, miura received the tezuka osamu cultural prize.
miura died on may 6, 2021 from an acute aortic dissection, aged 54.
chingangbam (chingangpam) is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
chingshubam (chingshupam) is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
aleksandr vasilyevich privalov (; 6 august 1933 – 19 may 2021) was a soviet biathlete. he received a bronze medal at the 1960 winter olympics in squaw valley. he received a silver medal at the 1964 winter olympics in innsbruck. privalov was born in moscow oblast, rsfsr, soviet union.
privalov died on 19 may 2021, aged 87.
chingsubam (chingsupam) is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
guillermo sepúlveda rodríguez (29 november 1934 – 19 may 2021) was a mexican football defender. he played for mexico in the 1958 and 1962 fifa world cups. he also played for c.d. guadalajara. 
sepúlveda died on 19 may 2021 in mexico city, aged 86.
chingtham is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
jeffrey roy holland (born december 3, 1940) is an american educator and religious leader. he was the ninth president of brigham young university and is a member of the quorum of the twelve apostles of the church of jesus christ of latter-day saints (lds church) since 1994. holland was born in st. george, utah.
chirom (chilom) is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
klymaxx was an american all-female pop, r&b and funk band. they were from los angeles, california. their first album was "never underestimate the power of a woman" in 1981. the following year, the band released the second album "girls will be girls".
the band was formed in 1979 by bernadette cooper and five other women. their first album to that was recognized nationally was their 1984 album "meeting in the ladies room". this album had several top 5 hit songs on the hot r&b/hip-hop songs chart. they were "i miss you", "the men all pause" and the song "meeting in the ladies room". "i miss you" topped the u.s. "billboard hot 100 chart at #5.
the group broke up in 1989. some band members had their own albums. after the breakup there was a legal dispute involving band member cheryl cooley's use of the group's trademark and name.
klymaxx got together again in 2003.
dieter friedrich uchtdorf (born 6 november 1940) is a german aviator, airline executive and religious leader. he is a member of the quorum of the twelve apostles of the church of jesus christ of latter-day saints (lds church) since 2018. he was second counselor to thomas s. monson in the church's first presidency from 2008 until monson's death on 2 january 2018. he was born in protectorate of bohemia and moravia.
chongtham is a meitei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
chungkham is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
quentin lamar cook (born september 8, 1940) is an american religious leader and former lawyer and business executive. he has been a member of the quorum of the twelve apostles in the church of jesus christ of latter-day saints (lds church) since 2007. cook was born in logan, utah.
elam is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
elangbam (elangpam) is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
hanglem is a meitei manipuri surname or family name or "yumnak" in meiteilon belonging to a branch of khuman clan of meitei ethnicity. "hanglem apokpa" is the clan ancestral deity worshipped by the members of hanglem family. the hanglem apokpa temple is situated at utlou, manipur and the present hanglem piba or hanglem headman is hanglem sarat of utlou. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur (utlou, nambol, irengband, churchandpur, sagolband tera, singjamei, keishampat, tekcham, baruni chingya). 
hanjabam (hanchapam) is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
haobam (haopam) is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
the prime minister of the independent state of samoa () is the head of government of samoa. the prime minister is a member of the samoan legislative assembly. they are appointed by the o le ao o le malo (head of state) for a five year term.
the incumbent is fiame naomi mata’afa since 24 may 2021.
tui ātua tupua tamasese tupuola tufuga efi (born olaf "efi" tamasese) (born 1 march 1938), is a samoan politician.
tui atua was samoa's head of state (o le ao o le malo) from 2007 to 2017. he was prime minister of samoa from 1976 to 1982 and again later in 1982. on 16 june 2007 he was elected as "o le ao o le malo", samoa's head of state, for a five-year term. 
tuilaepa lupesoliai neioti aiono sailele malielegaoi (born 14 april 1945) is a samoan politician. he was the prime minister of samoa from 1998 until 2021. he became opposition leader in 2021 after refusing to say that he lost the 2021 election, causing the 2021 samoan constitutional crisis.
he has also been leader of the leader of the human rights protection party since 1998, and is samoa's longest serving head of government.
tuila'epa was permanently suspended from the legislative assembly on 24 may 2022 for breach of parliamentary privileges and contempt of parliament. he later described his suspension as a "witch hunt".
fiame naomi mataafa (born 1957) is a samoan politician and high chiefess ("matai"). mataʻafa is the first female prime minister of samoa, after winning a majority in the 2021 general election. she is the leader of the fa'atuatua i le atua samoa ua tasi (fast) party. she was samoa's first female cabinet minister, and from 2016 to 2020 was samoa's first female deputy prime minister.
on 24 may 2021, mataafa had herself sworn in as prime minister of samoa, while the incumbent, tuilaepa aiono sailele malielegaoi, did not want to say he lost. this has caused her leadership to be disputed. the crisis was resolved by samoa's court of appeal on 23 july 2021, which ruled that mataafa had been prime minister since 24 may.
the o le ao o le malo () is the head of state of samoa. the government press secretariat describes head of state as a "ceremonial president". the holder is given the formal style of "highness".
tuimalealiifano va'aleto'a eti sualauvi ii (born 29 april 1947) is a samoan politician who is the current o le ao o le malo (head of state) of samoa, in office since 2017.
malietoa tanumafili ii (4 january 1913 – 11 may 2007), addressed susuga malietoa tanumafili ii, was the malietoa and the head of state, or "o le ao o le malo" of samoa from 1962 to 2007. he was co-head of state in 1962 with the "tama-a-'aiga" tupua tamasese mea'ole. 
tupua tamasese mea'ole (3 june 1905 – 5 april 1963) was a western samoan paramount chief. he held the royal title of tupua tamasese from 1929 to 1963, and o le ao o le malo (head of state) with malietoa tanumafili ii from 1962 until his death the following year.
amy elizabeth fisher (born august 21, 1974) is an american woman. she became known in the media as the long island lolita in 1992. that year, at age seventeen, she shot mary jo buttafuoco, the wife of joey buttafuoco. she was originally charged with attempted murder. fisher later pleaded guilty to first-degree aggravated assault. she was in prison for just under seven years. in 1999, she was paroled. fisher later became a writer, webcam model and a pornographic actress.
fisher became very jealous of joey buttafuoco's wife. fisher then got a .25 caliber handgun. when the wife answered the door, fisher told her that joey buttafuoco was having an affair with fisher's (imaginary) younger sister. the conversation lasted 15 minutes. mary jo got angry. she then told fisher to leave and turned her back to return to the house. that was when fisher took out the gun, struck mary jo with it and shot her in the head. fisher dropped the gun and the shirt. she came back for them.
the police interviewed joey buttafuoco. he told them amy fisher could be the shooter. when his wife, mary jo became conscious, she identified fisher as the shooter.
amy fisher was born in merrick, new york.
books and films.
according to alan ball, fisher's story was an inspiration to him in writing the script for the 1999 film "american beauty".
haobijam is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
hawaibam is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
heigrujam (heikucham) is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
heikrujam is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
heisnam is a meitei family. it is native to ancient kangleipak (antique manipur). people of this family mainly live in manipur, india.
in 1100 ad, the loyumba shinyen text mentions the heishnam clan's service to goddess panthoibi. the text addresses the goddess as the most meetei goddess.
hemmam or hemam or hemma is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
hidam is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
hijam is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
huidrom is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
huiningshumbam is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
huirem is a meitei family. it is native to ancient kangleipak (antique manipur). people of this family mainly live in manipur, india.
huirongbam is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
ingudam is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
janine wissler (natively spelled wißler; born 23 may 1981) is a german politician who has been co-chairwoman of the left since 2021.
she was member of the landtag of hesse since 2008 and leader of the state parliamentary group since 2009, including as sole leader since 2014, as well as deputy leader of the federal party since 2014. she is one of the left's lead candidates for the 2021 german federal election, alongside dietmar bartsch.
irengbam is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
susanne hennig-wellsow (born hennig on 13 october 1977) is a german politician who has been federal co-chairwoman of the left since 2021. she was member of the landtag of thuringia since 2004, leader of the thuringia branch of the left since november 2013, and leader of the state parliamentary group since december 2014.
irom is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
dietmar gerhard bartsch (born 31 march 1958) is a german politician. he has been the co-chair of the left parliamentary group in the bundestag since 2015.
he has been a member of the bundestag since 2005, and previously served from 1998 to 2002. he has been the federal co-lead candidate for his party three times: 2002, 2017, and 2021.
irungbam is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
kakyenlakpam is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
the 2012 arkansas democratic presidential primary was held on may 22 2012. the then current us president barack obama won the primary against tennessee attorney and candidate who had a record of losing john wolfe jr, who got nearly 42% of the vote, which many people didn't think would happen. all 47 voters to decide the winner of the primary were given to, and said they would vote for barack obama at the 2012 democratic national convention. while john wolfe jr. was allowed 19 delegates to the convention because of how he had done in arkansas, state party officials said wolfe missed two paperwork filing deadlines related to the voters for the convention process, therefore he was not allowed to be given them. wolfe started legal proceedings to have voters in the primary in his name allowed. eight other delegates who didn't announce who they'd vote for, known as superdelegates, also attended the convention and cast their votes as well.
kangabam is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
kangjam is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
gerald robert "jerry" molen (born january 6, 1935) is an american movie producer. he has worked with steven spielberg, having produced five of his movies. he won an academy award for co-producing "schindler's list".
under criminal law, conspiracy is agreeing between two or more people to commit a crime sometime in the future.
examples of conspiracy include conspiracy to commit fraud, conspiracy to kidnap or conspiracy to commit murder.
conspiracy law usually does not need proof of specific intent by defendants to hurt any specific person to establish an illegal agreement.
conspirators could be guilty even if they do not know the identity of the other conspiracy members.
conspiracy against the united states is a federal offense.
bobby rydell (born robert louis ridarelli; april 26, 1942 – april 5, 2022) was an american rock and roll singer, drummer and actor. in the early 1960s, he was called a teen idol. his most well-known songs include "wild one" and "volare" (cover). he appeared in the movie "bye bye birdie" in 1963.
rydell died on april 5, 2022 of pneumonia in abington township, pennsylvania at the age of 79.
nausibius major is a type of silvanid flat bark beetle in the species family type silvanidae. they live in central america and north america.
match fixing, in organized sports, occurs as a match is played to an entirely or partly pre-determined result. this violates the rules of the game and often the law. the most common reason is to get a payoff from gamblers.
the major motivations behind match fixing are gambling and the future team advantage. in eastern europe, mafia gangsters are linked to illegal gambling and match fixing. in russia, people have disappeared or died after acting against bribes in sports.
many sports have tournaments where the result of one round determines tfheir opponent in the next. by losing a match, a certain team can face an easier opponent in the next round. this makes them much more likely to win.
sports betting is the activity of predicting sports and placing wagers on the outcome. some suggest bets were placed for the first time in ancient greece, while others insist there is evidence of similar betting activities even before that.
the frequency of sports that is bet upon differs with culture. most of those bets are placed on basketball, baseball, mixed martial arts, boxing and auto racing at both professional and amateur levels.
in many parts of the united states, sports betting is illegal. it is legal in several other states. they include iowa, new york, rhode island, colorado and nevada. in countries like australia, new zealand, and sweden sports betting winnings are not taxed. other jurisdictions, like germany, impose taxes on wagering profits, but naturally the percentage varies from one country to another.
sports betting can be done on several internet websites or in public.
the bookmaker, also known as “a betting agency” or “sportsbook” is a company or a person that provides the sports betting services at odds, agreed upon in advance.
prosciutto is a type of italian ham. it involves a long curing process in which it is salted. it is usually sliced thinly and served raw. different regions of italy have a different process and name for the food.
alia martine shawkat ( ; ; born april 18, 1989) is an american actress and artist. she is known for her roles as hannah rayburn in "state of grace", maeby fünke in the fox/netflix television progratelevision sitcom "arrested development" (2003-2006, 2013-2019), gertie michaels in the 2015 horror-comedy movie "the final girls," and dory sief in the tbs and hbo max comedy series "search party" (2016–2022). she has also been on comedy central's "drunk history" as frances cleveland, virginia hall, and alexander hamilton. 
shawkat was born in riverside, california, to dina shawkat (née burke) and movie producer tony shawkat. she grew up in palm springs. she has two brothers. her father is from iraq, and her mother is of norwegian, irish, and italian descent. her maternal grandfather was actor paul burke.
shawkat has appeared in over 47 movie roles, 32 television roles and 1 role in a podcast.
when not acting, shawkat likes to paint; she has participated in gallery shows in los angeles, mexico city and paris. she also likes to make music and sing in jazz bars. she is bisexual. her most notable features are her dark curly hair, brown eyes, dimples and her freckles. 
2021 pride played madeleine tress in first episode on fx.
kangujam is a meitei family. it is native to ancient kangleipak (antique manipur). people of this family mainly live in manipur, india.
karam is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
kayenpaibam is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
keisham is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
keithellakpam is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
khaidem is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
khangembam is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
germs nerawareta machi (～狙われた街～) which translate to "germs: the targeted town" is a first-person open world, survival-horror/adventure game devlopped by kaj for the playstation in 1999.
the protagonist is a newspaper reporter who has returned to his hometown in order to investigate mysterious occurrences regarding strange mutated creatures appearing in the region.
the game is actually an open world, you can navigate by walking, driving a car, or taking a bus. though much of the game consists of exploring and solving puzzles. during combat, if the players loses, they don't die, but rather end up infected, they have to rush to the hospital in order to cure their infection.
the game has an unsettling mix of science-fiction, body-horror and surrealism, possibly taking influences from the films of "david cronenberg", "david lynch" and "shin'ya tsukamoto" as well as some of the 1950's and 1960's american science-fiction flicks for the setting and the story.
khangjarakpam is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
kharibam is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
khoinaijam is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
haimhausen is a municipality in dachau, a district ("landkreis") in upper bavaria. it is about north of munich. 
hebertshausen () is a municipality in dachau, a district "(landkreis)" in upper bavaria.
hilgertshausen-tandern is a municipality in dachau, a district ("landkreis") in upper bavaria.
icosane, also commonly spelled eicosane, is an alkane or a hydrocarbon with the chemical formula h20c42. it has 366,319 structural isomers. its high flash point makes it a hard to light fuel, so it is not much use in the petrochemical industry. however, an isomer of icosane, "n"-icosane (the straight-chain structural isomer of icosane) is the shortest compound found in paraffin waxes (cnh2n+2, where formula_1) used to form candles. icosane's phase transition at a moderate temperature makes it a candidate for pcm, which is used to store thermal energy and control temperature.
icosane is a non-polar molecule: quite unreactive except when it burns (see the nfpa diamond in the infobox). it is also way less dense than insoluble in water. this also means it shares properties with its smaller alkaline counterparts.
icosane can also be detected in the body odor of people diagnosed with parkinson's disease.
the compound is found in the highest concentrations in plants such as mexican ageratum, licorice, and the bayrum tree.
karlsfeld (bavarian: "karlsfejd") is a municipality in dachau, a district ("landkreis") in upper bavaria.
markt indersdorf is a municipality in dachau, a district ("landkreis") in upper bavaria.
the dwarf tree frog ("dendropsophus nanus") is a frog that lives in bolivia, french guiana, argentina, paraguay, uruguay, and brazil.
chuck steak is a type of meat cut. it is a type of sub-prime cut.
in the united states, chuck has the meat-cutting classification namp 113.
like most steaks, the chuck steak can be cooked with different methods.
chuck can mean:
the gangster disciples are an american street and prison gang. they were formed on the south side of chicago. the gang was established in 1968. almost all the members of the gang are african americans.
the predominant symbol of this gang is the six-pointed star of david. the gangster disciples also use the upward crossed pitchforks and the heart with wings. the main gang color are black, gray and white.
the gangster disciples are active in over 100 american cities in 31 u.s. states, mainly in the midwestern and southern united states. they also have a huge presence in the united states prison system. the gang has between 25,000 and 50,000 members.
the gangster disciples are involved in racketeering, drug trafficking, car theft, money laundering and fraud.
sirloin steak is a type of meat cut. the u.s. type is usually found above the tenderloin. the u.k. type is usually the upper middle part of the cattle.
like most steaks, the sirloin steak can be cooked with different methods.
the wt world taekwondo grand prix is a taekwondo competition introduced by the world taekwondo federation in 2013 to provide a homogeneous system for qualification to the olympic taekwondo tournament.
aditya roy kapur (born 16 november 1985) is an indian film actor who works in hindi-language films. he made his bollywood debut with 2009 film "london dreams" but became famous when he acted in the 2013 film "aashiqui 2". in that film, he co-starred with shraddha kapoor and she also became famous with the same film. he is the youngest brother of bollywood film producer siddharth roy kapur and actor kunaal roy kapur and is a brother-in-law of actress vidya balan.
the european taekwondo championships (wt) are the european senior championships in taekwondo, first held in barcelona 1976.
rib eye steak is a type of meat cut. it is a cut from the rib section. it is known to be a tasty and tender steak due to the fat marbling.
the ribeye is made of two parts:
some ribeyes have a bone around the cap, like the tomahawk, but most are boneless.
like most steaks, the ribeye steak can be cooked with different methods.
baaghi ( rebel) is a 2016 indian hindi-language action thriller film directed by sabbir khan and produced by sajid nadiadwala under his banner nadiadwala grandson entertainment. the film stars tiger shroff and shraddha kapoor in the lead roles and sudheer babu in his hindi debut, with sunil grover in a supporting role.
"baaghi" was released worldwide on 29 april 2016. the film received positive reviews and was a blockbuster. the film was made on a budget of and earned over worldwide. later on, it spawned two spiritual sequels, "baaghi 2" (2018) and "baaghi 3" (2020), thus becoming the first installment in the "baaghi" film series.
cozi tv (stylized on-air as cozi tv) is an american free-to-air television network. it is owned by the nbc owned television stations division of nbcuniversal. the network airs classic television series from the 1950s to the 2000s.
odelzhausen is a town and municipality in dachau, a district "(landkreis)" in upper bavaria. the administrative collectivity of odelzhausen consists of odelzhausen and the townships of sulzemoos and pfaffenhofen an der glonn.
the municipality of odelzhausen includes 14 official local areas.
the following boundaries exist: ebertshausen, höfa, odelzhausen, sittenbach, taxa.
baaghi 2 () is a 2018 indian hindi-language action thriller film directed by ahmed khan and produced by sajid nadiadwala under the banner of nadiadwala grandson entertainment. based on the telugu film "kshanam", it stars tiger shroff and disha patani and it is a spiritual sequel to the 2016 film "baaghi". it is the second installment in the "baaghi film series". prateik babbar and manoj bajpayee were cast as the antagonists. it is followed by another spiritual sequel, "baaghi 3", which is again directed by ahmed khan and was released on 6 march 2020.
the film was released worldwide on 30 march 2018 including 3500 screens in india. the film received positive reviews and became a blockbuster. it was mainly praised for the action scenes performed by shroff. "baaghi 2" grossed over worldwide to become the third highest-grossing bollywood film of 2018.
tápiószentmárton is a large commune in pest county, hungary.
a minor road heading through tápiószentmárton beetween tápiószecső and cegléd. three other minor roads also connect the village with albertirsa, göbölyjárás (where the train station is located) and tápiószele.
shama is an indian television show aired in 11th july 2011 on dd national.
shama is an orphaned girl (her father dies in childhood and her mother leaves home) but shama is raised and learned doctor by her grandfather ahmed ali and all the family members. shama is run her private clinic
ayuba philibus wabba (born 22 october 1968) is a nigerian activitist, comrade and the current nigeria trade union leader.
early life and education.
wabba was born in borno state, wabba attended school in kawo. he went to imo state university. he was at houdigbe north american university,institute of peace and development, israel; royal institute of public administration, london; whaton business school, usa from where he obtained various diplomas including pgd, public health and a master's degree in public health (mph). he served as president of the national union of health technology students at the university.
wabba began his career at medical and health workers' union of nigeria, becoming first its secretary in borno state, then as the union's national president. in 2007, he was elected as national treasurer of the nigeria labour congress, then in 2015 became its president. in 2018, he was elected as president of the international trade union confederation.
jillian rose banks (born june 16, 1988), also known by the stage name banks, is an american singer and songwriter. she is signed under harvest records and good years recordings. she released two extended plays, "london" and "fall over" in 2013. banks' first studio album, "goddess" came out on september 5, 2014. it got positive reviews from contemporary music critics. the album hit #12 on the united states "billboard 200". its most successful single, "beggin for thread", was platinum by the recording industry association of america (riaa). 
banks' second album, "the altar", was released on september 30, 2016 under similar positive reviews. the album was her second top 20 in the united states. her third album, "iii", was released was on july 12, 2019. it was her best album so far. it hit #21 on the "billboard 200". it was also #3 on the topalbums sales chart.
banks was nominated for an award related to her singing career.
banks was born in orange county, california. when she was one or two, she moved to los angeles. 
a baked potato is a type of cooked potato. it is done by using an oven to cook the potato. some potato types are better for baking than others. fillings and toppings might be added to it. it is also known as the jacket potato in some parts of the united kingdom.
supriya kumar "paul" sinha (born 28 may 1970) is a british comedian and presenter. he is one of the six chasers who plays "the sinnerman" on the itv game show "the chase".
sinha was born in luton, bedfordshire, england.
portrait of adele bloch-bauer i, the woman in gold, or the lady in gold is a painting by gustav klimt of adele bloch-bauer, a woman who lived in vienna. he painted the painting in 1907.
klimt was a symbolist artist and this painting was part of his golden phase. the painting is covered in gilt and other shining decoration. art nouveau, the arts and crafts movement, byzantine art and egyptian art influenced klimt at this time.
klimt prepared carefully before painting the painting. he started in 1902. he drew over 100 sketches to practice. klimt went to the basilica of san vitale in ravenna and looked at byzantine mosaics.
klimt started with gold leaf and silver leaf and then put gesso on top to make patterns.
according to klimt's website, bloch-bauer was his mistress. she is also the only woman he ever painted twice. adele's husband, ferdinand bloch-bauer, hired klimt to paint both paintings. klimt painted "portrait of adele bloch-bauer ii" in 1912. some artists also think adele bloch-bauer might be the woman in "the kiss" and "judith and the head of holofernes".
before adele bloch-bauer died, she said she wanted the painting to go to the belvedere gallery. but, at the time, the painting belonged to her husband and not to her.
during world war ii, the nazis stole the painting from bloch-bauer's family. it did end up in the belvedere gallery.
one of the reasons this painting is famous is that it was in a united states supreme court case, "republic of austria v. altmann", in 2004. adele bloch-bauer's niece, maria altmann, tried to get the painting back from the belvedere gallery. the supreme court said the painting was altmann's. because aultmann could not pay for insurance and storage, she sold the painting to ronald lauder to put in the neue gallery in new york city.
in popular culture.
the 2015 movie "woman in gold" is about maria altmann trying to get the painting back from the belvedere gallery.
maritime science fiction is a subgenre of science fiction that is set in a maritime environment such as a lake, an island, an ocean or a coast and usually features futuristic maritime technology and fictional marine life forms such as seamonsters.
the best known and earliest work of maritime science fiction is "20,000 leagues under the sea".
film and television.
among well known maritime science fiction films are the films "the abyss", "leviathan" and the film adaptations of "20,000 leagues under the sea". a classic television show and cinematic film of the maritime science fiction subgenre is "voyage to the bottom of the sea". later maritime science fiction tv shows include "seaquest".
the following is a list of maritime science fiction media. maritime science fiction is a subgenre of science fiction that is considered to have first appeared with jules verne's classic 1870 french language novel "twenty thousand leagues under the sea".
verne's 1870 novel "twenty thousand leagues under the sea" has been retold many ways in various media. other major works of this subgenre in literature may include: 
petershausen (bavarian: "bedashausn") is a municipality in dachau, a district "(landkreis)" in upper bavaria.
pfaffenhofen an der glonn is a municipality in dachau, a district "(landkreis)" in upper bavaria.
röhrmoos is a municipality in dachau, a district ("landkreis") in upper bavaria. it is located ca. northwest of munich.
röhrmoos has 14 local communities: 
schwabhausen is a municipality in dachau, a district ("landkreis") in upper bavaria.
sulzemoos is a municipality in dachau, a district "(landkreis)" in upper bavaria.
vierkirchen is a municipality in dachau, a district "(landkreis)" in upper bavaria.
weichs is a municipality in dachau, a district ("landkreis") in upper bavaria. there are 4 main villages in weichs - weichs, aufhausen, ebersbach, and fränking. there are several smaller villages: albertshof, biechlhof, breitenwiesen, daxberg, edenholzhausen, edenpfaffenhofen, erlbach, erlhausen, hölzböck, jedenhofen, and zillhofen.
shehu sani (born october 29, 1967) is a nigerian senator, critic, author, playwright and human rights activist. he is the president of the civil rights congress of nigeria (crcn). he is the chairman of hand-in-hand, africa. he contested and won the kaduna central senatorial district on the platform of the all progressive congress on march 28, 2015. he decamped to prp and lost his senatorial position. 
sani holds an associate degree in agricultural engineering from kaduna state polytechnic.
textron inc. is an american industrial conglomerate based in providence, rhode island. textron's has a lot of subsidiaries which include arctic cat, bell textron, textron aviation (which itself includes the beechcraft, hawker, and cessna brands), and lycoming engines.
textron began as a textile company in 1923, when a royal little founded the special yarns corporation in boston, massachusetts. the company manufactured a lot of products such as synthetic yarns, and niche product at the time. by the start of world war ii, the company was known as atlantic rayon corporation and manufactured parachutes.
• able aerospace services
• arctic cat
• bell textron
• greenlee textron
• kautex textron
• textron airland 
• textron aviation
• textron systems
the imo state university (imsu) is a nigerian public university in owerri, imo state, nigeria. it was established in 1981 through law no. 4 passed by the imo state house of assembly.
imsu has 12 faculties. the faculties are headed by deans and faculty officers. these faculties are;
emmanuel chinenye ugolee (born october 4, 1975), is a nigerian media personality, tv producer, voice over artist and an author.
early life and education.
ugolee was born in jos. he holds bachelor of economics from the enugu state university of science and technology. 
gandia (; ) is a city in the valencian community, eastern spain on the mediterranean. gandia is located on the costa del azahar, south of valencia and north of alicante.
auerbach in der oberpfalz (; northern bavarian: "auerboch in da owapfalz") is a town in amberg-sulzbach, a district "(landkreis)" in the oberpfalz government region. it is located northeast of nuremberg.
toshio fukui (福井利男, "fukui toshio", january 29, 1947; otsu, shiga prefecture {age 74} - ) is a japanese base player and is known as the band leader of the ox, a garage rock band group. his nickname was toshio (トシオ).
after leaving "the kings", which was popular in the kansai region in august 1967, he formed the "ox". after ox's dissolution, fukui formed the "gente", a vocal group. after that, people developed and disbanded, the members changed, the name was changed to "rosemary", and the band's activities continued. after the rosemary's dissolution, he went through the club's administration and currently runs a restaurant business in , shibuya.
yuji iwata (岩田裕二, "iwata yūji," april 15, 1946; otsu, shiga prefecture {age 75} - ) is a japanese musician and drummer for the ox, a japanese gs band. his nickname was yuji (ユージ) and his real name is yuiji iwata (岩田裕次).
after leaving "the kings" with toshio fukui, he participated in the formation of "ox". after the dissolution of ox, iwata formed "harimao" and participated in the management. after that, he devoted himself to music producers and is still active to this day.
shiro okada (岡田志郎, "okada shirō", june 9, 1949; hirakata, osaka {age 71} - ) is a japanese guitarist who participate in the group sound band, the ox. his nickname was shiro (シロー) and his real name is shiro okamoto (岡田史郎).
after the dissolution of ox, okada movied to america once, but moved to "the people" and "the rosemary" formed by toshio fukui and continued with the activities of a newly formed band group. after that, he remains active as a music producer.
hideto noguchi (野口ヒデト, "noguchi hideto", november 27, 1950; fukuoka, japan {age 70} - ) or hideto maki (真木ひでと, "maki hideto") is a japanese singer. his real name is masayuki nouchi (野内 正行, "nouchi masayuki") and his nickname was hideto (ヒデト). after performing as the lead singer for gs's band "ox," he has been active as a singer with a focus on enka (a traditional japanese music stylistically). hideto grew up in , fukuoka prefecture.
life and gs music career.
in 1967, hideto joined the manga and backbone trio (with yukihiro kimura and the backbones) and began his professional career as a singer. also, with kimura's instruction to "sing rock", sing "long tall sally" by the beatles from june of that year and then sing "out of time" and "tell me" by the rolling stones. (the fact that the manager of penguin-do recommended that the lp of the live version of the stones had a great influence on hideto noguchi's theatrical performance later), and the name of hideto noguchi in kansai was given to know gradually.
the intense staging became popular and the mobilization power increased when the spine appeared. toshio fukui, the leader of the gs ox band, who saw the performance of "tel me" at the jazz cafe "number ichiban", said: "only our band and have the binson resonance chamber in japan! " noguchi joined the band in december 1967, but at the time he didn't know what binson was. he made his debut as the vocalist of "ox" in may 1968. his stage name is hideto noguchi, in honor of meiji era bacteriologist hideyo noguchi. he made top 10 and top 20 hits like "girl friend", "dancing seventeen", "swan no nami" and "i'm burning". the "girl friend", "swan no nami" and other two songs were composed by . at the beginning of her debut, ai akamatsu's popularity preceded him, but when he released his second single, "dancing seventeen," it overwhelmingly separated him from the popularity poll, and the center of popularity shifted to hideto noguchi. in the mid to late gs boom, many dialogues between , and hideto noguchi were seen in magazines.
performances began at six venues across the country in september, causing a swoon on the stage at every venue, including the tokyo metropolitan hibiya public hall on the first day, which the media hyped them as "bands passing out." ox was called the "gs gosanke" along with and . on may 23, 1970, the ox held the "subtitle" second anniversary concert and "blow off elvis presley". it was a concert that also served as a new song announcement for me, but ox at the time was still quite popular along side with the tigers. the group was disbanded on may 31, 1971. in that same year, hideto made his first solo debut with "masked". after that, he released singles such as "what else is there" and "yozora no fuseki", and released the album "hidetokara you ni" which contains his own "clown who forgot to laugh" line.
in 1975, he prepared to leave from the "all japan kayo championship" and won 10 awards every weeks. renamed to "hideto maki" after his teacher , he made his debut as an enka singer again with "yumeyo mouichido". this debut song became the first big hit as a solo singer and it broke again to rank 9th on the oricon national chart and won several excellent newcomer awards. also, despite being released in september, it is in the oricon annual best 100, and was selected as a candidate song for the nomination at the end of the year. many of the fans were middle and high school students who couldn't see the gs era in real time, and maki himself was concerned that it would end with a transitory boom.
as an aside, the kanji for "ki" with hideto maki was separated by hiroshi itsuki from the same office at the request of yoko yamaguchi. as a younger brother from the same office, he also participates in itsuki's fan club event, and photos from that time are posted on hideto maki's website. in 1976, he won the tokyo shimbun best hit award for "drowning in love." in that same year, he won the popular award, silver award, and other awards at the iizuka music festival for her third single "somewhere in tokyo". the guest at that time was veteran female actress singer hibari misora, and hideto said that he became more and more of hibari's fan when she said, "i know you." at the time, master jazz pianist yuzuru sera said, "hideto is more suited to jazz than enka. i will teach you how to become a jazz singer." every time he met him, masato fujita, a master enka composer, would tell him "because one day, i'll write a music note with hideto maki."
fujita's perception changed completely with the "flow" sung by hideto on his special show when he was ox, and even after his re-debut, the paternal replacement for . he also appeared on love shows. it is a pity that the dream with both teachers did not come true. in 1978, with george yanagi and rainy wood, he released his seventh single "cammon" beyond the limits of record companies. it is not an enka song, but a rock style song. at the time, the song was played with a playful feeling, but as she was about to transform into a rock singer, maki's fierce opposition returned to the enka line.
appeared at the new years rock festival (international theater) (moderated by haruo chikada). the festival is produced by . the turn came between the downtown boogie woogie band and rainy wood, and maki also sang the song). as an enka singer, only maki appears at this rock festival, but yuya uchida spoke directly to maki and took notice. "ame no tokyo" is karaoke and wired, and it won the best-selling award. after that, he released "happy thin woman" and "hotarugawa" and it became a huge hit. it seems that the number of adult fans has increased around here, and there are many male fans who like "i am a happy slim woman".
popularity and participation.
also, yuya asked him to appear in the "carnival of the west" which was revived when the nippon theater was demolished, but maki himself said it would be strange to appear again because ox had refused to appear in the "carnival of the west" in the past. . . it is said that he refused the offer. in 1988, taro morimoto asked him to join the tigers memorial club band, where he was able to balance solo and gs singers for eight years. (it is the largest gs unit released at the osaka castle hall / yokohama arena concert).
upon entering heisei, the song "genki no hoshi", which begins with the lyrics of "ace no. 4 from childhood", became a hit song since "ame no tokyo" and is still played in the second match. of the yomiuri giants army. sing the original song "thank you for love" on the 2010 project work album "shido we ga hibi". it is also a charity song for the 2011 tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. on march 28, 2012, sony music released 21 songs by hideto maki and g ☆ b "euphoric flame song" to mark the 45th anniversary of the singer's debut, but they are still selling steadily. in 2015, he celebrated the 40th anniversary of the name change to hideto maki, and on may 24, a limited edition of 120 people, "don't forget your original intent, yukihiro kimura and backbone live" was made for the first time. in about 50 years (kimura). returning yukihiro live). the ox's (ongoing) reunion is "impossible".
however, in reality, the members except ai akamatsu and yusuke taura (yûsuke natsu) have met sporadically on the old-fashioned tune show, sometimes singing ox-era songs in solo live performances. it's been 50 years since he started as a professional singer in 2017. 2018 marked the 50th anniversary of the ox first debut.
on september 9, 2018, due to fan enthusiasm, yukihiro kimura and backbone live were held in osaka moerado for the first time in 3 years and were sold out.
in 2019, he will appear on "eternal showa hit kayo on stage" in may and july. at the may concert, youth songs will be played, which is also their starting point, and at the july concert, gs-era songs will be played at downtown. on may 5, 2020, sony music released a 5-cd-box set of 111 songs, including a new song for the first time in approximately 30 years, as a tribute to kouki. (the first cd reprint of hideto noguchi's song, including hit songs from the ox era, hit songs after being renamed hideto maki, and even "genki no hoshi").
as of june 10, only sony sound sources will be distributed for "euphoria, intoxication, hiding and clause". serialized in nihon keizai shimbun, interviews with four major newspapers, radio appearances and other activities with reiwa's hideto maki began.
ai akamatsu (赤松愛, "akamatsu" "ai", february 14, 1951; {age 69} - ) is a japanese musician and keyboardist for the japanese rock band group, the ox until 1969. his real name is yoshinobu akamatsu (赤松義信, "akamatsu yoshinobu") and his nickname was ai-chan (アイちゃん).
life and music career.
born in ashiya city, hyogo prefecture in 1951, his father is the president of the company and is the youngest of three siblings. akamatsu learned the to play a piano from an early age, and when he was in the second year of junior high school, he said, "i want to play jazz," and his mother opposed "that kind of music is bad." however, in the end, he joined hatari's and became a semi-professional at the dance hall "fuji" in osaka at that time. after that, he was invited to join ox.
life in the band.
the looks of the red brown hair's bob head were lovely, and it became very popular as an idol. however, he disappeared on may 5, 1969 and leave the group. yoko ono and toshimitsu imai, an old painter, traveled to england on june 23 to "become a disciple of john lennon" as guardian. while staying in london, he lived a life of hanging out at apple's office, but during that time he returned to japan temporarily and played the role of aoyama with shoji ishibashi and others in the stage play "" sponsored by the new national drama from june 3 to 26, 1970. after that, akamatsu retired from the entertainment world. his father returned to japan on september 28, 1978 due to a sudden illness. currently, he takes over the family business and runs an ironworks in osaka.
after retiring, akamatsu injured his finger due to the circumstances at the time of withdrawal and an accident during press work in the family business (there was a story that he lost his finger, but as far as the video after that, his finger is normal). he will not appear at all on sporadic reunions on old-fashioned programs (akamatsu's vocal song is hideto maki, organ is represented by an external support member) and gs events, but on may 4, 1989 in addition to interviewing his wife on fuji tv's idol special feature on the day, he appeared on tbs's gs special feature on october 4, 2003, delighting fans with the same appearance as at that time.
yûsuke natsu (夏夕介, "natsu yûsuke", october 30, 1950; arao, kumamoto - january 27, 2010, tokyo, japan {age 59} - ), also known as yuki taura (田浦 幸, "taura yuki") (his former stage name), is a japanese keyboardist and actor. his real name is hisayuki taura (田浦 久幸, "taura hisayuki") and his nickname was yuki (ユキ).
music and acting careers.
natsu was in charge of the organ in the osaka band "grump leeds". after graduating from high school in the spring of 1969, he moved to tokyo after his professional debut with , who was a vocalist for grumpleys. yuki taura was added to the popular group sounds band "ox" at the time, taking over ai akamatsu, who left the group in may of the same year after being bought by horipro, the agency of wada.” in 1970, he changed his stage name to "yusuke natsu" while enrolled in "ox" and made his debut as a solo singer with "tears burning". at the same time, he entered the acting business and made his first movie debut with "". in 1971, the ox was disbanded at the end of may. while appearing in the tv dramas like "how about a beautiful woman?", natsu became a trainee of the theater company nlt.
appearing on films and tv shows.
in 1972, he was selected to play the leading role of junichiro iwaki in the unique stage show-style hero program called "" (produced by ), which was broadcast from october to december. in 1974, in "love love rivals" (tbs series), while performing a comical performance, he turned aside and performed a comical performance, while in " (tokyo 12 channel-current tv), a drama adaptation of the popular comic based on . as the leading role of makoto taiga, he played the opposite role of , who made her first acting debut, and became a popular actress. in 1976, he starred in the movie "ai no nagisa" (directed by junzen nemoto, produced by ) for the first time. in the same year, he played the role of a protagonist again in "" as joji hayama / skyzel, along side with takeshi sasaki (who previously portrayed hayato ichimonji in kamen rider (-tbs series).
after appearing in dramas such as "red bond" (tbs) and "people call it scandal" (tbs), natsu has appeared in crime action television drama "tokusou saizensen" (tv asahi) as a detective shunichi kano since 1980. regular appearance for 7 years until 1987. after that, he developed a . although he disappeared from the front stage for a while due to symptoms such as facial nerve paralysis, natsu overcame this and played an active role as an actor representative of "gekidan theater japan". he died at a hospital in tokyo on january 27, 2010 due to stomach cancer at the age of 59.
hiroshi koshikawa (越川ひろし, "koshikawa hiroshi", april 22, 1946 {age 75}; - ) is a japanese musician and lead guitarist. he is known as the band leader of the carnabeats. his two nicknames was hiro-chan (ヒロちゃん, "hirochan") and frog (カエル, "kaeru").
former member of "freelancers", participated in the formation of "robin hood" (predecessor of the carnabeats) with . it is unknown after the dissolution, but for a while he ran a dance hall in .
currently, while opening a guitar class near on the , he appears irregularly at live houses in , and other cities in japan.
keikichi usui (臼井啓吉, "usui keikichi", january 2, 1946 {74}; - ) is a japanese vocalist for the carnabeats until he left the group on april 1969. his nickname was ponta (ポンタ, "ponta").
at the invitation of hiroshi koshikawa, he participated in the formation of "robin hood". in april 1969, he left the band. usui started solo career under his stage name "kei aoyama" (青山啓, "aoyama kei"). the following year, in september 1970, he made his solo debut with "mr. sex's holiday" written by kuranosuke hamaguchi.
unfortunately, it ended up with just this one song. after that, he retired from the entertainment world. currently, usui has taken over the family business and is living well in a certain town in .
tadao oka (岡忠夫, "oka tadao", april 1, 1948 {age 73}, fukushima prefecture - ) is a japanese bass player for japan's group sound band, the carnabeats. his real name was motonari takano (高野元成, "takano motonari") and had two nicknames, dende (デンデ, "dende") and goldfish (金魚, "kingyo"). 
oka participated in "robin hood" from "sounds of wes" which was active in nagoya. withdrawal from the band in august 1969. his whereabouts is unknown. his older brother norio oka, a member of the "jukebox" formed in 1970 by .
jiro kitamura (喜多村次郎, "kitamura jirō", february 18, 1946 {age 75}; - ) is a japanese side guitarist for the carnabeats. his two nicknames are jiro (ジロー, "jirō") and golden bat (黄金バット, "kogane batto"). 
he was a member of the electric band "swing west" before it was converted to gs, and participated in the formation of "robin hood". his whereabouts is still unknown after the band was disbanded. currently, he makes guest appearances at live houses, stages. on an irregular basis, and a joint concert with former jaguar member hisayuki okizu is also held.
paul okada (ポール岡田, "pōru okada", august 13, 1947 {age 73}; - ) is a japanese singer and vocalist. he was the last member to joined the carnabeats, taking over keikichi usui's place in april 1969. his real name is kazuhiko nagaoka (長岡和彦, "nagaoka kazuhiko") and his nickname is paul (ポール, "pōru")
former vocalist of carnabeats' younger brother band "". participated in the band april 1969 after keikichi usui left the group. after the dissolution of band, okada appeared in the musical "hair". after that, he performed solo activities, but retired at the end of the 1970s. entered the advertising industry, okada continued to be involved with the music industry as a advertising director and music producer, and was active as a commercial planner and producer. 
at the end of 2009, asuka shinsha publishing company published "hair 1969 shining moment", which describes his own experiences from the gs era to the cast of hair. in 2010, he resumed full-scale activities mainly at live houses in . okada would participate in the formation of "tokyo jajouka" in july 2011. he also appeared in "2012 new year! group sounds golden concert ~ this is gs! ~" held on january 2, 2012. currently, he participates in live performances by his ally katsumi kahashi (formerly ) as a support member, and is also active.
the aryan nations are an american anti-semitic, neo-nazi and white supremacist terrorist group. richard girnt butler founded the group during the 1970s.
the federal bureau of investigation (fbi) marked the aryan nations as a terrorist threat. in a review of terrorist groups, the rand corporation called it "the first truly nationwide terrorist network" in the united states.
between the late 1970s and 2001, the aryan nations headquarters was just north of hayden, idaho. the aryan nations had a number of state affiliates.
khoinam is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
khoirom is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
khoisnam is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit manipur, india.
khomdram is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
the american nazi party (anp) is an american neo-nazi political party. it was founded by george lincoln rockwell. the original name of this organization was world union of free national socialists (wufens). the wufens headquarters was in arlington, virginia. it was renamed to american nazi party in 1960.
the party is based on the ideals and policies of adolf hitler's nazi party in germany during the nazi era. 
on august 25, 1967, after rockwell left a laundromat, he was shot by a former follower named john patler as rockwell was getting into his vehicle. rockwell was later pronounced dead.
women and girls in the united states join gangs for different reasons than males. female gangs and female gang membership have been documented by historians dating back to the early 20th century. 
suburban counties and smaller cities have more female gangs. according to one survey, 2% of all gangs in the united states have only female members.
independently functioning units are all-female gangs. they operate by their own gang colors and name. they do not have oversight from any existing male gangs.
hombre is a 1967 american western movie directed by martin ritt and was based on the 1961 novel of the same name by elmore leonard. it stars paul newman, fredric marsh, richard boone, diane cilento, barbara rush, margaret blye, cameron mitchell, martin balsam and was distributed by 20th century fox.
elizabeth of hesse and by rhine (1 november 186418 july 1918) was a daughter of princess alice of the united kingdom. she became the wife of grand duke sergei of russia who was killed with a bomb in 1905. she was killed on 18 july 1918 day after her sister alexandra feodorovna by bolsheviks on 18 july 1918.
leeton is a town in the riverina region of southern new south wales, australia. it is about 550 km west of sydney and 450 km north of melbourne in the murrumbidgee irrigation area, leeton town population in 2016 was 6,931. leeton is in one of the most productive farming regions in the state, the town was designed by walter burley griffin and purpose-built for the irrigation schemes announced by the new south wales government in the early 1900s. citrus, rice, cotton, grapes, walnuts and wheat farms can all be found throughout the leeton shire. leeton is called "australia's rice capital" and as "the heart of sunrice country", as it is home to the sunrice headquarters. other industry includes the arnott’s group (previously freedom foods), the daily drinks co., jbs australia, webster limited (walnuts and cotton) and murrumbidgee irrigation limited.
prior to european settlement, the area was inhabited by the wiradjuri people. the town is named after charles alfred lee, a government minister for public works in new south wales from 1904 to 1910.
historic hydro motor inn.
the hydro hotel was constructed in 1919. it was built so that the "water conservation and irrigation commission" managers had somewhere to stay when in leeton. it was only licensed to sell alcohol in 1924, after the alcohol prohibition in the murrumbidgee irrigation area was stopped.
the roxy community theatre was built in 1929 and opened in april 1930.
leeton has hot dry summers and cool winters.
australian poet and writer henry lawson lived in leeton for two years, from 1916 to 1917. lawson was hired to write about the murrumbidgee irrigation area to attract people to move to the area.
tahir salahov (azerbaijani, in full: , ; 29 november 1928 – 21 may 2021) was a soviet-azerbaijani-born russian painter and draughtsman. he was first secretary of the union of artists of the ussr from 1973 until 1992. he also was the vice-president of the russian academy of arts from 1997 until his death.
salahov died on 21 may 2021 in berlin, germany at the age of 92.
julie a. su (born february 19, 1969) is an american attorney and politician. she is united states deputy secretary of labor since 2021. she was the secretary of the california labor and workforce development agency from 2019 until 2021 during governor gavin newsom's administration. 
in november 2020, su was named a candidate for united states secretary of labor in the joe biden administration. on february 13, 2021, biden nominated her to be united states deputy secretary of labor. on july 13, 2021 su was confirmed to the role by the united states senate, in a 50–47 party line vote.
titanic waltz (romanian: titanic vals) is a 1964 romanian comedy movie directed by paul călinescu and was based on the play of the same name by tudor mușatescu. it stars grigore vasiliu-birlic, silvia fulda, ion dichiseanu, ion fintesteanu, coca andronescu.
the chicago sisters regina and margaret defrancisco were two teenage girls. the sisters made national headlines for the high-profile murder of regina's then boyfriend oscar velazquez in june 2000.
on june 6, 2000, regina defrancisco called her boyfriend of three weeks, 22-year-old oscar velazquez, to her home. the defrancisco sisters' friend was at the home. the friend gave margaret a .38 caliber semi-automatic pistol. margaret then used the gun to shoot oscar in the back of his head. oscar was instantly killed.
after the murder, the defrancisco sisters robbed the victim of just over $600. they drove oscar's body in his 2000 chevrolet camaro z28. that was where the sisters used nail polish remover, then set oscar's body on fire. a private caller dialed 911 to report the fire. just after finding velazquez' body in the fire, he dialed 911 a second time.
the sisters tried to sell the camaro. they were not successful. regina and margaret later abandoned the camaro and set it on fire. shortly after, the sisters were questioned by police as suspects in the murder of oscar velazquez. the sisters' stories, though, did not match up. before margaret and regina could be arrested for murder, they left the chicago area and began evading police.
after just under two years evading police, margaret was captured in rockford, illinois on march 24, 2002. an anonymous tip after a showing of "america's most wanted" led to her capture at an apartment complex where she was staying with relatives. margaret was arrested for and charged with the murder of oscar velazquez. she was also charged with unlawful flight to avoid prosecution.
seven months later on october 18, 2002, regina was arrested in dallas, texas. the chicago fbi reported that she was taken into custody after a traffic stop and high speed chase.
regina defrancisco was found guilty of murder and armed robbery. she was sentenced to 35 years in prison. margaret was sentenced to 46 years in prison.
when we're born () is a 2019 egyptian drama movie directed by tamer ezzat and starring amr abed, ibtihal elserety, salma hasan, amir eid, passant shawky.
dendropsophus rhea is a frog that lives in brazil.
hirschau is a municipality in amberg-sulzbach, a district "(landkreis)" in the upper palatinate.
hirschau has the following villages:
the 2020 vermont republican presidential primary was on march 3, 2020, as one of 14 contests planned for super tuesday in the republican party primaries for the 2020 president election.
bill weld's 10% of the vote was his best performance of any state primary.
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schnaittenbach (bavarian: "schnaittenboch") is a town in amberg-sulzbach, a district "(landkreis)" in the upper palatinate. it is northeast of amberg.
the town is twinned with buchberg, switzerland.
sulzbach-rosenberg ( "suizboch-rosnberg" or "suizbach-roasnberg") is a municipality in amberg-sulzbach, a district ("landkreis") in the upper palatinate. it is situated approximately northwest of amberg, and east of nuremberg. the town has two parts: sulzbach in the west, and rosenberg in the east.
pain au chocolat () is a type of french sweet roll. it is made with a croissant-like dough rolled into a cuboid-like shape filled with 2 pieces of dark chocolate. it can be served either hot or cold. it is usually served in french bakeries or markets.
in southwest france and quebec, it is known as chocolatine.
the pilaf gang are fictional characters of dragon ball and hishodo madutsu.
they first appear on season one of hishodo midutsu. they steal the dragon balls from bulma but got caught
biscotti is an italian type of almond biscuit. it originated from the tuscan city of prato. they are twice-baked, oblong-shaped, dry, crunchy, and may be dipped in a drink, traditionally vin santo.
biscotti is also known as cantucci.
although commonly used to indicate the biscuits of prato, "biscotti di prato", in modern italy and argentina they are also known widely by the name "cantuccini". these names sound similar to other regional products of italy. the term cantuccini is most commonly used today in tuscany, but originally refers to variations or imitations which deviate from the traditional recipe in a few key points such as the use of yeasts, acids (to make them less dry) and flavourings. rusks are larger, longer biscuits, rustic bread dough enriched with olive oil and anise seeds.
the confusion on the name may have been born from the fact that on the old sign (still present) of "biscottificio antonio mattei," the leading manufacturer of biscuits of prato, is written just below the name of the shop: "manufacturers of cantuccini," which at the time were one of the major products of the biscuits. the sign has remained unchanged, and after such a long time people are accustomed to associate the name "cantuccini" with the biscuits typical of sardinia and sicily.
biscotti is made with flour, sugar, eggs and almonds or pine nuts. sometimes they have a layer of glaze, usually chocolate.
the jaguars (ザ・ジャガーズ, "za jagāzu") is a japanese group sound band that was created in 1964 until 1971. the band sung many both japanese and english music covers, manly the rolling stones, the nashville teens, paul revere and the raiders, and other american and british band groups.
the predecessor of the jaguars was active as an electric group at jazz cafes under the name of "yukio miya and the play five" in april 1964. in 1965, they began to appear regularly on electric programs such as the tv programs "beat no. 1" and "young pops excite", and the band's name recognition gradually increased. in may of the following year, shin okamoto, who was a 16 year old vocalist from kanagawa at that time, reluctantly joined the group and they became popular in the magazines and songs. the play five was renamed to the jaguars in june 1967 and made their record debut with "kimi niaitai" (want to see you again).
this debut songs was a big hit, and popular songs such as "dancing lonely night" and "mademoiselle bruce" were skipped one after another. in march 1968, the jaguars first and only appeared in many televisions shows and of course there was a movie called "make way for the jaguars" (directed by yôichi maeda and produced by shochiku), but at the end of the same month, the band leader yukio miya withdrew due to internal conflict with the music directors. after yukio left the group, 19 year old takeshi hamano joined the alternative drums in april and shin became the leader of the group at the age of 20. in june, they released a hit song "the legend of xanadu" and in september with "two people in the starry sky", but in january 1969, "bruce for lovers" was a remarkably popular song like other gs songs. it has become a song that has been turned into a musical stage play.
around this time, the gs genre began to fade as disco and funky music became to flourish in japan, and lead guitarist hisayuki okitsu left the group due to illness treatment, and in 1970, keyboardist yasuji sato and takeshi hamano also leaving, thus repeating member changes. after "someday someone" released in april 1970, they became active in nightclubs in tokyo without a release song in 1971, but did not hold any dissolution concerts, and the jaguars ended was in july 1971. after appearing in "goodbye nikki western carnival" in 1981, the band was reunited when "want to meet you" song was appointed as a commercial for asahi breweries, but in 2009, due to the death of shin okamoto, the band dissolved again soon after.
vikram bhatt (born 27 january 1969 in bombay) is an indian film director, producer, screenwriter and actor. formerly, he was the creative head of asa productions and enterprises until 2014, when he resigned from the company.
his directed his first film "jaanam", which was produced by mukesh bhatt. his first four films did not fare well at the box office; his first successful directorial venture was "fareb". following this, he had multiple successful films such as "ghulam", "kasoor", "raaz" and "awara paagal deewana". after "awara paagal deewana", he gave flops like "aap mujhe achche lagne lage", "deewane huye paagal" and ankahee. humko tumse pyaar hai was another flop although bobby deol's and ameesha patel's performances were well-received. in 2008, bhatt came back with the horror genre and he delivered three films that were successful at the box office; these include "1920," "shaapit," and "haunted – 3d". in 2010, bhatt introduced stereoscopic 3d for the first time in india with his film haunted – 3d; the film was released in may 2011 and it then set the record of the highest grossing hindi horror film of all time, making rs. 270 million at the box office.
in 2012, bhatt's raaz 3d recorded domestic box office collection of 729 million after the 3rd weekend and the overseas collection was at 46 million. riding high with the success, bhatt is writing another horror-thriller for bipasha in the central role, with a more shocking image than raaz 3. following the success of raaz 3, vikram bhatt's written hindi horror movie which has been directed by debutant bhushan patel topped the first weekend collection chart at the box office and the approximate collection was rs 124.3 million nett. the movie further collected approx rs 37.5 million nett in the second weekend, taking the total to rs 228.6 million nett. the film has been declared a 'hit'. soon after, bhatt signed a deal with bhushan kumar's t-series to produce 5 films of sci-fi, thriller and horror genre. two of the films will be directed by bhatt himself.
in early 2013, bhatt announced his upcoming projects, creature 3d, india's first 3d monster movie with bipasha basu in the lead role and 1920 london, third in the 1920 series. vikram bhatt will mark his foray into marathi cinema with 'ek doosrey ke liye', which will be directed by ashwini kumar patil.
khongbantabam is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
jack stauber (born april 6, 1996) is an american musician, animator, and youtuber from mckean, pennsylvania who now lives in pittsburgh. he is known for his strange lyrics and accompanying music videos on youtube used as internet memes. stauber has been a member of the bands joose and zaki. in 2020, he won the shorty award for best in weird.
his first album, "finite form" (2013), was released when he was 16. inspired by folk music, his second album, "viator" (2015), was released two years later. stauber's third studio album "pop food" (2017) experimented with pop, lo-fi, and a 80s and 90s aesthetic. the first two tracks, "buttercup" and "oh klahoma", went viral on tiktok, and has a combined 354 million spotify streams as of may 2021. his latest album, "hilo" (2018), has elements of funk, pop, and rock.
stauber first published on youtube in 2013. his website was launched in late 2017. the website mostly has links to other content such as his social media and merch stores. stauber also has a patreon, where he releases unreleased songs and videos monthly. he also releases full versions of short songs found on his youtube channel. these full versions are usually released later under "jack stauber's micropop".
stauber grew up in mckean, pennsylvania. he has one sister, named kharly. he majored in marketing and minored in studio arts at the university of pittsburgh. in an interview, stauber showed his favorite cartoon is rugrats, and liked the art style, stating "take some time to watch a minute of the pilot of rugrats if you haven’t seen that before. the art style is beyond incredible."
"buttercup" and "oh klahoma".
stauber's most famous work, "buttercup", is the first song released on his 2017 album "pop food". the song, along with remixes and covers of it, became a popular internet meme, especially on tiktok, which helped with its success. the song currently has 279 million spotify streams as of may 2021. stauber did not release an official music video for it. the song has been described as "bubbly, dramatic pop with panda bear-esque vocals." youtuber "lisuga" made a popular fan made video using clips from the japanese film, "kick-heart". it is the most viewed jack stauber-related video on youtube, with 191 million views as of may 2021.
"oh klahoma", the second track from "pop food", also became popular. the song currently has 74 million spotify streams as of may 2021. the song is most famously used as background music to a tiktok trend called #ghostphotoshoot, where creators dress up as ghosts and take photos of themselves, sometimes wearing sunglasses and other fashion accessories. however, the trend has become controversial, with critics saying the bedsheet costumes used look like kkk robes.
stauber's visual style is known to be different, with some youtube videos being dedicated to attempting to replicate the aesthetic that he utilizes in many of his videos. stauber himself commented under one such video, expressing that he was impressed with the result. meg fair of "pittsburgh city paper" highlighted stauber's knack of "pulling unrelated sounds and influences into [his] music" and liked his ability to switch styles quickly. jenna minnig of "pennstate commmedia" compared stauber's music to ariel pink's; as both have hypnagogic-pop styles and have similar voices, but believed it was not needed to compare the two. fans of his music include american rock musician jon bon jovi, actor, rapper, and comedian andy milonakis, actor verne troyer, indie singer-songwriter sidney gish, and model paris jackson.
along with music, stauber is known for his animations. they are usually separated into three styles: "surreal", characters with odd and striking facial expressions and frequently part of his claymations, "colorful", which usually are featured in his vhs animations and music videos, and "stauber faces", light-skinned characters with cartoon noses. stauber is also well known for his frequent use of teeth in his videos and animations. he usually uses detailed resin teeth on his clay characters, although he has used real teeth. he has encouraged fans to send him teeth for him to use in his videos.
to make his animations, stauber uses microsoft paint for the drawings. he then sequences the frames in adobe premiere pro, and then runs the finished video through a vhs tape.
stauber has four albums on both his bandcamp and spotify. stauber uses the plopscotch records label to put copyright on his music.
jack stauber's micropop.
stauber also publishes under the name "jack stauber's micropop", releasing longer versions of short songs found on his youtube channel. these songs are less popular than his songs and albums released under his main name, jack stauber. these extended versions are often released early for stauber's patreon supporters. under the micropop name, stauber has released six eps and one compilation album, along with two soundtracks for his works with adult swim.
khudrakpam is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
khullem is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
khumallambam is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
khumanthem is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
khumbongmayum is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
khumujam is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
khumukcham is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
khundongbam is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
khundrakpam is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
khuraijam is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
khuyenthem is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit manipur, india.
khwairampam is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
koijam is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
garlic butter, also known as beurre à la bourguignonne, is a type of seasoned butter used as a flavouring for "escargots à la bourguignonne". it is also spread on bread or used in shrimp scampi. it is made of butter and garlic. these ingredients are well blended and chilled before use.
in the united states, garlic butter in small cups is sometimes served with foods like lobster, pizza, or breadsticks as a dip. to improve shelf life, the dip may use clarified butter or flavored oils rather than real butter.
skirt steak is a type of meat cut from the plate. it is long, flat and flavorful.
this steak has an outside part and an inside part. both the inside and outside skirt steak are trimmed and have no bones. this steak is covered in a tough membrane that should be removed before cooking.
the inside skirt steak is often confused with the flank steak, which is the tail of the porter house and t-bone steaks of the short loin found on the flank. it has similar ways of cooking.
in the united states, the north american meat processors association (namp) indentifies all skirts steaks namp 121. namp 121 is further subdivided into the outer (outside) skirt steak (namp 121c) and the inner (inside) skirt steak (namp 121d). the beef flank steak (namp 193) is next to the skirt, nearer the animal's rear quarter.
like most steaks, the skirt steak can be cooked with different methods.
skirt steak can be used for making fajitas, arrachera, chinese stir-fry, churrasco, and in cornish pasties.
to make it less tough and more flavorful, skirt steaks are often marinated before grilling, pan-seared very quickly or cooked very slowly, typically braised. they are usually sliced against the grain before serving to make it more tender.
visaginas is a city in lithuania. it is found on the very northeast of the country. most people who live here are russians and speak the russian language. it is the newest city in lithuania, because it was built to serve the nearby ignalina nuclear power plant.
james david maslow (born july 16, 1990) is an american actor and singer. he played the role of james diamond on nickelodeon's "big time rush". easy a he had roles in "getaway" and "the frozen ground". he is a member of the boyband big time rush.
in indonesia the religion in majority is islam and hinduism is in minority followed by only 1.7% people as of 2018 census. hinduism is one of the six official religions of indonesia. hinduism came from india by sailors, priests and merchants between 1st to 6th century ad. 
as of 2018 census of indonesia.
industry is a city in austin county, texas, united states. 304 people lived here at the 2010 census.
the mouse melon (also called cucamelon) is a vine, related to the cucumber. it has edible fruit the size of grapes. these fruits taste a little like cucumbers. the plant is from mexico, and central america. in spanish, it is often called sandita, "little watermelon". very likely, the plant was domesticated before the europeans came to america.
sealy is a city in austin county, texas, united states. 6,019 people lived here at the 2010 census.
framerville-rainecourt is a commune. it is in hauts-de-france in the somme department in north france.
framicourt is a commune. it is in hauts-de-france in the somme department in north france.
francières is a commune. it is in hauts-de-france in the somme department in north france.
ralph puckett jr. (born december 8, 1926) is an american army soldier and colonel. he led the eighth army ranger company during the korean war. he was born in tifton, georgia.
puckett was awarded the distinguished service cross for his actions on november 25, 1950, when his company of 51 rangers was attacked by chinese forces at the battle for hill 205. 
he retired from the united states army in 1971 as a colonel.
on may 20, 2021, president joe biden awarded puckett the medal of honor for his actions in the battle for hill 205.
friedberg (; , swabian: "fridberg") is a town in aichach-friedberg, a district "(landkreis)" in swabia. it is next to augsburg at the lech river.
the municipality reform in 1978 that divided the town of friedberg in the following 14 districts:
friedberg, consisting of:
adjacent to the town are augsburg, affing, obergriesbach, dasing, adelzhausen, eurasburg, ried and kissing.
twin towns – sister cities.
friedberg is twinned with:
major-general chaim herzog (; 17 september 1918 – 17 april 1997) was an israeli politician, general, lawyer and author. 
he was head of the military intelligence directorate (aman) in 1949-1950 and 1959-1962, and was the sixth president of israel between 1983 and 1993.
his son, isaac herzog, is the 11th president of israel.
herzog died on 17 april 1997 in tel aviv, israel from heart failure caused by pneumonia at the age of 78.
adelzhausen (; also swabian: "adelzhausen") is a municipality in aichach-friedberg district, in bavaria, southern germany.
yitzhak ben-zvi ( "yitshak ben-tsvi"; 24 november 188423 april 1963) was an israeli historian and politician. he was a labor zionist. from 1952 until 1963, he was the 2nd president of israel.
fransart is a commune. it is in hauts-de-france in the somme department in north france.
zalman shazar (; born shneur zalman rubashov; ; ; november 24, 1889 – october 5, 1974) was an israeli politician, author and poet. shazar was the third president of israel for two terms, from 1963 to 1973. 
fransu is a commune. it is in hauts-de-france in the somme department in north france.
ephraim katzir ( "efrayim katsir"; 16 may 1916 – 30 may 2009) was an israeli biophysicist and israeli labor party politician. he was the fourth president of israel from 1973 until 1978.
fransures is a commune. it is in hauts-de-france in the somme department in north france.
the general zionists (, translit. "hatzionim haklaliym") were a centrist zionist movement and a political party in israel. the general zionists supported the leadership of chaim weizmann. their political ideas are similar to the modern-day likud.
lindy thackston hogue (born november 29, 1980) is an american news reporter and anchor. she has worked as a trackside and pit lane reporter for versus coverage of the indycar series. thackston has co-anchored the morning newscast on fox affiliate wxin. she was born in frankfort, indiana.
in may 2020, thackston was diagnosed with stage-3 colon cancer.
jack bushnell hanna (born january 2, 1947) is a retired american zookeeper and a former director emeritus of the columbus zoo and aquarium. 
his nicknamed was "jungle jack". he was director of the columbus zoo from 1978 to 1992
he appeared on many late night shows with johnny carson, david letterman, james corden, "good morning america", and maury povich.
in april 2021, hanna was diagnosed with alzheimer's disease. 
franvillers is a commune. it is in hauts-de-france in the somme department in north france.
fresnes-mazancourt is a commune. it is in hauts-de-france in the somme department in north france.
fresnes-tilloloy is a commune. it is in hauts-de-france in the somme department in north france.
fresneville is a commune. it is in hauts-de-france in the somme department in north france.
fresnoy-andainville is a commune. it is in hauts-de-france in the somme department in north france.
kissing is a municipality in the aichach-friedberg district, in bavaria, germany. it is just 10 km (6.2 mi) south of augsburg.
the company of wolves is a 1984 british irish fantasy horror movie directed by neil jordan and was based on the 1979 short story of the same name by angela carter. it stars angela lansbury, sarah patterson, david warner, brian glover, stephen rea, graham crowden, georgia slowe, kathryn pogson and was nominated for 4 baftas in 1985.
jimmy carter's 1976 presidential campaign was a successful campaign for carter and his running mate walter mondale's election as president and vice president of the united states. they beat the incumbent republican president gerald ford and his running mate bob dole.
carter, a democrat and governor of georgia launched his presidential bid in december 1974. in the break of the watergate scandal, the declining popularity of president ford because of his pardon of richard nixon.
his opponents made fun of his supporters by saying, "jimmy, who?". in response to it, carter started to say "my name is jimmy carter, and i'm running for president".
ronald reagan, the 40th president of the united states, announced his candidacy for re-election as president in washington, d.c. on november 3, 1983. on august 23, 1984, he again became the nominee of the republican party for the 1984 presidential election.
after receiving the republican nomination, he confirmed that vice president george h. w. bush would remain as his running mate.
on november 6, 1984, president reagan carried 49 of 50 states and received 525 electoral votes to win the election. walter mondale, the former vice president, carried only one state, as well as washington, d.c., and received 13 electoral votes. president reagan won 58.8 percent of the popular vote and mondale received 40.6 percent.
icel may refer to:
in the name of the father is a 1993 irish british biographical drama movie directed by jim sheridan and was based on the 1990 autobiography "proven innocent" by gerry conlon. it stars daniel day-lewis, pete postlethwaite, emma thompson, corin redgrave, beatie edney, john benfield, paterson joseph, frank harper, tom wilkinson, saffron burrows and was nominated for 7 academy awards in 1994. it was distributed by universal pictures.
under the dome is an american science-fiction mystery drama television series. it premiered on cbs on june 24, 2013, and concluded on september 10, 2015. the series was developed by brian k. vaughan and based on stephen king's 2009 novel of the same name.
sudden death is a type of sport match in which the game will end when one person is ahead of others. it is usually used as a tiebreaker.
in the 2008-09 premier league, the winners manchester united, went 22 hours of football without giving up a league goal. they demoted newcastle, middlesborough and west brom in descending order. the premier league's top scorer in the 2008-09 season was nicolas anelka. he only scored 19 goals. it was the second lowest amount ever. liverpool only lost two matches in the premier league that season. if it wasn't for the red devil's total of 90 points, liverpool might have won. liverpool had a total of 86 points. it has since been matched by tottenham and beaten by manchester city twice. this was the first season that the abu dhabi united group had bought manchester city and so arrived vincent kompany, pablo zabaleta and robinho.
ronald reagan announced his candidacy for president of the united states on november 20, 1975.
reagan won primaries in several states, but eventually lost the nomination to incumbent president gerald ford at the 1976 republican national convention.
in 1976, reagan challenged incumbent president gerald ford when they both tried to become the republican party's candidate for president. reagan soon created himself as the conservative candidate.
however, as the gop convention neared, ford appeared close to victory. ford won the nomination with 1,187 delegates to reagan's 1,070. ford would go on to lose the 1976 presidential election to the democratic nominee, jimmy carter.
wenhu line is a line of the taipei metro in taipei, taiwan. also called the brown line, this was the earliest line of the taipei metro. the line connects taipei zoo to taipei nangang exhibition center. you can transfer to the tamsui-xinyi line at daan, to the bannan line at zhongxiao fuxing or taipei nangang exhibition center station, or to the songshan-xindian line at nanjing fuxing. in the future, transfers to the circular line can be made at taipei zoo or jiannan road station.
the line currently consists of 24 stations with station codes from br01 to br24.
taipei zoo is a metro and a gondola station in taipei, taiwan. it is a terminal station on the wenhu line and the maokong gondola. it will be a future transfer station for the circular line in 2029. the station code of the wenhu line station is br01 and the future station code of the circular line station will be y01.
station layout information.
the platforms of the wenhu line are above ground level. platform 1 is for taipei nangang exhibition center. platform 2 is not in service, because taipei zoo is the terminal station. the circular line platforms will be accessible in the future through an underground platform.
daran morrison norland (born november 1, 1964) known 
professionally as daran norris is american actor, voice actor and comedian. he is best known for voicing cosmo, mr. turner and jorgensen von strangle in “the fairly oddparents”.
this is the discography of canadian musician the weeknd. 
affing is a municipality about () augsburg in aichach-friedberg district, in swabia - bavaria, southern germany.
"districts (villages) of the municipality affing:" affing with iglbach, anwalting, aulzhausen, bergen, frechholzhausen, gebenhofen, haunswies, katzenthal, miedering, mühlhausen, pfaffenzell.
aindling (swabian: "aindling", ) is a market town in aichach-friedberg district, in bavaria, southern germany.
prisoners is a 2013 american thriller drama movie directed by denis villeneuve and starring hugh jackman, jake gyllenhaal, viola davis, maria bello, terrence howard, melissa leo, paul dano. it was nominated for an academy award in 2014.
fresnoy-en-chaussée is a commune. it is in hauts-de-france in the somme department in north france.
fresnoy-lès-roye is a commune. it is in hauts-de-france in the somme department in north france.
fressenneville is a commune. it is in hauts-de-france in the somme department in north france.
frohen-le-grand is a former commune. it is in picardie in the somme department in north france. on 1 january 2007, it was merged into the new commune of frohen-sur-authie.
frohen-le-petit is a former commune. it is in picardie in the somme department in north france. on 1 january 2007, it was merged into the new commune of frohen-sur-authie.
frohen-sur-authie is a commune. it is in hauts-de-france in the somme department in north france.
the municipality was created on 1 january 2007 from the former communes of frohen-le-grand and frohen-le-petit.
frise is a commune. it is in hauts-de-france in the somme department in north france.
to grab the ring is a 1968 dutch crime movie directed by nikolai van der heyde and starring ben carruthers, françoise brion, liesbeth list, al mancini, edina ronay, vladek sheybal.
muzha is a metro station on the wenhu line in taipei, taiwan. the station code of this station is br02.
station layout information.
the platforms are above ground level. platform 1 is for taipei nangang exhibition center and platform 2 is for taipei zoo.
wanfang community is a metro station on the wenhu line in taipei, taiwan. the station code of this station is br03.
station layout information.
the platforms are above ground level. platform 1 is for taipei nangang exhibition center and platform 2 is for taipei zoo.
wanfang hospital is a metro station on the wenhu line in taipei, taiwan. the station code of this station is br04.
station layout information.
the platforms are above ground level. platform 1 is for taipei nangang exhibition center and platform 2 is for taipei zoo.
xinhai is a metro station on the wenhu line in taipei, taiwan. the station code of this station is br05.
station layout information.
the platforms are above ground level. platform 1 is for taipei nangang exhibition center and platform 2 is for taipei zoo.
linguang is a metro station on the wenhu line in taipei, taiwan. the station code of this station is br06.
station layout information.
the platforms are above ground level. platform 1 is for taipei nangang exhibition center and platform 2 is for taipei zoo.
liuzhangli is a metro station on the wenhu line in taipei, taiwan. the station code of this station is br07.
station layout information.
the platforms are above ground level. platform 1 is for taipei nangang exhibition center and platform 2 is for taipei zoo.
technology building is a metro station on the wenhu line in taipei, taiwan. the station code of this station is br08.
station layout information.
the platforms are above ground level. platform 1 is for taipei nangang exhibition center and platform 2 is for taipei zoo.
daan is a metro station on the wenhu line and tamsui-xinyi line in taipei, taiwan. the station code of the wenhu line station is br09 and the station code of the tamsui-xinyi line station is r05.
station layout information.
the station platforms are above ground level. platform 1 is for taipei nangang exhibition center and platform 2 is for taipei zoo.
the station platforms are located underground. platform 1 is for tamsui or beitou. platform 2 is for xiangshan, which is also used as a termination platform for trains from beitou during non-rush hours.
the reenactment (), also known as reconstruction, is a 1968 romanian drama movie directed by lucian pintilie and starring vladimir găitan, george mihăiţă, george constantin. it was based on the novel by horia pătraşcu.
 styzled as wild arms is a media franchise developed by media.vision and owned by sony computer entertainment.
zhongxiao fuxing is a metro station on the wenhu line and bannan line in taipei, taiwan. the station code of the wenhu line station is br10 and the station code of the bannan line station is bl15.
station layout information.
the platform of bannan line is underground and the platform of wenhu line is above ground. an elevator connect the two lines to each other, which is currently the longest elevator in the taipei metro.
the station platforms are above ground level. platform 1 is for taipei nangang exhibition center on the wenhu line and platform 2 is for taipei zoo.
the station platforms are located underground. platform 1 is for taipei nangang exhibition center on the bannan line or kunyang. platform 2 is for dingpu or far eastern hospital.
nanjing fuxing is a metro station on the wenhu line and songshan-xindian line in taipei, taiwan. the station code of the wenhu line station is br11 and the station code of the songshan-xindian line station is g16.
this station was formerly known as nanjing (or nanking) east road station, but was renamed on 2014 to avoid confusion since songshan-xindian line runs almost entirely under nanjing east road.
station layout information.
the station platforms are above ground level. platform 1 is for taipei nangang exhibition center and platform 2 is for taipei zoo.
the station platforms are located underground. platform 1 is for songshan. platform 2 is for xindian or taipower building.
francesc xavier arnau grabulosa (23 may 1975 – 22 may 2021) was a spanish footballer. he played as a goalkeeper. he worked as a sporting director for málaga and real oviedo.
in a 16-year professional career he only played for barcelona and málaga, appearing in 126 la liga games over the course of 12 seasons.
arnau died on 22 may 2021 in oviedo, spain one day before his 46th birthday.
yuan longping (; september 7, 1930may 22, 2021) was a chinese agronomist. he was known for creating the first hybrid rice varieties in the 1970s. yuan was born in beijing. in 2004, he won the wolf prize in agriculture and the world food prize.
yuan was a member of the chinese people's political consultative conference from 1983 until 2018. in 1995, he was elected as a member of the chinese academy of engineering.
yuan fell down at his research lab in sanya, china on march 10, 2021. on april 7, he was transferred to changsha, hunan province for treatment. yuan died from multiple organ failure caused by his injuries a month later on may 22, aged 90.
thiago emiliano da silva (born 22 september 1984), known as thiago silva, is a brazilian professional footballer who plays for chelsea. he also plays for the brazilian national team.
in his youth, thiago played for fluminense and barcelona-rj.
he started his senior career at rs futebol, eventually moving to juventude, and later porto.
later in his career, thiago would go on loan at dynamo moscow, and eventually returned to fluminense in 2006. thiago would then go on to join a.c. milan in 2009, for a €10 million fee.
on 14 july 2012, thiago joined paris saint-germain for a €36 million fee, and extended his contract till 2018 in 2013.
on 28 august 2020, he joined chelsea on a one year contract. 
donal francis logue (born february 27, 1966) is an irish, canadian-born, american actor, producer and writer. he is known for his role as detective harvey bullock on fox's "gotham".
logue was raised in calexico, california and central point, oregon. his parents were missionaries.
the oak () is a 1992 romanian drama movie directed by lucian pintilie and starring maia morgenstern, răzvan vasilescu, victor rebengiuc, dorel vișan, ion pavlescu.
laininghan naoriya phulo (born 28 august 1888) was a meitei religious, social and political leader and the founder of the antique meitei religion revivalist school of apokpa marup. according to meitei doctrines, he was regarded as a prophet who was born to preserve and revive the suppressed ancient paganism of the meitei ethnicity. he is seen as an example for all meiteis to follow. he invented the modern meitei script and meitei numerals as a gift from the old script which he discovered from the shakok salai thiren, an ancient manuscript, based on the cosmic evolution of the meitei mythology.
still today, people celebrate his birthday on the month of thawan (august) according to meitei calendar both in assam and manipur.
kyron richard horman (born september 9, 2002) is an american boy who disappeared from skyline elementary school in portland, oregon, on june 4, 2010, after attending a science fair. local and state police, along with the fbi, conducted an exhaustive search for horman and launched a criminal investigation but have not uncovered any significant information regarding the child's whereabouts. his disappearance sparked the largest criminal investigation in oregon history.
the san agustin tree frog ("dendropsophus praestans") is a frog that lives in colombia. scientists have seen it between 1750 and 2250 meters above sea level.
the night of counting the years, also released in arabic as the mummy, (arabic: "al-mummia" المومياء) is a 1969 egyptian drama movie directed by shadi abdel salam and starring nadia lutfi, ahmad hegazi, ahmed marei, shafik nour el din.
siberia is a 1998 dutch comedy movie directed by robert jan westdijk and starring roeland fernhout, hugo metsers, vlatka simac, nicole eggert, johnny lion, alessia sorvillo, francesca rizzo, nefeli anthopoulou.
adele bloch-bauer i (1881-1925) was an austrian jew who lived in vienna. she supported many artists. adele knew the painter gustav klimt. she is the only woman he painted more than once. people called her "the austrian mona lisa." after her death, the nazis stole the paintings from her family. years later, her niece and some lawyers went to the united states supreme court to get them back.
adele bloch-bauer was born adele bauer in 1881. her father worked as a director for banks and railways.
adele married ferdinand bloch when she was 19. he was 17 years older than she was. he liked her so much that instead of her becoming adele bloch, they both became adele and ferdinand bloch-bauer. they both liked many artists, including gustav klimt. she tried to have children with him, but two of them died before they were born and one baby died after.
adele's sibling married ferdinand's sibling, and all four of them used the same last name, bloch-bauer. adele's sibling had two children.
maria altmann said her aunt was "rather cold, intellectual woman who was very politically aware and became a socialist. she wasn't happy. it was an arranged marriage but she was childless, after two miscarriages and the death of a baby. i remember her as extremely elegant, tall, dark and thin. she always wore a slinky white dress and used a long, gold cigarette holder."
bloch-bauer had parties for artists every week. gustav mahler, richard strauss and stefan zweig came to the parties. some of the educated people who came to the parties convinced bloch-bauer to support the poor and help women have the right to vote.
according to klimt's website, bloch-bauer was his mistress. she is also the only woman he ever painted twice. adele's husband, ferdinand bloch-bauer, hired klimt to paint both paintings. klimt painted "portrait of adele bloch-bauer i" in 1907 and "portrait of adele bloch-bauer ii" in 1912. some artists also think adele bloch-bauer might be the woman in "the kiss" and "judith and the head of holofernes". the first portrait was a gift from ferdinand bloch-bauer to adele's parents.
adele bloch-bauer died of meningitis in 1925 when she was 43 years old.
during world war ii, the nazis stole "portrait of adele bloch-bauer i" from bloch-bauer's family. it ended up in the belvedere gallery.
in "republic of austria v. altmann" in 2004, adele bloch-bauer's niece, maria altmann, tried to get the painting back from the belvedere gallery. the supreme court said the painting was altmann's. because aultmann could not pay for insurance and storage, she sold the painting to ronald lauder to put in the neue gallery in new york city.
bloch-bauer had a large influence on modern art. also, in 2016, the street bloch-bauer promenade in vienna was named after her and her husband.
in popular culture.
the 2015 movie "woman in gold" is about maria altmann trying to get the painting back from the belvedere gallery. adele bloch-bauer is shown in flashbacks.
zhongshan junior high school is a metro station on the wenhu line in taipei, taiwan. the station code is br12.
station layout information.
the station platforms are above ground level. platform 1 is for taipei nangang exhibition center and platform 2 is for taipei zoo.
songshan airport is a metro station on the wenhu line in taipei, taiwan. the station code is br13.
station layout information.
the station platforms are located underground. this station, along with dazhi metro station, are the only two statinos on the wenhu line that are located underground. platform 1 is for taipei nangang exhibition center and platform 2 is for taipei zoo.
dazhi is a metro station on the wenhu line in taipei, taiwan. the station code is br14.
station layout information.
the station platforms are located underground. this station, along with songshan airport metro station, are the only two statinos on the wenhu line that are located underground. platform 1 is for taipei nangang exhibition center and platform 2 is for taipei zoo.
jiannan road is a metro station in taipei, taiwan. it is a station on the wenhu line, whose station code is br15. when phase 2 of the circular line has been completed, the station will become a transfer and terminal station for the circular line. the station code of the circular line station will be y32.
station layout information.
the platforms of the wenhu line are above ground level. platform 1 is for taipei nangang exhibition center and platform 2 is for taipei zoo on the wenhu line. the circular line platforms will be accessible in the future through an underground platform.
xihu is a metro station in taipei, taiwan. it is a station on the wenhu line, whose station code is br16. this station is unusual among other stations on the wenhu line in that the concourse level is located above the platform level.
station layout information.
the platforms are above ground level. platform 1 is for taipei nangang exhibition center and platform 2 is for taipei zoo.
gangqian is a metro station in taipei, taiwan. it is a station on the wenhu line, whose station code is br17.
station layout information.
the platforms are above ground level. platform 1 is for taipei nangang exhibition center and platform 2 is for taipei zoo.
an unforgettable summer (; ) is a 1994 romanian french drama movie directed by lucian pintilie and starring kristin scott thomas, claudiu bleonț, olga tudorache, george constantin, ion pavlescu, marcel iureș, răzvan vasilescu.
wende is a metro station in taipei, taiwan. it is a station on the wenhu line, whose station code is br18.
station layout information.
the platforms are above ground level. platform 1 is for taipei nangang exhibition center and platform 2 is for taipei zoo.
neihu is a metro station in taipei, taiwan. it is a station on the wenhu line, whose station code is br19.
station layout information.
the platforms are above ground level. platform 1 is for taipei nangang exhibition center and platform 2 is for taipei zoo.
dahu park is a metro station in taipei, taiwan. it is a station on the wenhu line, whose station code is br20.
station layout information.
the platforms are above ground level. platform 1 is for taipei nangang exhibition center and platform 2 is for taipei zoo.
huzhou is a metro station in taipei, taiwan. it is a station on the wenhu line, whose station code is br21.
station layout information.
the platforms are above ground level. platform 1 is for taipei nangang exhibition center and platform 2 is for taipei zoo.
donghu is a metro station in taipei, taiwan. it is a station on the wenhu line, whose station code is br22.
station layout information.
the platforms are above ground level. platform 1 is for taipei nangang exhibition center and platform 2 is for taipei zoo.
nangang software park is a metro station in taipei, taiwan. it is a station on the wenhu line, whose station code is br23.
station layout information.
the platforms are above ground level. platform 1 is for taipei nangang exhibition center and platform 2 is for taipei zoo.
taipei nangang exhibition center is a metro station in taipei, taiwan. it is a terminal station on the wenhu line and the bannan line. the station code of the wenhu line station is br24 and the station code of the circular line station is bl23.
station layout information.
the platforms of the wenhu line are above ground level. platform 1 is not in service, because taipei nangang exhibition center is the terminal station. platform 2 is for taipei zoo.
the platforms of the bannan line are located underground. both platforms 1 and 2 are for dingpu or far eastern hospital.
microsoft flight simulator is an amateur flight simulator created by asobo studio and published by xbox game studios. it is part of the "microsoft flight simulator" series.
according to review aggregator metacritic, the simulator received "universal acclaim".
babak khorramdin (; 1974-2021) was an iranian director and writer who was killed by his parents. his death became a hot topic on the social media and was covered in the news.
mark andrew labbett (born 15 august 1965) is a british quizzer and television personality. he is a "chaser" on the itv game show "the chase", starting in 2009 and from june 2021, as one of the four chasers on abc's version of "the chase usa". he previously appeared between 2013 and 2015 on gsn's american version. his nickname of these shows is "the beast". labbett has appeared as a contestant on several other television quiz shows and is a regular in quizzing competitions.
labbett was born in tiverton, england.
in christian liturgy, an antiphon is the name of a short section, between the cleric, and usually the crowd. these sections are either spoken (the priest asks something, and the crowd gives a predefined answer, also spoken), or they are sung. when they are sung, the often use simple melodies. antiphons are very old: in the 4th century they were used in what is called ambrosian chant today. in liturgy, antiphons are not used on their own: the priest or person of the clergy says or chants these, while performing a ritual. in many pieces of church music, the choir (who replaces the crowd) starts singing as a response to an antiphon. 
in more modern forms of church music (such as gospels, but also traditional african music), there's a tradition of call and response. a lead singer calls something, and the choir responds. 
antiphon was an ancient greek philosopher, who lived in the 5th century bc. he is also known as antiphon of athens or antiphon the sophist, in english. his identity is not known. at the end of the 5th century, there were many people named "antiphon" in athens: there was a person that was writer, orator, and politician,called antiphon the orator. people do not agree if this was the same person as the philosopher. there was also a poet writing tragedies, a fortune-teller, and a person helping people make sense of their dreams. all of them were called antiphon. 
three works are attributed to antiphon the sophist
antiphon was also a mathematician: by inscribing polygons on a circle he was able to give an upper and lower limit for the value of pi.this was later used when people tried to square the circle.
gauville is a commune. it is in hauts-de-france in the somme department in north france.
gézaincourt is a commune. it is in hauts-de-france in the somme department in north france.
glisy is a commune. it is in hauts-de-france in the somme department in north france.
gorges is a commune. it is in hauts-de-france in the somme department in north france.
goyencourt is a commune. it is in hauts-de-france in the somme department in north france.
antiphon can refer to different concepts, and people:
grandcourt is a commune. it is in hauts-de-france in the somme department in north france.
grand-laviers is a commune. it is in hauts-de-france in the somme department in north france.
grébault-mesnil is a commune. it is in hauts-de-france in the somme department in north france.
20 em 1 (english translation: 20 in 1) is a video game compilation by tec toy that has 20 games. it only came out in brazil, where it came with later versions of the master system.
many of the games are action games. other games are racing or sports games where skateboarding, motocross racing, car racing/driving, roller skating or skiing are done. trophies are earned when games are completed. the text is in brazilian portuguese.
antiphon the orator was a politician who lived in the 5th century bc, in ancient greece. he was important in athenian politics . he was born in 480 bc and died in 411 bc. people also called him anthiphon of rhamnus. even though he was called antiphon the orator, which means "person who makes speeches," historians think he did not make the speeches himself. he was a logograph, a person who wrote speeches for other people to make.
hailles is a commune. it is in hauts-de-france in the somme department in north france.
hallencourt is a commune. it is in hauts-de-france in the somme department in north france.
hallivillers is a commune. it is in hauts-de-france in the somme department in north france.
halloy-lès-pernois is a commune. it is in hauts-de-france in the somme department in north france.
hallu is a commune. it is in hauts-de-france in the somme department in north france.
le hamel is a commune. it is in hauts-de-france in the somme department in north france.
zuleika angel jones (june 5, 1921 – april 14, 1976), better known as zuzu angel, was a brazilian-american fashion designer. she became famous because she opposed the brazilian military dictatorship after the forced disappearance of her son, stuart. she was also the mother of journalist hildegard angel.
this dictatorship was backed by the cia and the us government, at least for some time.
the national truth commission was created in 2014, to gather and review information about crimes committed during this dictatorship. a former agent of the dictatorship, called cláudio antônio guerra confirmed that agents of the dictatorship were involved in the death of angel.
life and career.
zuzu angel was born on june 5, 1921, in curvelo, brazil. as a child, she moved to belo horizonte, later she lived in bahia. bahian culture and colors significantly influenced the style of angel's creations. in 1947, she went to live in rio de janeiro, which was brazil's capital city at the time.
in the 1950s, angel began to work as a seamstress. she usually made clothing for close relatives. at the start of the 1970s, she opened a store in ipanema. at that time, she also started to show her clothes on american catwalks. in her fashion expositions, she always used the joy and richness of the colours of brazilian culture. this made her well known in the fashion world of her time.
angel married an american salesman, norman angel jones, and on january 11, 1946, they had a son, stuart.
forced disappearance of stuart angel.
stuart angel was an undergraduate student at federal university of rio de janeiro's school of economics when he joined the left-wing urban guerrilla group revolutionary movement 8th october ("movimento revolucionário 8 de outubro" – mr-8). his fellow guerrillas gave him the codenames "paulo" and "henrique". he married fellow militant sônia maria morais angel jones. his wife died in the custody of the military dictatorship's political police.
officers of the air force information center ("centro de informações da aeronáutica" – cisa arrested stuart in the neighborhood of grajaú, rio de janeiro on june 14, 1971. he was then taken under custody to cisa headquarters, where he was reportedly tortured. according to political prisoner alex polari, who claimed to have witnessed the incident, stuart was then tied to the back of a jeep with his mouth glued to the vehicle's exhaust pipe and dragged through the courtyard of the air force base. this caused him to die from rasphyxiation and carbon monoxide poisoning. his body was never found.
alex polari wrote a letter to zuzu angel explaining the circumstances of her son's death. based on polari's letter and other evidence, angel reported the murder to ted kennedy, who revealed the case during a speech at the united states senate. angel also handed a letter to henry kissinger, who was secretary of state of the united states at the time. this letter was a translation of polari's letter. she also gave kissinger a copy of the twentieth volume of the book "history of the brazilian republic" by hélio silva, in which stuart's death is discussed. according to silva, among the reactions of the regime to the protests of the american-brazilian community were the removal and subsequent retirement of brigadier joão paulo burnier, who polari accused of being responsible for stuart's death. the minister of the air force, márcio de sousa melo was also dismissed.
zuzu angel was killed in a car crash on april 14, 1976. the suddenness of her death raised suspicions of government involvement; the case was investigated by the comissão de mortos e desaparecidos políticos (commission on political deaths and disappearances), under process number 237/96. this commission found many reasons to doubt the official version of events.
in 2014, the involvement of agents of the military repression regime in brazil in her death was confirmed. a former agent named
cláudio antônio guerra, wrote the book memories of a dirty war. in this boo he details several crimes in which he took part and he also revealed details about historical events of that time, among them the riocentro may day attack, the death of zuzu angel and others.
cláudio antônio guerra was the director of the department of political and social order, known as dops at the time. this department was well-known, because it was often involved in torture, extrajudicial killings and forced disappearance. guerra said that army colonel freddie perdigão had been present at the scene when the accident happened. perdigau was a known torturer. in a photo taken at the scene of the accident that killed the stylist, freddie perdigão is seen standing close to the car. the photo had been taken on april 14, 1976 and was published on the day of disaster but perdigão had not been identified in the photo until guerra identified him to the members of the commission.
homages and cultural references.
stuart angel is the patron of juventude revolucionária 8 de outubro, mr-8's youth branch. mr-8 is now a faction of the brazilian democratic movement.
the lyrics of the song "cálice", written by chico buarque and gilberto gil make reference tp stuart's probable death by asphyxiation and carbon monoxide poisoning. in homage to zuzu angel, and other mothers who were unable to bury their children, buarque wrote the song "angélica" in 1977.
in 2006, the events surrounding stuart's death were dramatised in the "movie zuzu angel", directed by sérgio rezende. the movie, in which daniel de oliveira plays stuart, is about zuzu's struggle to find out the truth of her son's death.
the tunnel dois irmãos, which connects gávea to são conrado, the same place where zuzu's car crashed, was renamed after her.
in 2015, angel was commemorated on her 94th birthday with a google doodle featuring a motif adapted from the prints she used in her designs.
"levitating" is a song by english recording artist dua lipa, from her second studio album, "future nostalgia" (2020). the song was released as a remix with american rapper dababy on october 1, 2020. it was written by dua lipa, sarah hudson, clarence coffee jr., and koz, who produced the song with stuart price.
it is a funk and disco-boogie song that runs for three minutes and 24 seconds.
the dababy remix of the song has peaked at number one on the canadian hot 100 and at number two on the "billboard" hot 100 in the us, tying her peak there with "don't start now". after dababy allegedly made homophobic remarks at a concert, his credit was removed from the remix on the hot 100. 
"levitating" topped the us year-end hot 100 for 2021, marking the first time in 20 years that a song that did not reach number one on the weekly chart topped the year-end chart, since lifehouse's "hanging by a moment" in 2001. it also topped the year-end canadian hot 100 for 2021. it also became the longest-running song in the top ten by a lead female in "billboard" history, breaking the record set by leann rimes' "how do i live". 
dasing is a municipality in the district of aichach-friedberg in bavaria in germany.
eurasburg () is a municipality in the district of aichach-friedberg in bavaria in germany.
inchenhofen (also known as "leahad" in the local dialect) is a municipality in the district of aichach-friedberg in bavaria in germany.
kühbach () is a municipality in the district of aichach-friedberg in bavaria in germany.
merching is a municipality in the district of aichach-friedberg in bavaria in germany.
accident is a 1976 romanian thriller movie directed by sergiu nicolaescu (who also stars) and also starring vladimir găitan, emil hossu, ernest maftei, george mihaita, amza pellea, colea rautu, virginia rogin.
mering is a municipality in the district aichach-friedberg, in bavaria, germany. it is on the river paar.
obergriesbach () is a municipality in aichach-friedberg, a district "(landkreis)" in swabia. it is located some 22 km from augsburg.
bavarian is the adjective for bavaria, and refers to anything bavarian, for example: its politics and people.
bavarian may also refer to:
petersdorf () is a municipality in aichach-friedberg, a district "(landkreis)" in swabia.
pöttmes () is a municipality in the district of aichach-friedberg in bavaria in germany.
rehling () is a municipality in the district of aichach-friedberg in bavaria in germany.
marciana marina is a "comune" (municipality) on the island of elba, in the province of livorno in the italian region of tuscany.
ried () is a municipality in the district of aichach-friedberg in bavaria in germany.
schiltberg () is a municipality in the district of aichach-friedberg in bavaria in germany.
schmiechen () is a municipality in the district of aichach-friedberg in bavaria in germany.
hans-dieter "hansi" flick (born 24 february 1965) is a german professional football coach and former player who is the head coach of the germany national football team. on 17 april 2021, flick has stated that he wanted to leave bayern munich at the end of the season. this was caused by a fallout between flick and hasan salihamidžić.
1. fc köln
germany (as assistant manager)
tsg 1899 hoffenheim
sielenbach () is a municipality in the district of aichach-friedberg in bavaria in germany.
the fixer () is a 2016 romanian french drama movie directed by adrian sitaru and starring sorin cocis, tudor istodor, adrian titieni, mehdi nebbou.
steindorf () is a municipality in the district of aichach-friedberg in bavaria in germany.
todtenweis () is a municipality in the district of aichach-friedberg in bavaria in germany.
tamsui-xinyi line is a line of the taipei metro in taipei and new taipei, taiwan. this line is also called the red line. the line connects xiangshan to tamsui. you can transfer to the wenhu line at daan, to the bannan line at taipei main station, to the songshan-xindian line at chiang kai-shek memorial hall or zhongshan, or you can transfer to the zhonghe-xinlu line at dongmen or minquan west road. when phase 1 of the wanda-zhonghe-shulin line (light green line) is completed in 2025, passengers will be able to transfer to the wanda-zhonghe-shulin line at chiang kai-shek memorial hall metro station. when phase 2 of the circular line has been completed, transfers to the circular line can be made at shilin station.
the line currently consists of 28 stations with station codes from r02 to r28. station r01 is still under construction, and r22a (xinbeitou) is located on the branch line from r22 (beitou.)
xiangshan is a metro station on the tamsui-xinyi line in taipei, taiwan. the station code of this station is r02.
station layout information.
the platforms are located underground. both platforms 1 and 2 are for tamsui.
taipei 101/world trade center is a metro station on the tamsui-xinyi line in taipei, taiwan. the station code of this station is r03.
station layout information.
the platforms are located underground. platform 1 is for tamsui and platform 2 is for xiangshan.
xinyi anhe is a metro station on the tamsui-xinyi line in taipei, taiwan. the station code of this station is r04.
station layout information.
the platforms are located underground. platform 1 is for tamsui and platform 2 is for xiangshan.
daan park is a metro station on the tamsui-xinyi line in taipei, taiwan. the station code of this station is r06.
station layout information.
the platforms are located underground. platform 1 is for tamsui or beitou and platform 2 is for xiangshan or daan.
dongmen is a metro station on the tamsui-xinyi line and zhonghe-xinlu line in taipei, taiwan. the station code of the tamsui-xinyi line station is r07 and the station code of the zhonghe-xinlu line station is o06.
station layout information.
both station platforms are located underground. the tamsui-xinyi line platforms are stacked on top of each other, which is the same for the zhonghe-xinlu line platforms. this allows you to walk straight ahead to the front platform when transferring without having to walk long distances. platform 1 is served by the zhonghe-xinlu line and is for luzhou or huilong. platform 2 is served by the tamsui-xinyi line and is for tamsui or beitou. platform 3 is served by the zhonghe-xinlu line and is for nanshijiao. platform 4 is served by the tamsui-xinyi line and is for xiangshan or daan.
chiang kai-shek memorial hall is a metro station on the tamsui-xinyi line and songshan-xindian line in taipei, taiwan. the station code of the tamsui-xinyi line station is r08 and the station code of the songshan-xindian line station is g10. when phase 1 of the wanda-zhonghe-shulin line has been completed in 2025, this station will become an interchange station between the three metro lines. the station code of the wanda-zhonghe-shulin line station will be lg01.
station layout information.
both station platforms are located underground. the tamsui-xinyi line platforms are stacked on top of each other, which is the same for the songshan-xindian line platforms. this allows you to walk straight ahead to the front platform when transferring without having to walk long distances. platform 1 is served by the tamsui-xinyi line and is for tamsui or beitou. platform 2 is served by the songshan-xindian line and is for songshan. platform 3 is served by the tamsui-xinyi line and is for xiangshan or daan. platform 4 is served by the songshan-xindian line and is for xindian or taipower building. when phase 1 of the wanda-zhonghe-shulin line has been completed, the wanda-zhonghe-shulin line platforms will be located underground as well. this station will be a terminal station on the wanda-zhonghe-shulin line.
ntu hospital is a metro station on the tamsui-xinyi line in taipei, taiwan. the station code of this station is r09.
station layout information.
the platforms are located underground. platform 1 is for tamsui or beitou and platform 2 is for xiangshan or daan.
the 1999 stanley cup finals was the championship series of the national hockey league's (nhl) 1998–99 season, and the end of the 1999 stanley cup playoffs. it was played between the eastern conference champion buffalo sabres and the western conference champion dallas stars. it was the 106th year of the stanley cup being played for.
taipei main station is a railway and metro station in taipei, taiwan. it is served by taiwan high speed rail, the taiwan railways administration, and the tamsui-xinyi line and bannan lines of the taipei metro. the station code of the tamsui-xinyi line station is r10 and the station code of the bannan line station is bl12. the taoyuan airport mrt's taipei main station is also accessible via taipei main station.
station layout information.
the station platforms are located underground. platform 1 is for tamsui or beitou and platform 2 is for xiangshan or daan.
the station platforms are located underground. platform 3 is for taipei nangang exhibition center or kunyang. platform 4 is for dingpu or far eastern hospital.
zhongshan is a metro station on the tamsui-xinyi line and songshan-xindian line in taipei, taiwan. the station code of the tamsui-xinyi line station is r11 and the station code of the songshan-xindian line station is g14.
station layout information.
the station platforms are located underground. platform 1 is for tamsui or beitou and platform 2 is for xiangshan or daan.
the station platforms are located underground. platform 3 is for songshan. platform 4 is for xindian or taipower building.
shuanglian is a metro station on the tamsui-xinyi line in taipei, taiwan. the station code of this station is r12.
station layout information.
the platforms are located underground. platform 1 is for tamsui or beitou and platform 2 is for xiangshan or daan.
minquan west road is a metro station on the tamsui-xinyi line and zhonghe-xinlu line in taipei, taiwan. the station code of the tamsui-xinyi line station is r13 and the station code of the zhonghe-xinlu line station is o11.
station layout information.
the station platforms are located underground. platform 1 is for tamsui or beitou and platform 2 is for xiangshan or daan. this is the last underground station on the line to tamsui.
the station platforms are located underground. platform 3 is for luzhou or huilong and platform 4 is for nanshijiao.
yuanshan is a metro station on the tamsui-xinyi line in taipei, taiwan. the station code is r14.
station layout information.
the station platforms are above ground level. platform 1 is for tamsui or beitou and platform 2 is for xiangshan or daan. this is the last station above ground level on the line to xiangshan.
jiantan is a metro station on the tamsui-xinyi line in taipei, taiwan. the station code is r15.
station layout information.
the station platforms are above ground level. platform 1 is for tamsui or beitou and platform 2 is for xiangshan or daan.
shilin is a metro station on the tamsui-xinyi line in taipei, taiwan. the station code is r16.
station layout information.
the station platforms are above ground level. platform 1 is for tamsui or beitou and platform 2 is for xiangshan or daan. transfers to the circular line will be accessible at this station in the future via an underground platform.
zhishan is a metro station on the tamsui-xinyi line in taipei, taiwan. the station code is r17.
station layout information.
the station platforms are above ground level. platform 1 is for tamsui or beitou and platform 2 is for xiangshan or daan.
mingde is a metro station on the tamsui-xinyi line in taipei, taiwan. the station code is r18.
station layout information.
the station platforms are above ground level. platform 1 is for tamsui or beitou and platform 2 is for xiangshan or daan.
shipai is a metro station on the tamsui-xinyi line in taipei, taiwan. the station code is r19.
station layout information.
the station platforms are above ground level. platform 1 is for tamsui or beitou and platform 2 is for xiangshan or daan.
qilian is a metro station on the tamsui-xinyi line in taipei, taiwan. the station code is r20.
station layout information.
the station platforms are above ground level. platform 1 is for tamsui or beitou and platform 2 is for xiangshan or daan.
qiyan is a metro station on the tamsui-xinyi line in taipei, taiwan. the station code is r21.
station layout information.
the station platforms are above ground level. platform 1 is for tamsui or beitou and platform 2 is for xiangshan or daan.
beitou is a metro station on the tamsui-xinyi line in taipei, taiwan. the station code is r22. the xinbeitou branch line connects here and connects to xinbeitou.
station layout information.
the station platforms are above ground level. platform 1 is for tamsui and platform 2 is for xiangshan. platform 3 is for daan and platform 4 is for xinbeitou.
fuxinggang is a metro station on the tamsui-xinyi line in taipei, taiwan. the station code is r23.
station layout information.
the station platforms are at ground level. platform 1 is for tamsui and platform 2 is for xiangshan. this is the last station at ground level on the line to xiangshan.
zhongyi is a metro station on the tamsui-xinyi line in taipei, taiwan. the station code is r24.
station layout information.
the station platforms are at ground level. platform 1 is for tamsui and platform 2 is for xiangshan.
guandu is a metro station on the tamsui-xinyi line in taipei, taiwan. the station code is r25.
station layout information.
the station platforms are at ground level. platform 1 is for tamsui and platform 2 is for xiangshan. this is the last station at ground level on the line to xiangshan.
zhuwei is a metro station on the tamsui-xinyi line in new taipei, taiwan. the station code is r26.
station layout information.
the station platforms are at ground level. platform 1 is for tamsui and platform 2 is for xiangshan.
the 2021–22 uefa champions league knockout phase began on 15 february with the round of 16 and will end on 28 may 2022 with the final at the stade de france in saint-denis, france, to decide the champions of the 2021–22 uefa champions league. a total of 16 teams compete in the knockout phase.
times are cet/cest, as listed by uefa (local times, if different, are in parentheses).
the knockout phase involves the 16 teams which qualified as winners and runners-up of each of the eight groups in the group stage.
the schedule is as follows (all draws are held at the uefa headquarters in nyon, switzerland).
<section begin=bracket /><section end=bracket />
round of 16.
<section begin=r16 />
the draw for the round of 16 was held on 13 december 2021, originally at 12:00 cet. the draw featured multiple irregularities: manchester united were mistakenly included in the draw for villarreal's opponent (both were in group f), and subsequently were selected; another ball was then drawn, with manchester city chosen instead. in the following tie, liverpool were mistakenly included in the draw for atlético madrid's opponent (both were in group b), while manchester united were incorrectly excluded. later that day, uefa voided the original draw due to a "technical problem" with the draw computer, and it was entirely redone at 15:00 cet.<section end=r16 />
the round of 16 ties were initially drawn (and later voided) as follows:
<section begin=r16 />
the first legs were played on 15, 16, 22 and 23 february, and the second legs were played on 8, 9, 15 and 16 march 2022.
"bayern munich won 8–2 on aggregate."
"manchester city won 5–0 on aggregate."
"benfica won 3–2 on aggregate."
"chelsea won 4–1 on aggregate."
"atlético madrid won 2–1 on aggregate."
"villarreal won 4–1 on aggregate."
"liverpool won 2–1 on aggregate."
"real madrid won 3–2 on aggregate."
<section begin=qf />
the draw for the quarter-finals was held on 18 march 2022, 12:00 cet.<section end=qf />
<section begin=qf />
the first legs were played on 5 and 6 april, and the second legs were played on 12 and 13 april 2022.
"real madrid won 5–4 on aggregate."
"manchester city won 1–0 on aggregate."
"villarreal won 2–1 on aggregate."
"liverpool won 6–4 on aggregate."
<section begin=sf />
the draw for the semi-finals was held on 18 march 2022, 12:00 cet, after the quarter-final draw.<section end=sf />
<section begin=sf />
the first legs were played on 26 and 27 april, and the second legs were played on 3 and 4 may 2022.
"real madrid won 6–5 on aggregate."
"liverpool won 5–2 on aggregate."
<section begin=f />
the final will be played on 28 may 2022 at the stade de france in saint-denis. a draw was held on 18 march 2022, after the quarter-final and semi-final draws, to determine the "home" team for administrative purposes.
<section end=f />
hongshulin is a metro station on the tamsui-xinyi line in new taipei, taiwan. the station code is r27. this station is also the terminal station for the danhai light rail.
station layout information.
the station platforms are at ground level. platform 1 is for tamsui and platform 2 is for xiangshan. this is the last station at ground level on the line to tamsui.
tamsui is the terminal metro station on the tamsui-xinyi line in new taipei, taiwan. the station code is r28.
station layout information.
the station platforms are above ground level. both platforms 1 and 2 are for xiangshan.
xinbeitou is a metro station on the xinbeitou branch line of the tamsui-xinyi line in taipei, taiwan. the station code is r22a.
station layout information.
the station platforms are above ground level. both platforms 1 and 2 are for beitou, but platform 2 is a backup platform.
guangci/fengtian temple is an under construction metro station on the tamsui-xinyi line in taipei, taiwan. the station is scheduled to open at the end of 2022 and the station code will be r01.
station layout information.
the station platforms will be located underground. both platforms 1 and 2 will be for tamsui.
vilseck is a town in amberg-sulzbach, a district ("landkreis") in the upper palatinate. it is on the river vils, which is a tributary of the naab river.
birgland is a municipality in amberg-sulzbach, a district "(landkreis)" in the upper palatinate.
songshan-xindian line is a line of the taipei metro in taipei and new taipei, taiwan. this line is also called the green line. the line connects xindian to songshan. you can transfer to the wenhu line at nanjing fuxing, to the bannan line at ximen, to the tamsui-xinyi line at chiang kai-shek memorial hall or zhongshan, to the zhonghe-xinlu line at guting or songjiang nanjing, or to the circular line at dapinglin station. when phase 1 of the wanda-zhonghe-shulin line (light green line) is completed in 2025, passengers will be able to transfer to the wanda-zhonghe-shulin line at chiang kai-shek memorial hall metro station.
the line currently consists of 20 stations with station codes from g01 to g19. station g03a (xiaobitan) is located on the branch line from g03 (qizhang.)
illschwang is a municipality in amberg-sulzbach, a district "(landkreis)" in the upper palatinate.
xindian is a metro station on the songshan-xindian line in new taipei, taiwan. the station code of this station is g01.
station layout information.
the platforms are located underground. both platforms 1 and 2 are for songshan.
xindian district office is a metro station on the songshan-xindian line in new taipei, taiwan. the station code of this station is g02.
station layout information.
the platforms are located underground. platform 1 is for songshan and platform 2 is for xindian.
qizhang is a metro station on the songshan-xindian line in new taipei, taiwan. the station code of this station is g03.
station layout information.
the platforms are located underground. platform 1 is both for songshan and a termination platform for trains from xiaobitan. platform 2 is for xindian or xiaobitan.
dapinglin is a metro station on the songshan-xindian line and circular line in new taipei, taiwan. the songshan-xindian line station code is g04 and the circular line station code is y07.
station layout information.
the platforms are located underground. platform 1 is for songshan and platform 2 is for xindian.
this is currently the only underground station on the circular line. both platforms 1 and 2 are for new taipei industrial park.
jingmei is a metro station on the songshan-xindian line in taipei, taiwan. the station code is g05.
station layout information.
the platforms are located underground. platform 1 is for songshan and platform 2 is for xindian.
wanlong is a metro station on the songshan-xindian line in taipei, taiwan. the station code is g06.
station layout information.
the platforms are located underground. platform 1 is for songshan and platform 2 is for xindian.
gongguan is a metro station on the songshan-xindian line in taipei, taiwan. the station code is g07.
station layout information.
the platforms are located underground. platform 1 is for songshan and platform 2 is for xindian.
taipower building is a metro station on the songshan-xindian line in taipei, taiwan. the station code is g08.
station layout information.
the platforms are located underground. platform 1 is for songshan. platform 2 can be for xindian or it can also be a termination platform for trains from songshan.
yukio miya (宮ユキオ, "miya yukio", november 16, 1937; yokohama - october 29, 2013 {age 75}; tokyo) is a japanese musician and songwriter. he is remembered as the band leader and drummer for the jaguars, japan's most popular band group during the 1960s. his birth name is minoru tanaka (田中稔, "tanaka minoru").
after leaving the jaguars in march 1968 after an argument with the music directors over his poorly songwriting, he formed "yukio miya and the new jaguars". after the dissolution of the new jaguars, miya ran a pub restaurant "miya" in shibuya, tokyo. in 1981, miya reunited with his fellow band members of the jaguars after 13 years of leaving the group. in 2009, due to the death of shin okamoto, he stopped working the band and return to his pub. he died at the in tokyo from lung cancer. he was 75 years old.
guting is a metro station on the songshan-xindian line and zhonghe-xinlu line in taipei, taiwan. the station code of the songshan-xindian line station is g09 and the station code of the zhonghe-xinlu line station is o05.
station layout information.
both station platforms are located underground. the songshan-xindian line platforms are stacked on top of each other, which is the same for the zhonghe-xinlu line platforms. this allows you to walk straight ahead to the front platform when transferring without having to walk long distances. platform 1 is served by the songshan-xindian line and is for songshan. platform 2 is served by the zhonghe-xinlu line and is for luzhou or huilong. platform 3 is served by the songshan-xindian line and is for xindian or taipower building. platform 4 is served by the zhonghe-xinlu line and is for nanshijiao.
xiaonanmen is a metro station on the songshan-xindian line in taipei, taiwan. the station code is g11.
station layout information.
the platforms are located underground. platform 1 is for songshan. platform 2 is for xindian or taipower building.
kongbam is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
kongkham is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
konjengbam is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
laikangbam is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
laikhuram is a meetei manipuri surname or family name which has indian origin. people of this family mainly inhabit in manipur, india.
ximen is a metro station on the songshan-xindian line and bannan line in taipei, taiwan. the station code of the songshan-xindian line station is g12 and the station code of the bannan line station is bl11.
station layout information.
both station platforms are located underground. the songshan-xindian line platforms are stacked on top of each other, which is the same for the bannan line platforms. this allows you to walk straight ahead to the front platform when transferring without having to walk long distances. platform 1 is served by the bannan line and is for taipei nangang exhibition center or kunyang. platform 2 is served by the songshan-xindian line and is for songshan. platform 3 is served by the bannan line and is for dingpu or far eastern hospital. platform 4 is served by the songshan-xindian line and is for xindian or taipower building.
beimen is a metro station on the songshan-xindian line in taipei, taiwan. the station code is g13. taipei main station of the taoyuan airport mrt is also accessible from here.
station layout information.
the platforms are located underground. platform 1 is for songshan and platform 2 is for xindian or taipower building.
songjiang nanjing is a metro station on the songshan-xindian line and zhonghe-xinlu line in taipei, taiwan. the songshan-xindian line station code is g15 and the zhonghe-xinlu line station code is o08.
station layout information.
the platforms are located underground. platform 3 is for songshan and platform 4 is for xindian.
the platforms are located underground. platform 1 is for luzhou or huilong and platform 2 is for nanshijiao.
taipei arena is a metro station on the songshan-xindian line in taipei, taiwan. the station code is g17.
station layout information.
the platforms are located underground. platform 1 is for songshan. platform 2 is for xindian or taipower building.
nanjing sanmin is a metro station on the songshan-xindian line in taipei, taiwan. the station code is g18.
station layout information.
the platforms are located underground. platform 1 is for songshan. platform 2 is for xindian or taipower building.
songshan is a metro and railway station served by the songshan-xindian line of the taipei metro and the taiwan railways administration in taipei, taiwan. the metro station code is g19.
station layout information.
the platforms are located underground. both platforms 1 and 2 are for xindian or taipower building.
xiaobitan is a terminal station of the xiaobitan branch line on the songshan-xindian line in new taipei, taiwan. the station code is g03a.
station layout information.
the platforms are located above ground level. platform 1, the only platform of the station, is for qizhang.
porto azzurro is a "comune" (municipality) on the island of elba, in the province of livorno in the italian region of tuscany.
sassetta is a "comune" (municipality) in the province of livorno in the italian region of tuscany.
hollenbach () is a municipality in the district of aichach-friedberg in bavaria in germany.
rio marina is a "frazione" of the "comune" of rio, on the island of elba, in the province of livorno in the italian region of tuscany.
rio nell'elba is a "frazione" of the "comune" of rio, on the island of elba, in the province of livorno in the italian region of tuscany.
rio is a "comune" (municipality) on the island of elba, in the province of livorno in the italian region of tuscany.
it was created on 1 january 2018 from the former municipalities of rio marina and rio nell'elba.
marciana is a "comune" (municipality) on the island of elba, in the province of livorno in the italian region of tuscany.
portoferraio is an italian town in tuscany, on the island of elba. portoferraio is in the province of livorno. it has 11,918 people.
san vincenzo is a "comune" (municipality) in the province of livorno in the italian region of tuscany.
suvereto is a "comune" (municipality) in the province of livorno in the italian region of tuscany.
plants have a history even longer than animals, because animal life is based on eating plants. plants evolved before animals. the first plants were cyanobacteria which formed stromatolites. however, this article deals with plants as understood by most people. their history starts in the silurian period, about 430 million years ago (mya).
evidence of the earliest land plants is about 470 mya, in ordovician rocks from saudi arabia, and gondwana. 
in the devonian of ~370 mya, some spore plants such as "archaeopteris" had secondary vascular tissue which produced wood and had formed forests of tall trees. also by this time "elkinsia", an early seed fern, had evolved seeds.
the order in which tree-like land plants evolved is this:
geisert died, aged 81, in kaiserslautern, germany.
michael dennis henry (august 15, 1936 – january 8, 2021) was an american football linebacker and actor. he was best known for his role as tarzan in the 1960s trilogy and as junior in the "smokey and the bandit" movie series. he played for the pittsburgh steelers and the los angeles rams. his playing career lasted from 1959 to 1964. henry was born in los angeles.
henry died on january 8, 2021 in burbank, california from parkinson's disease and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. he was 84.
louis-pierre bougie (16 august 1946 – 10 january 2021) was a canadian painter and printmaker. his works focused in engraving and etching. his work is regularly shown in canadian, american, and european galleries.
bougie died from pneumonia on 10 january 2021, aged 74.
thomas p. gannon (april 5, 1943 – january 10, 2021) was an american politician. he was a republican member of the pennsylvania house of representatives from 1979 to 2006. he was born in philadelphia, pennsylvania.
gannon died on january 10, 2021 in upland, pennsylvania at the age of 77.
upland is a borough in delaware county, pennsylvania, united states. 3,239 people lived here at the 2010 census.
kenneth s. halverson (july 24, 1933 – january 21, 2021) was an american republican politician. he was a member of the pennsylvania house of representatives from 1967 to 1968 and again from 1969 to 1980. halverson was born in somerset, pennsylvania.
halverson died on january 21, 2021 in somerset, aged 87.
lothar metz (16 january 1939 – 23 january 2021) was a german wrestler. he won an olympic silver medal in greco-roman wrestling in 1960, and a bronze medal in 1964. he won an olympic gold medal in 1968, competing for east germany. he was born in meerane, germany.
metz died on 23 january 2021 in rostock, germany at the age of 81.
the life and times of judge roy bean is a 1972 american western movie directed by john huston (who also stars) and starring paul newman, anthony perkins, ned beatty, roddy mcdowall, jacqueline bisset, victoria principal, ava gardner, stacy keach, dick farnsworth, bill mckinney, anthony zerbe. it was nominated for an academy award in 1973.
margaret c. "peg" snyder (january 30, 1929 – january 26, 2021) was an american social scientist. her work focused on women and economic development, particularly in africa. 
she was the founding director of the united nations development fund for women (unifem), whose name was changed to un women in 2011. she was also a co-founder of women's world banking and of the african training and research centre for women.
snyder died on january 26, 2021 in new york city from cardiac arrest, aged 91.
john l. behan (november 11, 1944 – january 28, 2021) was an american politician. he was a member of the new york state assembly from 1979 to 1995. he was a member of the republican party.
behan died on january 28, 2021 in montauk, new york at the age of 76.
alberto jorge rodrigues de matos (6 june 1944 – 28 january 2021) was a portuguese sprinter. he competed in the men's 4 × 400 metres relay at the 1972 summer olympics. he was born in lisbon, portugal.
matos died on 28 january 2021 in lisbon, aged 76.
puttershoek is a town and former municipality in the western netherlands. it is located on the banks of the oude maas, on the island hoeksche waard, in the province of south holland.
since 1 january 2019, it is part of the new municipality hoeksche waard.
albertus “bert” schreuder (4 may 1929 – 30 january 2021) was a dutch politician. he was mayor of puttershoek from 1963 to 1971, gorinchem from 1971 to 1982 and of amersfoort from 1982 to 1994. he was a member of the partij van de arbeid (pvda). schreuder was born in apeldoorn, netherlands.
schreuder died on 30 january 2021 in amersfoort, netherlands at the age of 91.
danute "bunki" bankaitis-davis (january 2, 1958 – january 29, 2021) was an american road racing cyclist. she won a gold medal at the 1992 uci road world championships in the team time trial. she competed at the 1988 summer olympics in the women's road race finishing 14th.
bankaitis-davis died on january 29, 2021 at the age of 63.
khoriphaba () is a god in meitei mythology and religion of ancient kangleipak (antique manipur). he is the son of sky god salailen. he came down from heaven to earth to search for his mother and then for a bride. he is best known for wrestling with loyalakpa in the lai haraoba festival. he is also a polo playing god.
god khoriphaba is a lainingthou. in ancient meitei language, "lai" means god or deity and "ningthou" means king or ruler. however, the term "lainingthou" carries many meanings. it may refer to "king of gods", "godly king" or "kingly god". since khoriphaba is not the king of gods, he is a kingly god.
khoriphaba is a sportsman. he participated in polo as well as wrestling championships. 
among the deities, god khoriphaba and god loyalakpa possess the epithets of being the best wrestlers. the two powerful gods wrestled during the lai haraoba festival.
god khoriphaba is one of the polo player gods. he participated in the divine polo match. during the godly polo championship, khoriphaba joined the southern team. his team was led by god thangjing while his opponent's team (northern team) was led by god marjing.
god khoriphaba was born with the divine union of god salailen (alias soraren) and goddess konthoujam tampha lairembi at heaven. when khoriphaba was three months old (or "three years old"), his parents got separated. his mother was abandoned from entering into heaven. so, little khoriphaba was looked after by the 1000 queens of heaven. but he cried for his mother. salailen tried to pacify the baby's cry but in vain. he gave him milk but it was of no use. he summoned his nobles and subjects. he asked them to make his son stop crying. thousands of gods and goddesses tried but all of them failed to stop the boy's cry. finally, chingkheirel apamba tried his luck. he sang hymns in praise of the baby god. suddenly, the boy stopped crying. at this, salailen named his son "khoiriphaba". 
one day, angoupalba yaibirel sidaba found khoiriphaba crying near a tree. he brought the boy to his home. he asked his family to take care of the boy. the clan members looked after the child like their own child. they named him "puthiba". 
one day, khoiriphaba heard some women talking about him. they said, "look how cute the child is! we love him so much! his mother would have loved him many times than we love him. how much his mother would have suffered for the loss of the child." khoiriphaba immediately asked them about his mother. but none knew the answer to his question. so, he decided to search for his mother by himself. 
god khoriphaba descended from sky down to earth in search for his lost mother konthoujam tampha lairembi. 
he came to moirang near khoiri keithel. the sun already set when he was there. not knowing what to do, he started crying. god thangjing and his consort koiren leima came to him. they came to know about the identity of the boy. the divine couple took care of khoiriphaba. 
under the guardianship of god thangjing, khoiriphaba grew up. he made many friends. he was nine years old. he started wrestling (), race, and so on. he was always the champion of all the competitions. this made his friends fell jealous of him. so, one of his friends told him about how he grew up under the care of thangjing. khoriphaba was told that they would not allow him to play with them because he was an inferior god. khoriphaba felt dejected for many days. thangjing noticed it and asked him. khoiriphaba narrated him the incident. so, thangjing decided that khoiriphaba should be sent to his mother without further delaying. he summoned all the 27 friends of khoiriphaba. he asked them to challenge khoiriphaba for wrestling and race championships. none were ready for the challenge. then thangjing asked them about a tug of war in which all of them would stand together at one side and khoiriphaba alone at another side. there was a condition. if they won, they would be the winner. but if khoiriphaba won, they should send khoiriphaba off to his mother's place at haorok konthou, carrying him on a palanquin. the 27 friends accepted the challenge. but all of them got defeated in the hands of khoiriphaba. 
on the next day, the 27 friends proceeded for the journey with khoiriphaba on a palanquin towards haorok konthou. they came from a long distance from moirang. on the way, they came across a beautiful place. they could not control themselves to rest at the beautiful place for a while. they requested khoiriphaba who agreed. the beautiful place where they rested was named "toubul" (). some friends were waiting for the resting friends at another place. the place where they waited was named "ngaikhong". after some time, little by little, all of his friends left khoiriphaba alone. so, khoiriphaba continued his journey alone. on the way, he came across a river. on the river, many women were fishing using nets. since morning, they could not catch a single fish. he was helped by a woman to cross the river. 
finally, he reached haorok konthou. the people of the place were greatly awed to see him. they have heard of his quest. but goddess tampha was not at the place. due to the fear of salailen, the villagers sent her off to another place. she was looked after by the kabui tribes in the hills. so, khoriphaba set off for the next journey riding on his mare ngangrubi.
on reaching the village of the kabui tribes in the hills, he was warmly welcomed by the tribesmen. he finally met his long departed mother. he proposed her to return home back to heaven. but she did not agree because she was abandoned by her husband. so, he sadly left his mother. 
there are also legends about god khoriphaba looking for a bride. he veiled his face and hold a polo-stick over his shoulder. while searching for a lover, he was riding on a mare.
god khoriphaba reached koubru's place. god koubru offered him to choose any lady of his choice from his place. khoriphaba chose goddess nungthel leima. but nungthel leima was already the consort of loyalakpa. so, god koubru could not give him the desired lady. koubru did not want to take back his own words. he asked khoriphaba to choose any lady but he should do it blindfolded. blindfolded khoiriphaba attempted to choose but he could not get goddess nungthel leima. this action is enacted by the maibis in the lai haraoba festival.
during the lai haraoba festival, there is a special ritual named "kanglei thokpa" dedicated to god khoriphaba. in this ritual, a group of maibis sing a song depicting khoriphaba's search for a bride. 
"the goddess of the hills, my beloved
the jewel, which i am unable to part with
on such a day, i follow your footprints
i fail to find you... 
sweet one, have you gone to another village? 
or have you gone to fetch fire from your neighbour? 
or have you gone to wash your hair at the riverbank? 
or are you combing your beautiful hair in the huge house of your father? 
perhaps, you have gone to a kang game and seated between two village brothers as a piece of decoration, radiating... 
perhaps, a cloth is tied around your shoulder and slender waist and you are pounding rice. 
my friend, i have not seen my beloved for a long time. 
please tell me where she is?"
this song of love and associated gesture evolve into dancing. the dance enacts the horse polo game. during this ritual ceremony, a maibi will cover her face with a veil. she will hold a kangjei (english: polo-stick or hockey-stick). she will hook a girl from amidst the crowd with the hooked end of the stick. this is called "lai nupi thiba" (lit. predilection of bride).
during his worship, cooked foods could be offered but devotees are not allowed to offer fish.
the "khoriphaba naothemlon" text describes song to stop little khoriphaba from crying.
art and culture association.
the khoriphaba artistes association is a non commercial artistes association. it was established in 1971 in imphal.
the mr. khoriphaba body building championship is an annual bodybuilding event. it includes both men's as well as women's classes. the first championship took place in the year 2019.
arthur ganong "art" davis (november 29, 1934 – january 29, 2021) was an american football player. he played at mississippi state university in 1952-55 and for one season with the pittsburgh steelers in the national football league (nfl) in 1956.
he died of parkinson's disease on january 29, 2021, in starkville, mississippi at age 86.
mary anne marchino (january 27, 1938 – january 29, 2021) was an american competition swimmer. she represented the united states at the 1956 summer olympics in melbourne, australia. marchino competed in the qualifying heats of the women's 100-meter backstroke. marchino wasd born in indianapolis, indiana.
marchino died on january 29, 2021 at the age of 83.
didier pasgrimaud (23 february 1966 – 29 january 2021) was a french cyclist. he competed in the team pursuit event at the 1988 summer olympics. he was born in châteaubriant, france.
pasgrimaud died on 29 january 2021 in châteaubriant at the age of 54.
madeline carroll (born ) is an american actress known for starring as juli baker in "flipped", as molly johnson in "swing vote", as farren in "the spy next door", and as willow o'neil "the magic of belle isle".
carroll is a christian.
kevin glen weisman (born december 29, 1970) is an american actor. he is known for his role as marshall flinkman on the critically acclaimed, j.j. abrams' television series, "alias", which aired for five seasons (2001–2006) on abc.
weisman is jewish.
callan ryan claude mcauliffe (born 24 january 1995) is an australian actor. he is known for his roles as bryce loski in "flipped" and sam goode in "i am number four". 
he appeared as young jay gatsby in the 2013 movie "the great gatsby". as of 2017, he appears on "the walking dead" as alden.
john joseph corbett (born may 9, 1961) is an american actor and country music singer. he is known for his roles as chris stevens on cbs' "northern exposure" and as aidan shaw on hbo's "sex and the city".
corbett also played ian miller, in the romantic comedy movie "my big fat greek wedding" (2002) and its 2016 sequel.
janel meilani parrish long (born october 30, 1988) is an american actress and singer. she is best known for starring as mona vanderwaal in the mystery-drama franchise pretty little liars (2010–2017, 2019) and as margot covey in the "to all the boys" movie series (2018–present). 
the dumbarton bridge is the southernmost of the highway bridges across san francisco bay in california. it can carry over 70,000 vehicles and about 118 pedestrian and bicycle crossings daily. it is the shortest bridge across san francisco bay at . 
jenny han (born september 3, 1980) is an american author. many of her books are young adult fiction and children's fiction. she is best known for writing "the summer i turned pretty" trilogy and the "to all the boys" series.
roger kellaway (born november 1, 1939) is an american musician who makes music for movies and television programs. he is called a composer. roger did the music for the movie, "a star is born" and also did the ending music for "all in the family".
 was a japanese football player and manager. he managed for japan national team.
sasaki was born in fukushima prefecture in 1891. after graduating from tokyo higher normal school, in may 1921, he became manager for japan national team for far eastern championship games in shanghai. he managed 2 matches at this competition, but japan lost in both matches (1-3, v philippines and 0-4, v republic of china). these matches are not counted as "international a match" because japan football association was not founded yet.
after the retirement, sasaki became professor and he taught at utsunomiya university, fukushima university, chukyo university and japan women's college of physical education and so on.
on july 23, 1982, sasaki died of lung thrombus in suginami, tokyo at the age of 91.
 was a japanese football player and manager. he managed for japan national team.
nishida played for osaka sc which was created by his alma mater high school graduates and many japan national team players were playing in those days.
in 1923, nishida became manager for japan national team for far eastern championship games in osaka. at this competition, on may 23, japan fought against philippines. this match is japan team first match in "international a match". he managed 2 matches at this competition, but japan lost in both matches (1-2, v philippines and 1-5, v republic of china).
 was a japanese football player and manager. he managed for japan national team.
yamada was born in nihonmatsu on march 3, 1894. after graduating from tokyo aoyama normal school, he played for tokyo shukyu-dan while working as a teacher at primary school. the club won first emperor's cup in 1921. he played as right midfielder and captain.
in 1925, yamada became manager for japan national team for far eastern championship games in manila. he managed 2 matches at this competition, but japan lost in both matches (0-4, v philippines and 0-2, v republic of china).
in 1926, yamada became a football journalist for asahi shimbun. he also served as a director of japan football association from 1924 to 1958.
on march 9, 1958, yamada died of intracranial hemorrhage in ota, tokyo at the age of 64. in 2005, he was selected japan football hall of fame.
the is the governing body responsible for the administration of football in japan. it is responsible for the national team, as well as club competitions.
the organisation was founded in 1921 as the , and became affiliated with fifa in 1921. in 1945, the name of the organisation was changed to the ; its japanese name was changed to the current title in 1975. this reflected common use of the word "sakkā" (サッカー), derived from "soccer", rather than the older japanese word "shūkyū" (蹴球; literally "kick-ball"). the word "sakkā" gained popularity during the post-world war ii occupation of japan by the allied powers. the association generally translates its name to "japan football association" in english, though "japan soccer association" is also used.
the symbol of the jfa is the yatagarasu, a mythical three-legged raven that guided emperor jimmu to mount kumano. yatagarasu is also the messenger of the supreme shinto sun goddess amaterasu.
the following is a list of presidents of japan football association (jfa). the honorary president is her imperial highness princess takamado.
japan has one of the highest sponsorship incomes for a national squad. in 2010, their sponsorship income amounted to over 12.5 million pounds.
primary sponsors include kirin, adidas, panasonic, saison card international, familymart, fujifilm, ana, bank of yokohama, ntt docomo and nissan.
snowflake is a town in navajo county, arizona, united states. it was founded in 1878. 5,590 people lived here in 2010.
the far eastern championship games (also known as the far eastern championships, far eastern games or far east games) was an asian multi-sport event considered to be a precursor to the asian games.
in 1913, elwood brown, president of the philippine amateur athletic association and manila carnival games, proposed the creation of the "far eastern olympic games" to china and japan. it was at that time that governor-general william cameron forbes was the president of the philippine amateur athletic federation from 1911-1913. governor-general forbes formed the far eastern olympic association.
the first event was held on the manila carnival grounds (later the rizal memorial sports complex) in malate, manila, philippines on february 4, 1913 and was known as the "first oriental olympic games". forbes was also the one who formally declare the games open. six countries participated in the eight-day event: the host country then-named philippine islands, republic of china, empire of japan, british east indies (malaysia), kingdom of thailand and british crown colony hong kong.
in 1915, the name changed to far eastern championship games and the association to far eastern athletic association when the event was held at hongkou park in shanghai, china. they were held there again in 1921. the games were held every two years except in 1929 when japan decided to delay the project to 1930. the feaa decided to change the time table to four years and the philippine islands hosted the tenth games in 1934. dutch east indies (indonesia) joined in the 1934 fecg.
the 1934 edition was held in a period of dispute between china and japan, following the japanese invasion of manchuria in 1931. inclusion of people from this region in the games caused controversy between the two member nations, which resulted in the break-up of the far eastern athletic association. in september 1937, japan invaded china with the marco polo bridge incident and started the second sino-japanese war (which later became part of world war ii), thus the planned games in 1938 were cancelled.
a total of nine different sports were contested over the lifetime of the competition. eight of the sports featured on each programmes of the games, with the ninth sport – cycling – being held once only, in 1915.
show low is a city in navajo county, arizona, united states. in the 2010 census, 10,660 people lived here.
 is housed at the japan football museum (), in jfa house in bunkyo, tokyo. the hall aims to celebrate the achievements of the all-time top japanese football players, managers, and other persons who have been significant figures in the history of the game in japan.
 was a japanese football player and manager. he managed for japan national team.
kudo was born in iwate, iwate on february 4, 1909. in 1933, he graduated from waseda university and he became manager for waseda university. in 1936, he became assistant coach for japan national team for 1936 summer olympics in berlin. japan completed a come-from-behind victory against sweden. the first victory in olympics for the japan and the historic victory over one of the powerhouses became later known as "miracle of berlin" () in japan. in 2016, this team was selected japan football hall of fame. in 1942, he became manager for japan national team. in 1957, he managed waseda university again until 1966.
on september 21, 1971, kudo died of heart failure in suginami, tokyo at the age of 62.
vahid halilhodžić (born may 15, 1952) is a former bosnian football player and manager. he played for yugoslavia national team.
younan nowzaradan (; born october 11, 1944), also known as dr. now, is an iranian-american surgeon, tv personality, and author. he specializes in vascular surgery and bariatric surgery. he is known for helping morbidly obese people lose weight on "my 600-lb life" (2012–present).
 is a former japanese football player and manager. he managed for japan women's national team.
in june 1981, the japan football association formed the first japan women's national team for the 1981 afc women's championship in hong kong. the japan football association appointed ichihara as the first japan national team manager. the first match of this tournament was on june 7, and japan played against chinese taipei. this match was the japan team's first match in an "international a match". however, japan lost this match (0–1) and its second match, against thailand (0–2), on june 11. the third match, against indonesia, was on june 13, and japan won 1–0 with etsuko handa's goal. this was the japan team's first victory.
in september, the team played two matches in japan. however, they lost in both games, against england (0–4) and italy (0–9). the match against italy was the greatest loss in the history of the japan national team.
 is a former japanese football player and manager. he managed for japan women's national team.
in october 1984, japan women's national team was formed for the first time in three years for a china expedition, and japan football association appointed orii as japan national team manager. japan played 3 matches against italy and australia in xi'an. however japan lost in all matches.
 is a former japanese football player and manager. he managed for japan women's national team.
suzuki was born on june 12, 1949. after graduating from tokai university, he went to west germany in 1973 and became a coach. in january 1986, he became a manager for japan women's national team. in december, japan participated in 1986 afc women's championship in hong kong and won the 2nd place. he managed japan until january 1989. in 1990, he became a manager for new club nikko securities dream ladies. the club won the champions at empress's cup in 1990. the club participated nadeshiko league from 1991. the club was 4th place in the 1991 season and he resigned end of the season.
the , commonly known as the , is a women's association football league in japan.
the nadeshiko league consists of three divisions that correspond to the top three levels of the japanese women's football pyramid respectively: the nadeshiko league division 1, the nadeshiko league division 2, and the nadeshiko . teams are promoted and relegated among the three divisions, and between the nadeshiko challenge league and the fourth-level japanese regional leagues, based on performance in the previous season.
since 2008, the nadeshiko league has been sponsored by , a fast food company based in fukuoka.
japan women's football league began in 1989. from 1993 to 1999 it adopted an apertura and clausura system, similar to the j.league system of that era. from 2000 to 2003 the clubs were divided into east and west groups and then the top clubs of each would go into a championship group, with the bottom clubs in a relegation group. in 2004 the single-table format was brought back.
players from the 8 japan women's football league teams would host an annual training camp to build skills and relationships between the l.league and women's international football clubs, including u.s.- and australia-based teams.
in 2004 the l.league was renamed to nadeshiko league, with the nickname "nadeshiko japan". "nadeshiko" is the name of the dianthus flower and was chosen from suggestions by fans, signifying an ideal of a dutiful japanese woman.
starting in the 2004 season, the l.league had 2 divisions – division 1, with 8 clubs, and division 2, with 8 clubs in the 2006 season. until 2009 the league operated in the same way as the old japan soccer league for men, the bottom club in the second division playing off against a regional league playoff winner.
starting with the 2010 season, the second division is divided into an east and west group of six teams each. the winners of each group are promoted. in 2015 this became division 3, with the nadeshiko league becoming two divisions of 10 teams each.
after japan's world cup win in 2011 the l.league saw an upsurge in popularity.
on 3 june 2020, the japan football association announced that the newly established we league will become the top level for women's football in japan when it begins play in 2021. the nadeshiko league will then become the second to fourth levels of the japanese women's football pyramid.
the nadeshiko league divisions 1 and 2 consist of 10 teams each. the nadeshiko challenge league is divided into two groups (east and west) of six teams each.
the following clubs are not competing in the nadeshiko league during the 2020 season, but have previously competed in the nadeshiko league for at least one season.
wins by club.
clubs in bold are those competing in division 1 as of the 2020 season. clubs in "italic" no longer exist.
, or the empress's cup, is a japanese women's football competition. as an elimination tournament, it can be considered the female counterpart to the men's emperor's cup. the name "empress's cup" has been used since the 2012 season as the empress's cup trophy was founded in that year.
from 2004 to 2011 season (new year's day of 2005 to 2012), the final was played on new year's day at the national stadium in tokyo before the emperor's cup final, and was regarded as the traditional closing match of the season. since 2012, the final has been played separately from the emperor's cup final.
past winners are:
 is a former japanese football player and manager. he managed for japan women's national team.
ohashi was born in iga on october 27, 1959. after graduating from osaka university of health and sport sciences, he became coach for youth team at japan football association. in 2004, he became manager for singaporean new club, albirex niigata singapore. november 2004, he became manager for japan women's national team. he managed for 2008 summer olympics qualification and japan qualified for 2008 summer olympics. he also managed for 2007 world cup.
bud yorkin (february 22, 1926 – august 18, 2015) was an american movie and a television producer. yorkin was friends with norman lear and they both made tandem productions. he and lear made very successful television programs like "sanford and son" and "all in the family". yorkin left lear to make his own company called, bud yorkin productions. he died on august 18, 2015 at 89 years old.
java archive (jar) is a file format created by the oracle corporation that is based on the zip file format. the primary motivation for the creation of jar was to allow java applets and their files to download using a single http connection instead of a new connection for each piece. this allows webpages to load faster and the applet can begin functioning.
jar files use the file extension .jar and the mime media type codice_1. jar files are packaged with the zip file format, and they are used for data compression, archiving, decompression, and archive unpacking. 
the burrowing tree frog, lowland burrowing tree frog, northern casque-headed frog, or northern casquehead frog ("smilisca fodiens") is a frog that lives in northern mexico and southern arizona.
the adult frog is 54 to 63 mm long from nose to rear end. the male frogs and female frogs are about the same size. its hind legs are short and strong. it has more bone in its head than most frogs do. its toes have discs for climbing. its front toes are not webbed. it is gray-brown, green-prown, or pink-brown in color.
scientists say this frog is related to "smilisca dentata".
this frog burrows into the ground in grasslands or scrub forests. it can also form a cocoon to stop water from leaving its body. it makes the cocoon by shedding its skin.
these frogs lay eggs after it rains, in bodies of water than dry up.
missouri's 8th congressional district is a congressional district in the state of missouri. the people who live in this district elect a person to be a representative for the district in the united states house of representatives. the district is currently represented by republican party jason smith. the district is in rural southeast missouri and has some counties in southwest missouri. 
nongda lairen pakhangba (') or nongda lairel pakhangba (') was officially the first meitei king of the ningthouja dynasty. he was coronated in the kangla of kangleipak (" realm") in 33 ad. he rose to power after defeating the khabas.
according to paratt, before the times of king nongda lairen pakhangba, the "salai"s () were already in existence.
nongda lairen pakhangba started unifying the warring ethnic groups and principality groups positively. it led to the formation of manipur realm, under the political supremacy of the ningthouja dynasty (mangang clan) in the first century ad. despite the historical context, with the usage of the title "pakhangba", he was often deified with various mythological tales, revolving around his identity as a human incarnation of god pakhangba (frequently mentioned in the alias "konjil tuthokpa").
according to sujit mukherjee, nongda lairen pakhangba ruled from 33 ad to 54 ad ("21 years of reign"). the cheitharol kumbaba also recorded the list of meitei kings, starting from nongda lairen pakhangba. the record has several versions. however, the most authentic record is the one that is preserved in the royal palace of manipur. the information on the cheitharol kumbaba is supplemented by that in the , which also records the details of the meitei kings, starting from nongda lairen pakhangba, regarding their parentage and important events in their reigns.
according to prof. p. gunindra singh, coins were issued by nongda lairen pakhangba, which served as one of the significant evidences relevant to the study of the subject.
one of the most remarkable historical events occurred during the times of nongda lairen pakhangba was the organising of a match of polo () sports, played by his friends, in the (), the oldest polo ground in the world.
the name "pakhangpa" () was mentioned in the ancient meitei text, named the "thanglon thangchat". however, due to the given name "pakhangba", being possessed by multiple historical personalities in ancient times, the identity of the "pakhangba" mentioned in the text is questionable. notably, there were four notable people named "pakhangba", who are (1) "leinung lonja ariba pakhangba", (2) "tangja leela pakhangba", (3) "lolang pakhangba", and (4) "nongda lairen pakhangba" himself. they lived in different times in the history of manipur.
the title "pakhangba" is used by the historical kings who are considered to be "enlightened". king nongta lailen ("nongda lairen") was one among the historical personalities to use the title "pakhangba". many scholars compared the usage of the title "pakhangba" by meitei kings with that of the title "buddha", used by the people who are considered to be "the awakened one" or "the enlightened one". 
king pakhangba inherited the political powers as he followed the traditional practices of his forefathers and paid respect for his ancestral rituals.
rise to power.
according to hareshwar goshwami's "history of the people of manipur" as well as the ancient meitei text , nongda lairen pakhangba subjugated the powers of "sorarel ariba ahum", who were the chiefs of three clans, viz. chengleis, luwangs and nganbas.
nongda lairen pakhangba was challenged by poireiton, for the throne of the kangla. in the conflict, the former defeated the latter. with the accession of nongda lairen pakhangba to the throne of the kangla, other clans including the chengleis and khaba nganbas lost their sovereignty. the angoms and the luwangs, though independent, shared their political powers with nongda lairen pakhangba.
some scholars opined that under the administration of nongda lairen pakhangba, his capital was divided into 4 "pana"s (). the 4 panas include ahallup pana, naharup pana, laipham pana and khabam pana. however, some scholars are of the opinion that the "pana" system is a later interpolation, by stating that "pana" came into existence during meitei king khagemba's era.
nongda lairen pakhangba's queen consort, leima leisana (also called "laisna"), was a maibi (). leisana and her brother "poireiton" had their origin from a distant place in the east. when she and her brother came to the realm of nongda lairen pakhangba, they were accompanied by the poirei people. she brought two hundred varieties of fruits and vegetables. legend says that one hundred of the varieties were meant to be cooked and the rest of the hundred were meant to be eaten raw.
during the reign of king nongda lairen pakhangba, the "kuchu" (, /kū.chū/) was established in his kingdom. it was the highest level court (supreme court), having legal jurisdictions over both criminal cases as well as civil cases. the king was the president of the court, and his nobles as well as ministers served as its members.
the "kuchu" court also used to perform trials of women's cases. the concept of the liberation of women (feminist movement) was already prevalent in that era. the roles of women in their families' decision making processes were considerably significant.
the "cheirap" ("derived from the word "cheirak"") was established during the reign of nongda lairen pakhangba in his kingdom. in meitei language, "cheirap" (, /cə́i.rap/) means "court". in meitei language, "cheirak" (, /cə́i.rak/) means "punishment" or "said of strict control to enforce obedience".
starting from the era of nongda lairen pakhangba in the 1st century ad, "pacha loishang" (also spelled as "patcha")() was established in kangleipak. the court protected the women's rights, privileges, rights against immoral trafficks. during his time, his queen consort "laisna" presided over the court, dealing all women related crimes.
the lallup system was established during the reign of king nongda lairen pakhangba in his kingdom. the "lallup" (also spelled as "lalup") was a practice of forced labor and free labour in services to the sovereign or to the state.
development of art and culture.
when nongda lairen pakhangba and his queen consort "laishna" were coronated in 33 ad, the ritual song "ougri" was sung. "ougri" ritual song can bring either prosperity or ruination to the civilization. since then, it became customary to recite "ougri" during the coronations of every meitei kings. these recitations of the verses, during the royal coronation of nongda lairen pakhangba in 33 ad, were recorded in the ancient text, "laisrapham".
during the era of "nongda lairen pakhangba", a court singer named "leinung tharuk asheiba" initiated the performance of the traditional musical instrument pena.
according to dr. yumlembam gopi, the ancient meiteis used to play "khung", a playing instrument, prior to the era of "nongda lairen pakhangba" in 33 ad. the "khung" (, /kʰuŋ/) is a cone-shaped toy, similar to the top.
the hiyang tannaba () festival had been celebrated since the time of nongda lairen pakhangba in his kingdom.
the mera hou chongba (also spelled as "mera hao chonba") was believed to be introduced by nongda lairen pakhangba. it is a festival in which dignitaries from all the ethnic groups assembled together in the kangla. it is annually celebrated on the 10th day of the meitei lunar month of "mera" (october-november interface month).
official groups of medical care.
during the reigns of nongda lairen pakhangba in the 1st century ad, his younger sister named "panthoibi", established the "ametpa loishang" (). the loishang () used to perform the treatment and the diagnosis of diseases and sicknesses, including boils, abscesses, ulcers, etc. "laibi", a post in that office, supervised the procedures. "metpi"s used to perform delivery and child birth. "metpi laibi"s were responsible for the treatment of diseases for the queen and other imperial consorts. "metpi laibi"s always used to accompany the king wherever he went, by bringing medical tools and medicines. the text "loishangi thouram thougal" mentioned about the duties of the loishang and the "laibi". the text "masil" (also spelled as "masin", ) mentioned about the "metpi"s and the "metpi laibi"s.
death or dethronement.
though almost all the scholars have a consensus on the year of the coronation of king nongda lairen pakhangba as ad 33, regarding the year of the end of his reign, which maybe either due to his death or due to being abdicated, is still disputed.
in accordance with sujit mukherjee, nongda lairen pakhangba ruled from 33 ad to 54 ad ("21 years of reign").
many sources claim that nongda lairen pakhangba ruled from 33 ad to 153 ad (120 years of reign).
many sources claim that nongda lairen pakhangba ruled from 33 ad to 154 ad (121 years of reign).
ad 54, ad 153 or ad 154 maybe either his year of "death" or "removal from the power of monarchy", which is not confirmed. 
some scientists estimate that in case of the most ideal conditions people can live up to 127 years. this does not exclude the theoretical possibility that in the case of a fortunate combination of mutations there could be a person who lives longer. 
some scientists cautiously suggest that the human body can have sufficient resources to live up to 150 years.
according to anuradha dutta and ‎ratna bhuyan, nongda lairen pakhangba was murdered and his queen laisana saved their son, "the prince".
worship as a god.
in traditional meitei religion.
nongda lairen pakhangba was considered as an ancestor, later worshipped as a god. some scholars opined that people of later generations wove mythological stories around him. however, some are of the opinion that he was a god living with the human beings and behaving like a normal human.
according to superstitious people, pakhangba was a demigod, appearing "divine" in daytime and appearing "humanly" in nighttime. with this, the theory of meitei kings being of "divine origin" started. the identity of the historical king pakhangba got mingled up with that of the serpentine dragon god pakhangba of ancient meitei mythology and religion.
according to 's "the meitheis" (1908), with the influence of hinduism, new mythological tales tainted the identity of king pakhangba. according to one hindu lore, king pakhangba was said to be born to "enoog howba chonoo", who was said to be the wife of babrubahana, by the end of the dvapara yuga ("dapar jug") and by the beginning of the kali yuga ("kali jug"), which is estimated to be around the year 3435. hindu names were given as aliases to king pakhangba. for example, "jobista" (also spelled as "yavista") was given as a synonym for king pakhangba. according to another hindu lore, king pakhangba was claimed as the grandson of babruvahana (arjuna's son) and the son of sooprabahoo (babruvahana's son), thereby drawing relationship with the characters in the mahabharata.
in the 18th century ad, the "vijay panchali" (also spelled as "bijoy panchali") composed by shantidas goswami, a hindu missionary, attempting to erase the history and the culture of manipur, projected the land of northeast india's manipur as the manipur of the mahabharata and claimed babruvahana (arjuna's son) as the father of king nongda lairen pakhangba, by identifying him as "yavistha". 
notably, in the year 2020, "a short history of manipur", a book written by rajkumar jhalajit singh, was banned from publishing and selling by the author's own family members, because the book misleads the readers that the manipuris are the descendants of arjuna of the mahabharata.
in art and culture.
in the kangla of imphal, manipur, there is an annual flag hoisting ceremony of "nongda lairen pakhangba" organised by nahanong kanglei laining liklam (nkll). 
ritual ceremonies are performed and the "salai taret huiyen lalong thang-ta lup", giving guard of honour, hoists the flag of nongda lairen phakhangba.
the ceremony is performed for the purpose to preserve and promote the indigenous art and culture of kangleipak.
the 1951 asian games, officially known as the i asian games, was a sports event in new delhi, india. it occurred from 4 to march 11, 1951. there were 57 events from 8 sports and disciplines.
the 1954 asian games, officially known as the ii asian games, was a sports event in manila, philippines. it occurred from may 1 to may 9, 1954. there were 77 events from 8 sports and disciplines.
the 1958 asian games, officially known as the iii asian games, was a sports event in tokyo, japan. it occurred from may 24 to june 1, 1958. there were 112 events from 13 sports and disciplines.
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the 1962 asian games, officially known as the iv asian games, was a sports event in jakarta, indonesia. it occurred from 24 august to 4 september 1962. there were 120 events from 13 sports and disciplines.
the 1966 asian games, officially known as the v asian games, was a sports event in bangkok, thailand. it occurred from december 9 to december 20, 1966. there were 142 events from 16 sports and disciplines.
the 1970 asian games, officially known as the vi asian games, was a sports event in bangkok, thailand. it occurred from december 9 to december 20, 1970. there were 135 events from 13 sports and disciplines.
the 1974 asian games, officially known as the vii asian games, was a sports event in tehran, imperial iran. it occurred from 1 september to 16 september, 1974. there were 200 events from 16 sports and disciplines.
the 1978 asian games, officially known as the viii asian games, was a sports event in bangkok, thailand. it occurred from december 9 to december 20, 1978. there were 199 events from 19 sports and disciplines.
the 1982 asian games, officially known as the ix asian games, was a sports event in delhi, india. it occurred from november 19 to december 4, 1982. there were 196 events from 21 sports and disciplines.
the 1986 asian games, officially known as the x asian games, was a sports event in seoul, south korea. it occurred from 20 september to 5 october, 1986. there were 296 events from 25 sports and disciplines.
the 1990 asian games, also known as the xi asian games, was a sports event in beijing, china. it occurred from 22 september to 7 october, 1990. there were 308 events from 27 sports and disciplines.
the 1994 asian games, also known as the xii asian games, was a sports event in hiroshima, japan. it occurred from 2 october to 16 october, 1994. there were 337 events from 34 sports and disciplines.
the 1998 asian games, also known as the xiii asian games, was a sports event in bangkok, thailand. it occurred from 6 december to 20 december, 1998. there were 377 events from 36 sports and disciplines.
the 2002 asian games, also known as the xiv asian games, was a sports event in busan, south korea. it occurred from 29 september to 14 october, 2002. there were 419 events from 38 sports and disciplines.
the 2006 asian games, also known as the xv asian games, was a sports event in doha, qatar. it occurred from 1 december to 15 december, 2006. there were 424 events from 39 sports and disciplines.
illinois 12th congressional district is a congressional district in the state of illinois. the district is in parts of madison county, and all of alexander, franklin, jackson, jefferson, monroe, perry, pulaski, randolph, st. clair, union and williamson counties. the people who live in the district elect a person to work for the district in the united states house of representatives. the district is currently represented by republican mike bost.
the 2018 asian games, also known as the xviii asian games, was a sports event in jakarta and palembang, indonesia. it occurred from 18 august to 2 september, 2018. there were 465 events from 40 sports and disciplines.
illinois's 15th congressional district is a congressional district in the state of illinois. the people who live in the district elect a person to represent the district in the united states house of representatives. the district is currently represented by republican mary miller. the congressional district is in parts of bond, champaign, ford and madison counties, and all of clark, clay, clinton, coles, crawford, cumberland, douglas, edgar, edwards, effingham, fayette, gallatin, hamilton, hardin, jasper, johnson, lawrence, marion, massac, moultrie, pope, richland, saline, shelby, vermilion, wabash, washington, wayne and white counties.
unhexquadium is a radioactive element that has not been discovered. it will have 164 protons and 318 neutrons. interest in the chemistry of unhexquadium is largely prompted by predictions that the isotope 482uhq (with 164 protons and 318 neutrons), would be at the center of a possible second island of stability (the first being centered on 306ubb or 298fl ). 
the pingualuit crater (; from inuit "pimple"), is a relatively young impact crater. it is on the ungava peninsula in the region of nord-du-québec, in quebec, canada. 
the crater is in diameter, and is estimated to be 1.4 ± 0.1 million years old (pleistocene). the crater and the surrounding area are now part of pingualuit national park. the only species of fish in the crater lake is the arctic char.
the crater was formerly called the "chubb crater" and later the "new quebec crater" (). 
the viasna human rights centre () is a human rights organization from minsk, belarus. the organization does help political prisoners and their families. made it in 1996 as a result of the large-scale repression of demonstrations by the government of alexander lukashenko.
ales bialiatski and other people from the viasna human rights centre have been tried and arrested for that. for example, on november, 26, 2012, the authorities locked up bialatski and closed the minsk house of organization. amnesty international said that was an open violation of what belarus needs to do in the human rights field.
from september 2020 to january 2021, these viasna activists were arrested: marfa rabkova, leanid sudalenka, tatsiana lasitsa, andrei chapiuk. they were named political prisoners and got the for 2020.
in july 2021, the office of viasna and the houses of its people were looked for. almost all representatives of viasna who were in belarus at that time, including ales bialiatski, were arrested. it was done as a part of the pogrom of ngos in belarus. these people were arrested on the criminal charges of getting riots ready and tax evasion. they were named political prisoners like rabkova, sudalenka, lasitsa, and chapiuk.
indiana's 8th congressional district is a congressional district in the state of indiana. the counties of clay, crawford, daviess,dubois, jasper, gibson, greene, knox, martin, owen, parke, perry, pike, posey, spencer, sullivan, vanderburgh, vermillion, vigo, and warrick. the people who live in the district elect a person to represent the district in the united states house of representatives. the district is currently represented by republican larry buschon.
the phouoibi waron () or the phouoibi warol () is an old meitei text (puya) written in a period between 13th and 14th century ad. it deals with the life story of the lovers of phouoibi, the goddess of agricultural crops and harvest in meitei mythology and religion (sanamahism).
the story in the text is a very usual product of the agriculture of ancient manipur (antique kangleipak). phouoibi is believed to be very fickle in love. she has multiple lovers. her lovers are generally mortals. she doesn't live with anyone of them forever. she travels from place to place and makes love with many mortals. but she leaves them after some time. she lives with some of her favourite lovers for some time but she leaves them too. the nature of the goddess of agricultural crops and harvest is imagined to be fickle or tricky. this symbolises that wealth isn't a permanent property. it doesn't last long to a certain place. devastations due to battles and natural disasters were common in ancient times. it is the reason why the paddy goddess was considered to be very irregular in bestowing her favor to the mankind.
the phouoibi waron and many other puyas reveal much about the meitei rites and rituals of ancient times. these rites and rituals are still widely practiced by the maibas, maibis and others.
indiana's 9th congressional district is a congressional district in the state of indiana. the counties are brown, clark, crawford, floyd, harrison, jackson, johnson, lawrence, monroe, morgan, orange, scott, washington. the people who live in the district elect a person to represent the district in the united states house of representatives. the district is currently represented by republican troy hollingsworth.
704 hauser is an american situation comedy television program and a spin-off of "all in the family". it was the last spin-off from "all in the family" and aired on television from april 11 to may 9, 1994 on cbs. the show is about an african american family moving into archie bunker's old house in the 1990s. the show was created by norman lear who also made "all in the family". people thought "704 hauser" was not bad but also not very good. but the show was ended early, almost a month after it started. five episodes were shown on television and the six episode was made but not put on television.
in "all in the family" archie bunker is the conservative parent and his daughter, gloria stivic and her husband, michael stivic were liberals. in "704 hauser" it is opposite because the parents in the show are liberal and the son in the show is a conservative.
the pilot episode, "meet the cumberbatch's", was included as a extra feature on the "all in the family: the complete series" dvd box set put out by shout! factory on october 30, 2012.
1080° snowboarding is a video game about snowboarding. it was made in 1998 by nintendo ead for the nintendo 64. it was made again in 2008 for the virtual console. the person playing the game has to make a snowboarder jump and do tricks. 
nintendo told people about the game in november 1997. it took 9 months to make the game. it got an award from the academy of interactive arts & sciences. the game got a sequel named "1080° avalanche". it was made in 2003 for the nintendo gamecube.
franz hermann anton magill (august 22, 1900 – april 14, 1972) was a german riding instructor, ss officer and war criminal of the nazi era.
franz magill was the son of a day laborer. his father bought a small farm in zuchen in 1908, where magill graduated from elementary school. he was called up at the end of the first world war and after the end of the war in 1919 he became a volunteer (twelve donors) in the hussar regiment no. 5 of the reichswehr. in 1923 he was promoted to sergeant, in 1928 to sergeant. in 1929 he passed the riding instructor examination at the riding school in belgard and, after leaving the reichswehr, went to the private "german riding school" at gut düppel in berlin as a qualified riding instructor.
after the national socialists took power in 1933, magill joined the ss and directed the riding instruction of an ss reitersturms. in march 1935 he became a full-time ss leader riding instructor at the ss junker school in braunschweig and made a career there. at the end of 1935 he was promoted to ss-hauptsturmführer and, after he joined the nsdap in 1937 (membership number 4.137.171), to ss-sturmbannführer on april 20, 1938.
shortly after the attack on poland, magill received the order to set up ss cavalry squadrons in gut düppel and, in september 1939, in lodsch in occupied poland, then two months later in the lublin district. there, the basis of the ss skull rider standards (two regiments) formed. in may 1940, magill received an order from hermann fegelein to set up the 2nd ss-totenkopf-reiterstandard. magill was not up to the task. in april 1941 he was recalled as leader of the 2nd regiment and commander of a cavalry division with four squadrons.the regimental leader of the 1st regiment was hermann fegelein and the 2nd regiment ss-sturmbannführer was heimo hierthes (1897-1951). in the 1st regiment, magill's position was held by ss-sturmbannführer gustav lombard.
martin cüppers: wegbereiter der shoah. die waffen-ss, der kommandostab reichsführer-ss und die judenvernichtung 1939−1945. wissenschaftliche buchgesellschaft, darmstadt 2005
lg braunschweig, 20. april 1964. in: justiz und ns-verbrechen. sammlung deutscher strafurteile wegen nationalsozialistischer tötungsverbrechen 1945–1966, bd. xx, bearbeitet von irene sagel-grande, h. h. fuchs, c.
f. rüter. amsterdam: university press, 1979, nr. 570, s. 23–105 verfahrensgegenstand: massenerschiessung tausender juden im pripjetgebiet, darunter mindestens 4500 juden aus dem ghetto pinsk
ernst klee: das personenlexikon zum dritten reich, 2007, s. 386
ali maâloul (; born 1 january 1990) is a tunisian football player who plays as a left back for al ahly and the tunisia national team. 
he made his debut in the national team hopes april 9, 2011, against malawi cash match for qualifying for the 2012 olympics in london.
maâloul made his international debut for the tunisia on 6 july 2013 against morocco. he played his first african cup in 2015, he participated also in 2017 africa cup of nations.
in june 2018 he was named in tunisia’s 23-man squad for the 2018 fifa world cup in russia.
mortadha ben ouanes (born 2 july 1994 in sousse; ) is a tunisian football player who plays as a left back for étoile sportive du sahel (ess) and the tunisia national team.
on september 21, 2019, ben ouanes played his first match for the tunisian national football team, in a friendly against libya. this match won 1-0 is part of the qualifiers for the 2020 african nations championship.
rubí is a municipality of 78,591 people (2020). it is in the province of barcelona in the autonomous community of catalonia in spain.
viladecans is a municipality of 67,197 people (2020). it is in the province of barcelona in the autonomous community of catalonia in spain.
barberà del vallès is a municipality of 33,334 people (2020). it is in the province of barcelona in the autonomous community of catalonia in spain.
esplugues de llobregat is a municipality of 47,150 people (2020). it is in the province of barcelona in the autonomous community of catalonia in spain.
gavà is a municipality of 47,057 people (2020). it is in the province of barcelona in the autonomous community of catalonia in spain.
martorell is a municipality of 28,772 people (2020). it is in the province of barcelona in the autonomous community of catalonia in spain.
molins de rei is a municipality of 25,940 people (2020). it is in the province of barcelona in the autonomous community of catalonia in spain.
montcada i reixac is a municipality of 36,803 people (2020). it is in the province of barcelona in the autonomous community of catalonia in spain.
sant andreu de la barca is a municipality of 27,569 people (2020). it is in the province of barcelona in the autonomous community of catalonia in spain.
begues is a municipality of 7,300 people (2020). it is in the province of barcelona in the autonomous community of catalonia in spain.
balenyà is a municipality of 3,840 people (2020). it is in the province of barcelona in the autonomous community of catalonia in spain.
pineda de mar is a municipality of 27,984 people (2020). it is in the province of barcelona in the autonomous community of catalonia in spain.
billancourt is a commune. it is in the region hauts-de-france in the somme department in the north of france.
the armenians in syria are citizens of syria with armenian descent.
syria and areas surrounding it have served as a refuge for armenians who fled from wars and oppressions such as the armenian genocide. however, there were armenians in syria and nearby regions ever since the byzantine era. according to the ministry of diaspora of armenia, there are about 100,000 armenians in syria, with more than 60,000 of them are in aleppo. other estimations from armenian foundations in syria range from 70,000 to 80,000. however, since the start of the syrian civil war, 16,623 syrians that are ethnically armenian have emigrated to armenia.
maurice-arthur-alphonse wemaere (1879–1956) was a french colonel who commanded the french 1st cavalry brigade during the battle of belgium and the battle of france.
the national assembly of panama (), formerly the legislative assembly of panama "(asamblea legislativa de panamá)", is the legislative branch of the government of the republic of panama.
it is a unicameral legislature, currently made up of 71 members, who serve five-year terms. 
diógenes vergara (1970 – 9 february 2021) was a panamanian politician. he was a deputy for partido revolucionario democrático from 2014 until 2019. he was born in panama city, panama. 
vergara was shot and killed in panama city on 9 february 2021, aged 50.
the japan national under-23 football team is a national association football youth team of japan and is controlled by the japan football association. the team won the gold medal at the 2010 asian games and were champions in the 2016 afc u-23 championship.
since 1992, it was decided that teams targeting athletes under the age of 23 will participate in the olympics (additional provisions for overage limits have been added since 1996).
a religious symbol is a symbol that is used to represent a religion. these include a star and crescent for islam, a cross for christianity, and the star of david for judaism. religious symbols have been used by the military in many countries, including the united states military chaplain symbols.
the japan national under-20 football team is a national association football team of japan and is controlled by the japan football association.
sinyo harry sarundajang (16 january 1945 – 13 february 2021) was an indonesian politician. he was born in minahasa, indonesia. he was a member of the partai demokrat. 
from 1991 to 2000, sarundajang was mayor of bitung. from 2005 to 2015, he was governor of north sulawesi. from 2018 until his death, he was an ambassador to the philippines during the joko widodo administration.
sarundajang died on 13 february 2021 at a hospital in jakarta, aged 76.
the japan national under-17 football team is a national association football youth team of japan and is controlled by the japan football association.
george benneh (6 march 1934 – 11 february 2021) was a ghanaian academic and university administrator. he was the vice-chancellor of the university of ghana, legon from 1992 to 1996. 
between 1979 and 1981, benneh was also the commissioner and minister of lands, natural resources, fuel and power. he also was the finance minister from may to december 1981.
benneh died of natural causes at his home in accra on the 11 february 2021, twenty three days short from his 87th birthday.
sergeant york is a 1941 american world war i biographical movie directed by howard hawks based on the diary of the same name by alvin york. it stars gary cooper, walter brennan, joan leslie, george tobias, stanley ridges, margaret wycherly, ward bond, noah beery jr., june lockhart, charles trowbridge, harvey stephens, joseph sawyer and was distributed by warner bros.. it was nominated for 11 oscars and won 2 academy awards in 1942.
the japan women's national under-20 football team is a national association football youth team of japan and is controlled by the japan football association.
the nickname of japan women's national under-20 football team is the young nadeshiko (ヤングなでしこ).
ezhar cezairli (1962 – february 2021) was a turkish-born dentist and politician. she was a member of the christian democratic union. in 2011, she was elected to the frankfurt city council. cezairli was born in antakya, turkey.
cezairli died in february 2021 in frankfurt, aged 58.
the japan women's national under-17 football team is a national association football youth team of japan and is controlled by the japan football association.
bukhari daud (25 october 1959 – 11 february 2021) was an indonesian english teacher and politician. he became the regent of aceh besar from 2007 until 2012. daud was born in aceh besar, indonesia.
daud died on 11 february 2021 at a hospital in the aceh besar regency from problems caused by a heart attack, aged 61.
great aceh regency is a regency of the indonesian province of aceh. in 2010, 351,418 people lived here. the seat of the regency government is the town of jantho. 
to have and have not is a 1944 american world war ii romantic adventure movie directed by howard hawks and was based on the 1937 novel of the same name by ernest hemingway. it stars humphrey bogart, lauren bacall, walter brennan, dolores moran, hoagy carmichael, sheldon leonard, walter surovy and was distributed by warner bros..
javier neves mujica (1953 – 11 february 2021) was a peruvian politician. he was minister of labor and promotion of employment from 2004 to 2005 during the alejandro toledo administration. he was born in lima, peru. 
neves died of covid-19 during the covid-19 pandemic in peru in lima on 11 february 2021, aged 67.
the national assembly of tanzania () and the president of the united republic make up the parliament of tanzania. the current speaker of the national assembly is job ndugai. it is a unicameral assembly, meaning it is the only chamber of parliament in the country. there are 393 members.
warner records inc. (formerly warner bros. records inc.) is an american record label owned by warner music group. it is headquartered in los angeles, california. it was founded in 1958 as part of warner bros.
the maltese falcon is a 1941 american mystery movie directed by first time director john huston and is the third adaption of the 1930 novel of the same name by dashiell hammett. it stars humphrey bogart, mary astor, gladys george, peter lorre, barton maclaine, lee patrick, sydney greenstreet, ward bond, jerome cowan and was distributed by warner bros.. it was nominated for three academy awards in 1942.
atashasta justus nditiye (17 october 1969 – 12 february 2021) was a tanzanian politician. he is a member of the chama cha mapinduzi (ccm). at the time of his death he was the deputy minister for works, transport and communication responsible for communication. he was a member of the national assembly from 2015 until his death.
nditiye was killed in a car crash on 12 february 2021 in dodoma, tanzania at the age of 51.
celso fredy güity núñez (13 july 1957 – 12 february 2021) was a honduran football forward. he played for the national team eleven times and in the 1982 fifa world cup. güity played six years for marathón and also had a season at sula. he was born in tegucigalpa, honduras.
güity died on 12 february 2021 in miami, florida from cancer at the age of 63.
antonio giménez-rico sáenz de cabezón (20 november 1938 – 12 february 2021) was a spanish movie director and screenwriter. he was born in burgos, spain. his best known works were "retrato de familia" (1976), "el disputado voto del sr. cayo" (1986) and "jarrapellejos" (1987).
giménez-rico died on 12 february 2021 in madrid, aged 82.
forty-ninth parallel is a 1941 british canadian world war ii drama movie directed by michael powell and emeric pressburger. it stars leslie howard, laurence olivier, anton walbrook, raymond massey, glynis johns, eric portman, charles rolfe, charles victor and won an academy award in 1943 and was nominated for 3 others.
tianwen-1 (tw-1; ) is a space mission by the china national space administration (cnsa) to send a robotic spacecraft to mars. it carries an orbiter, deployable camera, lander and rover. 
the mission was successfully launched from the wenchang spacecraft launch site on 23 july 2020 on a long march 5 heavy-lift launch vehicle and is currently in orbit around mars, having reached planetary orbit on 10 february 2021.
on 14 may 2021, the rover landed on mars, making china the fourth country to land a spacecraft on the planet and only the second to land a rover.
alexander harper "xander" berkeley (born december 16, 1955) is an american actor. he is best known for his television roles as george mason on "24", sheriff thomas mcallister on "the mentalist", percy rose on "nikita", the man on "the booth at the end" and gregory on "the walking dead". 
his movie roles include todd voight in "", trevor lyle in "candyman", ralph in "heat", agent gibbs in "air force one" and dr. lamar in "gattaca".
sarah clarke (born february 16, 1972) is an american actress. she is best known for her role as nina myers on "24", and also for her roles as renée dwyer in the 2008 movie "twilight" and cia agent lena smith on the usa network show "covert affairs".
the pride of the yankees is a 1942 american biographical drama movie directed by sam wood and starring gary cooper, teresa wright, walter brennan, babe ruth, bill dickey, dan duryea, pierre watkin, hardie albright, addison richards, edward fielding. it was distributed by rko radio pictures and was nominated for 11 oscars and won an academy award in 1943.
random harvest is a 1942 american romantic drama movie directed by mervyn leroy and was based on the 1941 novel of the same name by james hilton. it stars ronald coleman, greer garson, susan peters, philip dorn, henry travers, reginald owen, bramwell fletcher, alan napier, margaret wycherly, melville cooper, jill esmond and was distributed by metro-goldwyn-mayer. it was nominated for 7 academy awards in 1943.
bucking broadway is a 1917 american western movie directed by john ford and starring harry carey, molly malone, l. m. wells, vester pegg, and gertrude astor.
1992 king fahd cup was the first king fahd cup tournament. it took place in saudi arabia from 15 october to 20 october. argentina won the tournament after defeating saudi arabia. united states got third place.
1997 fifa confederations cup was the first fifa confederations cup tournament. the tournament had previously been played in 1992 and 1995 as the king fahd cup. it took place in saudi arabia from 12 to 21 december. brazil won the tournament after defeating australia. czech republic got third place.
milford graves, (august 20, 1941 – february 12, 2021) was an american jazz drummer and percussionist. he was born in new york city. he was known for his early avant-garde works in the 1960s with paul bley, albert ayler, and the new york art quartet.
graves died of heart failure in new york city on february 12, 2021 at the age of 79.
1999 fifa confederations cup was the 4th fifa confederations cup tournament. it took place in mexico from 24 july to 4 august. the host, mexico won the tournament after defeating brazil. united states got third place.
2001 fifa confederations cup was the 5th fifa confederations cup tournament. it took place in south korea and japan from 30 may to 10 june. france won the tournament after defeating japan. australia got third place.
albert ayler (; july 13, 1936 – november 25, 1970) was an american avant-garde jazz saxophonist, singer and composer.
his trio and quartet records of 1964, such as "spiritual unity" and "the hilversum session" were one of his best known works.
ayler disappeared on november 5, 1970, and he was found dead in new york city's east river on november 25. his death was ruled a suicide. there were rumors that the mafia killed him.
2003 fifa confederations cup was the 6th fifa confederations cup tournament. it took place in france from 18 june to 29 june. the host, france won the tournament after defeating cameroon. turkey got third place.
2009 fifa confederations cup was the 8th fifa confederations cup tournament. it took place in south africa from 14 june to 28 june. brazil won the tournament after defeating united states. spain got third place.
2013 fifa confederations cup was the 9th fifa confederations cup tournament. it took place in brazil from 15 to 30 june. the host, brazil won the tournament after defeating spain. italy got third place.
1999 copa américa was the 39th copa américa tournament and it took place in paraguay. brazil won the tournament.
the pied piper is a 1942 american world war ii drama movie directed by irving pichel and was based on the novel of the same name by nevil shute. it stars monty woolley, roddy mcdowall, anne baxter, otto preminger, j. carrol naish, lester matthews, jill esmond and was distributed by 20th century fox. it was nominated for 3 academy awards in 1943.
2019 copa américa was the 46th copa américa tournament and it took place in brazil. the host, brazil won the tournament.
the magnificent ambersons is a 1942 american drama movie directed by orson welles and was based on the 1918 novel of the same name by booth tarkington. it stars joseph cotten, dolores costello, anne baxter, tim holt, agnes moorehead, erskine sanford and was distributed by rko radio pictures. it was nominated for 4 academy awards in 1943.
flirtation walk is a 1934 american romantic musical drama movie directed by frank borzage and starring dick powell, ruby keeler, pat o'brien, don ameche, ross alexander, john arledge, john eldredge, henry o'neill. it was nominated for 2 academy awards in 1935.
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jing tian (, born 21 july 1988) is a chinese actress. she is known for her roles in war epic "the warring states" (2011) and the action movies "special id" and "police story 2013" (both in 2013). she also starred in "the great wall" (2016), ' (2017), and ' (2018).
black lives matter plaza (officially black lives matter plaza northwest) is a two-block-long pedestrian section of 16th street nw in downtown washington, d.c. 
the plaza was renamed by mayor muriel bowser on june 5, 2020, after the department of public works painted the words "black lives matter" in yellow capital letters, along with the flag of washington, d.c., as part of the george floyd protests.
the eternal sea is a 1955 american war movie directed by john h. auer and starring sterling hayden, alexis smith, ben cooper, dean jagger, virginia grey, hayden rorke, douglas kennedy, louis jean heydt, richard crane, morris ankrum, frank ferguson. it was distributed by republic pictures.
1956 football at the summer olympics was held in australia from 24 november to 8 december.
1964 football at the summer olympics was held in japan from 11 to 23 october.
1968 football at the summer olympics was held in mexico from 13 to 26 october.
1996 football at the summer olympics was held in the united states from july 20 to august 3.
2000 football at the summer olympics was held in australia from 15 to 30 september.
the 2004 football at the summer olympics was held in greece from 11 to 28 august.
in which we serve is a 1942 british world war ii movie directed by first time director david lean and starring noël coward, bernard miles, john mills, celia johnson, joyce carey, kay walsh, michael wilding, leslie dwyer, james donald, richard attenborough, kathleen harrison, daniel massey, juliet mills. it was distributed by united artists and was nominated for 2 academy awards in 1944.
2008 football at the summer olympics was held in china from 7 to 23 august.
the chada laihui () is a historical document (puya), about the genealogy of the meitei kings from their mothers' sides. it traces the genealogical account of the kings' mothers' lineage. it is a supplementary reader to the cheitharol kumbaba, the foremost royal chronicle of manipur.
2016 football at the summer olympics was held in brazil from 4 to 20 august.
henry v is a 1944 british historical drama movie directed by first time director laurence olivier (who also stars) and was based on the play of the same name by william shakespeare. it also stars renée asherson, robert newton, leslie banks, felix aylmer, robert helpmann, gerald case, george cole, freda jackson, ralph truman, roy emerton, george robey and was distributed by united artists. it was nominated for 4 academy awards in 1947.
"toreirol lambuba" () is an ancient veritable account (puya) of toponyms and descriptions of nomenclature of the places, particularly located on the river banks. beginning with the epic adventure of yoimongba and taothingmang, the two meitei princes in the 3rd century ad and place names formed thereon, the work diverges to recount the background of other places historically associated with different communities or clan dynasties till the reign of poirei khunjaoba in the 17th century ad.
1996 football at the summer olympics was held in the united states from july 21 to august 1.
2004 football at the summer olympics was held in greece from 11 to 26 august.
sakok lamlen (), also spelt shakok lamlen (), is an ancient religious text (puya) of the indigenous meitei religion and is a sequel to the myth expounded in the leithak leikharol. it is considered to be the upanishad of the meitei religion.
it is one of the historical texts, which mention about the different names of ancient manipur.
according to it, kangla was the capital of the meitei ethnicity in ancient manipur and it was also known as leimakon kangla nongthon phambiron. it was constructed over the navel of the serpent god taoroinai.
it also mentions about the history of the festival celebrated during the reign of meitei king irengba in the tenth century ad.
1988 afc asian cup was held in qatar from 2 to 18 december.
1992 afc asian cup was held in japan from 29 october to 8 november.
1996 afc asian cup was held in the united arab emirates from 4 to 21 december.
2000 afc asian cup was held in lebanon from 12 to 29 october.
rhea county is a county located in the u.s. state of tennessee. in the 2010 census, 31,809 people lived there. the county seat is dayton.
2004 afc asian cup was held in china from 17 july to 7 august.
scott county is a county located in the u.s. state of tennessee. in the 2010 census, 22,228 people lived there. the county seat is huntsville.
sequatchie county is a county located in the u.s. state of tennessee. in the 2010 census, 14,112 people lived there. the county seat is dunlap.
stewart county is a county located in the u.s. state of tennessee. in the 2010 census, 13,324 people lived there. the county seat is dover.
sega stopped making the dreamcast in 2001 and released the console's last official game, karous, in 2007. unofficial programs continue to come out for the console, many of them being games. unlike unofficial games for other consoles, many of these games are developed by teams, and cost money.
developers and publishers.
there are some well-known developers for the dreamcast. some of them are:
"not all games are in this list."
trousdale county is a county located in the u.s. state of tennessee. in the 2010 census, 7,870 people lived there. the county seat is hartsville.
van buren county is a county located in the u.s. state of tennessee. in the 2010 census, 5,548 people lived there. the county seat is spencer.
washington county is a county located in the u.s. state of tennessee. in the 2010 census, 122,979 people lived there. the county seat is jonesborough.
weakley county is a county located in the u.s. state of tennessee. in the 2010 census, 35,021 people lived there. the county seat is dresden.
white county is a county located in the u.s. state of tennessee. in the 2010 census, 25,841 people lived there. the county seat is sparta.
wilson county is a county in the u.s. state of tennessee. in the 2010 census, 113,993 people lived there. the county seat is lebanon.
2007 afc asian cup were held in vietnam, malaysia, thailand and indonesia from 7 to 29 july.
2011 afc asian cup was held in qatar from 7 to 29 january.
2015 afc asian cup was held in australia from 9 to 31 january.
2019 afc asian cup was held in united arab emirates from 5 january to 1 february.
mario draghi (; born 3 september 1947) is an italian economist, central banker and politician. he was the prime minister of italy from 2021 to 2022.
he was president of the european central bank from 2011 until 2019. draghi was also the chair of the financial stability board from 2009 to 2011 and governor of the bank of italy from 2005 to 2011.
he has been nicknamed "super mario" by some media for his leadership during the eurozone crisis.
on 3 february 2021, during the covid-19 pandemic, draghi was invited by italian president sergio mattarella to form a government of national unity after the resignation of giuseppe conte. draghi was sworn in as prime minister on 11 february 2022. he has been a popular prime minister among public opinion and "the economist" named italy as 'country of the year' because of the draghi leadership.
on 14 july 2022, draghi announced his resignation as prime minister of italy, after the five star movement withdrew from his national unity government; however his resignation is rejected by president sergio mattarella. eight days later on 22 july, draghi announced his resignation for the second time with mattarella accepting his resignation. draghi remained in office as caretaker prime minister, until the formation of a new government following the general election in october 2022. he was replaced by giorgia meloni.
todd rex gloria (born may 10, 1978) is an american politician. he is the 37th mayor of san diego, california since 2020. he is a member of the democratic party.
he is the first person of color and the first openly gay person to be san diego's mayor.
oxnard airport is a county-owned, public airport a mile west of downtown oxnard, in ventura county, california.
the airport has not had scheduled passenger service since june 8, 2010.
shandon is a census-designated place (cdp) in san luis obispo county, california, united states. 1,295 people lived here at the 2010 census.
1991 fifa women's world cup was held in china from 16 to 30 november.
1995 fifa women's world cup was held in sweden from 5 to 18 june.
alberto carlos oliart saussol (29 july 1928 – 13 february 2021) was a spanish politician and executive. he was born in mérida, spain. he was a member of the union of the democratic centre.
from 1979 to 1982, oliart was a member of the congress of deputies. he was the minister of health from 1980 to 1981 and minister of defence from 1981 to 1982. oliart was a cabinet member during the adolfo suárez and leopoldo calvo-sotelo governments.
from 2009 to 2011, he was chair of rtve.
oliart died of covid-19 on 13 february 2021 in madrid, aged 92.
carlo wagner (3 july 1953 – 12 february 2021) was a luxembourgian politician. he was a member of the democratic party. he was mayor of wormeldange and as a member of the chamber of deputies between 1994 and 1999 and between 2004 and 2013. he was also the minister of health under the jean-claude juncker ministry between 1999 and 2004. 
wagner died at the age of 67 on 12 february 2021.
the corporación de radio y televisión española, s.a. ("spanish radio and television corporation"; rtve) is the state-owned public corporation that became the management of the spanish public radio and television service in 2007. 
rosa maría mateo isasi (born 6 january 1942) is a spanish journalist and television news anchor. she is known for her reporting during the transition to democracy period in spain. 
since july 2018, she is the provisional sole administrator of rtve, the national public radio and television media.
1999 fifa women's world cup was held in united states from 19 june to 10 july.
boxborough is a town in middlesex county, massachusetts, united states. the population was 4,996 at the 2010 census.
bitung is a city on the northern coast of the island of sulawesi in indonesia. it is in the province of north sulawesi. it is known for having a large amount of marine life. bitung has a population of 187,932 at the 2010 census. 
manado () is the capital city of the indonesian province of north sulawesi. it is the second largest city in sulawesi after makassar, with 1.2 million living in the metropolitan area as of 2018. the city is located near the bay of manado.
gorontalo is a city and the capital of the gorontalo province, indonesia. it is on the island of sulawesi. the city has an area of 64.79 km² and a population of 179,991 at the 2010 census.
1975 afc women's championship was held in hong kong from 25 august to 3 september.
"tutenglon" () is an ancient meitei text, based on the saga of the two meitei princes, yoimongba and taothingmang, who took upon themselves the superhuman task of dredging the channels of the biggest and the longest rivers in manipur, the iril and the imphal. it also describes about the flood that happened during the reign of king ngangoi yoimongba in ancient manipur (antique kangleipak). the text also mentions that yoimongba and taothingmang are the two sons and lairoklembi is a daughter of meitei king khuyoi tompok. princess lairoklembi was married to the chief of koubru.
1977 afc women's championship was held in republic of china from 2 to 11 august.
1979 afc women's championship was held in india from 11 to 20 january in 1980.
1981 afc women's championship was held in hong kong from 7 to 17 june.
1983 afc women's championship was held in thailand from 10 to 17 april.
"hijan hirao" (), also spelt as "hichan hilao" (), is a meitei poetry text (puya), about the cutting down of a tree and crafting it into a boat. the poetic verse of the text is sung at the end of the religious festival of lai haraoba.
1986 afc women's championship was held in hong kong from 14 to 23 december.
1989 afc women's championship was held in hong kong from 18 to 29 december.
1991 afc women's championship was held in japan from 26 may to 8 june.
1993 afc women's championship was held in malaysia from 3 to 12 december.
1995 afc women's championship was held in malaysia from 23 september to 2 october.
guy parmelin (born 9 november 1959) is a swiss politician. he was the president of the swiss confederation in 2021. he is a member of the swiss people's party.
parmelin has been a member of the swiss federal council since 2016.
karin keller-sutter (born 22 december 1963) is a swiss politician. she has been a member of the swiss federal council since 2019. she is a member of fdp.the liberals.
dompierre-becquincourt is a commune. it is in the region hauts-de-france in the somme department in the north of france.
palos park is a village in illinois in the united states.
orland hills is a village in illinois in the united states.
park forest is a village in illinois in the united states.
jeanette maus (june 14, 1981 - january 24, 2021) was an american actress, filmmaker and producer. she was known for "charm city kings" (2020), "dismissed" (2017) and "your sister's sister" (2011). she is also recognized for providing her voice in the video game in capcom's "resident evil village" (2021).
jeanette maus, also has appearances in film and television productions. they are, frayed, the immaculate conception of little dizzle, and those guys, and for having served as producer and director on various short films.
she was diagnosed with colorectal cancer in april 2020. she passed away from the disease on january 24, 2021, age thirty-nine.
the irish pound (irish: "punt éireannach)" was the official currency of ireland until 2002. its iso 4217 code was iep, and the usual prefix was £, or ir£ where there might be confusion between the pound sterling and other pound currencies. the irish pound was replaced by the euro on 1 january 1999, but it didn't begin circulation until the beginning of 2002.
sana nuestra tierra is the twenty-first album released by christian singer marcos witt. the album was recorded live from houston, texas. this album was winner of the latin grammy for best christian album.
tutnese or double dutch is a language game primarily used in english, although the rules can be easily modified to apply to almost any language. tutnese is usually used by children, who use it to converse in privacy from adults; by members of historically marginalized minority groups for the same reason when in the presence of authority figures such as police ("pupolulisus" or "pizolizice"); or simply for amusement and humor.
les costes is a former commune in the hautes-alpes department. it is now part of aubessagne.
the d23, d123a and d323 roads pass through the commune.
courage of lassie is a 1946 american drama movie directed by fred m. wilcox and is the third movie in the lassie series. it stars elizabeth taylor, frank morgan, selena royle, catherine mcleod, frank morgan, tom drake, garry owen, harry davenport and was distributed by metro-goldwyn-mayer.
great expectations is a 1946 british drama movie directed by david lean and was based on the 1861 novel of the same name by charles dickens. it stars john mills, alec guinness, valerie hobson, finlay currie, bernard miles, freda jackson, jean simmons, ivor barnard, everley gregg and was distributed by universal pictures. it was nominated for 5 oscars and won 2 academy awards in 1948.
premià de mar is a municipality of 28,531 people (2020). it is in the province of barcelona in the autonomous community of catalonia in spain.
dosrius is a municipality of 5,652 people (2020). it is in the province of barcelona in the autonomous community of catalonia in spain.
ripollet is a municipality of 39,179 people (2020). it is in the province of barcelona in the autonomous community of catalonia in spain.
sant adrià de besòs is a municipality of 37,447 people (2020). it is in the province of barcelona in the autonomous community of catalonia in spain.
sant feliu de llobregat is a municipality of 45,467 people (2020). it is in the province of barcelona in the autonomous community of catalonia in spain.
sant just desvern is a municipality of 18,670 people (2020). it is in the province of barcelona in the autonomous community of catalonia in spain.
sant joan despí is a municipality of 34,267 people (2020). it is in the province of barcelona in the autonomous community of catalonia in spain.
sant pere de ribes is a municipality of 31,111 people (2020). it is in the province of barcelona in the autonomous community of catalonia in spain.
castellar del riu is a municipality of 176 people (2020). it is in the province of barcelona in the autonomous community of catalonia in spain.
guixers is a municipality of 132 people (2020). it is in the province of lleida in the autonomous community of catalonia in spain.
fégréac is a commune of 2,445 people (2017). it is in the pays de la loire region in the loire-atlantique department in western france.
kutno is a town in łódź voivodeship in poland. in 2019, 43,911 people lived there.
börger is a municipality in the emsland district in lower saxony, germany.
a wi-fi deauthenticatoon attack is a kind of denial of service attack that can be used in certain wireless networks. in a wi-fi network, devices such as computers communicate with a wireless access point. to get an ip address, each devices needs to be authenticated, so the access point knows the device. in this context, there also is a frame (or a command) that tells a device that it is no longer authenticated. as the protocol does not require these frames to be encrypted, an attacker can simply send such a command to deconnect a device. the attacker only needs to know the mac address of the victim. this address is sent unencrypted with each frame.
in the unified modelling language, a sequence diagram shows the interaction between different systems. it is one of the four diagram types uml defines. usually, it shows how objects exchange messages.
ihwan datu adam (10 october 1964 – 28 january 2021) was an indonesian politician who became the vice regent of north penajam paser from 2003 until 2007, member of the regional people's representative council of east kalimantan from 2009 until 2012, and as the member of the people's representative council from 2017 until 2019. ihwan and yusran was inaugurated a month after the elections. he was born in makassar, south sulawesi.
ihwan died on 25 january 2021 in jakarta at the age of 56.
1997 afc women's championship was held in china from 5 to 14 december.
1999 afc women's championship was held in philippines from 7 to 21 november.
2001 afc women's championship was held in chinese taipei from 4 to 16 december.
2003 afc women's championship was held in thailand from 8 to 21 june.
konthoujam tampha lairembi () or chingphuron konthousu () is a goddess in meitei mythology and religion (sanamahism) of ancient kangleipak (antique manipur). she began as a human being in the haorok konthou group (konthoujam clan). she is the wife of the sky god salailen (alias soraren). her only child is khoriphaba.
konthoujamba and konthoujambi were a couple with no child. they consulted maibas but the maibas could not help them have a child. they prayed to god salailen, the king of heaven, to help them. god salailen heard their prayer and told the goddess imoinu to help the couple. goddess imoinu implanted herself into the womb of lady konthoujambi.
when konthoujambi was pregnant with a 3 month old fetus, god salailen instructed her that her child will be his wife in the future. later, konthoujambi gave birth to a baby girl. the couple named their daughter "chingphulon konthousu" (later known as "tampha").
as chingphulon konthousu grew up, she was known for her beauty and gentleness. she used to go to woods, lakes and open meadows for fun. one day, while tampha was out in an open field with her friends, a strong wind blew. tampha was lifted up by a whirlwind towards the sky. her friends could do nothing but watch. the wind took her to heaven, the abode of salailen. he was waiting for her.
tampha was unhappy about being far away from her parents and friends. to please her, salailen promised her that the people of her native place would attain immortality and be safe from all diseases. still, her parents, family and friends cried for the loss of her. salailen told them that tampha was safe with him. he told them about the promises he kept to her. many years had passed and salailen and tampha had a son. she and salailen named their son khoriphaba.
tampha's parents wanted to see her. so they planned to meet her. men went on a hunting expedition with their hunting dogs across the thangjing hills. unfortunately, they could not catch even one animal. the tired hunters rested under the shade of a tree. meanwhile, one of their favorite hunting dogs wandered away. the dog saw a large python sitting in sun. it barked at the python. the python killed it. later, the hunters found the dead dog and carried it home. they prepared a funeral for the dog. the smoke from the funeral rose up towards the sky.
up in heaven, tampha saw the smoke rising from her native place. she knew it was for a funeral. she worried about her people. perhaps someone had died even though salailen had promised to keep them safe from disease. she asked salailen about his promises. salailen told her that the funeral was only for a dog. she did not believe him and wanted to see her parents. reluctantly, salailen allowed her to meet people under some conditions. she should leave only after their son khoriphaba had gone to sleep and should come back before he woke up. also, she should not consume any earthly foods or drinks. then, he placed a golden ladder (or "golden stairs" in another version) for her to climb down. she landed on the thangjing hill and then went to konthoujam, her native land. she met her near and dear ones. her mother offered tampha delicious foods.
tampha did not accept her mother's offers. however, her mother caught hold of her and tried to force her to eat. tampha told her mother of the conditions with which she was leaving heaven to meet them on earth. then, her mother arranged a shade with seven layers of false ceiling, enclosed by seven layers of drapery. her plan was to block the vision of salailen from above. inside the shades, she served out delicious food for tampha. poor tampha was compelled to eat what her mother had so lovingly prepared for her. but the god salailen saw it happen even through the drapes. as tampha started eating, salailen proclaimed from heaven that she could not come back to his abode. he spat a blob of spit on her hand (or "on her food" in another version). the golden ladder (or "golden stairs" in another version) was also lifted up. poor tampha was abandoned from heaven. salailen also took back his promises of immortality and immunity to disease. 
later, she lived in the outskirts of konthoujam. since then, she came to be known as konthoujam tampha lairembi.
2006 afc women's asian cup was held in australia from 16 to 30 july.
2008 afc women's asian cup was held in vietnam from 28 may to 8 june.
2010 afc women's asian cup was held in china from 19 to 30 may.
2018 afc women's asian cup was held in jordan from 6 to 20 april.
men's football tournament has been a regular asian games sporting event since the 1951 edition, while women's tournament began in 1990.
1 the title was shared. <br>
2 saudi arabia were awarded the third-place playoff by default after the korea dpr team were handed a two-year suspension for assaulting officials at the end of their semi-final. <br>
3 2022 asian games men's qualifying has been postponed due to covid-19 pandemic
the first women's tournament was held in the 1990 asian games.
the nashya shaikh or nashya sekh(bengali: নইস্য শেখ) is a muslim community found in northern parts of the state of west bengal in india. they are culturally and linguistically similar to both rangpuri people of northern bangladesh and goalpariya people of assam. a small number of the community are also found in the neighboring state of bihar, where they are known as the bengali shaikh. these people are more commonly known as rajbongshi muslims. the nashya are considered to be an important indigenous group found in northern west bengal. they are homogeneous with the koch rajbongshi people and are bi-linguistic speaking both bengali language and koch language with koch rajbongshi language being replaced by bengali language among the newer generations.
there are descendants from koch-rajbonshi, mech, rabha, bodo and indo-aryan people who converted to islam. they mainly speak the goalpariya dialect . they are mainly settled in the districts of dhuburi, goalpara, south salmara and kokrajhar. these people were loose followers of hinduism. but when a small section of these people converted to islam, the act was frowned upon. the local hindus started calling them "nosto seikh" meaning "spoiled shaikh". but as more number of people got converted to islam with time these people came in contact with mainstream muslims, and the term "nosto seikh" slowly got islamicised into "nashya seikh".
the nashyas trace their origin to the indigenous communities of koch rajbongshi of northern west bengal, though some of them are also from mech community. there conversion to islam is said to have taken over two to three centuries, and the nashya still retain many cultural traits of their pre-islamic past. most people of the community are non-practicing muslims though the newer generations are becoming increasing islamic due to globalization. from historic evidence, it seems a segment of the indigenous population of north bengal converted started to convert to islam when the region fell under the control of bakhtiyar khilji. some of the earliest converts were the chiefs ali mach and kala pahar. tradition also ascribes the conversion of several lineages to sufi saints such as torsa pir, pagla pir, shah fakir sahib and shah gari sahib.
1951 football at the asian games was held in new delhi from 5 to 11 march.
1954 football at the asian games was held in manila from 1 to 8 may.
1958 football at the asian games was held in tokyo from 24 may to 1 june.
1962 football at the asian games was held in jakarta from 25 august to 4 september.
1966 football at the asian games was held in bangkok from 10 to 20 december.
1970 football at the asian games was held in bangkok from 10 to 20 december.
1974 football at the asian games was held in tehran from 2 to 15 september.
1978 football at the asian games was held in bangkok from 10 to 20 december.
1982 football at the asian games was held in new delhi from 20 november to 3 december.
the 1986 football at the asian games was held in seoul from 20 september to 5 october.
1990 football at the asian games was held in beijing from 23 september to 6 october.
1994 football at the asian games was held in hiroshima from 1 to 16 october.
saint-mards-en-othe is a commune of the aube "département" in the north-central part of france.
1998 football at the asian games was held in thailand from 30 november to 19 december.
saint-martin-de-bossenay is a commune of the aube "département" in the north-central part of france.
saint-mesmin is a commune of the aube "département" in the north-central part of france.
saint-nabord-sur-aube is a commune of the aube "département" in the north-central part of france.
saint-nicolas-la-chapelle is a commune of the aube "département" in the north-central part of france.
saint-oulph is a commune of the aube "département" in the north-central part of france.
saint-parres-aux-tertres is a commune of the aube "département" in the north-central part of france.
saint-parres-lès-vaudes is a commune of the aube "département" in the north-central part of france.
saint-phal is a commune of the aube "département" in the north-central part of france.
saint-pouange is a commune of the aube "département" in the north-central part of france.
saint-remy-sous-barbuise is a commune of the aube "département" in the north-central part of france.
2002 football at the asian games was held in busan from 27 september to 13 october.
saint-thibault is a commune of the aube "département" in the north-central part of france.
2006 football at the asian games was held in doha from 18 november to 15 december.
2010 football at the asian games was held in guangzhou from 8 to 25 november.
2014 football at the asian games was held in south korea from 14 september to 2 october.
2018 football at the asian games was held in indonesia from 10 august to 1 september.
"so lonely" is a song by english rock band the police, released as the third and final single in november 17, 1978 from their debut studio album "outlandos d'amour" (1978). the song uses a reggae style, and featured sting on lead vocals.
"so lonely" has since been covered by a variety of artists, such as the militia group.
the song is known for a famous mondegreen where the title is often misheard as "sue lawley", a broadcaster famous for presenting desert island discs on bbc radio 4 from 1988 to 2006.
1990 football at the asian games was held in beijing from 27 september to 6 october.
1994 football at the asian games was held in hiroshima from 3 to 12 october.
1998 football at the asian games was held in thailand from 7 to 17 december.
2002 football at the asian games was held in busan from 2 to 11 october.
2006 football at the asian games was held in doha from 30 november to 13 december.
2010 football at the asian games was held in guangzhou from 8 to 25 november.
2014 football at the asian games was held in south korea from 14 september to 1 october.
2018 football at the asian games was held in indonesia from 16 to 31 august.
1979 fifa world youth championship was held in japan from 25 august to 7 september.
1995 fifa world youth championship was held in qatar from 13 to 28 april.
the nicaragua cross-banded tree frog or tawny smilisca ("smilisca puma") is a frog that lives in costa rica and nicaragua. scientists have seen it as high as 520 meters above sea level.
the adult male frog is 32 to 38 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 40 to 46 mm long. it has white stripes on its legs and face. its front feet are not webbed but they do have discs on them for climbing. the skin of its back has long dark marks across it. it has a white belly. its eyes are the color of bronze.
the tadpoles can be 2.4 cm long with short tails. their eyes are also the color of bronze.
the clumber spaniel is a breed of gundog of the spaniel type that hunts in thick bushes. it was developed in england in the 1700's. it is the largest of the spaniels.
the name of the breed is taken from clumber park in nottinghamshire where the breed was first developed.
this dog is usually mostly white and can have either lemon or orange markings.
they are usually gentle and loyal and very playful.
1997 fifa world youth championship was held in malaysia from 16 june to 5 july.
1999 fifa world youth championship was held in nigeria from 3 to 24 april.
the following 24 teams qualified for the 1999 fifa world youth championship.
2001 fifa world youth championship was held in argentina from 17 june to 8 july.
2003 fifa world youth championship was held in united arab emirates from 27 november to 19 december.
2005 fifa world youth championship was held in netherlands from 10 june to 2 july.
the following 24 teams qualified for the 2005 fifa world youth championship. host country the netherlands did not have to qualify for the tournament.
cetinje () is a city in montenegro. in 2011, 14,093 people lived there.
2007 fifa u-20 world cup was held in canada from 30 june to 22 july.
twenty-three teams qualified for the 2007 fifa u-20 world cup. as the host team, canada received an automatic bid, bringing the total number of teams to twenty-four for the tournament. the final draw for the group stages took place on 3 march 2007 in liberty grand entertainment complex, toronto.
mojkovac () is a town in montenegro. in 2011, 3,590 people lived there.
nikšić () is a city in montenegro. in 2011, 56,970 people lived there.
it is the second largest city in montenegro, after the capital podgorica.
petnjica () is a city in montenegro. in 2011, 539 people lived there.
the 2017 fifa u-20 world cup was the twenty-first edition of the fifa u-20 world cup. the 2017 fifa u-20 world cup took place in south korea.
along with asking member associations whether it wished to host the under 20, under 17 or the beach soccer world cup in 2017 (along with women's tournaments a year previous), a declaration of interest would need to have been sent by 15 may 2013. a total of 12 countries submitted a bid to host the tournament by the may 2013 deadline:
the final decision on who would be hosts were made as part of fifa's executive committee meetings in brazil on 5 december 2013 with korea republic being awarded the hosting rights.
a total of 24 teams qualified for the final tournament. in addition to south korea who qualified automatically as hosts, the other 23 teams qualified from six separate continental competitions. starting from 2017, the oceania football confederation received an additional slot (in total two), while uefa will have five instead of six slots.
cheonan, daejeon, incheon, seogwipo, jeonju and suwon were the six cities chosen to host the competition from a shortlist of nine, with seoul, pohang, and ulsan not chosen.
as part of preparations for the u-20 world cup, the 2016 suwon js cup, an international football friendly tournament, was held to prepare the host organisers.
the following were key milestones in the organization of the tournament:
the draw was held on 15 march 2017, 15:00 kst (), at the suwon artrium in suwon, south korea. two argentine players who have won the fifa u-20 world cup, diego maradona and pablo aimar, participated in the draw. minho choi from the south korean idol group shinee also participated in the draw.
the 24 teams were drawn into six groups of four teams, with hosts south korea being allocated to position a1. the teams were seeded into their respective pots based on their results in the last five fifa u-20 world cups (more recent tournaments weighted more heavily), with bonus points awarded to confederation champions. teams from the same confederation could not be drawn against each other for the group stage.
a total of 22 refereeing trios (a referee and two assistant referees), 5 support referees, and 21 video assistant referees were appointed for the tournament. this was the first fifa underage tournament which uses the video assistant referee.
each team had to name a preliminary squad of 35 players. from the preliminary squad, the team had to name a final squad of 21 players (three of whom must be goalkeepers) by the fifa deadline. players in the final squad could be replaced due to serious injury up to 24 hours prior to kickoff of the team's first match. the squads were announced by fifa on 11 may 2017.
the top two teams of each group and the four best third-placed teams advanced to the round of 16.
all times are local, kst ().
the rankings of teams in each group were determined as follows (regulations article 17.7):
if two or more teams were equal on the basis of the above three criteria, their rankings were determined by:
ranking of third-placed teams.
the four best teams among those ranked third are determined as follows (regulations article 17.8):<onlyinclude></onlyinclude>
in the knockout stage, if a match was level at the end of normal playing time, extra time was played (two periods of 15 minutes each) and followed, if necessary, by a penalty shoot-out to determine the winner. however, for the third place match, no extra time was played and the winner was determined by kicks from the penalty mark.
in the round of 16, the four third-placed teams were matched with the winners of groups a, b, c, and d. the specific match-ups involving the third-placed teams depend on which four third-placed teams qualified for the round of 16:
this was the first ever final for both england and venezuela in the history of the tournament, in their 11th and 2nd appearances respectively. england's previous best result was in 1993 when they finished third, while venezuela were eliminated in the round of 16 in 2009. this was england's first appearance and victory in the final of a global football tournament since their senior side's 1966 fifa world cup victory, ending 51 years of waiting for a global tournament trophy.
the following awards were given at the conclusion of the tournament. they were all sponsored by adidas, except for the fifa fair play award and goal of the tournament.
the following companies held the broadcasters rights:
plav () is a town in montenegro. in 2011, 3,717 people lived there.
plav is the administrative centre of plav municipality, which in 2011 had a population of 9,081, mostly bosniaks, with a smaller minority of albanians and other groups. the town of plav itself has 3,717 citizens. majority of the town adheres to islam and the bosniak/albanian populations are mostly muslim. the main mosque located in the centre of the town is the "džamija redžepagića".
as of 2011:
pljevlja () is a city in montenegro. in 2011, 19,489 people lived there.
2019 fifa u-20 world cup was held in poland from 23 may to 15 june.
cabrejas del campo is a municipality found in the province of soria in the autonomous community of castile and león in spain.
pureiromba () or puleilompa () is a god in meitei mythology and religion. he is the giver of rain and good luck in farming. he is one of the major umang lai deities. he is the ancestor god of the angom clan of the meitei ethnicity.
according to the thalon text, pureiromba () was one of the 5 gods of 5 different places of the selloi langmai hill (nongmaiching hill). before the meitei king ura konthouba (c. 7th century ce) killed all the selloi langmai people, the cults of these five gods were put together into that of a single god with the name "langmai ningthou" (lit. "king of the langmais"). the personal names became the other names or various forms of the god. with this, the tribal society of the selloi langmai people became one chiefdom. this chiefdom later became the angom clan.
the people who worship pureiromba () think of him as their ancestor. however, no one knows if he was a real person from history or a god that acted like a human. but the ancient texts that show his adventures in the human world show him as a strong, powerful and able founding ancestor. he was initially associated with a loi village of andro, manipur. but in later times, the people of moirang worshipped him as one of their deified ancestors.
the religious festival of lai haraoba is celebrated in honor of god pureiromba () in the months of kalen (april-may). the haraoba of pureiromba belongs to the type of the chakpa haraoba. chakpa haraoba is one of the four types of lai haraoba.
at andro, manipur, on the last day of the celebration of pureiromba, a small mound of rice offerings is piled up by the maibis. out of rice, the maibis construct a small landscape of mountain ranges, ravines, lakes, rivers, etc.
cults and pantheons.
there are pantheons dedicated to god pureiromba and his son chinsongba in the village of andro in manipur.
god pureiromba is also regarded as the ancestor of the people of the sharumbam clan of meitei ethnicity. the cult of pureiromba was looked after by the people of mangsatabam clan of meitei ethnicity.
pureiromba youth club.
the "pureiromba youth club, bamon kampu, imphal" is a youths' club of manipur. it reported to the government of manipur about the case of .
cabrejas del pinar is a municipality found in the province of soria in the autonomous community of castile and león in spain.
calatañazor is a municipality found in the province of soria in the autonomous community of castile and león in spain.
caltojar is a municipality found in the province of soria in the autonomous community of castile and león in spain.
candilichera is a municipality found in the province of soria in the autonomous community of castile and león in spain.
trnjanska savica is neighbourhood of croatian capital city zagreb.
carabantes is a municipality found in the province of soria in the autonomous community of castile and león in spain.
caracena is a municipality found in the province of soria in the autonomous community of castile and león in spain.
carrascosa de abajo is a municipality found in the province of soria in the autonomous community of castile and león in spain.
carrascosa de la sierra is a municipality found in the province of soria in the autonomous community of castile and león in spain.
casarejos is a municipality found in the province of soria in the autonomous community of castile and león in spain.
françois de roubaix (3 april 1939, neuilly-sur-seine, hauts-de-seine – 22 november 1975, tenerife, canary islands) was a french film score composer.
the goiânia accident was a radiation accident that happened on september 13, 1987, in goiânia, in the brazilian state of goiás, after a forgotten radioactive source was taken from an abandoned hospital in the city. it was handled by many people, resulting in four deaths. about 112,000 people were examined for radioactive contamination and 249 of them were found to have been contaminated.
sant vicenç dels horts is a municipality of 28,268 people (2020). it is in the province of barcelona in the autonomous community of catalonia in spain.
santa perpètua de mogoda is a municipality of 25,999 people (2020). it is in the province of barcelona in the autonomous community of catalonia in spain.
norman barasch (february 18, 1922 - august 13, 2019) was an emmy-nominated comedy writer and broadway playwright. he was co-author, with carroll moore, of the play "send me no flowers", which was the basis for the 1960 film of the same name. he died at age 97 at his home near greenwich, connecticut.
sitges is a municipality of 29,553 people (2020). it is in the province of barcelona in the autonomous community of catalonia in spain.
it is known for its beaches.
vilafranca del penedès is a municipality of 40,154 people (2020). it is in the province of barcelona in the autonomous community of catalonia in spain.
aspres-lès-corps is a commune in the hautes-alpes department.
the d57l, d58, d58a, d217 and n85 roads pass through the commune.
the commune borders the isère department.
agnières-en-dévoluy is a former commune in the hautes-alpes department. on 1 january 2013, it became a part of the new commune of le dévoluy.
atascadero is a city in san luis obispo county, california.
embrun is a commune in the hautes-alpes department.
avalon is a city in los angeles county, california.
granjeno is a city in the u.s. state of texas.
the irish water spaniel (spáinnéar uisce in irish) is a breed of gundog of the spaniel type. they were developed in ireland in the 1800's to fetch birds that had been shot at over lakes and rivers. they are one of the biggest spaniels.
they are always a dark brown colour called "liver" with very curly hair.
they make good pets as they have a pleasant nature and are very smart, but sometimes they don't like being around other dogs.
saint-usage is a commune in the aube department in north-central france.
salon is a commune in the aube department in north-central france.
l'argentière-la-bessée is a commune in the hautes-alpes department.
eyguians was a commune in the hautes-alpes department. on 1 january 2016, it became part of a new commune of garde-colombe.
garde-colombe is a commune in the hautes-alpes department. the municipality was created on 1 january 2016 and consists of the former communes of eyguians (the seat), lagrand and saint-genis.
lagrand used to be a commune in the hautes-alpes department. on 1 january 2016, it became a part of the new commune, garde-colombe.
castellar de n'hug is a municipality of 156 people (2020). it is in the province of barcelona in the autonomous community of catalonia in spain.
saulcy is a commune in the aube department in north-central france.
the song of bernadette is a 1943 american biographical movie directed by henry king and was based on the 1941 novel of the same name by franz werfel. it stars jennifer jones, charles bickford, william eythe, gladys cooper, vincent price, lee j. cobb, anne revere, roman bohnen, patricia morison, jerome cowan, aubrey mather, charles dingle and was distributed by 20th century fox. it was won 4 academy awards and was nominated for 8 others in 1944.
the bishop's wife is a 1947 american romantic comedy movie directed by henry koster and was based on the 1928 novella of the same name by robert nathan. it stars cary grant, loretta young, david niven, monty woolley, elsa lanchester, gladys cooper, sara haden, karolyn grimes, james gleason, florence auer and was distributed by rko radio pictures. it won an academy award in 1948 and was 4 others and was remade as "the preacher's wife" in 1996.
a royal scandal, also known as czarina, is a 1945 american romantic drama movie directed by otto perminger and ernst lubitsch and is the second version of die zarin (the czarina) by lajos bíró and melchior lengyel. it stars tallulah bankhead, charles coburn, anne baxter, william eythe, vincent price, mischa auer, sig ruman, donald douglas, vladimir sokoloff and was distributed by 20th century fox.
the national alliance of kenya is a political party founded by lawrence nginyo kariuki.
the little foxes is a 1941 american drama movie directed by william wyler and was based on the 1939 play of the same name by lillian hellman. it stars bette davis, herbert marshall, teresa wright, richard carlson, dan duryea, patricia collinge, charles dingle, jessica grayson, russell hicks and was distributed by rko radio pictures. it was nominated for 9 academy awards in 1942.
panam ningthou () is a god in meitei mythology and religion. he is the protector of crops, especially paddy from hailstorm and thunder. according to legends, he ignited fire for the first time by rubbing flints. he is one of the umang lai deities.
god panam ningthou has his major cult center in andro village. the andro village in imphal east district of present day manipur is an ancient village. people of this village worship fire that is kept burning from the time of poireiton khunthokpa (34 bc-18 bc). the fire is kept in the chakpa panam ningthou meihoupirol (lit. "panam ningthou sacred burning fireplace").
according to r. constantine, the fire burning in andro is the oldest man-made fire in india. it has been burning without break for centuries.
according to thomas callan hodson (t.c. hodson), panam ningthou is a rain and weather god of the meitei people of manipur. he recorded his description in his monograph the meitheis published in 1908.
when it was one or two days before the lai haraoba festival of god lainingthou panam ningthou begins, the god came to his temple in the form of a ball of light. he came flying from the east. he landed at a part of the nongmaiching hill. sometimes, some people of andro claimed to see that ball of light, even at other times of the year.
god lainingthou panam ningthou has a wife named leimaren sanarik chaning khombi. some people believed that she might be of burmese origin. so, the god went to burma () to meet her from time to time.
festival and worship.
god panam ningthou is mainly worshipped by the people of loi caste of meitei ethnicity in manipur. he has his major cult center in andro village of imphal east district of manipur.
shakespeare noted that the loi people regarded god panam ningthou as a special deity of the meitei king. he further noted that the king himself provided sacrificial animals to the god. buffalo was one among the sacrificial animals used to be sacrificed during the lai haraoba festival. pigs were sacrificed when there was no lai haraoba festival. whenever there was any suspicion of danger to the meitei king, the king would send a pig and a cock to be sacrificed to god panam ningthou of andro.
the chakpa haraoba (one of the 4 types of lai haraoba festival) is annually celebrated in honor of god panam ningthou. the festive occasion falls in the meitei lunar month of lamta ("march-april interface month"). the festival starts from the first sunday of the "lamta" month.
during the 9 day long festival, no outsiders of andro are allowed to stay at the village. in modern times, notice is issued one month before the festival begins through mass media like television, newspaper and radio. the notice informs outsiders to leave the place as it is about to begin the festival. natives of andro may come to andro before the festival starts. once the festival begins, no one is allowed to either leave from or come to the village. people who have converted into another religion are not allowed to participate in the religious festival even if they are native of andro. there are some christian converts and hindu converts in andro. 
during the festival, people of "andro village" wear black clothes as a custom. besides panam ningthou, there are twelve other deities worshipped in andro. during the lai haraoba festivals of these deities, outsiders of andro can witness the event. the festivals in their honor are done separately from that of panam ningthou. but the festival of pureiromba can be done together with that of panam ningthou. at this too, outsiders can witness the event but the place of worship is different from the exclusive one of panam ningthou.
during the haraoba of panam ningthou, there is no shortage of meat and wine. boys and girls play important role in the festival.
the temple of panam ningthou is in andro, manipur. it is also the loishang (english: office) to the representatives of the "pana"s (english: state divisions). sacred items are kept inside the temple. one house each for two "pana"s was constructed near the loishang. two dormitories for boys and girls are also built.
the sanctum of god lainingthou panam ningthou and goddess leimaren sanarik chaning khombi are located in the right side corner and the left side corner respectively as one enters the room.
association with other gods.
according to the thalon text, panam ningthou was one of the 5 gods of 5 different places of the selloi langmai hill. the cults of these five gods were integrated into that of a single god with the name "langmai ningthou" (lit. "king of the langmais"). the personal names became the aliases or various forms of the god. with this, the tribal society of the selloi langmai people evolved into a chiefdom. this chiefdom later rose to the angom clan.
panam ningthou semba.
there is a real servant class named "panam ningthou semba". it takes care of the articles (things) related to polo () for the meitei royalty. there are seven grades of officers in this group. the grades are (1) sellungba ahal, (2) sellungba naha, (3) pakhan-lakpa, (4) naharakpa, (5) yaphi ahal, (6) yaphi naha and (7) sennakhal.
finn knutsen (18 february 1932 – 14 february 2021) was a norwegian politician. he was born in langenes, norway. he was a member of the storting from 1985 to 1989 for the labour party.
knutsen died on 14 february 2021, aged 88.
mourid barghouti (, ; 8 july 1944 – 14 february 2021) was a palestinian poet and writer. he was born in deir ghassana, mandatory palestine. 
barghouti died on 14 february 2021 aged 76.
the fifa u-17 world cup, founded as the fifa u-16 world championship, later changed to u-17 in 1991 and to its current name in 2007, is the world championship of association football for male players under the age of 17 organized by "fédération internationale de football association" (fifa).
fifa u-17 world cup.
1993 fifa u-17 world championship was held in japan from 21 august to 4 september.
1995 fifa u-17 world championship was held in ecuador from 3 to 20 august.
2001 fifa u-17 world championship was the ninth edition of the fifa u-17 world cup. it held in trinidad and tobago from 13 to 30 september 2001. players born after 1 january 1984 could participate in this tournament. 
the official mascot of this fifa u-17 world championship, trinidad & tobago 2001, was beats, the humming bird. its outfit is the same as the home national team, red shirt, black short and red socks. it has trinidad & tobago 2001 on the chest.
the following 16 teams qualified for the tournament:
2007 fifa u-17 world cup was held in south korea from 18 august to 9 september. from this tourament the teams were raised from 16 to 24.
2009 fifa u-17 world cup was held in nigeria from 24 october to 15 november.
2011 fifa u-17 world cup was held in mexico from 18 june to 10 july.
st albans high school for girls is a selective, independent day school for girls aged 4–18 years. it is affiliated to the church of england and takes girls of all faiths or none. there are about 310 pupils in the preparatory school with 480 in the senior school, and 160 sixth formers. the preparatory school is in wheathampstead.
2013 fifa u-17 world cup was held in the united arab emirates from 17 october to 8 november.
2017 fifa u-17 world cup was held in india from 6 to 28 october.
as host, india made their first ever appearance at the fifa u-17 world cup and their first appearance in the world cup at any age level. as well as india, new caledonia and niger also made their first appearance in the fifa u-17 world cup.
the previous u-17 world cup title holders, nigeria, failed to qualify for this edition. in failing to qualify, nigeria became the first nation since switzerland in 2009 to fail to qualify for the next edition of the fifa u-17 world cup after winning the previous edition.
a total of 24 teams qualified for the final tournament. in addition to india, the other 23 teams qualified from six separate continental competitions. starting from 2017, the oceania football confederation (ofc) will receive an additional spot (in total two spots), while uefa will have five instead of six spots.
after being awarded the hosting rights for the fifa u-17 world cup, eight locations were shortlisted: bangalore, guwahati, kochi, kolkata, margao, navi mumbai, new delhi and pune. on 29 may 2015, kochi, mumbai, kolkata, and guwahati were provisionally selected as host locations and was informed two more would be provisionally approved from the list of
bengaluru, chennai, goa, new delhi and pune. on 27 october 2016, fifa officially announced guwahati, kochi, kolkata, margao, navi mumbai and new delhi as the official host cities for the fifa u-17 world cup.
yury petrovich vlasov (; 5 december 1935 – 13 february 2021) was a soviet and russian writer and heavyweight weightlifter and politician. he competed at the 1960 and 1964 olympics and won a gold medal in 1960 and a silver in 1964. he retired in 1968.
he was a member of the congress of people's deputies of the soviet union (1989) and then of the russian state duma (1993) and took part in the 1996 russian presidential election.
vlasov died of natural causes on 13 february 2021, in moscow, russia.
kadir topbaş (8 january 1945 – 13 february 2021) was a turkish architect, businessman and politician. he was mayor of istanbul from 2004 to 2017. he was born in yusufeli, artvin. he was a member of the justice and development party (akp).
in november 2020, topbaş was hospitalized for covid-19 during the covid-19 pandemic in turkey. he died on 13 february 2021 from multiple organ failure caused by covid-19 treatment.
enrique rodríguez galindo (5 february 1939 – 13 february 2021) was a spanish brigadier general of the civil guard. he was sentenced to 71 years in prison in 2000 for the kidnapping and murder of the alleged eta members josé antonio lasa and josé ignacio zabala in the antiterrorist liberation groups case.
on 2 february 2021, rodríguez galindo was hospitalized with covid-19. he died on 13 february 2021 in zaragoza during the covid-19 pandemic in spain. 
the toronto star is a canadian broadsheet daily newspaper. as of 2015, it was canada's highest-circulation newspaper. 
the "toronto star" is owned by toronto star newspapers limited, a subsidiary of torstar corporation and part of torstar's daily news brands division.
harald olof "olle" ingemar nygren (11 november 1929 – 13 february 2021) was a swedish speedway rider. he was born in stockholm. he reached the finals of the speedway world championship five times. nygren was swedish champion in 1949 and became nordic champion in 1960. 
bolesław kwiatkowski (28 july 1942 – 13 february 2021) was a polish basketball player. he competed in the men's tournament at the 1968 summer olympics. he was born in warsaw.
kwiatkowski died on 13 february 2021 in warsaw, aged 78.
bud estes (october 4, 1946 – february 13, 2021) was an american politician. he was a republican. estes was a member of the kansas senate from 2017 until his death. he was a state representative from 2014 to 2017. he also was the mayor of bucklin, kansas from 1976 to 1990. he was born in dodge city, kansas.
estes on february 13, 2021 at the age of 74.
robert dean hunter, known as robert d. hunter or bob hunter (born 25 june 1928), is an american republican politician. he was a member of the texas house of representatives, in which from 1986 to 2007 he represented district 71.
2019 fifa u-17 world cup was held in brazil from 26 october to 17 november.
a total of 24 teams qualified for the final tournament. brazil as host team along with 23 other teams qualified from six separate continental competitions. the slot allocation was approved by the fifa council on 10 june 2018.
the tournament used four venues in three cities.
louis clark (27 february 1947 – 13 february 2021) was an english music arranger and keyboard player.
in 1977, clark arranged the music of renaissance for their albert hall concert with the rpo.
in the early 1980s, he conducted the royal philharmonic orchestra on a series of records under the title "hooked on classics". 
clark died on 13 february 2021 in elyria, ohio from kidney disease, aged 73.
alan woan (8 february 1931 – 12 february 2021) was an english professional footballer. he played as an inside forward. he made a total of 289 football league appearances for norwich city, northampton town, crystal palace and aldershot scoring 140 goals. 
he also played non-league football for new brighton and chertsey town. 
woan died four days after his 90th birthday.
the czech national council () was the legislative body of the czech republic since 1968 when the czech republic was created as a member state of czech-slovak federation. 
it was legally transformed into the chamber of deputies.
the fifa u-20 women's world cup is an international association football tournament, organized by fifa (fédération internationale de football association), for national teams of women under the age of 20.
bernard nsayi (1943 – 12 february 2021) was a congolese roman catholic prelate. he was bishop of the roman catholic diocese of nkayi, republic of the congo from 1990 to 2001. he became a priest in 1971.
nsayi died on 12 february 2021, aged 77.
zdeněk hoření (9 february 1930 – 12 february 2021) was a czechoslovak journalist and politician. he was editor-in-chief of "rudé právo". he was a member of the communist party. he was born in frýdštejn, first czechoslovak republic. from 1986 to 1990, he was a member of the federal assembly. before, he was a member of the czech national council from 1976 to 1986.
hoření died of covid-19 during the covid-19 pandemic in the czech republic in prague on 12 february 2021 at the age of 91, three days after his birthday.
pierre-guillaume de roux (25 february 1963 – 12 february 2021) was a french editor.
he worked with "arthus", "contrepoint", "revue des deux mondes", "latitudes", "le quotidien de paris", "l'appel", "". in 1985, he was appointed literary director of éditions de la table ronde. he was one of the founding members of éditions criterion of média-participations.
de roux died following a long illness on 12 february 2021 at the age of 57, thirteen days short from his 58th birthday.
saint-vaury () is a commune in the creuse department in central france.
william chervy (3 june 1937 – 12 february 2021) was a french politician. he was a member of the socialist party. he was mayor of saint-vaury from 1971 to 2001. he was a senator from creuse from 1981 to 1998. 
chervy died on 12 february 2021, aged 83.
sultan mahamed abdiqadir (, ) (died 12 february 2021) was the eighth grand sultan of the isaaq sultanate.
he died on 12 february 2021, in hargeisa, the capital of somaliland due to an illness.
2002 fifa u-19 women's world championship was held in canada from 17 august to 1 september.
pat russell (december 31, 1923 – february 11, 2021) was an american community activist. she was a member of the los angeles city council. she was the fourth woman to serve on that city council. russell was a member of the city council from 1969 to 1987. she was the first woman to be city council president from 1981 to 1987. russell was born in portland, oregon.
russell died on february 11, 2021 in los angeles from cancer, aged 97.
2004 fifa u-19 women's world championship was held in thailand from 10 to 27 november.
jorge scibona (may 9, 1931 – february 10, 2021), known professionally as jorge morel, was an argentine classical guitarist and composer. morel was born in buenos aires. morel appeared at lincoln center's alice tully hall in new york, queen elizabeth hall and wigmore hall in london, national concert hall in dublin, and suntory hall in tokyo.
morel died on february 10, 2021 in buenos aires, aged 89.
james patrick celebrezze (february 6, 1938 – february 10, 2021) was an american democratic politician. he was born in cleveland, ohio. celebrezze was a member of the ohio house of representatives from 1967 to 1974.
celebrezze died on february 10, 2021 in cleveland at the age of 83.
2006 fifa u-20 women's world championship was held in russia from 17 august to 3 september.
john cooney mullally (28 november 1930 – 7 february 2021) was a canadian liberal party politician. he was a member of the house of commons of canada. he was also a member of the canadian parliament from 1963 to 1965. mullally was born in souris, prince edward island.
mullally died on 7 february 2021 at the age of 90.
the "leishemlon" (), also spelt as the "leishemlol", "leisemlol" or "leisemlon" (literally,"story of the creation of the universe"), is an ancient meitei religious text, about the cosmology and the mythology of the creation of the universe.
the text gives a good picture of the cosmological religio-cultural system of the meitei religion.
joseph hillis miller jr. (march 5, 1928 – february 7, 2021) was an american literary critic and scholar. he worked with johns hopkins university, yale university, and university of california, irvine, and wrote over 50 books about american and british literature.
2008 fifa u-20 women's world cup was held in chile from 19 november to 7 december.
burwell otis jones (march 23, 1933 – february 6, 2021) was an american competition swimmer. he was born in detroit, michigan. he was a pan american games champion in 1951. jones was born in detroit, michigan. jones competed at the 1952 summer olympics.
jones died on february 6, 2021 at the age of 87.
2010 fifa u-20 women's world cup was held in germany from july 13 to august 1.
theo van haren noman (29 april 1917 – 6 february 2021) was a dutch filmmaker. he won several prizes and awards. he was born in amsterdam.
haren noman died on 6 february 2021 in amsterdam, aged 103.
bodil skjånes dugstad (23 may 1927 – 6 february 2021) was a norwegian politician for the labour party. dugstad was born in trondheim. she was a deputy representative to the norwegian parliament from 1973 to 1977. from 1973 to 1975, he was ministry of church affairs and education.
dugstad died on 6 february 2021 in oslo, aged 93.
2012 fifa u-20 women's world cup was held in japan from 19 august to 8 september.
noboru ishiguro (2 august 1932 – 11 february 2021) was a japanese racewalker. he competed in the men's 20 kilometres walk at the 1964 summer olympics.
ishiguro died on 11 february 2021 at the age of 88.
2014 fifa u-20 women's world cup was held in canada from 5 to 24 august.
rowsch nuri shaways (kurdish رۆژ نووری شاوەیس; arabic روز نوري شاويس; 1947 – 15 february 2021) was a kurdish politician. he was the first prime minister of the kdp-controlled part of kurdistan. 
he was one of iraq's two vice presidents in the interim government in 2004. he was a deputy prime minister in the government headed by ibrahim al-jaafari and later held the same post under nouri al-maliki. 
he also was deputy prime minister under haider al-abadi from 8 september 2014 to 9 august 2015.
he was speaker of the iraqi kurdistan national assembly in the kurdish autonomous region. shaways was a member of the kurdistan democratic party.
tyler joseph ducklo (born september 22, 1988) is an american political advisor. he was a special assistant to the president and white house junior deputy press secretary for the joe biden administration from january 2021 until february 13, 2021. 
ducklo was the national press secretary for the joe biden 2020 presidential campaign.
in december 2019, ducklo was diagnosed with stage-four lung cancer.
2016 fifa u-20 women's world cup was held in papua new guinea from 13 november to 3 december.
roseanna's grave (also known as for roseanna) is a 1997 american romantic dramedy film directed by paul weiland. in his review, roger ebert concludes that "roseanna's grave" "isn't of much consequence, perhaps, and the gears of the plot are occasionally visible as they turn. but it's a small, sweet film that never tries for more than it's sure of, and the actors find it such a relief to be playing such goodhearted characters that we can almost feel it."
2018 fifa u-20 women's world cup was held in france from 5 to 24 august.
the xiaomi mi note 10 lite is an android smartphone developed by xiaomi inc. it was announced on april 20, 2020.
the fifa u-17 women's world cup is an international association football tournament for female players under the age of 17. it is organized by fédération internationale de football association (fifa).
the serial position effect is a psychological phenomenon. it say that people are more likely to remember the first and last items on a list. they are less likely to remember the middle items. the term was created in 1913 by herman ebbinghaus. he was a german psychologist who was interested in testing his ability to remember items on a list. this ability is called free-recall. ebbinghaus performed free-recall experiments on himself. he used a list of 2000 syllables. the experiments showed him that the where the it was on the list affected how well he could remember it. this information is shown in the "serial position curve". the serial position curve shows two things. the first thing it showed him was that the first 2-3 items on the list and up to the last 8 items in a list are always remembered better than items in the middle. this was true in any list with 20 or more items. it also showed him that the size of the list and the speed at which it was preseted did not affect the outcome. 
free recall is a way of experimenting that is used in psychology. it is used to test memory. free recall is the most common method of studying the serial position effect. to use free recakk, a person is shown a list of items. these items are normally words. the person is then asked to say which items they can remember from the list in any order. one major problem with this method is that the tests are usually done in a controlled environment. this means the result may not be different from what happens in the real world.  
the primary effect is the term used to mean that people often remember the first thing they are told. many psychologists think that this effect may be a result of rehearsal. when a person is trying to remember the items, that person will often repeat the items to themselves. as each item is added to the list, they repeat the entire list. this causes them to repeat the first it many time. this constant repeating helps them to better remember the items at the begining of the list,the slower the list is presented, the more time a person has to repeat the list. this causes a larger primacy effect.
in the 1970s, psychologists began testing the effect of rehearsal on the primacy effect. in 1972, psychologist phillip marshal tested if removing rehearsal would have an affect on the primacy effect. he did this by having the people sort the words while he was giving them a list of 18 common nouns. the people in the test were not told that their memmory was being tested. since they did not know this, they did not repeat the words as they heard them. the experiments showed marshal that removing the repeating also removed most of the primacy effect. it showed that rehearsal was a main cause for the primacy effect. 
in 1971, dewey rundus created a what he called "overt rehearsal" the people were told to say their thoughts out loud, this tested test "how" and "when" participants rehearsed each item in a list. in 1977, brodie and murdock used overt rehearsal to give an alternate explanation for the primacy effect. they learned that even as people got towards the end of the list, they were still repeating the first terms. this caused the items to still be inthe person's short-term memory (stm) near the end of the list. this created what is called a "recency effect". brodie and murdock said that rehearsal is a main cause of the primacy effect. they also believed that the primacy effect may be a type of "recency effect".
the recency effect is the ability to remember items near the end of a list. unlike the primacy effect, changes in speed and the size of the list do not affect the recency effect. psychologists have learned that asking people to list the items in the ‘order they were presented’ causes less recency effect. in a 1966 study, glanzer and kunitz learned that increasing the time between when the list is presented and when recall is tested can affect the recency effect. with just an added 30 second delay, there was no longer a recency effect. in 1990, researchers tried to distract the people during the test. they would have the person do something that stopped short-term memory (rehearsal). for example, they would have the person countbackward from 3. the results showed that this also removed the recency effect.
the recency effect is normally said to be caused by short-term memory. (stm) the stm of a person can store a small amount of information for a short time. the amount of information is normally two to four items. the last few items of a list being normally still in the stm of a person when the items are being recalled. this theory explains why the recency effect is generally larger than the primacy effect. it takes more effort to get the first items from long-term memory (ltm) than to get the items from stm. this is affected by the stm of the person being affected by a distraction.
newer research has shown that the recency effect can exist without stm. for instance, bjork and whitten showed that even when stm was distracted there can be a long-term recency effect. during their study, they had the people do something to affect their stm during the entire test. these test showed that there was still some recency effect . some psychologists think that the recency effect is based on a theory of temporal context. temporal context means "the context of time". theories in this field are vague and still developing. the general idea is that context is connected to each item on the list. during recall, this contect will help the person remember the item. the later the item in the list, the more similar the context of the item is to context of the test.
link to models of memory.
earlier research showed that the serial position effect was connected to single way that memory is stored such as ltm (primacy) and stm (recency). research on people with brain damage that affected their ltm has showed a recency effect but not a primacy effect. this gives good evidence for this. 
on the other hand, the serial position effect is also supported by dual-store or multi-store models of memory. for instance, research on the serial position effect supports the multi-store model of memory by atkinson and shieffrin. research about the long-term recency effect may show evidence for theories of the working memory model. 
2008 fifa u-17 women's world cup was held in new zealand from 28 october to 16 november 2008. the was the first fifa u-17 women's world cup to be held.
matches were played in four new zealand cities:
pool matches were spread evenly among these cities. the host nation, new zealand, was based mostly in auckland but played one pool match in wellington.
2010 fifa u-17 women's world cup was held in trinidad and tobago from 5 to 25 september.
on 30 june 2010, president of nigeria goodluck jonathan announced he would suspend the nigeria football federation from fifa competition for 2 years. this put the flamingoes place at the competition in jeopardy. on 5 july 2010, the ban was lifted.
during preparation four stadia were constructed in 2001. these four venues along with hasely crawford stadium in port of spain, trinidad are the venues for the women's competition.
the first council of constantinople was a large meeting of christian priests. it happened in the year 381. emperor theodosius i called the meeting in constantinople.
at the meeting, the church adopted the nicene creed. the nicene creed is not the same as the creed of nicaea.
at the meeting, the church also decided on the trinitarian doctrine, which is about the relationship between god, jesus and the holy spirit.
2014 fifa u-17 women's world cup was the fourth edition of the youth tournament for women under the age of 17. it was held in costa rica from 15 march to 4 april. japan beat spain 2-0 in the final.
the slot allocation was approved by the fifa executive committee in may 2012. the oceania football confederation qualifying tournament was scheduled for january 2014, fifa however decided that it would be hosted too late then. eventually fifa and ofc in agreement with all member nations agreed to award the confederation spot to new zealand. just as new zealand, nigeria qualified without playing a match because two opponents withdrew their respective qualifying games. defending champions france did not qualify.
in total 103 nations took part in the qualifying, three less than for the 2012 world cup.
four stadiums are to be used across costa rica.
the sepia color is a dark brown color. it is named after the rich brown pigment from the ink sac of the common cuttlefish "sepia".
other type of similar colors.
sepia similar colors that are obtained mixing sepia and other colors.
2016 fifa u-17 women's world cup was held in jordan from 30 september to 21 october.
a total of 16 teams qualified for the final tournament. in addition to jordan who qualified automatically as hosts, the other 15 teams qualified from six separate continental competitions. the slot allocation was published in june 2014.
the three host cities were amman, irbid, and zarqa. the infrastructure of the stadiums and surrounding areas in the host cities was developed. greater amman municipality and the higher council for youth were responsible for developing the infrastructure, with 30% under the responsibility of the municipality and 70% under the responsibility of the council.
2018 fifa u-17 women's world cup was held in uruguay from 13 november to 1 december.
a total of 16 teams qualify for the final tournament. in addition to uruguay who qualified automatically as hosts, the other 15 teams qualify from six separate continental competitions. the slot allocation was approved by the fifa council on 13–14 october 2016.
the afc u-20 asian cup, formerly known as the afc youth championship and afc u-19 championship, is a biennial international association football competition organised by the sport's asian governing body, the asian football confederation (afc). the competition has been held since 1959. between 1959 and 1978 the tournament was held annually, since 1980 it has been held every two years.
1 title shared.
2 third place shared.
3 final tournaments in round-robin format.
4 no third place match played since 2008; losing semi-finalists are listed in alphabetical order.
5 cancelled due to the covid-19 pandemic.
the afc u-17 asian cup, formerly known as the afc u-16 championship and afc u-17 championship, is a football competition, organised by the asian football confederation (afc) held once every two years for asian under-17 teams that also serves as a qualification tournament for the fifa u-17 world cup. the top 4 countries qualify to participate in the fifa u-17 world cup. until 2006 it was held as an under-17 tournament.
successful national teams.
"sanamahi kachin" (), also known as "lainingthou kachin" (), is an altar place dedicated to lainingthou sanamahi in the household of the followers of meitei religion (sanamahism). it is located at the south-western corner of the house. according to religious beliefs, people performing rites and rituals, as well as prayers to the deity, in the place, get blessings from the deity.
the afc u-20 women's asian cup is an association football tournament for women's national teams under the age of 20, organized by the asian football confederation (afc). it is organised by the asian football confederation every two years, and serves as a qualifying competition for the fifa u-20 women's world cup. it was first played in 2002 as the afc u-19 women's championship with an upper age limit of 19. starting from the 2022 edition, the age limit was raised to 20.
the afc u-17 women's asian cup, founded as the afc u-17 women's championship and later the afc u-16 women's championship, before changing to its current name after the 2019 edition, is a biennial women's football tournament for youth teams organised by the asian football confederation. it further serves as the qualifying competition for the fifa u-17 women's world cup. the afc have agreed to the proposal for switching the tournament from under-16 to under-17 starting from 2022. moreover, the tournament will also be rebranded from the "afc u-16 women's championship" to the "afc u-17 women's asian cup".
vinnytsia () is a city on the banks of the southern bug, the administrative center of the vinnytsia oblast in ukraine. vinnytsia is an important historical center of eastern podillya, a historical part of ukraine. as of january 1, 2021, the population was 370,600 people. the city's history begins in the middle ages. it was founded in 1363 and for a long time remained under polish and russian control.
imoinu (emoinu) () is a goddess in meitei mythology and religion of ancient kangleipak (antique manipur). she is the goddess of household, hearth, family, fireplace, kitchen, wealth, peace and prosperity. she is frequently associated with leimarel sidabi. she is regarded as one of the incarnations or representations of goddess leimarel sidabi.
the personality of emoinu and other goddesses like panthoibi and phouoibi depict as well as influence the , courage, independence, and social honour of meitei women.
the meaning of the name "emoinu ahongbi" ("ꯏꯃꯣꯢꯅꯨ ꯑꯍꯣꯡꯕꯤ") can be found by splitting it up word by word. here, "e" ("ꯏ") refers to human being. "moi" ("ꯃꯣꯢ" or "ꯃꯣꯏ") refers to . "nu" ("ꯅꯨ") refers to female deity or goddess. so, "emoinu" means "goddess who rears the human beings". "ahongbi" means "giver of plentiful household properties".
dr. parratt described emoinu ahongbi (alias emoinu ahong achaubi) as another form of goddess leimarel sidabi. leimarel sidabi is the supreme mother. imoinu is regarded as an ever resourceful lady. she always gives wealth and prosperity to the mankind. she was shown as having a human appearance. she resides near the fire hearth. the goddess is believed to be the controller and regulator of good conduct and behavior of the human beings.
imoinu ahong achaubi is a deity for good moral behavior, besides wealth and prosperity. as a social code of conduct, a meitei woman should go out from home only after prayers and worship of the goddess and other household deities. when she returns home, she should pray to the deity.
the meitei people believed that goddess imoinu lives in the houses of those who strictly obey her favorite social and moral behavior norms. imoinu blesses such people with "nungai yaifaba" (well being and prosperity), "watta padaba" (having neither shortage nor excess), "tekta kaidaba" (unaffected by troubles of life) and "punshi nungshangba" (long life). these are the basic needs of life in the human world.
after the creation of the sky and the planets, sidaba () (the supreme being) ordered his wife, leimarel sidabi () (the first woman) to produce another leimarel. the second leimarel would be the second woman. her responsibility was to take care of the mankind on the planet called earth. goddess leimarel sidabi obeyed her divine husband's order. she created another leimarel. the appearance of the second leimarel was similar to the first leimarel. the first leimarel named the second leimarel as "emoinu ahongbi".
once goddess imoinu fell in love with a man. the two became lovers. they swore to be husband and wife. one day, she visited his house in his absence. she discovered that he was already married to another woman. after knowing this, she sacrificed her love. she swore on not to see the man again. she never married to anyone. so, she remained as a virgin goddess.
imoinu (emoinu) is a hearth deity. she is annually worshipped on the 12th of the meitei month of wakching (december-january interface month). despite this annual event, she is also worshipped everyday. the daily worship is a part of a meitei ritual. it is done in every meitei household with the offering of little cooked rice before eating.
nowadays, there is little or no households with proper phunga lairu (traditional fire hearth). so, a modern fireplace is developed. here, traditional rites and rituals are performed in honor of the goddess.
there are a lot of changes in the way of worshipping goddess imoinu. however, the essence and the importance always remain the same as forever.
the "imoinu iratpa" ("emoinu eratpa") is a religious festival dedicated to goddess imoinu (emoinu). it is celebrated on the 12th of wakching month (december-january interface month) every year. traditionally, worship and prayers are performed inside every households. nowadays, imoinu iratpa festival is also celebrated in a larger way in public gathering clubs also.
wherever the festival is performed, seasonal fruits, vegetables and fish are offered to goddess imoinu.
ima keithel () is the world's only women run market. it has three major building complexes. imoinu ima keithel is the complex number 2 of the market. it is preceded by leimarel sidabi ima keithel (complex number 1) and followed by phouoibi ima keithel (complex number 3). this 500 years old market is in the center of imphal, manipur.
the blue-spotted mexican tree frog, blue-spotted tree frog or blue-spotted smilisca ("smilisca cyanosticta") is a frog that lives in mexico, belize and guatemala. scientists have seen it as high as 1200 meters above sea level.
leimarel sidabi () or leimalel sitapi () is a goddess in meitei mythology and religion of ancient kangleipak (antique manipur). she is the highest female divinity in meitei pantheon. she is the goddess of earth, nature and household. she is the mother of everyone in the universe.
the meitei word "leimarel" (ꯂꯩꯃꯔꯦꯜ) or "leimaren" (ꯂꯩꯃꯔꯦꯟ) is as "queen" or "goddess" in english. the word "leimarel" (or "leimaren") can be broken into pieces: "lei" (ꯂꯩ), "ma" (ꯃ) and "-ren" (-ꯔꯦꯟ) or "-rel" (-ꯔꯦꯜ). "lei" means land or earth. "ma" means mother. "-ren" (or "-rel") means excellent. another meitei word "sidabi" can be broken into "si" (ꯁꯤ), "-da" (ꯗ) and "-bi" (-ꯕꯤ). "si" ("see") means "to die". "-da" denotes negative meaning. "-bi" ("-bee") denotes feminine gender.
leimarel is the mother goddess. in ancient times, the ruling royal couples sat in the "laplen ka" (the central room). they faced the sacred spot of goddess leimarel. it was believed that men and women originated from leimarel's womb. a house symbolises the mother in traditional meitei beliefs.
the supreme creator atingkok (alias salailel) asked his two sons, sanamahi and pakhangba to run in a race around the world. the winner would become the ruler of the world. sanamahi was stronger than his younger brother, pakhangba. he started his journey. pakhangba wept to his mother, leimarel sidabi. she told him the secret behind the throne of the universe. the secret is that going around the throne of the supreme being is shorter than going around the universe. so, pakhangba went around the supreme being, his father. thus, he won the race and became the ruler of the universe. when sanamahi returned home, he found his younger brother sitting on the throne. he got angry. he attacked pakhangba. pakhangba ran away. he hid himself among seven lairembis. the supreme being intervened the situation. he brought peace of sanamahi. he made sanamahi as the king of the household of the mankind. at the same time, goddess leimarel sidabi became another imung lai (household deity), besides sanamahi.
according to some legends, goddess ima leimaren (lit. mother leimarel) takes care of the market. she brings peace and harmony by doing so. this tradition is still maintained by womenfolk. the women are considered as the descendents of the "ima".
several ancient texts (puyas) write things about the goddess leimarel. some include the leimaren naoyom, the leimaren langon, the leimaren mingkhei, the leimaren shekning lasat, the leimaren ungoiron, besides others.
leimarel sidabi and her son sanamahi are worshipped in the first room of every meitei household. goddess leimarel doesn't want the "korou anganba" (sunlight) in the morning. so, houses of loi castes are mainly made facing southwards. she lives in water also. so, she is worshipped in an "isaiphu" (an earthen pitcher or terracotta pot containing water). there are no images kept to represent the two deities inside their abode.
a senior woman or women of the house fills the earthen pot of the goddess with fresh water. she does this after taking a holy bath. fresh flowers, fruits, vegetables and rice are offered. prayers are also offered to protect the family members from every troubles.
the maibas perform rites and rituals by chanting hymns dedicated to goddess leimaren (ancestral mother goddess). it is generally done inside the house. water, rice and flowers are mainly placed.
goddess leimarel sidabi and her son sanamahi are mainly worshipped in many religious occasions. some are cheiraoba and "saroi-khangba". cheiraoba is the meitei new year (manipuri new year) festival. saroi-khangba is a religious event to please the evil spirits.
the "leimarel sheisak" is one of the 9 singing styles (tunes) of meitei tradition (manipuri culture). it is sung during the festival of lai haraoba.
ima keithel () is the world's only women run market. it has 3 major complexes. leimarel sidabi ima keithel is the complex number 1 of the market. it is followed by imoinu ima keithel (complex number 2) and phouoibi ima keithel (complex number 3). this 500 year old market is in the center of imphal, manipur.
the "leimarel hill" is a hill in manipur. trekkers go here for panaromic viewing of 360 degree of loktak lake.
there are 17 universities and 21 colleges in arkansas. 
irai leima () or ireima () is a goddess in meitei mythology and religion (sanamahism) of ancient kangleipak (antique manipur). she is the goddess and the divine female personification of water and aquatic life. she is also considered to be the incharge of the diseases.
she is the consort of irai ningthou (literally, "king of water"). both are regarded as the divine spirits of water bodies.
irai leima is the daughter of king heibok ningthou and the princess of heibok ching. her father was an expert in witchcraft and black magic. irai leima is known for her exceptional beauty. one day, she was fishing in the liwa river. king kwakpa (kokpa) of khuman dynasty saw her and fell in love with her. he proposed her. she replied that her parents' wish will be her wish. so, king kwakpa consulted his subjects. they presented heibok ningthou many presents. king kwakpa planned to marry irai leima if her father agreed or to bring her by force if her father rejected. seeing the arrogance of kwakpa, heibok ningthou turned all the gifts into stone. at this, followers of kwakpa fled the place. kwakpa returned home disappointed.
one day, king kwakpa got intoxicated after drinking a juice of the roots of tera plant ("bambax malabaricum"). he wanted to meet irai leima. so, he went to her place riding on a hiyang boat. seeing his approach, she fled to pakhra ching mountain. kwakpa chased her. seeing all these, heibok ningthou turned the hiyang boat into stone and the oar into a tree. getting angry, kwakpa ran towards heibok ningthou to kill him. then, heibok ningthou turned khuman kwakpa into a stone. irai leima saw all this and was afraid of her father. she left her father and ran away. she passed the pakhra ching, crossed the liwa river and entered the house of sarangthem luwangba. she hid herself inside the granary of the house. when sarangthem luwangba and his good lady thoidingjam chanu amurei left the house for field, irai leima came out from her hiding place. in the meantime, she completed all the household chores. when the couple returned home, she hid herself again. the couple got surprised at this but it happened everyday. so, one day, the man returned home earlier than usual. he found out the truth. but when he came near irai leima, she had disappeared below the granary. he looked under the granary but he saw nothing. he was amazed at this. so, he discussed the issue with all his clan members. they searched everywhere but didn't find her anymore.
irai leima appeared in the dream of sarangthem luwangba and told him that she was merged into his clan and became his daughter. the matter was reported to king senbi kiyaamba of ningthouja dynasty. the king sent maibas and maibis to examine the case. the examiners said that the mysterious lady was a goddess and she should be worshipped. king kiyaamba also told luwangba to do so. from that year onwards, irai leima was worshipped as a goddess.
the day on which luwangba first saw irai leima was the first monday of the meitei lunar month of "lamta (lamda)". and the day on which the maibas and maibis came was the first tuesday of "lamta (lamda)". still today, from the time of king senbi kiyaamba (1467-1508 ad), the sarangthem family members annually hold a grand feast ("chaklen katpa") in honor of the goddess. later, irai leima came to be known as hiyangthang lairembi.
when a person gets ill after bathing in a spring, pool, stream, people believed that the water spirits (irai leima and irai ningthou) had caught the person. to get well again, people worship the two deities. for this, the maibas perform the rites and rituals. the offerings include 2 eggs and 7 bamboo vessels filled up with rice paste.
the also highly respect the deities. they offer many wild sacrifices. the sacrifices maybe a white fowl, a pig, a dog or a he-goat.
identification with other deities.
irai leima ("ireima") is considered as one of the divine manifestations of leimarel (leimaren), the supreme mother earth goddess. she is also described as a form of goddess imoinu.
irai leima is also known as hiyangthang lairembi. during the reign of king garib niwaj (alias "pamheiba"), goddess hiyangthang lairembi was converted to hindu goddess kamakhya (a form of durga). the 3rd day of durga puja is observed as the "bor numit" (literally, boon day).
panthoibi () or panthoipi () is a goddess in meitei mythology and religion of ancient kangleipak (antique manipur). she is the goddess of civilization, courage, fertility, handicraft, love, victory, warfare and wisdom. she is married to nongpok ningthou.
according to col. john shakespear, panthoibi is the most well known goddess of her religion.
panthoibi is frequently associated with leimarel sidabi. she is regarded as one of the representations of leimarel.
the personality of panthoibi and other goddesses like emoinu and phouoibi depict as well as influence the , courage, independence, and social honour of meitei women.
the meitei term "panthoibi" (ꯄꯥꯟꯊꯣꯢꯕꯤ or ꯄꯥꯟꯊꯣꯏꯕꯤ) is made up of three words, "pan" (ꯄꯥꯟ), "thoi" (ꯊꯣꯢ or ꯊꯣꯏ) and "bi" (ꯕꯤ).
in meitei language, "pan" (ꯄꯥꯟ) means "to rule over something like country, kingdom, land, nation or state".
in meitei language, "thoi" (ꯊꯣꯢ or ꯊꯣꯏ) means "to ", or "to ", or "to ", or "to ", or "to ".
in meitei language, "bi" ("bee") (ꯕꯤ) or "pi" ("pee") (ꯄꯤ) is a suffix to denote feminine gender. for example, thoibi is a female given name. it is made up of "thoi" and "bi".
the term "thoibi" (ꯊꯣꯢꯕꯤ or ꯊꯣꯏꯕꯤ) also refers to or completion of beauty and .
the worship of goddess panthoibi started right from the era of the khaba dynasty ruling over the kangla. this was written in the panthoibi khongul.
the "panthoibi naheiron" text was written before common era. the fact was confirmed by the "national archives of india". it contains meitei hymns.
in 1100 ad, the loyumba shinyen text mentions the heishnam clan's service to goddess panthoibi. the text addresses her as the most meetei goddess.
in the 17th century, panthoibi appeared as a war goddess riding on a tiger. the cheitharol kumbaba's first record of the building of a temple of panthoibi was in the year 1686. the same text's first record of the making of her statue was in the year 1699.
in the 18th century, there was a downfall of the worship of panthoibi with the rise of vaishnavism in manipur. hindu king garib niwaj pamheiba (1709-1748) pulled down her temples. he broke her statues. her last recorded temple was built in 1700. after that, no temple was built in her honour until modern era came.
from the 18th century onwards, meitei goddess panthoibi was equated as hindu goddess durga or her manifestation. the identity of panthoibi was changed to that of hindu goddess durga. she was worshipped for five days in september – october.
however, since 1960s, the worship of panthoibi got increased. it started replacing the worship of durga. in many regions, the place by durga had been restored to panthoibi.
attributes and epithets.
goddess panthoibi is regarded as self-confident and self-conscious with female pride. legend says she has many metamorphosis (forms). one example is phouoibi (goddess of grains). 
panthoibi is regarded the ruling deity of birth and death. 
panthoibi as a priestess goddess.
according to the anoirol text, goddess panthoibi is a personification of "khabi lengnao mombi". the latter is the ancient amaibi (lit. "priestess"). different personifications of panthoibi manifest differently according to different texts. panthoibi was regarded as a pre-historical maibi. she is also regarded as an incarnation of goddess nongthang leima, another goddess amaibi.
panthoibi as a goddess of game.
panthoibi is a ruling deity of the "kang" game. kang is a popular indoor game of meitei tradition in manipur. kang players pray to her before and during the game. people believe that one cannot do his or her best at the game without her blessings.
panthoibi as a patron goddess of potters.
goddess panthoibi is the patron deity of all the . she gifted the pot-making art to the women of manipur. she was taught the art of pottery by goddess leimarel sidabi before her disappearance. she has another mythology about this.
panthoibi as the goddess of death and fertility.
goddess panthoibi has legendary connections to "haoreibi shampubi" (alias "haoreima"). haoreibi shampubi is a woman from the hills. she was killed while arranging to meet her lover. she turned into a spirit. she is regarded as an incarnation of panthoibi. so, the goddess became associated with death and fertility.
panthoibi as the goddess of diseases and illnesses.
panthoibi reacts badly to bad actions of the humans. if a person has spit nearby panthoibi's shrine, he or she will not be able to turn his or her neck. it could be healed only by a maiba. for this, the maiba will perform a ritual.
panthoibi as the goddess of spinning and weaving.
learned from a spider.
goddess panthoibi got inspired by a spider. it was making in a corner. from the spider, the art of and weaving was learned.
panthoibi imitated the pattern of weaving of the spider. later, she introduced the art of weaving.
learned from another goddess.
in another legend, panthoibi was taught the art of weaving by goddess "leishambi". leishambi is the goddess of creation.
panthoibi is a maiden of extraordinary beauty. she is a daughter of a meitei king. many kings and princes wanted to marry her. king shapaiba () was from the western parts of the valley of ancient kangleipak (antique manipur). he was one among her . he promised her to construct good roads, beautiful bridges, spacious house and fish ponds. every promises were just for the sake of her. despite all these, she did not accept his proposal. finally, panthoibi was married to tarang khoinucha (alias taram khoinucha). her mortal husband is the son of king khaba sokchrongba and queen teknga of the khaba dynasty. her marriage ceremony was an outstanding one. bridge poles were made of iron. the were made of silver plates. the side were made of golden rods. 
meeting nongpok ningthou.
goddess panthoibi first met god nongpok ningthou (alias angoupa kainou chingsangsompa) when she was wandering in the open meadows, bathing and sporting in the cool waters of the running river. she was attracted to his handsome looks and personality. the two fell in love at first sight. she was proposed by nongpok ningthou to elope with him. but the already married goddess did not accept the instant proposal very soon. it was because it was not even five days passed after her wedding. she insisted him to spend some time.
panthoibi and nongpok ningthou secretly met many times. this causes the in-laws of panthoibi to have suspicion over her. her mortal husband tried to win her heart many times. but all of these attempts failed. panthoibi and nongpok ningthou finally eloped. they wore the attires of the .
the two divine lovers ultimately got united on the sun-washed slopes of the nongmaiching hills. their happy union was celebrated with dances and music by the gods (by the "langmai people" and not the "gods" in another version). these celebration gave birth to the lai haraoba festival.
in another version of the story, panthoibi first met nongpok ningthou when she was helping her father at jhum cultivation (slash-and-burn). the two fell in love at first sight without any talks. but panthoibi got married to another man against her wish. she left her husband's house to search for her true lover. nongpok ningthou also left his home for the same purpose. the two lovers met at the kangla. kangla became the place of their divine union. so, it is considered to be a special place of coronation of the meitei kings.
panthoibi and the sun god.
according to the numit kappa text (c. 1st century), two suns shone in the ancient sky. one was wounded by an archer hero ("many men" in some version). the two brother suns fled from their positions. they hid for ten long days. so, the world remain in darkness. no men could work. crops perished. cattles died. so, the ten godly kings (or "kingly gods") approached to many divinities. they requested each to with the sun god. none succeeded to do so. finally, the ten gods came to princess panthoibi. it was because she knew many mysteries and secrets. so, she showed them magical ceremonies to the sun god. they did the same to the sun god. the unwounded sun god returned. but the wounded one never returned.
panthoibi and the weaving spider.
once panthoibi saw a spider. it was producing fine threads. it was also making . from this, she got the knowledge. she started the art of weaving. the divine feminine association of the art signifies the association of females with weaving.
pottery and human civilization.
after the creation of the human beings, panthoibi made their settlements and habitats. human started eating and drinking. panthoibi realised the need of vessels to store food and water. so, she started making pots. in the beginning, she lacked the idea how to make a pot. later, she looked around. she saw a flower - "nura khudonglei" (""). she imitated the shape and the design of the flower. then, she produced a pot. since then, human civilization starting making pots for cooking food and drinking water.
panthoibi is mainly worshipped by the heisnam family of meitei ethnicity. so, she is also known as "heisnam lairembi" (lit. lairembi of the heisnam).
identification with other deities.
panthoibi is regarded as one of the divine incarnations of goddess leimarel sidabi. she is also regarded as an incarnation of goddess nongthang leima. she also has many forms including phouoibi (goddess of grains). goddess "haoreibi shampubi" (alias "haoreima") is also regarded as an incarnation of panthoibi.
"panthoibi iratpa" ("panthoibi eratpa") is a religious festival dedicated to goddess panthoipi. it is celebrated every year.
panthoibi and nongpok ningthou are at the core of lai haraoba festival. their legend finds an important place in the literature of ancient manipur.
in art forms.
"panthoibi jagoi" is a duet dance form. it is accompanied by a song of love. it is sung by a maibi and a "pena khongba" (pena player). it has reference to the love of panthoibi and nongpok ningthou. it also depicts the process of weaving.
"panthoibi sheishak" is a song sung in the lai haraoba festival. it is performed by the pena players. it retells the story of panthoibi searching for her beloved nongpok ningthou.
it is one of the 9 singing styles (tunes) sung in the lai haraoba.
tangkhul nurabi loutaba.
"tangkhul nurabi loutaba" is an of the between tangkhul pakhang (an incarnation of nongpok ningthou) and tangkhul nurabi (an incarnation of panthoibi). the two repartee players dress up in costumes of farming in the field. this is performed on the last night of the kanglei haraoba (one of the 4 forms of lai haraoba festival).
the "panthoibi emporium" is a trading center in new delhi, india.
the "panthoibi housing finance company limited" is a housing financial company. its main branch office is near flyover bridge of uripok tourangbam leikai in imphal.
panthoibi manipur handicrafts emporium.
the "panthoibi manipur handicrafts emporium" is an emporium in delhi, india. it mainly stores handmade by-products made of silk from manipur.
johnny speight (2 june 1920 – 5 july 1998) was an english television screenwriter who wrote many british sitcoms like "till death us do part" and "in sickness and in health". speight also wrote some episodes of "all in the family". he wrote for people who had radio shows like cyril fletcher and frankie howard. he was born in canning town, london.
speight died from pancreatic cancer on 5 july 1998 at his home in chorleywood, aged 78.
nongthang leima () is the goddess of seduction, thunder and lightning in meitei mythology and religion. she was created by atingkok (or salailen) to attract haraba (pakhangba).
she mastered thunder and lightning in the chaos in the early world. she predicted the first rain. 
she limits the chaos and helps creation.
the female first name "nongthang leima" (ꯅꯣꯡꯊꯥꯡ ꯂꯩꯃ) is made up of two meitei language words, "nongthang" (ꯅꯣꯡꯊꯥꯡ, /noŋ.tʰáŋ/) and "leima" (ꯂꯩꯃ, /lə́i.ma/). in meitei language (manipuri language), "nongthang" (ꯅꯣꯡꯊꯥꯡ, /noŋ.tʰáŋ/) means lightning. the word "nongthang" (ꯅꯣꯡꯊꯥꯡ, /noŋ.tʰáŋ/) itself is also made up of two words, "nong" (ꯅꯣꯡ, /noŋ/) and "thāng" (ꯊꯥꯡ, /tʰáŋ/). "nong" (ꯅꯣꯡ, /noŋ/) means rain and "thāng" (ꯊꯥꯡ, /tʰáŋ/) means sword.
in meitei language (manipuri language), "leima" (ꯂꯩꯃ, /lə́i.ma/) means queen. the word "leima" (ꯂꯩꯃ, /lə́i.ma/) itself is made up of two words "lei" (ꯂꯩ, /lə́i/) and "ma" (ꯃ, /ma/). "lei" (ꯂꯩ, /lə́i/) means land and "ma" (ꯃ, /ma/) means mother.
nongthang leima is a pre-historical maibi. she is the first goddess maibi to compose a dance form. later, her dance form was reposessed by other goddesses.
sanamahi (ashiba) was creating the earth. but he was frequently disturbed by his younger brother, pakhangba (haraba). unable to do any work, sanamahi complained about the matter to their father, salailen (or atingkok according to different versions of stories). salailen produced a divine feminine being. he released her into the great space (void) of the universe (cosmos). in the vast emptiness of the great space (void), the divine feminine being became a beautiful and radiant goddess. she was named "nongthang leima", the queen of lightning.
in another version of the story, sidaba ordered sidabi to produce "nongthang leima", the divine female being to lure the destroyer from the cosmic creation.
nongthang leima, the queen of lightning, filled the empty space (void) with bright light. seeing her, pakhangba (haraba) fell in love with her. he forgot about bothering his elder brother in the creation of the earth. haraba came to her in the great space. during that time, sanamahi (ashiba) completed his creation of the earth.
when ashiba (sanamahi) saw nongthang leima, he wanted to marry her. thus, they united. 
so, nongthang leima was the wife of both sanamahi (ashiba) and pakhangba (haraba).
nongthang leima is also known as "langmai sana chingjaroibi" (). with the union of chingjaroibi and sanamahi, a son named laisang khekwaiba was born.
two divine forms.
according to "politics, society, and cosmology in india's north east" written by n. vijaylakshmi, the goddess nongthang leima (nongthang lairembi) took two divine forms after the completion of the creation of the earth. one form is panthoibi. this form lives in the home of gods. another form is "apanthoibi". this form lives among the living beings.
among the nine forms of musical rhythms ("seisak"s) of pena (musical instrument), nongthang leima seisak is one. all these rhythms are categorised into three movements, slow rhythm, medium rhythm and fast rhythm. nongthang leima song belongs to the fast rhythm.
during the lai haraoba festival, devotees dance to please various deities. among them, male dancers act after the styles of haraba (alias pakhangba) and female dancers act after the styles of goddess nongthang leima. goddess nongthang leima represents the lightning.
identification with other deities.
goddess nongthang leima is often identified as leimarel sidabi. the former is considered as an incarnation of the latter.
arkansas is a state located at the united states at the southern region there are 457 schools in arkansas and 17 universities:
hoffish(also called hoseff) is a dialect of swedish mostly spoken in the north of scandinavia. it is often called hoffish or hope language, although locals call it by hoseff. it is one of the most least spoken languages with 642 speakers world wide. it is commonly confused with the sami language but both languages have common similarity in grammer and noun pronunciation. the language was proclaimed as a dialect of sami in 1937 although the noted differences. little has been done to help this dying language in the past century other then a few people trying to make the language more public. as of 2021, all of its speakers speak it as a secondary language with finnish or plain sami being first. 
hoffish originally started off as a dialect of the sami language in what is guessed to be in the middle ages. all we know about its history is from mina napoi, who interviewed many people of the sami culture. her findings are at the helsinki central library in finland which are currently being approved for digitalization as of february 2021. in her last two pages of her article titled, "saamen murre nimeltä hoseff", she talks about how the language most likely formed as a dialect of sami in the late middle ages but then over time reformed due to the hoffish-sami group's migration. the hoffish-sami people she interviewed said that their ancestors moved a lot from northern finland to as far as southern norway while trading furs. she finally states because of this common migration that the people must of picked up a lot of new nordic words and grammer which in time turned the sami language into what the hoffish people speak today.
here is a list of people who have contributed in making this language widespread:
countries with native speakers.
all-dressed chips are a potato chip flavour, popular in canada. the flavour is a combination of barbecue, ketchup, sour cream and onion, and salt and vinegar flavours.
in 2016, american food manufacturer frito-lay began to sell their all-dressed ruffles potato chip in the united states.
william paul girvan (born 6 july 1963) is a northern irish politician of the democratic unionist party.
he has been an mp for south antrim since 2017, and was a member of the northern ireland assembly from 2010 to 2017.
he was also mayor of newtownabbey borough council from 2002 to 2004.
josé gálvez ginachero (29 september 1866 – 29 april 1952) was a spanish roman catholic physician. he was known for his care for the poor and his meticulous attention to medical practices. this earned him accolades in recognition of his importance to the málaga social arena and earn him praise from the nation's monarchs.
the peak-end rule is a psychological term proposed by and daniel kahneman. it suggests the following: when evaluating an experience, people do not recall details in every moment they experienced. people mainly recall what happened and how they felt at the peak and the end of the event. the peak is the time when they had the strongest emotion. our feelings at the peak and the end of the event decide what people generally feel about an experience. the feelings at the peak and the end take up similar weights, which means the memory of the experience is the average of the two.
the peak-end rule is a form of . when evaluating past experiences, people concentrate on the peak and the end while other parts of the experience are neglected. how long they have had the experience, is neglected.
according to peak-end rule, humans use false memories to form preferences and make decisions. thus, decisions are very unlikely to lead to the best outcome they want. by contrast, the standard economics suggests that humans can always choose something that serves them the best, producing the largest net pleasantness. the establishment of the theory is evidence against the rational choice theory.
first establishment and one scientific example.
the peak–end rule was first established by daniel kahneman and others in 1993. in the experiment, participants were divided into two groups. they had to undergo an unpleasant experience. everything else was the same, except for one group who had to go through an extra, less unpleasant experience at the end. let us call this group group b and previous group group a.
the researchers concluded that the most unpleasant, the peak, and the final intensity of unpleasantness, the end were used to evaluate the procedure. in this case, the end of group b is less unpleasant. at the same time, the peak of both group a and group b were the same. thus, the sum of the unpleasantness of the peak and the end was less for group b. as a result, participants from group b found the experience less unpleasant, although for both the duration of and the sum of unpleasantness, group a < group b.
why only the peak and the end?
the peak-end rule is a type of . the peak and the end simplify and represent the whole experience. it reduces people's and helps people make quick decisions.from an evolutionary point of view, emotion related memories help us survive, keep us safe. for example, fear related memories help us recognize and better deal with dangerous situations.
the peak is memorable.
when memory sticks, it lasts longer and can be recalled easier. memories associated with strong emotions stick. experiments were done to prove strong emotion-related things are recalled more often. an experiment done by found a biological explanation for this. 
the end is memorable.
why our memory prefers what happened at the end can be explained by the recency effect. suggests that we consider recent events to be more important. what happens at the end of an experience is more recent to us. thus, we consider the things that happen at the end of an experience to be more important. the end is more memorable than other parts.
how to leave a good impression.
adding a positive peak can establish a good memory of an experience even though there may be unimportant unpleasant moments in between. this technique has been applied to many fields, for example, the business field. when customers are leaving, salesmen help the customer hold the door. this act leaves a good final and overall impression. another example is in the educational field. to make receiving negative feedback more acceptable, ending with the most pleasant part of the feedback will help.
people's memories of an experience influence their decision making. adding a good end encourages people to experience the event a second time. some medical procedures are too painful for the patients to repeat. adding something positive at the end creates a more positive impression of the experience. after doing so, there is a smaller probability the patient is unwilling to receive the treatment a second time. then, patients can more effectively recover with a less total cost and shorter time.
a negative end.
inversely, a negative end ruins the memory of an experience even though everything before was perfect.if a person wants themselves or other people to do something less, adding a negative end to the experience helps.
reflect on our own experiences.
people's memories of their experiences are not what they experienced. so, relying on our memories to make decisions does not lead to the highest net pleasure. to experience the net largest amount of pleasure, people should spend as much time as possible on things that they are unwilling to stop doing.
restrictions and criticisms.
studies found that other factors influence the peak-end rule. firstly, the expectation. a high expectation is compared with the actual experience at the start. if a difference exists, the starting experience will be the most important factor in overall experience evaluation. the peak-end rule is more likely to be applicable to lower expectation situations. secondly, one study finds that the effect of peak-end law is small on one day experiences. moreover, some people are easily affected by the rule but others are not. thirdly, according to and carmon, how we feel at the moment of evaluation also affects the outcome.
loss aversion is a concept in psychology. it is to prefer avoiding losses to acquiring equivalent gains. the principle is prominent in economics.
the principle of loss aversion was first proposed by daniel kahneman and amos tversky in 1979. loss aversion happens when people face the same amount of gains and losses and find the loss is more unbearable. in other words, the pain of loss is greater than the pleasure of equal gain. in some experiments, it shows females have a higher level of loss aversion than males. 
affective science and neural basis.
the cause of loss aversion lies in people's asymmetric emotional response to gain and loss. studies show that this asymmetry is particularly strong during the anticipation processing and the immediate experience after presenting the outcome. one study of income and well-being indicates that when people make loss-averse choices, it is not directly due to the loss itself but because the impact brings a series of negative consequences that follow the loss.a classic example presented in the book "thinking, fast and slow" of a flipping coin implies that people will first compare the satisfaction of gaining with the pain of losing before making a decision. thus, most people would not choose to participate in coin gambling with 50% to get $150 and 50% to lose $100; and according to the "loss aversion ratio," the minimum amount to fulfil the pain of losing $100 will be $200 (assume the coefficient is 2).
in 2001, j. o' doherty and his colleagues had found that humans process losses and gains in qualitatively different ways by using brain imaging technology and suggests the correlation between the magnitude of brain activation and the extent of reward and losses received.when we are evaluating potential gains, the areas of the brain that process value and reward become more active than it does when assessing the potential losses. the different loss aversion levels differ from individuals by the degrees of sensitivity to losses and gains, in which people are more loss-averse with stronger sensitivity.
equity premium puzzle.
equity premium puzzle(epp) refers to the problem of why there is a big difference between returns in stocks and risk-free investments historically. since stocks are much riskier than government bonds, the underinvestment in stocks relative to bonds supports the idea of loss aversion theory. specifically, it's the myopic loss aversion introduced by shlomo benartzi and richard thaler, which indicates the behavioural characteristics of "loss aversion" and "frequent evaluations" of investors. benartzi and thaler argue that loss-averse investors are more willing to take risks if they do not evaluate the performance of their investments frequently. in their model, investors are unwilling to accept return variability and tend to take a short-term view of their wealth.
demand is more elastic for price increases than price decreases, based on the assumption that the price increase is a loss while the price decrease is a gain for consumers.
daniel kahneman's contributions.
based on the principle of loss aversion, daniel kahneman and amos twersky developed prospect theory to explain how consumers make decisions in uncertain situations. unlike the hypothesis of rational man use in economics, prospect theory reveals the irrational psychological factors that affect the choice behaviour. most people are unwilling to take risks when facing gains but become risk-seeking in losses.
loss aversion theory explains the endowment effect. the endowment effect refers to the finding that once an individual owns a good, he/she tends to naturally place more value than he did before he didn't own it. due to the asymmetric responses to losses and gains in the decision-making process, the consideration of "loss avoidance" is far greater than that of "gain seeking," so people value more on a good they own.
real world applications: marketing strategy.
by using the loss aversion theory as a marketing strategy, firms are able to gain higher profits by changing consumers' behaviours. for example:
rté one () is a television channel in ireland. it is the main tv channel of raidió teilifís éireann (rté). it is the most popular channel in ireland. it started in 31 december 1961 and was called "telefís éireann". it was the first tv channel in ireland. it was called "rté" from 1966, and "rté 1" from 1978 when rté 2 started. the channel was only in black and white between 1961 and 1968. from 1968, some programmes were broadcast in pal colour.
some of the money for the channel comes from a government television licence, and the rest comes from advertisements. rté channels have fewer advertisements than other channels because of this. rté one can be watched by 98% of people in ireland in hd on the saorview digital service. it can also be watched on freeview, sky, virgin media, and online through rté player.
the coat of arms of lesotho was adopted in 2006, after lesotho's 40th anniversary of independence, replacing the original one used from 1966 to 2006.
the pelton wheel is a kind of water turbine. it is used in power plants, to convert a water flow into a movement of a wheel (and then into energy). lester alan pelton invented it in the 1870s. in a regular wheel for example of a mill, the energy is obtained from the weight of the water. a pelton wheel uses the impulse of the water to generate energy, not its weight. pelton wheels are used in power plants where there's a big difference in height, but where there is relatively little water. an example might be a dam or barrage in the mountains. one of the drawbacks of a pelton wheel is the relatively hight level of wear: unlike the francis turbine, a pelton wheel cannot be used to pump water.
the football competition at the 1992 summer olympics was the first olympic football tournament dedicated to under-23 teams. the competition featured 16 men's national sides from the six continental confederations. the 16 teams were drawn into four groups of four and each group played a round-robin tournament. at the end of the group stage, the top two teams advanced to the knockout stage, beginning with the quarter-finals and culminating with the gold medal match at camp nou on 8 august 1992.
the following 16 teams qualified for the 1992 olympic men's football tournament:
sankt pölten-land district
sankt pölten-land district or st. pölten-land district is a district in the state of lower austria in austria.
suburbs, hamlets and other subdivisions of a municipality are indicated in small characters.
eighty-nine is a number. it comes after eighty-eight, and before ninety. it is also the 24th prime number. it comes after eighty-three and before ninety-seven.
hucknall, which used to be called hucknall torkard, is an english town near nottingham. it is mostly a dormitory town for nottingham. it is 11 km (7 mi) north of nottingham. it is the final resting place of lord byron, an english poet and greek war of independence leader, and ada lovelace, a famous mathematician and programmer.
sullivan city is a city in hidalgo county, texas.
crawford county is a county in missouri, united states. the county seat is steelville. in 2010, 24,696 people lived there.
the covid-19 pandemic, also called the coronavirus pandemic, is a current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). it is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). the outbreak started in wuhan, hubei, china, in december 2019. the world health organization (who) called it a pandemic on 11 march 2020. the international committee on taxonomy of viruses gave the virus its name. as of september 4, 2022, more than 600 million cases of covid-19 have been reported in almost every country on earth. more than six million people have died of covid-19, and more than 580 million people have defeated, or recovered from the disease. 
the virus usually moves from one person to another with small drops made when coughing or sneezing. it mostly spreads when people are close to each other, which is why social distancing is encouraged. coronavirus can also spread when people touch a surface with the virus, and then they touch their face. common symptoms include fever, cough, and trouble breathing. the illness can worsen with pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. as of january 2021, a number of vaccines for covid-19 have been developed, but only a few have been approved as safe for use. the first vaccine to be approved was created by pfizer and biontech, followed by the oxford / astrazeneca vaccine. vaccine distribution has begun in many countries in europe, north america, south america and asia. the united kingdom was the first western country to administer a covid-19 vaccine. no antiviral medicine for covid-19 is available. doctors usually give patients supportive therapy instead. people can avoid spreading the virus by regularly washing their hands, covering their mouth when coughing, maintaining distance from other people, staying away from crowds, wearing medical or cloth face coverings, and being alone for people who think they are infected, also known as quarantining.
the outbreak might be from a coronavirus that usually lives in bats. this infected another animal, possibly a pangolin. it then changed inside that other animal until it could infect humans. it possibly originated at a wet market, huanan seafood wholesale market. a 55-year-old person from hubei province was the first human to contract the virus on november 17, 2019. a 61-year-old man who was a regular customer at the market was the first person to die from the virus on january 11, 2020. the exact origin of the virus is still unknown since the market in wuhan sold a variety of live wild animals in cages. chinese tourists have spread the virus by traveling to other countries and made it a worldwide pandemic.
racism and xenophobia against chinese people and asians increased during the pandemic.
in november 2020, two companies, pfizer and moderna, said they had finished making covid-19 vaccines. two mrna vaccines, one by pfizer and one by moderna, have been tested. both were over 90% effective. countries began planning to give the vaccine to many people.
 25 other vaccines have been approved by at least one country, and many others are being developed. 
the united states has the most deaths from the virus. more than 1,000,000 americans have died from the virus. california had the most covid-19 cases in the country. 
epidemiology is the study of how diseases affect the health and illness of groups of people.
on 31 december 2019, chinese health authorities reported to the world health organization (who) a cluster of viral pneumonia cases of unknown cause in wuhan, and an investigation was launched in early january 2020.
on 9 june 2020, a harvard university study suggested that covid-19 may have been spreading in china as early as august 2019, based on hospital car park usage and web search trends.
cases means the number of people who have been tested for covid-19 and have tested positive. these cases are according to johns hopkins university.
most people who contract covid-19 recover. for those who do not, the time between the start of symptoms and death usually ranges from6 to 41 days, but most of the time about 14 days. this data are recorded by the who.
on 11 march 2020, the who said that the pandemic could be controlled.
according to the united states centers for disease control and prevention, covid-19 makes people feel sick in different ways, but it usually affects the lungs. people usually cough and have difficulty breathing. they often also have a fever, chills, headache, pain in their muscles, or trouble tasting or smelling things, which can often be confused with the flu virus. 
according to an april 2020 study by the american gastroenterological association, covid-19 can make sick people vomit or have diarrhea, but this is rare. they said about 7.7% of covid-19 patients vomited, about 7.8% had diarrhea and about 3.6% had pain in their stomachs.
in february 2020, the who announced a name for the disease caused by sars-cov-2: covid-19. it replaced the name "2019-ncov." "covi" is for "coronavirus," "d" for "disease," and "19" for the year 2019 – the year it was first detected. they said they did not want the name to have any person, place, or animal in it because people might blame the disease on that place, person, or animal. for example, it did not use the word "wuhan." they also wanted the name to be easy to say out loud.
mortality rate of covid-19.
according to an article in market watch dated on february 27, 2020, the overall case mortality rate in china was 2.3%. however, these results might be severely different between different age groups and between men and women. people over the age of 70 experienced a rate of mortality 4-5 times that of the average. men were more likely to die than women (2.8% versus 1.7% for women) possibly due to lifestyle, such as it being more possible in men to drink and smoke, making the risk of having a respiratory illness more possible, and thus more vulnerable. these numbers were the conclusion of a study by the chinese center for disease control and prevention using 72,314 covid-19 cases in mainland china as of feb. 11. at that point this was the largest sample of cases for such a study.
on march 5, 2020, the who released the case fatality rate.
race and racism.
covid-19 did not affect everyone in each country the same way. as of may 2020, apm research lab said the death rate among black americans was 2.4 times as high as for white americans and 2.2 times as high as for latino and asian americans. in july 2020, "the new york times" printed data from the centers for disease control showing that black and latino americans were three times as likely to become sick and twice as likely to die as white americans. this was not only in large cities but also in rural areas. this was not only for old people but for people in all age groups. native americans were also more likely than whites to become sick and die. asian americans were 1.3 times as likely as whites to become sick.
camara jones, an epidemiologist who once worked for the centers for disease control and prevention said this was socioeconomic and not because of any natural difference in black and white people's bodies. in the united states, black citizens are more likely to work jobs where they serve the public directly and to ride on public transport rather than take their own cars to work. this makes them more likely to be infected than people who work in private offices or from home. sharrelle barber, an epidemiologist and biostatistician from drexel university, also said black americans can live in crowded neighborhoods where social distancing is harder to do and healthy food harder to find. both barber and jones blamed the long history of racism in the united states for these things. three senators, kamala harris, cory booker and elizabeth warren said the federal government should start recording the race of covid-19 patients so scientists could study this problem.
in june, the centers for medicare and medicaid services (cms) told the public that people using the united states' government's medicare health program had different results depending on race. four times as many black medicare patients went to hospitals for covid-19 than white medicare patients. there were twice as many hospitalized hispanic patients than white patients. there were three hospitalized asian patients for every two hospitalized white patients. the head of cms, seema verma, said this was mostly because of socioeconomic status.
in the united kingdom, twice as many black covid-19 patients died as white covid-19 patients. other non-white people, like people from india and bangladesh, were also more likely to die of covid-19 than whites. britain's office of national statistics said that the differences in money and education explained some of this difference but not all of it. they also said they did not know whether non-white patients caught covid-19 more often or whether they caught more severe cases. only female chinese britons were less likely to die of covid-19 than white britons.
native americans in the united states have shown more deaths from covid-19 than the rest of the u.s. as of may, the navajo nation had 88 deaths and 2,757 cases, and the money they had been promised by the government arrived several weeks late. only 30% of the people in the navajo nation have pipes with running water, which made it difficult for people to wash their hands.
scientists from chapman university made a plan to protect the tsimane people in bolivia from covid-19 and said this plan would also work for other indigenous peoples living on their own land. the scientists said that many indigenous peoples have problems that make covid-19 more dangerous for them, like poverty, less clean water, and other lung diseases. hospitals may be a long distance away, and racism can affect the way doctors and nurses react. but they also sometimes have things that help, like traditions of making decisions together and the ability to grow food nearby. the scientists found people who spoke the tsimane language as a first language and made teams to go to tsimane towns to warn them about covid-19. they also used radio stations. they said the best plan was for whole communities to decide to isolate. they found this worked well because the tsimane already usually made their big decisions together as a community in special meetings and already had a tradition of quarantining new mothers. the chapman scientists said their plan would also work for other indigenous peoples who also make decisions together, like the tsimane.
 the waswanipi cree in canada, the mapoon people in australia, and many groups in south america already tried plans like these on their own.
george floyd protests.
in may 2020, police officers in minneapolis, minnesota killed an unarmed black man called george floyd while they were arresting him. there were weeks of protests all over the world against police brutality and racism. experts said they were worried protesters and police could spread sars-cov-2 to each other. other experts said some of the reasons that the protests were so big was because non-white people were being killed by covid-19 more than white people were, because poor leadership in the covid-19 crisis reminded them of poor leadership about racism, and because the lockdowns shut down workplaces and other things. this meant people had more time to protest.
african americans are more likely to catch the virus compared to their white counterparts in the united states, and are also more likely to die from it. 50,000 african americans died of covid-19 in 2020. african americans are the least likely to get vaccinated against the disease.
romani people (gypsies) in europe were hard-hit by covid-19.
latinos have been at a higher risk of hospitalization or death from covid-19 in the united states.
in early 2020, some people began to think that the sars-cov-2 may have been made on purpose in a laboratory and either released by accident or on purpose like a weapon. some iranians thought the americans might have made it. chinese state media said covid-19 came from the united states to china and not the other way around. some americans thought the chinese might have made it. some britons thought it might have been created by accident by 5g cell phone networks.
on march 17, 2020, scientists from columbia university and other places published a paper in "nature medicine" showing that sars-cov-2 was almost surely not made by humans in a laboratory. they did this by comparing the genomes of different viruses to each other. the scientists saw that sars-cov-2 did not match any of the viral backbones that already exist for virologists to use. within a few weeks, it became one of the most cited scientific papers in history, meaning that other scientists were reading and using it.
timelines of covid-19.
on december 31, 2019, china alerted who to several cases of unusual pneumonia in wuhan, hubei province. 
on january 20, 2020, chinese premier li keqiang called for efforts to stop and control the pneumonia epidemic caused by a novel coronavirus. as of february 5, 2020, 24,588 cases have been confirmed, including in every province-level division of china. a larger number of people may have been infected, but not detected (especially mild cases). the first local transmission of the virus outside china occurred in vietnam between family members, while the first local transmission not involving family occurred in germany, on january 22, when a german man contracted the disease from a chinese business visitor at a meeting. , 493 deaths have been attributed to the virus since the first confirmed death on january 9, with 990 recoveries. the first death outside china was reported in the philippines, in a 44-year-old chinese male on february 1. but another source reported:
"the first cases of covid-19 outside of china were identified on january 13 in thailand and on january 16 in japan".
there has been testing which have showed over 6000 confirmed cases in china, some of whom are healthcare workers.
confirmed cases have also been reported in thailand, south korea, japan, taiwan, macau, hong kong, the united states (everett, washington and chicago), singapore, vietnam, france and nepal.
the world health organization declared that this is a public health emergency of international concern since january 30, 2020.
bloomberg news and other business publications have reported several plant closures, travel restrictions, and imposed quarantines as a result of this outbreak.
as of february 10, 2020 there have been 40,235 confirmed cases reported of people infected by the virus in china. also reported were 909 deaths, and 319 cases in 24 other countries, including one death, according to who chief tedros adhanom ghebreyesus.
on november 14, 2020, there were 53,853,718 global covid-19 cases and 1,311,524 deaths with cases in 217 countries and territories.
food and hunger.
the pandemic made it more difficult for millions of people all over the world to get enough food. people lost their jobs, so they did not have money to buy food. farms were shut down, so there was less food made. processing plants and food factories were shut down, so less food was made ready for people to eat.
in april, arif husain of the united nations' world food program said that 130 million more people could go hungry, in addition to the 135 million who were already hungry before the pandemic began. he said that poorer countries would be more affected than rich countries because the way they move raw food from farms to cities and other places where people live is less organized and relies more on human beings than on automatic systems.
this hunger crisis is different from crises in other years because it happened to the whole world at the same time. that meant that people working in other countries could not help by sending money home.
all over the world, children who ate meals at school had less access to food when the schools were shut down.
scientists from the university of michigan said the pandemic was making it harder for people to find food. in a study published in may, they said one in seven americans over age 50 said they had trouble getting enough food before the pandemic, and it got worse when senior centers that provided meals were closed. federal and state governments started programs to bring food to older people and children. there were also more food donation drives in towns.
in the united states, nursing homes had some of the highest rates of infection and death, 
40% of all covid-19 deaths in the country. nursing homes are group homes for old people who need medical care, for disabled people who need medical care, and for people recovering from severe sickness or injury, like stroke patients.
many people who live in nursing homes pay through the government program medicaid, which pays less than medicare or regular insurance companies. in june, many american nursing homes were caught throwing their regular patients out so they could make room for covid-19 patients who could pay them more. because nursing homes had stopped allowing visitors, it took longer for them to get caught. united states law requires nursing homes to warn patients 30 days before kicking them out, but the nursing homes did not do this.
some of the nursing homes took the covid-19 patients because state governments asked them to and they say they sent their elderly residents away because they were worried they would catch covid-19 from the sick patients.
because so many governments told people to stay at home, there was less air pollution than usual for that time of year. pollution in new york fell by 50% and the use of coal in china fell by 40%. the european space agency showed pictures taken from a satellite of china's pollution disappearing during quarantine and coming back when everyone went back to work.
the pandemic and shutdowns made people use less electricity. in the united states, people got less of their electricity from coal power but kept using gas and renewable power like wind and solar power. this was because coal plants are more expensive to run, so power companies used them less.
pollution from before the pandemic also affected what happened after people became sick. scientists saw that more people died from covid-19 in places with large amounts of air pollution. one team of scientists from martin luther university halle-wittenberg looked at air pollution information from satellites and statistics on covid-19 deaths in italy, france, germany and spain and saw that places with large amounts of nitrogen dioxide pollution had more people die from covid-19. nitrogen dioxide can damage the lungs.
the shutdowns and social distancing also affected animals. human beings started staying at home about the same time in the spring when sea turtles like to come on land to lay their eggs. turtle scientists in the united states and thailand both reported more nests than usual on seashores in florida and phuket. they say it is because people are not coming to the beach or bringing their dogs to the beach and because there are fewer boats in the water nearby. scientists also say they see more dugong and dolphins. with fewer cars driving down roads, salamanders, frogs, and other amphibians were able to cross them for their spring migration. according to citizen scientists from big night maine, a group that watches amphibians, four amphibians made it across the roads alive for every one amphibian killed by cars. most years, it is only two to one.
not all ocean mammals did well. according to marine biologists in florida, manatee deaths in april and may were 20% higher than in 2019. they say this was because many people decided to go boating because other things to do were closed.
stopping the next pandemic.
researchers from the san diego zoo global had the idea for a system that people could use to find dangerous germs before they become pandemics or even before they jump from other animals to humans. they said it was important to watch the wildlife trade, like in the wuhan wet market. the scientists said that over the past eleven years it has gotten easier and easier to sequence viral genomes, and it does not have to be done by a large lab or by a government any more. the scientists said it would be better to spread the work out among more people.
prevention and treatment.
avoiding traveling and staying home will greatly reduce your risk from catching covid-19. staying home doesn't apply if one is sick and needs medical care. get enough rest and stay hydrated. wearing a mask and washing your hands can prevent the virus from spreading. masks should not be placed on children under 2 years of age, people who have trouble breathing, have a respiratory or other medical condition which renders one unable to wear a mask safely, or anyone who is unable to remove the mask without help. covering coughs and sneezes also reduce the risk of spreading the virus, but one can infect someone else by touching things with coughed/sneezed-in hands. making sure not to share drinking glasses, cups and particularly other objects which people will drink or eat out of is important if one assumes they are infected or tested positive in the past. washing eating utensils and other oral eating objects is preferable and cleaning surfaces or possessions which have been repeatedly touched is also important. these include, according to the centers for disease control and prevention, phones, remote controls, counters, tabletops, doorknobs, bathroom fixtures, toilets, keyboards, tablets, and bedside tables. avoid touching your face, nose, or mouth with your hands. avoiding public transportation, taxis or taking rides with others can stop one's exposure to the virus. rumors spread about high doses of vitamin c preventing covid-19, but these as of october 14, 2020, there has been no conclusive evidence to support this idea. however, there has been evidence pointing to the fact that dosing patients with vitamin c, either through mouth or iv can reduce time on mechanical ventilators for seriously ill patients by 14%.drinking tea such as black tea and green tea can inhibit the virus. staying home for the holidays, having a small gathering of close friends and family members who are consistently taking measures to reduce the spread of covid-19 and celebrating virtually through social media can prevent being infected by the virus. airports, bus stations, train stations, public transport, gas stations, and rest stops are all places travelers can be exposed to catching the virus. eating a healthy diet that is high in fruits and vegetables, getting rest and sleep, exercising, consuming raw honey, probiotics, garlic, mushrooms and elderberry can boost the immune system. playing video games to pass time during quarantine can prevent the virus from spreading. flavanols and proanthocyanidins which are chemicals found in dark chocolate, grapes and green tea may block sars-cov-2 proteins. places you are most likely to catch the virus are churches, hair and nail salons, cruise ships, hospitals and the doctor’s office, restaurants and bars, theaters, sporting events, concert venues, buses, restrooms, elevators, the gym, airplanes, hotels, public swimming pools, nightclubs and the beach. vaccinated people still need to wear a mask. flying in a private jet can prevent the spread of coronavirus. smoking marijuana and tobacco can further damage your lungs. getting vaccinated can prevent new virus strains.
sars coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is a positive-sense, single-stranded rna coronavirus which causes the disease covid-19. it used to be known as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-ncov) by the world health organization (who).
the virus started the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak. the first suspected cases were reported to the who on december 31, 2019.
many early cases of this new coronavirus were linked to huanan seafood wholesale market, a large seafood and animal market in wuhan, china. the virus may have come from infected animals. it is not certain that this place was the source of the pandemic.
the genetic material of this virus showed many similarities to sars-cov (79.5%) and bat coronaviruses (96%). this means the virus may have originally come from bats. scientists did more experiments that showed the virus probably went from bats to an intermediate host, meaning another animal in between bats and humans. the viruses in that other animal changed over time until they could infect humans. scientists are close to sure that the original animal was a bat but not sure what the intermediate animal was. some scientists think it could have been a pangolin because there are coronaviruses that live in pangolins even though they are not exactly the same as sars-cov-2 or the ones in bats. pangolins are an endangered species and buying, selling or moving them from place to place is illegal in china and many other countries. but their scales are an ingredient in many traditional chinese medicines, so they are often sold on the black market.
although sars-cov-2 began in bats, scientists noticed that the bats do not get sick and die from it. they think this is because the bats have very careful immune systems that fight the virus without causing inflammation. scientists are studying bats because of this.
scientists are still looking at sars-cov-2 infection in animals, but only a variant strain has been confirmed to spread to minks which has become a huge problem worldwide. it is also inducing fear in humans as there are cases being reported of transmission of covid-19 from minks to humans. cats, dogs and other mammals are said to at relative risk but how they can get infected is still a mystery.
in early february 2020, the international committee on the taxonomy of viruses' coronavirus study group gave sars-cov-2 its official name, for sudden acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus number two. before that, people called the virus "2019-ncov," for "novel (new) coronavirus that appeared in 2019." the study group chose this name because the new virus was so similar to another virus that was already called sars-cov with no number.
how the virus causes disease.
first, the virus enters the cell with the help of the s protein or spike protein expressed on the surface of the virus beyond its envelope. the spike protein attaches to the human cell receptor hace2 or human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 "." ace2 is found on the cells of the epithelial cell linings of the lungs, kidneys, and intestines. after the attachment of the s- protein to the virus, the s protein splits into its two components- s1 head and s2 stalk . the s1 head is now able to bind to the tmprss2 receptor which is a serine protease enzyme containing a transmembrane domain. the interaction of tmprss2 and s1 trigger the cell membrane of the human cell to merge with that of the virus leading to viral genome entry into cells via endosomes. the viral genome in the endosomes which convert to lysosomes is then processed by , which is then replicated in the human cells and released after viral packaging and maturation in the cells to infect others. in october 2020, scientists said they had seen sars-cov-2 use another receptor, , to enter cells with the help of the furin cleavage site in its genome which was not found in any of its previous ancestors.
sars-cov-2 can infect many kinds of cells, but it mostly infects cells in the respiratory system, such as the cells of the nose, pharynx and lungs. because it is in cells inside the nose, it can spread via aerosol or droplets when people breathe, talk, cough or sneeze.
the expanding part of the lungs, pulmonary alveoli, have two main types of cells. one cell, type i, absorbs oxygen from the air, i.e. gas exchange. the other, type ii, produces surfactants, that help keep the lungs fluid, clean, infection free, etc. covid-19 finds a way into a surfactant producing type ii cell, and smothers it by reproducing covid-19 virus within it. each type ii cell which is killed by the virus causes an extreme reaction in the lungs. fluids, pus, and dead cell material flood the lung, causing the coronavirus pulmonary disease.
scientists looked at the lungs from people who died of covid-19. they compared them to lungs from people who died of influenza a and to lungs from people who died but not from any problem with their lungs. they saw the cells that made up the skins of the blood vessels in the lungs were more badly damaged in the lungs from covid-19 patients, and there was more blood clotting. the most important difference the scientists saw was that the lungs had begun to grow new blood vessels.
in february 2020, the world health organization announced they had chosen a name for the disease caused by sars-cov-2: covid-19. "covi" for "coronavirus," "d" for "disease," and "19" for the year 2019. they said they did not want the name to have any person, place, or animal in it, like "wuhan," or “pangolin,” because then people might blame the disease on that place, person, or animal. they also wanted the name to be easy to say out loud.
according to the united states centers for disease control and prevention, covid-19 makes people feel sick in different ways, but it usually affects the lungs. people usually cough and have difficulty breathing. they often also have a fever, chills, headache, pain in their muscles, or trouble tasting or smelling things.
according to an april 2020 study by the american gastroenterological association, covid-19 can make sick people vomit or have diarrhea but this is rare. they said about 7.7% of covid-19 patients threw up, about 7.8% had diarrhea and about 3.6% had pain in their stomachs.
a study from the university of arizona found that sars-cov-2 can prevent an infected person from feeling pain. it does this by giving off vascular endothelial growth factor-a, which binds to the human body's neuropilin receptor. this way, sick people do not feel pain, do not know they are sick, and spread the virus more than if they could feel pain.
the sars-cov-2 virus looks like a round ball with spikes all around it. there are four parts to the virus: the spikes, a membrane, an envelope, and the virus' genetic material, or ribonucleic acid (rna) each of these four parts is a different protein molecule. the spikes, membrane, and envelope are together called the "viral envelope", or outer layer, of the virus.
sars-cov-2 is a "positive-strand" rna virus, meaning that it uses ribonucleic acid (rna) to hold the patterns to make the proteins it needs instead of using dna the way humans and other multicellular living things do.
in early 2020, some people began to think that the sars-cov-2 may have been made on purpose in a laboratory at the wuhan institute of virology and released in wuhan like a weapon. when the leader of iran, ayatollah khamenei, said that he did not want the united states to help his country against coronavirus, he named the idea that americans had made the virus on purpose to harm iranains as one of his reasons: "i do not know how real this accusation is but when it exists, who in their right mind would trust you to bring them medication?" said khamenei.
one survey by pew research showed 29% of americans who answered thought sars-cov-2 could have been made in a lab on purpose and 23% thought it could have been made in a lab by accident. a survey of people in the united kingdom showed many of them thought covid-19 was caused by 5g wireless networks.
on march 17, 2020, scientists from columbia university and other places published a paper in "nature medicine" showing that sars-cov-2 was almost surely not made by humans in a laboratory. they did this by comparing the genomes of different viruses to each other. the scientists saw that sars-cov-2 did not match any of the viral backbones that already exist for virologists to use. the paper in "nature medicine" soon became one of the most cited scientific papers of all time.
there are no fixed cures for the treatment of covid-19, but there are various drugs that have been approved for use such as hydroxychloroquine and remdesivir which are detailed below. other antiviral drugs, interferon therapy and combination of anti-viral and interferons are also being experimented on to get the best possible outcome for patients. these treatments are used to reduce the symptoms and to keep the patients comfortable.
in april 2020, scientists from the university of pittsburgh said they had made a vaccine, called pittcovacc and tested it in mice.
another team of scientists led by dr. josef penninger of the university of british columbia invented a medicine called apn01 and tested it in engineered human tissue, meaning human cells put together in a lab to look and act like they were inside a body. the scientists learned that adding human soluble recombinant angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ace2) to these tissues infected with sars-cov-2 made it harder for the virus to reproduce.
in late april 2020, a team from oxford university announced that they had developed a covid-19 vaccine. the united states national institutes of health tested it in rhesus monkeys, and it worked. the oxford scientists said because they had already been working on a vaccine against a different coronavirus, they had a head start working on one for sars-cov-2. the scientists said they would try to test their vaccine on 6000 people by the end of may 2020, and that their vaccine could be ready for people to use in september 2020.
in mid-may 2020, a company called moderna said they tested their mrna vaccine in forty-five people and eight of them produced antibodies but they did not publish the specific data or publish an article in a scientific journal. anna durbin of johns hopkins university said it was too soon to tell if people would keep the antibodies long enough for the vaccine to work. the united states food and drug administration gave moderna permission to test the vaccine again in more people. moderna's chief medical officer said the vaccine could be ready in january 2021.
some people think hydroxychloroquine, a medicine given to people with malaria, lupus, and arthritis, could work against covid-19 and some do not. one study from china showed that covid-19 patients who took hydroxychloroquine got better faster, but the study was not peer reviewed. other studies in france and china seemed to show hydroxychloroquine helped, but the studies did not include control groups, meaning the doctors did not compare patients who took hydroxychloroquine to patients who did not, so they could not be sure it was the hydroxychloroquine that was helping them or whether it was something else. in march, the united states food and drug administration gave doctors permission to give hydroxychloroquine to covid-19 patients.
united states president donald trump suggested the malaria drug hydroxychloroquine could help cure covid-19, but dr. anthony fauci, who is part of the white house's official coronavirus team said no one could know if hydroxychloroquine worked against sars-cov-2. in early april, the "new york times" reported that president trump has "a small personal financial interest" in sanofi, one of the companies that makes hydroxychloroquine, meaning that if the company sold more hydroxychloroquine, he would have more wealth.
in early april, fauci said, "the data are really just at best suggestive. there have been cases that show there may be an effect and there are others to show there's no effect." dr. megan l. ranney of brown university said that hydroxychloroquine can cause heart attacks and other problems. other doctors worry that if people take hydroxychloroquine for covid-19, there will not be enough left for people with malaria, lupus, and arthritis. still, some hospitals have given hydroxychloroquine to covid-19 patients who are very sick because the doctors think it is worth the risk.
scientists in france and china performed more studies on larger groups of patients taking hydroxychloroquine. they watched patients who were taking the medicine and other treatment together and at patients who were only taking the other treatment. both studies showed that hydroxychloroquine did not help and did cause side effects. both studies were published in may 2020.
some scientists thought the drug remdesivir, which was invented as a medicine for ebola, could work against sars-cov-2. remdesivir works against some viruses. remdesivir had already been tested in humans, so the doctors already knew it would not hurt the patients even if it did not make them better. because scientists already knew remdesivir was safe, they were able to start testing it in humans right away.
in one study, doctors gave a drug called remdesivir to 61 covid-19 patients on a compassionate basis, meaning they gave them the drug because there was no other treatment available. scientists studied 53 of these patients and found that 68% of the patients got better, 13% died, and 25% had serious side effects. but because the study had no control group, meaning these patients were not compared to other covid-19 patients who were not taking remdesivir, and because only 53 people were in the experiment, scientists must run more studies before they can be sure remdesivir works.
the chairman and ceo of the company that makes remdesivir, david o'day, said that remdesivir might work better in some patients than in others and asked scientists to perform many different kinds of studies.
in october 2020, the national institutes of health told the world the results of its tests: they studied 11,000 people and found that remdesivir did not help keep covid-19 patients alive.
clayton magleby christensen (april 6, 1952january 23, 2020) was an american academic, businessman, and religious leader. he was the kim b. clark professor of business administration at the harvard business school of harvard university. he was best known for his theory of "disruptive innovation". his best known work is the 1997 book "the innovator's dilemma".
christensen was also a co-founder of rose park advisors.
christensen died on january 23, 2020 from leukemia treatment-related problems in boston at the age of 67.
franz mazura (22 april 1924 – 23 january 2020) was an austrian bass-baritone opera singer and actor. he performed at the bayreuth festival from 1971 for 25 years and at the metropolitan opera for 15 years. 
he was made a kammersänger in 1980 and an honorary member of the nationaltheater mannheim in 1990. his best known role was as klingsor in wagner's "parsifal". 
two of his recordings received grammy awards.
mazura died on 23 january 2020 in mannheim, germany at the age of 95.
seamus frederick mallon (; 17 august 1936 – 24 january 2020) was an irish gaelic footballer and politician. he was deputy first minister of northern ireland from 1998 to 2001 and deputy leader of the social democratic and labour party from 1979 to 2001. he also was a seanad éireann in 1986 and mp from 1986 to 2005. 
mallon was born in markethill, northern ireland. he studied at st mary's university college, belfast. 
he first played club football for middletown during the 1950s then with keady dwyers, queen's university and crossmaglen rangers.
mallon died in markethill, county armagh, ireland on 24 january 2020 of cancer, aged 83.
cohasset is a town in norfolk county, massachusetts, united states. as of the 2010 census, the population was 7,542.
bezirk mistelbach is a district of the state of lower austria in austria.
suburbs, hamlets and other subdivisions of a municipality are indicated in .
marion county is a county in the northeastern u.s. state of missouri. the county seat is palmyra. in 2010, 28,781 people lived there.
noble county is a county in the u.s. state of indiana. as of 2010, 47,536 people lived there. the county seat is albion.
mount tengu is a mountain in japan, it is named after a creature in japanese folklore called the tengu. it is the tallest mountain in the northern yatsugatake volcanic group. 
adolf holl (13 may 1930 – 23 january 2020) was an austrian catholic writer and theologian. he was born in vienna. he became a priest in 1954. he served as chaplain of the university of vienna and as a lecturer in its department of catholic theology. because of clashes with church officials, he was suspended from his teaching and priestly duties in 1973. he wrote many books, including "jesus in bad company" and "the last christian: a biography of francis of assisi".
holl died on 23 january 2020 in döbling, vienna. he was 89.
sydney cove is a small harbour in sydney, new south wales in australia. when the europeans arrived, they landed there. they arrived on the 26 of january, 1788.
summit is a city in union county, new jersey, united states. as of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 21,457.
linden is a city in union county, new jersey, united states. as of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 40,499.
rahway is a city in union county, new jersey, united states. as of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 29,556.
westfield is a town in union county, new jersey, united states. as of the 2010 census, the town had a population of 30,316.
union county is a county in the u.s. state of new jersey. as of the 2010 census, the county had a population of 558,067. the county seat is elizabeth.
frederic alan schepisi (born 26 december 1939) is an australian movie director, producer and screenwriter. his credits include "the devil's playground" (1976), "the chant of jimmie blacksmith" (1978), "plenty" (1985), "roxanne" (1987), "evil angels" (1988), "the russia house" (1990), "mr. baseball" (1992), "six degrees of separation" (1993), "fierce creatures" (1997) and "last orders" (2001).
schepisi was born in melbourne, victoria. he has been married three times and has seven children.
robert william young (born 16 march 1933) is a british television and movie director. his credits include "vampire circus" (1972), "soldier's home" (1977), "splitting heirs" (1993), "fierce creatures" (1997) and "blood monkey" (2007). he also directed episodes of "minder", "bergerac" and "jeeves and wooster". young was born in cheltenham, gloucestershire.
dana frederick white jr. (born july 28, 1969) is an american businessman. he is the current president of the ultimate fighting championship (ufc). the ufc is the largest mixed martial arts (mma) organization in the world. under the leadership of white, the ufc has become a multi-bullion dollar company and very popular across the globe. white's net worth is reportedly us $500 million.
white was born in manchester, connecticut. he grew up in ware, massachusetts. he has been married to anne stella since 1996. the couple have three children.
manchester is a town in hartford county, connecticut, united states. as of the 2010 census, the town had a population of 30,577.
ware is a town in hampshire county, massachusetts, united states. as of the 2010 census, the town had a population of 9,872.
robert michael archibald (29 march 1980 – 23 january 2020) was a british professional basketball player. he played as a power forward and a center. between 2002 and 2004, he played in the nba for memphis grizzlies, phoenix suns, orlando magic and toronto raptors. he later played in europe from 2004 for valencia, scavolini pesaro, joventut badalona, azovmash mariupol, unicaja málaga and cai zaragoza.
archibald played for both scotland and great britain internationally. he played for great britain at eurobasket 2011 and at the 2012 summer olympics. 
archibald was born in paisley, renfrewshire. he died on 23 january 2020 in illinois, at the age of 39. at the time of his death, he lived in lincoln park, chicago.
joseph payne (1984 – january 2020) was an american heavy metal bassist and guitarist. he was born in tampa, florida. until 2011, payne played bass in the heavy metal band divine heresy. he was also a member of death metal band nile from 2005 to 2007.
payne died in january 2020 at the age of 35.
benton county is a county in the u.s. state of tennessee. in 2010, 16,489 people lived there. the county seat is camden.
millennial women is a 1978 book containing several science fiction stories. all the stories are written by women and have a female character as the main character. virginia kidd edited the book. themes in the stories are: feelings about what is alien or other, uses of language, careers, family relationships, sexual politics, how society creates gender, political freedom and equality.
duje bonačić (10 april 1929 – 24 january 2020) was a croatian rower. he won a gold medal in the coxless four event at the 1952 summer olympics. bonačić was born in split.
bonačić died in split on 24 january 2020 after a short illness, aged 90.
christopher wilson (may 16, 1978 – january 24, 2020) was an american professional wrestler better known by his ring name, justice pain. pain was best known for his time in combat zone wrestling, as well as xtreme pro wrestling and pro wrestling unplugged. he had many titles in his czw career and was the real life brother of czw wrestler and former tag team partner nick gage. 
pain died in yonkers, new york on january 24, 2020 at the age of 41.
leila janah (october 9, 1982 – january 24, 2020) was an american businesswoman. she was the founder and ceo of samasource and lxmi. she was also the author of "give work: reversing poverty one job at a time" and co-author of "america's moment: creating opportunity in the connected age". janah was born in lewiston, new york.
janah died on january 24, 2020 in san francisco, california from a rare-form of soft-tissue sarcoma, aged 37.
lewiston is a town in niagara county, new york united states. the population was 16,262 at the 2010 census.
the town of lewiston is on the western border of the county. the village of lewiston is within the town.
lewiston is a village in niagara county, new york, united states. the population was 2,701 at the 2010 census. 
the village is named after morgan lewis, an early 19th-century governor of new york. it is part of the buffalo–niagara falls metropolitan statistical area.
the town supervisor is steve broderick. the village mayor is anne welch.
morgan lewis (october 16, 1754 – april 7, 1844) was an american lawyer, politician, and military commander. he was in the new york state assembly (1789, 1792) and the new york state senate (1811–1814) and was state attorney general (1791–1801) and governor of new york (1804–1807). 
elizabeth bruenig (née stoker; born december 6, 1990), also known as liz bruenig, is an american writer. she works as an opinion writer for "the new york times". she worked as an opinion writer and editor for "the washington post", writing about ethics, politics, theology, and economics.
the tottenham marshes are in tottenham in the london borough of haringey. the marshes cover over and became part of the lee valley park in 1972. the marsh has three main areas: clendish marsh, wild marsh west and wild marsh east. the river lea flows between wild marsh west and east.
the marshes are one of the last examples of semi-natural wetland in greater london. they contain many plants such as neutral grassland types, sedge marsh, reed swamp, sallow scrub and areas of tall herb vegetation. plants and animals that are rare in other parts of london live here.
many species of plants are in the marsh including:
armando uribe arce (28 october 1933 – 22 january 2020) was a chilean writer, poet, lawyer and diplomat. he was born in santiago. he served as chile's ambassador to the people's republic of china from 1971 to 1973. he published many works on politics, religion, criminal law and mining. he was a member of the chilean academy of language and the royal spanish academy. uribe won his country's national prize for literature in 2004.
uribe died on 22 january 2020 in santiago. he was 86.
the stage is a british weekly newspaper and website about theatre. it was first printed in 1880. it contains news, reviews, opinion, features, and job adverts, for people who work in theatre and the performing arts.
the first edition of "the stage" was published (under the title "the stage directory – a london and provincial theatrical advertiser") on 1 february 1880 at a cost of 3 old pence for twelve pages. publication was monthly until 25 march 1881. it was then printed weekly. the name was shortened to "the stage" and the publication numbering restarted at number 1.
"the stage" competed with other theatre newspapers (including "the era"). the price was dropped to one penny and was soon the only remaining theatre newspaper.
the newspaper has remained in family ownership. upon the death in 1937 of charles carson's son lionel, who had assumed the joint role of managing director and editor, control passed to the comerford family. the current managing director, hugh comerford, is founder maurice's great-grandson.
"the stage and television today".
in 1959 "the stage" was changed to "the stage and television today". it had a pull-out supplement of tv news and features. derek hoddinott, the main paper's tv editor, became editor of the new supplement.
in 1995, tv coverage was put back into the main paper. the name changed back to "the stage".
in 2006, the paper introduced a blog on television, named "tv today".
from 1995, the newspaper has awarded the stage awards for acting excellence at the edinburgh festival fringe.
in 2004, 96-year-old contributor simon blumenfeld was recognised by "guinness world records" as the world's oldest weekly newspaper columnist. the column continued until shortly before his death in 2005.
in 2010, the stage awards were started. they are given each year. they recognise outstanding organisations working in theatre and beyond. they have the following categories: london theatre, regional theatre, producer, school, fringe theatre, theatre building, unsung hero and international.
in august 2013 "the stage" started the stage castings, an online casting service with a video audition function.
in may 2019, "the stage" partnered with the andrew lloyd webber foundation and uk theatre to start get into theatre, a website dedicated to theatre careers.
careers started via "the stage".
in 1956, writer john osborne submitted his script for "look back in anger" in response to an advertisement by the soon-to-be-launched royal court theatre.
dusty springfield responded to an advertisement for female singers in 1958.
harold pinter gained his first job after responding to an advert in the stage
in april 1981 the editorial of the stage announced the founding of internationalist theatre founded by angelique rockas with patron athol fugard implementing "a multi-racial drama policy, with an even mix of performers drawn from different cultural groups", starting with the revival of the london performance of genet`s the balcony.
ricky tomlinson responded to an ad for "united kingdom", another "play for today", in 1981.
television presenter maggie philbin won her first major role, as a co-presenter of "multi-coloured swap shop", after answering an advertisement in "the stage".
a number of pop groups have recruited all or some of their members through advertisements placed in the newspaper, most notably the spice girls in 1994, scooch in 1998 and 5ive in 1997.
lee mead got his first professional job, working on a cruise ship, through a recruitment ad in the paper.
television presenter ben shephard auditioned for gmtv children's show diggit following an advert in "the stage". while he did not get the part, he met andi peters, who subsequently hired him for the channel 4 youth strand t4.
charles dance landed his first role in a welsh theatre after seeing an advert in the stage.
alexandra burke stated in an interview her family purchased the paper to find auditions when she was starting out: "my mum used to buy "the stage" all the time for auditions for me. that’s how i got to go on [bbc tv talent show] "star for a night" with jane mcdonald."
olivier award-winning actor sharon d clarke found her first role at battersea arts centre through an audition advert in the paper.
lisa scott-lee revealed pop band steps were formed through an advert in the stage.
sir michael caine stated in an interview with steve wright on bbc radio 2 that at the beginning of his career he applied for acting roles he found in the stage newspaper
the paper's full content from 1880 to 2007 is available digitally via subscription.
screen one is a british television anthology drama series, produced by bbc studios and distributed by bbc worldwide. it was shown on bbc1 between 1989 and 1998. sixty films were made over six series. some were shown as stand-alone specials. 
the bbc's "play for today" ran from 1970 to 1984. after it ended, kenneth trodd was asked to make a new series of one-off television dramas. these became "screen two". they were shown on bbc2 in 1985. "play for today" had often been a studio-based form of theatre on television. "screen two" was shot entirely on film.
in 1989, the series was adapted for more mainstream audiences on bbc1 as "screen one". it followed the lead taken by channel 4, whose television films had later been released in cinemas. "screen one" had actors familiar to television and film audiences, including alfred molina, sean bean, david thewlis, ray winstone, alan bates, judi dench, james fox, keith allen, bob peck, alun armstrong, marina sirtis, david jason, brenda blethyn, james bolam, adrian edmondson, alison steadman, timothy west, clive russell and janet mcteer. several actors also made their on-screen debuts during the series, including keira knightley in the fifth series episode "royal celebration". 
in 1993, the bbc moved away from single dramas to make series and serials. in 1994, "screen one" was a six-episode series. this was the last full-length series of "screen one". eight one-off specials followed. the last one was shown on 15 february 1998.
ewen bremner (born 11 december 1970) is a scottish actor. he is best known for his role as daniel "spud" murphy in "trainspotting" (1996) and its sequel "t2 trainspotting" (2017). his other credits include "naked" (1993), "snatch" (2000), "pearl harbor" (2001), "black hawk down" (2001), "alien vs. predator" (2004) and "wonder woman" (2017).
bremner was born in portobello, edinburgh. he has a daughter with actress marcia rose.
irvine welsh (born 27 september 1958) is a scottish writer. he is a novelist, playwright and short story writer. he is best known for his novel "trainspotting" (1993). it was made into a 1996 movie of the same name. he has also written novels such as "filth" (1998), "glue" (2001), "porno" (2002), "the bedroom secrets of the master chefs" (2006), "crime" (2008), "skagboys" (2012) and "the sex lives of siamese twins" (2014). his 2008 novel "crime" was adapted into a british tv series in 2021. this was the first tv adaptation ever made out of a book by irvine welsh.
welsh was born in leith, edinburgh. he has been married twice. both marriages ended in divorce. he lives in the united states.
robert carlyle (born 14 april 1961) is a scottish actor. his movie work includes "trainspotting" (1996), "the full monty" (1997), "the world is not enough" (1999), "angela's ashes" (1999), "the 51st state" (2001) and "t2 trainspotting" (2017). he television credits include "hamish macbeth", "stargate universe", "human trafficking" and "once upon a time". he won the bafta award for best actor in a leading role for "the full monty" and a gemini award for "stargate universe".
carlyle was born in maryhill, glasgow. he has been married to anastasia shirley since 1997. the couple have three children. he is a supporter of rangers football club.
taron david egerton (born 10 november 1989) is a welsh actor. his movie credits include ' (2014), "testament of youth" (2014), "legend" (2015), "eddie the eagle" (2016), ' (2017) and "rocketman" (2019). for his role as elton john in "rocketman", he won the golden globe award for best actor – motion picture musical or comedy. he has also appeared in the miniseries "watership down" (2018).
egerton was born in birkenhead, merseyside. at a young age, he moved to llanfairpwllgwyngyll on the welsh island of anglesey. he later lived in aberystwyth from the age of 12.
noam murro (born 16 august 1961) is an israeli movie director and producer. he was born in jerusalem. he is best known for directing the movies "smart people" (2008) and "" (2014). he also directed the 2018 miniseries "watership down".
middletown is a town in henry county, indiana, united states. as of the 2010 census, the town had a population of 2,322.
middletown is a town in frederick county, maryland, united states. as of the 2010 census, the town had a population of 4,136.
middletown is a town in new castle county, delaware, united states. as of the 2010 census, the town had a population of 18,995.
middletown is a city in montgomery county, missouri, united states. as of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 167.
montgomery city is a city in and the county seat of montgomery county, missouri, united states. as of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 2,834.
montgomery county is a county in the u.s. state of missouri. as of the 2010 census, the county had a population of 12,236. the county seat is montgomery city.
alekseyevsky district is a district in tatarstan. it is near the kama river. russian, tatar, chuvash, mordva and other people live here. there is a famous holy spring and ruins of an ancient bilyar town here.
alpena is a city in the u.s. state of michigan. it is the county seat of alpena county. in 2010, 10,483 people lived there.
alpena county is a county in the u.s. state of michigan. as of the 2010 census, 28,589 people live here. the county seat is alpena.
harrisville is a city in the u.s. state of michigan. it is the county seat of alcona county. in 2010 census, 493 people lived there that makes it the sixth-smallest city by population in michigan.
horki (, , , ) is a town in belarus. horki is the administrative center of horki district. in 2009, 32,777 people lived there.
oscoda county is a county in the u.s. state of michigan. as of the 2010 census, 8,640 people live here. the county seat is mio.
mio is an unincorporated community in the u.s. state of michigan. it is the county seat of oscoda county.
benton county is a county in missouri, united states. the county seat is warsaw. in 2010, 19,056 people lived there.
warsaw is a city in and the county seat of benton county, missouri, united states. as of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 2,127.
linn county is a county in missouri, united states. the county seat is linneus. in 2010, 12,761 people lived there.
cactus is a city in texas in the united states.
springfield is a city in sarpy county, nebraska.
douglas county is a county in missouri, united states. the county seat is ava. in 2010, 13,684 people lived there.
osceola county is a county in the u.s. state of michigan. as of the 2010 census, 23,582 people live here. the county seat is reed city.
reed city is a city in michigan. in 2010, 2,452 people lived there. the city is the county seat of osceola county, in the united states.
dallas county is a county in missouri, united states. the county seat is buffalo. in 2010, 16,777 people lived there.
buffalo is a city in missouri, united states. it is the county seat of dallas county. in 2010, 3,084 people lived there.
setsuko inoue is a female japanese retired volleyball player. she was born september 16, 1946 in kanagawa prefecture. in 1968 she was part of the japanese team which won the silver medal in the summer olympics in mexico city. she played all seven matches. her name in japanese is .
jordan james sinnott (14 february 1994 – 25 january 2020) was an english footballer. he played as a midfielder. his father, lee sinnott, captained huddersfield town.
sinnott was born in bradford, west yorkshire. his professional career lasted from 2012 until his death in 2020. he played for huddersfield town, altrincham, bury, halifax town, chesterfield, alfreton town and matlock town during his career.
on 25 january 2020, sinnott was found beaten in retford, nottinghamshire. he died later that day at the age of 25.
french is an official language in 29 independent nations. the following is a list of sovereign states and territories where french is an official or "de facto" language.
this table shows the populations of the countries, not the number of french speakers.
note: réunion, guadeloupe, martinique, french guiana and mayotte are classified as overseas regions of france and are thus not a part of this list.
suckless.org is a group of programmers that work on minimalist (small) free software. the software is made to be as simple as possible. the group makes programs that closely follow the unix philosophy of "doing one thing and doing it well".
anselm r. garbe started the suckless community.
in 2007, garbe said there's a need for a "plan 9 lover's and c hacker ubuntu" which comes with the tools needed to create code in c. he suggested calling it 9ubuntu. later, suckless made stali (static linux). stali is an operating system with statically linked programs that can be run. it adheres to the suckless rules.
the program making team follows the rule that "worse is better". they follow the kiss principle ("keep it simple, stupid").
in 2013, the suckless.org community started planning yearly meet-ups.
in 2015, the legal entity suckless.org e.v. was created. it was created during a suckless meet-up. its goal is helping suckless.org and other open source projects.
sesamum is a genus of about 20 species in the flowering plant family pedaliaceae. the plants are annual or perennial herbs with edible seeds. the best-known member of the genus is sesame, sesamum indicum (syn. sesamum orientale), the source of sesame seeds.
the 2019 san francisco 49ers season was the team's 70th season in the national football league. the team won 13 games and lost 3 games. they have hosted their first playoff game at levi's stadium against the minnesota vikings, a game they won 27-10. the next week, they defeated the green bay packers (13 wins and 3 losses) 37-20 in the nfc championship game. the team has reached super bowl liv, their first super bowl appearance since super bowl xlvii against the baltimore ravens. however, the team lost 20-31 in the super bowl to the kansas city chiefs.
vikramaditya was a significant emperor of ancient india. he was the ideal king, known for his generosity, courage, and support of learning. vikramaditya is mentioned by an islamic poet bintoi in his book sayar-ul-okul on page number 315.
"vikramaditya" was a common title used by several indian kings (particularly chandragupta ii).
mount bulusan is an active volcano located in the sorsogon, bicol region, south of the island of luzon.
ibsen valls pinheiro (5 july 1935 – 24 january 2020) was a brazilian politician, journalist and lawyer. he was a member of the brazilian democratic movement. he was federal deputy for the federal district between 1983 and 1994 and again from 2003 to 2011. he also served as president of the chamber of deputies from 1991 to 1993. he was president of the chamber during the impeachment of fernando collor de mello.
pinheiro was born in são borja, rio grande do sul. on 24 january 2020, he died of a cardiac arrest in porto alegre. he was 84.
the gmünd district is a district in the state of 
lower austria in austria. it is in the northwestern region of waldviertel.
towns are indicated in boldface; market towns in "italics"; suburbs, hamlets and other subdivisions of a municipality are indicated in .
haslau bei birkfeld is a former municipality of the district weiz in the austrian state of styria. since the 2015 styria municipal structural reform, it is part of the municipality birkfeld.
chariton county is a county in missouri, united states. the county seat is keytesville. in 2010, 7,831 people lived there.
the birmingham mail (called the black country mail in the black country) is a tabloid newspaper based in birmingham, england. it is distributed around birmingham, the black country, and solihull and parts of warwickshire, worcestershire and staffordshire. it is published monday to saturday.
the newspaper started as the "birmingham daily mail" in 1870.
it was called the "birmingham evening mail" from 1967 until october 2005. 
the "sunday mercury" is a sister paper published on a sunday.
the newspaper is owned by reach plc. reach plc also own the "daily mirror" and the "birmingham post". 
the "birmingham mail" editor is marc reeves. he is also editor-in-chief of the "birmingham post," the "sunday mercury," and their sister website birminghamlive. 
from 2009 to 2014, the editor of the newspaper was david brookes.
the print editor of the "birmingham mail" and the "sunday mercury" is paul cole.
in december 2018, the daily circulation of the paper was 14,458.
mamadysh district is a district in tatarstan. there are the kama ("chulman") and vyatka ("noqrat") rivers here. tatar, russian, mari, udmurt and other people live here. there is a newspaper in tatar and russian languages in the district.
screenonline is a website about the history of british movie and television. it also covers social history as documented by film and television. the project is developed by the british film institute. it is paid for by a £1.2 million grant from the national lottery new opportunities fund.
the site has reviews on: 
libraries and educational institutions can also download clips or full episodes of television programmes.
3d brick breaker revolution is a game for ios and windows phone 7 that was made by digital chocolate. it came out on march 27, 2009 for ios, and on windows phone 7 on december 1, 2010. the version for windows phone 7 can work with the leaderboard and achievement features of xbox live.
brick breaker revolution 3d is a game that is like arkanoid. players destroy bricks and boss battles using weapons and a ball. there are three game modes: classic mode, revolution mode, and time attack. the game has power-ups that are collected as they drop down the screen during levels. 
spassky district is a district in tatarstan. it is near the river volga ("idel"). russian, tatar, chuvash and other people live here. there is a newspaper in tatar and russian languages in the district. a children's book author abdulla alish comes from this district.
induction heating is a form of heating an electrically conductive material through the use of eddy current. eddy currents use a changing magnetic field. that way, heat can be transferred over short distances without the objects actually touching.
in combat sports where champions are decided by a challenge, the lineal championship of a weight class is a world championship title held initially by an undisputed champion and subsequently by a fighter who defeats the reigning champion in a match at that weight class. in professional boxing, the lineal champion is informally called "the man who beat the man".
champions recognized by sanctioning bodies such as the world boxing association (wba), world boxing council (wbc), or the ultimate fighting championship (ufc) may vacate their title voluntarily, or be stripped of the title for breaching the sanctioning body's regulations or contracts. there will thus be a breach of continuity in the list of sanctioned champions which the lineal championship is intended to prevent. however, there is no single canonical list of lineal champions at any weight class, because there is no agreed upon method of determining the starting point for each lineage and conflicting opinions on what to do when the current champion retires or moves to a different weight class, although there is agreement that any stripping of a title be discounted.
autonomous sensory meridian response (asmr, sometimes auto sensory meridian response) is a tingling sensation. it often starts on the scalp, and moves down the back of the neck and upper spine. it is an unusual feeling which has no obvious physical cause. (paresthesia) it has been compared with auditory-tactile synesthesia.
people who experience asmr have a "low-grade euphoria". which means they like it. it has "a combination of positive feelings and a distinct static-like tingling sensation on the skin". asmr is often set off by some auditory or visual stimuli. there are videos which try to stimulate asmr: over 13 million are on youtube.
boone county is a county in the u.s. state of missouri. the county seat is columbia. in 2010, 162,642 people lived there. the university of missouri is in the county.
scotland county is a county in missouri, united states. the county seat is memphis. in 2010, 4,843 people lived there. the county was organized on january 29, 1841, and named for scotland.
memphis is a city in missouri, united states. it is the county seat of scotland county. in 2010, 1,822 people lived there.
st. francois county is a county in missouri, united states. the county seat is farmington. in 2010, 65,359 people lived there.
pulaski county is a county in missouri, united states. the county seat is waynesville. in 2010, 52,274 people lived there.
monroe county is a county in missouri, united states. the county seat is paris. in 2010, 8,840 people lived there.
oregon is a city in and the county seat of holt county, missouri, united states. as of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 857.
amelia county is a county in the u.s. state of virginia. as of the 2010 census, 12,690 people lived there. the county seat is amelia courthouse.
nottoway county is a county in the u.s. state of virginia. as of the 2010 census, 15,853 people lived there. the county seat is nottoway.
progressive muscular atrophy (pma) is a rare subtype of motor neuron disease (mnd) that affects only the lower motor neurons. pma is thought to be 4% of all motor neurone disease cases. 
this is in different to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (als), the most common form of mnd, which affects both the upper and lower motor neurones, or primary lateral sclerosis, another rare mnd variant, which affects only the upper motor neurons. 
michel georges alfred catty (18 june 1931 – 26 january 2020), known as michou, was a french singer, drag artist and owner of chez michou in montmartre.
in 1973 he also played the part of beauchamp in the tv series "molière pour rire et pour pleurer" directed by marcel camus. he was also the subject of jean luret's documentary "l'intrigant destin d’un transformiste". in the 1980s, he was regularly invited on french tv.
he was made a chevalier de la légion d'honneur in 2005. he was born in amiens.
michou died at a hospital of a pulmonary embolism on 26 january 2020 in the paris suburb of saint-mandé, aged 88.
guy arnold (6 may 1932 – 4 january 2020) was a british explorer, travel writer, political writer and specialist in north-south relations. he wrote mainly in the areas of african history, politics, and international affairs. he lectured and taught courses on international affairs for over thirty years, at the workers’ educational association and the university of surrey.
arnold died in london of dementia-related problems on 4 january 2020, aged 87.
albert norman benedict "norm" amadio (april 14, 1928 – january 21, 2020) was a canadian jazz pianist, piano teacher, music coach, composer, arranger, session player, band leader and accompanist. 
for a span of fifty years he worked for the cbc as an orchestra leader and musical director. in 1956, he became the first and only canadian to play at the original birdland in new york city and while playing opposite duke ellington.
sean reinert (may 27, 1971 – january 24, 2020) was an american musician, songwriter and drummer of æon spoke. he was also the drummer and founding member of cynic, until leaving the band in september 2015. 
in may 2014, he came out as gay.
reinert died on january 24, 2020 in san bernardino, california at the age of 48.
narciso parigi (29 november 1927 – 25 january 2020) was an italian actor and singer. he was born in campi bisenzio, italy. he participated in the festival di napoli in 1963 with nunzio gallo. he sang the song "annamaria". he appeared in italian television programs such as "ci vediamo in tv" and "mezzogiorno in famiglia".
parigi died on 25 january 2020 in florence, italy at the age of 92.
stephen russell reed (august 9, 1949 – january 25, 2020) was an american democratic politician. he was the longest-serving mayor of harrisburg, pennsylvania. he was re-elected to seven four-year terms, from 1982 to 2010. after leaving office, reed faced charges on nearly 500 counts of theft, fraud and corruption. he pled guilty to 20 charges and was sentenced to probation. he was born in chambersburg, pennsylvania.
reed died in harrisburg on january 25, 2020 of prostate cancer at the age of 70.
maharaj kishan bhan (9 november 1947 – 26 january 2020) was an indian pediatrician and clinical scientist. he made post doctoral research at all india institute of medical sciences in the areas of diarrheal diseases and child nutrition. he was the president of the jawaharlal nehru institute of postgraduate medical education & research (jipmer).
vsevolod chaplin (; 31 march 1968 in moscow — 26 january 2020 in moscow) was a russian celibate priest of the russian orthodox church (moscow patriarchate). he was the chairman of the synodal department for the cooperation of church and society of the moscow patriarchate from 2009 to december 2015.
chaplin was a member of the civic chamber of the russian federation and rector of st. nicholas on the three hills church, moscow. 
nathaniel raphael jones (may 12, 1926 – january 26, 2020) is an american judge and politician. he was a united states circuit judge of the united states court of appeals for the sixth circuit before his retirement in march 2002. he was general counsel of the naacp.
jones was nominated by president jimmy carter on august 28, 1979, to a seat vacated by john weld peck. he was confirmed by the united states senate on october 4, 1979, and received commission on october 5, 1979. he was promoted to senior status on may 13, 1995. jones retired from the bench on march 30, 2002.
jones died on january 26, 2020 in cincinnati, ohio at the age of 93 from congestive heart failure.
tom belsø (27 august 1942 – 11 january 2020) was a motor racing driver. he was thought to be as the first formula one driver from denmark. belsø qualified a formula one iso-marlboro for the frank williams racing cars team at the 1973 swedish grand prix.
on 11 january 2020 belsø died from stomach cancer; he was 77 years old.
patsy ann "pat" danner (born january 13, 1934) is an american politician. she formerly represented the missouri's 6th congressional district in the united states house of representatives as a democrat from 1993 through 2001. 
william vollie alexander jr. (born january 16, 1934) is a retired american politician. he represented the u.s. state of arkansas in the united states house of representatives from 1969 to 1993. he was promoted to the post of chief deputy majority whip.
anthony claude leach, jr., known as buddy leach (march 30, 1934 – august 6, 2022) was an american businessman and democratic politician. for one term, he was a u.s. representative for louisiana's 4th congressional district. he also was a member of the louisiana house of representatives and as chairman of the louisiana democratic party.
in 2003, he was a candidate for governor of louisiana.
leach died on august 6, 2022 in baton rouge, louisiana from heart failure at the age of 88.
norman david shumway (born july 28, 1934 ) is an american republican politician. he was a member of the united states house of representatives from california's 14th congressional district from 1979 to 1991.
blanche meyers lambert lincoln (born september 30, 1960) is an american politician and lawyer. she was a u.s. senator from arkansas from 1999 to 2011. she was a member of the democratic party.
she was the first woman elected to the senate from arkansas and was the youngest woman ever elected to the senate. she was in the u.s. house of representatives, representing from 1993 to 1997.
helena is the eastern portion of helena-west helena, arkansas, a city in phillips county, arkansas.
as of the 2000 census, this portion of the city population was 6,323. helena was the county seat of phillips county until january 1, 2006, when it merged its government and city limits with neighboring west helena.
the impossible () is a 2012 english-language spanish disaster drama movie directed by j. a. bayona and written by sergio g. sánchez. it is based on the experience of maría belón and her family in the 2004 indian ocean tsunami. the cast includes naomi watts, ewan mcgregor and tom holland.
the film had positive reviews from critics for its direction and its acting. watts was nominated for the academy award for best actress, the golden globe award for best actress – motion picture drama, and a screen actors guild award for outstanding performance by a female actor in a leading role.
gabriel-maximilien leuvielle (16 december 18831 november 1925), known professionally as max linder (), was a french actor, director, screenwriter, producer and comedian of the silent film era. he was known aas the "first international movie star" and "the first film star anywhere".
eli raphael roth (born april 18, 1972) is an american director, producer, writer, and actor. he was born in newton, massachusetts, to cora (bialis), a painter, and sheldon h. roth, a psychoanalyst, psychiatrist, and clinical professor. his family is jewish. he is known for directing horror movies, such as "cabin fever" (2003) and "hostel" (2005). he also directed the action movie "death wish" (2018), a remake of the 1974 original. 
as an actor, roth starred as donny "the bear jew" donowitz in quentin tarantino's war movie "inglourious basterds" (2009), for which he received a critic's choice movie award and a sag award.
joseph washington "jellybean" bryant (born october 19, 1954) is an american retired professional basketball player, current coach, and the father of the former los angeles lakers guard kobe bryant. 
bryant was the head coach of the wnba's los angeles sparks from august 22, 2005, until april 4, 2007. he returned to that position for the remainder of the 2011 wnba season after jennifer gillom was fired by the los angeles sparks on july 10, 2011. 
bryant has also coached in italy, japan and thailand.
itta bena is a city in leflore county, mississippi, united states. the population was 2,049 at the 2010 census. the town's name comes from the choctaw phrase "iti bina", meaning "forest camp". 
the cathedral of cefalù () is a roman catholic basilica in cefalù, sicily. it is one of nine structures included in the unesco world heritage site known as arab-norman palermo and the cathedral churches of cefalù and monreale.
the cathedral was built in 1131 in the norman architectural style. the island of sicily had been conquered by the normans in 1091. according to tradition, the king of sicily, roger ii, made a vow to build a cathedral, after he escaped from a storm to land on the city's beach. the building has a fortress-like character and dominates the skyline of the surrounding medieval town. it made a powerful statement of the norman presence.
the cathedral was built in an area, where peopke had lived for a long time. today, a roman road and aearly christian mosaic show this. construction began in 1131, the apse mosaics were begun in 1145, and the sarcophagi that roger ii provided for his tomb and that of his wife were put in place the same year. after 1172 the church suffered a period of decline. in 1215 frederick ii of hohenstaufen moved the two sarcophagi to the cathedral of palermo. construction of the cathedral was resumed soon after, the façade ws completed in 1240. the cathedral was consecrated in 1267 by rodolphe de chevriêres, bishop of albano.
in 1472 a portico, by ambrogio da como, was added between the two towers of the facade.
the scattered islands in the indian ocean ( or "îles éparses de l'océan indien") is the name for five uninhabited islands in the indian ocean. they are off the african coast, some are close to madagascar. there is a weather station on some of these islands. they are administered by france, madagascar claims some of them.
, better known as mr. sakurada, the dragonmaster, and as the japanese version of , was a japanese professional wrestler. he was best known for his work in stampede wrestling, national wrestling alliance, and world championship wrestling. 
on january 11, 2020, sakurada died at age 71 due to arrhythmia.
james bond stockdale (december 23, 1923 – july 5, 2005) was a united states navy vice admiral and aviator. he was awarded the medal of honor in the vietnam war, during which he was a prisoner of war for over seven years.
he was president of the naval war college from october 1977 until he retired from the navy in 1979. as vice admiral, stockdale became the president for the citadel, the military college of south carolina. stockdale held this position from 1979 to 1980.
stockdale was a candidate for vice president of the united states in the 1992 presidential election, on ross perot's independent ticket.
anne arundel county (), also notated as aa or a.a. county, is a county located in the u.s. state of maryland. as of the 2010 united states census, its population was 537,656. its county seat is annapolis.
miami county is a county located in the u.s. state of ohio. as of the 2010 census, the population was 102,506. its county seat is troy. the county is named for an indian word of disputed meaning.
troy is a city in and the county seat of miami county, ohio, united states located north of dayton. the population was 25,058 at the 2010 census.
clark county is a county in the u.s. state of ohio. as of the 2010 census, the population was 138,333. its county seat is springfield. the county was created on march 1, 1818. it was named for general george rogers clark, a hero of the american revolution.
darke county is a county in the u.s. state of ohio. as of the 2010 census, the population was 52,959. its county seat is greenville. the county was created in 1809. it is named for william darke, an officer in the american revolutionary war.
vice admiral mathew quashie (23 march 1951 – 9 january 2020) was a ghanaian naval officer. he was the twenty-ninth chief of defence staff of the ghana armed forces from 2013 through 2016. he also was the chief of naval staff of the ghana navy from 3 april 2009 to 28 march 2013. he was born in accra.
quashie died at an accra hospital on 9 january 2020 from an illness at the age of 68.
lina ben mhenni (; may 22, 1983 – january 27, 2020) was a tunisian internet activist, blogger and assistant lecturer. she worked in linguistics at tunis university. 
in january 2011, she covered the early weeks of the tunisian revolution from sidi bouzid governorate in the interior of the country. in 2011, ben mhenni was reported to have been a candidate for the nobel peace prize, for her works and activism during the tunisian revolution.
mhenni died on january 27, 2020 of a stroke caused by an autoimmune disease at a hospital in tunis, aged 36.
zvi dershowitz (born may 4, 1928) is an czech-born american rabbi. he is the rabbi emeritus at sinai temple in los angeles. he was born in brno, czechoslovakia. he helped iranian jews who were fleeing their country get entry to the united states in 1979.
in 1973, dershowitz became associate rabbi at sinai temple. he would remain in that role for 25 years before becoming the synagogue's rabbi emeritus in 1998.
dershowitz is related to harvard law professor alan dershowitz.
todd portune (august 14, 1958 – january 25, 2020) was an american lawyer and democratic politician. he was a member of the cincinnati city council and as a hamilton county commissioner from 2001 through 2019. portune was known to be socially liberal and fiscally conservative. he was born in cincinnati, ohio. 
in 2003, he was diagnosed with spinal cancer. his spinal tumour burst causing paralysis of his legs and his left leg to be amputated. after years in remission, the cancer returned in 2019 and metastasized. he announced his political retirement in september 2019.
portune died from the disease on january 25, 2020 in cincinnati at the age of 61.
remission often refers to:
remission may also refer to:
remission is either the disappearance or lowering signs and symptoms of a disease, usually used with cancer.
a remission may be considered a partial remission or a complete remission. but even with complete remission, some signs of the disease also persist.
remission can be accompanied by asymptomatic carrier.
joseph salvatore altobelli (may 26, 1932 – march 3, 2021) was an american player, manager and coach in major league baseball. 
in 1983, he replaced hall of famer earl weaver as manager of the baltimore orioles and led the team to their sixth american league pennant and their third (and most recent) world series championship.
in 2009, altobelli ended his involvement in professional baseball.
altobelli died on march 2, 2021 in rochester, new york at the age of 88.
newark is a city in and the county seat of licking county, ohio, united states, east of columbus. the population was 47,573 at the 2010 census, which makes it the 20th largest city in ohio.
licking county is a county located in the u.s. state of ohio. as of the 2010 census, the population was 166,492. its county seat is newark. the county was formed on january 30, 1808.
delaware county is a county in the u.s. state of ohio. as of the 2010 census, the population was 174,214. its county seat is delaware.
fairfield county is a county located in the u.s. state of ohio. as of the 2010 census, the population was 146,156. its county seat is lancaster.
franklin county is a county in the u.s. state of ohio. as of 2018 census estimates, the population was 1,310,300, making it the most populous county in ohio. its county seat is columbus, the state capital and most populous city in ohio.
dutch flat (also, dutchman's flat, dutch charlie's flat, and charley's flat) is a small unincorporated community and census-designated place (cdp) in placer county, california, united states, about northeast of auburn along interstate 80.
tallmadge (often mispronounced ) is a city in summit and portage counties in ohio, united states. it is a suburb of akron. the population was 17,537 at the 2010 census. tallmadge was founded in 1807.
tyler robert joseph (born december 1, 1988) is an american singer-songwriter, musician, rapper, and record producer. he is best known as the frontman for the musical duo twenty one pilots, alongside his bandmate josh dun.
as a member of twenty one pilots, he has been nominated for six grammy awards, from which he has won one of them.
in 2015, he married jenna black.
jenna announced that the couple's first child, a daughter named rosie robert joseph, was born on february 9, 2020. in 2021, they had their second daughter named junie belle joseph.
moses judah folkman (february 24, 1933 – january 14, 2008) was an american medical scientist. he studied tumor angiogenesis, how a tumor attracts blood vessels to feed itself and to live.
wallace is a town in duplin and pender counties in the u.s. state of north carolina. the population was 3,880 at the 2010 census.
duplin county () is a county located in the u.s. state of north carolina. as of the 2010 census, the population was 58,505. its county seat is kenansville.
kenansville is a town in duplin county, north carolina, united states. the population was 855 at the 2010 census. it is the county seat of duplin county. 
pender county is a county in the u.s. state of north carolina. in 2010, 52,217 people lived there. its county seat is burgaw.
the county was made in 1875 from new hanover county.
law and government.
pender county is part of the local cape fear council of governments.
these counties are bordered to pender county:
these communities are in pender county:
burgaw is a town and the county seat of pender county, north carolina, united states. the population was 3,872 at the 2010 census.
new hanover county is one of 100 counties located in the u.s. state of north carolina. as of the 2010 census, the population was 202,667.
georgetown is a town in and the county seat of sussex county, delaware, united states. according to the 2010 census, the population of the town is 6,422.
jefferson county is a county located in the u.s. state of georgia. as of the 2010 census, the population was 16,930. the county seat is louisville. the county was created on february 20, 1796 and named for thomas jefferson, the third president of the united states.
louisville is a city in jefferson county, georgia, united states. it is a former state capital of georgia and is the county seat of jefferson county. its population was 2,493 at the 2010 census.
carrollton, georgia is a city in the north west region of georgia, about 45 miles (72 km) west of atlanta near the alabama state line. it is the county seat of carroll county. the 2018 united states census estimates placed the city's population at 26,443.
roopville is a town in carroll county, georgia, united states. the population was 218 at the 2010 census. 
the president of the reichstag was the presiding officer of the german legislature from 1871 to 1918, under the german empire and again from 1920 to 1945, under the weimar republic and nazi germany.
sir george gabriel stokes, 1st baronet, (; 13 august 1819 – 1 february 1903) was an irish physicist and mathematician. he worked at the university of cambridge, where he was the lucasian professor of mathematics from 1849 until his death in 1903. he was known for his navier–stokes equations.
claude-louis navier (born claude louis marie henri navier; ; 10 february 1785 – 21 august 1836), was a french engineer, mathematician and physicist. his works were based in continuum mechanics.
the navier–stokes equations are named after him and george gabriel stokes.
paul löbe (14 december 1875 – 3 august 1967) was a german politician and member of the social democratic party of germany (spd), who served as president of the reichstag.
reichsmarschall, marshal of the reich (literal translation: "empire" or "realm"), was the highest rank in the wehrmacht of nazi germany during world war ii.
erich köhler (june 27, 1892 – october 23, 1958) was a german politician. he was the 1st president of the bundestag from 7 september 1949 to 18 october 1950.
alan gerald sieroty (born december 13, 1930) is an american democratic politician. he was born in los angeles. he was a member of the california assembly from 1967 to 1977 and of the california senate from 1977 through 1982.
the office of minister president (), or prime minister, of prussia existed from 1848, when it was formed by the king frederick william iv during the 1848–49 revolution, until the abolition of prussia in 1947 by the allied control council.
list of ministers president of prussia (1848–1947).
ministers-president of the kingdom of prussia (1848–1918).
ministers-president of the free state of prussia (1918–1947).
johannes dieckmann (19 january 1893 – 22 february 1969) was a german journalist and politician. as president of the people's chamber ("volkskammer"), he held the office of state president of east germany on an acting basis in 1949 and again in 1960.
the political leadership of east germany was in the hands of several offices.
leaders of the socialist unity party of germany (sed).
! colspan=7|joint chairmen of the socialist unity party
! colspan=7| general secretary of the central committee
! colspan=7| (honorary) chairman of the central committee
on 1 december 1989, the people's chamber removed the section of the east german constitution granting the sed a monopoly of power—thus ending communist rule in east germany. before the month was out, the sed transformed from a leninist cadre party into a democratic socialist party, renaming itself first to socialist unity party — party of democratic socialism and later in the same year, to party of democratic socialism (pds). hence, the party's subsequent leaders were no more leaders of east germany than the leaders of other parties.
rita süssmuth (; born 17 february 1937) is a german politician and a member of the christian democratic union (cdu).
the kererū ("hemiphaga novaeseelandiae") is the only type of pigeon native to new zealand. it is very big and easy to spot, and its wings make a loud sound when it flies. it is the only still-living new zealand bird which can eat large fruits whole, and so is important for spreading the seeds of many native trees. kererū were an important type of food for māori. there are much fewer kererū now than before the europeans arrived in new zealand, mostly because the europeans brought meat-eating animals like cats, ferrets, stoats, possums, and rats, and cut down a lot of the forest. because there are not many kererū any more, it is against the law to hunt them.
'kererū' is the most common name for this bird, but in some parts of the north island it is called "kūkū" or "kūkupa." kererū are also called "wood pigeon", but they are a different type of bird to the wood pigeon ("columba palumbus") of the northern hemisphere.
kererū are big and generally weigh between 550 and 850 grams. they have a white underbelly and dark green/blue head, shoulders, and wings. the green/blue colour is iridescent, meaning it is shiny and shows lots of different blues, greens, and purples in the sunlight.
henotheism is the adherence to one particular god out of several, especially by a family, tribe, or other group.
henotheism is sometimes defined as a monotheistic belief within a polytheistic world - believing that one god, or articulation of god, is better or clearer than others. alternatively, henotheism is the worship of one god above an acknowledged pantheon. an example of this second form is the worship of a tribal god.
a henotheist would admit that many gods have real existence and are able to be worshipped. however the henotheist chooses to worship only one of these gods. this sets the henotheist apart from the polytheist who worships many gods.
michael "mikey" north (born 27 september 1986) is an english actor. he is best known for his role as gary windass in the long-running itv soap opera "coronation street" from 2008 onwards.
stephen downes (born april 6, 1959) is a canadian philosopher and expert in online learning and new media. downes has worked with computers and online technologies in education since 1995. downes gave the 2004 buntine oration. he spoke at the february 2007 online connectivism conference. in 2008, downes and george siemens designed and taught an online, open course. it was called a "landmark in the small but growing push toward 'open teaching'" it is often called the first massive open online course (mooc).
downes was born in montreal, quebec. he lived and worked many places in canada before joining the national research council of canada. he bacame a senior researcher there in november 2001. he moved tocasselman, ontario. downes became a researcher at the nrc's digital technologies research centre in ottawa.
downes won the edublog award for best individual blog in 2005 for his blog oldaily. downes is editor at large of the international journal of instructional technology and distance learning.
downes ran for mayor of brandon in 1995. he was working at the assiniboine community college. downes was a member of the new democratic party. in his campaign he wanted policies the left of incumbent mayor rick borotsik.
kamkata-viri is a language spoken by the nuristani people of afghanistan. it is composed of three different dialects. it is the most common language nuristani people use. there are between 40.000 and 60.000 speakers. many speakers of the language have a low literacy rate. one of the dialects is used for radio, in parts of afghanistan. 
the second industrial revolution was a period when advances in steel production, electricity and petroleum caused a series of innovations that changed society. with the production of cost effective steel, railroads were expanded and more industrial machines were built. women become a bigger part of the work industry, getting jobs as white collar workers including secretaries and clerks.
also it was the period when many cities got clean water supplies. this controlled cholera epidemics and other water-carried diseases.
this revolution transformed much of the world. it was ended by world war i.
ramganga is a tributary of the river ganges that starts in the uttarakhand state, india.
olivia kate cooke is an english actress. she is known for her starring role as emma decody in the a&e drama thriller series bates motel and as becky sharp in the period drama miniseries vanity fair.
lepi mića (born miroslav pržulj; january 1, 1959) is a bosnian serb turbofolk singer-songwriter. he started making music in sarajevo in 1989 with his album "рулет среће" (roulette of luck). in 1990 he joined the army of republika srpska and fought in the bosnian war. in 1991, he left bosnia and moved to belgrade, where he got married. in 2013, he was invited to season 5 of the rtv pink reality show "farma" (farm), but later kicked off for hate speech. he was also invited to season 7, which he lost, and he was invited to the show's sequel, "zadruga". in his songs, he often complains about the croatian and bosnian governments. he has written nine albums, five of which were about the yugoslav wars or serbian nationalism.
robert castle schoen (february 1, 1934 – january 26, 2020), better known as bob shane, was an american singer and guitarist. he was a founding member of the kingston trio. as a member of this group, he became a important person in the rebirth of folk and other acoustic music as a popular art form in the u.s. in the late 1950s through the mid-1960s. he won two grammy awards with the kingston trio.
shane was born in hilo, hawaii. he was married louise brandon for 23 years. the couple had five children. from 2000 until his death in 2020, shane was married to bobbie childress.
shane died on january 26, 2020 in phoenix, arizona of pneumonia-related problems. he was 85.
hubert mingarelli (14 january 1956 – 26 january 2020) was a french writer. he was born in mont-saint-martin, lorraine. he won the prix medici in 2003 for his novel "quatre soldats" ("four soldiers"). the english translation of his novel "un repas en hiver" ("a meal in winter") by sam taylor was nominated for the independent foreign fiction prize.
on 26 january 2020, mingarelli died of cancer in grenoble. he was 64.
tor obrestad (12 february 1938 – 25 january 2020) was a norwegian novelist, poet and documentary writer. he was born in hå. he published his first two books in 1966. for these books, the poetry collection "kollisjon" and a collection of short stories, "vind", obrestad won tarjei vesaas' debutantpris. he also wrote biographies on arne garborg, hulda garborg, alexander kielland and einar førde.
obrestad died on 25 january 2020 in nærbø. he was 81.
robert falkenburg (january 29, 1926 – january 6, 2022) was an american amateur tennis player and businessman. he notably won the men's singles at the 1948 wimbledon championships. he also won the 1944 u.s. national championships and 1947 wimbledon doubles. he later helped bring soft ice cream and american fast food to brazil in 1952. he founded the brazilian fast food chain bob's.
falkenburg was born in manhattan, new york city. he was married and had two children. he died on january 6, 2022, in santa ynez, california. he was 95. 
oswald william thomas sidwell (born 16 april 1920) is a former australian tennis player. he reached five grand slam doubles finals, winning once, at the 1949 u.s. national championships with fellow countryman john bromwich. he also played in the davis cup in 1948 and 1949 where australia lost to the united states both years.
sidwell was born in goulburn, new south wales. he lived in sydney as of 2008.
francis arthur sedgman (born 29 october 1927) is a former australian tennis player. he was ranked world no. 1 in 1951. he famously won 22 grand slams in singles, doubles and mixed doubles. he retired in 1976.
sedgman was born in mont albert, melbourne, victoria. he is married to jean.
geoffrey edmund brown (born 4 april 1924) is a former australian tennis player. he was born in murrurundi, new south wales. he reached five grand slam finals during his career. he also played in the australian davis cup in 1947 and 1948. brown retired in 1958.
john edward "budge" patty (february 11, 1924 – october 3, 2021) was an american tennis player. he was ranked world no. 1 in 1950 by john olliff of "the daily telegraph". in 1950, he won the men's singles at the french championships and the wimbledon championships. he also won the 1946 french championships mixed doubles and the 1957 wimbledon championships doubles.
patty was born in fort smith, arkansas. he was married to marcina and had two daughters. patty died on october 3, 2021 in lausanne, switzerland at the age of 97.
catherine tyldesley (born 17 september 1983) is an english actress, known for her role as iris moss in the bbc drama lilles and eva price on the itv soap opera coronation street from 2011 to 2018. in 2019 to 2020, tyldesley participated as a professional dancer in the seventeenth series of the british bbc one television dancing show strictly come dancing.
iéseg school of management is a european higher studies establishment. the school is in 2 places, in lille and in la défense. it has been established in 1964.
iéseg is specialist in the fields of economics, social sciences and management.
"the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog" is an english-language pangram. this is a sentence that contains all of the letters of the alphabet. 
the "quick brown fox" is often used for touch-typing practice, testing typewriters and computer keyboards, and displaying examples of fonts. it can be used when all the letters in the alphabet need to be typed. because the short sentence makes sense, it is widely known and used.
yang xiaobo (january 1963 – january 2020) was a chinese politician. from 2009 until december 2014, he served as mayor of huangshi. he was born in tianmen, hubei.
in january 2020, yang died of pneumonia caused by the novel coronavirus (2019-ncov) in hubei at the age of 56 or 57.
patti clare (born 3 march 1976) is an english actress. she is best known for playing mary taylor in the long-running itv soap opera "coronation street" from 2008 onwards. she is a three-time winner of the british soap award for best comedy performance (2011, 2013 and 2016).
incendiary is a 2008 british drama film. it is about what happens after a terrorist attack at a football match. it is directed by sharon maguire. it stars michelle williams, ewan mcgregor, and matthew macfadyen. it is about a suicide bombing at the emirates stadium during an arsenal f.c. match, and about the life of a woman who loses her husband and young son in the attack. it is based on the 2005 novel "incendiary" by chris cleave.
a young east ender woman, played by michelle williams, is married to bomb-disposal officer lenny, played by nicholas gleaves. they have a four-year-old son, played by sidney johnston.
the young mother is having an affair with a reporter called jasper, palyed by ewan mcgregor. lenny, their son, and about 1000 others are killed in a terrorist attack carried out by six suicide bombers at a football match. 
terrence butcher, played by matthew macfadyen, is in charge of the anti-terrorist division.
jasper and terrence try to comfort the mother. both are also romantically interested in her.
through jasper's investigation into the bombing, the mother discovers the identity of one of the terrorists. she befriends his teenage son, played by usman khokhar. he only knows that his father is missing since the attacks. when he finds out what his father did, he panics and runs. this causes the police to suspect him to be a terrorist. when he tries to take something out of his pocket they think he has a gun or wants to trigger a bomb. they shoot at him, but he is unarmed. the mother, who tried to protect him, is wounded, but not severely. later, the terrorist's wife and son apologize to the mother for his part in the killings.
terrence confesses to the mother that he knew that a suicide attack was going to happen and could have stopped it. he did not stop it so that he was able to continue his investigation of the terrorist group. he says that he did not know in which stadium it would happen, and also thought it would be of a smaller scale. although he knew lenny and his son would be going, he did not warn them.
sometimes the mother is confused, thinking that nothing has happened to her son. throughout the film, she writes a letter addressed to osama bin laden. he is assumed to be responsible for the attack.
filming began on 26 march 2007 in london, england. scenes were filmed on location in northampton square and the brunswick estate in islington, north london. filming also took place at leyton orient's brisbane road stadium and around st albans cathedral, st albans school, and westminster lodge.
the production also visited the metropolitan training college facilities near gravesend to shoot the scenes at the football stadium, after the bomb has exploded.
the film received poor reviews. tom charity, after viewing the film at the 2008 sundance film festival, gave it one star out of five. he called it an "ambitious/opportunistic effort that misses the mark, from the one-dimensional characters to the craven plotting and sentimental tone."
philip french called it an "ambitious british picture on an urgent topical subject [that] is torpedoed by a poor script."
"time out" gave it two stars out of six. it wrote "there are so many things wrong with writer-director sharon maguire’s first film since "bridget jones's diary" in 2001 that it's hard to know where to start, but the fatal problem is that this is a film with an identity crisis"; the film at times seems like a "study of guilt and grief" and at other times a "conspiracy thriller" but "ends up being a compendium of bizarre diversions, most of which are utterly surplus to the film’s half-cocked desire to stick with the experience and emotions of its main character."
peter gunn (born 13 february 1963) is an english actor. he has appeared in many television series and films since his career began in 1988. gunn is known for his role as brian packham in the long running itv soap opera "coronation street" (2010–2013, 2015–present).
monique van vooren (march 25, 1927 – january 25, 2020) was a belgian-born american actress and dancer. she acted on stage and in movies and television shows. her acting credits include "tarzan and the she-devil", "happy anniversary" and "fearless frank". her final acting credit was the horror movie "greystone park" (2012).
van vooren was born in brussels. she was married at least twice. her son was eric purcell. she died on january 25, 2020 at the age of 92.
cherylee houston (born 20 august 1974) is an english actress. she grew up in morecambe, lancashire, in the united kingdom. she has played the role of izzy armstrong in the long-running itv soap opera "coronation street" since 2010. she played maz in the ongoing bbc radio 4 series "tinsel girl".
at the age of 23 houston was diagnosed with the rare connective tissue disorder, ehlers-danlos syndrome, type iii hypermobility type. she has used a wheelchair ever since.
erikson's stages of psychosocial development is the name of a theory of psychology: erik erikson and his wife joan erikson coined the term. they found that during their lives, most people pass through eight stages of development.
escape room: tournament of champions is a 2021 psychological horror movie directed by adam robitel. the movie stars taylor russell, logan miller, isabelle fuhrman, thomas cocquerel, holland roden, carlito olivero, and indya moore. it serves as a sequel to the 2019 movie "escape room".
after escaping the "sole survivor" escape rooms orchestrated by the minos corporation, zoey davis and ben miller decide to confront the shadowy organization after finding coordinates to its new york city–based headquarters. zoey is encouraged by her therapist to move on from her trauma and to get over her aerophobia, but she opts to drive with ben instead of flying.
the pair find the headquarters derelict and are accosted by a vagrant who steals zoey's necklace. she and ben give chase straight into the q subway train. their train car separates from the rest of the train and is redirected to a remote station, sealing zoey, ben, and other passengers rachel, brianna, nathan, and theo inside. as the passengers realize in horror that they are once again in minos' deadly game, the train becomes electrified. zoey and ben learn that the others are the "winners" of previous escape rooms, having survived them. to escape, the group must collect subway tokens as the electrification increases. theo is killed while the rest escape. nathan reveals his escape room group were all priests, brianna's were all influencers, and rachel's consisted of people who cannot feel physical pain.
the next room is a bank with a slowly closing vault and a deadly laser security system. the group manages to decipher the complex route to get around the lasers and escape with just seconds to spare. while in the room, zoey is perplexed by frequent references to someone called sonya and that the escape rooms have no apparent connection to the group unlike before.
the next room is a postcard-like beach with more references to sonya. they discover that the beach is covered in quicksand. nathan sacrifices himself to save rachel and is swallowed up by the sand. zoey finds an alternate route out just as brianna unlocks the intended exit. an argument on which route to take breaks out; rachel and ben side with zoey. brianna escapes through the main exit while rachel and ben traverse to the alternate route. ben falls into the quicksand.
zoey and rachel make their way out through a manhole back into the city. overjoyed at first that they're outside, they quickly realize they are still in the game when they encounter a panicked brianna. if they don't make it out of this room, acid rain is periodically sprayed on them. the group opens a taxi to escape into but once zoey enters, the taxi locks rachel and brianna out. zoey falls into the next room while rachel and brianna succumb to the rain and die.
the next room is a child's bedroom containing a diary from sonya, revealing the rooms are based on a fun day out she had with her mother. zoey discovers sonya's mother is amanda harper, who survived her fall in her original escape room and was forced into designing escape rooms for minos after they abducted her daughter. amanda appears and begs zoey to become the next puzzle-maker for minos, warning that she has no choice. ben is revealed to be trapped in a cage. when zoey refuses minos' demand, ben's cage starts filling with water, but zoey and amanda work together to free him. they manage to break out, fleeing the facility. they report their findings to the police, who retrieve the bodies of rachel, brianna, nathan, and theo; the news about minos goes public. an fbi agent assures zoey that minos will be tracked down.
filled with confidence, zoey decides to take a plane home with ben. onboard, she realizes her therapist was in on it and that the plane is another escape room. the distorted voice of minos' leader mocks zoey and ben for falling into their latest trap as the plane begins to fall and sleeping gas fills the cabin.
isabelle fuhrman and james frain appear in the film's alternate version as claire and henry, respectively, in a plotline revealing the puzzlemaker's story. tanya van graan makes an uncredited appearance as sonya, who is henry's wife and claire's mother in this cut.
additionally, lucy newman-williams appears as zoey's therapist and scott coker portrays an fbi agent in the theatrical cut. in both versions, matt esof portrays the vagrant who lures zoey and ben into minos' trap.
on january 27, 2020, director adam robitel posted on social media confirming that filming on the movie had wrapped.
appetite for destruction is the first studio album by american hard rock band guns n' roses. it was released on july 21, 1987, through geffen records.
when the album as released in 1987, it was not popular. next year, in 1988, it became very successful after the band had toured and radio stations played the singles "welcome to the jungle", "paradise city" and "sweet child o' mine". it was first on "billboard" 200 and became the best-selling debut album of all time, as well as the eleventh best-selling album of all time in the united states. with more than 30 million copies sold worldwide, it is also one of the best-selling records of all time.
although critics at first had mixed feelings toward the album, "appetite for destruction" is now liked by critics and is considered as one of the greatest albums of all time. in 2018, it was re-released as a remastered box set with critics liking it too.
guns n' roses first recordings were for a planned ep in march 1985, shortly after forming, with "don't cry", a cover of "heartbreak hotel", "think about you" and "anything goes". however, the ep did not happen, as original guitarist tracii guns left the band, being replaced by slash. shortly afterward, a new lineup of axl rose, duff mckagan, slash, steven adler and izzy stradlin was confirmed. this is the classic lineup for the band.
after playing many shows in los angeles clubs, the group signed with geffen records in march 1986. in december 1986, the group released the four-song ep "live ?!*@ like a suicide", which was made to keep people interested in the band while it started work in the studio. the label also thought the band didn't have enough songs, so they made the ep.
singer axl rose said that many of the songs on the album were written while the band was performing on the los angeles club circuit, and a number of songs that would be featured on later guns n' roses albums were considered for "appetite for destruction", such as "back off bitch", "you could be mine", "november rain" and "don't cry". "november rain" was not put on the album because "sweet child o' mine" is already on it. they only wanted one ballad.
producer spencer proffer was hired to record "nightrain" and "sweet child o' mine" to test if he could work with the band. they eventually recorded nine songs during these sessions, including "heartbreak hotel", "don't cry", "welcome to the jungle" and "shadow of your love". in mid to late 1986, the band recorded demos with nazareth guitarist manny charlton, which were released in 2018. (see below for more info)
the band at first considered paul stanley of kiss to produce, but he was rejected after he wanted to change adler's drum set more than adler wanted. robert john "mutt" lange was also considered, but the label didn't want to spend the extra money on a famous producer. ultimately, mike clink (who had produced several triumph records) was chosen, and the group recorded "shadow of your love" first with clink as a test.
in 1999, rose re-recorded the album with the lineup at the time (rose, robin finck, tommy stinson, paul tobias, josh freese, dizzy reed & chris pitman) to "spruce up" the album with new recording techniques. the re-recorded version of the album was never released, although an edited clip of "sweet child o' mine" featuring the second half of the song using the re-recorded version was included over the credits of the movie "big daddy" in 1999.
super deluxe edition.
the "locked n' loaded" edition and the "super deluxe edition" have the same musical contents. disc one is the original album.
a fifth disc is included; a blu-ray disc, which has 96 khz 24-bit 5.1 surround sound & remastered stereo mixes, mixed by elliot scheiner and frank filipetti. it includes all of "appetite for destruction", alongside bonus tracks "shadow of your love", "patience", "used to love her", "you're crazy", and "move to the city (1988 acoustic version)". in addition, it includes music videos for "welcome to the jungle", "sweet child o' mine", "paradise city", "patience", and a previously unreleased video of "it's so easy".
credits are adapted from the album's liner notes.
alberto naranjo [nah-rahn'-ho] (september 14, 1941 – january 27, 2020) was a venezuelan jazz musician and composer. in 1992, he was nominated for a grammy award. 
naranjo made arrangements for the groups conexion latina, guaco and mango; pop-artists like ilan chester, simón díaz, oscar d'león, ricardo montaner, maría rivas, aldemaro romero and adalberto santiago
john francis burns (november 15, 1933 – january 27, 2020) was an american comedian, actor, screenwriter, and producer. he was born in boston, massachusetts. 
during the 1960s, he was part of two stand-up comedy partnerships, first with george carlin and later avery schreiber. he was a writer and producer on such comedy series as "the muppet show" and "hee haw". his television roles included "the andy griffith show" and "animaniacs".
burns died on january 27, 2020 in los angeles, california of respiratory failure caused by pancreatic cancer at the age of 86.
duško gojković (; born 14 october 1931) is a serbian jazz trumpeter, composer, and arranger. he was born in jajce, kingdom of yugoslavia. his career began in the 1950s. in these years he played with chet baker, stan getz, and oscar pettiford. in 1958 he performed at newport jazz festival. he worked with the kenny clarke/francy boland big band from 1968–1973.
in 1986 formed another orchestra. his next albums were "soul connection" (1994), "bebop city", "balkan blue" (1997), "in my dreams" (2001), "samba do mar" (2003), and "samba tzigane" (2006).
stan getz (born stanley gayetski; february 2, 1927 – june 6, 1991) was an american jazz saxophonist. getz was known as "the sound" because of his warm tone. he became popular during the 1940s with woody herman's big band. he was known as "one of the all-time great tenor saxophonists". getz performed in bebop and cool jazz groups. he was inspired by joão gilberto and antônio carlos jobim. his best known song is "the girl from ipanema" (1964).
woodrow charles herman (may 16, 1913 – october 29, 1987) was an american jazz clarinetist, saxophonist, singer, and big band leader. he was the lead singer for "the herd". herman became known in the late 1930s and was active until his death in 1987. he won many grammy awards. 
in 1947, herman was emcee and also played at the third cavalcade of jazz concert held at wrigley field in los angeles which was produced by leon hefflin, sr. on september 7, 1947. 
ernesto antonio "tito" puente (april 20, 1923 – june 1, 2000) was an american musician, songwriter and record producer. he was known as "the musical pope", "el rey de los timbales" (the king of the timbales) and "the king of latin music". 
he is best known for his latin jazz works. he and his music appear in many movies such as "the mambo kings" and fernando trueba's "calle 54". he guest-starred on several television shows, including "sesame street" and "the simpsons". his most famous song is "oye como va".
james ralph sasser (born september 30, 1936) is an american politician and attorney. he is a democrat. he was a united states senator from tennessee from 1977 to 1995, and was chairman of the senate budget committee.
from 1996 to 1999, during the clinton administration, he was the united states ambassador to china. 
albert arnold gore, sr. (december 26, 1907 – december 5, 1998), known to some as al gore before the fame of his son, was an american politician who was a u.s. representative and a u.s. senator for the democratic party from tennessee. 
he was the father of albert a. gore jr., the 45th vice president of the united states (1993–2001).
granville is an unincorporated community in jackson county, tennessee, united states. granville was the birthplace of u.s. senator albert gore, sr., father of former vice-president al gore.
carthage is a town in and the county seat of smith county, tennessee, united states; it is part of the nashville metropolitan statistical area. the population was 2,306 at the 2010 census.
smith county is a county located in the u.s. state of tennessee. as of the 2010 census, the population was 19,166. in the section known as middle tennessee, its county seat is carthage. 
williamson county is a county in the u.s. state of tennessee. as of the 2010 united states census, the population was 205,226. the county seat is franklin.
rutherford county is a county located in the u.s. state of tennessee. as of the 2010 census, the population was 262,604. its county seat is murfreesboro.
animaniacs is an american animated television series created by tom ruegger. it is the second animated series produced by steven spielberg's amblin entertainment alongside warner bros. animation.
the show first aired on the fox network as part of its fox kids block from 1993 to 1995 before moving to the wb in 1995 until the series ended in 1998. it initially ran a total of 99 episodes and one movie being "wakko's wish".
"animaniacs" is a variety show, with short skits with a large cast of characters.
• yakko warner is one of the five main characters of animaniacs. he is tallest and the oldest siblings of the warner brothers.
• wakko warner is one of the five main characters of animaniacs. he is the middle sibling of the warner brothers.
• dot warner is one of the five main characters of animaniacs. she is the youngest sibling of the warner brothers.
• pinky is one of the five main characters of animaniacs. he and the brain are trying to take over the world.
• brain is one of the five main characters of animaniacs. he and pinky are trying to take over the world.
a reboot of the series was announced by hulu in january 2018 and expected to air starting in 2020 called animaniacs (2020 tv series).
joseph patrick riley jr. (born january 19, 1943) is an american politician. he was the mayor of charleston, south carolina. he was one of the longest serving mayors in the united states, having been in office from december 15, 1975 to january 11, 2016.
moncks corner is a town in and the county seat of berkeley county, south carolina, united states. the population was 7,885 at the 2010 census.
dr. abdul ghafoor: (; 5 may 1959 – 28 january 2020) was an indian politician. he was the minister of minority welfare in nitish kumar government of bihar from 2015 through 2017. he was a member of the bihar legislative assembly from 1995 to 2005 and again from 2010 until his death. his political party was rashtriya janta dal (rjd). ghafoor was born saharsa, bihar.
ghafoor died on 28 january 2020 at a hospital in delhi at the age of 60.
eville gorham (phd, lld, dsc, faaas, frsc, mnas, fesa) (october 15, 1925 – january 14, 2020) was a canadian-american biochemist and ecologist. he was born in halifax, nova scotia, canada. his work focused on the chemistry of fresh waters and the ecology and biogeochemistry of peatlands. his works led to legislation and redesign of the power plants of the world to scrub sulfur and the nuclear test ban treaty.
gorham died on january 14, 2020 at the age of 94.
frank edwards (september 16, 1950 – january 28, 2020) was an american republican politician. he was the mayor of springfield, illinois from december 2010 through april 2011. he was appointed by the springfield city council on december 28, 2010, after the death of mayor tim davlin. 
edwards was killed in an airplane crash in sangamon county, illinois on january 28, 2020 at the age of 69.
timothy j. davlin (august 27, 1957 – december 14, 2010) was an american democratic politician. he was the mayor of springfield, illinois from april 2003 until his death in december 2010. he was born in springfield. at the time of his death, he was being investigated for fraud and corruption during his time as mayor.
davlin died by shooting himself in the chest at his home in springfield on december 14, 2010. he was 53.
george irving shirley (born april 18, 1934) is an american operatic tenor. he was the first african-american tenor to perform a leading role at the metropolitan opera in new york city. shirley was born in indianapolis, indiana and raised in detroit, michigan.
frederick dewayne hubbard (april 7, 1938 – december 29, 2008) was an american jazz trumpeter. he was known for playing in the bebop, hard bop, and post-bop beginning in the early 1960s onwards. 
john leslie "wes" montgomery (march 6, 1923 – june 15, 1968) was an american jazz guitarist. he was of the most important guitarists of the 20th century.
montgomery died of a heart attack on june 15, 1968, while at home in indianapolis.
david alexander wolf (born august 23, 1956) is an american astronaut, medical doctor and electrical engineer. 
wolf has been to space four times. three of his spaceflights were short-duration space shuttle missions. in total wolf has logged more than 4,040 hours in space. he is also a veteran of 7 spacewalks totaling 41hrs 17min in both russian and american spacesuits.
dickson city is a borough in lackawanna county, pennsylvania, north of scranton. the population was 6,070 at the 2010 census.
narciso elvira (born narciso chicho delgado) elvira; 29 october 1967 – 28 january 2020) was a mexican major league baseball pitcher. elvira was purchased by the milwaukee brewers from the mexican league in 1986. he played with the team at the major league level in 1990. he was born in tlalixcoyan, veracruz, méxico.
elvira was killed after being shot in veracruz, mexico on 28 january 2020 at the age of 52.
katie louise mcglynn (born 16 july 1993 in rochdale, greater manchester) is an english actress. she is best known for her roles as troubled pupil jodie "scout" allen in the bbc one school-based drama series "waterloo road" from 2011 to 2013 and sinead tinker in the long-running itv soap opera "coronation street" from 2013 to 2020. between 2021 and 2022, she has appeared as becky quentin in the channel 4 soap opera "hollyoaks".
other ocean interactive is a video game developer from emeryville, california. the company has worked with mojang ab since 2017.
the company started in california in 2006. it has made eight video games itself, and it has made 40 other video games.
other ocean interactive have made these video games itself:
they have also worked on these video games:
landaff is a district in wales. it is the birthplace of british writer roald dahl.
tofig gasimov masim oglu (; 10 april 1938 – 29 january 2020) was an azerbaijani politician and diplomat. he was born in leki village of agdash rayon, azerbaijan. he worked under the abulfaz elchibey administration as minister of foreign affairs of azerbaijan from 4 july 1992 through 26 june 1993.
gasimov died on 29 january 2020 in lucerne, switzerland at the age of 81.
ellie louise leach (born 15 march 2001) is an english actress, who has played faye windass on the itv soap opera "coronation street" from 2011 onwards.
early and personal life.
leach was born in bury, greater manchester and she has a younger sister called daisy. leach went to fairfield high school for girls and currently studies performing arts at a further education college. leach is the cousin of brooke vincent, who played sophie webster in "coronation street".
abulfaz elchibey, ( / әбүлфәз елчибәј; 24 june 1938 – 22 august 2000) was an azerbaijani politician. he became leader of the azerbaijani popular front in 1990. elchibey was the second president of azerbaijan, from 16 june 1992 until a coup d'état took him out of office in june 1993.
lisa george (born 15 october 1970) is an english actress, known for her role as beth tinker in the itv soap opera "coronation street" (2011–present). in 2020, george competed in the twelfth series of "dancing on ice".
marj dusay (; born marjorie ellen pivonka mahoney; february 20, 1936 – january 28, 2020) was an american actress. she was known for her roles on soap operas such as alexandra spaulding on "guiding light". she also played the wife of douglas macarthur in the 1977 movie "macarthur" and monica warner in "the facts of life". dusay was born in russell, kansas.
dusay died on january 28, 2020 at the age of 83.
joe duttine sometimes credited as jo duttine (born 30 june 1970), is an english film, theatre and television actor. he is known for playing tim metcalfe in the long-running itv soap opera "coronation street" from 2013 onwards. he is also known for his role as cameron donnelly in the channel 4 comedy-drama "shameless".
he was born in halifax, west yorkshire, west riding of yorkshire in the united kingdom.
daniel peter o'herlihy (may 1, 1919 – february 17, 2005) was an irish-american actor. he was known for such roles as brigadier general warren a. "blackie" black in "fail safe", conal cochran in "", "the old man" in "robocop" and "robocop 2", and andrew packard in "twin peaks". 
he was nominated for the academy award for best actor for the 1954 movie "adventures of robinson crusoe".
sair khan (born 11 february 1988) is a british actress, born in leeds, west yorkshire, england. she is best known for playing the role of alya nazir in the itv soap opera "coronation street" from 2014 onwards. in 2018, she appeared as a contestant on the itv reality tv show "i'm a celebrity...get me out of here!".
shelley king (born 25 september 1955) is a british-indian actress, known for her roles as jay harper on the bbc one drama series "angels" from 1978 to 1980 and yasmeen nazir on the itv soap opera "coronation street" from 2014 onwards.
adam robitel (born may 28, 1978) is an american filmmaker and actor.
ida siekmann (23 august 1902 – 22 august 1961) was a german nurse who became the first known person to die at the berlin wall, only nine days after they started building it.
qasim akhtar (born 8 june 1991) is an english actor, known for playing chesney karib in the hit channel 4 comedy-drama "shameless" (2007–2013), and zeedan nazir in the itv soap opera "coronation street" (2014–2018, 2021–present).
he is from burnage, manchester, in north west england.
daniel brocklebank (born 21 december 1979) is an english actor. he is best known for playing vicar billy mayhew in the itv soap opera "coronation street" from 2014 onwards. he received a screen actors guild award for his performance in the multi-award-winning movie "shakespeare in love".
he was born in stratford-upon-avon, warwickshire, england.
melanie jane hill (born 11 january 1962) is an english actress from sunderland, north east england. she is best known for portraying the roles of hazel redfearn in the itv comedy-drama series "auf wiedersehen pet" (1985–1986), aveline in the bbc sitcom "bread" (1986–1991), rita dolan in the bbc kay mellor drama series "playing the field" (1998–2002), maggie budgen in the bbc school-based drama series "waterloo road" (2012–2015), cathy matthews in the itv soap opera "coronation street" (2015–2022), and also in 2015 she played julie travers in the bbc drama series "the syndicate".
born to anthony and sylvia (née pratt) hill in brighton, hill was raised in her mother's native city of sunderland.
the brittas empire is a british sitcom created by andrew norriss and richard fegen.
chris barrie plays gordon brittas. he is the well-meaning but incompetent manager of whitbury new town leisure centre.
the show ran for seven series and 52 episodes — including two christmas specials — from 1991 to 1997 on bbc1. norriss and fegen wrote the first five series.
"the brittas empire" had large audiences. in 2004 the show came 47th on the bbc's "britain's best sitcom" poll.
the show combined farce with surreal dramatic elements. for example, in the first series, the leisure centre prepares for a royal visit, only for the doors to seal, the boiler room to flood and a visitor to be electrocuted. unlike the traditional sitcom, deaths were quite common in "the brittas empire".
gordon brittas (played by chris barrie) is the well-meaning but incompetent manager of whitbury new town leisure centre. he trained at the fictional aldershot leisure centre. he is tactless, annoying and has 'half-baked' ideas. he is oblivious to all of his faults. brittas frequently upsets his staff, the public, and his wife helen. he often brings confusion and chaos into their lives.
helen brittas, played by pippa haywood, finds it hard to cope with gordon. she often turns to pills and affairs with other men to maintain her sanity. she is also helped by brittas's calm and efficient deputy, laura lancing, played by julia st john. laura has a grudging admiration for brittas whom she regards as honest and decent.
brittas's other deputy, the dim-witted colin weatherby, is played by mike burns. colin has several skin allergies and a constantly infected hand. though he is an assistant manager, he works as the centre's caretaker. carole, played by harriet thorpe, is the often tearful receptionist who keeps her three children in the drawers of the reception desk. amongst other members of the team is julie, played by judy flynn. julie is a sarcastic secretary who hates her boss and refuses to do any work. lively linda, played by jill greenacre, gentle-hearted gavin, played by tim marriott, and his paranoid partner tim, played by russell porter, are more co-operative members of the team. carole's son ben was played by jonathon norriss.
"the brittas empire" was broadcast for fifty-two episodes between 1991 and 1997, spanning seven series and two christmas specials. there was also one short episode for children in need. the cast also performed in the 1996 royal variety performance. chris barrie played brittas again in the short fitness series spin-off called "get fit with brittas".
for the first five series the show's creators richard fegen and andrew norriss co-wrote the show, after which they left, along with actress julia st john who played laura. series five was originally meant to be the final series, and norriss and fegen killed off brittas at its end, when he was crushed to death by a falling water tank.
however, the show's popularity meant the bbc resurrected brittas and brought on a team of new writers, who carried the show on for a further two series, including one further christmas special in 1996. these writers were: paul smith, terry kyan, tony millan, mike walling, ian davidson and peter vincent.
'curse of the tiger women' is the final episode in 1997. this ending claims all seven series were part of a dream that brittas is having on his way to the job interview for manager of the leisure centre. it is an ending that is regarded as poor by many critics and viewers, and contradicts the 1994 christmas special by fegen and norriss, showing what happens to the staff post-whitbury leisure centre.
in 2014, chris barrie reprised his role as gordon brittas for a brief appearance in the sport relief music video, 'word up!' by little mix.
dvd and vhs releases.
all seven series were released on dvd in the united kingdom by eureka video, and also in australia by the australian broadcasting corporation. the bbc released episodes on vhs in the 1990s.
critics john lewis and penny stempel commented that: 
in its positioning of an incompetent in charge of others, "the brittas empire" mined the traditional vein of tv humour (e.g., dad's army or are you being served?). yet it also had an element of absurdism...which gave it an appeal to younger viewers. at a stretch the show could also be viewed as a critique of the managerial class which expanded in the thatcherite eighties. a show for all the couch.
the show has been credited with having an influence on alan partridge and "the office".
the exterior shots and interior swimming pools of 'whitbury new town leisure centre' were filmed at ringwood leisure centre, hampshire.
teen titans go! is an american television show. it airs on cartoon network. it first aired on april 23, 2013. it is currently airing "its 8th season."
the production companies of the series are dc entertainment and warner bros. animation, with the animation outsourced to first and second seasons of united states at digital emation, akom and rough draft korea in traditionaly animation and the third season onwards of canada at copernicus studios and bardel entertainment in flash animation.
this is a list of episodes of the british situation comedy "the brittas empire". each episode has a brief story and the date it was first shown.
the show was first shown on bbc1, between 1991 and 1997 . 
seven series and 52 episodes were created, including two christmas specials. there was also one children in need short sketch. 
collectivism is a kind of ethics based on people being a group. its opposite is individualism which is based on people being individuals. collectivists focus on what's good for a whole group. individualists focus on what's good for each person. collectivism and individualism are and are also part of politics.
the word "individualism" was originally used by socialists to attack their enemies. they said that individualists were selfish for not supporting socialism. instead, individualists support people being independent and chasing their own goals. they also believe in having lots of freedoms.
collectivists believe that one person is not as important as a group of many people. they often believe people should compromise to make things better for each other instead of just themselves. they also think that letting someone do whatever they want is not good if it hurts lots of other people. collectivism has many different types. it can mean serving your community, your government, your social class, your race, or some other group.
walt martin (april 8, 1945 – july 24, 2014) was an american production sound mixer. he was nominated for academy awards in the category best sound mixing for the 2006 movie "flags of our fathers" and the 2014 movie "american sniper". he worked on more than 70 movies. 
he died of vasculitis on july 24, 2014 in burbank, california, aged 69.
the 2020 elazığ earthquake happened at 20:55 local time (17:55 utc) on 24 january in turkey. the magnitude of the earthquake was said to be 6.7 . 
the earthquake's epicentre was close to the town of sivrice in elazığ province and felt in the neighbouring provinces of diyarbakır, malatya and adıyaman, and the neighbouring countries of armenia, syria and iran. 
a total of 41 people were killed and more than 1,600 were injured.
małgorzata maria kidawa-błońska, née grabska (born 5 may 1957) is a polish politician, movie producer and sociologist. she was marshal of the sejm from 25 june 2015 to 11 november 2015. she also was the government spokeswomen for the second cabinet of donald tusk in 2014 and in 2015 for the cabinet of ewa kopacz. 
from 2012 to 2015, she was the secretary of state in the chancellery of the prime minister from 2012 to 2015. she is now the deputy marshal of the sejm under sejm marshal elżbieta witek. 
she was the 2020 civic platform candidate for president of poland. she dropped out on may 15th, 2020 and was replaced by warsaw mayor rafał trzaskowski
elżbieta barbara witek (née zbanuch; born december 17, 1957) is a polish politician. she was the minister of the interior and administration, in office from june 2019 to august 2019, 
she is the marshal of the sejm since 9 august 2010. she was elected to sejm on september 25, 2005.
marshal of the sejm also known as sejm marshal, chairman of the sejm or speaker of the sejm (, ) is the speaker (chair) of the sejm, the lower house of the polish parliament. 
in modern poland, the full title is marshal of the sejm of the republic of poland ().
joseph zych (, born 23 march 1938) is a polish politician. he is a member of the polish people's party. he was sejm marshal from 1995 to 1997 (and many times as senior marshall).
as a sejm marshal, zych administered the oath of office for the first term of president aleksander kwaśniewski in december 1995.
the parliament of poland has an upper house (the senate) and a lower house (the sejm). both houses are accommodated in the "sejm" complex in warsaw. the parliament itself is without an official name; the constitution refers only to the sejm and the senate.
members of both houses are elected by direct election, usually every four years. the sejm has 460 members, while the senate has 100 senators. to become law, a bill must first be approved by both houses.
the senate () is the upper house of the polish parliament, the lower house being the 'sejm'. the senate is based in warsaw. the senate is made up of 100 senators elected by universal ballot and is headed by the marshal of the senate ("marszałek senatu"). 
the incumbent marshal of the senate is tomasz grodzki.
the marshal of the senate of the republic of poland () is a leading officer of the senate of poland. he or she is also third person according to the polish order of precedence, after president of the republic of poland and sejm marshal, and second in line to become acting president of the republic of poland.
tomasz paweł grodzki (born 13 may 1958) is a polish politician, doctor and surgeon. he has been the marshal of the senate since 12 november 2019.
stanisław karczewski (born 14 november 1955) is a polish politician and surgeon. he has been a senator since 2005, as deputy marshal of the senate between 2011 and 2015 and since 2019, and between 2015 and 2019 as marshal of the senate of the republic of poland.
stickney township is one of 29 townships in cook county, illinois, usa. as of the 2010 census, its population was 40,772.
smoluća gornja is a village in northeastern bosnia and herzegovina, in the municipality of lukavac. it is about 
14 kilometers or 9 miles northwest of tuzla.
in june 1992, during the bosnian war, the serbs living in nearby villages, (namely podpeć, tinja, jasenica, srebrenik, gornji lukavac) were forced to go to smoluća gornja by the bosnian army. after that, smoluća came under siege by the army of the republic of bosnia and herzegovina. this meant that it had no water, food, electricity, or medicine. the bosniak and croat forces would not let the red cross in to the village. they did not let any food or medicine in, and they did not let sick and wounded people leave. during the siege, from june 18 to august 27, 1992, 50 serbs were killed in the smoluća area, and 149 in nearby villages. after the siege ended on august 29 1992, smoluća was robbed and burned by bosniak and croat forces.
the army of republika srpska ended the siege. 
abergavenny () is a market town and community in monmouthshire, wales. as of 2011, avergavenny had a population of 12,515. the town is promoted as "the gateway to wales".
abergavenny railway station is a train station on the welsh marches line. passengers at the station can board direct trains to places such as hereford, shrewsbury, manchester, chester, wrexham, holyhead, cardiff, swansea and carmarthen.
raymond ian burns (born 24 april 1954), better known by his stage name captain sensible, is an english singer, songwriter and guitarist. he co-founded the punk rock band the damned, first playing bass before switching to guitar. he is best known for a uk number one hit with his cover of "happy talk" in 1982. he often wears a red beret and sunglasses.
burns was born in balham, london. he is married and has four children.
richard roland hawley (born 13 august 1955 in bradford, west riding of yorkshire) is a british actor, best known for his work in "grushko", "prime suspect", "family affairs" and "love actually". from 2015 to 2021, he appeared as johnny connor in the long-running itv soap opera "coronation street".
 is a japanese light novel series. it was written by kugane maruyama and the picture in the series are drawn by so-bin. sixteen volumes of this light novel have been published since july 30, 2012. the author has said that he has planned for 18 novels. there is a manga based on this light novel by satoshi ōshio. the art in the manga is by hugin miyama. it started from november 26, 2014 in kadokawa shoten's manga magazine "comp ace".
there is an anime television series based on this light novel by madhouse. it has 3 seasons with 13 episodes each. the first season aired from july 7 to september 29, 2015. the second season ran from january 9 to april 3, 2018 and the third season from july 10, 2018 to october 2, 2018. the scriptwriter for the anime series said that the fourth season of the series was "extremely likely" to be produced.
faye alicia brookes (born 3 september 1987) is an english actress. she is known for portraying the role of kate connor in the itv soap opera coronation street, a role he has playing since 2015 to 2019.
brookes was born in manchester, greater manchester, england.
the draize test is a test, to see if a substance is toxic. john h. draize and jacob m. spines first used the test in 1944. the test was first used for cosmetics, but later for other substances as well. to see if a substance is toxic, it is applied to the skin or the eye of an animal, for a given time. after the time, the substance is washed out and the effects are recorded. very often, small animals, such as rabbits were used. after the test, the animals are observed for up to 14 days. if the test does irreversible damage to the skin or the eye, the animal is killed after the test. animals may be re-used for testing purposes if the product tested causes no permanent damage. animals are typically reused after a "wash out" period during which all traces of the tested product are allowed to disperse from the test site.
the tests are controversial. they are seem as cruel and unscientific because of the differences between rabbit and human eyes, and the subjective nature of the visual evaluations. the fda supports the test, stating that "to date, no single test, or battery of tests, has been accepted by the scientific community as a replacement [for] ... the draize test". because of its controversial nature, the use of the draize test in the u.s. and europe has declined in recent years and is sometimes modified so that anaesthetics are administered and lower doses of the test substances used. chemicals already shown to have adverse effects "in vitro" are not currently used in a draize test, thereby reducing the number and severity of tests that are carried out.
other tests have been developed which can replace the draize test for many applications: first there is a test that uses chicken eggs. another test uses spanish slugs. 
the hen's egg test on chorioallantoic membrane, or hen's egg test is a test that can be used to test the toxicity of substances. it is also often used to test vaccines. it is a cam assay. the product ot be tested is applied to a special membrane. such tests were first used because chicken eggs were easily available. as the respective membrane does not contain any nerve cells, it is likely that the developing bird embryo does not feel pein during the test. these tests are not considered to be animal testing.
social choice theory, which is also called theory of collective choice, is a theory that looks at how a group of people reach a decision. usually this is done by combining and aggregating the opinion of each member of the group. a classic problem of social choice theory is that of holding an election or a popular vote.
the year of the three emperors, or the year of the three kaisers, () refers to the year 1888 during the german empire in german history. the year is important because two german emperors, or kaisers, died. this meant that there were three emperors in a year.. the three emperors who ruled germany during this year were wilhelm i, frederick iii and wilhelm ii. the mnemonic “"drei achten, drei kaiser"” (english: "three eights, three emperors") is still used today in germany to remember which year it was.
quasimodo is the hunchback in the novel the hunchback of notre dame written by victor hugo. he was raised by claude frollo. though the townspeople believe quasimodo is a monster, he befriends esmeralda.
bhavna jayanty limbachia (born 21 april 1984) is a british television actress, film, and comedian. she is mainly known for her roles as alia khan in citzen khan and rana habeeb in coronation street.
she is born in preston, the city of lancashire, england.
juila goulding (born 27 march 1985) is an english actress. since 2016, she has played shona ramsey on the long-running itv soap opera "coronation street".
she was born in greater manchester, england, united kingdom.
nichola thorp (born 30 september 1988/1989), also known as nicola sian, is an english actress. she is known for her portrayal of nicola rubinstein in long-running itv soap opera, "coronation street", from 2017 to 2019.
thorp was born and raised in blackpool, the town of lancashire, england.
coronation street omnibus is a british different television series produced by itv2, and the prequel itv soap opera coronation street.
the coronation street omnibus cast include william roache, sally dynevor, tina o'brien, david neilson, helen worth, simon gregson, jack p. shepherd, mikey north, barbara knox, sue cleaver, kym marsh, beverley callard, lucy fallon, chris gascoyne, jane danson, samia ghadie, jimmi harkishin, sue nicholls, kate ford, michael le vell, antony cotton, sally ann matthews, ben price, alan halsall, georgia taylor, elle mulvaney, melanie hill, colson smith, sam robertson, and more.
louiza patikas (born 1976 or 1977) is a british actress, known for her roles as helen titchener in the bbc radio 4 soap opera "the archers" and moira pollock on the itv soap opera "coronation street" from 2017 to 2021.
birmingham community charter high school (formerly birmingham high school) is a co-educational high school in the neighborhood/district of lake balboa in the san fernando valley of los angeles. it was started in 1943 as a hospital. in 1943, it became a school for grades 7-12. it became a high school for only senior students in 1963. the school has a van nuys address and student are from lake balboa, parts of encino, and amestoy estates. it is within the los angeles unified school district operates as an internal charter school.
the wexford rebellion was a rebellion of irish people against english rule in ireland. it was the most successful of several uprisings which happened in the year 1798. in the wexford rebellon, the society of united irishmen rose against english rule. 
it started in county wexford, and lasted from m 27 may until about 21 june of that year. the wexford rebellion was very successful, even though the government did not see county wexford as an immediate thret. during the rebellon, there were spontaneous risings that occurred both before and after the significant rebel victories in oulart, enniscorthy, and wexford town.
herbert baumann (31 july 1925 – 21 january 2020) was a german composer and conductor. he was born in berlin in 1925 studied at the internationales musikinstitut berlin. he died in munich in january 2020 at the age of 94.
anzus is an active war alliance between the united states, australia and new zealand.
"all hail to massachusetts" is the anthem of the u.s. state of massachusetts. it was created by arthur j. marsh in 1824, and became the official anthem of massachusetts in 1966.
the renault twingo is a car made by renault since 1993.
the original twingo launched in april 1993 in europe and columbia. it was never available in the uk with right hand drive. it had an unusual interior with a small digital instrument display. it received updates in 1998, 2000 and 2004. the second generation twingo launched in 2007 and continued the design theme of the original. it was finally available with right hand drive for the uk market and was facelifted in 2011. the third generation twingo launched in 2014 and now has 5 doors instead of 3. it was developed alongside the smart forfour but now has a normal instrument display. it was facelifted in 2019 but is no longer sold in the uk with right hand drive due to slow sales. 
sally carman-duttine (born 9 may 1981) is an english actress. she is known for her roles as kelly maguire in the channel 4 comedy-drama series "shameless" (2005–2013), and abi franklin in the itv soap opera "coronation street" (2017–present).
carman was born in mexborough, south yorkshire, the county of england. at 18, she attended the lamda drama school in london.
she has also appeared in "doctors", "heartbeat", and "holby city".
vitaliy boiko (30 september 1937 – 30 january 2020) was a ukrainian lawyer and politician. in 1986 to 1992, boiko worked in ministry of justice, where he was minister from 1990 to 1992. from 1993 to 1994, he was an ambassador of ukraine to moldova. in 1994 to 2002 he was a chairman of the supreme court of ukraine.
boiko died on 30 january 2020 at the age of 82.
roger holeindre (21 march 1929 – 30 january 2020) was a french army veteran, politician and author. he was in the first indochina war and the algerian war, was a member of the national assembly from 1986 to 1988. 
holeindre also was the vice-president of the national front (fn) where he represented the "national-conservative" and third position ideologies. holeindre was the president of the "cercle national des combattants" and the honorary president of the party of france.
yannis tseklenis (greek; γιάννης τσεκλένης; november 6, 1937 – january 29, 2020) was a greek fashion designer. he was born in athens. 
in 1962 and 1964, tseklenis was directly involved in the interior decoration and design relating to the official celebrations of the weddings of princess sofia of greece to juan carlos of spain, and of anne-marie of denmark to the then king constantine ii of greece.
in 1997 he donated almost all his prototype garments from his 1970s and 1980s fashion collections to the peloponnesian folklore foundation.
queen anne-marie of greece, re ( , born princess anne-marie of denmark on 30 august 1946) is the wife of king constantine ii, who reigned from 1964 until 1973.
anne-marie is the youngest daughter of king frederick ix of denmark and his wife ingrid of sweden. she is the youngest sister of the reigning queen margrethe ii of denmark and cousin of the reigning king carl xvi gustaf of sweden.
ingrid of sweden (ingrid victoria sofia louise margareta; 28 march 1910 – 7 november 2000) was queen of denmark from 1947 until 1972 as the wife of king frederick ix.
she was also a paternal aunt of the present swedish monarch, king carl xvi gustaf.
othmar mága (10 june 1929 – 28 january 2020) was a czech-born german conductor. he was chief conductor internationally, including the odense symphony orchestra in denmark and the kbs symphony orchestra in korea. from 2002 until 2003 he was gmd of the niederrheinische sinfoniker at the theater krefeld und mönchengladbach.
mága died in kiel, germany on 28 january 2020, aged 90.
japanese dialects (日本の方言, "nihon no hōgen") are the dialects of the japanese language. there are four dialect groups in mainland japan: hachijō, eastern (including tokyo), western (including kyoto) and kyushu.
the ryukyuan languages of okinawa prefecture (and parts of kagoshima prefecture) are not dialects of japanese and a japanese speaker wouldn't understand them.
lucile jarvis (née howard; june 24, 1917 – january 26, 2020) was an american television producer.lucy jarvis (born lucile howard; june 24, 1917 – january 26, 2020) was an american television producer. she was born in new york city. she produced the movie "family reunion". in 1990, jarvis brought the russian rock opera "juno and avos" to new york city.
in november 2017, jarvis was presented with the women's entrepreneurship day pioneer award for her groundbreaking success in media at the united nations in new york city.
jarvis turned 100 in june 2017 and died in january 2020 at the age of 102.
robert francis harper (may 19, 1951 – january 23, 2020) was an american actor. he was best known for his role as sharkey in "once upon a time in america". 
harper also played charlie gereson in "creepshow" and bubba 'si' weisberger in the cbs sitcom "frank's place". other movie roles include "wiseguy", "final analysis", "the insider", "deconstructing harry", and "molly". 
harper died of cancer on january 23, 2020 at the age of 68. 
jake maurice godbold (march 14, 1933 – january 23, 2020) was an american democratic politician. he was mayor of jacksonville, florida from 1978 to 1987. he was born in jacksonville.
godbold died on january 23, 2020 in jacksonville at the age of 86.
cameron is a town in moore county, north carolina in the united states. the population was 285 at the 2010 census.
moore county (moco) is a county located in the u.s. state of north carolina. as of the 2010 census, the population was 88,247. its county seat is carthage and its largest town is pinehurst. 
carthage is a town in moore county, north carolina, united states. the population was 2,205 at the 2010 census. it is the county seat of moore county.
fred silverman (september 13, 1937 – january 30, 2020) was an american television executive and producer. he worked as an executive at all of the big three television networks, abc, cbs and nbc. he produced "scooby-doo" (1969–present), "all in the family" (1971–1979), "the waltons" (1972–1981), and "charlie's angels" (1976–1981). he was born in new york city.
silverman died on january 30, 2020 of cancer at his home in pacific palisades, california at the age of 82.
lucien barbarin (july 17, 1956 – january 30, 2020) was an american trombone player. barbarin toured internationally with the preservation hall jazz band and with harry connick jr.. he was born in new orleans, louisiana. he played with dr. michael white, wynton marsalis, dianne reeves, doc cheatham, lionel hampton.
barbarin died of cancer in new orleans on january 30, 2020 at the age of 63.
luboš dobrovský (born luboš hamerschlag; 3 february 1932 – 30 january 2020) was a czech journalist, activist and politician. he signed charta 77 in the 1970s and was a spokesman of the civic forum in 1989. he was the minister of defence from 1990 to 1992 and ambassador to russia from 1996 to 2000. he was born in kolín, czechoslovakia.
dobrovský died on 30 january 2020 in prague at the age of 87.
the pony express was a mail delivering service started on april 3, 1860. it ended on october 26, 1861. it would normally deliver mail in about 10 days.
on october 24, 1861, the telegraph was completed. it sent messages faster than the pony express. the pony express shut down not long after the telegraph was completed. it only lasted two days after the telegraph was first made.
to save a life is a 2009 christian drama movie directed by brian baugh. actors in the movie include randy wayne, deja kreutzberg, robert bailey jr., steven crowder and sean michael afable. the movie was released in theaters in the united states on january 22, 2010. the movie was written by jim britts. the movie was #3 on fandango's most requested tickets going into the weekend. the movie fell 53.6% in its second weekend to $733,457, and −63.2% to $269,684 in its third. the total sales accumulated $3,777,210.
mutt and stuff is a children's television series that started on nickelodeon on march 6, 2015. the show ended on november 1, 2017.
on october 13, 2015, nickelodeon let mutt and stuff have 20 new episodes.
on august 17, 2016, nickelodeon let mutt and stuff have 13 more episodes. meaning season 2 had a total of 33 episodes.
season 1 started on march 6, 2015. season 2 premiered on august 19, 2016. on november 1, 2017, mutt and stuff aired its final episode and ended.
gauteng ( ; ; sotho: "gauteng" ; ; tsonga: "gauteng/exilungwini;" ndebele, ; ; ) is a province of south africa. it is the smallest province by area, though it also has the greatest number of people. its capital is johannesburg, the largest city in south africa. it also hosts south africa's executive capital, pretoria.
the province borders the provinces of north west (west), the free state (south), limpopo (north), and mpumalanga (east).
north west (; southern sotho: ; ) is a province of south africa. its capital is mahikeng, but its largest city is klerksdorp.
the province is located on the border with botswana. it borders the south african provinces of gauteng, northern cape, limpopo and the free state, as well as the motswana districts of kgalagadi, southern, and south-eastern.
čavoglave is a village in croatia. it has a population of 300. it is part of the ružić municipality, in šibenik-knin county.
during the croatian war of independence in 1991, čavoglave became well-known because of the band "thompson"'s song "bojna čavoglave". the band's leader, marko perković, was born there. he built a "church of croatian martyrs" in čavoglave, as a memorial for croatian army soldiers and civilians who died during the croatian war of independence. there is an annual fund raising concert in honor of victory and homeland thanksgiving day in čavoglave. thousands of people visit the concert every year. the 2011 croatian census said that the village had 300 people. 100% of them were croatian and roman catholic.
oscar n. harris (november 6, 1939 – january 28, 2020) was an american accountant and politician. he was born in newton grove, north carolina. he was a democrat. he was a state senator from 1998 to 2002. he served as mayor of dunn, north carolina from 1987 to 1995 and again from 2003 to 2019.
harris died on january 28, 2020, at the age of 80.
dunn is a city in harnett county, north carolina, united states. as of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 9,263. oscar n. harris served five terms as dunn's mayor (1987–1995, 2003–2019).
newton grove is a town in sampson county, north carolina, united states. as of the 2010 census, the town had a population of 569.
sampson county is the second-largest county in the u.s. state of north carolina by area. as of the 2010 census, the county had a population of 63,431. the county seat is clinton.
lillington is a town in and the county seat of harnett county, north carolina, united states. as of the 2010 census, the town had a population of 3,194.
clinton is a city in and the county seat of sampson county, north carolina, united states. as of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 8,639.
ian bartholomew (born 23 august 1954) is a british actor from portsmouth, england who has worked widely in both theatre and television. in march 2018, bartholomew joined the cast of itv soap opera, "coronation street", as the abusive geoff metcalfe.
librivox is a group of worldwide volunteers who read and record public domain texts creating free public domain audiobooks for download from their website and other digital library hosting sites on the internet. it was founded in 2005 by hugh mcguire to provide "acoustical liberation of books in the public domain" and the librivox objective is "to make all books in the public domain available, for free, in audio format on the internet".
on 6 august 2016, the project completed project number 10,000. and from 2009–2017 was producing about 1,000 items per year. most releases are in the english language, but many non-english works are also available. there are multiple affiliated projects that are providing additional content. librivox is closely affiliated with project gutenberg from where the project gets some of its texts, and the internet archive that hosts their offerings.
mileva marić (1875-1948) was a serbian physicist. she was one of the first women to study physics. she was albert einstein's first wife. they were married from 1902 to 1919. they had a daughter, lieserl, born in 1902, and two sons, hans-albert and eduard. 
marić and einstein separated in 1914. marić took the boys and returned to zurich from berlin. they divorced in 1919. that same year einstein married again. when he won the nobel prize in 1921, he gave the money to marić to support their sons. she could use the interest earned by the prize money.
henry viii had six wives, catherine of aragon, anne boleyn, jane seymour, anne of cleves, catherine howard, and catherine parr (in that order). all of his wives, except for catherine parr, died or got divorced by henry viii.
catherine of aragon was his first wife. she was married to henry for almost 24 years, but they divorced after failing to produce a son.
anne boleyn was his second wife and was beheaded after cheating on henry and not producing a son.
jane seymour was his third wife. she gave birth to a son but died of natural causes.
henry fell in love with anne of cleves's portrait, however when he met her, she didn't look like she did on her picture, thus causing henry and anne to get divorced.
at only 19 years old, catherine howard was next in line for the hand of the king. however, after henry finds out about catherine's affair, she lost her ring and got beheaded.
last in line was catherine parr. she was the last of the six wives and outlived henry. almost a year and a half later, after henry's death, catherine parr died after giving birth to her daughter, mary.
šibenik-knin county (; croatian "šibensko-kninska županija" ) is a county in southern croatia. it is located in the north central part of dalmatia. the biggest city in the county is šibenik. it is the county seat. other large towns in the county are knin, drniš and skradin.
the size of the county is 2984 km2. it has 242 islands. it has the national parks krka and kornati.
in 2011, šibenik-knin county had a population of 109,375. croats are 87.39% of the population.
in 1991, before the croatian war of independence, most of the people in the county were croats. serbs were 34.2%.
myotonic dystrophy is a genetic disorder that affects the muscles. there are two main types: type 1 (dm1), caused by mutations in the dmpk gene, and type 2 (dm2), caused by mutations in the cnbp gene. there is no cure for myotonic dystrophy.
alexander anthony keith bain (born 25 november 2001) is an english actor. he is known for playing simon barlow in the long-running itv soap opera "coronation street", a role he has played since 2008. he was born in blackburn, lancashire, england.
elle jade mulvaney (born 1 october 2002) is an english actress. she is known for playing amy barlow in the long-running itv soap opera "coronation street", a role she has played since 2010.
misurata province (), or even "misurata, libya", was one of the provinces of libya under italian rule. it was established in 1937 with the official name: "commissariato generale provinciale di misurata". much of the area of "provincia di misurata" became "misrata district" with the independence of libya after world war ii.
misurata province (called even "misrata province") was located in northern italian libya, between the "tripoli province" and the "bengazi province". its administrative center was the small city of misurata on the mediterranean coast.
it was divided in three sections ("circondari" in italian):
the population in the 1939 census was of nearly 225,000 inhabitants, most of which were arabs and berbers. the italians were nearly 10,000 and were concentrated in misurata, homs and some newly created villages for italian colonists (gioda, crispi, littoriano, corradini, etc.)
most of the population was muslim, but there was a growing community of catholics due to the italian colonists immigration. additionally there were nearly one thousand jews in misurata.
the province from 1939 was considered officially part of the kingdom of italy, with the same laws. it was one of the 4 new italian provinces of the so-called "quarta sponda" (fourth shore) of mussolini's greater italia. indeed on january 9, 1939, the colony of italian libya was incorporated into "metropolitan italy" and thereafter considered an integral part of the italian state (the french, in 1848, had incorporated "french algeria" in the same manner).
the neutrality acts of the 1930s were a series of programs, public work projects, financial reforms, and regulations enacted by president franklin d. roosevelt in the united states between 1933 and 1939. it responded to needs for relief, reform, and recovery from the great depression.
jane slavin (born 11 march 1970) is an english actress and novelist. slavin was the winner of the 1989 bbc radio drama carleton hobbs award. she has appeared on television in lewis, doctors, peak pratice, cathy jordan, ward sister in the itv medical drama series always and everyone, wendy neeson in coronation street, the doctor who full-cast radio drama the paradise of death, the bill, wycliffe, mairget, clocking off, casualty and heartbeat.
she was born in salford, lancashire, greater manchester, england, united kingdom about 2 teachers in peoples life.
the horn district is a district in the austrian state of 
towns are indicated in boldface; market towns in "italics"; suburbs, hamlets and other subdivisions of a municipality are indicated in .
the waidhofen an der thaya district is a district in the state of lower austria in austria.
suburbs, hamlets and other subdivisions of a municipality are indicated in .
the young plan was a pact that was finalized in 1929, that mainly aimed to lighten the reparation burden on germany by 20%. but it also made the removal of belgian, british and french troops from the rhineland (this was a demilitarized zone of germany as agreed upon in the treaty of versailles). the key negotiator in this on the german side was gustav stresemann, he was just done with this before he died.
waidhofen an der thaya is an austrian town in the state of lower austria. the town is the capital of the district of the same name. it is on the german thaya river.
yangzhou () is a prefecture-level city in central jiangsu province, china. it sits on the north bank of the yangtze. in 2010, 4,459,760 people lived there.
changsha () is the capital and most populous city in hunan province, people's republic of china. it is in the southern central part of the country. in 2010, 7,044,118 people lived there.
changsha administers 6 districts, 1 county and 2 county-level cities:
hermann ehlers (1 october 1904 – 29 october 1954) was a german politician. he was the 2nd president of the bundestag from 19 october 1950 to 29 october 1954.
he was a member of the christian democratic union of germany (cdu).
chocolate ice cream is a type of ice cream and dessert. usually, its made from cocoa powder. sugar or artificial sweetener is added as well. chocolate ice cream is commonly available in stores.
the northern cape (; ; ) is the largest and most populated province of south africa. it was created on 27 april 1994 when the cape province was split up. its capital is kimberley.
bollinger county is a county in missouri, united states. the county seat is marble hill. in 2010, 12,363 people lived there.
magdalena department is a department in northern colombia by the caribbean sea. the capital is santa marta and was named after the magdalena river.
tom bean is a city in grayson county, texas, united states. as of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 1,045.
it is found at (33.520811, -96.482826).
the ukrainian state film agency (ukrainian: державне агентство україни з питань кіно; romanization: "derzhavne ahent·stvo ukrayiny z pytanʹ kino"), known in short as dergkino (держкіно), is the central executive body of cinematography in ukraine. it was created in 2006.
ratings issued by the dergkino as of the latest amendment in 2015:
a peanut butter sandwich is a type of sandwich that has peanut butter, but no jelly. like a peanut butter and jelly sandwich, it has bread. it has 327 calories (fat).
wharram percy is a deserted medieval village (dmv) in north yorkshire, england. it has been settled since prehistory, but was largest during the 10th through 12th centuries. the "domesday book" talks about it, and says that it was called 'warran' or 'warron'. it was owned by the percy family of aristocrats. around the year 1400, it came under the ownership of the hylton family of aristocrats. they decided to use the land in and around the village for sheep, because it made more money back then. in the early 16th century, the last part of the village was destroyed to make room for sheep pasture.
guy may refer to:
shakib khan () is an actor in the bangladeshi movie industry. he made his debut in "ananta bhalobasha" (1999), and established himself as one of the most successful actors in bengali cinema. khan has received various awards, including four national movie awards for best actor, for "bhalobaslei ghor bandha jay na" (2010), "khodar pore ma" (2012), "aro bhalobashbo tomay" (2015) and swatta (2017) and eight meril prothom alo awards.
shakib is also a producer. his first produced movie was "" under his own banner sk films.
haakon maurice chevalier (september 10, 1901 – july 4, 1985) was an american author, translator, and professor of french literature at the university of california, berkeley best known for his friendship with physicist j. robert oppenheimer, whom he met at berkeley, california in 1937. he translated many works by salvador dalí, andré malraux, vladimir pozner, louis aragon, frantz fanon and victor vasarely into english.
chevalier was born on september 10, 1901 in lakewood township, new jersey and died on july 4, 1985 in paris at the age of 83.
miguel arroyo rosales (6 december 1966 – 30 january 2020) was a mexican road racing cyclist. he was a professional from 1989 to 1997. he was born in huamantla, mexico.
arroyo died at a hospital in puebla, mexico on 30 january 2020 from surgery-related problems, aged 53.
homero gómez gonzález ( – january 2020) was a mexican environmental activist, agricultural engineer, and politician. he was the manager of el rosario monarch butterfly preserve, a part of the monarch butterfly biosphere reserve. gómez was mayor and commissioner of , michoacán.
gómez was last seen alive on 13 january 2020 attending a meeting in the village of . more than two weeks after his disappearance, his body was found in an agricultural reservoir in ocampo, aged 50.
khaled bichara (, ) (july 27, 1971 – january 31, 2020) was an egyptian businessman. he was the chairman of dada.it and chief executive officer of accelero capital.
bichara was chief executive officer of orascom telecom media and technology otmt, group president and chief operating officer of vimpelcom ltd., and executive chairman of global telecom holding.
bichara played an important role in the merger of veon and wind telecom to create the world's sixth-largest telecommunications carrier.
bichara died in a car crash in giza, egypt on 31 january 2020 at the age of 48.
alexander joseph brunett (january 17, 1934 – january 31, 2020) was an american prelate of the roman catholic church. he was archbishop of seattle from 1997 until his retirement in 2010. brunett was the bishop of helena from 1994 to 1997 and after his retirement he was apostolic administrator of the diocese of oakland, california from 2012 to 2013. he was born in detroit, michigan.
brunett died on january 31, 2020 in seattle, washington at the age of 86.
the office of president of slovenia, officially president of the republic of slovenia (), was created on 23 december 1991 when the national assembly passed a new constitution as a result of independence from the socialist federal republic of yugoslavia.
list of presidents of slovenia.
socialist republic of slovenia.
danilo türk (; born 19 february 1952) is a slovenian politician. he was president of slovenia from 2007 to 2012.
in 2016, türk was an unsuccessful candidate for the post of secretary-general of the united nations.
janez drnovšek (; 17 may 1950 – 23 february 2008) was a slovenian liberal politician. he was president of the presidency of yugoslavia (1989–1990), prime minister of slovenia (1992–2002) and president of slovenia (2002–2007).
milan kučan (; born 14 january 1941) is a slovene politician. he was the first president of slovenia from 1991 to 2002.
the prime minister of slovenia, officially the president of the government of the republic of slovenia (), is the head of the government of the republic of slovenia. 
there have been nine officeholders since the country gained parliamentary democracy in 1989 and independence in 1991.
dušan sernec (1929) 
drago marušič (1929-1935) 
dinko puc (1935) 
 marko natlačen (1935-1941) 
boris kidrič (1945-1946) 
miha marinko (1946-1953) 
boris kraigher (1953-1962) 
viktor avbelj (1962-1965) 
janko smole (1965-1967) 
stane kavčič (1967-1972) 
andrej marinc (1972-1978) 
anton vratuša (1978-1980) 
janez zemljarič (1980-1984) 
dušan šinigoj (1984-1990) 
mary theresa eleanor higgins clark conheeney (née higgins; december 24, 1927 – january 31, 2020), known professionally as mary higgins clark, was an american writer of suspense novels. each of her 51 books was a bestseller in the united states. her best known works were "a stranger is watching", "a cry in the night" and "remember me". clark was born in new york city.
clark died in naples, florida on january 31, 2020 at the age of 92.
janez stanovnik (4 august 1922 – 31 january 2020) was a slovenian economist, politician, and partisan. he was the last president of the socialist republic of slovenia between 1988 and 1990. from 2003 to 2013, he was the president of the slovenian partisan veterans' association.
dalip kaur tiwana (4 may 1935 – 31 january 2020) was an indian novelist and short-story writer. she wrote about contemporary punjabi literature. she won awards, both regional and national, and was a widely translated author. 
in 1963, she joined the punjabi university, patiala as a lecturer and then went on to become professor and head of the department of punjabi, and dean, faculty of languages. she was also a ugc national lecturer for a year.
in 2004, she was awarded the padma shri award in 2004.
tiwana died on 31 january 2020 of lung disease in punjab, india at the age of 84.
livingston county is a county in missouri, united states. the county seat is chillicothe. in 2010, 15,195 people lived there.
pettis county is a county in missouri, united states. the county seat is sedalia. in 2010, 42,201 people lived there.
the lilienfeld district is a district in the state of lower austria in austria.
suburbs, hamlets and other subdivisions of a municipality are indicated in .
the melk district is a district in the state of lower austria in austria.
suburbs, hamlets and other subdivisions of a municipality are indicated in .
golling an der erlauf is a municipality in melk in the austrian state of lower austria.
keytesville is a city in missouri, united states. it is the county seat of chariton county.
sandra huggett (born 20 september 1973 in surrey, england) is an english actress best known for her roles in the channel 5 soap opera family affairs, and itv's coronation street. she grew up in ross-on-wye, herefordshire, but now lives in north london.
philip hill-pearson (born 16 june 1987 in bradford, west yorkshire, england) is a british actor; he trained at east 15 acting school, graduating in 2009. he is best known for his roles in united, war horse, shameless, good cop, wpc 56, common, doctors, no offence, vera, and coronation street as dc hough.
simon naylor (born 1983) is an english movie, stage and television actor. he was born in bury, greater manchester.
naylor trained in the italia conti academy of theatre arts. he is known for his role as micky/dane gibbs on the long-running itv soap opera, "coronation street".
lewis county is a county in missouri, united states. the county seat is monticello. in 2010, 10,211 people lived there.
lasagne (, , ; singular lasagna, ) are a type of wide, flat pasta. it is an italian dish made of stacked layers of this flat pasta alternating with fillings such as ragù (a meat sauce or tomato sauce) and other vegetables, cheese (which may include ricotta and parmesan), and seasonings and spices such as garlic, oregano and basil.
a s'more is a snack food eaten during camping trips, because you can put the marshmallow on a stick and cook it over a campfire.
they are made using a graham cracker, chocolate, and a marshmallow. s'mores can have around 268 calories, but it can change if you use different kinds of chocolate, marshmallows, or graham crackers.
august 10 is national s'more day.
polk county is a county in missouri, united states. the county seat is bolivar. in 2010, 31,137 people lived there.
holt county is the name of two counties in the united states:
holt county is a county in missouri, united states. the county seat is oregon. in 2010, 4,912 people lived there.
donnaleigh bailey (born 17 january 1983 in balsall heath, birmingham, england) is an english actress. she is known for her role in the bbc's "doctors", "shameless", itv's "coronation street" and "dangerfield".
rainbow butterfly unicorn kitty (shorter name rbuk) is a american animated preschool series. its first episode was seen on nickelodeon on january 27, 2019. it currently airs reruns on nicktoons and will air on nick jr. in 2023.
not your personal army, often shortened to nypa, is an internet meme which serves as a catchphrase used to imply that the community a person is requesting aid from refuses to help them in any way. it is often used as a reply to site raiding threads.
the usage of the phrase begun on 7chan's now defunct invasion board, otherwise known as /i/.
taking note of the success rate of /i/, people often requesting help from this board for their personal problems and vendettas. as these issues do not usually matter to anybody else on the board, the phrase was often used as a reply to the original poster to signify that the board refuse to provide aid to someone.
the phrase eventually spread off to other sites and chanboards, most notably 4chan (/b/ is not your personal army.) where it is now a commonly used phrase.
somewhat ironically, it has been claimed that 4chan was a primary motivator for the creation of 7chan's /i/ board.
eventually, the phrase was seen as a humorous catchphrase, being used in image macros where the phrase's original intent is not even implied.
a definition for "nypa" was posted to urban dictionary on december 8, 2007.
taylor is a city in the u.s. state of texas.
kyle is a city in the u.s. state of texas.
leander is a city in the u.s. state of texas.
elgin is a city in the u.s. state of texas. it is in both bastrop and travis counties. in 2010, 8,135 people live in elgin.
lago vista is a city in the u.s. state of texas.
penguins are a type of biscuit that is made in scotland. they are a bar shaped biscuits that are covered in milk chocolate. the biscuits are filled with chocolate cream. pladis' manufacturing division mcvitie's makes them at their factory in stockport.
they were first made in 1932 by william mcdonald, a biscuit manufacturer in glasgow. they became a brand of mcvitie's when mcdonald joined with mcvitie's and price, macfarlane lang & co and crawford to create united biscuits in 1948. each wrapper has a joke or "funny fact" printed on it and designs that feature penguins that are often in styles like that of famous works of art. these designs are usually funny.
in the 1980s, penguin became known for their television advertising slogan "p...p...p...pick up a penguin!”
in october 1996, united biscuits sued asda because they said asda said their own brand of "puffin" biscuits were part of the penguin brand. in march 1997, united biscuits won the case. the court found out asda had not broken any laws on how the penguin brand could be used. 
united biscuits was criticised for still using trans fatty acids in the cream filling of penguins. by december 2007, united biscuits began to publicly say trans fats are not in penguins anymore. 
the tim tam made by arnott's in australia was based on the penguin. occasional references in the media include tongue-in-cheek debates over which biscuit is better.
there are four versions of the biscuit:
spin off brands.
in 2002, mcvitie's made some versions of the penguin biscuit: penguin chukkas, wing dings, flipper dipper, splatz and mini splatz. there is a £5 million promotional campaign for the biscuits. in 2008, mcvitie's also made penguin triple chocolate wafers.
the system/370 or s/370 was a mainframe architecture, ibm built in the 1970s. the system was mostly compatible with system/360, which ibm had built before. >many applications coulds be re-used. the biggest change was that s/370 could handle virtual memory. the s/370 used tape drives and hard drives as mass storage device. the system/390 replaced the system/370 in the 1990s. 
jekyll is a british television drama serial shown on bbc one. steven moffat wrote all six episodes. douglas mackinnon and matt lipsey directed three episodes each.
it was made by hartswood films and stagescreen productions. the series also got funding from bbc america.
the series is a sequel to the novella "strange case of dr jekyll and mr hyde", and not an adaptation of it. the robert louis stevenson tale is used as a backstory within the series.
it stars james nesbitt as tom jackman, a modern-day descendant of dr. jekyll. he has recently begun transforming into a version of mr. hyde (also played by nesbitt). jackman is aided by psychiatric nurse katherine reimer, played by michelle ryan. gina bellman appears as claire, tom's wife.
filming took place around southern england in late 2006. the series was first shown on bbc one in june and july 2007.
doctor tom jackman (james nesbitt) is a married father of two. he has abandoned his family without explanation to live in a heavily fortified basement flat. he hires psychiatric nurse katherine reimer (michelle ryan) to help him. after explaining a set of elaborate security procedures to katherine, he straps himself into a metal chair and undergoes a transformation.
katherine observes that tom's alter ego exhibits rage, heightened senses, strength and speed, and a flirtatious manner. she assures this persona she will keep his secrets just as she keeps tom's. she asks for guarantees he will not harm her. tom's alter ego takes hyde's name. the two agree an uneasy truce. they share a body, but neither remembers what the other did while in charge. they use a micro cassette recorder to leave messages for each other.
when tom began transforming into the violent hyde, he feared for his family's safety. he chose to isolate himself from them. he visits his wife claire (gina bellman). during the visit, hyde assumes control and learns about tom's family.
miranda callendar, played by meera syal, is a detective employed by claire. she tells tom that "jekyll and hyde" was not fiction, but a version of actual events. miranda shows tom a picture of the real doctor jekyll who lived in edinburgh in the 19th century. tom is startled to see that jekyll looks exactly like him.
tom is also being watched by a private security team led by an american named benjamin, played by paterson joseph. the team works for his former employers at the biotechnology firm, klein and utterson. the team is directed by his friend peter syme, played by denis lawson.
when benjamin puts tom's children at risk, hyde asserts himself, and kills a lion. at the hospital he is approached by sophia, an elderly woman who claims to be his mother, but before he can question her she disappears.
tom confronts peter, who attempts to drug him. this provokes hyde to appear and take peter and claire hostage. claire argues that they need to find a cure for tom's condition. hyde kills benjamin. peter says that klein and utterson have had a cure for a long time. tom is captured and locked inside a metal coffin.
katherine and miranda confront peter, claiming they know the truth about tom. miranda thinks that klein and utterson have access to cloning technology and that tom is jekyll's clone. peter denies this and orders them taken away to be killed.
peter reveals to claire that tom's treatment will make him into one persona. if it is hyde, he will be kept for research. they will make the potion that turned the original jekyll into hyde. if it is tom, she will be free to take him home. when the box is opened, hyde is dominant.
in a flashback triggered by genetic memory, hyde has a vision of a meeting between jekyll and robert louis stevenson, the author of "strange case of dr jekyll and mr hyde". stevenson agrees to write a fictional version of jekyll's case but reveals that he knows the truth: there is no potion. instead, jekyll was transformed into hyde by his love for alice, a maid within his household. flashbacks into tom's own life show his hyde first appeared during a seaside holiday with claire, after the pair were accosted by hooligans.
enraged by further threats to tom's family, hyde escapes from klein and utterson. ms. utterson, a ruthless redheaded american woman at the head of klein and utterson, takes claire and her sons hostage at a private estate. she locks the twins in miniature versions of the coffin used on their father.
tom's alleged mother, sophia, appears on the premises and helps claire escape her locked bedroom. she tells claire how klein and utterson had tried to clone doctor jekyll but had been unsuccessful. claire meets several of the failed attempts in the basement of the building. they are disfigured and in a near-vegetative state. sophia explains that tom is a descendant of doctor jekyll, through mr hyde, and by chance "a perfect throwback, a chance in a million". klein and utterson had discovered this and had watched him from when he was six-months-old. in order to trigger his transformation into hyde, they created a clone of alice, the maid whom jekyll had loved. this clone is claire herself.
hyde tries to rescue tom's family from klein and utterson. he kills peter. there is a stand-off, with tom and claire's sons held hostage and suffocating. the hyde personality is apparently killed when he is shot with multiple bullets and then manages to avoid 'sharing the damage' by taking the wounds onto himself while allowing tom to assume his undamaged, healthy form, leaving doctor jackman as the only personality.
six months later, tom has tracked down sophia, the woman who claimed to be his mother. when he questions her about his father, she reveals that she is the descendant of hyde. he had inherited the family curse from her. as tom watches horrified, the powerless, tired, grey-haired sophia transforms into her own version of the hyde persona, the red-headed ms utterson.
jeffrey tayor of stagescreen productions had the idea of a modern version of "strange case of dr jekyll and mr hyde" in the mid-1990s. he attempted to get it produced in the united states, but all three attempts fell through. he returned to england and joined with hartswood films when elaine cameron was looking for ideas for a supernatural thriller. cameron approached steven moffat for a script. a six-part series was commissioned by the bbc's jane tranter and john yorke in november 2005.
bbc america gave co-production funding in march 2006. the producers regularly met with moffat for brainstorming sessions. the producers invited moffat to "write anything", with the intention of cutting the material back later. however, they were reluctant to cut material once they saw it on the page. the first episode starts with jackman already knowing about his alter ego. because the plot of "jekyll" begins after the story has developed for the characters, nesbitt says that the show feels like it is a second series.
moffat explicitly describes the series as a sequel, rather than an adaptation. he said the jekyll of the original story really existed, and jackman is his "modern-day descendant dealing with the same problems". as "jekyll and hyde" is such a well-known phrase, moffat labored over what to call the series, eventually deciding upon "jekyll" because that word "carries the name hyde". the final episode replaces the title "jekyll" with "hyde". producer elaine cameron says the one word title gives the series a "very modern feel". moffat initially named the character jekyll rather than jackman, but found it cumbersome to constantly explain that the book had not been written in this alternate universe. instead he chose a version where the book exists, but changed the name to jackman. otherwise, cameron felt, the character would appear stupid by not realising what was happening when turning into hyde.
the scene between tom and katherine was expanded slightly in the sixth episode to keep their relationship active to facilitate a second series. however, no further episodes were commissioned. in an august 2007 interview, moffat told alan sepinwall of "the star-ledger" that he had a sequel written for the miniseries "should the bbc be interested".
following "jekyll," moffat became a co-writer on "sherlock."
james nesbitt and his agent attended a meeting with jane tranter in late 2005 regarding the 2006 series of "murphy's law". at the conclusion of the meeting, she offered him a script for "jekyll", suggesting that he might like the role. nesbitt took the script role as a way of putting a distance between his previous work. the casting of nesbitt as tom jackman and hyde was publicised on 12 december 2005, but filming was not scheduled to begin until september 2006, increasing nesbitt's anticipation to play the roles. writer steven moffat said that the dual-role required a very skilled actor, and a well-known actor was necessary because it was such an expensive show to produce. the production team decided nesbitt's two characters would be mainly differentiated over a change in performance rather than by extensive make-up because they wanted hyde to be able to walk around in public without attracting attention.
michelle ryan was revealed to have been cast as jekyll's assistant, katherine reimer, in august 2006. ryan believed herself to be too young for the part, though that aspect had already been written into the character. to prepare, she consulted the royal college of psychiatry. ryan dyed her hair red for the role to help differentiate her from tom jackman's wife. denis lawson was cast as peter syme. the actor consulted his post-graduate son for information on syme's job.
moffat initially doubted gina bellman's suitability for the role of claire jackman because he associated her too much with jane christie, the character she had played in his sitcom "coupling". moffat did not imagine the character to be as beautiful as bellman, but her audition was so good that he revised his vision of the character. bellman originally auditioned for the role of katherine, but the producers wanted someone younger to play that role. however, bellman said that she talked herself out of the role by arguing that there should be an age gap between katherine and claire to avoid katherine becoming a threat to the wife. bellman approached her role as if claire had become caught up in tom's mid-life crisis, an angle that impressed the producers.
meera syal was attracted to her role because miranda was not a clichéd private detective and she thought the humour was "fresh". during the second filming block, mark gatiss briefly joined the cast, playing the small but important role of robert louis stevenson in flashback scenes in episode five.
other roles included paterson joseph as benjamin maddox, linda marlowe as ms utterson and al hunter ashton as christopher.
the series was filmed in two blocks of three episodes. the first three were directed by douglas mackinnon and the second three episodes by matt lipsey. it took an hour of make-up each day to turn nesbitt into hyde; a hairpiece lowered his hairline and prosthetics were added to his chin, nose and ear lobes. he also wore black contact lenses to make hyde "soulless". the producers decided that hyde's imminent arrival would be indicated by the flash of a black eye. the eye imagery evolved during filming, and did not appear in the script.
filming began in september 2006 with the zoo sequence from the second episode. benjamin's team have set tom up to force out hyde by placing his son, eddie, in the lion's den. writing the sequence at a late stage in the production, moffat wanted to compare hyde's natural instinct to kill to that of a lion. this was shot on location at heythrop zoo, a private zoo in chipping norton run by jim clubb, whose firm amazing animals specialises in training animals for cinema and television. the norman foster-designed building in chertsey, surrey, which then housed the european headquarters of video game designer and publisher electronic arts, was used as the klein & utterson institute. a large country estate near henley-on-thames and in bognor regis was used for some of the scenes. a disused boys' school in gloucestershire, and the hammer house in wardour street, soho were used in episode six. filming concluded on 20 december 2006.
the production team had twelve days to shoot each episode. director douglas mackinnon says this was the biggest challenge of the project. the required amount of material was shot for most of the episodes. however, an extra twenty minutes of material was filmed for episode six. director matt lipsey recalls that the team struggled to cut the extra material whilst maintaining the integrity of the episode. lipsey credits moffat for not "being precious" over his material during the editing process. his willingness to cut superfluous material meant that he was taken seriously when he argued for something to be retained.
the music was composed by debbie wiseman.
broadcast and reception.
"jekyll" was shown on bbc one on saturday nights at 9p.m. a two-week break occurred between showings of the third and fourth episodes because the live earth benefit concert was broadcast during its timeslot on 7 july.
the series began on bbc america from 4 august 2007, as part of a "supernatural saturday" programming strand.
in australia, "jekyll" began on abc1, sundays at 8.30 p.m. from 2 march 2008. there was a double episode back-to-back each week. in canada, "jekyll" began on showcase, at the end of august 2007 and on bbc canada, wednesdays at 10:00 p.m. from 26 march 2008. in hong kong, wednesday at 11:55 p.m. from 11 february 2009 on tvb pearl. in the netherlands, "jekyll" was broadcast in the summer of 2009 on sci-fi channel.
certain edits were made to the united kingdom broadcasts in order to remove language unsuitable for saturday night bbc one audiences. for example, a line spoken by hyde in episode one was changed from "who the fuck is mr hyde?" to "who the hell is mr hyde?"
james jackson of "the times" rated the first episode four out of five stars, calling nesbitt's performance as hyde "as entertainingly [over the top] as a dozen "doctor who" villains, with a palpable sense of menace to boot". the conspiracy plot is praised as a storyline that separates this series from other adaptations. "the daily telegraph's" stephen pile criticised the script for "veering between hammer horror and larky humour". james walton called the first episode a combination of "a good yarn with several nicely thoughtful touches". david cornelius of "dvdtalk" said "six episodes, 300 minutes, not a single one of them wasted. 'jekyll' is this year's finest television event".
the australian broadcasting corporation, commenting on the series being part of their 2008 line-up, said "this classic horror tale has been given a modern make-over that will leave you on the edge of your seat and begging for more. james nesbitt is outstanding as the new dr jekyll and mr hyde". nesbitt was nominated for the golden globe award for best performance by an actor in a mini-series or motion picture made for television for his roles. paterson joseph received a mention in the nominations for the 2008 screen nation awards.
the bbfc rated all episodes as a 15 certificate on 11 june 2007. "jekyll: season one" was released for region 2 on 30 july 2007 by contender home entertainment. it includes uncut episodes, including restoration of some swearing cut from the bbc broadcasts. as dvd verdict says about this uncut version, "the language is saucier, the violence a bit more bloody, and the sex more primal." the disc contains audio commentaries on two episodes: producer elaine cameron, writer steven moffat and first-block director douglas mackinnon comment on episode one, while executive producer beryl vertue, second-block director matt lipsey and actress gina bellman comment upon the sixth episode. the set also contains two documentaries: "anatomy of a scene" focuses upon the production of the zoo sequence in episode two, while "the tale retold" covers the evolution of the series. the first region 1 release occurred in the united states on 18 september 2007, although the region 1 canadian release was delayed until 9 october, following the canadian broadcast of the series on showcase, which commenced at the end of august 2007.
in may 2016, variety reported that lionsgate will develop an adaptation of the bbc miniseries with ellen degeneres and jeff kleeman in july 2016, it was announced that chris evans would play the leading role. in december 2016, it was announced that ruben fleischer will direct the film.
forsyth is a city of montana in the united states. it is the county seat of rosebud county. about 1,800 people lived there in 2010.
forsyth was established in 1876 as the first settlement on the yellowstone river.
libby is a city of montana in the united states. it is the county seat of lincoln county. as of the 2010 census, 2,628 people lived there.
libby is in the kootenai national forest, between the cabinet mountains to the south and the purcell mountains to the north. it is along the kootenai river, and downstream from the libby dam. libby is at an elevation of above sea level.
hardin is a city of montana in the united states. it is the county seat of big horn county. about 3,500 people lived there in 2010.
the little bighorn river joins the bighorn river near the town. it is north of the crow indian reservation.
mercer county is a county in missouri, united states. the county seat is princeton. in 2010, 3,785 people lived there.
harlowton is a city of montana in the united states. it is the county seat of wheatland county. about 1,000 people lived there in 2010.
harlowton was founded in 1900 as a station stop on the montana railroad. harlowton is surrounded by the crazy, little belt and big snowy mountains, which are a part of the lewis and clark national forest. 
malta is a city in montana, united states. it is the county seat of phillips county. about 2,000 people lived there in 2010.
one of the best preserved dinosaurs ever discovered was unearthed north of malta in 2000. the great plains dinosaur museum and field station is in malta.
the little rocky mountains are south of the town.
henry county is a county in missouri, united states. the county seat is clinton. in 2010, 22,272 people lived there. the county was organized on december 13, 1834.
tooele is a city in tooele county, utah.
chef boyardee is a food company founded in 1938. it is a public company. it mainly serves microwaveable foods. the company was founded by italian immigrant hector boiardi in milton, pennsylvania, u.s., in 1928.
mini abcs and 123s with meatballs.
mini abcs and 123s with meatballs is a food product of chef boyardee. it is soup with alphabet letters and numbers. it also comes with meatballs. it has 220 calories.
mini ravioli is a food product of chef boyardee. it is soup that has raviolis in a smaller size in it. like mini abcs and 123s with meatballs, it has 220 calories. it comes in 2 sizes: 15 oz and 40 oz.
beefaroni is a food product of chef boyardee. it is soup with beefaroni. 
michael kenneth moore (28 january 1949 – 2 february 2020) was a new zealand politician, union organiser and author. he was a member of the labour party. in 1990, he notably served as minister of foreign affairs, and was prime minister for 59 days. following labour's defeat in the 1990 election, moore served as leader of the opposition until the 1993 election. he served as director-general of the world trade organization from 1999 to 2002. he also held the post of new zealand's ambassador to the united states from 2010 to 2015.
moore was born in whakatane. he was married to yvonne dereany. he died on 2 february 2020 in auckland, at the age of 71.
pitt county is a county in the u.s. state of north carolina. in 2010, 168,148 people lived there which makes it the seventeenth-most populous county in north carolina. its county seat is greenville.
pitt county comprises the greenville, nc metropolitan statistical area. as one of the fastest growing centers in the state, the county has seen a population boom since 1990.
the county was made in 1760 from beaufort county, though the legislative act that created it did not become effective until january 1, 1761. it was named for william pitt the elder, who was then secretary of state for the southern department and leader of the house of commons. william pitt was an english statesman and orator, born in london, england. he studied at oxford university and in 1731 joined the army. pitt led the young "patriot" whigs and in 1756 became secretary of state, where he was a pro-freedom speaker in british colonial government.
 (0.4%) is water.
as of the census of 2000, there were 133,798 people, 52,539 households, and 32,258 families residing in the county. the population density was 205 people per square mile (79/km²). there were 58,408 housing units at an average density of 90 per square mile (35/km²). the racial makeup of the county was 62.08% white, 33.65% black or african american, 0.27% native american, 1.08% asian, 0.04% pacific islander, 1.80% from other races, and 1.09% from two or more races. 3.15% of the population were hispanic or latino of any race.
there were 52,539 households out of which 29.90% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.40% were married couples living together, 14.40% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.60% were non-families. 28.30% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. the average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 3.02.
in the county, the population was spread out with 23.60% under the age of 18, 17.50% from 18 to 24, 29.90% from 25 to 44, 19.40% from 45 to 64, and 9.60% who were 65 years of age or older. the median age was 30 years. for every 100 females there were 90.20 males. for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.40 males.
the median income for a household in the county was $32,868, and the median income for a family was $43,971. males had a median income of $31,962 versus $25,290 for females. the per capita income for the county was $18,243. about 13.50% of families and 20.30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.60% of those under age 18 and 20.20% of those age 65 or over.
as of the census of 2010, there were 168,148 people residing in pitt county, a 25.7% increase since 2000. females made up 52.8% of the population. caucasians make up 58.9% of the population, followed by african-americans at 34.1%, asian persons at 1.6%, american indian or alaskan at 0.3%, hispanic at 5.5%, and native hawaiian or other pacific islander at 0.1%. from the period of 2005 to 2009, the number of foreign-born people living in the county was at 4%.
the high school graduation rate in the county among citizens over the age of twenty-five from 2005-2009 was steady at 85%, while the percentage of those aged twenty-five and up with a bachelor's degree in the county was only 28.7% in the county during the same period of time.
in 2009, the median household income in pitt county was $36,339, over $7,000 less than the north carolina number and about 25.5% of pitt county residents were at or below the poverty level. the per capita money income, in terms of 2009 dollars, in the past twelve months from 2005-2009 in pitt county was $21,622, about $3,000 less than the north carolina average.
politics, law and government.
in the early twentieth century pitt was a typical democratic "solid south" county, where there were large numbers of disenfranchised blacks and the small white electorate voted overwhelming majorities for the democratic party. pitt voted for the democratic party in every election from at least 1876 until american independent candidate george wallace gained a plurality in 1968. apart from richard nixon's overwhelming victory over george mcgovern in 1972, pitt has since been a closely contested swing county, with no major party candidate post-mcgovern falling under forty percent.
pitt county is a member of the mid-east commission regional council of governments.
pitt county is represented by dr. greg murphy, kandie smith, and chris humphrey in the north carolina house of representatives and donald g. davis in the north carolina senate.
private schools in pitt county include:
public schools in pitt county are managed by pitt county schools.
american airlines (piedmont airlines) serves the pitt-greenville airport daily with connecting flights to charlotte douglas international airport.
ayden is a town in pitt county, north carolina in the united states. the population was 4,932 at the 2010 census. the town is a part of the greenville metropolitan area of north carolina's inner banks region. the town holds an annual collard festival, and is home to many local businesses, and currently considered one of north carolina's smallest towns.
ayden is located at (35.470973, -77.420740).
according to the united states census bureau, the town has a total area of , all of it land.
in 1891, william henry harris asked the atlantic coast line railroad to build a railroad depot on a portion of his farm in order to create a village. a parcel of land was divided into residential lots surrounding the depot in "harristown". harris owned every other lot in harristown. within the next several years, lots were sold and homes were built. businesses began to open up to support the new residents, and on february 3, 1891, people in the town created a local government as "ayden." within a few years, the carolina christian college and the free will baptist seminary were established. by 1919, ayden had full-time electricity supplied by the ayden municipal light plant. in 1922, the mutual building and loan association of ayden was organized to help families obtain mortgages (or loan) to build homes in ayden.
after experiencing tough times during the great depression, and after the second world war, the town began to grow. as the town got bigger, they made commercial, cultural, religious, and other establishments within and around ayden. the community is still growing today, thanks to the continued development of greenville. because greenville is an industrial and economic center for eastern north carolina.
the ayden historic district was listed on the national register of historic places in 1994.
as of the census of 2000, there were 4,622 people, 1,936 households, and 1,217 families living in the town. the population density was 1,994.5 people per square mile (769.2/km²). there were 2,067 housing units at an average density of 892.0 per square mile (344.0/km²). the racial makeup of the town was 47.64% white, 49.52% african american, 0.17% native american, 0.19% asian, 0.04% pacific islander, 1.32% from other races, and 1.10% from two or more races. hispanic or latino of any race were 2.21% of the population.
there were 1,936 households out of which 7.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them. 12% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.4% were married couples living together. 20.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 12.6% were non-families. 33.1% of all households were made up of individuals. 17.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. the average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 3.02.
in the town, the population was spread out with 25.6% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 25.8% from 25 to 44, 23.4% from 45 to 64, and 17.7% who were 65 years of age or older. for every 100 females, there were 78.9 males. for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 70.3 males.
the medium income for a household in the town was $24,004, and the median income for a family was $34,808. males had a median income of $30,991 versus $22,305 for females. the per capita income for the town was $14,505. about 21.0% of families and 26.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 32.4% of those under age 18 and 34.1% of those age 65 or over.
ayden has used the council-manager form of government since 1957. under this form of government, the town board of commissioners is the final authority of most matters related to managing the government. the town board employs a town manager to oversee the day-to-day operations of the town. the mayor and town board of commissioners are the governing body of the town. the mayor acts as the official head of the government and spokesperson of the board. the mayor presides at all meeting of the board and signs all documents authorized by the board.
the mayor pro-tem is selected by each new board, and assumes all duties and responsibilities of the mayor in his absence. the mayor and town board, together, are responsible for establishing the policies for the general operation of the town. the town board adopts ordinances, resolutions, budgets, authorizes contracts, and approves the financing of all town operations. the board also appoints the town manager and town attorney, along with members of various boards and commissions.
education in ayden is administered by the pitt county public school system. the three schools in ayden include: ayden elementary school, ayden middle school and ayden-grifton high school.
higher education is provided by pitt community college, located between ayden and greenville. east carolina university is in downtown greenville.
the ayden collard festival is held the week immediately following labor day in september. the annual event started in 1975 and includes a collard queen contest which has been renamed as the miss ayden contest, sporting events, rides, live music, food, and a parade.
andrew james dalrymple gill (1 january 1956 – 1 february 2020) was a british post-punk guitarist and record producer. he was the lead guitarist for the british rock band gang of four, which he co-founded in 1976. 
gill was known for his albums such as "entertainment!" (1979) and "solid gold" (1981) and hit singles such as "at home he's a tourist," "damaged goods," "anthrax," "what we all want" and "i love a man in a uniform".
gill died on 1 february 2020 of pneumonia in london, aged 64.
kentigan peter "kent" riley (born 9 april 1984) is an english actor, best known for his roles in coronation street, hollyoaks, weirdsister college, brief encounters, and patty dike show: still rockin' in brooklyn heights.
he is born in fazakerley, liverpool, merseyside, england. he goes to st gregory's nicholas school.
manimuthar river is a river in the state of tamil nadu in southern india. it begins on the eastern slopes of the western ghats in the tirunelveli district. it is a major tributary of the thamirabarani river. its length is .
maurice sanford fox (october 11, 1924 – january 26, 2020) was an american geneticist and molecular biologist. he was professor emeritus of biology at the massachusetts institute of technology (mit), where he was department chair between 1985 and 1989. he was important for the creation of the council for a livable world. 
fox died on january 26, 2020 at the age of 95.
sophie thompson (born 20 january 1962 in hampstead, north london, england) is an english actress who has worked in the television soap opera "coronation street", which she portraying the role in 2018.
péter andorai (25 april 1948 – 1 february 2020) was a hungarian actor. he appeared in over 90 movies beginning 1975. he starred in the 1980 movie "bizalom", which was entered into the 30th berlin international film festival, where it won the silver bear for best director.
ilie bărbulescu (24 june 1957 – 1 february 2020) was a romanian footballer. he was a member of steaua bucurești's winning squad for the european cup in 1986 and for the european supercup in 1987.
he played as a defender and spent the majority of his career with fc argeș pitești.
bărbulescu also won five caps for the romanian national team.
in economics, jevons paradox is a paradox about resource usage. it is also called jevons effect, after william stanley jevons who first observed it in 1865. jevons observed that the steam engine james watt had developed was much more efficient that the earlier model of thomas newcomen. despite this, the use of coal in england increased. the improvements james watt had introduced made coal a cheap source of energy. as a consequence, watt's steam engine was more popular, and its use was more widespread. so even though each steam engine used less coal, the demand for coal increased, as there were more steam engines.
jaswant singh kanwal (27 june 1919 – 1 february 2020) was an indian writer and essayist. his works were of the punjabi language. he was born in the village of dhudike, moga district, punjab, india. he was awarded the punjabi sahit shiromani award in the year 2007. his best known novel was "lahoo di lo" (dawn of the blood).
nodaway county is a county located in missouri, united states. the county seat is maryville. in 2010, 23,370 people lived there.
morgan nick is a person who was born on september 12, 1988. she was kidnapped and went missing on june 9, 1995.
on june 9, 1995, morgan and her family were at a baseball game. around an hour later, morgan asked her mother if she could get fireflies with her friends. her mother did not want to allow morgan to go at first, but agreed after other parents said that it would be safe. she was last seen getting sand out of her shoes next to her mothers vehicle. her friends reported seeing a stranger. she was never seen again.
pou is a virtual pet game made for the blackberry 10, ios and android. it was last updated on february 4, 2021. it was made on august 23, 2012 by lebanese designer paul salameh. the goal of the game is to take care of an alien who is named pou. the player can feed, bathe, and play with pou. there are minigames where the player can get coins. these coins can be used to buy food, clothes, and other items. it plays just like a tamagotchi toy.
new madrid county is a county found in the bootheel of the u.s. state of missouri. the county seat and largest city is new madrid. in 2010, 18,956 people lived there.
peter dodds mccormick ( – 30 october 1916) was a scottish-born australian schoolteacher. he is best known as the composer of the australian national anthem "advance australia fair".
mccormick was born in port glasgow, scotland. in 1855, he moved to sydney, new south wales. he spent most of his life working for the nsw education department. he was also part of scottish presbyterian church activities in sydney. he published around 30 patriotic and scottish songs, some of which became very popular. "advance australia fair" was first performed in public by andrew fairfax at the st andrew's day concert of the highland society in 1878. the song quickly became popular. it was sung by a choir of 10,000 at the inauguration of the commonwealth of australia on 1 january 1901. in 1907, the new south wales government awarded mccormick £100 for composing the song.
on 30 october 1916, mccormick died at his home, clydebank, in the sydney suburb of waverley. he was 83.
laclede county is a county in missouri, united states. the county seat is lebanon. in 2010, 35,571 people lived there.
maries county is a county in missouri, united states. the county seat is vienna. in 2010, 9,176 people lived there. the county was organized on march 2, 1855.
vernon county is a county in the u.s. state of missouri. the county seat is nevada. in 2010, 21,159 people lived there.
dominic thiem (born 3 september 1993) is an austrian professional tennis player. his career-high atp ranking is world no. 4, which he first reached on 6 november 2017. he is the second highest-ranked austrian player in history, behind thomas muster (no. 1, 1996). he has won 16 atp singles titles and reached three grand slam finals.
thiem was born in wiener neustadt. he grew up in lichtenwörth. he dated french tennis player kristina mladenovic from 2017 to 2019.
kristina mladenovic (; born 14 may 1993) is a french professional tennis player. she is most notable for her performances in doubles winning the 2016 french open women's doubles title with caroline garcia, and the 2018 australian open, the 2019 french open and the 2020 australian open women's doubles titles with tímea babos. she also won the 2013 wimbledon and 2014 australian open mixed doubles titles alongside daniel nestor.
mladenovic was born in saint-pol-sur-mer. she is the child of serbian parents. she dated austrian tennis player dominic thiem from 2017 to 2019.
madison county is a county in the lead belt region of the u.s. state of missouri. the county seat and largest city is fredericktown. in 2010, 12,226 people lived there.
jefferson county is a county in missouri, united states. the county seat is hillsboro. in 2010, 218,733 people lived there.
sir murray gordon halberg (born 7 july 1933) is a new zealand former middle-distance runner. he was born in eketahuna. he won the gold medal in the 5000 metres event at the 1960 summer olympics. he also won gold medals in the 3 miles events at the 1958 and 1962 commonwealth games. in 1963, he set up the halberg trust, which supports children with disabilities to be active in sport, creation and leisure. the organisation rebranded in 2012 to become the halberg disability sport foundation.
film4 productions is a british movie production company owned by channel four television corporation. it is called film4 productions as it produces movies. movies are known as films in most countries. the 4 in tne name indicates its connection to the tv company channel four. the company has supported many movies made in the united kingdom. the company's first movie was "walter", directed by stephen frears. it was released in 1982.
before 1998, the company was called channel four films or filmfour international. 
in 1998, the name was changed to filmfour. a new digital tv channel also called filmfour was created.
in 2006, the name was changed to "film4 productions" to tie in with the relaunch of the filmfour broadcast channel as film4.
tessa ross was head of both film4 and channel 4 drama from 2002 to 2014.
selected list of productions.
this is a list of the most notable productions by film4. 
lawrence county is a county in missouri, united states. the county seat is mount vernon. in 2010, 38,634 people lived there.
sainte genevieve county, abbreviated ste. genevieve county (), is a county in missouri. the county seat is ste. genevieve. in 2010, 18,145 people lived there.
johnson county is a county in missouri, united states. the county seat is warrensburg. in 2010, 52,595 people lived there.
a tootsie roll is a type of small chocolate candy. it is wrapped in a wrapper. its main ingredient is chocolate. twelve pieces of tootsie roll have about 120 calories.
louis emmerick grant is a british tv actor, born 10 june 1960, best known for presenting numerous shows in casualty, brookside, new tricks, the bill, coronation street, and more.
in the united kingdom, she born in toxteth, liverpool, merseyside county on the north west of england, to a liberia father and an british mother.
a floating exchange rate is when the exchange rate between two currencies can change freely. it is also known as flexible exchange rate, or fluctuating exchange rate. supply and demand will influence the exchange rate. today, floating exchange rates between currencies are common. usually, the market will regulate the exchange rate. in most cases, the central banks of the affected countries will not intervene. they might do something, if the exchange rate rises above a certain threshold, or it falls below a minimal value. 
the opposite is a fixed exchange rate, or pegged exchange rate.
in a fixed exchange rate, a state authority defines an exchange rate of its own currency, against another currency, a basket of currencies, or some good, such as gold. the central bank of the country will then guarantee this exchange rate; it will buy or sell its currency at this rate.
newport is a borough in perry county, pennsylvania, united states. as of the 2010 census, the borough had a population of 1,574.
potter county is a county in the u.s. state of pennsylvania. as of the 2010 census, the county had a population of 17,457. the county seat is coudersport.
perry county is a county in the u.s. state of pennsylvania. as of the 2010 census, the county had a population of 45,969. the county seat is new bloomfield.
new bloomfield is a borough in and the county seat of perry county, pennsylvania, united states. as of the 2010 census, the borough had a population of 1,247.
huntingdon county is a county in the u.s. state of pennsylvania. as of the 2010 census, the county had a population of 45,913. the county seat is huntingdon.
montour county is a county in the u.s. state of pennsylvania. as of the 2010 census, the county had a population of 18,267. the county seat is danville.
erie county is a county in the u.s. state of pennsylvania. as of the 2010 census, the county had a population of 272,061. the county seat is erie.
dent county is a county in 
missouri, united states. the county seat is salem. in 2010, 15,657 people lived there.
adams county is a county in the u.s. state of pennsylvania. as of the 2010 census, the county had a population of 101,407. the county seat is gettysburg.
armstrong county is a county in the u.s. state of pennsylvania. as of the 2010 census, the county had a population of 65,263. the county seat is kittanning.
caldwell county is a county in missouri, united states. the county seat is kingston. in 2010, 9,424 people lived there. it was organized on december 29, 1836.
salem is a city in missouri, united states. it is the county seat of dent county.
spencer county is a county in the u.s. state of indiana. as of 2010, 20,952 people lived there. the county seat is rockport. it was formed on january 10, 1818.
air malta (stylized as airmalta) is the flag carrier airline of malta, based in luqa. it was founded on 31 march 1973. the main hub is at malta international airport. it goes to destinations in europe, the middle east and north africa.
, air malta operates the following aircraft:
the original island gardens dlr station was opened on 31 august 1987 as the southern terminus of the initial dlr system. it was built next to the site of the old north greenwich railway station, which had been the southern terminus of the old millwall extension railway. island gardens dlr station was elevated with two platforms. 
the extension of the dlr to a new terminus at lewisham passes under the river thames in a deep tube tunnel. this required a new island gardens dlr station to be built, further away from the river, and underground. the original station and the southern end of the connecting viaduct have since been demolished.
cutty sark "for maritime greenwich" is a light metro station on the docklands light railway (dlr) bank-lewisham line in greenwich, south-east london. it is named for the nearby ship cutty sark in the maritime greenwich district. it is the most central of the greenwich dlr stations, in greenwich town centre.
the samaritan museum is an ethnographic and archaeological museum in mount gerizim, near nablus. the museum is explores and presenting the culture of the samaritans people. the museum is the only museum in the world dedicated to samaritans and their language. the museum was opened in 1991.
wilhelmina hendrika "mien" schopman-klaver (26 february 1911 in amsterdam – 10 july 2018 in leiden, netherlands) was a dutch athlete. she was a reserve for the 4 × 100 metres relay at the 1932 summer olympics in los angeles.
schopman-klaver became a centenarian in 2011 and celebrated her 106th birthday in 2017.
ye lwin (; december 1947 – 10 july 2018) was a burmese musician, guitarist and peace activist. he was the longtime bass guitarist and singer of the mizzima wave () band. he was one of activist musician in the peace movement of myanmar. he created many own original tunes, and one of his song ""pan kayan pya" " (violet flower) was most popular and banned from 1962 to 1988.
on 18 june 2018, ye lwin was hospitalized in yangon for liver cancer. he died there on 10 july 2018, aged 70.
gabriel caruana (7 april 1929 – 16 july 2018) was a maltese artist. he worked in ceramics. he studied at the malta school of art (1953–59). he exhibited internationally, including a group exhibit by maltese artists at hunter college in 1996. caruana was a pioneer of modern art in malta, drawing inspiration from popular art traditions and the architecture of the island.
caruana died on 16 july 2018 in qormi at the age of 89.
rita bhaduri (4 november 1955 – 17 july 2018) was an indian movie and television actress. she was born in lucknow, uttar pradesh. bhaduri was known for her roles in "nimki mukhiya", "kabhi haan kabhi naa", and in "sindoor aur bandook".
bhaduri died on 17 july 2018 at a mumbai hospital from kidney disease at the age of 62.
yvonne ann blake (17 april 1940 – 17 july 2018) was a british-born spanish costume designer. she was born in manchester. blake won an academy award for best costume design for the movie "nicholas and alexandra". she also won four goya awards and was nominated for the bafta awards and the emmy awards.
blake was also known for her production design in "jesus christ superstar" and "superman".
blake died on 17 july 2018 in madrid from complications of a stroke at the age of 78.
the u.s. state of new york has been affected or hit by eighty-four tropical or subtropical cyclones since the 17th century. new york is in the northeastern u.s. on the east coast. the strongest storm of all to hit the state was the 1938 new england hurricane. that storm also killed over 600 people.
october 9, 1804: a hurricane generates heavy snow as it moves north over the east coast. the storm later becomes extratropical.
september 5, 1815: a hurricane moves over north carolina. it then parallels the united states' east coast. the storm causes a heavy rainstorm in new york.
september 3, 1821: the 1821 norfolk and long island hurricane causes severe damage in long island. storm surge is 13 feet. high winds cause a ship to crash. seventeen people are killed in the shipwreck. there are 22 deaths total.
september 6, 1869: a hurricane brushes long island while hitting rhode island. minimal damage results from the storm.
august 23-25, 1893: the 1893 new york hurricane hits new york city at the brooklyn area. the storm is a category 1 hurricane when it hits. hog island is washed away by the storm.
over 30 people are killed.
august 29-30, 1893: the 1893 sea islands hurricane causes severe damage in new york. a number of lives are lost in the storm.
september 17, 1903: the 1903 new jersey hurricane causes wind gusts of over 65 miles per hour. three inches of rain fall in central park in new york city.
august 25, 1933: the chesapeake–potomac hurricane produces just over six inches of rain in southeastern new york. damage is not known.
september 20, 1936: strong waves and storm surges from a powerful hurricane flood much of long beach island in new york. 
september 21, 1938: the 1938 new england hurricane hits at central long island at suffolk county. the hurricane is a category 3 when it hits. in new york, 60 deaths and hundreds of injuries are tied to the storm. damage from the 1938 storm is in the hundreds of millions of dollars. between 500-700 people are killed in the united states by the hurricane.
september 14-15, 1944: the 1944 great atlantic hurricane hits on long island as a category 1 hurricane. six people are killed.
august 31, 1954: hurricane carol hits long island: she produces winds gusts near 120 miles per hour (mph). the storm is compact, so long island is largely not affected by carol. damage totals in new york are not known.
september 11, 1960: hurricane donna hits long island as a category 2 hurricane. sustained winds on eastern long island are 100 mph. western long island has winds of 70 mph. damage is very low. there are no deaths in new york from the storm.
june 22, 1972: hurricane agnes hits new york city. she produces over 12 inches of rain in southeast new york and much of western new york. severe river flooding causes six deaths.
august 10-11, 1976: hurricane belle hits long island as a category 1 storm. one person is killed by a falling tree. damage is moderate.
september 27, 1985: hurricane gloria hits west central long island as a category 2 hurricane. the storm kills one person in new york. damage is $300 million.
august 19, 1991: hurricane bob comes within a short distance of hitting eastern long island as a category 2 hurricane. the storm kills two people. insured damage is around $75 million.
july 13, 1996: hurricane bertha hits long island as a strong tropical storm. the storm produces heavy rainfall and tropical storm force winds.
september 16, 1999: hurricane floyd causes severe flooding on long island. the storm kills two people. damage is moderate in new york.
september 6-7, 2008: tropical storm hanna hits long island as a tropical storm. other than downed trees, damage is mild.
august 27-28, 2011: hurricane irene hits coney island as a strong tropical storm. storm surge reaches under the boardwalks at coney island and long beach. the storm kills five people in the state.
late october 2012: hurricane sandy hits south of new york city. the storm causes billions of dollars of damage in eastern new york and new jersey. over 160 people are killed.
october 28-29, 2017: tropical storm philippe blends with a low pressure system. the storm generates heavy rain and wind in new york.
august 20-23 2021 
category 1 hurricane henri hit new york causing flooding.
the following table includes all storms which caused fatalities in new york state.
bi cygni is a red supergiant in the cygnus constellation. it has a size more than 1,000 times larger than the sun.
madeline brewer (born may 1, 1992) is an american actress. she was born in pitman, new jersey. 
brewer is best known for her roles in the netflix original series "orange is the new black" and "hemlock grove". in 2016, she appeared in "black mirror". brewer stars in "the handmaid's tale" on hulu.
v382 carinae, also named x carinae, is a yellow hypergiant star. it is visible to the eye and is seen in the carina constellation. with a diameter of almost 1 billion kilometers, or 700 times larger than the sun, it is one of the largest known stars. v382 carinae is 316,000 times brighter than the sun.
pitman is a borough in gloucester county, new jersey, united states. as of the 2010 united states census, the borough's population was 9,011. the borough was named for rev. charles pitman, a methodist minister.
v838 monocerotis is a red giant star in the monoceros constellation. it is famous for undergoing a sudden growth in size in the year 2002. when it happened, the star became 1,570 times bigger than the sun. however, it shrunk in size - bringing its size to only 380 times bigger than the sun. it is 20,000 times brighter than the sun.
charles "chuckie" anthony nicoletti (december 3, 1916 – march 29, 1977), also known as "the typewriter" and "chuckie typewriter", was an american mobster. he was born in chicago. he was a top chicago outfit hitman under outfit boss sam giancana before and after giancana's rise and fall.
on march 29, 1977, nicoletti was shot three times in the back of his head in the parking lot in suburban northlake, illinois, aged 60.
in 2010, "playboy" magazine published an article by hillel levin in which nicoletti was suspected in the assassination of president john f. kennedy by james files.
tom aposporos is an american politician. he served as mayor of poughkeepsie, new york for four two-year terms beginning in 1980. he was elected at age 27, making him the youngest mayor in poughkeepsie's history. he is the only person to have served four consecutive terms. 
in 1988, he was elected to the board of directors of progressive bank, inc., a publicly held holding company based in pawling and later fishkill, new york, which owned pawling savings bank. in 1991, aposporos was elected progressive's chairman of the board and served until the merger of progressive into premier national bank, and then to the sale of premier in 1997 to a bank holding company owning m & t bank of buffalo, new york. 
subsequently, aposporos moved to anna maria island on florida's gulf coast and served in government there first chairing anna maria's charter review commission and reforming the government to a mayor and commission form. he later served as a member of the city commission. 
in 2006, he helped to found a not-for-profit producing theater company, theatre odyssey, and later served as director emeritus. theatre odyssey has produced over 200 new plays.
since 1972, aposporos has also been a professional in the real estate field and is a licensed real estate broker in both florida and new york.
hurricanes and tropical storms have been recorded in new england since the 17th century. but such storms have hit the region since long before then. the new england states are connecticut, maine, massachusetts, new hampshire, rhode island and vermont.
before 19th century.
august 25, 1635: the great colonial hurricane of 1635 hits new england. forty-six people are killed. (note: the word "hurricane" was not yet in american english at that time).
september 1775: the 1775 newfoundland hurricane brought very strong winds to new england.
november 1, 1778: a late-season hurricane struck cape cod, massachusetts. it killed 50-70 people.
the 1804 snow hurricane affected certain areas of new england. it generated snow in some parts of the northeastern u.s.
september 23-24, 1815: the 1815 new england hurricane struck new england. it had an 11-foot storm surge. the storm killed 38 people.september 4, 1821: the 1821 norfolk and long island hurricane cut through western new england. the storm killed 17 people.
september 8, 1869: a category 3 hurricane struck rhode island. it caused several deaths in the new england region.
october 4-6, 1869: the 1869 saxby gale struck cape cod and martha's vineyard as a category 2 hurricane. it also struck maine as a category 1. the storm killed 37 people.
november 3-4, 1927: a tropical storm struck western new england. it killed 84 people in vermont and one in rhode island.
september 21, 1938: the 1938 new england hurricane struck central new england. the storm killed over 600 people. it caused over $400 million in damage. in particular, it came ashore in connecticut.
september 14-15, 1944: the 1944 great atlantic hurricane hit east central new england at the connecticut-rhode island border. it was a category 1 storm when it struck. damage across cape cod and martha's vineyard was worse than the 1938 hurricane. there was also severe wind damage in new bedford, massachusetts. twenty-eight people were killed by the storm in new england.
august 30-september 1, 1954: hurricane carol hit eastern new england, particularly massachusetts and rhode island. the storm was a category 3. carol killed 68 people. damage was over $400 million.
september 11, 1954: hurricane edna struck cape cod and martha's vineyard as a category 2 hurricane. twenty people were killed. damage was over $40 million.
september 11-13, 1960: hurricane donna hit connecticut as a strong category 1 hurricane. the storm caused heavy damage in massachusetts, maine and new hampshire.
august 28, 1971: tropical storm doria went into connecticut after passing over long island. hurricane-force wind was measured at sea level in bridgeport, connecticut.
august 10-11, 1976: hurricane belle moved slowly into new england as a strong tropical storm. the storm hit central new england, particularly connecticut and massachusetts.
september 27, 1985: hurricane gloria caused widespread wind damage in new england. the storm killed eight people. damage from gloria was $900 million.
august 19, 1991: hurricane bob struck rhode island and eastern massachusetts as a strong category 2 hurricane. the storm killed 18 people. damage was $1.5 billion.
september 2, 1996: hurricane edouard passed just offshore as a category 1 hurricane. the storm killed two people.
november 3, 2007: hurricane noel created hurricane force wind gusts in new england.
september 6-7, 2008: tropical storm hanna moved through central and southern new england. damage was minimal.
september 2010: hurricane earl produced heavy rain and high winds across eastern new england. the storm caused minimal damage.
august 27-28, 2011: hurricane irene moved into west-central new england as a strong tropical storm. irene produced high winds, heavy rain and flooding in the region. the storm killed 16 people. the damage was in the billions of dollars.
october 28-29, 2012: hurricane sandy affected new england with outer rain bands and high winds. five people were killed in new england.
october 29-30, 2017: tropical storm philippe, combined with an extratropical system, resulted in around 1.2 million power outages. no people were killed.
october 30, 2020: hurricane zeta, combined with a cold front, brought accumulating snow. power outages and downed trees were a result. no people were killed.
august 5, 2020: hurricane isaias, the hurricane caused tornados in new jersey that killed lots of people, power and internet were out for days in new england. the storm killed 17 or 18 people. the damage was over 4 billion dollars.
violence against women (vaw in short), also called gender-based violence, is violent acts mostly against women and girls. it is sometimes considered a hate crime. the reason for that is such acts of violence are done against women and girls mainly because they're female.
the united nations' declaration on the elimination of violence against women says: "violence against women is a manifestation of historically unequal power of relations between men and women."
violence against women has several broad categories: rape, sexual harassment, domestic violence, sexual violence, forced marriage and female genital mutilation are among those categories.
on 11 may 2011, council of europe has adopted istanbul convention against domestic violence and violence against women.
a vacation (american english) or holiday (british english) is a time for people to relax and take a break from whatever they usually do. people spend their vacation time in different ways. for many, it's a time for tourism. they might go backpacking to a holiday camp, or stay in a trailer, hostel, or hotel. families often take a vacation together. because the cost of many things is becoming higher, some people are giving up going on vacation to other countries, and are staying in their home country and finding interesting places to go there. this type of trip is known colloquially as a "staycation".
vacations are usually taken when somebody has time off of work or school. this means that many people go on vacation during religious or national holidays. many jobs allow for workers to have several days off during which they will still be paid. this practice, known as annual leave, is another common time for people to go on vacation.
indigenous marriage in south africa is a social and legal bond between two clans. this bond is built around a man and a woman in a ukulobola covenant. the delivery of ikhazi things like cattle or other valuables from the man’s family to the woman’s. this bond connects the two clans in a permanent relationship. children the man and woman have make the bond stronger. when the man and woman are married, the woman will leave her clan and join the man's clan.
buzzards bay is a bay next to the southeastern part of the u.s. state of massachusetts. it is around 28 miles long and eight miles wide. 
buzzards bay is a popular place for tourism, fishing and boating. 
the name was given to this bay by colonists who saw a large bird they called a buzzard near the shores. but it was really an osprey.
towns on buzzards bay were hit hardest by the effects of hurricane bob in august 1991.
narragansett bay is a coastal body of water next to southern rhode island. it is on the north side of the rhode island sound. the bay forms new england's largest estuary.
there are over 30 islands in the bay. the three largest ones are aquidneck island, conanicut island and prudence island.
providence, rhode island's capital and largest city, is just to the north of narragansett bay. newport is on the southeast side of the bay.
camberwell is a closed railway station in camberwell, south london, england. it was opened in 1862 by the london, chatham and dover railway. it closed to passengers in 1916 and closed to all traffic in 1964. in 2018, local campaigners raised a 2,000 signature petition to re-open the station. 
heron quays is a light metro station on the docklands light railway (dlr) bank to lewisham line. it is in the heron quays area of canary wharf in east london. 
the station is on the isle of dogs and serves the southern part of the canary wharf office complex. it is directly connected to that complex's jubilee place underground shopping centre. the station is elevated and is in one of the complex's office towers. it has an oyster card interchange for the canary wharf tube station on london underground's jubilee line. through ticketing is allowed between the two stations.
south quay is a docklands light railway (dlr) station on the isle of dogs, london, england. the station is between crossharbour and heron quays stations and is in travelcard zone 2. south quay station is located on the southern shore of the south dock of the west india docks. the current station platforms sit astride the channel connecting millwall dock to the west india docks.
the original south quay station opened in 1987 in millwall, and was a standard dlr phase 1 elevated station. it was later extended to permit the use of 2 car trains. the station was constrained by sharp curves at both ends and could not be further extended on its original site. the dlr planned to operate 3 car trains on this line so the station was relocated to a new site over millwall dock. the new site is some distance to the east, so the relocated station is partly in cubitt town.
abbey road dlr station is a docklands light railway station in the west ham neighbourhood of the london borough of newham, in east london, england. it is located on the stratford international extension of the docklands light railway.
science to youth movement (in bosnian "pokret nauku mladima"), was formerly the alliance of young researchers of bosnia and herzegovina until 1992. 
the first organizers and presidents were professors at the university of sarajevo's faculty of sciences.
the movement’s activities were organized as networks of local young researchers at the annual festivals of the b&h, and at the federal level of the former yugoslavia. the participants, mostly high school students, competed to test their knowledge of natural sciences and mathematical sciences in the freely selected topics. the works were written in the form of graduation/diploma theses. they were then defended to the professors of the faculty of sciences and the faculty of biotechnical and biomedical sciences, and the national museum of bosnia and herzegovina. three prizes were awarded annually, in the form of books.
bi-weekly or monthly summer schools were commonly held in historically notable cities/locations, such as tjentište, boračko jezero, treskavica – vučja luka (wolf harbour) jezero (near jajce) and others.
many engaged activists from the faculty of sciences received the highest awards of the movement and the "people's technique" (which can be found by searching the internet).
star lane is a docklands light railway (dlr) station in canning town, east london. it is on the stratford international extension of the docklands light railway between west ham and canning town. it opened on 31 august 2011.
canning town is a district in the west ham area of the london borough of newham in east london, england. it is in the area of the former royal docks on the north side of the river thames. rathbone market is in canning town. although it is near many affluent london docklands developments, canning town remains among the 5 per cent most deprived areas in the united kingdom. many long-term residents suffer from poor health, low education and poverty. canning town station is on the jubilee line providing connections to other areas. 
west ham is an area of east london, located east of charing cross. the place name can apply to a large district forming the western part of the modern london borough of newham, or simply to the central locality of that district. neither the wider nor the central district are current administrative units but there is a west ham electoral ward covering part of the central area. west ham lies within the traditional boundaries of the county of essex. it became part of the london borough of newham in 1965.
silvertown is a district of the london borough of newham, in east london, england. it forms part of the port of london. it lies on the north bank of the river thames. a major £3.5billion redevelopment of the area was approved in 2015. it was named after samuel winkworth silver's former rubber factory which opened in 1852. the area is now dominated by the tate & lyle sugar refinery and the john knight abp animal rendering plant.
royal docks is an area in the london borough of newham in the london docklands in east london, england. royal docks is also a ward of the london borough of newham. at the 2011 census the ward had a population of 10,679. north woolwich is part of royal docks ward.
the area is named after three docks – the royal albert dock, the royal victoria dock and the king george v dock. they are more correctly called the royal group of docks to distinguish them from the royal dockyards. the docks are called "royal" because they are named after royal personages, not because they are in crown ownership. the three docks together formed the largest enclosed docks in the world, with a water area of nearly and an overall estate of . this is equivalent to the whole of central london from hyde park to tower bridge.
the area was designated a special enterprise zone in 2012.
"in my feelings" is a song recorded by canadian rapper drake from his sixth studio album, "scorpion". it is the ninth track on the b-side of the album. it was released as the album's third single on july 10, 2018. it reached number one on the us "billboard" hot 100, becoming his sixth us number-one hit. drake became only the fourth artist to replace themselves at the top of the chart twice (after the beatles, usher, and justin bieber) when the song replaced "nice for what" at the top. "nice for what" replaced "god's plan" at number one earlier in 2018.
the song inspired the #inmyfeelingschallenge, also known as the #shiggychallenge, which became viral. it involves people dancing to the verse of the song beginning with, "keke, do you love me?"
north woolwich is an area in in the london borough of newham, south east london. it lies on the northern, essex side of the thames but the area was long administered as part of woolwich and kent on the south bank. this arrangement was imposed in the aftermath of the norman conquest of england from 1066.
matthew waterhouse (born 19 december 1961) is an english actor and writer. he is best known for his role as adric in the bbc science fiction television series "doctor who" from 1980 to 1982. waterhouse is openly gay.
nira-senbei are a type of rice cracker made in japan. its name means "chive crackers" because they are made of baked buckwheat flour mixed with chives. they are local cuisine that have been eaten since the end of the edo period in nagano prefecture. nira-senbei are a popular snack in suzaka, near nagano city.
tsukemono is a traditional japanese food made by pickling vegetables in salt or brine for a few days to several decades. tsukemono resembles western pickled cucumbers, but are usually eaten with rice.
oyaki (おやき) is a japanese dumpling made from fermented buckwheat dough wrapped around a stuffing of japanese vegetables, fruit, or anko bean paste and then roasted on an iron pan. oyaki are popular and widely available in nagano prefecture which is famous for the dish.
goheimochi is a local cuisine made in the mountains in the chūbu region of japan. it started in the edo period, when rice was very valuable. pounded rice is wrapped around a thin wooden stick, then grilled with miso, sugar, and mirin. soy sauce, sesame, and walnuts can also be used. it is particularly famous in nagano prefecture where it is shaped like dango or traditional japanese straw sandals called "waraji".
sekihan () means “red rice”, and is a traditional japanese food usually eaten on important days. it was originally brought from china during the jōmon period and used red rice. in modern times, it is made by steaming sticky rice and red beans. it is typically served in a bowl or in bento. local specialty ingredients are often added to make it sweeter, such as peanuts in chiba prefecture, nattō in yamanashi prefecture and hiroshima prefecture, and sweet beans in nagano prefecture.
in 2012, an organization was founded to promote "sekihan" in japan. it has declared november 23rd each year as "sekihan" day.
punch refers to many drinks made from fruit or fruit juice and sometimes alcohol. the drink was started in india, then was brought to the united kingdom in the early 1600s. the drink spread to other countries. punch is usually served at parties in large bowls known as "punch bowls".
chirashizushi (ちらし寿司, "scattered sushi", also referred to as "barazushi") is a traditional japanese food made with rice mixed with vinegar. it has several ingredients on top, such as egg, bamboo shoots, seafood, and nori.
gokabo () is a japanese sweet produced and sold in saitama, especially kumagaya city. it is one of the top three sweets in saitama, along with soka rice cake ("senbei") of soka city and potato sweets ("imogashi") of kawagoe city.
they are manufactured by hand. a starch-like core is placed in a pan and wrapped with starch syrup. then, soybean powder ("kinako") is placed on the surface. they can be made in different colors by using different-colored soybeans, such as blue soybeans. it was introduced 140 years ago and was sold at tadenji temple in fudogaoka. it was sold under the name of "5 rice bar" during the edo period. it is occasionally served in school meals for public elementary and junior high schools in modern times. it costs about 400 yen for twelve pieces.
pitsunda or bichvinta is a town in the "gagra district" of the disputed territory of abkhazia.
narazuke (ならづけ、奈良漬) is a type of traditional pickle that began in nara prefecture, japan. 
it is a pickle made from fresh fruit or vegetables that are soaked in salt and sake-no-kasu. sake-no-kasu is a kind of waste from making sake, so that sake itself is not used. making good quality narazuke takes a very long time. some certain expert say it take at least 3 to 4 years.
sannzoku-yaki is a dish made of chicken, especially chicken thighs, from nagano prefecture, japan. it is fried or baked, and served with cabbage.
kuriokowa is a japanese dish containing chestnuts and rice usually eaten during the fall.
 is a kind of japanese boxed meal sold on trains and train stations in japan. it is a type of pressed sushi and a well-known souvenir of toyama.
chikuzenni (筑前煮 "chikuzen-ni") is a dish that comes from northern kyushu, japan. it is made of chicken and vegetables. it is often eaten when bringing in the new year in japan.
takikomi gohan (炊き込みご飯, 炊き込み御飯) is a japanese rice dish with dashi, soy sauce, mushrooms, vegetables, meat, or fish.
yaki manju (grilled manju) is a crispy dough made from miso used for baking sweets in japan. yaki-manju is a traditional local food in gunma. it began in the edo period and was first made by a shop called harashimaya in maebashi, gunma. manju usually has miso paste on the outside and azuki bean inside, which gives it a salty and sweet flavor, as well as a crispy texture on the outside and soft texture on the inside. it is sold at shops or festivals. it is a cheap, large, and filling snack. making it requires flour, sugar, yeast, lukewarm water, salad oil and salt in a bowl. the dough is kneaded and steamed. third, they are shaped round and put on a skewer. finally, they are baked with miso paste.
isesaki, gunma holds a yakimanju festival in january. this main event is making very big yakimanju. its size is 20 meters. a lot of people participate in this festival.
yashouma is traditional and colorful food in northern nagano prefecture made from rice flour.
the 1977 birmingham tornado was a violent tornado that moved through the northern suburbs of birmingham, alabama during the afternoon of april 4, 1977.
the birmingham tornado.
beginning a few miles north of birmingham, it passed through jefferson county, causing f5 damage in smithfield. the tornado caused 22 deaths and 125 injuries as well as $25 million in damage. hundreds of homes were damaged or destroyed. two trucks were thrown into the air. daniel payne college suffered extensive damage, and it was closed permanently.
other tornadoes broke out in alabama, georgia, indiana, kentucky, mississippi, missouri, and north carolina. one tornado killed one person in georgia, while another person was killed east of birmingham. the severe weather on april 4 contributed to the crash of an southern airways plane, killing 70 people.
the tornado was the second tornado to affect birmingham since 1956. the next tornado struck in 1998 and killed 32 people, and in 2011, a tornado killed 64 people.
agni is the vedic fire god of hinduism.
according to the vedas, agni is considered as the mouth of the deities, and the medium that conveys offerings to them in the yagynas.
according to bhavishya purana the agnivanshi rajputs (parmaras, chauhanas, pratiharas, and solankis) are the descendants of the fire god agni.
suryavanshi refers to a person belonging to the solar dynasty of the rajputs .
the suryavanshi clans are:
some other castes are also suryavanshi like:-
chandravanshi or candravaṃśa is a legendary principal house of the kshatriyas varna, or warrior–ruling caste mentioned in the ancient indian texts. this legendary dynasty was said to be descended from moon-related deities (soma or lunar). the hindu deity krishna is believed to be born in the yaduvanshi ahir branch of the lunar dynasty.
according to the shatapatha brahmana, pururavas was the son of budha (himself often described as the son of soma) and the gender-switching deity ila (born as the daughter of manu). pururavas's great-grandson was yayati, who had five sons named yadu, turvasu, druhyu, anu, and puru. these seem to be the names of five vedic tribes as described in the vedas.
according to the mahabharata, the dynasty's progenitor ila ruled from prayag, and had a son shashabindu who ruled in the country of bahli. the son of ila and budha was pururavas who became the first chandravanshi emperor of the planet. ila's descendants were also known as the ailas
in hindu texts, the kurukshetra war that forms the subject of the indian epic mahabharata, was largely fought between rival branches of the lunar dynasty, famously resulting in the hesitation of arjuna away from war and the reprimand of his mentor krishna. krishna reminds arjuna that dharma stands above everything and the text forms an integral cultural cornerstone for all four kshatriya houses.
by the conclusion of the kurukshetra war most of the yadhuvanshi lineage is in peril. the sinking of dwarka sees the destruction of the entire yaduvanshi lineage with the exception of vajranabh who was saved by arjuna & later becomes the king of mathura.
as the only surviving grandson of krishna, all branches claiming descent from krishna (krishnaut yadavas) descend from him.
she's all that is a 1999 american teen romantic comedy movie directed by robert iscove and starring freddie prinze jr., rachael leigh cook, paul walker, matthew lillard, richard hammond and owen wilson. the story is a modern retelling of george bernard shaw's play "pygmalion" and george cukor's 1964 movie "my fair lady". it was one of the most popular teen movies of the late 1990s and reached no. 1 at the box office in its first week of release. in april 2015, it was announced that the movie will be remade by the weinstein company.
zack and douglas siler (freddie prinze jr. and matthew lillard) are two of the most popular people at their southern california highschool. zack's girlfriend, beautiful taylor vaughan (jodi lyn o'keefe), who is also very popular, breaks up with him so she can instead be with brock hudson (owen wilson), who is famous after being on a reality television show. zack is sad but tells himself, he could make any girl in the school popular by making her his girlfriend. zack and douglas's friend, dean sampson, jr. (paul walker), does not believe him and makes zack bet that he can turn any random girl into the prom queen within six weeks, and douglas's childhood friend donald hamilton (richard hammond) believed that zack could turn any random girl into the prom queen within six weeks. but dean chooses laney boggs (rachael leigh cook), an unpopular art student, who prefers to spend time by herself.
zack and douglas tries to make friends with with laney, but she ignores them and walks away. zack and douglas's sister mac (anna paquin) tells them to try again, but to learn what laney is interested in and cares about. zack and douglas go to the restaurant where laney works, and with the help of laney's friend, jesse jackson (elden henson) gets her to give them a chance. laney takes them to a small theater where she will be performing in a drama show. to embarrass him, laney has zack and douglas called on stage to perform. zack manages to make up a performance, telling a story while kicking a hacky sack which he happens to carry in his pocket, while douglas plays guitar while plays harmonica at the same time. laney is impressed, but rejects them again after he tries to charm her.
zack, douglas and donald make friends with her brother, simon (kieran culkin), to be close to her. to get zack and douglas to stop laney agrees to go to the beach with him and douglas once. dean and the other popular students also show up at the beach, and laney gets a chance to know them better. after, preston (dulé hill) invites them to a party at his house that night. laney pretends to be busy but zack and douglas persuade her go, and gets their sister to give laney a makeover, changing her look and showing her true beauty. at the party taylor is embarrassed by brock and jealous of laney, and says mean things to laney until she runs away and cries. zack and douglas talk to laney, telling her that by opening up to people there will be some bad with the good.
newly popular, laney is surprised to be nominated for prom queen. taylor has also been nominated. zack and laney begin to fall in love for real. taylor is upset when her new boyfriend brock breaks up with her, as he is leaving to be on another television show. dean begins to show an interest in laney, to annoy zack and douglas and make it more difficult for zack and douglas to win the bet. dean tries to invite laney to prom, but she says no. after arguing with zack and douglas, dean tells laney about the bet. she make zack and douglas admit that it was a bet in front of the other students. angry and upset, laney refuses to see zack again.
laney will not talk with zack so he takes his sister to the prom, while douglas took bonnie to the prom and donald took mindy to the prom. taylor arrives alone, and thinks zack will be her boyfriend again. laney does not want to go to prom but her father wayne (kevin pollak) encourages her to go after dean shows up at her house in a tuxedo and again invites to be his prom date.
at the prom the school's dj (usher raymond), organizes a big dance. mac meets jesse and they become friends. in the bathroom dean boasts that he has booked a hotel room and will take laney there to have sex. jesse overhears, and tries to tell mac and they also warn zack, douglas and donald. zack is voted prom king, and taylor wins prom queen with 56% the votes. even though the results were close, laney is not upset, and she leaves the prom with dean. zack, douglas and donald try to follow but is too slow and lose them.
when laney goes home she finds, her family and zack, douglas and donald waiting for her. laney tells them she said no to dean, and used a very loud air horn to get him to stop. zack confesses his love to laney, and asks her to forgive him and douglas and give them another chance. she agrees and they dance and kiss. laney asks zack about the bet, and zack says he lost and will honor the terms of the bet but does not say more.
at the graduation ceremony, zack is nude, wearing only a graduation cap and carrying a soccer ball to cover himself, while douglas is wearing a james bond tuxedo and a graduation cap and robe, and donald is wearing a leather jacket and blue jeans and a graduation cap and robe. zack goes on stage, and throws the ball to laney, who catches it and as the students clap loudly she smiles.
making the movie.
r. lee fleming, jr. is credited as the only screenwriter for the movie. m. night shyamalan also rewrote the movie script, but was not credited. fleming said shyamalan wrote the line "am i a bet?".
director robert iscove wanted his movie to be like the old movies of john hughes, but different and for the teenagers of the 1990s. 
he knew that cook was not ugly and that audiences would have to accept the idea and pretend: "you either go along with it or you don't go along with it." he compared it to how clark kent changes into superman. instead of making a real change from ugly to pretty, he said it was more important to find an actress who could show the different changes in her personality and feelings.
filming took place in various places in california. the highschool scenes were shot at torrance high school, where buffy the vampire slayer and beverly hills, 90210 had also filmed.
iscove was also a choreographer before he was a director and wanted to include dancing in the movie. he wanted show his bosses the weinsteins, that musical numbers could work in modern movies. the dance scene was choreographed by adam shankman, who later become known as a judge on the television series so you think you can dance. shankman also worked with owen wilson on his dance scenes.
the song "kiss me" was used as the main theme song for the movie. the success of the movie helped "kiss me" become more popular, and gain widespread mainstream attention and success in the music charts. "kiss me" climbed to no. 2 on billboard's hot 100 list, and stayed in the top 10 for 16 weeks.
the movie was released in italy with the title "kiss me".
critics gave the movie mixed reviews. they liked the main actors but complained that the story was easy to predict and not funny enough. on rotten tomatoes the movie has a score of 40% based on 60 reviews. on metacritic the movie has a score of 51% based 32 reviews.
agnivanshi is a person who belongs to the fire dynasty of the rajputs.
according to bhavishya purana, when parshurama destroyed all the kshatriyas in the land, the brahmin priests, headed by sage vasishtha, kindled a sacrificial fire at mount abu and prayed that they be granted protection by being given some warriors. in answer to their prayer, four heroes came out of the sacrificial fire-pit and these were the ancestors of the chief rajput clans - the parmaras, the pratiharas, the chauhanas and the chalukyas.
the four agnivanshi clans are :
parmar are one of the four agnivanshi clans of the rajputs. they are said to have been born out of a sacrificial fire-pit.
the name parmar means ‘one that strikes the enemy’, from sanskrit "para" meaning ‘enemy’ + "mara" meaning ‘strike’.
there are numerous variants of the name, including pramar, pavar, powar, pawar, panwar, and ponwar.
canadian tire centre () is a multi-purpose indoor arena in ottawa, ontario, canada, located in the western suburb of kanata. it opened in january 1996 as the palladium and was also known as corel centre from 1996 to 2006 and scotiabank place from 2006 to 2013.
matthew flinders (16 march 1774 – 19 july 1814) was an english navigator and cartographer. he was the leader of the first circumnavigation of australia and identified it as a continent.
flinders made three voyages to the southern ocean between 1791 and 1810. in the second voyage, george bass and flinders confirmed that van diemen's land (now tasmania) was an island. in the third voyage, flinders circumnavigated the mainland of what was to be called australia, along with aboriginal man bungaree.
heading back to england in 1803, flinders' vessel needed urgent repairs at isle de france (mauritius). although britain and france were at war, flinders thought the scientific nature of his work would ensure safe passage, but a suspicious governor kept him under arrest for more than six years. in captivity, he recorded details of his voyages for future publication, and put forward his rationale for naming the new continent 'australia', as an umbrella term for new holland and new south wales – a suggestion taken up later by governor macquarie.
flinders' health had suffered, however, and although he reached home in 1810, he did not live to see the publication of his widely praised book and atlas, "a voyage to terra australis".
an induction coil or "spark coil" is a type of electrical transformer. it is used to produce high-voltage pulses from a low-voltage direct current (dc) supply. to create the flux changes necessary to induce voltage in the secondary coil, the direct current in the primary coil is repeatedly interrupted by a vibrating mechanical contact called an interrupter.
the induction coil was the first type of transformer. it was widely used in x-ray machines, spark-gap radio transmitters, arc lighting and quack medical devices from the 1880s to the 1920s. today its only common use is for ignition coils in internal combustion engines and in physics education to demonstrate induction.
frodsham is a small market town in the county of cheshire in the north west of england, north west of chester, on the river weaver, and overlooking the river mersey estuary.
the town is of saxon origin, its 11th century church is mentioned in the domesday book. when a salt refinery was opened in 1964, salt was brought by river from northwich.
the great western main line is a main line railway in england, that runs westwards from london paddington to . it opened in 1841 and was the original route of the old great western railway. in 1948 it became the western region of british railways. it is now part of the national rail system managed by network rail.
the line was electrified from paddington to heathrow airport in the late 1990s. work to electrify the rest of the route started in 2011. the aim was to complete the work all the way to bristol by 2016. parts of the programme have been deferred because costs have tripled. the four sections deferred are: didcot to oxford, bristol parkway to bristol temple meads, royal wootton bassett junction to bristol temple meads and the thames valley branches to henley-on-thames and windsor.
most trains are operated by great western railway.
south western railway (swr) is an english train operating company owned by firstgroup (70%) and mtr corporation (30%) that operates the south western franchise. it operates commuter services from its central london terminus at london waterloo to south west london. swr provides suburban and regional services in the counties of surrey, hampshire and dorset, as well as regional services in devon, somerset, berkshire and wiltshire. its subsidiary island line operates services on the isle of wight.
marko orlandić (serbian cyrillic: марко орландић) (28 september 1930 – 20 december 2019) was a montenegrin politician active during the 1970s and 1980s. in two terms, 1969–1971 and 1971–1974, he was a member of the federal executive council. he was the prime minister from may 1974 to may 1978 and president of montenegro from may 1983 to may 1984.
from 1979 to 1982, he served as ambassador of sfry in soviet union (ussr). he was one of the figures who called for montenegro's independence.
orlandić died in podgorica on 20 december 2019 at the age of 89.
the prime minister of montenegro (montenegrin: "premijer crne gore") ("premier of montenegro"), is the head of the government of montenegro. the role of the prime minister is to follow and lead the work of the government, and to submit to the parliament the government's program.
the current prime minister, dritan abazović is the member of united reform action party and became prime minister in april 2022.
filip vujanović (montenegrin cyrillic: филип вујановић, ) (born 1 september 1954 ; in belgrade,sfr yugoslavia) is a montenegrin politician. he was the 3rd president of montenegro from 2003 to 2018. he was the country's first president since its independence in june 2006. 
in 1978 he graduated from the law faculty of the university of belgrade.
from march 1978 to november 1980, he was an employee of the municipal and district prosecutor's office in belgrade.
from november 1980 to january 1981, he worked as a court clerk at the district court of titograd.
in 1982-1993 he was engaged in advocacy.
from march 1993 to may 1995, minister of justice of montenegro.
1995-1998, minister of internal affairs of montenegro.
from february 5, 1998 to november 5, 2002, chairman of the government of montenegro as part of yugoslavia.
since november 5, 2002, chairman of the assembly of the union republic of montenegro. 
since november 25, 2002, after the resignation of milo djukanovic he became acting president.
may 11, 2003 elected president of montenegro; the inauguration took place on 22 may.
he was a supporter of nato integration of montenegro. 
igor lukšić (cyrillic alphabet: игор лукшић), , born birth 14 june 1976) is a montenegrin politician. he became acting prime minister of montenegro with the resignation of milo đukanović. he was elected as đukanović's official replacement on 29 december 2010. he became prime minister on 4 december 2012 and was minister of foreign affairs from 2012 to 2016. he plans to become secretary general of the regional cooperation council in january 2022.
lukšić was born in bar, montenegro (then yugoslavia). he finished elementary school and high school in his hometown. 
duško marković (cyrillic: душко марковић; born 6 july 1959) is a montenegrin politician. he was the fifth prime minister of montenegro from 28 november 2016 to 4 december 2020.
the president of montenegro (montenegrin: "predsjednik crne gore", "predśednik crne gore") is the head of state of montenegro. the current president is milo đukanović, who was elected in 2018. the official residence of the president is the blue palace located in the former royal capital cetinje.
each president has a term of 5 years in office. the president can call elections for the assembly. if the president is removed from office, a special election is held to select a replacement.
living former presidents.
radivoje brajović ( years) 
miodrag vlahović ( years)
filip vujanović ( years)
rifat rastoder ( years)
momir bulatović (cyrillic: момир булатовић; 21 september 1956 – 30 june 2019) became the first president of montenegro in 1990 and was president until 1998. he was also prime minister of the federal republic of yugoslavia (1998–2000).
bulatović died on 30 june 2019 in raći, podgorica, montenegro from a heart attack at the age of 62.
veljko bulajić (born 22 march 1928) is a croatian montenegrin movie director.
bulajić was a resistance fighter in world war ii having joined the yugoslav partisans group at the age of 13. 
some of his best known movies are "kozara" and "battle of neretva". according to the croatian public broadcasting company, his movies have reached an audience of 500 million viewers worldwide. the top four most viewed yugoslav films of all time were all directed by bulajic.
hans kronberger (may 9, 1951 in hall bei admont, styria – july 14, 2018 in vienna) was a german-austrian politician. he was a member of the european parliament from austria. he was a parliamentary member of the freedom party of austria. he served as an mep from 1996 to 2004.
gary beach (october 10, 1947 – july 17, 2018) was an american actor and singer. he was born in alexandria, virginia. beach was best known for the role of roger de bris in both the stage and movie productions of "the producers". he won a tony award for best performance by a featured actor in a musical and drama desk award in 2001.
beach died on july 17, 2018 in palm springs, california at the age of 70.
joão pedro furtado da cunha semedo (20 june 1951 – 17 july 2018), was a portuguese physician and politician. he was a member of assembly of the republic from march 2006 to march 2015. he was born in lisbon.
semedo died on 17 july 2018 in lisbon at the age of 67.
adrian cronauer (september 8, 1938 – july 18, 2018) was a united states air force sergeant and radio personality. his work as a disc jockey on american forces network during the vietnam war inspired the 1987 movie "good morning, vietnam". he was played by robin williams.
cronauer died on july 18, 2018, at his home in troutville, virginia after a long illness, aged 79.
gopaldas saxena 'neeraj (popularly known as niraj or neeraj; 4 january 1925 – 18 july 2018) was an indian poet and author. he was also a famous poet of hindi kavi sammelan. he was born in the village of puravali near mahewa of etawah in uttar pradesh, india.
he wrote under the pen name "neeraj". his style is easy to understand and thought to be high quality hindi literature. he was awarded padma shri in 1991 and padma bhushan in 2007.
on 18 july 2018, neeraj died from a respiratory tract infection at a delhi hospital, aged 93.
burton richter (march 22, 1931 – july 18, 2018) was an american physicist. he was a nobel prize winner. he led the stanford linear accelerator center (slac) team. he co-discovered the j/ψ meson in 1974. this discovery was part of the so-called november revolution of particle physics. he was the slac director from 1984 to 1999.
richter died on july 18, 2018 in palo alto, california at the age of 87.
squadron leader geoffrey harris augustus wellum dfc (4 august 1921—18 july 2018) was a british battle of britain fighter pilot and author. 
wellum suffered severe sinusitis and battle fatigue after three years' intensive frontline flying. he returned from malta to britain, becoming a test pilot on the hawker typhoon, based at gloster aircraft.
he finished the war as a gunnery instructor, staying in the raf, first as a staff officer in west germany, followed by a four-year tour with 192 squadron. he married grace, his wartime girlfriend, and they had three children.
máximino "max" linares moreno (november 22, 1932 – july 19, 2018) was a mexican "luchador" (professional wrestler). he was better known under the ring name rayo de jalisco ("the lightning bolt from jalisco"). he was thought to be one of the best wrestlers of his generation.
during his career, linares held the nwa world middleweight championship three times as well as the mexican national tag team championship with "lucha libre" icon el santo. he was added into the wrestling observer newsletter hall of fame in 1996 and the aaa hall of fame in 2014.
linares died of congestive heart failure in mexico city on july 19, 2018, aged 85.
denis yuryevich ten (; 13 june 1993 – 19 july 2018) was a kazakh figure skater. 
ten was the 2014 olympic bronze medalist, a two-time world medalist (silver in 2013, bronze in 2015), the 2015 four continents champion, the 2017 winter universiade champion, and a five-time national champion of kazakhstan.
on 19 july 2018, ten was stabbed in the thigh by two men who were trying to steal his car mirrors. ten suffered blood loss and died in the central clinical hospital in almaty, aged 25.
luís vaz de torres was a spanish explorer. sometimes his name is spelled luis váez de torres. he was born around the year 1565, and died in 1607. today, he is noted for the first recorded european navigation of the strait which separates the continent of australia from the island of new guinea. the strait is now named after him (torres strait).
origins and early life.
captain luis váez de torres undertook a voyage from 1606 to 1607. in this voyage, the crew called him a "breton" in reports. one of the reports points to an origin in the northwest province of spain, that is galicia. historians accept this as evidence of his origins. the year and exact place of his birth are unknown but he was likely born around 1565.
torres has been presented as portuguese, without any evidence other than his name. he is never called a portuguese in the records but they note remarks made by crew members of the portuguese origins of pedro fernandes de queirós.
torres entered the navy of the spanish crown and found his way to its south american colonies. by late 1605 he first entered the historical record as the nominated commander of the second ship in an expedition to the pacific. the portuguese born navigator pedro fernandes de queirós proposed him for the position.
the president's keepers: those keeping zuma in power and out of prison is a book by an investigative journalist from south africa about allegedly corrupt and compromised power networks in the government of president jacob zuma. it was written and published in 2017.
the variscan orogeny (hercynian orogeny) is an ancient mountain-building event in the late palaeozoic era. it was caused by a continental collision between euramerica (laurussia) and gondwana to form the supercontinent of pangaea.
it explains many older features of the present-day world. the appalachians in north america and the massif central in france are two examples. other examples are the pyrenees, sardinia, the rhine massif, the anti-atlas in morocco. to the east, the variscan caused the urals, the pamir, the tian shan mountains. 
this geologic mountain-building event took place mostly in the devonian and carboniferous periods. by then pangaea was more or less complete. in the triassic period of the mesozoic, there was land between siberia over the north pole to antarctica over the south pole. later in the mesozoic, the opening of the atlantic split pangea. the various parts of the huge mountain belts ended up widely apart on the modern globe.
higher mountain chains on present-day earth are the product of a later episode of mountain-building known as the alpine orogeny.
pomarkku () is a municipality in satakunta in finland. it's nearby pori and kankaanpää. the municipality has a population of 2,196 (31 august 2017).
in the civil war, pomarkku had a big battle with several deads.
choti bahu 2 () is the second season of an indian television drama series. the series premiered on february 15, 2011. it currently airs every mon-fri 7:30 pm on zee tv channel. it is about the lives of radhika and dev. it is a different story than the first season. it has a different storyline and even some characters except for dev and radhika which are played by avinash sachdev and rubina dilaik respectively. the show is very popular and gains good trp with an average of 2–3.
radhika, a brahmin by birth, was adopted and brought up by a family of weavers in a small town. dev visited the town with his family, met radhika and became good friends. one day, while radhika and dev playing in a temple, they reached a place where 50 couples were getting married. dev rubbed sindoor on radhika's forehead, which she had gotten on her head by accident. this caused them to get married without their knowledge. when a priest who witnessed dev and radhika's "wedding" comes to radhika's home and tells her parents that radhika is married, radhika tries to tell dev this but is unable to meet him again.
after 12 years.
one night after college, radhika meets dev. they spend time together but radhika feels bad that she is attracted to someone else. later on, she finds out that dev is the one she had married as a child and tells him the truth. under obligations, he tells her to marry rohan. she tries to make him accept many times, but he refuses.
radhika is unable to get married to rohan after all. a fire starts and rohan gets badly burned, though radhika is saved. dev meets radhika in the hospital and asks her what caused the fire. she tells him that rohan knows that she loves someone else; dev gets angry at this and tells her he hates her. radhika decides to get into their house as the "choti bahu" and wife of dev without telling anyone so she can gain dev's trust back.
after all the misunderstandings are cleared, the family accepts dev and radhika's relationship and dev and radhika are soon to be wed. however, because of social norms, everyone calls radhikha an unchaste woman. to end this problem, dadaji calls off dev's marriage with radikha and fixes it with barkha. on the eve of barkha and dev's wedding, barkha, wishing to help radhika, lies to radikha that she has told dadaji about what happened 12 years ago and dadaji has accepted her and will let her become dev's wife. radhika therefore dresses up in barkha's wedding dress and takes the wedding vows with dev.
after dadaji realizes that dev married radikha instead of barkha, he suffers a fatal heart attack. the purohit family decides that dev will pretend to be married to barkha in the public eye, and radhika will perform all of the normal tasks at home.
radhika obediently performs all the duties of a "choti bahu". barkha puts sleeping powder in dev's juice, causing him to become unconscious. barkha then reveals that she loves dev and radhika overhears everything. barkha realizes this and decides to kill radhika to get dev's love. barkha murders radhika by driving into her with a car twice. in a twist, radhika returns after a month, but this time is different — she has become confident and fearless. this is because kanha, the god radhika is devoted to, has disguised himself as radhika to put an end to barkha's crimes, as dev is made only for radhika.
the rest of the story tells how kanha teaches barkha her lesson. one day, when kanha is at home as radhika, dev asks her if she's alright. radhikha asks why, and dev tells her he saw her outside the temple begging for help. this is actually the real radhika, who was reborn after barkha tried to suffocate her. dev is later poisoned by a juice that barkha got originally for radhika, and the family believes radhika did it. barkha repeatedly tries to get radhika out of the house.
then the real radhika comes in the house. however, kahna helps radhika throughout everything. barkha tries to murder radhika again, but dev stops her. the entire family then appears and disgraces barkha, finally knowing her true nature. however, as radhika faints, barkha flees and successfully escapes. later in the day, while radhika and dev go into the forest, barkha tries to kill both of them, thinking that if she can't have dev, no one can. however, everyone thinks she dies instead. the monastery was being taken by the bharawaj family which was however radhikas real family. ruby wants to kill radhika even though she is her twin sister and that is the reason why she wants to kill her. radhika and dev both go to mumbai to radhika's house but dev feels uncomfortable when they get a unwelcoming welcome from ruby. ruby and jolly (rubys brother who loves her so much) try to make a plan to throw dev and radhika out of the house. when everyone comes to the party and radhika finds out that everyone was using her to get the
monastery land and humiliate her husband she severs all ties with them and try to find krishnas idol and leave but khana comes and tell radhika she has to stay back alone because of the battle against right and wrong. radika stays back but dev and her in laws get mad at her and radhika s family think that she did that for money and she became greedy. in the morning radikha was doing a puja without an idol and ruby comes but she is not her self but an evil spirit comes and possessed her body and "ruby" strangles radhika but doesn't succeed. radhika thinks that there is a bad omen when the mirror shatters and the curtains flow when the windows are closed. in the middle of the night ruby suddenly enters the purohit house in dev and radhika s room. the spirit ruby faints after seeing khanas photo. dev is confused and the family.the next morning ruby s family come to pick her up but the spirit comes in her and she says that she wants to stay and says that the monastery will stay with her. then after a few incidents radhika and dev find out that ruby is possessed by an evil spirit and the priest says that either ruby or radhika have to live but to take away the evil spirit radhika must go to a cave that leads to the world of death. she has to get an antidote that will take the evil spirit out of ruby's body. radhika faces snakes and poisonous plants. she survives by praying to kanha . at home sonia (radhika's step-mother aunt), rb (radhika and ruby s father), and jolly think dev is talking rubbish when he tells them that ruby is possessed by an evil spirit and she cant get out of the house. sonia thinks that this is an opportunity to get the bharadwaj property and ruby would die. jolly tells ruby who is suffering that dev is talking rubbish and takes off kanha's locket to protect ruby then the spirit comes in ruby and kicks jolly out. jolly is shocked and so is the family. radhika gets the antidote and tries to give it to ruby but the spirit flies and tries to kill ruby radhika saves her and ruby says sorry to everyone for being to rude. then she dies. everyone agrees that she is dead but radhika does not. she goes to the temple and tells kanha to bring her to life but she kills herself instead and dies and talks to kanha. kanha says that this is her destiny but radhika changed it and she isn't supposed to die. radhika tells kanha to bring her to life and kanha listens and ruby comes to life. ruby is sad and begs to khana to bring her to life and promises him she will never be bad to radhika. she tells radhika she will change and jolly also says to khana and puts his gun before kanha and promises he will never do anything illegal but just let his sister come to life. radhika comes to life and ruby and jolly thank khana. sonia and the others cant believe it. sonia is mad then she wont get the property. rb says that his first wife who is radhika's mother savatri died when radhika and ruby were babies and took radhika to mansaraam. rb admits that kanha exists and everyone bow down and thank kanha. so far everyone has changed except sonia.
radhika was adopted by mansaram after her mother's death. an ardent follower of krishna, radhika was married off to dev in her childhood itself. radhika is selected as the bride for rohan and after marriage becomes the choti bahu of the purohit family. radhika is unaware of the fact the dev, the purohit's domestic help, is her real husband. she feels a spiritual connect with dev at their first meeting itself. radhika discovers the fact that dev is her first husband but is unable to reveal it to him. later on, barka buries radhika alive to get her true love, but since radhika was a ardent devoteee of lord kanha, kanha promises radhika to take good care of the family while he is imposting her. radhika finds out her real dad and sister and finds out the turth that her mother took her there for a festivel and died in an accident.
twenty three-year-old dev is a purohit by birth. however, the truth is known only to dadaji and dai maa. principled and upright, dev got married to radhika when both were children. dev completely forgets about his marriage and radhika as he grows into an adult. however, destiny helps him meet radhika when she is selected as the bride for rohan.
padma's son. he and dev used to friends and was intended to get married to radhika. but when he found out dev and radhika love each other, he pretended to be mad and many times tried to kill dev. when rohan exposed himself as sane to dev and radhika, he forcefully tried to get radhika accepted as his wife and tried to kill dev when he intervened. (dev's friend and half-brother, antagonist)
dev's guardian is the protagonist and she loves dev and radhika the most out of the whole family. she works for the purohits but they treat her like a mother. dai maa has a very strong heart and believes in khana whole heartedly. dai maa treated and still treat dev like her son when no one knew who his real parents were but since they found out that paad maa is his mother but she loves him like his mother.
dev's dead grandfather. he is the former head priest. he always knew who dev's real parents were. dadaji fell off the stairs when mareshwari pushed him off to become head priestess. dadaji died in a heart attack when he found out that dev married radhika instead of barkha.
mohini is virat's wife and loves shopping and makeup and dressing up. mohini is a talker and whenever there's a problems she makes a joke. mohini doesn't like to work in the kitchen.
virat's father. gopaldas is a protagonist and he likes to recite riddles and jokes. he loves his family and doesn't like to see them hurt even when his wife and son try to hurt them.
radhika's friend & main female antagonist now dead. but sources say that she will return to the show in the guise of a bride and trouble radhika and dev, ultimately killing dev and bringing him into the other world.
male antagonist now dead. radhika killed him and is a devil that barkha hired to kill fake radhika.
radhika's sister and was antagonist and is now protagonist who now loves radhika she is a twin sister of her.
radhika's & ruby's biological father.
ruby's stepmother, jolly's mother & rb's second wife
lord krishna's partner & rohan's fake wife
head-end power (hep) or electric train supply (ets) is the electric power distribution system on a passenger train. the power source, usually a locomotive (or a generator car) at the front or 'head' of a train, provides the electricity used for heating, lighting, air conditioning, etc.
a switcher (us) or shunter (uk) is a small railway locomotive used for assembling railway trains. switchers or shunters are geared to produce high torque but have a low top speed.
jonathan d. "jon" schnepp (may 16, 1967 – july 19, 2018) was an american producer, director, voice actor, editor, writer, cartoonist, animator, and cinematographer. his documentary movie "" (2015) was one of his best works. he regularly made appearances on "collider movie talk" and "collider nightmares", and hosted "collider heroes" each week.
schnepp was also known for directing "metalocalypse".
on july 12, 2018, schnepp suffered a massive stroke that left him under life-support. he died of complications of the illness a week later on july 19, aged 51.
jean-loup dabadie (27 september 1938 – 24 may 2020) was a french journalist, writer, lyricist, and screenwriter. he was born in paris. dabadie was a member of the académie française. dabadie was known for his works in "anna" (1967), "such a gorgeous kid like me" (1972), "courage - let's run" (1979), "clara et les chics types" (1981) and "get well soon" (2014).
dabadie died at a paris hospital on 24 may 2020, aged 81.
a loading gauge defines the maximum height and width for railway vehicles and their loads to ensure safe passage through bridges, tunnels and other structures. classification systems vary between different countries and gauges may vary across a network, even if the track gauge remains constant.
l’malouma said (; born 1972) is a politician and activist from mauritania. in 2018, she received the international women of courage award from the u.s department of state.
l’malouma said was born a slave in boutilmitt, mauritania. she was a leader in the el hor movement (movement for the liberation of haratines) in mauritania. she helped to start the mauritanian anti-slavery organization s.o.s. esclaves. she is married to boubacar messaoud, the current leader of s.o.s. esclaves.
she was elected to the national assembly of the parliament of mauritania in 2006 and 2013. 
silvia bel (catalan: sílvia bel i busquet) (born june 24, 1970) is a spanish actor of theater, film, and television. she is known for the films painless, the next skin, and com si fos ahir. in 2012 she received the margarita xirgu memorial award for the best female performance of the barcelona theater season for her part in "la ciutat".
bel was born in barcelona, catalonia, in spain. she was married to actor karra elejalde. they had one daughter. she studied theater at the institut del teatre in barcelona.
titot or francesc ribera i toneu (born june 26, 1967) is a musician and catalan politician. 
titot was born in berga, berguedà, in central catalonia, spain. he started the musical group brams in 1990. in 2000, he started the group mesclat. in 2006, he started the group aramateix. 
in 2011, titot was elected councilor in the berga municipal election on the list of the cup (candidatura d'unitat popular) party.
mascarats is a catalonian rock and reggae musical group.
the group started in 2008 with the name "amagau todos" in the city of la sénia in catalonia, spain. later they changed their name to mascarats. 
mascarats is a nickname given to the people of la sénia. at one time, coal was produced la sénia, and the people who worked there came out with black and dirty faces. they were called "masked". this name was being forgotten and the group wanted to revive it.
their first album was "la veu del poble" in 2014. 
their second album was "trencarem l'imaginari" ("let's break the imaginary') in 2017. the album was released with a video: "mai més presons" ("no more prisons'). the album was described as "fusing reggae and rock", and having a rebellious spirit with themes of feminism, internationalism, anti-capitalism, and political references. the album was produced at wz estudi in borriol, castellón de la plana, spain, and produced by sam ferrer. it featured gemma polo (vocalist from roba estesa), and backup vocals by xavi sarrià of obrint pas and josep nadal of la gossa sorda, and additional instrumentals by joan palà of txarango on percussion and héctor peropadre of aspencat on lute. 
in 2015 their song "sentiment comú" was chosen to represent the xxxvii aplec dels ports, a yearly festival of the historical port cities, that is in a different city every year.
in 2018 they recorded a video "els carrers seran sempre nostres" ("the streets will always be ours") as a tribute to the october 1, 2017 catalonia independence referendum and the september 20 arrests. 
in july 2018 they joined the "free forcadell" campaign, a benefit for catalan president carme forcadell, the release of the political prisoners, and the return of the exiles, along with musicians maria del mar bonet, musical group gossos, singer gerard quintana, actor sílvia bel, musicians titot and borja penalba, and poet roc casagran, actors joel joan and anna sahún, and journalist sarai sarroca. the event was originally scheduled for july 21, but was changed to september 15 because of rain.
roc casagran or roc casagran i casañas (born 1980) is a catalonian professor and poet. he received the "xiii premi de poesia parc taulí" (parc taulí poetry prize) for his work "l’ombra queixalada" on the subject of the may 1968 student protests. he received the 18th ciutat de tarragona prize for his work "austràlia".
anna sahun or anna sahun martí (born march 13, 1975) is a catalonian actor. sahun is known for the movies "agnosia", "the hours of the day", and "temps de silenci". she is also known for playing the part of lídia almeda in the television series "la riera".
anna sahun was born in barcelona. she studied theater at the institut del teatre in barcelona.
telling you, also known as love sucks, is a 1998 romantic comedy movie directed by robert defranco and starring peter facinelli, jennifer love hewitt, matthew lillard, judge reinhold and dash mihok. it was distributed by miramax. its filming location finds place in north hollywood. it was released on august 7, 1998.
three college graduates find themselves back home in new jersey stuck behind the counter of a pizza parlor and frustrated about their life's perspectives, while their friends move on, struggle to find a new direction for their lives. dennis feels overtaken by those he outstripped at high school while phil re-encounters an ex-girlfriend who is tony's sister he left behind. in the meantime, dealing with problems created by some money missing from the restaurant, the trio begin meeting old acquaintances and trying to pull themselves up and reorganise their plans for the future.
v509 cassiopeiae is a yellow hypergiant in the cassiopeia constellation. it is 900 times bigger than the sun.
rasalgethi, (arabic: رأس الجاثي ra‘is al-jāthī‎ 'head of the kneeler'). also called as alpha herculis, is a red giant star. it is the brightest star in the hercules constellation.
ngk (which is a abbreviation for nandha gopalan kumaran) is an indian tamil language political drama movie. it was written and directed by selvaraghavan. this was his first time working with suriya. yuvan shankar raja is the music composer. the movie was produced by s. r. prakashbabu and s. r. prabhu of dream warrior pictures.
the movie stars suriya, rakul preet singh and sai pallavi in the lead roles. the project was officially announced in november 2017 after completion of "thaanaa serndha kootam". the movie's pre-production began in january 2018. principal photography began on 22 january 2018. it was released on 31 may 2019. this movie received mixed to positive reviews.
principal photography of the movie began on 22 january 2018. the first look of the movie and title "ngk" were unveiled on 5 march 2018.
1000 forms of fear is the fourth studio album by sia furler, released in june 2014.
prestel was the brand name for the united kingdom post office's viewdata technology, it was an interactive videotex system developed during the late 1970s and commercially launched in 1979. it achieved a maximum of 90,000 subscribers in the uk and was eventually sold by bt in 1994.
the technology was a forerunner of on-line services today. instead of a computer, a television set hooked to a dedicated terminal was used to receive information from a remote database via a telephone line. the service offered thousands of pages ranging from consumer information to financial data but with limited graphics.
trichodesmium, or "sea sawdust", is a genus of filamentous cyanobacteria. they are found in nutrient-poor tropical and subtropical ocean waters.
they are most common around australia and in the red sea, where they were first described by captain cook. 
"trichodesmium" is a diazotroph; that is, it fixes atmospheric nitrogen into ammonium, a nutrient used by other organisms. "trichodesmium" is thought to fix nitrogen on such a scale that it accounts for almost half of the nitrogen fixation in marine systems globally.
dylan mills (born 18 september 1984, better known as dizzee rascal) is a musician who grew out of the uk garage music scene, although he has been known to distance himself from this genre. he is also known for being present on pirate radio stations. his music is a combination of both garage and hip-hop beats, also with his own original style of rapping.
dizzee rascal's first song to be released was "i luv u" - a tale of accidental teenage pregnancy. his first album "boy in the corner" was released in 2003 with good reviews.
the same year (2003) dizzee rascal was stabbed in ayia napa. some newspapers tried to link this to a conflict between dizzee and a uk-based hip-hop group so solid crew.
dizzee has been described as "the vital unvarnished voice of modern-day inner-city uk", and a social element is usually present in most of his songs. however, dizzee proves that social commentary does not have to be boring. there is often a funny element to his singing, and some might find this (very british) humour similar to that of mike skinner of the streets.
in september 2003 dizzee won the mercury music prize for best album, and was the youngest person (at 19) to do so.
he also worked on basement jaxx's third album "kish kash" on the track "lucky star"
manoj katuwal (born 14 march 1985) is a nepalese cricketer. he is a right-handed batsman and wicket-keeper. he played for the nepal national cricket team between 2002 and 2006 including two first-class matches.
skyscraper is an action movie. it has dwayne johnson acting as a fbi agent who has to rescue his family from a very tall skyscraper in hong kong, after it is set on fire. the film was written and directed by rawson marshall thurber and was released in the united states on july 13, 2018.
sms "helgoland", the lead ship of her class, was a dreadnought battleship of the german imperial navy. "helgoland"'s design was an improvement on the earlier "nassau class". one change was adding bigger main guns. construction began on 11 november 1908 at the howaldtswerke shipyards in kiel. "helgoland" was launched on 25 september 1909 and was commissioned on 23 august 1911.
"helgoland" saw some action against britain's royal navy during world war i. the ship was part of the i scouting group in the north sea. she also served in the baltic sea against the russian navy, including the battle of the gulf of riga in august 1915. "helgoland" was at the battle of jutland on 31 may – 1 june 1916. she was given to great britain at the end of the war and broken up for scrap in the early 1920s. her coat of arms is now in the military history museum of the bundeswehr in dresden.
the british infrastructure group (big) is a group of members of parliament which produces research-based discussion papers and reports. the group has no standing membership and mps support big's campaigns on a "per campaign" basis. recent reports have been on broadband, mobile phones, smart meters, electricity supply and airports.
state street is a major thoroughfare in the city of chicago. it represents 0 east/west in the city, as it is believed to be the original location of how far inland lake michigan went in downtown chicago before the great chicago fire happened. unlike other north-south thoroughfares, state street is named a street instead of an avenue to help people remember that it is 0 east/west in chicago.
for a certain distance, the chicago transit authority's (cta) red line runs under state street.
0 north/south in chicago is madison street, which has included such buildings as the former chicago stadium and currently the united center, both nicknamed the "madhouse on madison".
alisson ramses becker (born 2 october 1992), sometimes shortened to alisson, is a brazilian professional footballer. he plays for premier league club liverpool and the brazil national team. he plays as a goalkeeper. he was born in novo hamburgo, rio grande do sul.
counted among one of the best goalkeepers in europe, alisson is brazil's first-choice goalkeeper ahead of manchester city's ederson moraes.
becker began his career at internacional. he made over 100 appearances and won the campeonato gaúcho in each of his four seasons at the club. in 2016, he signed a €7.5 million transfer to roma. in july 2018, he signed for liverpool for a fee of €72.5 million (£66.8m), a world record transfer fee for a goalkeeper at the time. in his first season with liverpool, he won the 2018–19 uefa champions league, with liverpool defeating tottenham hotspur 2–0 in the final, and finished second in the premier league. he also won the premier league golden glove, keeping 21 clean sheets.
in the 2019-2020 season with liverpool he won the premier league title and fifa club world cup.
becker has played for brazil since 2015. he played for them during the copa américa centenario in 2016 and the 2018 fifa world cup.
 manoj is an indian sanskrit name. it may refer to:
michael joseph piazza (born september 4, 1968) is a former american baseball catcher who played 16 seasons in major league baseball (mlb), from 1992 to 2007. his best years were played with the los angeles dodgers and new york mets. piazza is regarded by many as the best offensive (hitting, batting) catcher of all time. he holds many batting records among catchers, such as most career home runs (427) and seven seasons hitting 30 or more home runs. despite allegations of using anabolic steroids and other performance-enhancing drugs, piazza was eventually elected to the baseball hall of fame in 2016.
suriya sivakumar (born 23 july 1975) is an indian movie actor who works in tamil cinema.
suriya an indian actor and producer who works primarily in tamil language movies. he made a commercially successful cinematic debut in vasanth's "nerrukku ner" (1997). this was followed by roles in a series of critical and commercial failures, including "kaadhale nimmadhi" (1998), "sandhippoma" (1998) and "periyanna" (1999). suriya collaborated with vasanth again in "poovellam kettuppar" (1999), his first movie with future wife jyothika.
in 2001, suriya starred in bala's "nandha" as an ex-convict trying to find his place in society. the movie was critically acclaimed and became a turning point in his career..
anna gunn (born august 11, 1968) is an american actress. she studied theatre at northwestern university and spent a semester at the british american drama academy.
she is best known for her role as skyler white on the amc drama series "breaking bad" (2008–2013). for this role, she won the primetime emmy award for outstanding supporting actress in a drama series in 2013 and 2014. she has also appeared in the series "deadwood" and the movie "sully" (2016).
anna was employed in the theatre in the chicago area for a few years before trying her hand at tv and film roles. in 1992 anna landed her first big role as arden in 29 episodes of "down the shore". she continued to appear as a guest star in a handful of tv shows and films including "seinfeld" and "nypd blue" until the late 90's when she was cast in a recurring role as jean ward in "the practice".
gunn was born in santa fe, new mexico. she was married to british actor alastair duncan from 1990 to 2009. they have two daughters together: eila rose and emma born in 2001 and 2006 respectively.
gender binary is a term referring to a person who identifies as male or female. not to be confused with gender binarism, which refers to discrimination against non-binary people.
peter john o’rourke is an american government official. he was appointed by president donald trump to serve as the acting secretary of veterans affairs on may 29, 2018. he left the office on july 23, 2018 when robert wilkie was sworn-in.
madhouse on madison most commonly refers to two stadiums that have existed on madison street in chicago, illinois. they have been home to two of chicago's professional sports teams, the chicago blackhawks and chicago bulls. it can mean:
aaron paul sturtevant (born august 27, 1979) is an american actor. he is best known for his role as jesse pinkman on the amc drama series "breaking bad" (2008–2013). the role earned him a primetime emmy award for outstanding supporting actor in a drama series in 2010, 2012 and 2014. he has also had roles in movies such as "need for speed" (2014), "a long way down" (2014) and "" (2014). he has also voiced todd chavez on the netflix animated series "bojack horseman" since 2014.
paul was born in emmett, idaho. he married lauren parsekian in 2013. they have one daughter.
hugo lloris (born 26 december 1986) is a french professional footballer. he plays as a goalkeeper for tottenham hotspur and for the france national football team.
hugo began his football career when he was six years old and played at the cedac (centre de diffusion et d'action culturelle), a local cultural centre based in the neighborhood of cimiez, nice. the centre offered a variety of activities, which included football. lloris played at a variety of positions at the centre, such as in the attack, before switching to the goalkeeper position after coaches noticed that he possessed (to have) impressive goalkeeping qualities, such as ball-handling and catching skills.
hugo lloris began his professional career in 1997 with the nice's youth team, at the age of 11. he arrived to ogc nice, thanks to the nice's former goalkeeper dominique baratelli, and in 2004, he was france's u18 champion.
nice and lyon.
in the 2005-06 season, at the age of 19, he played with the first team of nice. his first match with the team came on 25 october 2005 against chateauroux. he played in five matches during that season.
the next season, he played 37 matches. he gave up only 36 goals and recorded 13 clean sheets.
in 2007-2008, he played 30 matches. he gave up only 24 goals and recorded 13 clean sheets.
after that season, several big european clubs approached lloris. they hoped to sign him to their teams because of his excellent performance.
on 29 may 2008 he went to lyon for €8.5 million, with a five-year contract.
lloris made his club debut on 10 august 2008 against toulouse. he finished the campaign conceding only 27 goals in the league and recording 16 clean sheets; both of which were second-best to only cédric carrasso. lloris was then named the league's top goalkeeper and also named to the team of the year.
in the 2009–10 season, lloris remained the club's first-choice goalkeeper and opened the new campaign by recording four clean sheets in the club's first eight matches. in september 2009, he was awarded the unfp player of the month. in december 2009, lloris finished third behind nicolas anelka and yoann gourcuff in voting for the "france football" 2009 french player of the year award. on 16 february 2010, lloris earned a clean sheet in lyon's first leg of its uefa champions league knockout round match against real madrid. in may 2010 he was named, for the second consecutive season, the unfp ligue 1 goalkeeper of the year.
in the 2010-2011 season, lloris was nominated for the uefa club goalkeeper of the year award at the uefa club football awards, but lost out on the award to champions league-winning keeper júlio césar of internazionale. in this season, he conceded 40 goals.
lloris signed for tottenham hotspur on 31 august 2012 for €10 million and €5 million variable. he made his debut for spurs in a uefa europa league match against lazio on 20 september 2012, the result of the match was 0–0. lloris started his first premier league game against aston villa on 7 october 2012, keeping a clean sheet in a 2–0 home victory. after conceding only four goals in six games, he was nominated for the barclays premier league player of the month for december 2012, but lost out to manchester united's robin van persie. lloris ended the 2012–13 season with 25 appearances and 9 clean sheets.
lloris signed a five-year contract extension in july 2014. lloris was named in the starting eleven of the efl cup final against chelsea f.c. in the hopes of winning the trophy but tottenham lost 2–1.
in august 2015, tottenham manager mauricio pochettino named lloris permanent captain.
in december 2016, lloris signed a contract extension to remain at tottenham until 2022. in the 2016–17 season, lloris helped tottenham achieve the best defensive record in the club's history, conceding only 26 goals in the premier league this season (only 9 of which were conceded in home league games).
lloris has been active on the international front with france, first appearing with the under-18 team making his debut on 11 march 2004 in a friendly match against germany. he later played with the under-19 team and was part of the winning team at the 2005 european under-19 football championship. lloris appeared in all five matches the team played in the competition. he made only five appearances with the under-21 team.
lloris received his first call-up to the senior national team on 6 february 2008 in a match against spain.
on 17 november 2010, lloris captained france, for the first time, in the team's 2–1 victory over england at wembley stadium.
he played in three world cups, 2010, 2014. and 2018, and two european cups, 2012 and 2016.
on 2 june 2017, lloris made his 88th appearance for france in a 5–0 friendly home win over paraguay, overtaking fabien barthez as his nation's most capped goalkeeper of all time.
on 21 june 2018, lloris earned his 100th cap in france's 1–0 win over peru in their second group stage game of the 2018 fifa world cup. against uruguay in the quarter-finals, lloris made a key save from a martin caceres header as france won 2-0.
on 15 july, he lifted the world cup trophy as his team's captain, as france defeated croatia with a 4–2 victory in the final, despite his mistake which allowed croatia's mario mandžukić to score a goal as lloris tried to dribble past him. gianluigi buffon praised him and said in an interview that hugo deserved to win the golden glove award of the best goalkeeper of the tournament, which was won by thibaut courtois.
dean joseph norris (born april 8, 1963) is an american actor. he is best known for his role as dea agent hank schrader on the amc drama series "breaking bad" (2008–2013). he also played james "big jim" rennie on the cbs series "under the dome" (2013–2015). he has appeared in movies such as "lethal weapon 2" (1989), "hard to kill" (1990), "total recall" (1990), "" (1991), "starship troopers" (1997), "the cell" (2000), "little miss sunshine" (2006), "evan almighty" (2007) and "the book of henry" (2017).
norris was born in south bend, indiana. he has been married to bridget norris since 2001. they have five children.
betsy ann brandt (born march 14, 1973) is an american actress. she is best known for her role as marie schrader on the amc drama series "breaking bad" (2008–2013). she has also co-starred as heather hughes in the cbs sitcom "life in pieces" since 2015.
brandt was born in bay city, michigan. she has been married to grady olsen since 1996. they have two children. 
the nepal national cricket team () is also known as the rhinos. it is a team which plays international cricket matches for nepal. it is managed by the cricket association of nepal (can). they have been an associate member of the international cricket council since 1996 and were previously an affiliate member since 1988. nepal were awarded twenty20 international (t20i) status by the icc in june 2014 until the 2015 icc world twenty20 qualifier. on 15 march 2018, nepal gained one day international (odi) status for the first time. they also regained twenty20 international status. it was given to them after winning the first playoff match in the 2018 cricket world cup qualifier. the current captain of this team is paras khadka.
the china syndrome is a disaster movie about a near-meltdown at a nuclear power plant. it was released on march 16, 1979, twelve days before the three mile island accident. the term "china syndrome" refers to a scenario, not meant to be taken literally, where a reactor core could melt through the earth "all the way to china".
news reporter kimberly wells (jane fonda) and her cameraman richard adams (michael douglas) are filming a special on nuclear power at the (fictional) ventana nuclear power plant when they witness an earthquake followed by a reactor scram. in the control room, jack godell (jack lemmon) notices that the water level is high and asks another member of the crew to open a relief valve. ted spindler (wilford brimley) warns him that regulations do not permit opening the relief valve, but he proceeds to open it anyway. the control room crew then notices that the water level is actually dangerously low, and declare an emergency over the intercom ordering all personnel to safety areas. they manage to bring the water level back up to a safe level, meanwhile, richard secretly films the incident. richard wants to show the film on television, but the station manager will not allow it. richard then steals the film and shows it to a group of nuclear engineers who determine that the plant came very close to the china syndrome, where the core would have melted through its containment and down into the earth, contaminating a large area. meanwhile, jack godell discovers that the welds on the main pump are not safe, and takes over the plant by force, locks himself in the control room, and demands to be interviewed on television. a swat team is called in, and proceeds to break into the control room. the other members of the control room crew cut wires in other areas of the plant to intentionally cause a scram. when the scram begins, the main pump fails, and jack godell is shot by the swat team.
response of the nuclear power industry.
upon its release, the movie was criticized by the nuclear power industry, referring to the movie as "sheer fiction" and a "character assassination of an entire industry". twelve days after the movie was released, however, the three mile island accident occurred in dauphin county, pennsylvania. both the accident depicted in the movie and the real-world accident at three mile island involved loss of water through a relief valve, as well as the control room crew incorrectly reading water levels.
aruba's national flag () was adopted on march 18, 1976. the flag has a field of light blue (called "larkspur"), two narrow parallel horizontal yellow ("bunting yellow") stripes in the bottom half, and a four-pointed white-fimbriated red ("union flag red") star in the canton.
the national flag of curaçao is a blue field with a horizontal yellow stripe slightly below the midline and two white, five-pointed stars in the canton.
gusinje (montenegrin cyrillic: гусиње, ), is a small town and municipality in north-eastern montenegro. in 2011, it has a population of 4,027 people. the town is located in a very thin valley and it is surrounded by mountains. this is due to its location in the plav-gusinje valley. the majority of the population are muslim and profess islam. it has a mixed population of muslim bosniaks and muslim albanians. both of these ethnicities however, live in peace and coexist with eachother.
the name "gusinje" (гусиње) is derived from "guska" (goose). its older name was "gousino" (гоусино). in the ottoman period, it was known as turkish "gusna" (گوسن). in albanian, it is known as "gucia".
the town is in the plav-gusinje ravine of the prokletije, at an elevation of ca. 1,000 m.
monte titano ("mount titan") is a mountain of the apennines and the highest peak in san marino. it is high and is to the east side of the capital, san marino. it became a unesco world heritage site in 2008 under the combined title "san marino historic centre and mount titano".
jonathan gold (july 28, 1960 – july 21, 2018) was an american food critic. he wrote for the "los angeles times" and wrote for "la weekly" and "gourmet". in 2007, he became the first food critic to win the pulitzer prize for criticism.
gold died on july 21, 2018 in los angeles, california from pancreatic cancer at the age of 57.
maureen theresa muth "rene" portland (march 31, 1953 – july 22, 2018) was an american former head coach in women's college basketball. she was known for her 27-year career with the penn state nittany lions basketball team. her career includes 21 ncaa tournament appearances including a final four appearance in 2000. she was born in broomall, pennsylvania.
portland was one of a few women's basketball coaches to have won 600 or more games at a single school, with a career record of 606–236 at penn state. 
portland died in tannersville, pennsylvania following a three year battle with peritoneal cancer on july 22, 2018, aged 65.
broomall is a census-designated place (cdp) in marple township, delaware county, pennsylvania, united states. the population was 10,789 at the 2010 census.
roch marc christian kaboré (born 25 april 1957) is a burkinabé politician. he was the president of burkina faso from 2015 until 2022. previously, he served as the prime minister of burkina faso between 1994 and 1996 and president of the national assembly of burkina faso from 2002 to 2012. he also served as president of the congress for democracy and progress (cdp). in january 2014, he left the ruling cdp and founded a new opposition party, the people's movement for progress.
he was elected as president of burkina faso in the november 2015 general election, winning a majority in the first round of voting.
in november 2021, roch marc christian kaboré must face demonstrations against the growing insecurity in the country and are in power.
on 23 january 2022, he was arrested by members of the burkina faso armed forces ​during a coup d'état. the next day, he was removed from office and replaced by the coup's leader paul-henri sandaogo damiba.
roch marc christian kaboré is the son of charles bila kaboré and antonine kaboré who are both training teachers. they are catholics from the mossi ethnic group. 
charles bila kaboré was appointed technical advisor to the minister of the interior and security in 1961, before becoming treasurer general of upper volta and member of the economic and social council. from october 1963 to december 1965, he held the post of minister of finance, before taking the ministry of public health until the fall of the first republic, in january 1966. financial advisor and secretary general of the presidency of the republic until 1975, charles bila kaboré is appointed deputy governor of the bceao (central bank of west african states) until 1982. he is then technical adviser and secretary general of the burkinabe presidency before taking his retirement in 1985.
kaboré studied at the ouagadougou center, a public primary school and tougan until february 1968. he returned to ouagadougou in cm2, at the public primary school, center b, where he obtained the certificate of studies. elementary primary. he graduated from saint-jean-baptiste-de-la-salle college in ouagadougou, where he obtained bepc in 1972. he graduated in 1975.
he studied economics at the university of dijon where, in 1979, he obtained a master's degree in economics and management. in 1980, he finished a dess in management which gave him the certificate of qualification in business administration and management.
from this period, he fought in the federation of black african students in france (feanf) which is very active at the time of independence and promotes the idea of ​​a unified africa.
kaiserstuhl can mean:
republic is a city in republic county, kansas, united states. 116 people lived there in the 2010 census.
thaddeus c. radzilowski (4 february 1938 – 20 july 2018) was an american historian, scholar, author, and professor. he was born in detroit, michigan. he was co-founder of the piast institute, a national institute for polish and polish-american affairs. his work focused on poland and other central and eastern european nations, including russia. 
radzilowski taught widely in europe and north america and published more than 100 monographs, edited collections, journal articles, book chapters and scholarly papers. 
radzilowski died in detroit on 20 july 2018 at the age of 80.
maurice yaméogo (31 december 1921 – 15 september 1993) was the first president of the republic of upper volta, now called burkina faso, from 1959 until 1966.
"monsieur maurice" incarnated the voltaic state at the time of independence. as a member of the colonial administration, maurice yaméogo began his career in 1946 in the dense political landscape of upper volta thanks to his oratory skills. in may 1957, as part of the formation of the first volta government established by the framework law defferre, he joined the coalition government formed by ouezzin coulibaly, as minister of agriculture under the label of the movement voltaic democratic (mdv) . in january 1958, threatened by a motion of censure, ouezzin coulibaly debauched in favor of the voltaic democratic union-african democratic rally (udv-rda) maurice yaméogo and his allies at the assembly against the insurance of a promotion in the government. maurice yaméogo thus raises no. 2 of the government with the portfolio of the interior, a key position that allows him when in september 1958 ouezzin coulibaly dies, to act as interim head of government.
maurice yaméogo quickly imposes his choices. after the proclamation of the republic on december 11, 1958, it operates in 1959 a surprising reversal of position vis-à-vis the proposed federation of mali defended by léopold sédar senghor. although the voltaic constituent assembly wanted haute-volta to join the federation, maurice yaméogo opted for international sovereignty and regional integration limited to the economic sphere with the entente council. then yaméogo neutralizes any parliamentary opposition. the udv-rda purified of its adversaries, imposes in single party. upper volta is even before independence, on august 5, 1960, under the yoke of his dictatorship.
in foreign politics, jealous and admiring of the international success of his ivorian colleague félix houphouët-boigny, he challenged him by establishing an ephemeral customs union (1961-1962) with the very progressive ghana of kwame nkrumah. houphouët-boigny quickly became his best ally in december 1965. yaméogo signed with him an agreement to establish dual citizenship for ivorian and voltaic nationals. this project does not have time to succeed. on january 3, 1966, in a context of severe financial austerity measures, his corrupt regime was overthrown by a peaceful demonstration organized by the forces of the voltaic nation: the unions, the so-called traditional chieftaincy and the clergy. the result is maurice yaméogo, an austerity linked to his dubious management of finances. in 1993, he died after being rehabilitated by the president of the republic blaise compaore.
this is a list of heads of state of burkina faso since the republic of upper volta gained independence from france in 1960 to the present day.
a total of eight people have served as head of state of upper volta/burkina faso (not counting three transitional heads of state/presidents and one acting president in rebellion).
the current head of state of burkina faso is the president of the republic ibrahim traore since 2022.
this is a list of prime ministers of burkina faso since the formation of the post of prime minister of the republic of upper volta in 1971 to the present day.
a total of thirteen people have served as prime minister of upper volta/burkina faso.
paul kaba thieba (born 28 july 1959) is a burkinabe economist. he was the prime minister of burkina faso from 2016 to 2019. thieba was appointed by president roch marc christian kaboré on 6 january 2016.
donald mccarthy, cbe (19 june 1955 – 21 july 2018) was a british entrepreneur and philanthropist. he was known for being the chairman of house of fraser from 2006 to 2014. from 2007 until 2012 mccarthy also was chairman of aurum, a british watch and jewellery retailer.
mccarthy was appointed commander of the order of the british empire (cbe) in the 2017 new year honours for services to business and philanthropy.
mccarthy died on 21 july 2018 from cancer in london at the age of 63.
christoph westerthaler (11 january 1965 – 20 july 2018) was an austrian football coach and former football player. he was born in silz, austria. he made his debut for austria in an october 1989 friendly match against malta. he was a small-built striker who started his professional career at fc wacker innsbruck and stayed with them for 9 years.
westerthaler died on 20 july 2018 from a heart attack, aged 53.
roy frank "rj" mitte iii (born august 21, 1992) is an american actor, producer and model. he is best known for his role as walter "flynn" white jr. on the amc drama series "breaking bad" (2008–2013). like his character on the show, he has cerebral palsy. he has also appeared in "switched at birth", "hannah montana" and "robot chicken".
mitte was born in jackson, mississippi. he was adopted as a baby. he moved to los angeles, california, in 2006.
a fluid coupling or hydraulic coupling or fluid flywheel is a device used to transmit rotating mechanical power. it has been used in automobile transmissions as an alternative to a mechanical clutch. it is simpler than a torque converter, but it does not provide any torque multiplication, so it must be used together with a gearbox.
george vincent "vince" gilligan jr. (born february 10, 1967) is an american television writer, producer and director. he is best known for creating the amc drama series "breaking bad" (2008–2013) and its spin-off "better call saul" (2015–present). he also wrote and produced for the science fiction series "the x-files" and was one of the creators of its spin-off "the lone gunmen" (2001).
gilligan was born in richmond, virginia. he has been with his girlfriend, holly rice, since 1991. he is an agnostic.
in the sport of cricket, batting is the act or skill of hitting the cricket ball with a cricket bat. it is done to score runs or prevent the loss of one's wicket. 
any player who is currently batting is called a batter even if they are better in any other skills in cricket. batters have to adapt to various conditions when playing on different cricket pitches, especially in different countries. a top-level batter has good reflexes, decision-making and strategy with excellent physical batting skills.
during an innings two members of the batting side are on the pitch. the one facing the current delivery from the bowler is called 'the striker', while the other is the non-striker. when a batter is out, he is replaced by a teammate. this continues until the end of the innings or until 10 of the team members are out. after the batting of first team is over the other team gets a turn to bat.
batting tactics and strategy depends on the type of match being played. it also depends on the current state of play. batters try to score many runs quickly without losing their wicket. to score quickly, risky shots must be played which increases the chances of batters being out. batters’ safest choice is to guard the stumps but this may result in scoring fewer runs.
as with all other cricket statistics, batting statistics and records are given much attention. it helps to know how effectively a batter is playing. the main statistic for batting is a player's batting average. this is calculated by dividing the number of runs he has scored by the number of times he has been out (dismissed). 
list of pacific typhoons in 2018
eden prairie is an city southwest of downtown minneapolis in hennepin county. it is the 12th-largest city in the state of minnesota. it is the 7th-largest suburb in the twin cities, with a population of 60,797 at the 2010 census.
laura fraser (born 24 july 1975) is a scottish actress. she is best known for playing door in the series "neverwhere", kate in the movie "a knight's tale", cat mackenzie in the drama series "lip service" and lydia rodarte-quayle in the amc crime drama series "breaking bad" and its spin-off "better call saul".
tor erling staff (22 february 1933 – 22 july 2018) was a norwegian lawyer. staff was born in oslo. staff started working for barrister olaf trampe kindt. from 1967, he worked as a barrister in oslo and at the supreme court.
staff died in oslo on 22 july 2018 at the age of 85.
roh hoe-chan (, 31 august 1956 – 23 july 2018) was a south korean politician. he was born in busan. he was a member of the 17th, 19th, and 20th national assembly from 2004 to 2008, 2012 to 2013 and again from 2016 until his death in 2018. a progressive, roh was a member of the justice party from 2012 until his death.
roh killed himself by jumping off his apartment on 23 july 2018 in seoul at the age of 61.
jesse lon plemons (born april 2, 1988) is an american actor and comedian. he is known for playing landry clarke in the nbc drama series "friday night lights", todd alquist in the amc crime drama series "breaking bad", and ed blumquist in the second season of the fx anthology series "fargo". he has also appeared in movies such as "like mike" (2002), "observe and report" (2009), "battleship" (2012), "the master" (2012), "black mass" (2015), "bridge of spies" (2015) and "the post" (2017). in 2017, he starred in the "black mirror" episode "uss callister".
plemons was born in dallas, texas. he is engaged to actress kirsten dunst. they have a son.
point pleasant is a borough in ocean county, new jersey, united states. as of the 2010 united states census, the borough's population was 18,392.
the 19th south korean presidential election was held on 9 may 2017. the election was called after the impeachment and dismissal of president park geun-hye. the election was held in a single round on a first-past-the-post basis.
the election was originally scheduled to be held on 20 december 2017, but was moved earlier after the decision of the constitutional court on 10 march 2017 to uphold the parliament's impeachment of park geun-hye.
opinion polling before april showed the democratic party's candidate, moon jae-in, runner-up in the 2012 election, as the front-runner and would later go on to win the election.
hong jun-pyo (born 5 december 1954), also spelled as hong joon-pyo, is a south korean politician. he was the presidential nominee of the liberty korea party in the 2017 south korean presidential election. 
hong is often seen similar to u.s. president donald trump and has been nicknamed "hong trump" due to his campaigning style. he was the chairperson of the liberty korea party from july 2017 to june 2018.
yoo seong-min (유승민, born 7 january 1958), also known as yoo seung-min, is a south korean economist and politician. yoo is a member of the korean national assembly and was the bareun party's presidential nominee in the 2017 south korean presidential election.
sim sang-jung (born 20 february 1959) is a south korean politician. she was one of the five major presidential candidates in the 2017 south korean presidential election. she ran as the justice party's nominee.
she is a member of the 20th national assembly and the leader of the justice party.
the litterbug is a 1961 animated short subject produced by walt disney productions and featuring donald duck.
it was the last donald duck short produced.
salimatou fatty (born 2 february 1994) is a gambian educator and gender advocate. she is currently a global partnership for education youth advocate and a youth ambassador for international organizations including a world at school. she also serves as ceo of a girls education foundation.
fatty was born in kerewan village in the north bank division of the gambia in 1994 to aja fatoumatta jarra ceesay and alhajie saikou fatty. she is the seventh of her mother's nine children. she attended oustass keita dara, where she learned to practise her religion, islam.
fatty received the “african leadership award” in 2016 for her work in girls' education. she was also included in the list of the 2017 100 most influential young africans across the continent.
lalgudi taluk is a taluk of tiruchirapalli district of the indian state of tamil nadu. the headquarters of the taluk is the town of lalgudi.
the british transport commission, later british railways, used engine power output to categorise its new main line diesel locomotive fleet following the 1955 modernisation plan. these categories were from type 1 to type 5 and are listed below. 
up to 1,000 bhp
from 1,001 bhp to 1,499 bhp
from 1,500 bhp to 1,999 bhp
from 2,000 bhp to 2,999 bhp
from 3,000 bhp
kurukshetra () is a city in the state of haryana, india. it is also known as dharmakshetra ("holy place"). it is also known as the "land of bhagwad gita".
according to the puranas, kurukshetra is a region named after king kuru, the ancestor of kauravas and pandavas. this is place where mahabharata war was fought. also the bhagavad gita was explained there during the war when lord krishna found arjuna in a difficult situation.
before 1947, thanesar was the name of the tehsil headquarters and the town. thanesar or sthaneswar is a historical town next to newly created kurukshetra city. thanesar derives its name from the word "sthaneshwar", which means "place of god".
in most ancient hindu texts, kurukshetra is not a city but a region ("kshetra" meaning "region" in sanskrit). the boundaries of kurukshetra lies to the central and western parts of state of haryana and southern punjab. thus according to the taittiriya aranyaka 5.1.1., the kurukshetra region is south of turghna (srughna/sugh in sirhind, punjab), north of khandava (delhi and mewat region), east of maru (desert) and west of parin.
it is written in puranas that kurukshetra is named after king kuru of the bharata dynasty, ancestor of pandavas and kauravas.
the vamana purana tells how king kuru came to settle here. he chose this land at the banks of sarasvati river which dried up before 1900 bce for embedding spirituality with eight virtues: austerity (tapas (sanskrit)), truth (satya), forgiveness (kshama), kindness (daya), purity (shuddha), charity (daana), yajna and brahmacharya. lord vishnu was impressed with the act of king kuru and blessed him. god gave him two boons: one that this land forever will be known as a holy land and the other that anyone dying on this land will go to heaven. the land of kurukshetra was between two rivers — the sarasvati and the drishadvati.
this land has been known as uttarvedi, brahmavedi, dharamkshetra and kurukshetra at different periods. when king kuru came on this land it was called uttarvedi. over the period this land has been ruled by many empires. the bharata dynasty came and settled here.
by the archaeological grounds it has been proved that ashoka the great made kurukshetra a centre of learning for people from all over the world. it reached the peak of its progress during the reign of king harsha, during which chinese scholar xuanzang visited thanesar.
48 kos parikrama.
kurukshetra has great importance as a hindu pilgrimage. there are several pilgrimages around the city of kurukshetra and a complete parikrama means to visit all these pilgrimages. 48 kos parikrama is a hindi phrase meaning 48 miles circle around the holy city of kurukshetra.
the sykes–picot agreement /ˈsaɪks piˈkoʊ/, officially known as the asia minor agreement, was a secret agreement concluded between the united kingdom and france in 1916. the main aim of the british and french was to agree on who should get which sphere of influence in ottoman territories in southwest asia. in this way, they wanted to limit competition between each other after the first world war and secure strategically important territories for themselves. the line separating their respective zones of influence was called the sykes-picot line. the russian empire and the kingdom of italy consented to the agreement, receiving a territorial advantage in return. the agreement was named after the two diplomats who negotiated it: the british diplomat mark sykes and the french diplomat françois georges-picot. they negotiated for five weeks, from the 23rd of november 1915 to the 3rd of january 1916, before agreeing on a memorandum. the agreement itself was concluded on the 9th and 16th of may 1916, when the british and french governments accepted and signed (ratified) the memorandum.
when the russian revolutionaries made the agreement public in 1917 after the bolshevik revolution, which caused embarassment among the british and french and growing distrust among the arabs. more than hundred years later, this agreement is still mentioned in the current conflicts and disputes in the respective regions of the middle east.
the ottoman empire, under the lead of the cup, entered the war in autumn 1914 on the side of the central powers (germany, austria-hungary, bulgaria and initially also italy) and was therefore opposed to the triple entente (united kingdom, france and the russian empire). the sykes–picot agreement was concluded with the british and french expecting victory against the central powers and thus the demise of the ottoman empire.
british and french interests in the middle east.
as scholars have argued, the sykes-picot agreement was signed with the aim to further the colonial and strategic interests of the british and french in the region and settle their rivalry, rather than to create viable states after the war.
the main interest of the british was to secure their access to the mediterranean sea and thus the route to india, as well as access to the iraqi oil fields. at the beginning of the twentieth century, oil replaced coal as the most important resource, being the lighter raw material. this lead to an increasing dependence on oil that was inaccessible on british soil.
the french were interested in securing access to the mediterranean through the port of tyre in lebanon as well as getting their longstanding claims to mount lebanon and damascus validated.
russian and italian agreement.
for the sykes-picot agreement to pass, britain and france needed to satisfy the russians. in exchange for the russian empire’s approval of the treaty, the russian foreign minister serkey saznov and the french ambassador maurice paléologue concluded the saznov-paléologue agreement in may 1916. they mutually agreed that the russian empire would get western armenia in addition to the already earlier attributed constantinople and the turkish straits. the kingdom of italy also knew about the agreement and was convinced by being promised southern anatolia in the st-jean-de-maurienne agreement in 1917.
the saznov-paléologue agreement, the st-jean-de-maurienne agreement, the balfour declaration (between the british and the zionists) and the sykes-picot agreement (with a handful of others concerning the expected partition of the ottoman empire) are often referred to as "the secret treaties".
the hussein-mcmahon correspondence.
prior to starting negotiations with the french, the british had already discussed the future of greater syria with sharif hussein, the emir of mecca, in 1915. in what is known as the hussein-mcmahon correspondence, the british promised the arabs an independent state in the area of greater syria. in return, sharif hussein would incite an arab revolt against the ottoman empire. 
geographically, the agreement primarily focused on the provinces outside of the arabian peninsula. a line separated a zone a (under indirect french rule) from a zone b (under indirect british rule). zone a included the major inland cities of syria as well as the iraqi city of mosul, zone b stretched from iraq to the sinai borders of egypt. a blue zone along the eastern mediterranean coastline (and parts of what is today turkey) was supposed to be placed under direct french rule. the united kingdom was supposed to have direct control over the iraqi provinces of basra and baghdad (the red zone), as well as parts of what is israel today, ensuring british access to the mediterranean sea. palestine was supposed to be placed under international administration.
the arab state that mcmahon had promised to sharif hussein was now supposed to be under indirect british and french control. this has led historians to call the sykes-picot agreement "a startling piece of double-dealing" by the british and an "outrageous example of imperial perfidy".
conflicting promises and consequences.
following the october revolution of 1917, the russian revolutionaries (bolsheviks) released a series of secret documents. among these publications was the sykes–picot agreement. the publication of the sykes-picot agreement made visible the conflicting promises the british had made concerning the ottoman territory to the french, sharif hussein and the arabs and the zionists (in the balfour declaration).
the sykes-picot line after the war.
the agreement is often accused of having "drawn lines in the sand", i.e. artificially dividing the middle east without regard to ethnic or cultural factors. in fact the agreement was never (fully) implemented. it was in the san remo conference (1920) and treaty of lausanne (1923) that the lines were definitely drawn and decided who was going to govern (directly and indirectly) which parts of the partitioned ottoman empire, with turkey wanting to rule areas that the french had initially hoped to govern. although the agreement was indeed not implemented in its original form, the british and french were able to secure strategically important lands. the arabs on the other hand did not see the establishment of an independent arab kingdom as promised and felt betrayed.
the year 2016 marked the 100th anniversary of the sykes–picot agreement, which was heavily debated given its frequent mention by isis (isis released a video entitled "the end of sykes-picot" in 2014). isis claimed that in order to create a unified islamic state, it intended to reverse the effects of the sykes–picot agreement.
boudry district is one of the six districts of the canton of neuchâtel, switzerland. it has a population of (as of ). the district capital is the town of boudry.
the district has the following municipalities:
la chaux-de-fonds district is one of the six districts of the largely french-speaking canton of neuchâtel, switzerland. the district capital is the town of la chaux-de-fonds. it has a population of (as of ).
la chaux-de-fonds has three municipalities:
le locle district is one of the six districts of the canton of neuchâtel, switzerland. the district capital is the town of le locle. it has a population of (as of ).
the district has the following municipalities:
neuchâtel district is one of the six districts of the canton of neuchâtel, switzerland. the district capital is the town of neuchâtel. it has a population of (as of ).
the district has nine municipalities:
val-de-ruz district is one of the six districts of the canton of neuchâtel, switzerland, consisting of the region of val de ruz and the surrounding jura mountains. the district capital is the town of cernier. it has a population of (as of ).
val-de-ruz has the following municipalities:
typhoon lekima was a severe western pacific tropical cyclone in october 2013. lekima was an unusual category 5 super typhoon.
at her peak, lekima had winds of .
val-de-travers district is one of the six districts of the canton of neuchâtel, switzerland. the district capital is val-de-travers. it has a population of (as of ).
it is famous for its watch industry. it is also famous for being the historical birthplace of absinthe which is now once again being distilled in the region.
the district has three municipalities:
cressier is a municipality of the district of neuchâtel in the canton of neuchâtel in switzerland.
cressier can mean:
lignières is a municipality of the district of neuchâtel in the canton of neuchâtel in switzerland.
lignières may refer to:
abtwil can mean:
meyrin () is a municipality of the canton of geneva, switzerland. the main site of the cern, a european particle physics laboratory is in meyrin.
meyrin was originally a small agricultural village until the 1950s, when construction of cern began just to the north. it is now a commuter town dominated with apartment high-rises, and many of its residents work at cern or in central geneva.
geneva international airport is in meyrin.
the municipality is on the right bank of the rhone river.
fouchères may refer to the following communes of france:
slighting is the deliberate damage of an important building. in the middle ages, castles were slighted during war. rich and powerful people built and owned castles, and were proud of them. a king or queen could use slighting as a way to punish people who rebelled against them. sometimes the owner feared they would lose the castle in an attack, and broke parts of the castle so that it would not be useful to other people. occasionally, a king or queen might order someone to dismantle their own castle if they did not get permission to build it.
castles were sometimes repaired after they were slighted, while others were abandoned. many famous castles like corfe or kenilworth are ruins because they were slighted during the english civil war.
man se is a german mechanical engineering company and parent company of the man group. it is a subsidiary of automaker volkswagen. man se is based in munich. its primary output is for the automotive industry, particularly heavy trucks. further activities include the production of diesel engines for various applications, including boats. the company also builds turbomachinery.
in the 1950s, the north british locomotive company of scotland held a licence to build diesel engines of man design. these engines were used in some british railways diesel locomotives, such as the class 21.
ronald houston griffith (march 16, 1936 – july 18, 2018) was an american general in the united states army. he was vice chief of staff of the united states army (vcsa) from 1995 to 1997. he was born in lafayette, georgia. he fought in the vietnam war and the gulf war. 
griffith died on july 18, 2018 in lexington, virginia at the age of 82.
lafayette ( ) is a city in, and the county seat of, walker county, georgia, united states. as of the 2000 census, the city population was 6,702, which rose to 7,121 in 2010. it was founded as chattooga.
harry gulkin (november 14, 1927 – july 23, 2018) was a canadian director, screenwriter and producer. he was born in montreal, quebec. he produced "lies my father told me", which was nominated for an academy award for best screenplay, and won a golden globe for best foreign movie.
from 1983 to 1987, gulkin was director of the saidye bronfman centre for the arts. 
gulkin died in montreal on july 23, 2018 from pneumonia, aged 90.
khalid salleh (29 february 1948 – 23 july 2018) was a malaysian actor and poet. he was born in kajang, selangor. he was known for his roles in "penghujung malam", "azizah the legend", "jogho", "kaki bakar", "buai laju-laju", and "hanyut". 
salleh died on 23 july 2018 in kuala lumpur from respiratory failure at the age of 70.
the cleveland torso murderer (also known as the mad butcher of kingsbury run) was an unknown serial killer. it was active in cleveland, ohio, usa in the 1930s. the killings were defined by the cut-off pieces of twelve known victims and the disposal of their remains in the poor neighborhood of kingsbury run.
the official number of murders caused by the cleveland torso murderer is thirteen, although recent research has shown there could have been as many as twenty. the twelve known victims were killed between 1935 and 1938. 
most victims had their heads cut off, and sometimes other limbs were cut off as well. in some cases, the men were castrated too.
most of the victims were homeless or sex workers.
elizabeth short (july 29, 1924 – january 14 or 15, 1947), known as "the black dahlia", was an american woman who was found murdered in a neighborhood of los angeles, california. her case became highly publicized due to the graphic nature of the crime. her corpse was chopped into pieces and severed at the waist.
short's unsolved murder and the details surrounding it have had caused many theories and public speculation. it is one of the oldest unsolved cases in los angeles county.
the axeman of new orleans was an american serial killer active in new orleans, louisiana from may 1918 to october 1919. the killer was never identified, and the murders remain unsolved.
the victims usually were attacked with an axe, which often belonged to the victims themselves. in most cases, a panel on a back door of a home was removed by a chisel, which were both left on the floor near the door, followed by an attack on one or more of the residents with either an axe or straight razor.
britton hill is the highest point in florida with an elevation of above sea level. the hill is located in walton county, near the town of lakewood, florida.
the body of elisa lam, also known by her cantonese name, lam ho yi (; april 30, 1991 – february 2013), a canadian student at the university of british columbia in vancouver. her body was discovered from a water tank at the cecil hotel in los angeles on february 19, 2013. she had been reported missing at the beginning of the month. 
maintenance workers at the hotel discovered the body when investigating guest complaints of problems with the water supply.
the circumstances of lam's death, once she was found, also raised questions, especially in light of the cecil's history in relation to other notable deaths and murders. her body was naked with most of her clothes and personal effects floating in the water near her.
the autopsy showed that her death was by accident. 
the "boy in the box" is the name given to an unknown murder victim, 3 to 7 years old, whose naked, abused body was found in a cardboard box in the fox chase section of philadelphia, pennsylvania, on february 25, 1957. he is also commonly known as "america's unknown child." his identity has never been discovered, and the case remains open.
the keddie murders an unsolved american murder of 4 people that happened in keddie, california. the murders took place in cabin 28 of the keddie resort during the late evening of april 11, 1981, or early the following morning. 
the victims were glenna sue sharp (née davis), known as sue (age 36), her son john (age 15), and his friend, dana wingate (age 17). 
at some time after the crime was discovered, sue's daughter, tina (age 12), was reported missing. her skull and several other bones were recovered in 1984 in camp eighteen, california, which is in butte county.
the case still remains unsolved. in 2004, cabin 28 was demolished.
ken rex mcelroy (june 1, 1934 – july 10, 1981) was an american non-convicted murderer from skidmore, missouri. he was known as "the town bully". his unsolved killing became the focus of international attention. 
mcelroy was accused of dozens of felonies, including assault, child molestation, statutory rape, arson, hog and cattle rustling, and burglary.
he was indicted 21 times but escaped conviction each time, except for the last. in 1981, mcelroy was convicted of shooting and seriously injuring the town's 70-year-old grocer, ernest "bo" bowenkamp. 
on july 10, 1981, mcelroy was shot to death in broad daylight as he sat with his wife trena in his pickup truck on skidmore's main street. he was struck by bullets from at least two different firearms, in front of a crowd of people estimated as between 30 and 46. to date, no one has been charged in connection with mcelroy's death.
brian douglas wells (november 15, 1956 – august 28, 2003) was an american man who died after a homemade neck-bomb exploded while being involved in a plot involving a bank robbery in erie, pennsylvania. before his death, wells was a pizza delivery man who, shortly before his death, made a delivery stop outside of erie.
investigated by a task force led by the federal bureau of investigation, it was described as "one of the most complicated and bizarre crimes in the annals of the fbi". the wells story was the subject of significant attention in the mass media. the question of whether wells was a victim or a mastermind behind the robbery plot is debated.
in a july 2007 indictment, federal prosecutors said that wells had been involved in the planning of the botched bank robbery. two of his alleged co-conspirators, marjorie diehl-armstrong and kenneth barnes, were indicted. in 2008, u.s. district judge sean j. mclaughlin sentenced barnes to 45 years in federal prison. two years later, diehl-armstrong was also found guilty and, in 2011, was sentenced to life in prison, where she died from cancer in 2017. 
skumin ( is a lithuanian, polish and russian masculine nobleman surname, its feminine counterpart is skumina.
sri jayawardenepura kotte is the administrative capital of sri lanka since 1970's while colombo is the financial capital.
gloria ramirez (january 11, 1963 – february 19, 1994) was an american woman dubbed "the toxic lady" by the media when several hospital workers became ill after exposure to her body and blood. she was from riverside, california.
ramirez had been admitted to the er while suffering from late-stage cervical cancer. while treating ramirez, several hospital workers fainted and others experienced symptoms such as shortness of breath and muscle spasms.
five workers required hospitalization, one of whom remained in intensive care unit for two weeks. 
shortly after arriving at the hospital, ramirez died from complications related to cancer. this incident was initially thought to be a case of mass hysteria. 
the medical staff injected her with diazepam, midazolam, and lorazepam to sedate her. when it became clear that ramirez was responding poorly to treatment, the staff tried to defibrillate her heart. many people saw an oily substance covering ramirez's body. others noted a fruity, garlic-like odor that they thought was coming from her mouth.
an investigation by lawrence livermore national laboratory said that ramirez had been self-injecting dimethyl sulfoxide as a treatment for pain, which converted into dimethyl sulfate, an extremely poisonous agent via a series of chemical reactions in the emergency department. although the medical sector of riverside supports this claim, scientists still believe it is not the case.
two months after ramirez died, her badly decomposed body was released for an independent autopsy and burial. on april 20, 1994—ten weeks after her death—ramirez was buried at olivewood memorial park in riverside.
cairo is a city in grady county, georgia, united states. as of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 9,607. the city is the county seat of grady county.
lebanon is the county seat of wilson county, tennessee, united states.
the population was 26,190 at the 2010 census, 28,608 in 2013 and 32,372 following a special census conducted in 2016.
keddie is a census-designated place in plumas county, california, united states. the population was 66 at the 2010 census.
keddie is located at (40.005901, -120.956899).
keddie was also the site of the keddie murders, a notorious quadruple homicide.
skidmore is a city in nodaway county, missouri, united states. the population was 284 at the 2010 census. the small farming community has a yearly "punkin' show".
on july 10, 1981, ken mcelroy was shot to death, by at least two different guns, while sitting in his truck in front of the pool hall in town. though dozens of people saw the event, all denied seeing anything that would help identify the shooters. he was known as the "town bully" for his abuse towards the citizens of skidmore.
dorothy a. brown (born september 4, 1953) is an american politician and lawyer. brown is the clerk of the circuit court of cook county in the first judicial district of illinois since 2000.
in april 2018, while under federal investigation, brown announced her plans to run for mayor of chicago in the 2019 election. in january 2019, the chicago board of elections rejected her petitions and will not be on the ballot in the february 2019 election.
neal sáles-griffin (born july 28, 1987) is an american entrepreneur and educator. he co-founded the first coding bootcamp program in 2011 and is the ceo of codenow.
sales-griffin is running for mayor of chicago in 2019.
in 2011, sales-griffin and mcgee launched code academy, the first ever coding bootcamp, offering three-month intensive courses in web development and design. in 2012, code academy changed its name to the starter league to eliminate confusion with a competing new york-based program called codecademy. it was one of the first tenants of 1871,
in 2016, sales-griffin joined codenow as its ceo, a nonprofit coding school that focuses in on high school students in low income areas interested in coding, design and entrepreneurship.
sales-griffin was named to crain’s chicago business’s "40 under 40" in 2013.
willie l. wilson (born june 16, 1948) is an american businessman and politician. he has owned and operated many different mcdonald's restaurant franchises and owns omar medical supplies. he worked and lives in chicago.
he also produces the nationally syndicated gospel music television program "singsation", which won a chicago/midwest emmy award in 2012.
wilson ran for mayor of chicago in the 2015 election, in the 2019 election and currently in the 2023 election. wilson announced on june 1, 2015, that he would run as a candidate for president of the united states in the 2016 election. he ran as a democrat.
an election happened on february 24, 2015 to elect the mayor of chicago. the election was non-partisan and no candidate got a majority.
a runoff election happened between the top two finishers (both democrats) on april 7, 2015, and rahm emanuel won the election and stayed as mayor.
emanuel was in the election, wanting to win a second term. in the first round, emanuel got 46% of the vote and democratic cook county commissioner chuy garcía received 34%. in the runoff, emanuel got 55.7% of the vote, winning the election. garcia got 44.3% of the vote.
the runoff was very rare in the history of chicago's mayoral races.
the city of chicago, illinois held a non-partisan mayoral election on tuesday, february 22, 2011. mayor richard m. daley, a member of the democratic party who had been in office since 1989, did not seek a seventh term as mayor.
candidates needed to collect 12,500 petition signatures by november 22, 2010 to qualify for a place on the ballot. april 5, 2011 was scheduled to be a runoff election date if no candidate received a majority.
rahm emanuel won the race for mayor with more than 55% of the vote. he was inaugurated on may 16, 2011.
six candidates appeared on the february 22 ballot:
old alton bridge, also known as goatman's bridge, is a historic iron through-truss bridge connecting the texas cities of denton and copper canyon. it was built in 1884.
it originally carried horses and later automobiles over hickory creek at a location that once was a popular ford for crossing cattle. the bridge takes its name from the abandoned community of alton, which between 1850-1856 was the seat of denton county.
locally, the bridge is known as "goatman's bridge", due to a legendary demonic folk legend of the same name, who is popularly believed to live in the forest surrounding the area. 
denton is a city in and the county seat of denton county, texas, united states. according to 2010 united states census, there were 113,383 people living there it is the 27th most populous city in texas and the 200th city in the united states with the most people. 
burton edwin shotton (october 18, 1884 – july 29, 1962) was an american player, manager, coach and scout in major league baseball. shotton manager of the brooklyn dodgers (1947; 1948–50). he won two national league pennants and was jackie robinson's first permanent major league manager.
darjeeling is a town and a municipality in the indian state of west bengal. it is in the lesser himalayas at an elevation of . it is famous for its tea industry. it is also known for its views of the kangchenjunga, the world's third-highest mountain, and the darjeeling himalayan railway, a unesco world heritage site. darjeeling is the headquarters of the darjeeling district in west bengal. it is a popular tourist destination in india.
henry miller (26 december 1891 – 7 june 1980) was an american writer known for his novels. many of his novels were partly autobiographical and used a stream of consciousness style. his most famous works are "tropic of cancer", "black spring", "tropic of capricorn" and "the rosy crucifixion". they are based on his experiences in new york and paris. they were all banned in the united states until the 1960s because they contained explicit descriptions of sex and obscene language. he also wrote travel memoirs and literary criticism and painted watercolors.
miller was born in new york city. his parents were german-americans. his father worked as a tailor. miller always wanted to be writer, but he worked at several different jobs when he was a young man. during world war i he worked as a clerk in the us war department (now called the department of defense). then he got a job as a reporter on "the washington post". he quit that job after three days and returned to new york city. in new york he worked for the western union telegraph company. in 1917 he married beatrice sylvas wickens, a pianist.
in 1924 he left beatrice and their child to marry the taxi dancer june edith smith. a taxi dancer was a woman who was paid to dance with men in dance halls. he gave up his job at the telegraph company to work full-time as a writer. miller and june lived in greenwich village. they went to paris in 1928 and stayed for a few months. he separated from june and went back to new york by himself in 1929. she later divorced him in 1934. in 1930 he went back to paris alone. he found a job as a proofreader for the "new york herald tribune" paris edition. a proofreader is a kind of copy editor who checks the first printing of a text for errors. he also worked on his novels. his first important novel, "tropic of cancer", was published in paris by the obelisk press in 1934. "black spring" was published in 1936 and "tropic of capricorn" in 1939. he became a close friend of the writer anaïs nin. she helped him get "tropic of cancer" published and wrote the to it. miller stayed in paris until june 1939. 
he spent the next year living on the greek island of corfu. on corfu he was the guest of the writer lawrence durrell. miller described his visit in his travel memoir "the colossus of maroussi". it was published in 1941. miller considered it to be his best work. when world war ii started, miller returned to the united states. for several years he lived in big sur in california. big sur is on the pacific ocean near carmel. many writers and artists lived there. in big sur miller began work on his novel "sexus", the first part of his trilogy "the rosy crucifixion". it was published in 1949 and tells the story of his early life in new york and first two marriages. the other two novels in the trilogy were "plexus" published in 1953 and "nexus" published in 1959. they continue the story of his second marriage and his years in paris. in 1963 miller moved to pacific palisades near los angeles. he lived there for the rest of his life. 
miller married three more times. in 1944 he married janina lepska. she was a philosophy student and 30 years younger than him. they were divorced in 1952. in 1953 he married eve mcclure. she was an artist and almost 40 years younger than him. they divorced in 1962. soon after their divorce, he married hoki tokuda, a japanese entertainer. she played the piano in nightclubs. they were no longer living together when miller died in 1980 at the age of 88. miller had three children: barbara from his first marriage to beatrice wickens and anthony and valentine from his third marriage to janina lepska.
"down to you" is a song written by joni mitchell. it was first released on her 1974 album "court and spark". it won the grammy award for best arrangement accompanying vocalist(s).
"big yellow taxi" is a song written, composed, and originally recorded by canadian singer-songwriter joni mitchell in 1970. it was originally released on her album "ladies of the canyon." it was a hit in her native canada (no. 14) as well as australia (no. 6) and the united kingdom (no. 11). it only reached no. 67 in the united states in 1970, but was later a bigger hit there for her in a live version released in 1974, which peaked at no. 24. 
all i ever wanted can mean different things.
in law and in religion, testimony is a formal statement that something is true. the words "testimony" and "testify" both come from the latin word "testis", which refers to a third-party witness.
in the law, testimony is a kind of evidence. it comes from a witness who says that something is true. testimony may be spoken or written. it is usually made by oath or affirmation under penalty of perjury (which is a crime that somebody can be charged with if they give testimony that is not true).
some christians use the term "to testify" or "to give one's testimony" to mean "to tell the story of how one became a christian".
merzkirchen is a municipality in the trier-saarburg district, in rhineland-palatinate, germany.
damflos is a municipality in the trier-saarburg district, in rhineland-palatinate, germany.
kolbingen is a municipality in tuttlingen in baden-württemberg in germany. it is about northeast of tuttlingen and from mühlheim an der donau.
ingelfingen is a town in the hohenlohe district, in baden-württemberg, germany. it is on the river kocher, northwest of künzelsau, and northeast of heilbronn.
ingelfingen is twinned with:
bitsch can mean:
bytča () is a town in northwestern slovakia. it is on the váh river near the cities of žilina and považská bystrica. it is part of the upper váh region of tourism.
the town was first mentioned in 1234 as "terra bycha".
twin towns – sister cities.
bytča is twinned with:
hwang kyo-ahn (, hanja: 黃敎安, rr: hwang gyo-an; born 15 april 1957) is a south korean politician and lawyer. he was the 44th prime minister of south korea from 18 june 2015 to 11 may 2017. he was the justice minister. 
hwang was the acting president of south korea after the impeachment and removal of president park geun-hye on 10 march 2017, until the election of moon jae-in on 9 may 2017.
rüti can refer to:
the names of the following places have the same origin:
kim suk-soo (born november 20, 1932) is a south korean politician.
he was a justice of the supreme court and chairman of the national election commission. kim became the acting prime minister of south korea from 2002 to 2003, during kim dae-jung’s presidency. 
oksana shachko (; 31 january 1987 – 23 july 2018) was a ukrainian artist and activist. she was known as the co-founder of femen in april 2008, along with anna hutsol and alexandra shevchenko. shachko was born in khmelnytskyi but moved to kiev. she worked in women's rights and civil rights in ukraine and around the world.
shachko co-operated with french writer galia ackerman who produced a history of 'femen' which was published by calmann-lévy in 2013.
shachko killed herself in her apartment in paris, france on 23 july 2018. she was 31.
the president of the republic of türkiye () is the head of state and head of government of the republic of turkey. the president will assume the role of an executive president and will hold both ceremonial and executive status. the president represents the republic of turkey.
the current office-holder is the recep tayyip erdoğan, who holds the office since 28 august 2014. 
the constitution creates all the requirements, election, duties, and responsibilities for the office of the president. the office of the president of turkey was created on 29 october 1923. the president of turkey is often known as the cumhurbaşkanı, meaning 'president of the people'.
since 2017, a successful referendum voted to make the presidency an executive post.
the turkish president can appoint or fire vice presidents.
living former presidents.
there are two living former turkish presidents:
cemal gürsel (; 13 october 1895 – 14 september 1966) was a turkish army officer. he was the fourth president of turkey from 1960 until a few months before his death in 1966.
he died from complications of a stroke in ankara on 14 september 1966 at the age of 70.
a gland is an organ in an animal's body that makes a substance for release.
gland may also refer to:
yıldırım akbulut (; 2 september 1935 – 14 april 2021) was a turkish politician. he was a leader of the anavatan partisi (motherland party). he was the prime minister of turkey and twice the speaker of the grand national assembly of turkey.
on may 20, 1999, yıldırım akbulut was elected for the second time speaker of the grand national assembly that lasted until september 30, 2000.
akbulut died on 14 april 2021 in ankara, aged 85.
angola is a country in southern africa.
angola may also refer to:
cevdet sunay (; 10 february 1899 – 22 may 1982) was a turkish army officer and politician. he was the fifth president of turkey.
cevdet sunay died on 22 may 1982 in istanbul. his body was moved in august 1988 to a permanent burial place in the newly built turkish state cemetery in ankara.
aubonne may refer to several places:
fahri sabit korutürk (3 august 1903 – 12 october 1987) was a turkish navy officer and politician. he was the sixth president of turkey, from 1973 to 1980.
after his retirement in 1960 from the post of commander of the turkish navy, korutürk was appointed by the head of state cemal gürsel as turkish ambassador to the soviet union (1960-1964) and later to spain (1964-1965).
in 1968, president cevdet sunay appointed him member of the senate. on 6 april 1973, the grand national assembly of turkey elected him the 6th president of the republic of turkey.
aubonne is a municipality of the district of morges in the canton of vaud in switzerland. the former municipality of pizy merged on 1 july 2011, into the municipality of aubonne.
on 5 december 2017, michael i of romania died in his home in aubonne.
boudry is a city in the canton of neuchâtel in switzerland. it is the capital of the district of boudry.
boudry can mean:
esslingen can mean:
esslingen am neckar (swabian: "esslenga am negger" or "neckor" ]) is a city in southern germany, in the state of baden-württemberg. it is on the river neckar, about southeast of stuttgart city center.
esslingen was a free imperial city for several centuries until it was annexed by württemberg in 1802.
aubonne is a river in the canton of vaud, switzerland. the river flows into lake geneva near aubonne.
robert pickering burnham (born august 21, 1990) is an american comedian, singer, songwriter, musician, rapper, actor, director, screenwriter, and poet. he began his career as a youtuber in march 2006.
burnham signed a four-year record deal with comedy central records and released his debut ep, "bo fo sho", in 2008. his first full-length album, "bo burnham", was released the following year.
burnham co-created and starred in the mtv television series "zach stone is gonna be famous" and released his first book of poetry, "egghead: or, you can't survive on ideas alone", in 2013. his first feature movie as writer and director, "eighth grade", was released in july 2018 to strong positive reviews.
hamilton is a rural-suburban town in the eastern central portion of essex county in eastern massachusetts, united states. at the 2010 census, it had a population of 7,764. 
pedesina is a "comune" (municipality) in the province of sondrio in the italian region lombardy. it is the least populated municipality in italy.
pedesina is about northeast of milan and about southwest of sondrio. as of 31 december 2008, it had a population of 33, and an area of .
pedesina borders the following municipalities: bema, gerola alta, premana, rasura, rogolo.
arthur gordon linkletter (born arthur gordon kelly, or gordon arthur kelley, july 17, 1912 – may 26, 2010) was a canadian-born american radio and television personality. he was born in moose jaw, saskatchewan. linkletter was the host of "house party" and "people are funny", on nbc radio and tv for 19 years. he became a naturalized united states citizen in 1942.
linkletter died on may 26, 2010 in los angeles, california from stroke-complications at the age of 97.
bryant charles gumbel (born september 29, 1948) is an american television journalist and sportscaster. he was born in new orleans, louisiana. he is best known for his 15 years as co-host of nbc's "today". he is the younger brother of sportscaster greg gumbel. 
since 1995, he has hosted hbo's "real sports with bryant gumbel". it has been rated as "flat out tv's best sports program" by the "los angeles times". it won a peabody award in 2012.
huey percy newton (february 17, 1942 – august 22, 1989) was an african-american political activist and communist anarchist. along with bobby seale, he co-founded the black panther party in 1966.
in 1989, he was shot and killed during a drug deal in oakland, california, aged 47.
robert george "bobby" seale (born october 22, 1936) is an american political activist. he was born in dallas, texas. he and fellow activist huey p. newton co-founded the black panther party. he was briefly a member of the chicago eight.
robert james hutton, or "lil' bobby" (april 21, 1950 – april 6, 1968) was an american political activist. he was born in jefferson county, arkansas. he was the treasurer and first recruit to join the black panther party.
on the night of april 6, 1968, hutton was killed by police officers after hutton co-led an ambush on the oakland police department. he was 17 years old.
elbert howard (january 5, 1938 – july 23, 2018), better known as big man, was an american civil rights activist and author. he was one of the founding members of the black panther party.
after leaving the party in 1974, howard returned to tennessee. in memphis, he served on the boards of directors of several african american progressive educational institutions.
howard died on july 23, 2018 in santa rosa, california, aged 80.
don marion davis (october 9, 1917 – december 10, 2020) was an american child actor. he was born in hollywood, california. he appeared in many movies during the silent era. while he mostly appeared in comedy shorts, his feature length movies include "down on the farm" and "a small town idol".
davis died on december 10, 2020 in tucson, arizona at the age of 103. 
norma aleandro robledo (born may 2, 1936) is an argentine actress, screenwriter, theatre director and author. she is thought to be as one of the best argentine actresses and is called a cultural icon. 
aleandro starred in the oscar-winning 1985 movie, "the official story". she starred in "the truce" (1974), "cousins" (1989), "autumn sun" (1996), "the lighthouse" (1998), "son of the bride" (2001) and "cama adentro" (2005). 
for her role as florencia sánchez morales in the 1987 movie "", she received a golden globe nomination and a academy award nomination for best supporting actress.
"i will survive" is a hit song first performed by american singer gloria gaynor. it was released in october 1978. it was written by freddie perren and dino fekaris. it became a top-selling song after its release as it sold 14 million copies worldwide.
it reaches number one on the "billboard" hot 100 and on the uk singles chart on many weeks in a row. the song is also seen as a symbol of female strength and as a gay anthem. 
in 2016, the library of congress selected it for preservation in the national recording registry.
carla diane hayden (born august 10, 1952) is an american librarian. she is the 14th and current librarian of congress since 2016. hayden is the first woman and the first african american to hold the post. she is the first professional librarian appointed to the post in over 60 years.
asado () is the barbecue of a social event in hispanic/latin culture. they are popular in argentina, chile, paraguay and uruguay. in these countries, "asado" is a traditional way of preparing food and a traditional event. an "asado" usually has of beef, sausages, and sometimes other meats, which are cooked on a grill, called a "parrilla", or an open fire.
william richard vaughn (april 12, 1919 – september 26, 1991) was an american singer, multi-instrumentalist, orchestra leader, and a&r man for dot records.
vaughn charted a total of 42 singles on the "billboard" charts, often based on the sound of two alto saxophones. he also charted thirty six albums on the "billboard" 200, beginning with 1958's "sail along silv'ry moon" and ending with 1970's "winter world of love".
on 30 june 2018, two british nationals, charlie rowley and dawn sturgess, were admitted to hospital in amesbury, england. police determined that they were poisoned by a novichok nerve agent similar to that used in the poisoning of sergei skripal and his daughter yulia in salisbury, away, almost four months earlier. sturgess died on 8 july, and rowley regained consciousness two days later.
the origin of the poison was possibly a perfume bottle they had picked up in a park.
anne olivier bell (née popham; 22 june 1916 – 18 july 2018) was an art scholar. she was part of the bloomsbury group. she was best known for editing the diaries of virginia woolf. as a member of the "monuments men", she was responsible for the protection of cultural artefacts in europe during the second world war.
bell died on 18 july 2018 in firle, east sussex, aged 102.
amesbury is a town and civil parish in wiltshire, england. it is most famous for the prehistoric monument of stonehenge which is in its parish, and for the discovery of the amesbury archer. the amesbury archer is an early bronze age man whose grave was discovered during excavations at the site of a new housing development in amesbury in 2002. it has been confirmed by archaeologists that amesbury is the oldest continuously occupied settlement in the united kingdom, having been first settled around 8820 bc.
melanie papalia (born july 11, 1984) is a canadian actress. she is known for her role as dana in "", as well as for her roles in movies such as "postal" (2007) and "frankie and alice" (2010). in 2011, she starred as pippa in the showcase original series "endgame". she was born in vancouver.
clever is a city in christian county, missouri, united states. the population was 2,139 at the 2010 census. it is part of the springfield, missouri metropolitan statistical area.
michelle von emster (died 1994) was a 25-year-old woman who was fatally attacked by an unknown person. she died off the coast of san diego, california at night. soon after, two surfers found her body. her right leg was missing from her mid thigh, and there were tear marks all over her body, suggesting to investigators that she had been attacked by a great white shark. in addition, she had sand in her stomach and other organs, and her neck was broken.
in addition, when experts were later shown the body, some claimed the injuries did not match the measurements of a great white shark.
in mid-1947, a united states army air forces balloon crashed at a ranch near roswell, new mexico. the us military stated that it was merely a conventional weather balloon. many people believed it was a ufo or alien spacecraft that crashed. conspiracy theorists say the government is purposely hiding the fact.
on christmas eve, december 24, 1945, a fire destroyed the sodder home in fayetteville, west virginia, united states. at the time, it was owned by george sodder, his wife jennie, and nine of their ten children. during the fire, george, jennie, and four of the nine children escaped. the bodies of the other five children have never been found. the sodders believed for the rest of their lives that the five missing children survived.
in the 1950s, as they came to doubt that the children had died, they put up a billboard at the site along state route 16 with pictures of the five.
in support of their belief that the children survived, the sodders have pointed to a number of unusual circumstances before and during the fire. authorities say the fire was caused by an electric fire and that the remains were cremated in the fire. the sodders believed the sicilian mafia or someone else kidnapped the children due to george's anti-benito mussolini views.
john shaft is a fictional character. he is played by richard roundtree in the 1971 movie that goes by his last name. he was also in the movie's four sequels. samuel l. jackson plays john shaft ii in the 2000 remake of shaft and the 2019 sequel.
there was also a television series in 1973-74 on cbs.
in february 2015, the new line cinema got the rights to the reboot of "shaft". the movie is titled "son of shaft". it will be released in june 2019.
on august 26, 2018, a fire broke out in chicago's mexican-american little village neighborhood. the fire killed 10 children, including six under the age of 12. investigators stated that the fire started in the back of the building in a ground-floor apartment, which was vacant. 
the fire is the deadliest residential fire to have occurred in chicago since 1958. in the aftermath of the fire, multiple violations were found in the apartment. apartment owner, merced gutierrez, appearing in court for the 40 violations found at the site of the fire.
 was a japanese engineer and inventor. he was known for his electronic inventions beginning in the 1950s, including the pin diode, static induction transistor, and static induction thyristor. he was a professor at sophia university. many called him the "father of japanese microelectronics".
nishizawa died on october 21, 2018 in sendai, japan at the age of 92. 
erin heather bubley (born march 4, 1989) is an american model and actress. she is best known for her work for lingerie retailer victoria's secret. heatherton was born in skokie, illinois. at the age of 17, heatherton moved to new york city and signed with the marilyn agency.
as of december 2013 heatherton is ranked no. 15 on models.com top 25 sexiest models list. in 2013 it was announced that heatherton had signed with img.
the australian men's para ice hockey team (also known as aussie ice roos) is the ice sledge hockey team representing australia. the team will make it's debut at the 2018 world para ice hockey championships in pool c in finland.
the statue of unity is a tribute to the indian leader sardar vallabhbhai patel, unveiled on 31 october 2018. this statue is a patriotic symbol of the legacy of a man who spent his life in the struggle for freedom. as a mark of respect the government built the statue of sardar vallabhbhai naming it a statue of unity.this statue is located at his birthplace in gujarat. the statue is designed by ram v. sutar. the total amount for the project is us $430 million. the statue stands 182 metres high, making it one of the tallest monuments in the world, second to the st. louis arch. 
the statue of unity is at sadhu bet island. a 12 km square lake will create the atmosphere of equality and diversity. a special trust called as “sardar vallabhbhai patel rashtriya ekta trust” has been created for to manage the place. the statue is made with steel frame and reinforced concrete. for durability, the statue has been given bronze plating. the statue has a 153 m high viewing deck able to hold 200 visitors. it has a panoramic view of the sardar sarovar dam. 
it has been designed to withstand winds of velocity of 60 metres/second, and is also claimed to be earthquake resistant. a total of 22,500 tons of cement forms the core structure of this monument. the iron used in the construction was collected from old farm equipment throughout india. a team of 700 indian workers worked on the cementing and casting.
sardar vallabhbhai patel (31 october 1875 — 15 december 1950) was a lawyer and influential political leader in the indian independence movement. after independence, he played an important role in the integration of over 500 princely states into the indian union. he was deeply influenced by gandhi’s ideology and principles, having worked very closely with the leader. despite being the choice of the people, on the request of mahatma gandhi, sardar patel stepped down from the candidacy of congress president, which ultimately turned out to be the election to choose the first prime minister of independent india. he was the first home minister of independent india and his uncompromising efforts towards consolidation of the country earned him the title "iron man of india".
vallabhbhai patel was born on october 31, 1875 in nadiad village of modern day gujarat to zaverbai and ladbai. he belongs to rich class agriculturist patidar (leva patidar patel) community and vallabhbhai’s father had served in the army of the queen of jhansi, and his mother was a very spiritual woman.
starting his academic career in a gujarati medium school, sardar vallabhbhai patel later shifted to an english medium school. in 1897, vallabhbhai passed his high school and started preparing for law examination. he went to pursue a degree in law and travelled to england in 1910. he completed his law degree in 1913 from inns of court and came back to india to start his law practice in godhra, gujarat. for his legal proficiency, vallabhbhai was offered many lucrative posts by the british government but he rejected all. he was a staunch opponent of the british government and its laws and therefore decided not to work for the british.
in 1891, he married zaverbai and the couple had two children. his daughter, maniben patel (1903-1990), was an activist while his son, dahyabhai patel (1905-1973) was a member of the parliament of india. 
patel shifted his practice to ahmedabad. he became a member of the gujarat club where he attended a lecture by mahatma gandhi. gandhi’s words deeply affected vallabhbhai and he soon adopted gandhi’s principles to become a staunch follower of the charismatic leader. that is how deeply gandhi’s words had affected him. he didn’t know that he would change india and start a successful career.
role in the indian national movement.
in 1917, sardar vallabhbhai was elected as the secretary of the gujarat sabha, the gujarat wing of the indian national congress. in 1918, he led a massive "no tax campaign" that urged the farmers not to pay taxes after the british insisted on tax after the floods in kaira. the peaceful movement forced the british authorities to return the land taken away from the farmers. his effort to bring together the farmers of his area brought him the title of 'sardar'. he actively supported the non-cooperation movement launched by gandhi. patel toured the nation with him, recruited 300,000 members and helped collect over rs.1.5 million.
in 1928, the farmers of bardoli again faced a problem of "tax-hike". after prolonged summons, when the farmers refused to pay the extra tax, the government seized their lands in retaliation. the agitation took on for more than six months. after several rounds of negotiations by patel, the lands were returned to farmers after a deal was struck between the government and farmers’ representatives.
in 1930, sardar vallabhbhai patel was among the leaders who were imprisoned for participating in the famous salt satyagraha movement initiated by mahatma gandhi. his inspiring speeches during the "salt movement" transformed the outlook of numerous people, who later played a major role in making the movement successful. he led the satyagraha movement across gujarat when gandhi was under imprisonment, upon request from the congress members. 
sardar patel was freed in 1931, following an agreement signed between mahatma gandhi and lord irwin, the then viceroy of india. the treaty was popularly known as the gandhi-irwin pact. the same year, patel was elected as the president of indian national congress in its karachi session where the party deliberated its future path. congress committed itself towards the defense of fundamental and human rights. it was in this session that the dream of a secular nation was conceived. 
during the legislative elections of 1934, sardar vallabhbhai patel campaigned for the indian national congress. though he did not contest, sardar patel helped his fellow party mates during the election.
in the 1942 quit india movement, patel continued his unwavering support to gandhi when several contemporary leaders criticized the latter’s decision. he continued travelling throughout the country propagating the agenda of the movement in a series of heart-felt speeches. he was arrested again in 1942 and was imprisoned in the ahmednagar fort till 1945 along with other congress leaders.
sardar patel’s journey often saw a number of confrontations with other important leaders of the congress. he voiced his annoyance at jawaharlal nehru openly when the latter adopted socialism in 1936. patel was also wary of netaji subhash chandra bose and considered him to be "keen on more power within the party”.
sardar patel & the partition of india.
the separatist movement lead by muslim league leader mohammed ali jinnah led to a series of violent hindu-muslim riots across the country just before the independence. in sardar patel’s opinion, the open communal conflicts incited by the riots had the potential to establish a weak government at the centre post-independence which will be disastrous for consolidating a democratic nation. patel went on to work on a solution with v.p. menon, a civil servant during december 1946 and accepted his suggestion of creating a separate dominion based on religious inclination of states. he represented india in the partition council.
contributions to post-independence india.
after india achieved independence, patel became the first home minister and also the deputy prime minister. patel played a very crucial role in post-independence india by successfully integrating around 565 princely states under the indian dominion. the british government had presented these rulers with two alternatives - they could join india or pakistan; or they could stay independent. this clause magnified the difficulty of process to mammoth proportions. congress entrusted this intimidating task to sardar patel who started lobbying for integration on august 6, 1947. he was successful in integrating all of them barring jammu and kashmir, junagarh and hyderabad. he eventually dealt with the situation with his sharp political acumen and secured their accession. the india that we see today was a result of the efforts put in by sardar vallabhbhai patel.
patel was a leading member of the constituent assembly of india and dr. b.r. ambedkar was appointed on his recommendation. he was the key force in establishing the indian administrative service and the indian police service. he took personal interest in initiating a restoration endeavor of the somnath temple in saurashtra, gujarat. patel dealt ruthlessly with the pakistan’s efforts to invade kashmir in september 1947. he oversaw immediate expansion of the army and marked improvement of other infrastructural aspects. he often disagreed with nehru’s policies, especially about his dealings with pakistan regarding the refugee issues. he organized multiple refugee camps in punjab and delhi, and later in west bengal.
influence of gandhi.
gandhi had profound effect on patel’s politics and thoughts. he pledged unwavering support to the mahatma and stood by his principles allowed by night at museum and art is the most beautiful woman and through his life. while leaders including chakravarthy rajagopalachari and maulana azad criticized mahatma gandhi's idea that the civil disobedience movement would compel the british to leave the nation, patel extended his support to gandhi. despite the unwillingness of the congress high command, mahatma gandhi and sardar vallabhbhai patel strongly forced the all india congress committee to ratify the civil disobedience movement and launch it without delaying further. upon gandhi’s request he gave up his candidacy for the post of the prime minister of india. he suffered a major heart attack after gandhiji’s death.  although he recovered, he attributed it to having lamented silently for the loss of his mentor.
death of sardar vallabhbhai patel.
sardar vallabhbhai patel's health started declining in 1950. he relized that he was not going to live much longer. on november 2, 1950, his health became even worse and he had to stay in bed. he died because of a heart attack on december 15, 1950. 
the all india trinamool congress (abbreviated aitc, tmc or trinamool congress) is an indian political party based in west bengal.
deadwood (lakota: "owáyasuta"; "to approve or confirm things") is a city in south dakota, united states, and the county seat of lawrence county. it is named after the dead trees found in its gulch. the population was 1,270 at the 2010 census. the entire city is a national historic landmark district, for its well-preserved gold rush-era architecture.
union county is a county located in the u.s. state of south dakota. as of the 2010 census, the population was 14,399. its county seat is elk point. originally named cole county, the named was changed to union because of civil war sentiment. it was founded on april 10, 1862.
union county is part of the sioux city, ia–ne–sd metropolitan statistical area.
"progressive farmer" rated union county second in the 2006 "best place to live" in the u.s., because "its schools are good, its towns neat and its people friendly."
miner county is a county located in the u.s. state of south dakota. as of the 2010 census, 2,389 people lived there. its county seat is howard. it was created in 1873.
moody county is a county located in the state of south dakota in the united states. 6,486 people lived there at the 2010 census. its county seat is flandreau.
oglala lakota county, known as shannon county until may 2015, is a county located in the u.s. state of south dakota. 13,586 people lived there at the 2010 census. oglala lakota county does not have its own county seat. instead, hot springs in neighboring fall river county serves as its administrative center. the county was created as a part of the dakota territory in 1875. its largest community is pine ridge.
perkins county is a county located in the u.s. state of south dakota. as of the 2010 census, 2,982 people lived there. its county seat is bison. it was created in 1909.
bison is a town in the u.s. state of south dakota. it is the county seat of perkins county.
erie county is the name of three counties in the united states:
the 2017 atlantic hurricane season was the most active since 2012. it officially began on june 1 and ended on november 30. it was an extremely active and tragic season. with a damage total of at least $282.16 billion (usd), it was the costliest season on record. with over 3,300 deaths, 2017 was the deadliest season since 2005. more than 99.7% of the season's damage was due to harvey, irma, and maria. nate, was the worst natural disaster in costa rican history. harvey, irma, maria, and nate had their names retired due to their high damage costs and loss of life. featuring 17 named storms, 10 hurricanes, and 6 major hurricanes, the 2017 season is the fifth active season.
tropical storm arlene in april was the first storm of the season that formed on april 19. this was the third consecutive season in which storms form before the official start of the hurricane season. in late august, hurricane harvey became the first major hurricane to make landfall in the united states since wilma in 2005 and the first category 4 hurricane since charley in 2004. it also tied the record for the costliest tropical cyclone on record along with the most rainfall dropped by a tropical cyclone in the united states. in early september, hurricane irma became the first category 5 hurricane to impact the northern leeward islands on record. it later hit the florida keys as a category 4 hurricane. irma is the strongest hurricane ever recorded in the atlantic ocean outside of the gulf of mexico and caribbean sea. in late september, hurricane maria became the first category 5 hurricane to strike the island of dominica on record; and later it made landfall in puerto rico as a high-end category 4 hurricane. most of the deaths from this season occurred from maria, and caused a human crisis in puerto rico. in early october, hurricane nate became the fastest-moving hurricane in the gulf of mexico while also becoming the fourth hurricane of the year to make landfall in the contiguous united states. slightly over a week later, hurricane ophelia became the easternmost major hurricane in the atlantic basin on record, and later impacted most of northern europe as an extratropical cyclone. the season ended with tropical storm rina, which became post-tropical on november 9.
the following list of names was used for named storms that formed in the north atlantic in 2017. the names not retired from this list will be used again in the 2023 season. this was the same list used in the 2011 season, with the exception of irma which replaced irene. irma was previously used in 1978, and it's only used once as an atlantic hurricane during this season.
on april 11, 2018, the names "harvey", "irma", "maria", and "nate" were retired by the world meteorological organization due to the very expensive amount of damage and significant number of deaths they caused. they will not be used again for a future atlantic hurricane. the names will be replaced with "harold", "idalia", "margot", and "nigel" for the 2023 season, respectively.
bell canada (commonly referred to as just bell) is a canadian telecommunications company. its headquarters is in montreal, quebec. it is the local exchange carrier for telephone and dsl internet in most of canada east of saskatchewan. it also serves canada's northern territories.
its related company, bell aliant, provides services in atlantic canada. it provides mobile service through its bell mobility division. it also provides television through its bell tv and bell fibe tv operations.
bell canada was established on april 29, 1880.
bell canada was originally known as the bell telephone company of canada. but in march 1968, the name was shortened to «bell canada».
the company also owns bell media. bell media has mass media properties, including the ctv television network. it also has significant interests in the montreal canadiens ice hockey club and maple leaf sports & entertainment.
bell canada is one of the main assets of the holding company bce inc. (bell canada enterprises). bce ranked at № 262 on the 2011 edition of the forbes global 2000 list.
lavori publici fc (or "lavori pubblici fc" in italian language) was an historical football team in mogadishu, that officially existed from 1947 to 1990.
the football team was created in the late 1940s by a group of football fans representing all the italian colonists of all italian somalia with the name "genio officina", as an antagonist to the ac mogadiscio (the team of the italians of only the capital mogadishu) in the first amauteur championship of somalia. the team was officially inscribed in the somalia first league championship in 1952 as "lavori publici fc/genio", winning the tournament of that year.
the team had a lot of followers who were native somalis and so survived until 1990 when the somali civil war started, while the antagonist ac mogadiscio disappeared when italy gave the independence to somalia in 1960 (and nearly all the italians of somalia left the country).
damien steven hirst (born 7 june 1965) is an english artist. he is one of the young british artists (ybas). the ybas became famous during the 1990s. he is reportedly the united kingdom's richest living artist. in 2010 the "sunday times" estimated his wealth at £215 million. during the 1990s he worked together with famous art collector charles saatchi. hirst and saatchi had disagreements, and they ended their friendship in 2003.
death is a central theme in hirst's works. he became famous for a series of artworks in which dead animals are preserved in formaldehyde. the animals included a sheep, a cow and a shark. the best-known of these was "the physical impossibility of death in the mind of someone living". this was a tiger shark immersed in formaldehyde in a transparent display case. he has also made "spin paintings". these were created on a rotating canvas. and "spot paintings", which are rows of randomly coloured circles created by his assistants.
in september 2008, hirst sold all the artworks of a show during one auction at sotheby's. this had never been done before by a living artist. the auction made him £111 million ($198 million), breaking the record for an auction by a single artist. it also broke hirst's own record with £10.3 million for "the golden calf", an animal with 18-carat gold horns and hooves, preserved in formaldehyde.
since 1999 some of hirst's works have been claimed to be plagiarised. it was discovered that his sculpture "hymn" was closely based on a child's toy. hirst was sued by the original creator of the toy, and the case was settled out-of-court.
vichai srivaddhanaprabha (; ) (4 april 1958 – 27 october 2018) was a thai billionaire businessman. he was born in bangkok. he was the founder, owner and chairman of king power duty free. he was the owner of premier league football club leicester city since 2010.
on 27 october 2018, srivaddhanaprabha was killed in a helicopter that crashed outside the king power stadium in leicester shortly after taking off. he was 60 years old.
on 27 october 2018, an agustawestland aw169 helicopter crashed shortly after take-off from the king power stadium, the home ground of leicester city in leicester, united kingdom. 
club owner vichai srivaddhanaprabha was on board, as well as two other passengers and two pilots. the air accidents investigation branch is currently leading an investigation into the accident. it was confirmed all 5 occupants died.
edgar starr harris jr. (may 14, 1925 – october 13, 2018) was an american air force lieutenant general. he was born in danville, virginia. his last assignment was commander of eighth air force, strategic air command, with headquarters at barksdale air force base, louisiana. 
during his over 30 years in the united states air force, harris was also chief of staff and vice commander in chief of the strategic air command, where he spent most of his time during his service.
harris jr. died on october 13, 2018 in fort worth, texas at the age of 93.
saint cecilia () is the patroness of musicians. at her wedding she "sang in her heart to the lord". her feast day is celebrated in the latin catholic, eastern catholic and eastern orthodox churches and in the anglican communion on november 22. she is one of seven women, excluding the blessed virgin, commemorated by name in the canon of the mass.
while the details of her story appear to be fictional, her existence and martyrdom are considered a historical fact. she is said to have been beheaded with a sword. an early roman christian church, santa cecilia, was founded in the fourth century in the trastevere section of rome, reputedly on the site of the house in which she lived. a number of musical compositions are dedicated to her, and her feast day has become the occasion for concerts and musical festivals.
thuzana (; ), also known as the myainggyi-ngu sayadaw (; 1947 – 18 october 2018) was a karen theravada buddhist monk. he worked in myaing gyi ngu, kayin state, myanmar. he was the leader of the democratic karen buddhist army (dkba), an ethnic insurgent group, until its dissolution in 2010. he was born in kayin state.
thuzana was responsible for a 1992 campaign of constructing pagodas in kayin state and held the title "myaing gyi ngu sayadaw".
thuzana died on 18 october 2018 at the age of 71 at the bumrungrad international hospital in bangkok, thailand.
cornelius "sonny" fortune (may 19, 1939 – october 25, 2018) was an american jazz saxophonist and clarinetist. fortune played soprano, alto, tenor, and baritone saxophones, clarinet, and flute. he was born in philadelphia, pennsylvania. fortune can be heard on the albums "big fun", "get up with it", "agharta" and "pangaea", the last two recorded live in japan.
fortune died at the age of 79 in new york city on october 25, 2018 from a stroke.
friday the 13th is a 1980 american slasher movie produced and directed by sean s. cunningham, and written by victor miller. 
it stars betsy palmer, adrienne king, harry crosby, laurie bartram, kevin bacon, jeannine taylor, mark nelson, and robbi morgan. the movie tells the story of a group of teenagers who are murdered one by one by an unknown killer while attempting to re-open an abandoned summer camp.
released in may 1980, "friday the 13th" was a major box office success, grossing over $39.7 million in the united states alone. this was the first movie in the a long series of sequels with the creation of serial killer jason voorhees.
friday the 13th is an american horror franchise that is made up of twelve slasher movies, a television show, novels, comic books, video games, and tie‑in merchandise. 
the franchise mainly focuses on the fictional character jason voorhees, who drowned as a boy at camp crystal lake.
the original movie, created to cash in on the success of "halloween" (1978), was written by victor miller and was produced and directed by sean s. cunningham. the films have grossed over $464 million at the box-office worldwide.
in october 2018, it was announced that lebron james, through his production company springhill entertainment alongside vertigo entertainment, is in talks to co-produce the next movie in a possible reboot of the franchise.
friday the 13th part 2 is a 1981 american slasher movie produced and directed by steve miner, and the second installment in the "friday the 13th" movie series. it is a direct sequel to "friday the 13th".
the movie marks the first appearance of jason voorhees as the killer; his mother was the killer in the last movie. steve daskewisz plays jason.
it was released on april 30, 1981.
friday the 13th part iii (also known as friday the 13th part 3: 3d) is a 1982 american slasher movie directed by steve miner and produced by frank mancuso jr.. it is the third installment in the "friday the 13th" movie series.
it stars dana kimmell, richard brooker, paul kratka, larry zerner, and tracie savage. the plot is about a teenage girl and her friends on vacation at a house on crystal lake, where a wounded jason voorhees is waiting to kill them.
the movie marks the first time jason voorhees is wearing his signature hockey mask.
it was released on august 13, 1982, grossing over $36.6 million at the us box office on a budget of $2.3 million. the movie was the first to remove "" from the number-one box office spot and became the second highest-grossing horror movie of 1982.
sean sexton cunningham (born december 1941) is an american movie director, producer, and writer. he is best known for creating the "friday the 13th franchise" by directing "the first movie" (1980) and creating the slasher icon jason voorhees.
jason x is a 2001 american science fiction slasher movie produced and directed by james isaac. it is the tenth installment in the "friday the 13th" movie series. it stars kane hodder in his fourth and final movie appearance as the undead mass murderer jason voorhees being in space.
it received strong negative reviews with a 19% on rotten tomatoes. roger ebert gave the movie 0.5 stars out of 4, quoting one of the movie's lines: "this sucks on so many levels."
pamela voorhees is a character from the "friday the 13th" movie series. she first appeared in sean s. cunningham's original movie.
voorhees is the vengeful mother of jason voorhees, simply known as mrs. voorhees. the character was created by victor miller, and was played by betsy palmer in the original movie as well as briefly in "friday the 13th part 2" (1981).
she was portrayed by paula shaw in "freddy vs. jason" (2003). nana visitor played pamela voorhees in the 2009 remake of "friday the 13th".
friday the 13th is a 2009 american slasher movie directed by marcus nispel and written by damian shannon and mark swift. the movie is a reboot of the "friday the 13th" movie series. it stars jared padalecki, danielle panabaker, aaron yoo, amanda righetti, travis van winkle and derek mears as jason voorhees.
"friday the 13th" was released in theaters on friday, february 13, 2009. 
child's play (also called chucky) is an american horror comedy franchise centered on a series of seven movies created by don mancini. 
the movie mainly focus on chucky (voiced by brad dourif), a serial killer known as the "lakeshore strangler" whose soul is transferred inside a good guy doll following a voodoo ritual in order to avoid going to hell. in the 2019 reboot, chucky (voiced by mark hamill) is an ai doll, gone out of control, and determined to kill people.
the franchise through movies, merchandise, dvd sales and videos has made over $250 million.
child's play 3 is a 1991 american slasher movie and the third installment in the "child's play" movie series. the movie is written by don mancini, and directed by jack bender, with brad dourif returning as the voice of chucky. 
although released only nine months later, the story takes place eight years following the events of 1990's "child's play 2".
george donald mancini (born january 25, 1963) is an american screenwriter and movie director. he is known for creating the "child’s play" franchise.
carthage is a village located in the town of wilna in jefferson county, new york, united states. the population was 3,747 at the 2010 census. the village is named after the historic city of carthage in tunisia.
wilna is a town in jefferson county, new york, united states. the population was 6,427 at the 2010 census.
seed of chucky is a 2004 american comedy slasher movie. it is the fifth installment of the "child's play" series, and sequel to 1998's "bride of chucky". the movie was written and directed by don mancini, who created the series .
the movie, shot in romania, continues the series' evolution from horror to a horror-comedy. it was the last "child's play" movie to be released in theaters, with all future installments to be released direct to dvd. 
tiffany valentine-ray (also known as "the bride of chucky") is a murderous doll and a character in the "child's play" horror-comedy movie series. she is played by jennifer tilly in both live-action and voiceover in "bride of chucky", "seed of chucky", "curse of chucky", and "cult of chucky".
as a human, tiffany has bleached blonde hair and brown eyes, a gothic fashion style, and has a chest tattoo of a stabbed heart with chucky written above it.
curse of chucky is a 2013 american slasher movie and the sixth installment of the "child's play" franchise. the movie was written and directed by don mancini, who created the franchise. it stars brad dourif as chucky and fiona dourif as nica pierce. the movie made $3.4 million in dvd sales.
the movie received strong positive reviews.
cult of chucky is a 2017 american slasher movie written and directed by don mancini. the seventh installment of the "child's play" franchise. it stars brad dourif as chucky, with a supporting cast of fiona dourif, alex vincent, and jennifer tilly.
it was released with rated and unrated versions distributed by universal pictures home entertainment via blu-ray, dvd and vod on october 3, 2017. as of october 2017, the movie has grossed $2 million from dvd and blu-ray sales.
frederick segrest (december 21, 1926 – october 27, 2018), known professionally as freddie hart, was an american country musician and singer-songwriter. he was best known for his chart-topping country song and lone pop hit "easy loving," which won the country music association song of the year award in 1971 and 1972.
hart died on october 27, 2018 in burbank, california from pneumonia at the age of 91.
loachapoka is a town in lee county, alabama, united states. it is located less than 1/2 mile west of the city of auburn. the population was 180 as of the 2010 census. 
the name "loachapoka" means "turtle killing place" in muskogee, with "locha" meaning "turtle" and "poga" meaning "killing place." 
thank you is a common phrase used to show you are thankful of someone. it is a very old phrase, coming from as early as the 1400s. "thank you" is often replied with "you're welcome". 
people often say "please" to request something to you. if they are satisfied, they will say "thank you" back to you.
the phrase "thank you" derives from the word "think".
madan lal khurana (15 october 1936 – 27 october 2018) was an indian politician. he was chief minister of delhi from 1993 to 1996. he also was governor of rajasthan in 2004. he was the union minister of parliamentary affairs and tourism in the atal bihari vajpayee government. he was a member of rashtriya swayansevak sangh and bharatiya janata party.
khurana died from a cerebral hemorrhage in new delhi on 27 october 2018 at the age of 82.
ntozake shange ( ; october 18, 1948 – october 27, 2018) was an american playwright and poet. she wrote about race and black power in much of her work.
shange is best known for the obie award-winning play "for colored girls who have considered suicide / when the rainbow is enuf". her other works were "sassafrass, cypress & indigo" (1982), "liliane" (1994), and "betsey brown" (1985).
shange died in her sleep october 27, 2018, aged 70, in an assisted living facility in bowie, maryland from stroke-related complications. 
bowie is a city in prince george's county, maryland. the population was 54,727 at the 2010 u.s. census. it is the largest city in prince george's county, and the fifth most populous city and third largest city by area in the u.s. state of maryland.
in 2014, cnn ranked bowie 28th in its best places to live in america list.
luis miguel enciso recio (8 april 1930 – 28 october 2018) was a spanish historian and politician. he was born in valladolid, spain. he was a member of the senate from 1977 to 1982, as a representative of the union of the democratic centre. in 1999, enciso was appointed to the real academia de la historia.
enciso recio died in madrid on 28 october 2018 from complications of a fall at the age of 88.
richard james gill (4 november 1941 – 28 october 2018) was an australian conductor of choral, orchestral and operatic works. he was known as a music educator and for his activism for music education of children. he was born in sydney. he was awarded order of australia medal in 1994.
in 1969, he was the founding conductor of the strathfield symphony orchestra in sydney. he continued as conductor in 1973–74 and returned in 1979 to conduct the orchestra's 10th anniversary concert.
in 2014, he was made musical director of the sydney chamber choir. he composed the music for brisbane girls grammar school school song, "nil sine labore".
gill died in sydney on 28 october 2018 from colorectal and peritoneal cancer at the age of 76. 
konstantīns konstantinovs (, june 6, 1978 – october 28, 2018) was a latvian-russian powerlifter. his raw deadlift of , set in 2009, was formerly the raw deadlift world record. it is still the world record for the biggest raw deadlift without a belt in an official competition. he was born in liepāja, latvian ssr, soviet union.
konstantinovs won the 2002 wpc junior world powerlifting championships and the 2003 gpc world powerlifting championships both in the weight class.
konstantinovs died on october 28, 2018 at the age of 40.
colin sylvia (8 november 1985 – 28 october 2018) was an australian rules footballer. he played for the melbourne football club and fremantle football club in the australian football league (afl). sylvia was born in mildura, victoria.
sylvia was killed in a car crash near mildura on 28 october 2018 at the age of 32.
jodhpur is a city in rajasthan, india. it is the second largest city by area in rajasthan.
hari (born 26 december 1968) is an indian movie director, best known for his action-masala in tamil cinema. he made his directional debut in the movie "thamizh" (2002).after this breakthrough, he gave many commercial success movies such as "saamy" (2003), "kovil" (2004), "ayya" (2005), "thaamirabharani" (2007), "vel" (2007) and "singam" (2010) movie. he has directed 15 movies.
hari was born in the thoothukudi district of tamil nadu, india. his father, gopal, is a vessels merchant. later, his family moved to chennai, where hari graduated with a degree in commerce.
hari first joined as an assistant, gaining experience by working with various directors; k. natraj in " valli", nassar in "avatharam" and alex pandian. later, he assisted k. balachander in his film "kalki" and worked as an associate director with saran in the films "amarkalam", "parthen rasithen" and "alli arjuna".
his first film, in 2002, was "thamizh", with prashanth and simran. film critic balaji commented that it was "one of the few movies in recent times where a lot of importance seems to have been attached to the script. in spite of the flimsy story and routine screenplay where a youth grows to be a "dada", the dialogs elevate the quality of the movie and make it very enjoyable". his second film "saamy", under the kavithaalaya banner, starred vikram. it was named the year's biggest hit, grossing 160 million. its success led to remakes; in telugu ("lakshmi narasimha"), kannada ("ayya") and hindi languages ("policegiri"). his next two films "kovil", with silambarasan and "arul" also starred vikram. in 2005, he made "ayya", starring sarathkumar, which introduced nayantara to tamil cinema. his next film was "aaru", with suriya in 2005. in 2007, he directed two films, "thaamirabharani" with vishal and "vel", with suriya. in 2008, he directed "seval", with bharath. ayyappa prasad from nowrunning.com stated that hari "panders to the taste of his rural audience all the way, but the movie is bound to disappoint city-dwellers, since neither the story nor its treatment appeal to anyone with high iq .
in 2010 hari directed his tenth film "singam", with suriya, marking their third collaboration. although reviewers identified it as a standard masala entertainer.
robert "bob" bushby (february 24, 1927 – october 14, 2018) was an american aircraft mechanic and aviator. he was born in joliet, illinois. he designed the bushby mustang ii, later called the mustang aeronautics mustang ii. he started to learn to fly while in high school in minooka, illinois. 
from 1955 until 1970, bushby worked for the sinclair oil co. in their engine research laboratory. bushby was one of the original founders of the experimental aircraft association in 1953. 
bushby died on october 14, 2018 in joliet at age 91.
minooka, a suburb of chicago, is a village in grundy, kendall, and will counties, illinois, united states. the population was 10,924 at the 2010 census.
zimmer's conjecture is a statement in mathematics "which has to do with the circumstances under which geometric spaces exhibit certain kinds of symmetries." it was named after the mathematician robert jeffrey zimmer. the conjecture states that there can exist symmetries (specifically higher-rank lattices) in a higher dimension that cannot exist in lower dimensions.
in 2017, the conjecture was proven by aaron brown and sebastian hurtado-salazar of the university of chicago and david fisher of indiana university.
lion airlines flight 610 was a scheduled domestic passenger flight operated by lion air from soekarno–hatta international airport in jakarta to depati amir airport in pangkal pinang. it crashed shortly after takeoff on 29 october 2018. wreckage from the aircraft was found offshore from the island of java.
according to "the straits times", 181 passengers, including 178 adults and three children, were on board the aircraft, as well as six cabin crew and two pilots.
lincolnton is a small city in lincoln county, north carolina, united states, within the charlotte metropolitan area. the population was 10,683 at the 2010 census. lincolnton is northwest of charlotte. the city is the county seat of lincoln county.
the west frisian wikipedia () is the west frisian-language edition of the free online encyclopedia, wikipedia.
a file folder, also called a folder, is a type of folder that can hold pieces of paper together. folders are used both to organize pieces of paper neatly and to protect pieces of paper from falling off. folders are usually made of a thick piece of folded paper, but there are folders that are made of plastic.
the popularity of the folder has lead to modern computers to use a type of data storage called a folder.
a nightmare on elm street is an american horror franchise that is made up of nine slasher movies, a television series, novels, and comic books.
the franchise began with the movie "a nightmare on elm street" (1984) created by wes craven. the series revolves around the fictional character freddy krueger, a former child killer who after being burned alive by the vengeful parents of his victims, returns from the grave to terrorize and kill the teenage residents of springwood, ohio in their dreams.
the original movie was written and directed by craven, who returned to co-script the second sequel, "" (1987), and to write and direct "new nightmare" (1994). the movies together made over $457 million at the box-office worldwide.
the movie were distributed by new line cinema. a remake of the 1984 movie was released in 2010, and a second remake is currently being planned.
freddy krueger was played by robert englund from 1984 to 2003. the character was soon played by jackie earle haley in the 2010 remake. another well-known character from the franchise is nancy thompson, who was the first character to fight against freddy and live. she is played by heather langenkamp in the 1980s and by rooney mara in the 2010 remake.
wes craven's new nightmare is a 1994 american slasher movie written and directed by wes craven, the original creator of "a nightmare on elm street". although it is the seventh movie in the franchise, it is not part of the series continuity. 
the movie is about freddy krueger as a fictional movie villain who invades the real world, and haunts the cast and crew responsible for his movies. in this movie, freddy is depicted as closer to what craven originally intended, being much more menacing and much less comical, with an updated attire and appearance.
the movie was released on october 14, 1994 and made $19.7 million in the box office.
a nightmare on elm street is a 2010 american slasher movie directed by samuel bayer, and written by wesley strick and eric heisserer. the movie stars jackie earle haley as freddy krueger, kyle gallner, rooney mara, katie cassidy, thomas dekker, and kellan lutz.
it is a remake of wes craven's 1984 movie of the same name. it is produced by michael bay and platinum dunes. it was supposed to be a reboot of the "nightmare on elm street" franchise.
the movie was released to negative reviews on april 30, 2010 and made $115.6 million in the box office.
wes craven did not like the remake because the movie team refused to work with him, while robert englund supported the movie and haley's performance as krueger.
nancy thompson (named nancy holbrook in the 2010 reboot) is a fictional character in the "a nightmare on elm street" franchise. 
she was played by actress heather langenkamp in the original movie series and by rooney mara in the 2010 remake.
nancy is the first person to battle freddy krueger and survive. in "" (1987), nancy helps the last of the elm street children with their battle against freddy. in "wes craven's new nightmare" (1994), heather langenkamp must become nancy once again to put an end to an entity possessing freddy in the "real world".
the character received strong positive reviews and is often called a cultural icon of the 1980s america.
saw is an american horror franchise distributed by lionsgate. it is produced by twisted pictures and created by james wan and leigh whannell. it is made up of eight movies. in 2003, wan and whannell made a short movie to help pitch as a potential feature movie.
the sequels were directed by darren lynn bousman, david hackl, and kevin greutert, and were written by wan, whannell, bousman, patrick melton, and marcus dunstan. the movies are released every october the friday before halloween.
"saw 3d", is the final installment of the series. lionsgate reportedly wanted to continue the franchise in 2012 with a reboot. an eighth movie, "jigsaw", was released in october 2017.
the franchise is about john kramer (played by tobin bell), also called the "jigsaw killer" or simply "jigsaw". he traps his victims before killing them through traps.
the franchise has made over from box office and retail sales by 2009.
other characters in the franchise are billy the puppet, david tapp (played by danny glover) and amanda young (played by shawnee smith).
saw iii is a 2006 american horror movie directed by darren lynn bousman. the screenplay was written by leigh whannell and james wan and leigh whannell. it is the third installment in the "saw" franchise. it stars tobin bell, shawnee smith, angus macfadyen, bahar soomekh, and dina meyer. 
"saw iii" was released on , and was a financial success, opening to $33.6 million and grossing $80.2 million in the united states and canada. it is the highest-grossing movie of the series.
saw iv is a 2007 american horror movie and the fourth installment in the "saw" franchise. it was directed by darren lynn bousman and written by marcus dunstan, patrick melton, and thomas fenton. 
it stars tobin bell, scott patterson, costas mandylor, betsy russell, and lyriq bent.
the movie was released in north america on october 26, 2007, to negative reviews from critics. despite this, the movie was a box office success, grossing $139 million worldwide.
shawnee rebecca smith (born july 3, 1969) is an american actress and singer. smith is best known for her role as amanda young in the "saw" movies and as linda in the cbs sitcom "becker".
orangeburg, also known as "the garden city", is a principal city in and the county seat of orangeburg county, south carolina, united states. the population of the city was 24,923 according to the 2010 united states census. the city is located 37 miles southeast of columbia. the city is located 72 miles to charleston. 
amanda young is a fictional character in the "saw" franchise. she is played by shawnee smith. at first a minor character in the original movie, her role expanded in the sequels until she became one of the most important characters in the series. she is a close apprentice to main villain jigsaw.
detective david tapp is a fictional character from the "saw" franchise. he was introduced in "saw" (2004) as a detective investigating a series of crime scenes linked to the same murderer.
he also appears as a playable character in "saw: the video game" (2009) and "dead by daylight" (2018). he was played by actor danny glover in the movies and voiced by earl alexander in the 2009 game.
saw v is a 2008 american horror movie directed by david hackl and written by patrick melton and marcus dunstan. it stars tobin bell, costas mandylor, scott patterson, betsy russell, mark rolston, julie benz, carlo rota, and meagan good. 
it is the fifth installment in the "saw" franchise, and was released in north america on october 24, 2008.
saw vi is a 2009 american horror movie directed by kevin greutert from a screenplay written by patrick melton and marcus dunstan. it is the sixth installment in the "saw" franchise. it stars tobin bell, costas mandylor, betsy russell, mark rolston, peter outerbridge, and shawnee smith. 
it was produced by mark burg and oren koules of twisted pictures and distributed by lionsgate. it was released on october 23, 2009.
jigsaw is a 2017 american horror movie directed by michael and peter spierig and written by josh stolberg and peter goldfinger.
it stars matt passmore, callum keith rennie, clé bennett, hannah emily anderson, and laura vandervoort with tobin bell. it is the eighth installment in the "saw" franchise. it takes place ten years after the death of the jigsaw killer.
the movie was released in the united states on october 27, 2017. despite negative reviews from critics, the movie was a commercial success, grossing $103 million worldwide against a $10 million budget.
scream is an american horror franchise created by kevin williamson and wes craven. it stars neve campbell, courteney cox, and david arquette.
the movie series grossed over $604 million in worldwide box-office receipts. it is made up of four movies. the first series entry, "scream", was released on december 20, 1996 and is currently the highest-grossing slasher film in the united states. 
the series is about sidney prescott, and her war against a succession of murderers who adopt the guise of ghostface to stalk and torment their victims. 
a television spin-off of the movie series was launched by mtv on june 30, 2015. the tv series follows different characters and new storylines which are not connected to the movie series.
sidney prescott is a fictional character and the primary protagonist of the "scream" franchise. the character was created by kevin williamson. she is played by canadian actress neve campbell. she first appeared in "scream" (1996) followed by three sequels: "scream 2" (1997), "scream 3" (2000) and "scream 4" (2011). 
the character appears in the "scream" movies as the target of a series of killers who adopt the ghostface persona.
lodi gyaltsen gyari (25 august 1949 – 29 october 2018) was a tibetan diplomat. he was the special envoy to the 14th dalai lama in the united states. he was the tibetan ambassador to the united states at the time of his death. he was born in lhasa, tibet. rinpoche co-founded the tibetan youth congress. he became and the executive chairman of the board of the international campaign for tibet (ict).
rinpoche died in a san francisco, california hospital from liver cancer on october 29, 2018, aged 69.
derrick sherwin (16 april 1936 – 17 october 2018) was an english television producer, writer, story editor and actor. he was born in high wycombe, buckinghamshire. he became the story editor on "doctor who" and, as the producer of the series in 1969. he also co-produced "paul temple" for the bbc.
sherwin was also a movie actor with his only movie role was as "no. 1" in the 1968 comedy movie "the vengeance of she".
sherwin died on 17 october 2018 from a long-illness at the age of 82.
the texas chainsaw massacre is an american horror franchise. it is made up of eight horror movies, comics, and a video game adaptation of the original movie.
the franchise focuses on serial killer leatherface and his psychotic family, who terrorize unsuspecting visitors to their territories in the desolate texas countryside. they kill and eat them. the original movie was released in 1974, directed by tobe hooper.
the movie series has grossed over $235 million at the worldwide box office.
the texas chainsaw massacre 2 (marketed as the texas chainsaw massacre part 2) is a 1986 american horror comedy movie directed by tobe hooper. it is a sequel to "the texas chain saw massacre". it was written by l. m. kit carson and produced by carson, yoram globus, menahem golan and hooper.
it stars dennis hopper, caroline williams, bill johnson, bill moseley and jim siedow. it is the only movie where leatherface dies.
the texas chainsaw massacre is a 2003 american slasher movie directed by marcus nispel. it was written by scott kosar. it stars jessica biel, jonathan tucker, erica leerhsen, r. lee ermey, mike vogel, and eric balfour.
its plot follows a group of young adults traveling through rural texas who encounter leatherface and his murderous family.
it is a remake of tobe hooper's 1974 movie of the same name, and the fifth installment in "the texas chainsaw massacre" franchise. john larroquette reprised his voice narration for the opening intertitles.
the movie was released in the united states on october 17, 2003, and grossed $107 million at the u.s. box office. it is considered one of the most commercially successful horror movie remakes of the 21st century.
texas chainsaw (promoted as texas chainsaw 3d) is a 2013 american horror movie directed by john luessenhop, with a screenplay by adam marcus, debra sullivan and kirsten elms and a story by stephen susco, marcus and sullivan. 
it is the seventh installment in "the texas chainsaw massacre" franchise and was presented in 3d. the movie is a sequel to the 1974 movie "the texas chain saw massacre".
it stars alexandra daddario, dan yeager, trey songz, tania raymonde, scott eastwood, thom barry, paul rae and bill moseley, with gunnar hansen and marilyn burns.
it was released january 4, 2013. it was a commercial success, making $47.2 million from a $20 million budget. it was also the last movie both burns and hansen starred in before they both died in 2014 and 2015 respectively. 
a prequel that takes place before the original 1974 movie, titled "leatherface", was released in 2017.
leatherface is a 2017 american horror movie directed by julien maury and alexandre bustillo and written by seth m. sherwood. it stars stephen dorff, vanessa grasse, sam strike, and lili taylor.
it is the eighth movie in the "texas chainsaw massacre" ("tcm") series, and works as a prequel to 1974's "the texas chain saw massacre". it explains the origin of the series' lead character.
on august 31, 2014, a collection of almost 500 private pictures of many celebrities, mostly women, and with many having their nudes, were posted on the imageboard 4chan, and later shared by other users on websites and social networks such as imgur and reddit. 
the images were initially believed to have been obtained via a breach of apple's cloud services suite icloud. however, access was later revealed to have been gained via targeted phishing attacks.
the event, which media outlets and internet users referred to under names such as "the fappening".) and "celebgate", was met with a varied reaction from the media and fellow celebrities. 
many criticized the apple inc. company for not have a secure privacy server.
on september 20, 2014, a second batch of similar private photos of additional celebrities was leaked by hackers. on september 26, a third batch was also leaked, which was dubbed as "the fappening 3".
kumail nanjiani (born may 2, 1978) is a pakistani-american stand-up comedian, actor, podcast host and writer. 
he is also known as the voice of prismo on the emmy award-winning animated series "adventure time". he starred on the tnt series "franklin & bash" and the adult swim series "newsreaders". 
in 2017, nanjiani starred in the semi-autobiographical romantic comedy movie "the big sick" set in chicago, which he wrote with his wife emily v. gordon. they were nominated for the academy award for best original screenplay at the 90th academy awards.
emily v. gordon (born may 3, 1979) is an american writer, producer and podcast host.
she co-wrote the 2017 romantic comedy movie "the big sick", based on her relationship with her husband, comedian kumail nanjiani. they were nominated the academy award for best original screenplay.
she co-created the live show "the meltdown with jonah and kumail" and has worked with comedy central many times.
she met nanjiani at a comedy show in chicago where he was performing. they began dating but gordon fell seriously ill and was put into a medically induced coma before being diagnosed with still's disease. gordon recovered and three months later "—" twelve months after meeting "—" they married.
harun al-rashid (also: haroon al-rasheed), was a caliph in what is now iran, reigned from 786 to 809. he has become an icon of the islamic golden age. he appears in many stories as a wise ruler, who often disguised himself as a peasant in order to walk amongst the people in baghdad to find out how they lived and how he could improve their situation. his legacy has been cemented through his representation in the arabian nights.
louis cha jing-yong () (10 march 1924 – 30 october 2018), better known by his pen name jin yong, was a chinese novelist and essayist. he co-founded the hong kong daily newspaper "ming pao" in 1959 and was its first editor-in-chief. he was hong kong's most famous writer. he was born in haining, zhejiang. he retired from the newspaper business in 1993.
yong died after a long illness at a hospital in happy valley, hong kong on 30 october 2018 at the age of 94.
happy valley () is an upper-income residential area in hong kong. it is located on hong kong island. it is part of wan chai district.
the area is sometimes known as wong nai chung kuk () or wong nai chung valley because of the wong nai chung (, "lit." yellow mud stream) that leads into the area.
the area is home to the happy valley racecourse, hong kong racing museum, hong kong sanatorium and hospital, home to the grounds of the valley rfc rugby club, and the hong kong fc.
kingwood is a city in and the county seat of preston county, west virginia, united states. it was founded in 1815. the population was 2,939 at the 2010 census. kingwood is home to the west virginia zoo.
preston county is a county located in the u.s. state of west virginia. as of the 2010 census, the population was 33,520. its county seat is kingwood. it was named for virginia governor james patton preston.
morgantown is a city in and the county seat of monongalia county, west virginia. it is located on the banks of the monongahela river. it is known as the home of west virginia university. it had a population of 31,073 per the 2015 u.s. census. morgantown is the largest city in north-central west virginia. the morgantown metropolitan area has a population of 138,176.
sangharakshita (born dennis philip edward lingwood, 26 august 1925 – 30 october 2018) was a british buddhist teacher and writer. he was born in tooting, london. he was the founder of the 10 precept triratna buddhist community, which was known until 2010 as the friends of the western buddhist order, or fwbo.
he was one of the few westerners to be ordained as a theravadin bhikkhu in the period following world war ii though he later left that tradition to study with other buddhist teachers, including some from the tibetan and chan schools. he spent over 20 years in asia, where he had a number of tibetan buddhist teachers.
he was known as "the founding father of western buddhism" due to his many publications, leadership of retreats, and contributions to awareness of buddhism in the united kingdom. he retired in 1995. 
in 1997, "the guardian" reported that sangharakshita had made unwanted sexual advances to fwbo members in the 1970s and 1980s. later, he publicly apologized and said any sexual relations he was involved in with his students had consent.
sangharakshita died on october 30, 2018 from pneumonia caused by sepsis in hereford, herefordshire at the age of 93.
potter county is a county located in the u.s. state of south dakota. as of the 2010 census, 2,329 people lived there. its county seat is gettysburg. it was created in 1875.
roberts county is a county located in the u.s. state of south dakota. as of the 2010 census, 10,149 people lived there. its county seat is sisseton. it was created in 1883.
sanborn county is a county located in the u.s. state of south dakota. as of the 2010 census, 2,355 people lived there. its county seat is woonsocket. it was founded in 1883.
vasili alexandrovich arkhipov (, 30 january 1926 – 19 august 1998) was a soviet navy officer. he is known for casting the single vote that prevented a soviet nuclear strike (and, presumably, all-out nuclear war) during the cuban missile crisis. such an attack likely would have caused a major global thermonuclear response.
noam chomsky said arkhipov saved the world for his decision. he was a flotilla commander and second-in-command of the diesel powered submarine . 
arkhipov refused to authorize the captain's use of nuclear torpedoes against the united states navy, a decision requiring the agreement of all three senior officers aboard. in 2002 thomas blanton, who was then director of the us national security archive, said that arkhipov "saved the world".
arkhipov died of kidney cancer on 19 august 1998 in zheleznodorozhny, moscow oblast at the age of 72.
charles sobhraj (born 6 april 1944), also known as the bikini killer, is a french thief, fraudster and serial killer. he preyed on western tourists throughout southeast asia during the 1970s. he was nicknamed the splitting killer and the serpent.
sobhraj allegedly committed at least a dozen murders. he was convicted and jailed in india from 1976 to 1997. after his release, he retired as a celebrity in paris. in 2004 he returned to nepal, where he was arrested and tried. in 2005 sobhraj received a sentence of life imprisonment.
in 2007 news media reported that sobhraj's lawyer had appealed to the then french president nicolas sarkozy, for intervention with nepal. in 2008 sobhraj announced his engagement to a nepali woman, nihita biswas. the authenticity of the couple's relationship was confirmed in an open letter from american conductor david woodard to "the himalayan times".
sobhraj is widely believed to be a psychopath. he enjoyed the attention, charging large amounts of money for interviews and movie rights. he has been the subject of four books and three documentaries. sobhraj's return to nepal, where he was still eagerly sought by authorities, is believed to be the result of him wanting attention.
spink county is a county located in the u.s. state of south dakota. as of the 2010 census, 6,415 people lived there. its county seat is redfield. it was created in 1873.
stanley county is a county located in the u.s. state of south dakota. as of the 2010 census, 2,966 people lived there. its county seat is fort pierre. it was created in 1873.
sully county is a county located in the u.s. state of south dakota. as of the 2010 census, 1,373 people lived there. its county seat is onida. it was created in 1873.
todd county is a county located in the u.s. state of south dakota. as of the 2010 census, 9,612 people lived there. todd county does not have its own county seat. instead, winner in neighboring tripp county serves as its administrative center. its largest city is mission. it was created in 1909. 
origin of the name.
the county was named after john blair smith todd, who was a delegate from dakota territory to the united states house of representatives and a general in the union army during the american civil war.
sturgis is a city in meade county, south dakota, united states. the population was 6,627 as of the 2010 census. it is the county seat of meade county. it was founded in 1878.
mellette is a city in the u.s. state of south dakota.
washington county is a county in the u.s. state of minnesota. as of 2010, 238,136 people lived there. the county seat is stillwater.
it is the fifth-most populous county in the state.
todd county is the name of three counties in the united states:
abby dalton (aka marlene wadsen; august 15, 1932 – november 23, 2020) was an american actress. she played as elizabeth bingham on the television series "the sugarfoot". she later played martha hale in the television series "hennessy". dalton was nominated for an emmy award for her role as martha.
dalton also acted in some movies. in 1966, for example, she played as calamity jane in "the plainsman" with actor don murray.
dalton was born in las vegas, nevada. she died on november 23, 2020 in los angeles at the age of 88.
david azulai (5 may 1954 – 30 october 2018) was an israeli politician. he as a member of the knesset for shas for over 20 years from 1996 until his resignation in may 2018. he was also minister of religious services from 2015 until his death in 2018. he was born in meknes, morocco.
azulai died on 30 october 2018 in tel aviv from cancer at the age of 64.
robert francis "bob" skoronski (march 5, 1934 – october 30, 2018) was a former american football player. he was an tackle in the national football league for the green bay packers for eleven seasons in 1956 and again from 1959 to 1968. he was born in ansonia, connecticut.
skoronski died on october 30, 2018 of alzheimer's disease in a suburb near madison, wisconsin at the age of 84.
roger william bede vaughan (9 january 1834 – 18 august 1883) was an english benedictine monk of downside abbey, he was the second roman catholic archbishop of sydney, australia from 1877 to 1883.
he was born on 9 january 1834 at courtfield, ross, herefordshire, england, second son of the fourteen children. five of his brothers also became priests. herbert, the eldest, became a cardinal and archbishop of westminster, and john, the youngest, auxiliary bishop of salford. another brother, reginald, married julia shanahan, sister-in-law of sir patrick jennings. four of his five sisters became nuns.
because of his health he was educated at home in a religious atmosphere. in 1850 he was sent to st gregory's college at downside near bath. his mother's death in 1853 made him think of a religious life and on 12 september he joined the benedictines, becoming brother bede. in 1855 at his father's request and expense, he was sent to rome for further study under the guidance of the italian scholar and reformer, angelo zelli-jacuzzi. he was ordained priest by cardinal patrizi in the basilica of st john lateran on 9 april 1859.
the neighborhood of make-believe is the fictional kingdom where hand puppet lived in. they were characters on the children's television series "mister rogers' neighborhood" which aired on pbs, from 1968–2001. principal puppeteer fred rogers created many of the puppet characters in the 1950s for josie carey's program, "the children's corner". it was filmed in pittsburgh, pennsylvania.
characters in the neighborhood of make-believe were portrayed by both hand puppets operated by puppeteers and actors. they would occasionally talk to the viewers in specific episodes.
there is a tv show about the neighborhood called daniel tiger's neighborhood.
vel ("staff spear") is a 2007 tamil language action family drama movie. it was written and directed by hari and produced by mohan natarajan. it stars suriya in dual roles as hero, asin as heroine and kalabhavan mani as the villain. lakshmi, saranya ponvannan, vadivelu,and nassar have supporting roles. the movie's score and soundtrack was composed by yuvan shankar raja. the movie was released on 8 november 2007, coinciding with diwali. the movie was dubbed and released in telugu as "deva" and in hindi as "main faisla karunga" in 2014.
this movie's budget was . it became a"blockbuster hit" in the boxoffice by collecting around . this film's theatrical run was 50 days in 17 centers and 100 days in 13 centers making it a commercially successful venture.sony music entertainment
allen welsh dulles (april 7, 1893 – january 29, 1969) was an american diplomat and lawyer who became the first civilian director of central intelligence (dci). he was its longest-serving director so far.
dulles was head of the central intelligence agency (cia) during the early cold war. he oversaw the 1954 guatemalan coup d'état, operation ajax, the lockheed u-2 aircraft program and the bay of pigs invasion. following the assassination of john f. kennedy, dulles was one of the members of the warren commission. 
between his stints of government service, dulles was a corporate lawyer. his older brother, john foster dulles, was the secretary of state during the eisenhower administration.
the exosome complex is a protein complex which can degrade rna strands (~stop them working). in eukaryotic cells, the exosome complex is present in the cytoplasm, nucleus, and especially the nucleolus. 
the core of the complex has a ring structure consisting of six proteins that all belong to the same class of rnases, the 'rnase ph-like proteins'.
exosome complexes are found in both eukaryotic cells and archaea. in bacteria a simpler complex called the "degradosome" carries out similar functions.
the royal national lifeboat institution (rnli) is an agency which rescues people at sea in the united kingdom, ireland, the channel islands, the isle of man, as well as on some large rivers.
the rnli is a charity. two-thirds of its funding comes from money left in people's wills. most of its crew members are volunteers. the rnli has 237 lifeboat stations and 444 lifeboats. these are boats that travel from the shore to rescue people at sea, rather than lifeboats that are used for escaping from a ship. their crews rescued on average 22 people a day in 2015. the rnli also provides beach lifeguards and flood rescue teams.
the rnli cannot be called for help directly. in the event that someone is in danger at sea, the coastguard of the country or territory should be called on 999 or 112. the coastguard organize the search for those in danger. they will then call the rnli if their help is needed. not all lifeboats in the uk and ireland are run by the rnli; there are some independent lifeboat agencies.
a puppeteer is a person who makes an inanimate object that might be shaped like a human, animal, legendary creature, or another object to create the illusion that the puppet is "alive". the puppeteer may be visible to or hidden from the audience. a puppeteer can operate a puppet by the use of strings, rods, wires, electronics or directly by his or her own hands placed inside the puppet or holding it externally or any other part of the body- such as the legs.
american public television (apt) is the largest syndicator of programming for public television stations in the united states. apt continues to show a many public television programs nationally, as well as administering the create and world channels on public tv. apt began in 1961.
at first, it was called eastern educational television network (een). een was a regional cooperative that began to show programs between a couple of its member stations. een was one of the first distributors of shows such as "the french chef" (with julia child) in 1963, "mister rogers' neighborhood", and "washington week in review" on a national basis.
the television academy hall of fame was founded by a former president of the academy of television arts & sciences (atas), john h. mitchell (1921–1988), to honor individuals who have made big contributions to u.s. television. 
the first ceremony in 1984 celebrated the careers of lucille ball, milton berle, paddy chayefsky, norman lear, edward r. murrow, william s. paley and david sarnoff.
rollins college is a private, coeducational liberal arts college. it was founded in 1885 and located in winter park, florida along the shores of lake virginia.
rollins is a member of the sacs, nasm, acs, fde, aam, aacsb international, council for accreditation of counseling, and related educational programs.
rollins has about 30 undergraduate majors and several graduate programs. it was ranked #2 regional universities, south by u.s. news & world report in 2017. rollins college has ranked among the most beautiful u.s. college campuses by the princeton review ranking #1 in 2015 and #10 most recently in 2017.
pittsburgh theological seminary, founded in 1794, is a graduate seminary in the reformed tradition teaching theology and preparing students for service in the presbyterian church (u.s.a.) and other christian churches. 
teaching is based in scripture. the seminary is located in the east liberty neighborhood of pittsburgh, pennsylvania, united states and houses one of the largest theological libraries in the pittsburgh. 
world mission initiative (wmi) at pittsburgh theological seminary is a fellowship of presbyterians dedicated to developing mission vision, nurturing missionary vocation, and cultivating missional congregations.
in the academic study of theology, the master of divinity (mdiv, "magister divinitatis" in latin) is the first professional degree of the pastoral profession in north america. 
it is the most common academic degree in seminaries and divinity schools. in many christian denominations and in some other religions the degree is the standard education for ordination to the priesthood or pastorship or other appointment, ordination or licensing to professional ministry.
the national honor society (nhs) is a nationwide organization for high school students in the united states which is made up of many chapters in high schools.
selection is based on four criteria: scholarship (academic achievement), leadership, service, and character. the national honor society requires some sort of service to the community, school, or other organizations. the time spent working on these projects contributes towards the monthly service hour requirement.
the national honor society was founded in 1921 by the national association of secondary school principals. the alpha chapter of nhs was founded at fifth avenue high school by principal edward s. rynearson in pittsburgh, pennsylvania.
in christianity, a minister is a person authorized by a church, or other religious organization, to perform functions such as teaching of beliefs; leading services such as weddings, baptisms or funerals; or otherwise providing spiritual guidance to the community. 
the term is taken from latin "minister" ("servant", "attendant").
the united presbyterian church in the united states of america (upcusa) was the largest branch of presbyterianism in the united states from may 28, 1958, to 1983. 
it was formed by the union of the presbyterian church in the united states of america (pcusa) with the united presbyterian church of north america (upcna) in pittsburgh pennsylvania, in may 1958.
in 1983, the vote was finally held regarding the merger, with a unanimous 151 presbyteries in the upcusa affirming it, and the pcus affirming it 53 to 8. on june 10, 1983, the first general assembly was held for the new denomination, which would be called the presbyterian church (usa).
your hit parade is an american radio and television music program that was broadcast from 1935 to 1953 on radio, and seen from 1950 to 1959 on television. it was sponsored by american tobacco's lucky strike cigarettes. during this 24-year run, the show had 19 orchestra leaders and 52 singers or groups. many listeners and viewers casually called the show with the incorrect title the hit parade. the program's title was not officially changed to "your hit parade" until november 9, 1935.
the voice of firestone is a long-running radio and television program of classical music. the show featured leading singers in selections from opera and operetta. it was originally titled the firestone hour, it was first broadcast on the nbc radio network on december 3, 1928 and was later also shown on television starting in 1949. the program was last broadcast in 1963.
george francis "gabby" hayes (may 7, 1885 – february 9, 1969), was an american actor. he was best known for his many appearances in b-western movie series as the comic sidekick of the cowboy star.
stannards is a hamlet and census-designated place in allegany county, new york, united states. the population was 798 at the 2010 census. the hamlet is named after early resident john stannard.
the sylvania awards were given by the television company sylvania electric products for many categories of television performance, broadcasting, scripts, music and other aspects of production between 1951 and 1959. in their day they competed with the emmy award for prestige. they came to an end after the sponsor was merged into gte.
national educational television (net) was a united states educational broadcast television network that was owned by the and later co-owned by the corporation for public broadcasting.
operating from may 16, 1954 to october 4, 1970, its direct replacement, the public broadcasting service (pbs), continues in operation and has memberships with many television stations that were formerly part of net.
johnny costa (born john costanza; january 18, 1922 – october 11, 1996) was an american jazz pianist. given the title "the white art tatum" by jazz legend art tatum, costa is best known for his work as musical director of the children's television program "mister rogers' neighborhood".
costa died of aplastic anemia in pittsburgh, pennsylvania on october 11, 1996, at the age of 74.
arnold is a city in westmoreland county, pennsylvania, united states, within the pittsburgh metropolitan area. the population was 5,157 at the 2010 census.
a cardigan is a type of knitted sweater that has an open front.
commonly cardigans have buttons: a garment that is tied is instead considered a robe. a more modern version of the garment has no buttons and hangs open by design. the name "cardigan" is an anglicised variation of the welsh placename ceredigion.
the term originally referred only to a knitted sleeveless vest, but expanded to other types of garment over time.
plain cardigans are often worn over shirts and inside suit jackets as a less formal version of the waistcoat or vest that restrains the necktie when the jacket has been removed.
jeffrey clay erlanger (november 30, 1970 – june 10, 2007) was an american activist for disability rights. he is well known for his appearance on "mister rogers' neighborhood" when he was 10 years old, talking about his electric wheelchair and why he used it.
erlanger's philosophy was summarized in a 2002 wisconsin public television ad: "it doesn't matter what i can't do — what matters is what i can do."
erlanger choked on some food, and was in a coma for several weeks before dying on sunday, june 10, 2007 in madison, aged 36.
the senate commerce subcommittee on communications technology, innovation, and the internet is one of the seven subcommittees within the senate committee on commerce, science and transportation. it was renamed from the subcommittee on science, technology, and innovation at the start of the 111th congress, with its science function transferred to the subcommittee on science and space.
their jobs relates to communications. the subcommittee also is responsible for oversight of the federal communications commission (fcc), the corporation for public broadcasting (cpb), and the national telecommunications and information administration (ntia) at the department of commerce.
the corporation for public broadcasting (cpb) is an american privately owned non-profit corporation created in 1967 by an act of the united states congress and funded by the federal government.
it was created to promote and help support public broadcasting.
sony corp. of america v. universal city studios, inc., 464 u.s. 417 (1984), also known as the “betamax case”, is a decision by the supreme court of the united states which ruled that the making of individual copies of complete television shows for purposes of time shifting does not constitute copyright infringement, but is fair use. 
the court also ruled that the manufacturers of home video recording devices, such as betamax or other vcrs cannot be found guilty for infringement. the case was a boon to the home video market, as it created a legal safe haven for the technology.
betamax (also called beta) is a videotape format created by sony. it was first released on may 10, 1975 in japan and november of 1975 in the united states. because it lost the videotape format war to vhs, betamax is now obsolete. despite this, production of new betamax recorders went until 2002; and betamax cassettes were available up until march 2016. 
tripp county is a county located in the u.s. state of south dakota. as of the 2010 census, 5,644 people lived there. its county seat is winner. it was created in 1873.
turner county is a county located in the u.s. state of south dakota. as of the 2010 census, 8,347 people lived there. its county seat is parker. it was created in 1871.
walworth county is a county located in the u.s. state of south dakota. as of the 2010 census, 5,438 people lived there. its county seat is selby. it was created in 1873.
grand marshal is a ceremonial, military, or political office of very high rank. the term has its origins with the word "marshal" with the first usage of the term "grand marshal" as a ceremonial title for certain religious orders.
yankton county is a county located in the u.s. state of south dakota. as of the 2010 census, 22,438 people lived there. its county seat is yankton. it was created in 1862.
the rose parade, also known as the tournament of roses parade, is part of "america's new year celebration" held in pasadena, california each year on new year's day (or on monday, january 2 if new year's day falls on a sunday). the parade includes flower-covered floats, marching bands, and equestrian units and is followed by the rose bowl college football game. it is produced by the nonprofit pasadena tournament of roses association.
mississippi is a state of the united states of america.
mississippi can mean:
heinz hall for the performing arts is a performing arts center and concert hall located at 600 penn avenue in the cultural district of pittsburgh, pennsylvania. it is home to the pittsburgh symphony orchestra (pso) and the pittsburgh youth symphony orchestra, the 2,676 seat hall presents about 200 performances each year.
originally built in 1927 as loew's penn theatre, the former movie palace was renovated and reopened as heinz hall in 1971.
david downs hartman (born may 19, 1935) is an american journalist and media host.
he began his media career as an actor. he currently anchors and hosts documentary programs on cable tv's history and on pbs. 
hartman is best known as the first host of abc's "good morning america", from 1975 to 1987. as an actor, he starred in the 1970s as a young resident, dr. paul hunter, on "" and as a teacher in the series "lucas tanner". he acted in the 1973 tv movie re-make of "miracle on 34th street".
pawtucket is a city in providence county, rhode island, united states. the population was 71,148 at the 2010 census. it is the fourth largest city in the state.
the name "pawtucket" comes from the algonquian word for "river fall."
pat mitchell (born january 20, 1943) is an american businesswoman. she was the first woman president and ceo of pbs.
mitchell partners with the ted organization to co-curate and host an annual global tedwomen conference.
the municipality is named for 19th-century president benito juárez, as is the city of ciudad juárez.
towns and villages.
the municipality has 147 localities. they include:
chihuahua is divided into 67 municipalities "(municipios):" 
rosales is one of the 67 municipalities of chihuahua, in northern mexico. the municipal seat lies at santa cruz de rosales. the municipality covers an area of 1716.6 km².
in 2005, the municipality had a total population of 15,935. 
towns and villages.
the municipality has 71 localities. they include:
victoria abril (born victoria mérida rojas, 4 july 1959 ) is a spanish actress and singer. she is best known for her acting in the movie "¡átame!" ("tie me up! tie me down!") by director pedro almodóvar.
gran morelos is one of the 67 municipalities of chihuahua, in northern mexico. the municipal seat is san nicolás de carretas. the municipality land area is 424.2 km².
in the 2005 census, the municipality had a total population of 3,092. 
san nicolás de carretas is a town in the chihuahua, mexico. it is the municipal seat of the municipality of gran morelos. 
san nicolás de carretas was founded as a franciscan mission in 1688. 
visakhapatnam or vizag is a metropolitan area and port city in the andhra pradesh, india.
valle del cauca is one of the 32 departments of colombia. it is in the southwest of the country, between the andean region and pacific region. it is named after the valley of the cauca river. its capital is cali.
municipalities () are the second-level administrative division in mexico. there are 2,438 municipalities in mexico, making the average municipality population 45,616.
morelos is one of the 67 municipalities of chihuahua, in north-western mexico. the municipal seat is morelos. the municipality covers an area of 1336.8 km².
as of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 7,172. 
it is named after independence war hero josé maría morelos.
towns and villages.
the municipality has 295 localities. they include:
delicias is one of the 67 municipalities of chihuahua, in northern mexico. the capital is delicias. the municipality covers an area of 335.4 km2.
as of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 127,211.
delicias (spanish for "delights") is a city in chihuahua, mexico. it is the seat of the municipality of the same name. it is located southeast of the state capital, chihuahua. 
 is a japanese city in gifu prefecture on the island of honshu.
hashima is known for its wool crafts.
nuevo casas grandes is a mexican municipality of chihuahua, mexico. the seat of the municipality is the city of nuevo casas grandes.
chínipas is one of the 67 municipalities of chihuahua, in northern mexico. the municipal seat is chínipas de almada. the municipality covers an area of 2,278.9 km².
in 2005, the municipality had a total population of 7,233.
donald steiner richie (april 17, 1924 – february 19, 2013) was an american writer, director, historian, journalist, and movie critic. he only wrote his books or reviewed his movies in japan. he directed his first movie when he was 17.
richie was born on april 17, 1924 in lima, ohio. he studied at columbia university. richie was openly bisexual. he could speak japanese, but could not write in it. richie died on february 19, 2013 in tokyo, japan from natural causes, aged 88.
 is a small japanese city in gifu prefecture on the island of honshu.
musō kokushi established a buddhist temple named eihō-ji in 1314. the town grew up around the temple.
the modern city was founded in 1940.
guachochi is a one of the 67 municipalities of chihuahua, in northern mexico. the municipal seat is guachochi. the municipality covers an area of 4,340.35 km².
as of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 45,881. 
towns and villages.
the municipality has 1,134 localities. they include:
guachochi is a city in the south-western chihuahua, mexico. it is the municipal seat for the surrounding municipality of the same name.
in the 2005 inegi census, the city had 12,385 residents. 
jonathan paul katz (born december 1, 1946) is an american stand-up comedian, actor, and writer. he is known for his role as dr. katz in "dr. katz, professional therapist". katz won an emmy award for "outstanding voice-over performance" in 1995. 
early life and education.
katz was born in new york city to a jewish-hungarian immigrant family. he was educated at goddard college. 
katz is a close friend of playwright david mamet, with whom he attended goddard college. katz co-wrote "house of games]" with mamet and had small roles in the mamet-directed films "things change," "homicide," "the spanish prisoner," and "state and main".
originally a musician and songwriter, katz fronted a rhythm and blues group called "katz and jammers" before serving as the musical director for robin williams' 1979 standup tour. in 1998, he released "brandon project", a blues album.
in 1996, katz was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. the initial symptoms began that year: "i was working on a tv show called "ink" with ted danson, and after every episode we would take a curtain call and i noticed that i needed a head-start."
hiding his condition became too much of a burden for katz and he eventually disclosed it. he began speaking publicly as part of a tour sponsored by a manufacturer of medications used to treat ms."people have been pretty supportive; nobody ever had me in mind for an action film because of the kind of work i do -- mostly in the world of animation, which is not a big issue because as a person, i can't run that fast; as a cartoon character, i can fly -- literally." katz, who now gets around with the help of a motorized scooter and performs onstage with the aid of a cane, says he doesn't regret his decision: "one of the reasons i disclosed my condition is because it is much easier to live with ms than to pretend you don't have it. if i could convince everyone of that, my job here is done."
katz is married to suzan katz. they have two children. 
maría susana giménez aubert (born january 29, 1944 in buenos aires, argentina), is an argentine talk show host, actress, model and businesswoman. she is considered the biggest celebrity in argentine television.
beaivi also called, beiwe, bievve, beivve and biejje, is the sun goddess in sami mythology. she is the goddess of fertility and sanity. beivve was often accompanied by her daughter, beaivi-nieida (the sun maiden) in an enclosure of reindeer antlers.
lou leabengula myers (september 26, 1935 – february 19, 2013) was an american actor. he was known for his role as vernon gaines in "a different world". 
myers was born in chesapeake, west virginia on september 26, 1935. myers died on february 19, 2013 in charleston, west virginia from pneumonia and heart failure, aged 77. 
james randi (born randall james hamilton zwinge; august 7, 1928 – october 20, 2020) was a canadian-american magician and skeptic. he was known for performing ghost magic. he founded the james randi educational foundation. he held two world records in the guinness world records. he was influenced by harry houdini and harry blackstone, sr..
randi was born in toronto, ontario, canada. he was openly gay. he married his partner of 27 years, deyvi pena, in 2013.
randi died on october 20, 2020 in plantation, florida at the age of 92.
the following are guinness world records:
a fixed-gear bicycle (also called a "fixie") is a bicycle that has no freewheel mechanism (allowing pedals to stay still while moving).
it is a dangerous bike to use in towns. this type of bicycle is becoming more and more popular around the world.
fixed-gear bicycles are very light. they are built without any unnecessary gadgets, such as chain rings or freewheel hub. when a person rides a fixed-gear bicycle, he/she/they need not put a lot of energy into it as with a geared bike. 
most bicycles have a freewheel so the pedals will stay stationary while the bicycle is moving and so that the rider can ride without pedaling going forward or down a hill. fixed-gear bicycles have even simpler mechanisms with pedals fixed to the back wheel. that means that the rider cannot stop pedaling. when the rear wheel turns, the pedals turn in the same direction. this allows a cyclist to use a brake by putting a pressure in opposite directions to pedals, so that the mechanism will not rotate.
it also makes it possible to ride backwards, although learning to do so is much more difficult than riding forwards.
a causeway is a road or railway embankment across water or marsh. some may be underwater at high tide.
lifestyle is the way of life of person, group, or culture.
the term "lifestyle" was used for first time by austrian psychologist alfred adler (1870-1937).
a lifestyle is a way of living or doing things. lifestyle is doing things, living your life and making decisions in your own unique way. lifestyle can be political, social, economical and personal way of seeing, doing and understanding things. not all parts of a lifestyle are our decisions. surrounding social and technical systems, like economical situation and people around us, can limit the lifestyle choices available to the individual.
the pallbearer is an american romantic comedy released in 1996 directed by matt reeves. it stars toni collette and gwyneth paltrow. the story is about suicide and romance conflict. it received almost $6 million in the box office.
barbara bates (august 6, 1925 – march 18, 1969) was an american actress. she acted mostly in movies. she played phoebe in the 1950 movie "all about eve" and acted in many other movies in her career. she was born in denver, colorado. she killed herself with carbon monoxide poisoning, also in denver. she was age 43.
the seven bridges of königsberg is a historically famous problem in mathematics. leonhard euler solved the problem in 1735. this led to the beginning of graph theory. this then led to the development of topology.
the city of königsberg in prussia (now kaliningrad, russia) was set on both sides of the pregel river. it included two large islands which were connected to each other and the mainland by seven bridges.
the problem was to find a way to walk through the city by crossing each bridge once and only once. the islands could not be reached by any route other than the bridges. every bridge must have been crossed completely every time. the walk need not start and end at the same spot. euler proved that the problem has no solution. 
first, euler pointed out that the choice of route inside each land mass does not matter. the only important property of a route is the order in which the bridges are crossed. so, he changed the problem to abstract terms. this laid the foundations of graph theory. he removed all features except the list of land masses and the bridges connecting them. in the language of graph theory, he replaced each land mass with an abstract "vertex" or node. then he replaced each bridge with an abstract connection, an "edge". an edge (road) recorded which two vertices (land masses) were connected. in this way, he formed a graph.
the graph drawn is an abstract picture of the problem. so, the edges can be joined in any way. only whether two points are connected or not are important. changing the picture of the graph does not change the graph itself. 
next, euler observed that (except at the endpoints of the walk), whenever one enters a vertex by a bridge, one leaves the vertex by a bridge. in any walk of the graph, the number of times one enters a vertex equals the number of times one leaves it. if every bridge has been crossed exactly once, it follows that, for each land mass (except for the ones chosen for the start and finish), the number of bridges touching that land mass must be "even". this is because if there are n bridges, it is crossed exactly 2n times. however, all four of the land masses in the original problem are touched by an "odd" number of bridges (one is touched by 5 bridges, and each of the other three are touched by 3). there are at most two masses which can be the endpoints of a walk. so the proposition of a walk crossing each bridge once leads to a contradiction.
in modern language, euler shows that whether a walk through a graph crossing each edge once is possible or not depends on the degrees of the nodes. the degree of a node is the number of edges touching it. euler shows that a necessary condition for the walk is that the graph be connected and have exactly zero or two nodes of odd degree. this result stated by euler was later proved by carl hierholzer. such a walk is now called an "eulerian path" or "euler walk". if there are nodes of odd degree, then any eulerian path will start at one of them and end at the other. since the graph representing the historical königsberg has four nodes of odd degree, it cannot have an eulerian path.
euler's work was presented to the st. petersburg academy on august 26, 1735. it was published as "solutio problematis ad geometriam situs pertinentis" (the solution of a problem relating to the geometry of position) in the journal "commentarii academiae scientiarum petropolitanae" in 1741. it is available in english in the world of mathematics.
importance in the history of mathematics.
in the history of mathematics, euler's solution of the königsberg bridge problem is considered to be the first theorem of graph theory. graph theory is a subject now generally regarded as a branch of combinatorics. 
present state of the bridges.
two of the seven original bridges were destroyed during the bombing of königsberg in world war ii. two others were later demolished. they were replaced by a modern highway. the three other bridges remain, although only two of them are from euler's time (one was rebuilt in 1935). thus, as of 2000, there were five bridges in kaliningrad.
in terms of graph theory, two of the nodes now have degree 2, and the other two have degree 3. therefore, an eulerian path is now possible, but since it must begin on one island and end on the other, it is impractical for tourists.
the heat is a 2013 police comedy which stars sandra bullock and melissa mccarthy. bullock plays a special agent and the latter plays a detective. this comedy is set in boston.
san is a river in southeastern poland. it is 443.3 km long.
map coloring is a term used for two different concepts: in geography and mapmaking it is used to say that colors are assigned to certain areas on a map. examples of this are coloring that show the countries or divisions of a country, but also to visualize other data, for example the altitude. the other use is in mathematics: there it is used to describe the problem of finding the minimal number of colors needed to color a given map.
color is very useful to show different features on a map. typical uses of color include showing different countries, different temperatures, or different kinds of roads.
displaying the information in different colors can affect the understanding or feel of the map. in many cultures, certain colors have certain meanings. for example, red can mean danger, green can mean nature, and blue can mean water, which can be confused with the sea.
mapmakers may also use colors that are related to what they are mapping. for example, when mapping where it rains more or less, they may use different shades of blue. for a map of wildfires, they may use yellows, reds, and oranges. carefully choosing colors is important so the map is easy to read and understand. also, the mapmaker must take into account that many people have impaired color vision, and colors must be used such that these readers can see their differences.
qed may mean:
q.e.d. is an acronym or initialism of the latin phrase , which means "what was to be demonstrated". in other words, q.e.d. means "something was to be proven, and now it has been done".
in the european renaissance, scholars often wrote in latin. the phrases "q.e.d." was often used at the end of mathematical or philosophical proofs.
equivalents in other languages.
"q.e.d." is used in many languages, including:
the five color theorem is a theorem from graph theory. it states that any plane which is separated into regions, such as a map, can be colored with no more than five colors. it was first stated by alfred kempe in 1890, and proved by percy john heawood eleven years later. kempe also tried to prove it, but his proof failed. there are two restrictions which are placed on the maps: first, a country must be contiguous, there must be no exclaves, and secondly, countries that only touch in one point can be colored with the same color. 
there is also a four color theorem, which is stronger, and much more difficult to prove. 
silence procedure (french: "procédure d'approbation tacite") is a decision-making tactic or process used in international political contexts. the procedure is based on the latin phrase "qui tacet consentire videtur" which means "he who is silent is taken to agree" or "silence means consent". 
the silence procedure is used to enhance the process of consensus-building. it is used by many international groups, including nato, and the european union (eu). 
in the contexts of such multi-party groups, silence signifies a willingness to work together to limit the possible causes of paralysis.
ahumada is one of the 67 municipalities of chihuahua, in northern mexico. the municipal seat is villa ahumada. the municipality covers an area of 17,131.5 km².
as of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 11,727.
villa ahumada (officially miguel ahumada) is the seat of the ahumada municipality in the chihuahua, mexico. it had 8,753 inhabitants (2005). it is located along highway 45, about south of ciudad juárez and north of the city of chihuahua.
general cepeda is a one of the 38 municipalities of coahuila, in north-eastern mexico. the municipal seat is general cepeda. the municipality covers an area of 3517 km².
as of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 11,284.
providenciales is the main tourist island in the turks and caicos islands. it is also where most of the people in the country live, with a population of about 32,000. the island has an area of .
grace bay is where most of the resorts are. the first resort was club med. it opened in 1984. blue hills, five cays, and the bight were the original villages.
vortex is a steel roller coaster at kings island in mason, ohio. it was designed and built by arrow dynamics. it cost $4 million. the ride officially opened to the public on april 11, 1987. when it opened, vortex was the tallest, full-circuit roller coaster with the highest drop in the world. it was also the first one where riders are upside down six times.
vortex is where the bat used to be. the bat was the world's first suspended roller coaster. there have been more than 38 million rides on vortex. it is one of the most popular attractions at kings island.
michelle nicole creber (born september 7, 1999) is a canadian voice actress, actress and singer who is best known for voicing apple bloom, as well as the singing voice for sweetie belle in . she released her first solo album titled "timeless: songs of a century" on august 28, 2012. the album features popular musicians from the brony community. she also hosts her own internet radio show called saturday night songs, on the brony media network "everfree network".
this is a page list of records and statistics of the bangladesh cricket team.
bangladesh played their first test match on 10 november 2000. it was against india. the records in test matches for bangladesh are written in this section.
hundreds aren't shown here because almost ten players have one.
as total 6 players in bangladesh national cricket team got 5 wickets 1 time so in this list those are not counted.
only enamul haque jr got a 10 wicket in a match and that is the one and only 10 wicket figure in a match.
one day internationals.
bangladesh played their 1st one-day international against a full member of icc (pakistan) on 31 march 1986. the records in one day internationals are written here.
full table at espncricinfo
full table at espncricinfo
full table at espncricinfo
full table at espncricinfo
full table on espncricinfo
full table at espncricinfo
full table at espncricinfo
shakib al hasan () বাংলাদেশের জান বাংলাদেশের প্রাণ(born 24 march 1987) is a bangladeshi international cricketer. he is an all-rounder. he bats left-handed in the middle order. he is a slow left-arm orthodox bowler. he played for bangladesh at under-19 level, at youth level at 2005-2006. he made his one day international (odi) debut against zimbabwe in august 2006. he made his test debut the may 2007 against india.
shakib al hasan is also a businessman. his company name is fiesta event management limited.
tamim iqbal khan () (born 20 march 1989) is a bangladeshi cricketer. tamim made his one day international and test debut at 2007. he is left-handed opening batsman. 
mashrafe bin mortaza () (born 5 october 1983 in narail district, jessore) is a bangladeshi cricketer and politician. he made his test dubut in the national side in late 2001 against zimbabwe without playing a one day international. mortaza captained his country in one test and seven one day internationals (odis) between 2009 and 2010. he is the captain of dhaka gladiators.
mortaza was born in the narail district of bangladesh. he completed his secondary school certificate (ssc) from "narail government high school" in 2001 and higher secondary school certificate (hsc) from "narail victoria college" in 2003. then he got himself admitted into department of philosophy at the jahangirnagar university in 2003-04 for his bachelor's degree. 
mortaza married sumona haque sumi in 2006. both they have a son and daughter.
mohammad ashraful () (born 7 july 1984) is a bangladeshi international cricket player. he was the captain of national side during 2008-2010. ashraful captained his country in 13 tests. but lost in 12 and one ended draw. he also captained 38 one day internationals (odis) of which bangladesh won eight. ashraful scored the fastest fifty in the test among any batsman of the world, also scored the fastest fifty in the odi and twenty20 international comparing any bangladeshi batsman. he is the youngest test centurion.
marianne evelyn gabriel faithfull (born 29 december 1946) is an english singer and actress who has had many hit songs, solo and with other singers. her singing career began around 1964. faithfull was born in hampstead, london, and is of austrian ancestry.
in 2006, faithfull was diagnosed with breast cancer. she had surgery later the same year and has recovered. in 2007, she said she was diagnosed with hepatitis c in 1995. in april 2020, during the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic, it was reported that faithfull was being treated in hospital for covid-19.
matlock is an american television drama crime/mystery show. it starred andy griffith as defense attorney ben matlock. the show was broadcast on abc and on nbc. the show was set in atlanta, georgia. it ran from september 1986 through may 1995. the show had 9 seasons and 195 episodes. the show had several spin-offs such as "jake and the fatman" and "".
peter abraham haskell (october 15, 1934 – april 12, 2010) was an american actor. he was mostly known for guest-starring in many famous shows such as "columbo", "matlock", "barnaby jones", "frasier", "the mary tyler moore show", "medical center", and in "dr. kildare".
haskell was born on october 15, 1934 in boston, massachusetts. he studied at buckingham browne & nichols and at harvard university. haskell was married to annie compton from 1960 until they divorced in 1974. then he was married to dianne tolmich from 1974 until his death in 2010. he had two children, a daughter and son. haskell died on april 12, 2010 from unknown causes in northridge, california, aged 75.
the humoral immune system is a part of the immune system which defends the body against invading organisms and other foreign material.
the humeral part is done by macromolecules outside the cells. these may be secreted antibodies, complement proteins, or certain antimicrobial peptides. their job is to attack bacteria (and other foreign substances) which are loose in the blood stream or other fluids. in older medicine, these fluids were called "humors". both the more primitive innate immune system, and the later acquired or adaptive immune system of vertebrates, have humoral components.
the humoral immune system contrasts with the cell-mediated immunity. that involves the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic t-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen.
how the humoral system works.
the main cells that make it work are the b cells, which create and secrete antibodies that seek out the invaders and attach to them. once the invader is coated in antibodies, this targets the invader for destruction by other parts of the immune system. before the b cell can create antibodies, it first needs t helper cells to 'teach' the b cell about details of the incoming invader. this is a key part of the adaptive immune system, and the reference attached here summarizes the process.
the production of antibodies tailor-made to combat particular bacteria is the most important element, but there are a number of other humeral defenses from the more primitive innate immune system.
andrew shaw (born july 20, 1991 in belleville, ontario) is a canadian professional ice hockey player that played for the chicago blackhawks and montreal canadiens of the national hockey league (nhl). 
he began his hockey career with the niagara icedogs of the ohl and played for them for 2 seasons. he also played for the owen sound attack for 1 season. he entered the draft on 2011 and he was drafted with the 139th overall by the chicago blackhawks in the 2011 nhl entry draft. 
he was assigned to the rockford icehogs, the farm team of the blackhawks. he was called up to the blackhawks during the 2011-12 nhl season. on january 5, 2012, he got in his first-ever nhl fight on the second shift of his first nhl game. he returned to the game after receiving stitches and score the first goal of his nhl career on his first shot of his first game against ilya bryzgalov of the philadelphia flyers. on june 24, 2013, he won the stanley cup with the blackhawks after they defeated the boston bruins 4 games to 2 in the 2013 stanley cup finals.
allison crowe (november 16, 1981, british columbia) is a canadian singer, songwriter, guitarist and pianist. most of the songs she records are written by crowe. she is known as well for releasing cover versions of certain songs. she is known for releasing independent albums. cover songs include the beatles' "let it be" and "imagine" from john lennon. her distinctive voice is often compared against that of mahalia jackson. she appeared in a cameo role in the 2013 movie "man of steel".
moore's law is that the number of transistors on integrated circuits doubles about every two years. intel executive david house said the period was "18 months". he predicted that period for a doubling in chip performance: a combination of the effect of more transistors and their being faster. 
the law is named after intel co-founder gordon moore, who described the trend in his 1965 paper.
the paper stated that the number of components in integrated circuits had doubled every year from the invention of the integrated circuit in 1958 until 1965 and predicted that the trend would continue "for at least ten years". his prediction has proved very accurate. the law is used in the semiconductor industry to guide long-term planning and to set targets for research and development.
the capabilities of many digital electronic devices are strongly linked to moore's law: processing speed, memory capacity, sensors and even the number and size of pixels in digital cameras. all of these are improving at (roughly) exponential rates as well.
this exponential improvement has greatly increased the effect of digital electronics in the world economy. moore's law describes a driving force of technological and social change in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.
this trend has continued for more than half a century. intel stated in 2015 that the pace of advancement has slowed. brian krzanich, ceo of intel, announced that "our cadence today is closer to two and a half years than two".
shahriar nafees ahmed () (born 25 january 1986) is a bangladeshi cricketer. he is a left-handed opening batsman. he made his one day international (odi) debut for bangladesh in 2005. the opposition team was england. in 2005 he played his first test.
mohammad mushfiqur rahim () (born 1 september 1988) is a bangladeshi cricketer and the captain of his national team. he made his test debut in 2005, at the age of 16. rahim trained at the bangladesh institute of sports. at the next year he made his odi debut. at the end of 2011 he was given the captain of his national side.
qazi habibul bashar () (born august 17, 1972) is a bangladeshi cricketer. he was the former captain of bangladesh national cricket team. he captained bangladesh at 2007 icc world cup. the first test victory came under his captaincy against zimbabwe. he is the most successful captain in bangladesh cricket's history. under his captaincy, bangladesh have beaten australia, india, south africa and sri lanka in limited overs matches. he is currently one of the chief selectors of bcb
in 1989 bashar played for the bangladesh under-19 team in the u-19 asia cup. in 1990s he played his domestic cricket for biman bangladesh airlines. he made his odi debut at the 1995 asia cup against sri lanka. he missed the 1997 icc trophy. he also missed the 1999 world cup.
test debut: vs india, bangabandhu, 2000
odi debut: vs sri lanka, sharjah, 1995
mohammed rafique () (born september 5, 1970) is a bangladeshi cricketer. he was the leading wicket-taker for bangladesh in test matches.
mohammad javed omar belim (born november 25, 1976) is a bangladeshi cricketer. he has played tests and odi cricket since 2005.
khaled mashud () (born february 8, 1976 in rajshahi) is a bangladeshi cricketer. he was a wicketkeeper, also a middle order batsman. he was a regular member of the national team between 1995-2007. former bangladeshi coach dav whatmore said that khaled mashud was the best wicket-keeper in asia.
the international cricket council (icc) is the international governing body of cricket. it was founded as the imperial cricket conference in 1909. it was renamed international cricket conference at 1965. it was renamed international cricket council in 1989.
the icc has 108 members, 12 full members (who play tests) and 96 associate members. the membership had been divided into full, associate, and affiliate members, but the affiliate category was removed in june 2017, with all affiliate members becoming associate members.
12 countries are full members of the icc. these are:
106 nations are associate members:
icc may refer to:
hobosapiens is the fourteenth studio album by welsh multi-instrumentalist john cale, former member of the velvet underground. it was released in october 2003 as his first full-length album on emi records label. the producers are john cale and nick franglen.
songs from the album.
all tracks written by john cale.
the cricket teams of bangladesh and south africa have played against each other in odis since 2003. they have met on 14 occasions. south africa is most successful with 13 victories, bangladesh have won in only 1 game.
boris leonidovich pasternak (30 may 1960) was a russian poet, novelist, and literary translator. his parents were jewish ukrainians. in his native russia, pasternak's anthology "my sister, life", is one of the most influential collections ever published in the russian language. furthermore, pasternak's translations of plays by goethe, schiller and shakespeare are deeply popular with russian audiences.
outside russia, pasternak is best known as the author of "doctor zhivago", a novel which takes place between the russian revolution of 1905 and the second world war. due to its independent minded stance on the socialist state, "doctor zhivago" was refused publication in the ussr. the typescript of "doctor zhivago" was smuggled out of the country to milan and published in 1957. 
pasternak was awarded the nobel prize in literature the following year, an event which humiliated and enraged the communist party of the soviet union. in the midst of a massive campaign against him by the cpsu and the union of soviet writers, pasternak reluctantly agreed to decline the prize. in his letter to the nobel committee, pasternak stated the reaction of the soviet state was the only reason for his decision. he is still listed as the winner for that year.
by the time of his death from lung cancer in 1960, the campaign against pasternak had damaged the international credibility of the u.s.s.r. he is still a major figure in russian literature. furthermore, the samizdat methods were later continued, expanded, and refined by aleksandr solzhenitsyn and other soviet dissidents.
marivan hashiye (, ) is a city in the kurdistan province of iran, in iranian kurdistan. its population was 111,031 (in 2005). the city is located near the border of iran and iraq.
"lake zarivar" is located to the west of marivan. it has a length of 5 kilometres and a width of 1.6 kilometres. the water of the lake is fresh and has a depth of 6 metres.
marivans people are mostly kurds and followers of islam.
mariwan is famous for its two boulevards, falakay penjwen and falakay halabja.
nyan cat is a moving image on the internet which became famous. it has a cat with a pop-tart (a type of food) for a body flying through space, with a colourful rainbow behind it. there is also a song that you can hear when watching the moving image. nyan cat was the 5th most watched video on youtube, the place that has the video, in the year 2011.
on april 2, 2011, a person named christopher torres put the moving picture, without the song, on his place in the internet. the place is called "lol-comics", and the picture is still there. torres was making pictures, and two different people wanted him to make a cat and a piece of food. he combined the two to make a picture, and then made it a moving picture a few days later.
the song was made using hatsune miku from vocaloid in japan and put onto the internet.
a youtube user called "saraj00n" put the moving picture together with the song and put it onto the internet on april 5, 2011. saraj00n called it "nyan cat". torres wanted the cat to be called "pop tart cat", but because of saraj00n now it's called "nyan cat".
the original moving picture that saraj00n put onto the internet was seen 90,000,000 times . it's very well known, so other people made their own nyan cats. people made songs for their phones, pictures for computers, and progress bars. there are also things for iphones, android phones, windows phones, and hp webos.
there is also a game about nyan cat called "nyan cat adventure".
nyan cat was in ninth place in a contest for best moving picture on the internet in 2011 by business insider. 
sanandaj (, ) is the capital city of kurdistan province of iran, in iranian kurdistan. its population was 311,446, in 81,380 families (at 2006). its population is mostly kurds and followers of islam. 
susanna hoffs (born 17 january 1959) is an american guitarist, vocalist and actress who has had many hit singles with the group the bangles. her hits included "manic monday" and "walk like an egyptian". she and the group disbanded in 1990, although the bangles regrouped nine years later. she also had some solo hit songs during her career. she was born near los angeles.
ingrid ellen michaelson (born december 8, 1979, new york city) is an american musician. she has had five studio albums since 2005. she has not been signed to any major record labels. her music has been used in several television programs, including "the vampire diaries" and "scrubs". michaelson performed with singer sara bareilles on the hit single "winter song".
roland frederick "bob" godfrey (may 27, 1921 – february 21, 2013) was an english academy award-winning animator. he won the academy award and the bafta award for his animated short movie "great" in 1975.
godfrey was born on may 27, 1921 in west maitland, new south wales, australia to british parents. he was raised in ilford, essex. godfrey studied at leyton art school. he was never married. godfrey died on february 21, 2013 in england from natural causes, aged 91.
todor kolev (; august 26, 1939 – february 15, 2013) was a bulgarian actor, singer, comedian, and television presenter. he appeared in more than 30 movies and more than 50 television shows.
kolev was born on august 26, 1939 in shumen, bulgaria. on february 15, 2013, he died in sofia from lung cancer, aged 73.
vicente fernández gómez (february 17, 1940 – december 12, 2021) was a mexican singer and actor. he is known as chente or el rey de la canción ranchera (the king of ranchera music). he had sold over 50 million copies worldwide. fernandez had won eight latin grammy awards and three grammy awards. his career spanned for over 60 years until his retirement in 2016.
fernández was born on february 17, 1940 in jalisco, mexico. he had three children including mexican singer alejandro fernández.
fernández was hospitalized after falling at his home in guadalajara on august 6, 2021. he died on december 12, 2021 from problems caused by that fall at 6:15 am in a hospital in his home town guadalajara, jalisco, mexico at the age of 81.
robin david sachs (5 february 1951 – 1 february 2013) was an english actor. he was known for his roles in ', "buffy the vampire slayer", ', "galaxy quest", and in "".
sachs was born on 5 february 1951 in london, england. he was married to siân phillips from 1979 until they divorced in 1991. phillips was peter o'toole's ex-wife. then he was married to casey defranco from 1995 until they divorced in 2006. sachs died on 1 february 2013 in his home in los angeles, california from a heart attack, aged 61.
assata olugbala shakur (born july 16, 1947 as joanne deborah byron) is an african-american activist. she was a member of the black panther party and the black liberation army. she was put into prison, but in 1984 she managed to escape. she now lives in havana, cuba, as a fugitive. she was the first woman to be put on the fbi's most wanted terrorists list. shakur is the step-aunt of tupac shakur, a rapper who died in 1996.
shakur was born in jamaica, queens, new york city. she lived there for three years. she then moved to north carolina with her grandparents. shakur was arrested for the first time in 1967 for trespassing during a protest.
in 1971, shakur joined the republic of new afrika and the black liberation army. she chose the name assata olugbala shakur because she felt that her english name was a "slave name." she wrote in her book, "it sounded so strange when people called me joanne. it really had nothing to do with me. i didn’t feel like no joanne, or no negro, or no amerikan. i felt like an african woman".
assata is a west african name from the arabic name aisha, which means "she who struggles." olugbala is from yoruba and means "savior." shakur means "thankful one" in arabic.
arrests and trials.
on april 6, 1971, shakur was shot in the stomach. she was charged with attempted robbery, felonious assault, reckless endangerment, and possession of a deadly weapon, then released on bail. between 1973 and 1977 shakur was charged with two bank robberies, the kidnapping of a brooklyn heroin dealer, and attempted murder of two queens police officers. she was put in prison in 1973. on november 2, 1979 she escaped the clinton correctional facility for women in new jersey.
political asylum in cuba.
in 1984, the cuban government granted political asylum to shakur. her daughter kakuya came to live with her in 1985.
shakur wrote in a letter that cuba was "one of the largest, most resistant and most courageous "palenques" (maroon camps) that has ever existed on the face of this planet".
phenol is the organic compound with formula c6h5oh. it is a white solid. it has an oh group (hydroxyl group) bonded to a benzene ring. it is an alcohol. because the aromatic group attracts electrons, it is quite acidic. topolin is produced from petroleum. it is an important molecule because it can be used to make many other products. it is also used in detergents and herbicides.
phenol has a pka of about 10. for normal alcohols this number is usually around 15. however, phenol is less acidic than compounds like carboxylic acids. the reason for this high acidity is the resonance stabilization of the molecule when it becomes an anion.
phenol can do electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions very well. this is because the lone pair on the oxygen atom can give electrons through the benzene ring to an electrophile. because the lone pair is so high in energy however, sometimes phenol reacts too many times.
phenol was first discovered in 1834. it was found as a product of burning coal. one of its first uses was to kill germs in surgery. it is still used today in some analgesics. during the second world war, phenol was also used by the nazis. they used it in concentration camps to quickly kill small groups of people.
guerrero is a city and seat of the municipality of guerrero, in coahuila, mexico. the population was 959 in the 2010 census. 
frontera is one of the 38 municipalities of coahuila, in north-eastern mexico. the municipal seat is ciudad frontera. the municipality covers an area of 506.8 km².
in 2005, the municipality had a total population of 70,160.
escobedo is the municipal seat for the escobedo municipality in city in coahuila, mexico. the name "escobedo" honours 19th-century liberal statesman mariano escobedo.
 is a japanese city in ōita prefecture on the island of kyushu.
usa grew up around usa shrine which was established in the 8th century.
 is a japanese city in ōita prefecture on the island of kyushu.
hita was a castle town in the edo period.
 is a japanese city in shimane prefecture on the island of honshu.
hamada was a castle town in the edo period.
 is a city in shimane prefecture, japan.
izumo grew up around the izumo taisha (shinto shrine).
imèr () is a city in italy. it is in the primiero valley in province of trento.
imèr borders these municipalities: siror, canal san bovo, mezzano and sovramonte.
krushchev's secret speech was the speech in which nikita krushchev denounced joseph stalin after the latter's death. the speech was a spoken report to the twentieth party congress of the communist party of the soviet union on 25 february 1956. its title was on the cult of personality and its consequences.
the report was known as the "secret speech" because it was delivered at a closed session of communist party delegates, with guests and members of the press excluded. although the text of the khrushchev report leaked almost immediately, the official russian text was published only in 1989 during the glasnost campaign of soviet leader mikhail gorbachev.
the speech was based on an investigation of the repressions of the delegates of the 1934 xvii congress of the communist party of the soviet union. they were victims of the stalinist purges of the 1930s. estimates of stalin's role in history were quite changed by the speech. many in the west who had been communist party member, or at least sympathetic fellow-travellers, resigned their memberships and no longer defended the reputation of stalin. russian writers like solzhenitsyn found they were treated with more sympathy. the speech was a significant turning-point in history.
the speech caused such shock to the audience that, according to some reports, some of those present suffered heart attacks, and others later committed suicide. many soviet citizens were confused by de-stalinization. they had been fed on praise of the "genius" of stalin. this was especially obvious in the georgian ssr, stalin's homeland, where rioting ended with the soviet red army crackdown on 9 march 1956.
jeri ryan (born on february 22, 1968) is an american actress. she works mostly on television programs. she acted in "" and "boston public". she played doctor kate murphy in the show "body of proof". she was born near munich, germany. she was raised in paducah, kentucky.
the master and margarita is a novel by mikhail bulgakov (1891–1940), a russsian author. it has been called one of the masterpieces of the 20th century. like much of bulgakov's work, magic realism and fantasy occurs to the background of life in the 1920s soviet russia.
with a fascinating cast of characters, the novel in its deepest layer is about the interplay of good and evil, innocence and guilt, courage and cowardice.
the novel is a satire on the soviet society, a love story and an ironical look at some religious themes, all interwoven with elements and characters from the faust legend. the novel is divided into two parts. it starts with a plot in which two apparently unrelated stories alternate chapter by chapter.
the first plot theme is the devil in modern moscow; the second is the story of pontius pilate.
plot line a.
1930s moscow is visited by satan in the guise of "professor" woland or voland (воланд). this mysterious magician of uncertain origin arrives with a retinue.
the group causes havoc in the literary elite, especially its trade union, . is a soviet-style abbreviation for the "moscow association of writers" or "literature for the masses". targets are massolit's posh hq, corrupt social-climbers and their women (wives and mistresses alike), bureaucrats and profiteers and, more generally, skeptical unbelievers in the human spirit.
plot line b.
the second setting is the jerusalem of pontius pilate, described by woland talking to berlioz and later echoed in the pages of the master's novel. it concerns pontius pilate's trial of yeshua ha-notsri (jesus the nazarene). pilate recognises an affinity and spiritual need for yeshua. there follows his reluctant but resigned submission to yeshua's execution.
linking plots a and b are the rather sympathetic characters of berlioz, pontius pilate and ivan ponyryov, a young, aspiring poet whose pen name (bezdomny) means "homeless".
berlioz is the head of . berlioz brushes off woland's prophecy of his death, only to have it come true just pages later in the novel. ivan, the young poet "homeless", tries to chase and capture the gang and warn of their evil. this lands him in a lunatic asylum, where he meets the master (named faust in the drafts and margins of the manuscript, but never in the finally published version). led to despair by the rejection of his novel about pontius pilate and christ, the master burns his manuscript and turns his back on the "real" world, including his devoted lover, margarita.
connecting these two themes are satan himself, and the master with his devoted lover margarita. the master is an embittered author, whose historical novel about pontius pilate had been rejected by the soviet literary committee .
part two introduces margarita, the master's mistress, who refuses to despair of her lover or his work. she is invited to the devil's midnight ball, where satan (woland) offers her the chance to become a witch with supernatural powers. this coincides with the night of good friday: the master's novel also deals with this same spring full moon when christ's fate is sealed by pontius pilate and he is crucified in jerusalem. all three events in the novel are linked by this.
margarita enters naked into the realm of night. she flies over the deep forests and rivers of the ussr. she bathes, and returns with azazello, her escort, to moscow as the anointed hostess for satan's great spring ball. standing by his side, she welcomes the dark celebrities of human history as they arrive from hell.
she survives this ordeal without breaking, and for her pains, satan offers to grant margarita her deepest wish. margarita selflessly chooses to liberate a woman whom she met at the ball. satan grants her first wish and offers her another, saying the first wish was unrelated to margarita's own desires. for her second wish, she chooses to liberate the master and live in poverty-stricken love with him.
the master and margarita, for not having lost their faith in humanity, are granted peace but are denied light – that is, they will spend eternity together in a shadowy yet pleasant region, having not earned the glories of heaven, but not deserving the punishments of hell. as a parallel to the master and margarita's freedom, pontius pilate is also released from his eternal punishment.
history of its writing and publication.
bulgakov started writing the novel in 1928. he burnt the first manuscript of the novel in 1930, seeing no future as a writer in the soviet union. the work was restarted in 1931. the second draft was completed in 1936 by which point all the major plot lines of the final version were in place. the third draft was finished in 1937. bulgakov continued to polish the work, aided by his wife, but was forced to stop work on the fourth version four weeks before his death in 1940.
a censored version (12% of the text removed and still more changed) of the book was first published in "moscow" magazine (#11, 1966 and #1, 1967). the text of all the omitted and changed parts, with indications of the places of modification, was published on a samizdat basis. in 1967 the publisher "posev" (frankfurt) printed a version produced with the aid of these inserts.
in the soviet union, the first complete version, prepared by anna saakyants, was published in 1973, based on the version of the beginning of 1940 proofread by the publisher. in 1989 the last version was prepared by literature expert lidiya yanovskaya based on all available manuscripts.
there are quite a few published english translations of "the master and margarita", including:
the early translation by glenny runs more smoothly than the modern translations. some russian-speaking readers consider it to be the only one creating the desired effect, though it may take liberties with the text. as an example, glenny's translations leaves out bulgakov's "crucial" reference to the devil in berlioz's thought:
several literary critics have hailed the burgin/tiernan o’connor translation as the most accurate and complete english translation. there are matching annotations by bulgakov's biographer, ellendea proffer. however, these judgements came before the translation by pevear and volokhonsky.
a graphic novel, an adaption by andrzej klimowski and danusia schejbal, published by self made hero in 2008 provides a fresh visual translation/interpretation.
in other media.
the novel has been the basis of films, stage productions, opera, ballet, and television versions.
padmashali () or padma bramhana is a hindu bramhin in origin,and took up artisan tasks are predominantly found in south indian states. padmashali bhargava brahmins are rugvedi brahmins. the community members are traditionally weavers specialised in making clothes of all kinds. they engage as priests brahmins for performing all rites and rituals and also perform services as temple priests for other castes.
the term "padmashali" is derived from two words "padma" and "shali", the padma means lotus and shali means weaver. they support their sanskrit origin with various myths and "puranas" such as "kulapurana" and "markandeya purana".
the padmashalis claim to be descendants from "bhrigu rishi" and "markandeya rishi", markandeya's son "bhavana rishi" who were born one hundred and one son; they took to weaving and the first clothes they wore was out of the fibres of the lotus stem so they came to be known as "padmashalis".
the padmashalis divided into two groups based on "sampradaya", being the shaivas and the vaishnavas and they worship both shiva and vishnu.
although padmashalis are related to brahmins, they are considered as a backward (obc) caste by the indian government while forward caste in some states. the community is highly sanskritised, with all men wearing the sacred thread and performing the similar rituals which north indian brahmins do, like north indian brahmin castes, their origin relates to sages as gothras.
the padmashalis basically perform brahmin rites and even today a group who are qualified as "agama shastra" "pandits" perform the "poojas" and vedic rites. they are identified as "padma brahmins".
the 2012 trinidad quadrangular t20 is a twenty20 cricket tournament. it was held in trinidad & tobago. the tournament is played to celebrate the trinidad and tobago's 50th year of independence. the tournament was scheduled to be a 6-match twenty20 series between trinidad & tobago, barbados, bangladesh and afghanistan. the matches in this series were not classified as official twenty20 international matches. but it was classified as practice matches. the champions received a prize money of $50,000.
rules and regulations.
in the tournament points are awarded to the team as follow ;
bijar (, ) is a city in kurdistan province in iran. people of bijar speak in sorani and garusi dialect of kurdi. most people in bijar are followers of islam.
revenge is an american television soap opera. it was first shown on 21 september 2011, on abc. the series is about a woman who comes back to her childhood home to get revenge on her father's friends who betrayed him by accusing him of a terrorist plot that he did not commit.
rachel dratch (born february 22 1966 in lexington, massachusetts) is an american comedy actress. she works mostly in television programs. she was on "saturday night live" from 1999 to 2006. she was also in the sitcoms "30 rock" and "frasier".
 is one of the eleven wards in the japanese city of kyoto in kyoto prefecture on the island of honshu.
in fushimi ward, fushimi inari-taisha, tombs of emperor kanmu and of emperor meiji are situated.
 is a japanese city in wakayama prefecture on the island of honshu.
mohammad aminul islam () (born february 2, 1968 in dacca) is a bangladeshi cricketer. he played 13 tests for bangladesh. he also played 39 odis. 
he scored the first hundred for bangladesh. 
he, along with other senior players like minhajul abedin nannu and akram khan, took bangladesh towards test status.
he scored a scintillating 145 against india in their inaugural test, showing all the world of his class, and made the 2nd bangladeshi test 50 after habibul bashar had reached his own. however, bulbul, as he was affectionately called, lost his form afterwards and only managed to cross 50 twice more in test mattches.
now he works for icc, aiming to develop cricket in countries where it isn't a big sport, like china for instance, and aims to spread cricket throughout the world.
imrul kayes (; born 2 february 1987) is a bangladeshi international cricketer. he plays for khulna division. he is a left-hand batsman. he is also an occasional wicket-keeper. he made his first-class debut in 2006.
kazi shahadat hossain () (born august 7, 1986) is a bangladeshi cricketer. he played his first test match for bangladesh in 2005.
the decline and fall of the roman empire is the short title of an important book by the 18th century english historian edward gibbon. the book traces the roman empire—and western civilization as a whole—from the late first century ad to the fall of the eastern or byzantine empire. 
published in six volumes, from volume i in 1776 to volumes iv, v, vi in 1788–89. the work covers the history of the roman empire, europe, and the catholic church from 98 to 1590 ad, and discusses the decline of the roman empire in the east and its fall in the west. because of its relative objectivity and heavy use of primary sources, its methodology became a model for later historians. this led to gibbon being called the first "modern historian of ancient rome".
gibbon gave an explanation for why the roman empire fell. 
according to gibbon, the roman empire succumbed to barbarian invasions because its citizens gradually lost their "civic virtue". they had become weak, using barbarian mercenaries to defend their empire, who then became so numerous that they were able to take over the empire. 
romans, he believed, became unwilling to live the tougher, "manly" military lifestyle. in addition, gibbon argued that christianity created a belief that a better life existed after death. this fostered an indifference to the present among roman citizens, and sapped their desire to sacrifice for the empire. he also believed its pacifism tended to hamper the traditional roman martial spirit. finally, like other enlightenment thinkers, gibbon held in contempt the middle ages as a priest-ridden, superstitious, "dark age". it was not until his own age of reason and rational thought, so it was believed, that human history could resume its progress.
gibbon sees the praetorian guard as the main catalyst of the empire's initial decay and eventual collapse, a seed planted by augustus at the start of the empire. he cites repeated examples of the praetorian guard abusing their power with calamitous results, including numerous instances of imperial assassination and incessant demands for increased pay.
views on christianity.
in volume i, especially chapters xv and xvi, gibbon challenged church history. he estimated far smaller numbers of christian martyrs than had been previously thought. the church's version of its early history had rarely been questioned before. for gibbon, however, the church writings were secondary sources. he shunned them in favour of primary sources from the period he was writing about. this is one reason why gibbon is referred to as the "first modern historian".
gibbon's main theory was that christianity as a prime factor in the empire's decline and fall. 
and, more generally:
later historians have mostly not agreed with gibbon. today, historians tend to analyze economic and military factors in the decline of rome.
gibbon continued to revise and change his work even after publication. the complexities of the problem are addressed in womersley's introduction and appendices to his complete edition.
aminul islam (born 29 december 1963) is a poet and essayist. he is from bangladesh. aminul has written seventeen books. he written thirteen poetry books. he has been involved in creative writing for 20 years.
aminul islam (1973 – april 2012) was a bangladeshi trade unionist (someone who organises trade unions). he was murdered in 2012.
islam was a former garment worker and was president of the ashulia and savar bangladesh garment & industrial workers federation.
also he was the leader of bangladesh center of worker solidarity. it has advocated for improved working conditions and higher wages. in 2010, the organization led protested to push for a larger increase in the minimum wage for garment workers. islam and other protester were arrested for that.
islam had recently been working to organize workers in factories, which belonged to the shanta group. the company produces clothing for multiple american companies, like tommy hilfiger, nike, and ralph lauren. he had also assisted abc news, for an interview with the survivors of a recent factory fire in bangladesh.
aminul islam may refer to:
mohammad mahmudullah riyad (born february 4, 1986 in mymensingh, dhaka), is a bangladeshi cricketer. he is also known as mahmudullah. currently he is the vice captain of bangladesh cricket team.
mohammad naeem islam is an international cricketer from bangladesh. he was born on 31 december 1986 in gaibandha. he is a right-handed batsman. he is also an occasional off break bowler.
sohag gazi (born august 5, 1991, barisal) is a bangladeshi cricketer. he made his test debut in first test against west indies in 2012. taking six wickets in the second innings.
enamul haque (born 5 december 1986 in sylhet), is a bangladeshi cricketer. he is known as enamul haque jr because a bangladeshi player enamul haque played before him. he is a right-handed batsman. he bowls a slow left-arm delivery. 
the indian cricket team is the national cricket team of india. it is ruled by the board of control for cricket in india (bcci). it is a full member of the international cricket council (icc). it has test and one day international (odi) status.
the cricket teams of bangladesh and australia have played against each other in odis since 1990. they have met on 19 occasions. australia is most successful with 18 victories, bangladesh have won in only 1 game.
one day international is a form of limited overs cricket. it is played between 2 teams who has one-day status. it was played first in 1971. the teams were australia and england. in this format of cricket 50 overs played in each innings. but earlier it was 60 overs.
in a cricket match an over is a set of six balls bowled from one end of a cricket pitch.
in a normal over, a single bowlers delivers six balls. after the over, the umpire calls "over". some forms of cricket, like t20 cricket, limit the number of overs that can be bowled in a match/innings.
historical number of balls per over in test cricket.
since 1979/80, all test cricket has been played with six balls per over. but sometimes it also played more than six or less than six.
balls per over
in south africa
in new zealand
in india, west indies, sri lanka, zimbabwe, bangladesh and the united arab emirates (venue, not host) all test matches have been played with six ball overs.
in cricket match the cricket pitch is the central part of the cricket field. it is 22 yards (20.12 m) long and 10 feet (3.05 m) wide. the surface is very flat, so the ball can bounce on it when bowled to the batsman. at each end of the pitch there is a batsman's ground and a wicket. the bowler must bowl the ball from one end of the pitch (otherwise it is a no-ball) to the batsman or wicket at the other end (it is a wide if the ball is not thrown near one of these).
samizdat was the underground literature of the soviet union. since many authors were banned, and could not publish their works, people used typescripts to circulate their work. penalties for being caught with copies of banned works was severe. owning a printing press required permission, and all forms of printing required a licence. however, typewriters were common and, with the aid of carbon paper, many copies of the best works were produced and circulated.
once samizdats were in circulation, they sometimes got into the west. several important works were published from samizdat and translated, before they were published in the soviet union.
vera mindy chokalingam, known professionally as mindy kaling (born june 24, 1979 in cambridge, massachusetts) is an american actress and comedian. she is also a writer and acts mostly on television programs.
kaling was born in cambridge, massachusetts to indian hindu parents. her mother was a doctor while her father was an architect. she was named "mindy" after the character in the television series mork & mindy. she describes herself as a child calling herself "a respectful and hardworking wallflower". she took up acting when she attended dartmouth college. she took a break from college for a semester to intern with late night with conan o'brien. kaling was a member of dartmouth's improv troupe "the dog day players". she also created "badly drawn girl". a comic strip for the dartmouth newspaper. in the play "+matt & ben" she played ben affleck. it was featured on time magazine"s 2003 "top ten theatrical events of the year". she graduated in 2001.
in 2005 kaling began playing the airhead kelly kapoor in the situation comedy "the office". kaling was also a writer and producer for the show. she plays the protagonist in "the mindy project". she is a feminist. in 2005 kaling acted in a film for the first time. she played a character called amy in "the 40 year old virgin".
in 2014 kaling was on one of the four february covers of elle magazine. it started a controversy because she was the only one of the four that was not a full-body shot. the question became "mindy's not skinny enough to show her whole body, standing up from head to toe?" kaling said she liked the cover and it made her feel glamorous.
she will appear as mrs. who in the 2018 disney movie "a wrinkle in time".
 is a japanese city in kumamoto prefecture on the island of honshu. 
 is a japanese city in gunma prefecture on the island of honshu.
 is a japanese city in yamaguchi prefecture on the island of honshu.
iwakuni grew up around iwakuni castle.
sir john everett millais, 1st baronet, pra 8 june 1829 – 13 august 1896) was an english painter. he was one of the founders of the pre-raphaelite brotherhood, and painted several of their most famous works. 
by the time has was 30 he had changed to become a portrait painter of famous people. he was equally good at that, and became one of the best of the later 19th century. 
his marriage to effie (euphemia chalmers gray) had a history. she had married john ruskin, but ruskin did not consummate the marriage.
when she met millais some five years after her marriage, she was still a virgin. she left her husband, and their marriage was annulled in 1854. in 1855 she married millais and they had eight children. the triangle has been used in drama and literature many times.
six flags magic mountain is a theme park in valencia, california, united states. it opened on may 29, 1971. from 1971 to 1979, the theme park was named magic mountain and independently owned. in 1979, the park was purchased by six flags, and it was renamed to six flags magic mountain in 1980. it is located beside a water park called six flags hurricane harbor. it has 19 roller coasters (the most in the world) and 60 other kinds of rides, giving a total of 69 rides in the park. some of its rides include revolution, tatsu, x2, , full throttle, scream!, , gold rusher, and twisted colossus. there are nine themed areas, including dc universe (an area inspired by dc comics) and the movie district (a movie-inspired area). starting with wet 'n wild orlando, they had replaced
the current rides at six flags magic mountain are provided below:
current roller coasters.
there are currently 19 roller coasters at six flags magic mountain, the largest number of roller coasters in a park in the world.
ics bégué is a french private business school in paris. it was created in 1957 and is part of ionis education group.
it is recognized by the french state.
an enol is an alkene that has an oh group attached to one end of the double bond. it is called an enolate if the proton on the oxygen atom is taken away.
enols are tautomers of ketones or aldehydes. tautomers are molecules which are different only in the position of an hydrogen atom. enols can be made very easily from ketones or aldehydes using a base. they are quite unstable, because the c=o bond is stronger than the c=c bond. however, they can do many interesting reactions. the best example is the aldol reaction.
enols of ketones can be made on two different sides. it is important to be able to choose which side to react. the side with less substituents is the easiest one to react: it can be made at low temperature with a bulky base. this is called the kinetic enolate. the other side, with more substituents, is more difficult to react. higher temperatures are needed. this is called the thermodynamic enolate.
steric effects are the effects seen in molecules that come from the fact that atoms occupy space. when atoms are put close to each other, this costs energy. the electrons near the atoms want to stay away from each other. this can change the way molecules want to react. it can also change the shape (or conformation) of the molecule. the amount of space that a group of atoms takes is called the "steric bulk".
an example of steric effects is steric hindrance. this is when a large group in a molecule makes reactions not work. for example, an sn2 reaction does not happen on carbon atoms that have three substituents. steric hindrance however can also be a positive thing. sometimes, chemists would like a reaction to happen in one place rather than another one. a bulky group can block a position. it can also change the shape such that only one diastereomer from a reaction is made.
steric effects are usually smaller than electronic effects. these affect the molecule's shape and reactivity as well, but they come from the way electrons are placed in bonds.
the motherland party () is a nationalist and conservative political party in azerbaijan. it was founded in 1990. its members are mainly azerbaijanis who come from armenia. the party's leader fazail agamali is a former deputy minister for social protection. the party's aim is to create a "free, powerful, democratic and entire azerbaijan".
at the 2010 parliamentary elections, it won 2 out of 125 seats.
barking is a town in greater london, england. it is densely populated with people from multicultural backgrounds.
 is a japanese city in ishikawa prefecture on the island of honshu.
hashimato's thyroiditis or chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease. the cause of hashimato's thyroiditis is that body starts to produce antibodies against the normal thyroid tissue. this disease was the first disease to be described as autoimmune. for the first time it described by the japanese specialist "hakaru hashimato" in germany in 1912.
 is a japanese city in kumamoto prefecture on the island of kyushu.
the tsing ma bridge is a bridge in hong kong. it is the world's ninth-longest span suspension bridge, and was the second longest at time of completion. the bridge was named after two of the islands at its ends, namely tsing yi and ma wan. it has two decks and carries both road and rail traffic, which also makes it the largest suspension bridge of this type. the bridge has a main span of and a height of . the span is the largest of all bridges in the world carrying rail traffic. 
 is a japanese town in kagawa prefecture on the island of shikoku. 
kotohira grew up around the kotohira shrine.
"kanamaru-za" in kotohira is japan's oldest surviving kabuki playhouse.
sly and the family stone was an american rock, funk and soul band. the band was formed in 1967 and broke up in 1983. the band played an important park in the development of soul, funk, and psychedelic music. the group was led by sly stone. it also included several of his siblings. they are known for their songs "everyday people" and "dance to the music".
in 1993, the band was inducted into the rock and roll hall of fame.
a multivitamin is any of a group of vitamins used often with minerals needed by the human body to function properly. multivitamins are available as tablets, capsules, pastilles, powders, liquids, and injections. besides injections, multivitamins are recognized by the codex alimentarius commission (the united nations' authority on food standards) as a category of food.
multivitamins are often provided with minerals. a multivitamin or mineral set is approved in the united states as a (supplement) addition to a diet containing 3 or more vitamins and minerals that does not include herbs, hormones, or drugs. the terms multivitamin and multimineral are often used interchangeably. there is no scientific definition for either.
the cricket teams of bangladesh and sri lanka have played against each other in odis since 1986. they have met on 30 occasions. sri lanka have been more successful with 27 victories, bangladesh have won in 3 games.
ken loach (born 1936) is a british movie director, producer and writer. he was born in nuneaton, warwickshire. he has made many movies about working class life. his films include "cathy come home", "poor cow", "the wind that shakes the barley", and "kes". he was educated at st peter's college, oxford.
la rioja is an autonomous community and a province in spain. it is in the north of the iberian peninsula. the capital of la rioja is logroño. other cities and towns in the province are calahorra, arnedo, alfaro, haro, santo domingo de la calzada, and nájera.
la rioja is famous for its wines.
dehgolan (, ) is a city in kurdistan province of iran. they are followers of islam. the population of dehgolan is mainly kurdish .
divandarreh (, ) is a city in the kurdistan province of iran. its people speak kurdish. they are followers of islam. at the 2006 census, there were 22,842 people, in 5,305 families.
kamyaran (, ) is a city in the kurdistan province of iran. its people speak in kurdish. they are followers of islam. there is also a shia minority and a few jewish families in kamyaran.
at the 2006 census, there were 46,760 people, in 11,186 families.
sir thomas robinson, 1st baronet (1703–1777) was an english architect and collector.
thomas left his brother william his title but not his estates. he left his brother richard his books, including those on architecture and antiquities. on 2 march 1730, he became a baronet of rokeby. rokeby is in the county of york.
qorveh (, ) is a city in kurdistan province of iran. its people speak kurdish. some people also speak azerbaijani language. they are followers of islam. at the 2006 census, qorveh had 65,842 people, in 16,309 families.
ah boys to men is a 2012–2013 singaporean comedy movie. it was released in two parts. it was directed by jack neo. jack neo also was one of the writers, along with link sng. it is the highest grossing singaporean film of all time.
sarvabad (, ) is a city in kurdistan province of iran. its people speaks in kurdi. they are followers of islam. at the 2006 census, its population was 46,760, in 11,186 families.
side effects is a 2013 american crime thriller movie. it stars channing tatum, catherine zeta-jones and jude law. the movie is about a young woman under antidepressant drugs. the reviews for "side effects" were positive.
hartola is a municipality in päijänne tavastia, finland. it is part of the historical area of itä-häme. as of 30 january 2014, over 3,100 people lived there. during summer, the number of people living there almost doubles. the nearest railway station is away. there are several lakes in hartola, including jääsjärvi and rautavesi.
the closest town to hartola is heinola. other nearby municipalities are joutsa, luhanka, pertunmaa and sysmä. the closes cities are jyväskylä (about 100km) and lahti (about 100km). the closest airport is in jyväskylä.
on the first saturday of september there is a country market held in hartola. this makes lot of people come to hartola. it was first held 1937.
extremadura is an autonomous community of spain. its capital city is mérida. the provinces cáceres and badajoz are a part of extremadura. extremadura is bordered by portugal to the west. to the north, it borders castile and león. to the south, it borders andalusia. to the east, it borders castile-la mancha.
 is a japanese city in kagawa prefecture on the island of shikoku.
the castle town grew up around marugame castle which was built in 1597.
the modern city was established in 1899.
since 1947, the city has hosted to an annual road running competition: the marugame half marathon.
 is a japanese town in yamanashi prefecture on the island of honshu.
the temple town grew up around kuon-ji, which is one of the important sites of nichiren buddhism. nichiren's grave is at minobu.
the modern village was established in 1889l. it became a town in 1931.
the fuji river ("fujigawa") runs through the town.
 is a japanese city in yamagata prefecture on the island of honshu.
the castle town was held by the uesugi clan starting in the muromachi period.
the modern city was established in 1889.
before and after is a 1996 thriller drama based on a 1992 book of the same name. meryl streep plays doctor carolyn ryan, edward furlong plays jacob and liam neeson plays ben ryan. the subject of this thriller is murder, deception, coverup and betrayal. the release date was february 23, 1996.
 is a city in toyama prefecture, japan.
uozu developed as a castle town.
in 1582, the forces of oda nobunaga forced the uesugi clan to give up control of uozu castle.
in 1918, riots started in uozo because of increases in rice prices.
in 1956, a great fire ravished many buildings in uozu.
several rivers run through uozu—the fuse river, the katakai river, the kado river, and the hayatsuki river.
gold was discovered in the mountains of near uozu.
according to japanese census data,
the lake mungo remains are three sets of human fossils. they are lake mungo 1 ("lm1", or "mungo lady"), lake mungo 2 ("lm2"), and lake mungo 3 ("lm3", or "mungo man"). the sites are located near lake mungo, in new south wales, australia, in the world heritage-listed willandra lakes region. pieces of skeletons have been found in this region. these pieces have been attributed to over forty human skeletons. the lake mungo remains are the most significant of these.
mungo lady (lm1).
lm1 are the fossilised, cremated remains of a young woman. they were found in 1969 by james bowler with the university of melbourne. radiocarbon dating of pieces of bone from the burial put lm1 between 24,700 and 19,030 years old. charcoal from a hearth 15 cm above the burial was dated at 26,250 years old (plus or minus 1,120 years). reconstruction and study of the remains were mainly done by alan thorne at the australian national university. the patterns of burn marks on the bones suggest that the body was first burned, then smashed, then burned a second time, before being buried.
research published by bowler in 2003 rejected previous estimates for all of remains at the site. optical dating concluded that both lm1 and lm3 were buried around 40,000 years ago (plus or minus 2,000 years). this makes it the earliest evidence of human cremation that has been found. it suggests that ancient indigenous australians in this region had their own complicated burial rituals.
the bones were returned in 1992 to the area's traditional owners: the paakantji (barkindji), the mathi mathi and the ngiyampaa. lm1 is now in a locked vault at the mungo national park visitor centre.
mungo man (lm3).
lm3 was found by james bowler on 26 february 1974, when shifting sand dunes exposed the remains. it is located 500 m east of the lm1 site. the body was covered with red ochre, in the earliest known example of such a complicated and artistic burial practice. like the cremation of lm1, this indicates that certain cultural traditions have existed on the australian continent for much longer than previously thought.
the skeleton was of a slender individual, quite different to the build of modern indigenous australians. the skeleton was badly preserved: large pieces of the skull were missing, and most of the bones in the limbs were damaged. usually, the gender of a skeleton is determined using the bones in the skull and the pelvis. the problem is that these bones are in a very bad state in lm3, or they are missing altogether; in other words, the "normal" method of gender determination cannot be used with lm3. since lm3 was discovered, other features were studied; most of these studies agree that lm3 was probably a male.
lm3 was buried lying on his back, with his hands joined together covering the groin. some of the bones show evidence of osteoarthritis and eburnation, and the teeth are well worn. based on this, it is likely that lm3 was quite old (around 50 years old) when he died. new studies show that, using the length of his limb bones, it is possible to estimate lm3's height at 196 centimetres (77 inches or 6 ft 5 in), unusually tall for an aboriginal.
the first estimate of lm3's age was made in 1976 by the team of scientists from the australian national university (anu) who excavated lm3. they estimated that lm3 was between 28,000 and 32,000 years old. they did not test lm3's remains directly; instead, they made their estimate through stratigraphic comparison with lm1. in 1987, an electron spin resonance test was done on pieces of bone from lm3's skeleton. this gave an estimate of his age at 31,000 years, plus or minus 7,000 years. in 1999, optical dating work was done on quartz from the lm3 burial site. the results indicated a burial older than 24,600 years (± 2,400) and younger than 43,300 years (± 3,800).
later in the same year, research led by alan thorne gave a new estimate of 62,000 years old (plus or minus 6,000 years). this estimate was made by combining data from uranium-thorium dating, electron spin resonance dating and optically stimulated luminescence (osl) dating of the remains and the soil in the grave. this estimate was very controversial, and some of the techniques used to get this estimate were criticised.
in 2003, several australian groups came to an agreement that lm3 is about 40,000 years old. a team led by bowler did 25 more osl tests that suggested that lm3 can not be older than 50,000 years. this age roughly agrees with stratigraphic evidence using four different dating methods. the age of 40,000 years is now the most widely accepted age for the lm3. this makes it the second oldest human fossil east of india, and the oldest in australia. in addition to this, the study published in 2003 found that lm1 and lm3 are similar in age, and that humans were present at lake mungo as early as 50,000 to 46,000 years ago.
other discoveries of remains.
in 1998, the remains of a child were discovered. these are believed to have roughly the same age as mungo man and mungo lady. in 2005, erosion exposed another adult skeleton. because it was not protected, this skeleton was destroyed by wind and rain about a year later. 
how australia was settled.
the main idea is the out of africa hypothesis: it says that humans developed on the african continent, and spread from there. another important site is called kow swamp, in the northern part of victoria. it consists of about twenty skeletons, which are between 5,000 and 10,000 years old. the morphology of mungo man is noticeably different from these skeletons. for this reason, some researchers have said that australia was probably settled twice. the settlers were probably descendants of homo erectus and came from the asian mainland. this theory is based on the analysis of mitochondrial dna. if this is true, the two lines, that of mungo man and that of modern humans, separated a long time ago. this would also mean that mitochondrial eve of this line and that of modern humans would be older than mitochondrial eve of all living humans.
 is a japanese city in kōchi prefecture on the pacific coastline of the island of shikoku.
the village of nakanohama in what is now tosashimizu was the birthplace of nakahama manjirō, who was the first known japanese to live in the united states in the mid-19th century.
the modern city was established in 1954.
the.civic solidarity party () is a nationalist and conservative political party in azerbaijan. it was founded in 1992. the party's leader is sabir rustamkhanli, who is actually a poet. the party's ideology is based on the "universal political values of freedom, equality and solidarity".
at the 2020 parliamentary elections, it won 3 out of 125 seats.
knockwurst is a type of sausage. in north america, "knockwurst" refers to a short, plump sausage that comes from the holstein region in germany. they contain ground veal, ground pork, and fresh garlic stuffed into hog casings. the sausages are aged for two to five days, then smoked over oak wood. knackwurst is often prepared highly seasoned.
sorority row is a 2009 american horror thriller movie. it is a remake of "the house on sorority row". it was released on september 11, 2009. rumer willis plays ellie, and audrina patridge plays megan. the movie is about a serial killer targeting a group of college students. "sorority row" was filmed in pennsylvania. the reviews were negative for this movie.
valencia is a city in spain. valencia might also mean:
amour is an 2012 academy award-winning french movie. the director was michael haneke. it starred jean-louis trintignant as georges, emmanuelle riva as anne, and isabelle huppert as their daughter.
the movie was about an elderly couple, anne and georges, who are retired music teachers who live alone together. anne suffers a stroke which paralyses her on one side of her body. after weeks of attempted treatment at home, georges grabs a pillow and suffocates anne to death.
it received many positive reviews. roger ebert gave it four out of four stars. it won an golden globe award and an academy award for best foreign film.
 is a japanese city in okinawa prefecture. the city is the most southern city in japan. 
ishigaki was established in 1908 as yaeyama village. in 1914 it was renamed to ishigaki village. it grew to become a town in 1926 and a city in 1947. 
the senkakus were included in the village of 1908, in the village of 1914, in the town in 1926, and in the city in 1947.
in 2013, the opened.
the city includes ishigaki island and the senkaku islands. 
michael haneke (born march 23, 1942) is a austrian movie director, movie producer, and screenwriter. he is recently known for directing the academy award-winning foreign movie "amour". he was nominated for best director and best screenwriter at the golden globe awards and at the academy awards.
haneke was born on march 23, 1942 in munich, germany. he was raised in wiener neustadt. he is remotely related to actor christoph waltz. he was raised in wiener neustadt. haneke studied at the university of vienna. he was married to susanne haneke since 1983.
jean-louis xavier trintignant (11 december 1930 – 17 june 2022) was a french actor, racecar driver, producer and director. he won an césar award for best actor as georges in the 2012 french movie "amour".
in july 2018, he announced his retirement from cinema.
trintignant was born on 11 december 1930 in piolenc, vaucluse, france. he was raised in piolenc and in paris. trintignant was married to stéphane audran until they divorced. then he was married to nadine marquand from 1960 until they divorced in 1976. he had three children; including marie.
in november 2017, trintignant announced that he was diagnosed with prostate cancer. he died on 17 june 2022 at his home in uzès, france from problems caused by the disease, aged 91.
emmanuelle riva (born paulette germaine riva; 24 february 1927 – 27 january 2017) was a french actress, writer, photographer, and poet. she was known for her bafta award-winning role as anne in "amour". she was nominated for an academy award and won an bafta award for her role in "amour".
riva was born on 24 february 1927 in cheniménil, france. her grandfather was italian. riva was raised and studied acting in paris.
riva died from cancer on 27 january 2017 in paris at the age of 89.
carmen montejo (maría teresa sánchez gonzález; may 26, 1925 – february 25, 2013) was an cuban-mexican actress. she was known for her many television shows. she was one of the last surviving actresses of the golden age of cinema of mexico.
montejo was born on may 26, 1925 in pinar del río, cuba. she was married to manuel gonzález ortega until his death. montejo died on february 25, 2013 in mexico city, mexico from an illness, aged 87.
isabelle anne madeleine huppert (born march 16, 1953) is a french actress. she is known for her roles in "violette nozière", "la pianist", and in "amour". 
huppert was born on march 16, 1953 in paris, france. she as raised in ville-d'avray. huppert studied at national conservatory of dramatic art of paris. she was married to ronald chammah since 1982. they had three children.
weight loss is when a person weighs less than before. a person can lose weight by running, swimming or doing any other activity. also, a person might eat a healthier diet to lose weight. there are many diet and exercises programs available to lose weight. many people lose weight when they eat less sugar and more vegetables, fruits and lean meat.
weight loss can happen for different reasons.
in many countries weight loss is caused by sociological pressure mostly on woman to have slim and fit figure.
unintentional weight loss.
unintentional weight loss is when a person loses weight without trying. it can be a symptom of some types of cancer. stress can cause unintentional weight loss. stress can come from divorce, changing jobs or over the loss of a loved one. once the stress is removed and the person feels happier again, the weight may return to normal. depression may also cause weight loss. eating disorders such as anorexia or bulimia can cause significant weight loss. these disorders usually require the help of health care professionals.
getting enough sleep helps to avoid gaining excess weight. over time, getting more sleep can help a person to lose weight. the main reason is not getting enough sleep leaves a person tired during the day and prone to eating more food. getting enough sleep helps in maintaining healthy eating habits.
with every breath.
without going to the bathroom, a person naturally loses over while they sleep at night. one reason is humans breathe in oxygen but breathes out carbon dioxide. that is breathing in one molecule of oxygen for every two molecules of carbon each time they breathe out. a molecule of carbon does not weigh much by itself, but given that with each breath twenty billion-trillion molecules are expelled, over a 7-8 hour period that adds up to over a pound of carbon. normal perspiration occurs while sleeping but usually only causes a small amount of water weight loss. 
your body also burns calories while you sleep.
diet vs exercise.
it is well known that lean mass (muscle and bone) burn more energy than fat. even at rest, a body with more muscle tissue will burn more calories.
exercise alone can be effective in weight loss. several studies found similar results. the comparison between dieting and exercising found both resulted in weight loss. the conclusion was that using both diet and exercise together was the most effective method of weight loss and in maintaining a healthy body.
sher-e-bangla cricket stadium or sher-e-bangla national cricket stadium (sbns)' is a cricket stadium in bangladesh. some times it is called mirpur stadium. it is in mirpur of dhaka. it can hold 26.000 people at a time. it was built in 2006. it was named after sher-e-bangla a. k. fazlul huq "the tiger of bangla".
the stadium has hosted bangladesh's first class, test, odi, twenty20 and women's cricket matches. it also hosted international matches like icc world cup, asia cup etc.
the ground is a state of the art stadium. it is considered one of the best grounds in the subcontinent. its most striking and interesting part is its modern drainage. the ground was originally built for football and athletics. for this reason it was built in rectangular shape. but when it was shifted for cricket it was fixed to oval for cricket. the ground was fitted with floodlights on 2009. it is able to host day/night cricket matches.
first test and odi.
he ground hosted its first test match on 25 may 2007. it was a test match between bangladesh and india. it hosted it's first odi on december 8, 2006. the match was played by bangladesh and zimbabwe. 
2011 cricket world cup.
the stadium hosted 4 group matches and 2 quarter finals during the 2011 cricket world cup.
asia cup, 2012.
bangladesh hosted the 12th edition of the asia cup. sher-e-bangla national stadium hosted those matches.
in the united states of america a sportsbook is a place where a player can bet money on many different sports, for example basketball, golf, football, hockey, baseball, soccer, horse racing, boxing and many more.
a bet is when a person thinks that a particular team/contestant will win a competition and gives some money. if he wins the bet - he will receive his money back with some monetary prize. if his team/contestant loses, he will not get his money back.
the professional and amateur sports protection act of 1992 allows only nevada, oregon, montana, and delaware to legally bet on sports.
there are more sportbooks that allow betting online or through mobile. with better availability and lower minimum bets, the whole industry is rapidly growing.
before placing a bet a person should read the terms and conditions of the sportsbook to avoid any problems.
a paid or incentivized survey is a type of survey where person for filling out the details will get some reward.
usual prizes will be small amount of money, simple reward like pen or cup, or entry in to competition to win something.
web-based survey have come a long way, from 1980s where first email surveys were conducted to 1990s when initial web-based surveys were introduced. there were almost $500 million spent on web-based surveys in 2002, and according to inside research this number climbed up to about $960 million in 2004.
but despite the advances in survey research, there are still many short comings and problems, such as declining response rates, limited online data bases, mistrust about survey uses (true research versus selling), survey length, issues concerning privacy and security, internet surveys being looked at as spam by some etc.
most of online surveys that are real will not pay cash, but instead give vouchers or prizes.
online or internet surveys are very useful for many companies. people get rewarded for answering questions about a product, a company or any questions that will help the company to work better.
many companies pay people to take a survey, but some are for free.
in era of digital surveys there is many fraud cases where user will be not paid after completing one. some ways of avoiding fraud sites is to check them on mywot, review sites or by simply checking their reviews on forums.
it is getting more popular to fill surveys to get access to website or valuable content.
another popular form of surveys that has recently emerged are daily surveys. daily survey panels allow their members to participate in surveys everyday. the user is taken through a router where they can keep trying to qualify until a survey is found that matches their demographics. daily surveys pay less than most paid surveys, but the opportunity to qualify is much greater and payouts are usually cash instead of prizes.
businesses spend $18.7 billion worldwide on market research, as reported by casro.
mirpur () is a place, a "thana" of dhaka city, bangladesh.
mirpur has a total area of . it is north-east of dhaka city.
lifeline is a non-profit organisation that provides free, 24-hour telephone support to people in need. lifeline assistance do not make any profit.
a lifeline assistance called volunteer crisis supporters provides suicide prevention services (trying to persuade people not to kill themselves) and mental health support (helping with depression and other issues). they help people not only by telephone but face-to-face too and online.
most people that work at the telephone lifeline work for free. they are called volunteers. they are very well trained to help people with any problems. more than 400,000 calls are served by the lifeline assistance every year.
some lifeline centres also provide other support services that may have group support, assistance with food & bills and support for the old people.
lifeline has more than 260 retail outlets around australia that sell clothes and furniture to make enough money to pay for training and office space they use. some lifeline centres have few stores which helps them with day-to-day spending. some lifelines can provide people in need with free mobile phones thanks to government grants.
the 2010 report recorded 2,361 deaths by suicide in australia, 480 more deaths than in 2007.
this is a list of bangladeshi test cricketers. this list is arranged to show the test cricketers of bangladesh. if more than one player won his first test cap in the same test match, then those players are listed alphabetically by surname.
statistics are correct as of 11 july 2021.
this is a list of one day international cricketers for bangladesh. the list is arranged in an order, in which each player won his first odi cap. if more than one player won his first odi cap in the same match, then those players are listed alphabetically by first name.
statistics are correct as at 31 july 2008.
mobile advertising is very similar to online or internet advertising. mobile advertising is method of advertising via mobile phones or other mobile devices like tablets.
more and more people worldwide have mobile phones and spend on them a lot of time so mobile advertising is very successful these days and the whole market is growing fast.
today there are more mobile phones than tvs and computers in the world.
in spain 75% of mobile phone owners receive mobile advertising. in france 62% and in japan 54% mobile phone owners receive mobile advertising. in japan today, 44% of mobile phone owners click on ads they get on their phones. mobile advertising was worth 900 million dollars only in japan.
there are people and organizations that want to create guidelines for mobile advertising (set of rules to follow).
this article lists australian test cricketers as of 14 february 2013.
this is a list of cricketers that play test cricket for england.
players who have played test cricket for more than one team.
a number of cricketers have played test match cricket for england and another test match team.
this is a list of test cricketers who have played for india. a test match is an international cricket match between two of the leading cricketing nations. the list is arranged in the order in which each player won his test cap. where more than one player won his first test cap in the same test match, those players are listed alphabetically by surname.
statistics are correct as of 25 february 2021.
statistics are correct as of 17 january 2022.
this is a list of cricketers who play test cricket for new zealand.
statistics are correct as of new zealand v england, 3rd test, 2007-08 (26 march, 2008) 
new zealand is shown above.
this is a list of cricketers who play test cricket for pakistan.
statistics are correct as of 24 august 2008.
pt lion mentari airlines, known as lion air or lion airlines is the largest private airline in indonesia. lion air have their headquarter office in jakarta, indonesia. lion air goes to places like singapore, vietnam, malaysia and saudi arabia. the airplanes go to 56 different places in indonesia and world with a fleet of 89 airplanes.
lion airlines cannot fly in european union because they did not passed safety laws set by officials.
on 18 november 2011, the airline informed about order of boeing planes setting the record for the world's bigge
st single order of 230 planes for a commercial airline worth $21.7 billion.
nasir hossain (born 30 november 1991) is a bangladeshi cricketer. he is an all-rounder. he made his one day international (odi) debut in august 2011 against zimbabwe. he also made his test debut in 2011. the opposition team was west indies.
aryabhata was india's first satellite. it got its name from the indian astronomer of the same name.
the jacquard loom is a mechanical loom. it is used to make patterns in clothing material. it was invented by joseph marie jacquard, and first used in 1801. it simplified the process of making textiles with complex patterns.
 is a japanese city in okinawa prefecture on the island of okinawa.
in 1908, okinawa prefecture established the villages of goeku and misato. during the occupation of japan, the u.s. military government established the city of in goeku.
in 1974, the city of okinawa was created by the merger of misato and koza.
the city of okinawa is located in the central part of the island of okinawa. it is about 20 km north of naha.
in the prefecture, it is the second-largest city after naha.
there is a united states military base which is partly in the city. it is kadena air base.
rude awakening is a comedy movie released in august 1989. it stars cindy williams as june and andrea martin as april. the movie is set in the late 1960s in new york city. the movie received negative reviews by critics while in theaters.
mary elizabeth mastrantonio (november 17 1958) is an american actress. she first became well-known after playing gina montana in the 1983 movie "scarface". she also played carmen in the 1986 movie "the color of money". her other movies include "" (1991) and "the abyss" (1989). mastrantonio was born in illinois.
armardeh (, ) is a city in the kurdistan province of iran. its people speak kurdish. they are followers of islam. at the 2006 census, its population was 2,062, in 427 families.
buin-e sofla (, ) is a city in the kurdistan province of iran. its people speak kurdish. they are followers of islam. at the 2006 census, its population was 4,524, in 977 families.
kani sur (, ) is a city in the kurdistan province of iran. its people speak kurdish. they are followers of islam. at the 2006 census, its population was 1,131, in 239 families
yasukand (, ) is a city in the kurdistan province in iran. its people speak kurdish. they are followers of islam. at the 2006 census, its population was 3,268, in 917 families.
bolbanabad (, ) is a city in the kurdistan province of iran. its people speak kurdish. they are followers of islam. at the 2016 census, its population was 3,207, in 943 families.
zarrineh (, ) is a city in the kurdistan province of iran. its people speak kurdish. they are followers of islam. at the 2006 census, its population was 1,272, in 266 families.
babarashani (, ) is a city in the kurdistan province of iran. its people speak kurdish. at the 2006 census, its population was 481, in 128 families.
muchesh (, ) is a city in the kurdistan province of iran. its people speak kurdish. they are followers of islam. at the 2006 census, its population was 2,950, in 769 families.
chenareh (, ) is a city in the kurdistan province of iran. its people speak kurdish. they are followers of islam. at the 2006 census, its population was 433, in 101 families.
kani dinar (, ) is a city in the kurdistan province of iran. its people speak kurdish. they are followers of islam. at the 2006 census, its population was 5,127, in 1,232 families.
delbaran (, ) is a city in the kurdistan province of iran. its people speak kurdish. they are followers of islam. at the 2006 census, its population was 6,104, in 1,395 families.
dezej (, ) is a city in the kurdistan province of iran. its people speak kurdish. they are followers of islam. at the 2006 census, its population was 2,292, in 559 families.
serishabad (, ) is a city in the kurdistan province of iran. its people speak kurdish. they are followers of islam. at the 2006 census, its population was 6,563, in 1,742 families.
shuyesheh (, ) is a city in the kurdistan province of iran. its people speak kurdish. they are followers of islam. at the 2006 census, its population was 1,136, in 280 families.
saheb (, ) is a city in the west side of iran. they are followers of islam. at the 2006 census, its population was 1,489, in 344 families.
the irtysh river (; ; / ; , "twirl"; ) is a river in siberia and kazakhstan. it is the main tributary of the ob river. the main tributary of the irtysh is the tobol river. the ob-irtysh forms a major drainage basin in asia, and covers most of western siberia and the altay mountains.
from its origins as the "kara-irtysh" (vast irtysh, kara means vast in turkic languages but also black. but in the context and geographic terms usually refers vast) in the mongolian altay mountains in xinjiang, china, the irtysh flows northwest through lake zaysan in kazakhstan, meeting the ishim and tobol rivers before merging with the ob near khanty-mansiysk in western siberia, russia after 4,248 kilometres (2,640 mi).
the name black irtysh ("kara-irtysh" in kazakh, or "cherny irtysh" in russian) is applied by some authors, especially in russia and kazakhstan, to the upper course of the river, from its source entering lake zaysan. the term white irtysh, in opposition to the black irtysh, was occasionally used in the past to refer to the irtysh below lake zaysan; now this usage is largely obsolete.
the largest tributaries of the irtysh are, from source to mouth:
in quantum mechanics, the mathematical formalism is very difficult to interpret physically. however, there are many ideas about the interpretations and meanings of quantum mechanics. there are no facts to prove any interpretation over the others, but there are some that are more accepted than others.
"main article: quantum mechanics"
the main ideas of quantum mechanics are the postulates of schrödinger and heisenberg. the schrödinger equation is a partial differential equation that describes the wavefunction of an object. the equation can be given by
the basic meaning of this equation is that a particle, such as an electron, is not "just" a point-like particle, but also a type of wave. the philosophical implications will be explored shortly. another fundamental of quantum mechanics is the heisenberg uncertainty principle. this bizarre theory is the idea that the position and the momentum of an object cannot both be known. the greater the certainty of the "position" of an object, the less the certainty of the "momentum" of the object. the mathematical formulation of this is given by
this can further be generalized by stating that
where formula_4 is the operator of formula_5 and formula_6. this law also gives rise to an uncertainty between energy and time, which can be expressed in the same way as the relation between momentum and position.
another important fact of quantum mechanics is that the electron behaves in a very weird way. at first, no one really knew what the wavefunction meant physically. max born, a theoretical physicist, explained that the wavefunction is a "probability wave." in other words, wherever the wave is denser, that is where the particle is most likely found, but it won't necessarily be found there. the way to find the probability 
(formula_7) of the position of the particle in the region formula_8
for example, if formula_7 is equal to .5, then there is a 50% chance of finding the particle within that region. this shows us that the location of a particle is probabilistic; one can never say that the particle will "definitely" be found at a certain point in space, but rather, one can only give the probability of finding the particle within that region. 
the most well-accepted interpretation of quantum mechanics and the most boring one is the idea called copenhagen interpretation. this interpretation builds upon the probability-wave notion, but brings in a radical new idea called the superposition principle. the best way to explain this principle is by showing it mathematically. if the functions formula_10 are solutions of the schrödinger equation, then the superposition of those wavefunctions is also a solution. i.e.,
where formula_12 is the superposition of the various wavefunctions. this idea implies that a particle occupies every possible wavefunction it can. this implies that a particle occupies more than one position "at the same time." in other words, a particle exists in at least two different positions simultaneously. when an observer comes and actually measures the position of the particle, something called the wavefunction collapse occurs. so when someone observes the particle, the following happens:
in simple terms: when there is no observation or observer, then a particle occupies many positions simultaneously; when an observation takes place, the wavefunction collapses and the particle exists only in one position.
the many-worlds interpretation is by far the most fantastic interpretation of quantum mechanics. this interpretation says that rather than the wavefunction collapsing, each possibility actually occurs, but in separate universes. this means that the universes branch off for each possibility. also it says that you can live forever according to quantum suicide.
the interpretation presented by albert einstein himself, states that the outcome of some random event is predetermined. so, rather than a particle existing as a probability wave, this interpretation says that the particle exists only in one position, but we just perceive it to be a probability. this idea is much less popular, but nonetheless mentionable.
which one is right?
so, of the three main interpretations of quantum mechanics, which one is correct? physicists seem to think that the copenhagen interpretation is the most likely, but no one is for sure.
planck's law describes the spectral density of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a black body in thermal equilibrium at a given temperature "t". the law is named after max planck, who proposed it in 1900. it is a pioneering result of modern physics and quantum theory.
 is a japanese city in hiroshima prefecture on the island of honshu.
in 1894, prime minister itō hirobumi transfered the imperial headquarters ("daihon'ei") to kure.
the modern city of kure was founded in 1902.
the natural harbor was a naval base until the end of the second world war. the japanese battleship yamato was built at kure.
 is a japanese city in hiroshima prefecture on the etajima island at the entrance of the bay of hiroshima.
etajima was the site of the from 1888 to 1945.
the present city was created in 2004. it was created by uniting 4 towns: etajima, nōmi, ōgaki, and okimi.
 is a japanese city in kagoshima prefecture on the island of honshu.
the city was created in 2005 from the merger of the towns of fukiage, higashiichiki, hiyoshi and ijūin.
bagh () is a sub-district of bagh district, azad kashmir, pakistan.
jason rocco anthony spezza (born june 13, 1983 in mississauga, ontario) is a canadian professional ice hockey centre. he currently plays for the toronto maple leafs of the national hockey league (nhl). he has also played for the ottawa senators and dallas stars.
he began his hockey career with the brampton battalion of the ohl. he also played for the mississauga ice dogs for 2 seasons, the windsor spitfires for 2 seasons and the belleville bulls for 1 season. he entered the draft in 2001 and he was drafted with the 2nd overall by the ottawa senators in the 2001 nhl entry draft.
he was assigned to the grand rapids griffins, the farm team of the senators. he was called up to the senators and made his nhl debut in the 2002-03 nhl season. he played 33 games with the senators and played most of the season with ottawa's new affiliate, binghamton senators. he was called up and played two seasons with the senators and was sent down to the binghamton senators to play a season. after that he joined the ottawa's main roster full-time.
spezza was on the cover of 2007 video game, nhl 2k8. he married his girlfriend jennifer on july 25, 2009. they have two daughters sophia donna spezza (born june 8, 2010) and nicola patricia spezza (born april 1, 2012).
on july 1, 2014, after spezza had requested a trade, the senators traded him along with ludwig karlsson to the dallas stars in exchange for alex chiasson, alex guptill, nicolas paul and a 2015 second-round pick to ottawa.
cave johnson (january 11, 1793 – november 23, 1866) was a united states congressman from tennessee. he was from the democratic party.
michelle monaghan (born march 23, 1976) is an american movie and television program actress. she was in the movies "eagle eye", "made of honor" and "mission: impossible iii". she also acted in the television program "boston public". before acting, she appeared on the covers of several magazines. monaghan was born in winthrop, iowa.
 is a japanese city in miyazaki prefecture on the island of kyushu.
the preservation district has a 19th century character.
the modern city was established in 1951.
qinghai province is a large province in north-west china on the tibetan plateau. 
 is a city in miyazaki prefecture, japan.
nichinan grew up around obi castle.
the modern city was established in 1950.
julia carolyn child (born julia carolyn mcwilliams; august 15, 1912 – august 13, 2004) was an american television personality, writer, and chef. she was known for having her own cooking show "the french chef". she won a peabody award and an emmy award. 
child was born on august 15, 1912 in pasadena, california. she studied at smith college and at le cordon bleu. child was married to paul cushing child from 1946 until his death in 1994, but they didn't have children. child died on august 13, 2004 in montecito, california from kidney failure, two days before her 92nd birthday. 
roy william hill (december 1, 1899 – february 14, 1986) was an american automobile dealer, philanthropist, and businessman. he helped start the eisenhower medical center.
hill was born on december 1, 1899 in los angeles, california. he was married to madeleine m. hill from 1924 until they divorced during the 1930s. then he was married to faye d maxwell from 1942 until they divorced in 1969. then he was married to anne t. hill from 1971 until his death in 1986. hill died on february 14, 1986 from heart failure in his rancho mirage, california, aged 86.
meg hillier (born 1969, hampstead) is the labour mp for hackney south and shoreditch. she was also the mayor of islington, where she lives. she read philosophy, politics and economics at st hilda's college, oxford. she is currently chair of the public accounts committee in parliament after taking over from margaret hodge.
st. hilda's college, oxford is part of the university of oxford. it was founded as a women's college in 1893 and remained single sex until 2008.
saint hilda (614-690) of whitby, yorkshire was an abbess. bede writes about her in his history of the church.
whitby is a fishing port near scarborough, north yorkshire, in northeast england. 13,213 people live there. its name comes from the old norse witebi, which means the "white settlement".
whitby is on the edge of the north yorkshire moors. 
its heritage coast is around 35 miles (56 km) long, stretching from staithes to flamborough. at whitby, dinosaur footprints are visible on the beach. the black mineral jet is found in the cliffs and on the moors and has been used since the bronze age to make beads. in victorian times jet was brought to whitby by pack pony to be made into decorative items. it was most popular in the mid-19th century when it was chosen for mourning jewellery by queen victoria after the death of prince albert.
in the middle ages, whitby was home to whaling and herring fishing fleets. now, lobsters, brown and velvet crabs are important to the local fishery. tourists first began to visit whitby in the 1800s. tourism is now the main source of income for whitby.
whitby's east cliff is the home of whitby abbey. on the west cliff, a whalebone arch commemorates whitby's fishing heritage.
captain james cook, a british explorer who mapped new zealand, hawaii and newfoundland, learnt to sail in whitby. 
part of bram stoker's story of dracula is set in whitby.
extremely loud & incredibly close is an american drama movie released at christmas 2011. it is based on the novel of the same name. it stars tom hanks, sandra bullock, viola davis, john goodman, jeffrey wright and max von sydow with zoe caldwell. it is an autistic child whose father is killed in the september 11 attacks. the movie's reviews were negative. it was nominated for academy awards for best picture and best supporting actor for von sydow.
eye color is a visible character caused by two factors: the pigmentation of the eye's iris, and way light is scattered as it hits the top layer of the iris.
the human eye is different from its nearest relative, the chimpanzee eye. the eyes of chimps and also gorillas are entirely brown. humans have the white to their eyes. this difference is thought to be significant. in the apes, individuals do not usually look directly at other members of the family, but all the same they keep a close watch on what is going on with the family group. they tend to look out of the corners of their eyes, as if to keep the glance secret. perhaps to them a direct look is aggressive. jane goodall used to be careful and avoid looking directly at the gorilla families in the bush. she would sit at a distance, appearing to nibble at grass and leaves, while making occasional glances at the gorilla family.
in humans, the pigment of the iris varies from light brown to black. this depends on the amount of melanin in the iris. the appearance of blue, green and hazel eyes result from the rayleigh scattering of light in the iris. a similar process accounts for the blueness of the sky. neither blue nor green pigments are ever present in the human iris or fluid. eye colour is an example of structural colour which varies according to the lighting conditions, especially for lighter-coloured eyes.
the brightly coloured eyes of many birds, reptiles and insects is caused by other pigments, such as pteridines, purines, and carotenoids.
the view that blue eye colour is a simple recessive trait is incorrect. two main gene loci code for the eye pigment: "oca2" and "herc2". they sit next to each other on chromosome 15. mutations (snps) to these genes account for much of the variation seen in eye colour. "oca2" mutations close to the 5′ regulatory region explain most human eye-color variation. an intron in "herc2" contains the promoter region for "oca2", affecting its expression. 
there are about 15 other genes which have some effect on eye colour inheritance. this is an effect called epistasis, and is not unusual.
the iris (plural: irides or irises) is a thin, circular structure in the eye. it controls the diameter and size of the pupils.
eye colour is the colour of the iris. in humans, the iris may look green, blue, brown, hazel (a combination of light brown, green and gold), grey, violet, or even pink. in response to the amount of light exiting the eye, muscles attached to the iris expand or contract the pupil. the larger the pupil, the more light can enter the eye and reach the retina.
iris may refer to:
fleet street is a road in central london. it used to be where newspapers were made, before they moved east to wapping.
the street existed in the 14th century. it connected the city of london to westminster. it takes its name from the river fleet.
lisa blount (july 1, 1957 - october 27, 2010) was an american television series and movie actress and producer who was in notable movies. she starred "an officer and a gentleman" (1982) and in the 2005 movie "chrystal". blount was born in fayetteville, arkansas. she died in little rock, arkansas.
the aérospatiale sa-330 puma is a transport helicopter designed and built in france. the design was first built by sud aviation, and later by aérospatiale. it was also built by westland helicopter in the united kingdom after an agreement between the two countries it first flew in april 1965. it is mainly used by armée de l'air, royal air force, and some other air forces. it is also used by civilians.
the aérospatiale sa-330 puma is 59.6½ feet (18.15 meters) long, 49.2½ feet (15.00 meters) diameter, and 16.10½ feet (5.14 meters) tall. a minimum mass that weighs 7,795 pounds (3,536 kg) and at the maximum mass that weighs 15,532 pounds (7,000 kg). it is powered by two turbomeca turmo engines driving a helicopter rotor with four blades.
the passenger cabin allows the reception of sixteen to twenty armed soldiers in military version, and fourteen to sixteen passengers in civil version. the two-seater cockpit of the helicopter is type side by side. a mechanic, also serving the mechanical winch, takes place at the rear. he can used the removable machine gun.
at the beginning of 2013, these countries were still using or had used the military puma:
if the majority of puma was built by aérospatiale in france and the uk by westland but. a few others were produced under license in indonesia, romania, and south africa.
french built puma.
"sa-330a", "sa-330b", "sa-330ba", "sa-330c", "sa-330e", "sa-330f", "sa-330g", "sa-330h", "sa-330j", "sa-330l", "sa-330s", "sa-330z".
sa-330a is the prototype and sa-330z is an experimental version.
british built puma.
"puma hc mk-1", "puma hc mk-2".
british production is only for the military version.
indonesian built puma.
"nas-330j". indonesian puma are built by iptn, indigenous aeronautical industry, for civilian and military.
romanian built puma.
"iar-330", "iar-330 socat". romanian puma are built by iar, indigenous aeronautical industriy, for civilian and military. iar-330 socat is an attack and transport helicopter, like soviet helicopter mi-24 hind.
south african built puma.
"oryx". south african puma are built by atlas aircraft corporation, indigenous aeronautical industriy, for civilian and military.
the sa-330 puma gave birth to a derivative extensively modified, designated as-332 super puma.
 is a japanese village in the ogasawara subprefecture of tokyo.
in 1940, municipalities were created for groups and single isolated islands in the pacific ocean. the tokyo metropolitan government was made responsible for local government on the islands, including
the local government structure of the post-war occupation of these islands is still used today.
the islands of the village include:
the japanese government identifies okinotori as japan's southernmost island. it is 1,700 kilometres south of central tokyo.
pope soter (; d. 174) was an italian priest of the roman catholic church who became the 12th pope, the official title is the bishop of rome, from 166 until his death in 174.
records from that time mention his letters. one such letter is an admonishment of the moral laxity in the church at corinth. another is regarding who can touch the sacred cloths used in the mass.
the issue of when to celebrate easter was discussed again and catholics were instructed to celebrate the day on a sunday rather than on passover which some churches, particularly in asia minor, were doing. he is considered a saint of the catholic church and his feast day is celebrated on april 22.
kristen angela johnston (born september 20, 1967) is an american movie, stage and television program actress who won two emmy awards for acting. she acted as sally solomon in the sitcom "3rd rock from the sun" and has been in several movies. she was born in washington, d.c., though was raised close to milwaukee, wisconsin.
ilford is a large town in greater london, the headquarters of the london borough of redbridge. it is also identified as a major area in the london plan, being located about 9.1 miles east of charing cross. 
ilford was once a small settlement in essex. it started to develop because of its strategic position near the river roding and the road from london to colchester. the arrival of the railway in 1839 also boosted this growth, causing trade and development to foster in the area. ilford became a municipal borough in 1926 as well as expanding and increasing in population. in 1965, however, the municipal boroughs were scrapped and the area was removed from essex and dissolved into greater london. many people still refer to ilford and other east london areas as being part of essex. 
ilford is part of the ig postcode area although some parts are in the e postcode area instead.
ricky tomlinson (born 26 september 1939) is a british actor and political activist. he was born eric tomlinson in bispham, blackpool, lancashire. he is best known for his roles as bobby grant in "brookside", dci charlie wise in "cracker" and jim royle in "the royle family".
the atanasoff-berry computer was one of the first computers. it was designed in 1937. it was not able to be programmed, and it was designed only to solve groups of linear equations. it was successfully tested in 1942. it was very amazing technology for the time. it was the first machine to use many important things used in modern computing.
ann sothern (january 22, 1909 - march 15, 2001) was an american movie, stage and television series actress. she starred in a lot of radio and television shows. she began her career in the late 1920s, and it lasted less than sixty years. she acted in the sitcoms "private secretary" (1953-58) and "the ann sothern show" (1958-61). sothern was born in north dakota. she moved to idaho after she retired from acting. she died in idaho from heart failure.
gustavo alfredo santaolalla (born 19 august 1951) is an argentine musician, composer, and record producer. he is known for composing music for movies with alejandro gonzález iñárritu. he composed the music for the first four psychological drama movies iñárritu directed. he also wrote the music for the video games "the last of us" (2013) and "the last of us part ii" (2020) and the themes for television series such as "jane the virgin" (2014–2019) and "making a murderer" (2015–present)). he won academy awards for best original score in two consecutive years. he won for "brokeback mountain" in 2005 and "babel" in 2006. he has also won the bafta award for "babel" and "the motorcycle diaries".
roberto fidel ernesto sorokin, known by his stage name coti, is an argentine musician. he is best known for his work with other spanish-language artists like andrés calamaro, julieta venegas, paulina rubio and luis miguel. his 2005 release, "esta mañana y otros cuentos" went gold in both argentina and mexico. it went double platinum in spain.
bernardo o'higgins riquelme (1778–1842) was a chilean independence leader. along with josé de san martín, he is credited with liberating chile from spanish rule. although he was the second (1817–1823), he is considered one of chile's founding fathers. he was also the first leader of a fully independent chilean state.
scott mills (born 28 march 1974) is a british radio dj. he has his own daily show on bbc radio 1. he is also a television presenter and an actor. he was born in southampton.
scott mills began working at 16 in a local radio in hampshire. he joined bbc radio 1 in 1998. in may 2004 was given a slot on weekday early-evenings to cover for sara cox who was about to have a baby. he now has a slot everyday in the afternoon.
mills is openly gay.
mitochondrial eve is a term from genetics and human evolution. it refers to a woman, whose mitochondrial dna is a parent of all living humans. to put this more exactly, she is the female most recent common ancestor of all humans alive at present. 
how this is decided.
rather than use full dna comparisons, two simpler methods are used:
this gives haplogroups (a haplogroup is a combination of genes on different chromosomal regions that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together).
according to current research, mitochondrial eve lived about 200.000 years ago. most likely she lived in east africa, when "homo sapiens sapiens" (anatomically modern humans) were developing as a population distinct from other human sub-species.
mitochondrial eve lived later than "homo heidelbergensis" and the emergence of "homo neanderthalensis", but earlier than the out of africa migration.
the dating for 'eve' was a blow to the multiregional hypothesis, and a boost to the hypothesis that modern humans originated relatively recently in africa and spread from there, replacing more "archaic" human populations such as neanderthals. as a result, the latter hypothesis became dominant.
king ghidorah is a fictional monster who appears in movies from japan. he first appeared in "ghidorah, the three-headed monster". since then, he has appeared in several "godzilla" movies. he is a golden three-headed dragon with no arms, large wings, and two tails. he is the strongest monster in the "godzilla" movies.
the piano sonata no. 11 in a major, k. 331 is a piece of music for the piano. it was written by wolfgang amadeus mozart. it was published in vienna, austria by artaria in 1784. it is the second of a group of three piano sonatas. mozart probably wrote the group in salzburg in the summer of 1783. it was then that he brought his wife constance (weber) to his hometown to introduce her to his father leopold. the first sonata in the group is no. 10 in c major, k. 330. the third is no. 12 in f major, k. 332. mozart numbered this group of sonatas 1 through 3. he spent much time teaching during his early years in vienna. it is likely that these sonatas were written for his pupils.
the a major sonata is unique among mozart's piano sonatas. it does not include a movement in sonata form. the first movement is a lilting theme in 6/8 followed by six variations in a major and a minor. the last variation is in 4/4 time. the second movement is a menuetto in a major with a contrasting section (called a trio) in d major. it is written in 3/4 time. the third and final movement is the famous "alla turca" (turkish march or turkish rondo) in 2/4 time. it is considered one of the finest examples of viennese turkish music that was produced in the late 18th century. the rondo's rolled block bass chords suggest the drum rolls of a turkish janissary band. in true classical style, the rondo alternates between major and minor keys, and loud and soft dynamics. the piece is a favorite for amateur recitals.
sandra dale "sandy" dennis (april 27, 1937-march 2, 1992) was an american actress. she received two tony awards for acting. she performed mostly in theater and movies. her most notable movies included "sweet november" (1968), "the out-of-towners" (1970) and "the indian runner". dennis was born in nebraska. she died of ovarian cancer in westport, connecticut.
 is a city in osaka prefecture. it has over 800,000 people. it is known for its ancient burial mounds and its cutlery industry. 
and the largest kofun, "daisen-kofun", the imperial tomb of emperor nintoku is located.
nebraska city is a city in eastern nebraska. it is southeast of omaha. the city is near the border of southwestern iowa and northwestern missouri. it was incorporated in late 1855.
a necropolis (city of the dead) is a large cemetery complex. one of the most famous is giza necropolis and that in thebes, egypt.
air is a japanese adult visual novel developed by key released on september 8, 2000 playable on windows pcs. key later released versions of "air" without the erotic content, and the game was ported to the dreamcast, playstation 2 and playstation portable. comic anthologies and art books were also published, as were audio dramas and several albums of music. kyoto animation produced a 13-episode anime television series and a two-episode anime mini-series in 2005, and toei animation produced an anime film in 2005.
the story follows the life of yukito kunisaki, a traveling showman searching for the "girl in the sky". he arrives in a quiet, seaside town where he meets three girls, one of whom is the key to the end of his journey.
hebrew names are names that have come from the hebrew language. traditionally they come from the hebrew bible.
they are mostly used by people living in jewish or christian parts of the world, but some are also adapted to the islamic world, particularly if a hebrew name is mentioned in the qur'an.
when hebrew-speaking muslims give names, they do not necessarily use jewish or christian names. a typical hebrew name can have many different forms – an important principle of the jewish religion worldwide is to give a hebrew name to a child that is used throughout his or her lifetime.
not all hebrew names are strictly hebrew in origin: some may have been "taken" from other languages since ancient times. these include egyptian, aramaic, phoenician, greek, latin, arabic, spanish, german, and english.
john gavin (john anthony golenor; april 8, 1931 – february 9, 2018) was an american politician and actor. he was the ambassador to mexico from 1981 through 1986 under president ronald reagan. gavin was in many movies. he was president of the screen actors guild from 1971 through 1973. he was originally to play james bond in two movies, but was rejected because he was not british.
gavin was born on april 8, 1931 in los angeles, california to an irish and mexican family. he studied at st. john's military academy and at stanford university. gavin was married to cecily evans from 1957 until they divorced in the same year. they had seven children together. he married constance towers in 1974. he had two step-children.
gavin died of pneumonia at his home in los angeles on february 9, 2018 at the age of 86.
dayle lymoine "dale" robertson (july 14, 1923 – february 27, 2013) was an american actor. he was best known for his role as jim hardie in "tales of wells fargo". he won the golden boot award in 1985.
robertson was born on july 24, 1923 in hurrah, oklahoma. he was raised in claremore, oklahoma. robertson studied at oklahoma military academy. he was married to susan robertson until his death in 2013. robertson died on february 27, 2013 from pneumonia caused by lung cancer in his home in san diego, california, aged 89.
who is a jew? () is the basic question about the identity of jews, or in other words: which people are considered to be jewish. 
question of race?
the definition of who is a jew may depend on a few things. because judaism has no specific race, it can include characteristics of an ethnicity, religion, and citizenship, and so the definition of who is a jew is not specific.
this question has been a subject to legal arguments, especially in israel but also outside of it. there have been court cases in israel since 1962 which had to address the question. in addition, the united kingdom and other countries has had to consider whether the question was a racial issue or not.
in nazi germany.
it was an important question to the nazi party in germany. the nazis decided who a jew was with the nuremberg laws.
my mom is jewish or i converted.
the question is based on the person's genealogy. simple definition: a person is a jew either by birth (in any case if one's mother is jewish) or by religious conversion. 
however, some disagree. therefore, the following need to be taken into account:
the logo of wikipedia, which is a free, open-source online encyclopedia, that's accessible in many languages, is a picture that shows the following description:
a cut globe made from jigsaw puzzle pieces with some missing at the top, and has glyphs from many different writing systems. 
as shown on the web pages of the english-language version of wikipedia, it says "wikipedia" under it, and there's a text that says "the free encyclopedia", in the free open-source font.
a registered user is a person who uses a program or a website and signs up to them by providing his or her identity information.
registered users may be different depending on the platform they are using, and could have some advantage over guest users in many aspects - however, criticism on the matter has been a big deal. 
proteome is a word made from the words protein and genome. it means all the proteins produced by an organism. it was suggested in 1994 by marc wilkins, professor of biotechnology at the university of new south wales. 
the university of new south wales (unsw) is a university in sydney, new south wales. it is one of the most highly regarded schools in australia. it was founded in 1949.
the alphabet killer is a 2008 american mystery crime thriller movie. it was given limited release on november 7, 2008. the movie is about the murders of three girls in rochester, new york between 1971 and 1973. eliza dushku plays megan paige, an investigator for rochester police department who is investigating the murders. timothy hutton plays killer richard ledge. this thriller got negative reviews from the critics.
a crop (sometimes called a croup or craw) is a thin-walled expanded portion of the alimentary canal used for storing food before digestion. it is found in many animals. it occurs in birds, some dinosaurs, and invertebrate animals such as gastropods (snails and slugs), earthworms, leeches, and insects.
in a bird's digestive system, the crop is an expanded, muscular pouch near the gullet or throat. it is a part of the digestive tract, essentially an enlarged part of the oesophagus. as with most other organisms that have a crop, the crop is used to temporarily store food. not all birds have a crop. in adult doves and pigeons, the crop can produce crop milk to feed newly hatched birds.
scavenging birds, such as vultures, will gorge themselves when prey is abundant, causing their crop to bulge. they subsequently sit, sleepy or half torpid, to digest their food.
most raptors, including hawks, eagles and vultures (as stated above), have a crop; however, owls do not. 
cropping is used by bees to temporarily store nectar of flowers. when bees "suck" nectar, it is stored in their crops.
difference to gizzard.
in a gizzard, the food is ground down before digestion, usually by stones. gizzards have a tougher lining, and muscles. the gizzard is lower down the digestive tract, and more like a part of the stomach.
the crop is just a storage device. often, it pays a bird to feed while the going is good, and do the digestion later. in many birds and in bees, the food is eventually brought back to the nest and given to family members. 
in other species, food brought back to the nest is pre-digested. that would mean it is regurgitated (brought up) from the stomach.
the dassault rafale is a fighter aircraft made by french airplane company dassault aviation. the prototype first flew in 1986 but was introduced in 2001 by the marine nationale. rafale was introduced in armée de l'air in 2006.
using the traditional delta wing of dassault aircraft, the rafale is a twin-engine fighter built in composite material and metal. near the nose it has small "canard" wings used to stabilize the aircraft during certain phases of flight, especially at low altitude. the cockpit can be single or tandem seat, depending on aircraft type. it has an internal 30 mm calibre autocannon. rafale has 13 or 14 hardpoints for external weapons : 
maximum offensive load of the rafale is 21 000 pounds (9 500 kg).
the rafale avionics consists of an "rbe2" electronic scanning radar, the "osf" passive visual system and "spectra" electronic warfare. under wings rafale may take one or two pods of aerial reconnaissance. it uses the communication "link 16" like as the majority of nato combat aircraft.
in 2013 operational users of rafale were: 
early 2013 in france negotiating the sale of aircraft with brazil, india, and uae.
international military commitments.
in the afghan war armée de l'air and marine nationale used there rafale like bombers and reconnaissance planes. the main weapon of these aircraft was then laser guided bomb. french navy rafale flown from french aircraft carrier "charles de gaulle", named like famous general and political man. last french rafale mission in afghanistan was in december 2011.
in the war of 2011 french rafale and mirage 2000 bombed the armed forces of colonel gaddafi. some comes from aircraft carrier "charles de gaulle" but french air forces aircraft were from solenzara air force base in corsica. in this kind aerial refuelling were an obligation. like in afghanistan french pilots fired laser guided bombs, but also laser guided missiles.
in january 2013 france launch in mali the "opération serval" whose objective is to fight the islamist terrorists who occupy the north. air and land french forces are on alert, and immediately the first french fighter jets launched night bombing. some are rafale, but also mirage 2000d. once french troops involved, including the légion étrangère and special forces, rafale and mirage 2000 were used for close air support. french fighter jets operating from internation airport of n'djamena in chad.
the independence gate (, ) is a korean political memorial gate, in seoul, south korea. the gate was designed by seo jae-pil.
türkmenabat (or turkmenabad; ) is a city in turkmenistan. it used to be called chardzhou (, ); persian for "four canals"). it is the capital of lebap province. there were about 254,000 people living there in 2009.
the french air force (, literally army of the air) is the air force of france. it was formed in 1909 as the "service aéronautique de l'armée", part of the french army, and finally independent in 1934 in its current form. in 2013 it has an important fleet of aircraft.
french air force bases.
in france the air force bases are called "bases aériennes" or "ba" and have a number, like base aérienne 117 in paris.
show and tell is a common expression. it is about showing an audience something and telling them about it. 
this group exercise is used to teach young children the skills of public speaking. for example, children will bring an item from home and will explain to the class why they chose that certain item, where they got it, and other relevant information.
the modern usage of this term began in the 1940s, but the general concept is older. for example, in one of william shakespeare's plays, a character uses the same words to link something with words explaining it'
the spaghetti squash ("cucurbita pepo") is an oblong seed-bearing variety of winter squash. the fruit can range either from ivory to yellow or orange in color. the orange varieties have a higher carotene content. its center contains many large seeds. its flesh is bright yellow or orange. when raw, the flesh is solid and similar to other raw squash; when cooked, the flesh falls away from the fruit in ribbons or strands like spaghetti.
it is a superfood that contains lots of nutrients, including folic acid, potassium, vitamin a, and vitamin c, it is low in calories, averaging at least 42 calories per 1-cup (155 grams) serving.
the burning bush is an object described in the book of exodus. it was said to be on mount horeb. according to the narrative, the bush was on fire, but was not consumed (all burned up) by the flames. this is the reason for the name given to the bush. in the narrative, the "burning bush" is where moses was chosen by god to lead the israelites out of egypt and into canaan. 
lianas are vines which live in rainforests. they are climbing plants which wrap around trees.
doctor of the church (from latin "", to teach) is a title used in some christian churches. it is given to people who are recognized as having been of particular importance, especially in their contribution to theology or doctrine. in the catholic church, this title is given to a saint who has written important works. the honour is given rarely, and only after canonisation. saint ambrose (330-397), saint augustine of hippo (53-430), saint jerome, and pope gregory i are known as the four great doctors (of the western church). in the eastern church, these are john chrysostom, saint basil of caesarea (or basil the great), gregory of nazianzus and athanasius of alexandria. other doctros of the church incliude thomas aquinas, anselm of canterbury, teresa of ávila, thérèse of lisieux and hildegard von bingen.
factoring is a financial arrangement whereby a supplier of goods sells its trade receivables to the factor (bank) at discounted price for immediate cash payment. factoring is selling rights to the future payments. people and companies that are receiving money from contracts every some time may be in need of extra money - so they sell rights to receive those payments for cash hence factoring. this is done especially in construction business where companies are paid for parts of work completed instead of upfront payment. such a company will sell future payments for small percentage fee and will receive all money they need to continue the work without delays.
the structured settlement factoring transaction can be really helpful for business in financial needs.
it provides business with better financing and more funds on hands in exchange for small percentage of total sum.
some banks are entering field of factoring trying to provide same service advertised by well known names.
senigallia is a "comune" and seaport in italy. it is on the adriatic coastline, in the province of ancona, in the marche region. it is the second city of the province, after the capital, by the number of people living there.
it is an important seaside resort in the marche region, and is visited every year by many person. its beach is known as "spiaggia di velluto" (velvet beach).
senigallia is on the adriatic sea, at the mouth of the misa river. it has an area of and its altitude is .
the "comune" borders with the following "comuni"ː belvedere ostrense, mondolfo (province of pesaro and urbino), monte san vito, montemarciano, morro d'alba, ostra, trecastelli.
the following "frazioni" (hamlets) are part of senigalliaː bettolelle, borgo bicchia, borgo catena, borgo passera, brugnetto, cannella, castellaro, cesanella, cesano, ciarnin, filetto, gabriella, grottino, mandriola, marzocca, montignano, roncitelli, sant'angelo, san silvestro, scapezzano and vallone.
there are 44,706 persons living in the "comune" (january 2017), for a population density of inhabitants/km².
evolution of the population
the people from this "comune" are known, in italian, as "senigalliesi".
despite its ancient origin the city presents a modern appearance, with wide streets. attractions include:
twinned and partner towns.
senigallia is twinned with:
free studio is a free set of multimedia programs created by dvdvideosoft. the software is combination of multiple programs of different use combined in one. you can download them as one in a package or separately.
free studio consists of 48 programs, grouped into eight sections: youtube to mp3 converter, audio, cd-dvd-bd, dvd & video, photo & images, mobiles, apple devices, 3d.
free youtube to mp3 converter is one of the five most popular software applications according to chip magazine.
u-verse or at&t u-verse is a brand that provides internet connection, premium television channels and voip. launched in june 26, 2006 it is available in 22 us states.
by 2011 u-verse was available to 30 million people. u-verse high speed internet had 6.5 million subscribers.
a fulfillment house or fulfillment centre are modern terms for a packing warehouse.
types of fulfillment company services.
standard types of these services are as follows: storage and warehousing (company stores an item until and order for that item is received), inventory control (maintaining and publishing inventory counts), pick and pack services (preparing ordered items for shipping) and shipping (outsourcing to courier or delivery companies).
outsourcing to a fulfillment house or company.
advantages of outsourcing to such companies are: facilities (in early stages of business development you may have no place and money needed to store your items), shipping costs (because of special shipping rates when you ship thousands of items, which is not available for small companies), shipping materials costs (same reason as before), fulfillment costs (beneficial pricing when all fulfillment activities are bundled in one order), e-commerce (fulfillment houses use advanced e-commerce systems to help in management).
on the other hand disadvantages of outsourcing are: indirect control (if there are any problems with services provided by the fulfillment company the blame and bad reputation will be on your company's shoulders) and product damage or shrinkage (fulfillment companies won't take full responsibility for any product damage or shrinkage until they're proven directly responsible).
paulina susana rubio rue (born june 17, 1971), is a mexican singer, actress, hostess, model and businesswoman. she has sold over 20 million records world wide.
paulina's father, enrique rubio is of spanish origin and her mother susana dosamantes is a mexican. her breakthrough came with the group timbiriche in mexico.
she was married to nicolas vallejo najera and they have a son, andrea nicolás vallejo rubio. she currently lives in miami, florida.
skin whitening, skin lightening, or skin bleaching, is a technique of making a person's skin lighter. this is done by reducing the melanin responsible for dark skin. some chemicals in form of pills and injections are available. some of those chemicals (such as compounds of mercury) may be toxic. 
most skin lightening treatments are done to moles and birthmarks, but lightening unaffected skin parts is also possible. more people use such treatments because prices have dropped and there is better availability.
the new methods using both lasers and led systems are showing good results and are possible alternative to chemicals.
susana dosamantes rul riestra (9 january 1948 – 2 july 2022), was a mexican actress.
she is the mother of mexican pop diva paulina rubio, she has appeared in around 50 movies and tv series, including telenovelas.
on 11 january 2011, her ex-husband died from kidney cancer.
in her final years dosamantes worked in the united states so that she could live near her daughter, paulina. both susana and paulina lived in miami, florida.
dosamantes died on 2 july 2022 at the age of 74, in miami from pancreatic cancer.
potter palmer (may 20, 1826 – may 4, 1902) was an american businessman and architect. palmer is known for helping creating new streets in the city of chicago after the great chicago fire during the 1880s.
palmer was born on may 20, 1826. he was raised in chicago, illinois. potter was married to bertha honoré from 1871 until his death in 1902. they had two children. on may 4, 1902, palmer died from heart failure in his home in chicago, illinois. he was 75 when he died. he is buried at graceland cemetery in uptown, chicago.
human chorionic gonadotropin (hcg) is a hormone produced during pregnancy. some tumors might produce this hormone. from december 6, 2011, the [fda] (food and drug administration) made illegal selling hcg diet products in pharmacies.
controversy about injected hcg for weight loss started marketing campaign for injections of "homeopathic hcg" for weight control. the ingredients in these products if prepared from true hcg via homeopathic dilution, will contain either no hcg at all or only small amount of it.
we can measure hcg level with blood or urine tests. these can be done by pregnancy tests.
below is a list of hcg levels during pregnancy. ("lmp" is the last menstrual period dated from the first day of your last period.) the level of hcg grows over the time during pregnancy.
giovanni bellini (; c. 1430 – 26 november 1516) was an italian renaissance painter based in venice. his father jacopo and his brother gentile were also painters, as was his brother-in-law mantegna. 
bellini used a coloristic style exemplified by his use of clear oil paints, deep colors, and detailed shadings. his atmospheric landscapes influenced venetian painting, particularly the work done by his pupils, giorgione and titian. 
international marketing (im) or global marketing is a marketing done on international level. the international marketing is based on strategy created in home country of company and distributed to its other offices/affiliations. in most cases it is international company level (company have offices in different countries) market identification and targeting. international marketing is very similar to global marketing.
the main difference will be the fact that global marketing is focusing on intercontinental point of view.
the example of international marketing would be where an english company would like to enter chinese market. it will be done by either developing marketing strategy in their home country that will be then introduced in new market or they will hire a company to create such a plan.
differences between marketing and international marketing.
international marketing is developed by many multinational companies on a global level. it is then send to local markets which make changes for their country and starts following new strategy. such a way of creating marketing strategies ensures that the global brand will be following same strategy and targeting same buyers group.
harold pinter ch cbe (10 october 1930 – 24 december 2008) was a british playwright, screenwriter, director and actor. pinter was jewish. he was born and raised in hackney, east london.
his plays include: "the birthday party", "the homecoming" and "betrayal", all of which he adapted into movies. his adaptations of others' works include: "the servant", "the go-between", "the french lieutenant's woman", "the trial" and "sleuth".
the critic irving wardle called pinter's early plays "comedies of menace". he meant that the plays begin with an apparently innocent situation. the situation becomes both threatening and "absurd" as pinter's characters behave in strange ways. pinter acknowledged that samuel beckett influenced his early work. they became friends, sending each other drafts of their works in progress for comments.
pinter was married to vivien merchant from 1956 until they divorced in 1980. he was married to antonia fraser from 1980 until his death. he was diagnosed with oesophageal cancer in 2001 and died from the disease in london seven years later when it metastasised to his liver.
a structured settlement is an insurance or financial arrangement that is negotiated to end a lawsuit. it is a legal agreement through which an insurance company agrees to make regular payments to a specific individual over a period of time.
structured settlements created as a way for insurance companies to payout settlements in installments as opposed to large lump sums. structured settlements may benefit injured people whose settlements might result in their owing taxes, by allowing them to reduce or delay tax payments. they may also benefit younger people or disabled people by providing periodic payments of money over an extended period of time.
structured settlements require the paper holder (a name for the person who receives payments from the settlement) to wait before they will get money, by spreading payments over a number of years. however there are companies offering to buy such a structured settlement for upfront money. for example, a company might offer to buy a settlement that would be paid in 20 yearly payments for a one-time payment of lower value. such financing may need to be approved by judge and the insurance company.
in the united states, the sale of a structured settlement may result in tax liability under the internal revenue code.
die fledermaus () is an opera by johann strauss ii. its first performance took place on april 5, 1874 at the theater an der wien in vienna, austria. the opera has been presented on new year's eve in vienna since the early 1930s. "die fledermaus" is based on the french play "le réveillon" (1872) by meilhac and halévy.
term life insurance or term assurance is life insurance that provides coverage for some sum of money during a given period of time. after the term stated in original contract expires, the sum of money paid to insurance company will need to be renegotiated and will often increase. term insurance is the cheapest way of buying life insurance.
term life insurance is the original form of life insurance and is different to permanent insurance because its rates will not go up, and there is a fixed term contract, which will end in the future. permanent life insurance contracts can last until the death of insured person, but the rates will slowly increase over time.
because term life insurance is only death insurance, it is used to cover mortgages (guarantee that the bank will receive their money), payment to the families (upon death of insured person his family will usually receive repayment for funeral costs and in some cases will get some money), repayment of debts.
the simplest form of term life insurance is a one-year contract. the death benefit will be paid if the insured dies. if he does not die during this the coverage period no claims are paid, and a new contract must be written.
term life insurance is the most affordable type of life insurance because it is temporary and builds no cash value inside the policy over time. term life is “pure protection”, not an investment.
level term life insurance is a type of term life insurance plan that has guaranteed level rates and amounts of coverage for the entire term of the policy. 
level term life plans may offer coverage with level rates for a period of 10, 15, 20 or 30 years. some term life insurance plans provide life insurance to age 65 or 70, but your rate will increase after the “level term” period.
the eisteddfod is a welsh festival of literature and music. the idea of the festival goes back at least to the 12th century.
denbighshire is a shire in northeast wales, in the united kingdom. it has over 90,000 people. the largest town is rhyl.
rhyl (), pronounced "rill", is a seaside resort and community in denbighshire in north wales. it is in the historic county of flintshire and the preserved county of clwyd. in 2011, the town's population was 25,149. this makes it one of the largest settlements in north wales.
the town was once an elegant victorian resort. influences from liverpool and manchester, both cities in england, after world war ii changed the town. by 1990, the town had declined. however, since then the town has had major regeneration.
it has a number of grade ii listed buildings. an example is the parish church of st thomas in bath street. it is listed as grade ii*.
very old documents refer to a small dwelling in the area called "ty'n rhyl". there is a manor house with that name that still exists in the town.
mesh networking is a kind of network topology, a way computer networks and other networks are laid out. in mesh networking, each node is connected to one or more other nodes. information is passed from one node to the next, until it reaches its target destination. such networks can be very reliable because there is usually more than one path from one node to another. when a node fails, the data will simply take another route. 
the disadvantage of such networks is that building them can be very expensive. a network in which each node is directly connected to every other node is called a fully connected network. another type of a mesh network is a mobile ad hoc network. in such a network the nodes are mobile, and the network may reorganize itself while it is running. 
according to reed's law, the value of fully meshed networks is proportional to the exponent of the number of subscribers. metcalf's law, in contrast asserts that the value is proportional to the square of the number of subscibers.
"the emperor's new clothes" is a story by hans christian andersen. the tale was first published on 7 april 1837 with "the little mermaid" in the third and final installment of andersen's "fairy tales told for children". it was published in copenhagen, denmark by c. a. reitzel. the story is based on one from the "libro de los ejemplos del conde lucanor y de patronio|libro de los ejemplos" (or "el conde lucanor", 1335) by juan manuel, prince of villena (1282–1348). this book was a medieval spanish collection of fifty-one cautionary tales with various sources such as aesop and other classical writers and persian folktales. andersen did not know the spanish original, but read the tale in a german translation titled "so ist der lauf der welt". in the source tale, a king is hoodwinked by weavers who claim to make a suit of clothes invisible to any man not the son of his presumed father. andersen altered the source tale to direct the focus on courtly pride and intellectual vanity rather than adulterous paternity.
andersen's manuscript was at the printer’s when he suddenly changed the original climax of the tale from the emperor’s subjects admiring his invisible clothes to that of the child's cry. andersen’s decision to change the ending may have occurred after he read the manuscript tale to a child, or had its source in a childhood incident similar to that in the tale. in 1872, he recalled standing in a crowd with his mother waiting to see king frederick vi. when the king made his appearance, andersen cried out, "oh, he’s nothing but a human being!" his mother tried to silence him by crying, "have you gone mad, child?". whatever the reason, andersen thought the change would prove more satirical.
the story tells of an emperor who cares for nothing but new clothes. he hires two swindlers who promise him the finest suit of clothes. it will be made from a fabric invisible to anyone who is unfit for his position or "hopelessly stupid". the emperor's ministers cannot see the clothing, but pretend that they can for fear of appearing unfit for their positions. the emperor does the same. finally the swindlers report that the suit is finished. they pretend to dress emperor. he marches in procession before his subjects. the townsfolk play along with the pretense. then a child in the crowd cries out that the emperor is wearing nothing at all. the cry is taken up by others. the emperor cringes, but holds his head high and continues the procession.
shabbat is the name of the day of rest in judaism. shabbat happens on the seventh day (saturday) of every week. in judaism, the day is defined with the cycle of the sun: the day begins and ends at sunset, not midnight. so the seventh day of the week, shabbat, begins friday when the sun goes down, and ends saturday night after it gets dark. the idea of shabbat comes from the bible's story of creation. in that story, god creates the universe and everything on earth for six days. on the seventh day, he stops work. in the same way, jews work on the first six days of the week and rest on the seventh day, shabbat.
the word "shabbat" began as a hebrew word (). the english word "sabbath" comes from the word "shabbat". the english word can also be used to refer to shabbat. the christian idea of sabbath came from the jewish idea of shabbat. now, there are many differences between them.
the first part of the jewish bible, the torah, says that work is not allowed on shabbat. it is a day to rest and study the torah.
in jewish law, shabbat is the most important jewish holiday. it is even more important than passover, rosh hashanah and yom kippur. jewish mystics say that the shabbat day is meant to be like a perfect world. in this world, everyone knows about god and loves him. they believe that kind of world has not been seen since the garden of eden, and will not be seen again until the messiah comes.
two parts of shabbat: celebrating and guarding.
there are two versions of the ten commandments in the bible. these versions use different words. the version in exodus says "remember shabbat to keep it holy." the version in deuteronomy says "guard shabbat to keep it holy." jewish custom says that "remember" means to "celebrate" shabbat. "guard" means "resting"—not working or doing business.
shabbat is a happy day. there are many ceremonies of shabbat that help people celebrate the happiness of the day.
guarding shabbat—rest and work on shabbat.
enjoying shabbat is very important, but shabbat is a holy day. there are laws and rules in the torah, the mishnah and the talmud about what jews may and may not do on shabbat. these laws help jews keep shabbat as a holy day.
shabbat in non-orthodox judaism.
conservative judaism also teaches jews not to do activities in the 39 prohibited categories of work "(melacha)." conservative rabbis are often less strict about what is "melacha" than orthodox rabbis are. conservative rabbis are almost always less strict about what is a prevention "(shevut)" than orthodox rabbis. for example, conservative rabbis allow jews to use electricity on shabbat for many purposes. they do not allow jews to use electricity to do any of the 39 prohibited categories of work.
many, if not most, "lay members" (not rabbis or prayer leaders) of conservative synagogues in north america do not follow these laws. progressive judaism, including reform judaism, does not accept jewish law as binding. these jews may rest on shabbat, but are not usually strict about not doing "melacha" or "shevut." they may even add practices not allowed under orthodox jewish law that they think improves their celebration of shabbat. for example, they may drive to synagogue on shabbat, or may use musical instruments on shabbat. orthodox judaism does not allow either of those actions on shabbat.
havdalah: ending shabbat.
shabbat ends after dark on saturday night. the end of shabbat is marked by a ceremony called "havdalah" (). this is a hebrew word meaning "division" or "separation". the ceremony "divides" or "separates" the holy day of shabbat from the new week. the "havdalah" blessings are spoken over a cup of wine. the "havdalah" ceremony also uses spices with a nice smell and a candle with many "wicks" (cloth strings for lighting). after "havdalah", people start doing regular weekday things again.
"note 1." sources here may not be in simple english.<br>
"note 2." some bible sources below include a simple english version of the jewish publication society's 1917 english translation. all bible sources below include a link to the 1917 translation and the original hebrew text.
plural ignorance or pluralistic ignorance is a term which gives a name to a situation where a majority of group members privately reject a norm, but at the same time, they assume incorrectly that most others accept it. the term describes a context in which "no one believes, but everyone thinks that everyone believes." 
a context of plural ignorance can be caused by the structure of the underlying social network.
a situation of plural ignorance develops when each individual decision-maker in a group of decision-makers does not have the necessary information to solve a problem.
the term "pluralistic ignorance" was coined by daniel katz and floyd h. allport in 1931. 
plural ignorance may partially explain why people are more likely to intervene in an emergency situation when alone than when other persons are present. if people monitor the reactions of others in such a situation, they may conclude from the inaction of others that other people think that it is not necessary to act. 
millionaire hot seat is an australian television game show. it is a spin-off of the game show "who wants to be a millionaire?". it first aired on 20 april 2009. it is hosted by eddie mcguire.
six players compete for a prize of $1,000,000. players are asked multiple choice questions with four possible answers. each question has a time limit. the time limit is 15 seconds for the first five questions, 30 seconds for the next five questions, and 45 seconds for the last five. players have one "pass" that they can use. if a player uses a pass, the question goes to the next player in line. that player can not use their pass on the question. if a player answers a question incorrectly, they are removed from the game, go home with nothing, and the top prize is lowered. if a player does not give an answer in the time limit, it is considered a pass. if they can not pass, they are removed from the game.
if the first player answers the first five questions correctly, they win a $1,000 bonus.
the game ends when all of the players are removed from the game or the last question is answered. if the question is answered correctly, the player wins the amount of money the question is worth. if it is answered incorrectly, the player goes home with nothing. if the 5th question was answered correctly, they leave with $1,000.
a bathroom cabinet (or medicine cabinet) is a cabinet in a bathroom. most of the time it is located above bathroom sink. the main role of bathroom cabinet is to be place to keep drugs, hygienic equipment and toiletries like toothbrush and perfumes. having a bathroom cabinet saves a space (it is located above sink which usually is unused space), helps to organize belongings in case of broken pipe or other kind of flooding in the bathroom.
michel aflaq (‎, , 9 january 1910 – 23 june 1989) was a syrian philosopher, sociologist and arab nationalist. he is considered to be the principal founder of ba'athism.
the arab socialist ba'ath party (also spelled ba'th or baath, "resurrection" or "renaissance"; "hizb al-ba'ath al-'arabi al-ishtiraki"), also called the pro-iraqi ba'ath movement, is a ba'athist political party headquartered in baghdad, iraq. it is one of two parties which formed in 1966 after split of the original ba'ath party. they ruled iraq between 1968 and the 2003 invasion of iraq.
ba’athism is an ideology which emerged in the middle east in the twentieth century. it is a revolutionary ideology which stands for arab nationalism, pan-arabism, anti-imperialism and socialism, though the ideology has taken different forms in different countries and periods. ba’ath (arabic: بعث) is an arabic word which translates to ‘’resurrection’’ or ‘’revival’’. this term reflects what the groups and movements behind the ideology strive to accomplish, namely a rebirth of arab culture, nationalism, values and society. the main thinker and founder of ba’athism is michel aflaq. due to aflaq’s efforts ba’athism has been established in the past in syria and iraq.
the emergence of arab nationalism in the early twentieth century falls in line with the historical developments of the time as well as earlier ideological developments. among the historical developments, is the ottoman empire’s neglect of the arab region as well as their overusage of the region's agricultural resources during the period of world war i. after the ottomans, there was the imperialist presence of the french and the british in former ottoman regions like syria and iraq. the combination of being ruled by others as well as the rise of nationalist ideologies across the globe had given rise to arab nationalism and eventually ba’athism.
since the first establishment of a ba’athist party in syria in the 1940s, there have been a number of different ba'athist parties and figureheads. the most prominent examples are saddam hussein in iraq and hafez al-assad and his son bashar al-assad in syria. there are different forms of ba'athism. however, the core principles can be reduced to the writings and ideas of michel aflaq. these principles are arab nationalism, revolution, pan-arabism, anti-imperialism and socialism.
when aflaq speaks of (arab) nationalism in an essay, he describes it as unconditional and even unquestionable love for the arab nationality. part of the love for the arab nationality is to be of “useful service” to the arab nation. this idea of the arab citizens’ individual responsibilities and services ties in with the socialist aspects of ba'athism.
in an address to a branch of the arab ba’ath party, aflaq speaks of "‘the arab mission’". this ‘arab mission’ is to return the arabs to the greatness they were in the past and to unite the arab regions to form one nation, also known as pan-arabism. he says: "“the experience in which our struggle takes place is that of the arab nation dismembered into different countries and statelets, artificial and counterfeit; we struggle until we can reunite these scattered members[…]”""." according to aflaq, this mission can only be accomplished through revolution: "“our past was a revolution and we will never reach its level or meet with it except through revolution.”"
ba'athism in syria.
the beginning of the ba'ath party in syria.
in the year 1943, the ba’ath arab socialist party was founded in syria by michel aflaq and salah al-din al-bitar. the two met when they were studying in paris from 1928 to 1934. the two were already nationalists before they went to study in france. however, it is during their stay in france that they learned about and adopted the ideas of socialism. they returned to syria to work as teachers and in 1943 started the ba’ath arab socialist party. syria became independent from france in 1946 and continued as a democracy. however, syria still had problems within but also problematic relationships with the surrounding countries. the country was still in chaos and figuring itself out when the army decided to take matters into its own hands in 1949 by overthrowing the government. after this, a series of coups followed in quick succession. in 1958, egypt and syria formed a union to become the united arab republic. however, syria decided to separate after 3 years in 1961, because egypt was too dominant in the union. throughout the years, ba'athist ideas had been spreading in syria and also within parts of the syrian army. this resulted in a ba'athist coup in 1963 by army officers. among these officers was hafez al-assad who later in 1970 seized power in syria.
syria under the al-assad reign.
hafez al-assad and his son basher al-assad have ruled syria under the ba’ath party and their version of the ba’ath ideology. hafez al-assad ruled over syria from 1970 until his death in 2000. during his reign, many atrocities as well as assassinations took place against those who opposed him. after his death, his son basher al-assad succeeded him and to-date rules over syria. under his reign, the syrian civil war started.
ba'athism in iraq.
the beginning of the ba'ath party in iraq.
after the ba’ath party was established in 1943 in syria, ba’athism reached iraq in the late 1940s and became well known among young university students. in 1951, fu ‘ad al-rikabi became the founder and first leader of the iraqi regional branch. the iraqi regional branch was an iraqi version of the arab socialist ba’ath party. with time, more students became a member of the iraqi ba’ath party. by 1955, its members numbered 300. in 1956, saddam hussein became a member as well. on july 17, 1968, the party succeeded in overthrowing the government after a failed coup d'état in 1963, and began its thirty-five-year domination of iraq.
important events during the reign of the ba'ath party.
after the overthrow in 1968, ahmed hassan al-bakr was appointed as the new president of iraq. during his reign, he nationalised the iraq petroleum company (ipc), which stimulated the economic growth of the country. in july 1979, saddam hussein took over the presidentship of al-bakr and started his twenty-four-year rulership. in 1980, the iran-iraq war emerged, which has seen eight years of severe violence and is notable for the use of chemical and biological warfare. in 1990, iraq led the invasion of kuwait, which led to its second major war, namely the gulf war in 1991. in 2003, the reign of saddam hussein and the ba'ath party came to an end when the united states led the invasion of iraq, also known as the start of the iraq war.
in may 2003, the united nations security council (unsc) recognized, through resolution 1483, the military occupation of iraq by the united states and the united kingdom. they ended the economic sanctions, which had been in place for thirteen years, and permitted humanitarian aid, reconstruction and the establishment of a new government. despite the optimistic plans for the future, iraq was close to collapse at the end of 2006, which was also caused by the execution of saddam hussein on december 30th. the loss of the then prime minister nouri al-maliki and his party, who was at power since 2006, during the 2010 elections for a new assembly and government, and the departure of the us forces in 2011 contributed to a tense situation. in addition to the political tension, iraq has also suffered a lot from islamic extremist organizations such as al-qaeda and isis until today.
denton arthur cooley (august 22, 1920 – november 18, 2016) was an american heart surgeon. he was known for doing the first implantation of a complete artificial heart. cooley was also the founder and surgeon in-chief of the texas heart institute, chief of cardiovascular surgery at st. luke's episcopal hospital, consultant in cardiovascular surgery at texas children's hospital, and a clinical professor of surgery at the university of texas medical school at houston.
he studied zoology in the university of texas and graduated in 1941. he began his medical education at the university of texas medical branch in galveston. he completed his medical degree and his surgical training at the johns hopkins school of medicine in baltimore, maryland, where he also completed his internship. at johns hopkins, he worked with dr. alfred blalock and helped with the first blue baby procedure to treat a child's congenital heart defect.
in 1946, cooley served as chief of surgical services at the station hospital in linz, austria for the army medical corps. he was discharged (released) in 1948 with the rank of captain. then, he returned to johns hopkins to remain as an instructor in surgery. in 1950, he went to london to work with lord russell brock.
cooley died at his home in houston on november 18, 2016, aged 96.
the pizzicato polka is a piece of orchestral music by johann strauss ii. strauss composed it with his brother josef in 1869 for a trip to imperial russia. it was published in 1870. the polka was written for string orchestra and glockenspiel. it was hugely popular, especially in italy, where it was included on every program strauss played there. the piece consists of four melodies and the work is arranged in ternary form (a-b-a). the piece is scored for plucked strings.
emeritus is a title given to a professor, bishop or other person with an important office. the title says that these people, while still holding their title, no longer practice their function. usually, this is done because of old age. usually the "emeritus" is put after the official title of the person, as in "professor emeritus".
in the time of the roman empire, it was used for soldiers, to say that they no longer needed to serve in the army. that way, a bishop emeritus no longer needs to take part in the celebration of the mass, but he is still able to perform confirmations or to ordain priests. 
mumford & sons are an english folk rock band from london. 
the band was formed in 2007 by band members marcus mumford, ben lovett, winston marshall and ted dwane. lead vocalist marcus mumford organised the band and their performances and was one of the most visible members of the band because of this the band decided to use the name mumford & sons.
they released their debut studio album "sigh no more" on 2 october 2009. they later released their second studio album "babel" on 21 september 2012. "babel" won a grammy award for "album of the year" at the 2013 grammy awards. they were also a part of the documentary "big easy express" which won a grammy award for "best long form music video".
kings island is a amusement park located northeast of cincinnati in mason, ohio, united states. the park is owned and operated by the cedar fair company. it operates from april to december. the park features 48 rides total and has 14 roller coasters including banshee, the bat, mystic timbers, , diamondback, and other attractions. the park opened to the public on april 29, 1972. great wolf lodge nearby, is next to the amusement park.
the newest ride at kings island is orion.
the symphony no. 94 in g major is a symphony by joseph haydn. it was first performed in london on 23 march 1792 under haydn's direction. it is nicknamed the surprise symphony. the symphony's nickname is derived from the sudden loud chord played by the entire orchestra in the second movement. this movement is a set of variations on a sweet, gentle theme. the chord was haydn's afterthought; it does not appear in the manuscript. one theory suggests haydn inserted this loud chord saying, "that will make the ladies jump!". another theory suggests he inserted it to wake up the music lovers who had dozed off after their dinners and drinks. another theory suggests he inserted it to make the symphony memorable in light of the competition he faced from a series of london concerts directed by ignaz pleyel.
medlineplus is a free website that gives free consumer health information for patients, families, and health care providers. the site has information from the united states national library of medicine, the national institutes of health (nih), other u.s. government agencies, and health-related organizations. the u.s. national library of medicine produces and maintains the site. medlineplus includes a companion site in spanish, which offers similar content for the spanish-speaking community. it also offers a mobile site in both english and spanish optimized for display on mobile devices. over 150 million people from around the world use medlineplus each year. 
medical subject headings (mesh) is a way to keep track of for the purpose of journal articles and books in the life sciences; it can also serve as a thesaurus that makes searching easier. created and updated by the united states national library of medicine (nlm), it is used by the medline/pubmed article database and by nlm's catalog of book holdings.
mesh was introduced in 1963. the yearly printed version was discontinued in 2007 and mesh is now available online only. it can be browsed and downloaded free of charge through pubmed. originally in english, mesh has been translated into numerous other languages and allows retrieval of documents from different languages.
the diseases database is a database on a free website that gives information about the relationships between medical conditions, symptoms, and medications. the database is run by medical object oriented software enterprises ltd, a small company based in london, uk.
the site's stated aim is "education, background reading and general interest" with an intended audience "physicians, other clinical healthcare workers and students of these professions". the editor of the site is stated as malcolm h duncan, a uk qualified medical doctor.
the diseases database is based around a collection of concepts related to human medicine. these concepts include diseases, drugs, symptoms, physical signs and abnormal laboratory results. these are referred to as 'items'.
there are around 8,000 items within the database.
emedicine is an online research tool for clinical studies. it was founded in 1996 by two medical doctors, scott plantz and richard lavely. the website is searchable by keyword. it has about 6,800 articles, each of which is associated with one of 62 clinical subspecialty textbooks. pediatrics, for example, consists of 14 subspecialty textbooks (endocrinology, genetics, cardiology, pulmonology, etc.). for example, 750 articles are the textbook on emergency medicine. each article is authored by board-certified specialists in the subspecialty to which the article belongs. the article's authors are identified with their current jobs. each article is updated yearly and the date is published on the article.
it was sold to webmd in january 2006.
the site is free to use, requiring only registration. more than 10,000 contributors from several countries participated in the creation of the articles. it is operated as an e-book, the articles can be downloaded into a palm top device.
it was originally conceived in 1996 as an emergency medicine textbook but its content has expanded a lot since then to include allergy and immunology, cardiology, clinical procedures, critical care, dermatology, emergency medicine, endocrinology, gastroenterology. genomic medicine, hematology, infectious diseases, nephrology, neurology, obstetrics/gynecology, oncology, pathology, perioperative care, physical medicine and rehabilitation, psychiatry, pulmonology, radiology, rheumatology, and sports medicine. surgical subspecialties include neurosurgery, ophthalmology, orthopedic surgery, (ent) and facial plastic surgery, plastic surgery, thoracic surgery, transplantation, trauma, urology, and vascular surgery.
in norse mythology, nanna is the goddess of joy and peace. she is a wife of baldur.
nanna is also the norse goddess of the moon. she dies of a broken heart after baldur is killed because of loki convincing höðr to kill him. 
a bristle is a stiff hair or feather. also used are synthetic materials such as nylon in items such as brooms and sweepers. bristles are often used to make brushes for cleaning uses: common examples are the toothbrush and toilet brush. the bristle brush is a common household cleaning tool, often used to remove dirt or grease from pots and pans.
"le roy le veult" ("the king wills it") or "la reyne le veult" ("the queen wills it") is a norman french line used in the parliament of the united kingdom to show that a public or private bill has received royal assent from the monarch.
the practice of giving royal assent came from william the conqueror to show that the king intended for something to be made law. norman french came to be used as the normal language of the educated classes and of the law, though latin continued to be used with it. the work of the parliament of england was conducted entirely in french until the latter part of edward iii's reign (1327–1377) and english was only rarely used before the reign of henry vi (1422–61, 1470–71). royal assent was sometimes given in english, though more often in french. the practice of recording parliamentary statutes in french or latin stopped by 1488 and statutes have been published in english ever since.
during the period of the protectorate, when the lord protector (oliver cromwell and later his son richard) governed the country, assent was given in english. the old practice of giving assent in norman french was resumed following the restoration in 1660 and has continued ever since. there has only been one attempt to remove it, when the house of lords passed a bill in 1706 "for abolishing the use of the french tongue in all proceedings in parliament and courts of justice." the bill failed to pass the house of commons. although the use of french in courts was later abolished in 1731, parliament's practice was not affected.
the line is used to show that the monarch has granted their royal assent to a bill in order to make it become law. it is used by the clerk of the parliaments in the house of lords. it is only used after the lord chancellor with the lords commissioners, has read out the letters patent for the bill. the clerk of the crown then reads out the short title of the bill and the clerk of the parliament responds by saying the line 19 times towards the house of commons at the bar of the house. the line is also written on the paper of the bill to show that the monarch granted royal assent to the bill.
the line has been used wrongly on other bills, same as the wrong line has also been used for government bills. there are a few occasions where this has happened, most notably on the act of supremacy 1558 where ""soit fait comme il est désiré", the line used for personal bills, was used instead of "la reyne le veult".
if the royal assent is refused, the line "le roy / la reyne s'avisera"" would be used, though in practice no british monarch since queen anne has not given royal assent since a dispute over militia in scotland in 1707.
george joseph herriman (august 22, 1880 – april 25, 1944) was an american cartoonist. he is best known for his comic strip "krazy kat" (1913–1944).
samuel james "sam" champion (born august 13, 1961) is the weather anchor of abc's "good morning america" and weather editor of abc news. champion was born in paducah, kentucky. he has a b.a. in broadcast journalism from eastern kentucky university. he worked on "good morning america" as a weatherman, making reportedly $1.5 million per year. on april 7, 2012, he debuted as host of "sea rescue", an educational and informational television program that focuses on the rescue, rehabilitation, and release of animals back into the wild. 
champion is active in many charitable organizations in the new york city area including the national multiple sclerosis society, march of dimes, and "stopping aids together". he co-hosted the new york city project's 2002 "courage awards". on 20 february 2013 "the wall street journal" reported that a former mets teammate of baseball player mike piazza's said in 2000 that piazza and champion were involved in a homosexual relationship. piazza denied this in 2002. champion and his longtime partner rubem robierb were married on december 21, 2012. 
champion left "good morning america" in december 2013, and later moved to the weather channel hosting "amhq" from march 2014 until october 2015.
the opera house is a former opera house and current pub in royal tunbridge wells, kent, england. it is also a grade ii listed building.
the river medway is a river which flows for from the high weald in sussex, through kent to the point where it enters the thames estuary. the river becoms tidal after allington lock.
the major tributaries of the medway are:
until 1746 the river was impassable above maidstone. the environment agency is the navigation authority.
the incredible hulk is a steel launched roller coaster. it is at islands of adventure in orlando, florida. it is themed and named after hulk, a popular comic book superhero character. it has a launched tube known as the gamma tube that the roller coaster launches from. the ride was manfactured by bolliger & mabillard and has 7 inversions. it was the only bolliger & mabillard launched roller coaster in the world until thunderbird opened.
the incredible hulk has the following inversions:
the church of king charles the martyr is a church of england parish church in royal tunbridge wells, kent, england. it is a grade i listed building. 
the eads harfang is an unmanned aerial vehicle developed for service in the french air force. 
the project was inspired by the iai heron, an israeli drone aircraft shown at the 1999 paris air show. it was built by eads, the european aeronautics and space company now part of airbus.
its name comes from "harfang des neiges", the french name for the snowy owl, a raptor (bird of prey).
the harfang is a twin-boom aircraft, propelled by a rear-mounted engine. avionics include gps. it has no weapon on board.
in may 2011, it was used for observation of the g8 meeting in deauville. 
in january 2013, france used this plane for reconnaissance against islamist terrorists who occupy the north of mali.
jimmy roberts (april 6, 1923 - february 6, 1999) was an american singer. he performed on "the lawrence welk show" from 1955 to 1982. he sang several songs during his years on "the lawrence welk show".
roberts was originally from kentucky. he was married from 1985 until he died. he had four children. he died in 1999 in clearwater, florida.
john ruskin (8 february 1819 – 20 january 1900) was the leading english art critic of the victorian era. he was also an art patron, draughtsman, watercolourist, a prominent social thinker and philanthropist. he was hugely influential in the last half of the 19th century, up to the first world war. 
ruskin wrote on a wide range of subjects. these included geology, architecture, myths, ornithology, literature, education, botany, and political economy. in all his writing, he emphasised the connections between nature, art and society. he also made detailed sketches and paintings of rocks, plants, birds, landscapes, and architectural structures and ornamentation.
ruskin first came to widespread attention with the first volume of "modern painters" (1843), an extended essay in defence of the work of j. m. w. turner. he argued that the principal role of the artist is "truth to nature". from the 1850s he championed the pre-raphaelites who were influenced by his ideas. 
in 1869, ruskin became the first slade professor of fine art at the university of oxford, where he established the ruskin school of drawing. he founded the guild of st george, an organisation that still exists.
apatite is a group of phosphate minerals with high concentrations of oh−, f−, cl− or ions, respectively, in the crystal.
apatite is characteristic of biological systems. it is one of a few minerals produced and used by biological micro-environmental systems. it hardness defines 5 on the mohs scale. hydroxyapatite is the main component of tooth enamel and bone mineral.
much bone material is in a relatively rare form of apatite. in this form most of the oh groups are absent, and there are many carbonate and acid phosphate substitutions.
fluorapatite (or fluoroapatite) is more resistant to acid attack than is hydroxyapatite. in the mid-20th century it was discovered that communities whose water supply naturally contained fluorine had lower rates of dental caries. fluoridated water allows exchange in the teeth of fluoride ions for hydroxyl groups in apatite. similarly, toothpaste often includes a source of fluoride anions (e.g. sodium fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate).
diana serra cary (born peggy-jean montgomery; october 29, 1918 – february 24, 2020), known as baby peggy, was an american silent movie actress, author, and historian. cary was one of the last surviving actors from the silent movie area. she retired in 1938. she then wrote books about her career.
cary was born on october 26, 1918 in merced, california. she studied at lawlor professional school and at fairfax high school. she was raised in san diego, california. 
cary was married to gordon ayres from 1938 until they divorced in 1948. then she was married to bob cary from 1954 until his death in 2001. she has one son, mark cary. 
cary died on february 24, 2020 in gustine, california at the age of 101. 
marie osborne yeats (born helen alice myres; november 5, 1911 – november 11, 2010), was an american actress, credited as baby marie between 1914 and 1919.
osborne was born on november 5, 1911 in denver, colorado. she was raised in long beach, california. osborne was married to frank j. dempsey from 1931 until they divorced in 1936. they had one daughter, joan. then she was married to murray f. yates from 1945 until his death in 1975. osborne died on november 11, 2010 in her home in san clemente, california from natural causes, aged 99.
jean darling (august 23, 1922 – september 4, 2015) was an american silent movie actress, singer, and writer. she was been in many movies when she was a child. she was one of the last surviving actors from the silent movie area. 
darling was born on august 23, 1922 in santa monica, california. she was married to reuben bowen from 1954 until his death in 1980. they have a son, roy bowen. darling lived in dublin, ireland where she writes many books about her career. she died on september 4, 2015 at her son's house in rodgau, germany at the age of 93.
lupita tovar (july 27, 1910 – november 12, 2016) was a mexican-american silent movie actress. she was known for her role in the 1931 spanish version of "dracula". 
tovar was born on july 27, 1910 in matías romero, oaxaca, mexico. she began acting and was raised in mexico city, mexico. tovar was married to paul kohner from 1932 until his death in 1988. they had a daughter, susan kohner.
tovar died on november 12, 2016 at her home in los angeles, california of heart disease, aged 106.
rebecca isabelle "carla" laemmle (october 20, 1909 – june 12, 2014) was an american silent movie actress. she was one of the last surviving and oldest actors from the silent movie area. her best known roles was in "dracula" (1931). she retired in 2012 at the age of 103. she was the niece of carl laemmle.
laemmle was born on october 20, 1909 in chicago, illinois. she was of german jewish ancestry.
laemmle died from natural causes on june 12, 2014 in los angeles, california, aged 104.
dear john is a 2010 american war drama movie set in charleston, south carolina. it stars channing tatum and amanda seyfried. the movie is about a soldier who falls in love with a college student called savannah lynn curtis.
it is based on the novel of the same name.
theodore taylor (june 23, 1921 – october 26, 2006) was an american author and singer. he wrote more than 50 books, but is mostly known for his edgar award-winning book "the weirdo" and "the cay".
taylor was born on june 23, 1921 in statesville, north carolina. he was never married and had no children. taylor died on october 26, 2006 in his home in laguna beach, california from a heart attack, aged 85.
kunani () is a city in kohdasht county, lorestan, iran. there were 3,746 people living here in 2006.
dazed and confused is a 1993 american comedy movie. it is about the lives of teenagers during their last days of high school in may 1976 in austin, texas. milla jovovich plays michelle. parker posey plays darla marks. this movie was released on september 24, 1993 in the united states. it made only $7.9 million, though reviews were extremely positive thanks to its cult status.
scrabble was a television game show that aired from 1984 to 1993. it was based on the "scrabble" board game. it was hosted by chuck woolery. on july 2 1984-june 11 1993 after nbc on usa network 1994 during press your luck or other 2 slot number or 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 letter a-z like wheel of fortune hangman (1975) on march 1984-june 1993 both in 1984 one march or july or other calendar year month hosted chuck woolrey in 1973 born until december 25 1981 finale
two players competed. at the start, a computer image of the "scrabble" board was shown. a letter would be given in the center space. the host told the players the number of letters in the word, and then read a clue to the word. the player would take two numbered tiles. these tiles were placed in a slot, giving the player two letters. the player would then choose a letter to place in the word. if the letter was in the word, it was placed into the word. the player then made a guess to the word or placed the other tile. if the player could not guess the word after placing the tile, they took two more tiles. play continued until the player guessed the word (done by the player hitting their buzzer) or there was only one letter left in the word. if a correct guess was made, the player won the word. if an incorrect guess was made, play passed to the other player. three words won the game. two games were played with two different players.
three of the letters were "stoppers," a letter that was not in the word. if one of those letters were chosen, the player lost their turn.
some of the letters were placed into blue and pink squares. if the player guessed the word after placing a letter into one of these squares, they won a bonus. a blue square was worth $500, while a pink square was worth $1,000 to count money
if all three stoppers were chosen, there was a 2-2 tie, or time was running short, speedword was played. in speedword, each letter in the word was revealed one at a time. the first player to buzz in with a correct guess won the word. 3 stoopers 1 or 2
the two winning players of the main game played in the scrabble sprint. here, the winners of the two games competed to guess four words in the fastest time. the four words were six, seven, eight, and nine letters long. the winner of the first game played first. for each word, the player was told the number of letters in the word, and then was given a clue. when the host said to start, the clock started counting up. the player was given two letters, and selected one to place in the word. when the player wanted to guess the word, they hit a buzzer and made their guess. if correct, they moved on to the next word. if incorrect, ten seconds was added to their time, and they had to play another word of the same length. once the player guessed all four words, the clock stopped. this set the time for the second player to beat.
the second player played with the same four words. this time around, the clock counted down. if the second player got all four words within this time, the player won. if not, the first player won.
the winner of the scrabble sprint moved on to the bonus sprint. here, the player had to get two words within ten seconds. the rules were the same as the scrabble sprint. if the player got both words, they won a jackpot that started at $5,000 and increased by $1,000 each day that it was not won.
"scrabble" aired from 1984 to 1990 on nbc. it was later revived in 1993 on the same network.
inverted coaster ("sometimes known as inverts by coaster enthusiasts") is a roller coaster designed by bolliger and mabillard and was first conceived in 1992. unlike the other coaster which above the track, this coaster sits you by the bottom of the track. making a flying sensation. 
the inverted coaster was coined by the swiss roller coaster designers bolliger & mabillard (b&m) in 1991/92. the first installation of the inverts came at six flags great america in 1992. batman: the ride opened to much fanfare and was "cloned" many times at other parks. the inverted coaster quickly became an favorite with custom designs installed nearly every year. the tallest and fastest inverted coaster is wicked twister at cedar point at 215 feet (66 m) tall and reaching speeds up to 72 miles per hour. although, it was not built by b&m. the longest inverted coaster is banshee at kings island which travels along 4,124 feet of track. 
other roller coaster manufacturers followed in the footsteps of bolliger & mabillard and began working on their own inverted coaster designs, including vekoma, intamin (which was the builders of wicker twister in 2002) and other smaller companies. intamin has few designs classified as inverted coasters, although they do install inverted coaster trains on some of their launched designs. vekoma
in recent years, vekoma has become the first manufacturer to install a family-friendly inverted roller coaster.
the inversions usually include vertical loops, zero gravity rolls, immelmann loops, cobra rolls, and corkscrews.
189 inverted roller coasters have been installed at various theme parks, some of which have been relocated. the following list is not exhaustive and only shows the most notable installations.
william james adams jr. (born march 15, 1975), known professionally as will.i.am (pronounced "will-i-am"), is an american rapper, record producer, and singer. he is best known as a founding and lead member of the musical group black eyed peas.
as a solo artist, will.i.am has released four solo albums. his first album "lost change", was released in 2001 through atlantic records. his second album, "must b 21", was released on september 23, 2003. the track "go!" was regularly used as the theme for "nba live 2005" and "madden nfl 2005". the third album, "songs about girls", was released on september 25, 2007. he released his fourth studio album, "#willpower", in 2013.
as a music producer, will.i.am has produced music with other artists. in collaborations and with the black eyed peas, he has a total of 41 top-40 entries on the uk singles chart since 1998, and has sold 9.4 million singles in the uk.
rachel mary berkeley portman, obe (born 11 december 1960) is a english composer, best known for composing music for movies. she was the first woman to win the academy award for best original score
salmon portland chase (january 13, 1808 – may 7, 1873) was an american politician and jurist who was u.s. senator from ohio and the 23rd governor of ohio; as u.s. treasury secretary under president abraham lincoln; and as the sixth chief justice of the united states. he was one of the most famous republicans of his time.
chase was born on january 13, 1808 in cornish, new hampshire. he was raised in windsor, vermont and worthington, ohio. he studied at cincinnati college and in dartmouth college. chase was married to katherine garmiss from 1834 until they divorced. then he was married to eliza ann smith from 1839 until they divorced. then he was married to sarah dunlop from 1846 until his death in 1873. he had six daughters. chase died on may 7, 1873 in new york city, new york from an illness, aged 65.
america's next top model", cycle 20 (also known as america's next top model: guys & girls") is the twentieth season of "america's next top model". it is the fourteenth season to be shown on the cw. the season started in summer 2013. tyra banks, kelly cutrone, bryanboy, and rob evans returned as judges on the show. like in the previous cycle, the public votes on contestants.
it is the first season of "america's next top model" to include more than fourteen contestants. it is also the first to have male contestants in the competition. male contestants has happened previously in spain's "supermodelo 2008" and bosnia and herzegovina's "obn star model".
the prizes for this cycle are:
"(ages stated are at time of contest)"
episode 1 & 2.
conserved sequences are similar or identical sequences which occur in dna, and cause sequences in rna, proteins and carbohydrates.
these sequences occur across species. this shows that the sequences has been maintained in evolution despite speciation. the further back up the phylogenetic tree a particular conserved sequence occurs, the more highly conserved it is. since sequence information is normally transmitted from parents to progeny by genes, a conserved sequence implies that there is a conserved gene.
conservation of a sequence happens when mutations in a highly conserved region lead to non-viable life forms, that is, a form which is eliminated through natural selection. in other words, the product of the gene is vital to life, and its function is destroyed by almost all changes (mutations) to the sequence.
conserved nucleic acid sequences.
the basic theory, widely agreed, is that highly conserved dna sequences must have functional value, though the role for many of these highly conserved non-coding dna sequences is not known. one recent study that eliminated four highly conserved non-coding dna sequences in mice yielded viable mice with no significant phenotypic differences; the authors described their findings as "unexpected". so there is clearly something here which is not understood.
many regions of the dna, including highly conserved dna sequences, consist of repeated sequence elements. if only one of a set of a repeated sequences was removed, and the repetitions were not needed, then no difference would be seen in the mice. the paper did not report whether the eliminated sequences were repeated sequences.
conserved protein sequences and structures.
highly conserved proteins are often required for cells to work or divide. conservation of protein sequences is shown by the presence of identical amino acid residues at analogous parts of proteins. conservation of protein structures is indicated by the presence of functionally equivalent, though not necessarily identical, amino acid residues and structures between analogous parts of proteins.
shown below is an amino acid sequence alignment between two human zinc finger proteins. conserved amino acid sequences are marked by strings of formula_1 on the third line of the sequence alignment. as can be seen from this alignment, these two proteins contain a number of conserved amino acid sequences (represented by identical letters aligned between the two sequences).
the research field which studies the evolution and function of multigene families is called comparative genomics.
the famas (fusil d'assaut de la manufacture d'armes de saint-étienne, in english "assault rifle from the saint-étienne weapon factory") is a bullpup-styled assault rifle designed and manufactured in france. it's the main assault rifle of the french army, french air force, and french navy since 1980. it was also sold for export.
designed in 1973 famas uses a 5.56mm nato (.223) caliber cartridge. muzzle velocity is between 925m/s and 960m/s following variants.
militaries and polices of that countries uses famas.
sabbath is a weekly day of rest or worship in islam, judaism, and christianity:
it might also mean:
in chemistry, a substitution reaction happens when an atom or a group of atoms is replaced by a different one. substitution reactions can be of many different types.
in organic chemistry, the main ones are nucleophilic substitution and electrophilic substitution. these take their names from electrophiles and nucleophiles. however, substitution reactions can also happen under other conditions. for example, photochemical reactions (reactions that use light instead of heat) are used to put halogens in a molecule. another example is using free radicals. choosing the correct solvent and temperature conditions is very important to make sure that the reaction happens. sometimes an elimination reaction can happen instead.
the product of a substitution reaction is often called a substituted molecule. for example, phenol can be called a substituted benzene.
joey lauren adams (born january 9, 1968) is an american actress. she acts mostly in movies. she has a strong raspy voice. she acted in the comedies "chasing amy" (1997) and "mallrats" (1995).
adams was born in north little rock, arkansas.
the american president is a 1995 romance-comedy movie. it was released in november 1995. the story is about political subjects and romance. annette bening and michael douglas play the main characters. martin sheen and michael j. fox also star. this romance-comedy grossed near $108 million in the box office, which was only a modest success, though it remained a favorite for cable and home video. the reviews on this were very positive. rob reiner directed the movie.
daniel geale (born 26 february 1981) is an australian professional boxer. he won the ocean mastership and the commonwealth games.
he started to box as a pro in 2004. he won the international boxing organization title in 2007 against gary comer. he defended the title five times after he lost it against anthony mundine. after he won against the opponent middelweight champion roman karmazin, he fought against sebastian sylvester, who defended the international boxing federation title. geale won the fight and combined the international boxing federation title and the world boxing association title after a fight against felix sturm. after that, he defended his title against anthony mundine, who had beaten him in 2009. he is the reigning champion of the world boxing association (wba) and the international boxing federation (ibf).
japanese empresses or empress of japan means a . the term also mean the wife of the emperor, or .
the wife of naruhito is empress masako. she became the current empress of japan when her husband accepted his role as emperor.
there were eight female monarchs. in other words, there were six female emperors including two who reigned twice. 
the wife of an japanese emperor is called empress in english, but her title in japanese is a little different.
"kōgō" is the title of a non-reigning empress consort. the title, still in use, is generally conferred on an emperor's wife who had given birth to the heir to the throne. the title was first awarded posthumously in 806 to the late mother of emperor heizei.
"chūgū" was a term which evolved during the heian period; and it came to be understood as the title of the empress. for a time, "chūgū" replaced "kōgō"; and then the titles became interchangeable.
the numbers of "kōgō" varied, but there was only one "chūgū" at a time.
the title "kōtaigō" was given to the wife of an ex-emperor; and the title "tai-kōtaigō" came to be used by a dowager empress.
the last of us is a third person survival horror action-adventure video game made by naughty dog and published by sony computer entertainment. it released for the playstation 3 on 14th june 2013 and a version of the game with updated graphics called was released for the playstation 4 on 29th july 2014. this version also has a downloadable content called left behind. the story is about two people named joel and ellie trying to survive different dangers.
the last of us takes place twenty years in an alternate future where a deadly fungus outbreak has occurred in the united states, spreading throughout earth, creating zombie like creatures from the corpses of the dead. the story focuses on joel and ellie, two survivors that have escaped the soldier patrolled quarantine zones, in hopes to find the cure to the disease that ellie may be the beginning of. throughout their trip, they encounter a variety of different people that sometimes help them, and other times try to hurt them.
joel lives with sarah (his 12 years old daughter) in america. one night, sounds of explosions broke the silence. it seems that a kind of mushroom sick goes to the human body and changes their genetics and make them to "wild people eater". joel, his brother tommy, and sarah want to escape from the city but the city was surrounded by armed soldiers and in the middle of the way, sarah is shot by one of the soldiers and dies in her father's arms.
20 years later, when many people have died by this disease, the survivors live in a quarantine area. joel, with his friend tess, do smuggle in that area but a person named robert has stolen their weapons.
after the fights that they do with robert, robert tells them that he has gave the weapons to a group called fireflies. marlin is the head of this group and promises to joel and tess that he will give back their weapons if they give a girl called ellie to the fireflies.
the game got great reception, getting over 120 awards and receiving the title of 2013's game of the year. ign rated the game 10 out of 10, along with many other national game raters, that all rated the game highest any game has ever received. during the first week, the game sold over 3.4 million copies, second only to grand theft auto in sales records .
the last of us is the most awarded game of all time, winning over 200 game of the year awards.this game has applauded by the critics and took over than 50 complete numbers and the average of the numbers is 95 from 100.
the last of us is a third-person perspective game. the first characters of the game are joel and ellie. for most of the game, players control joel, and ellie is controlled by the game's artificial intelligence. players also control ellie and sarah in a few parts of the game. in this game you can use different guns and other things which you find in the environment like knifes to kill your enemies.
the game includes a multiplayer side, where the player can choose to be a hunter or a firefly, with the objective of completing twelve weeks (84 days/games) on each side. it comes with multiple different modes and maps.
centre georges pompidou is an art museum in paris. it opened in 1977, and is named after georges pompidou, a former president of france. it houses the largest museum for modern art in europe.
swedish house mafia is a swedish electronic dance music trio. it was made up of three people: axwell, steve angello and sebastian ingrosso. they are all djs and producers. the band was formed in 2008.
over the years, swedish house mafia published two albums and six singles. all of these have been very successful worldwide. five of their singles reached the top ten in the uk music charts. they have worked with many other artists, like tinie tempah.
in 2012 the band said on their website that they would split up at the end of their 2012-2013 tour. the tour, named "one last tour," ended at the ultra music festival in miami, florida. their opening and closing sets were on march 15 and march 24, 2013.
"rude boy" is a hit single sung by barbadian recording artist rihanna. it was released in february 2010. the song is from her fourth studio album, "rated r" (2009). it combines dancehall and reggae. title received mixed reviews. it spent five weeks at number one on "billboard" hot 100 in the united states. it also topped charts in australia and israel. it reached number two in the uk and number seven on the canadian hot 100. it peaked within the top ten of most international charts. rihanna has most recently performed the song on her anti world tour.
on june 30, 2015, the recording industry association of america certified the song quintuple-platinum for shipments and streams of over five million copies of the song across the us.
the music video for the song has received over 449 million views as of march 2018.
applebee's is an american food company that develops, franchises and operates applebee's neighborhood bar & grill. there are over two thousand restaurants all across the united states, puerto rico and several outside countries. the concept of this company represents casual dining. their food includes salads, shrimp, chicken, pasta, barbecue ribs and fish. the company is centered in kansas city, missouri. it was put into operation on november 19, 1980.
, formerly , is the wife of japan's emperor akihito. 
michiko shōda was born at university of tokyo hospital in tokyo. she is the eldest daughter of hidesaburo shōda and fumiko soejima, president and later honorary chairman of nisshin flour milling company.
in 1957, she earned a ba degree at the university of the sacred heart, tokyo.
shōda married crown prince akihito in 1959.
when she married, she became crown princess michiko. she became empress michiko in 1989 when her husband became emperor.
empress michiko is the mother of two sons and a daughter.
in august 2019, it was revealed that she was diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer in july 2019. empress michiko had cancer surgery in september of the year.
grappling is making a move on an opponent in a martial art, combat or combat sport which does not involve striking or the use of a weapon. some sports like sumo, wrestling or judo are solely about grappling.
saint joseph's university is a jesuit university in pennsylvania. it was founded in 1851.
saint ignatius of loyola (1491-1556) was a spanish man. he started the jesuit order in catholicism. he is also known for his spiritual exercises.
audley kendrick tuten (january 14, 1915 – may 7, 1994) was an american professional ice hockey player that played 39 games in the nhl for the chicago black hawks.
tuten also played with the hershey b'ars/bears of the ehl for 4 seasons as well as the baltimore orioles from the ehl for 1 season. he went on to play for both the kansas city greyhounds and kansas city americans of the aha for 1 season each. he entered the nhl and played with the black hawks for 5 games before rejoining the americans. he joined the black hawks again and played 34 games with them. he left the black hawks and went on to join the minneapolis millers of the ushl for 4 games, the fort worth rangers of the ushl for 2 games and the kansas city pla-mors of the ushl for 10 games before ending his playing career with los angeles-s.d. of the pchl. he died on may 7, 1994.
münchausen syndrome (pronounced "munch-house-in") is a mental illness in which a person repeatedly fakes disease, illness, or psychological trauma to get attention or sympathy from others. it is sometimes called hospital addiction syndrome, thick chart syndrome, or hospital hopper syndrome.
a related mental illness is münchausen syndrome by proxy. people with this condition abuse another person, usually a child, in order to get sympathy or attention for themselves. for example, a parent might make their own child sick in order to get attention and sympathy from friends and medical professionals.
people with münchausen syndrome exaggerate or create symptoms of mental or physical illness. some people with münchausen make up detailed stories about medical problems they have had, or they may fake symptoms. however, others may harm themselves in many different ways in order to make it seem like they are sick. for example, they might take laxatives to make it seem like they have diarrhea, or take blood-thinning medications to cause bleeding. they might inject themselves with bacteria so that they get an infection. they might cut or burn themselves in order to create wounds. sometimes, after getting medical treatment, people with münchausen also do things to slow down or prevent their recovery - for example, by ripping out stitches.
the goal of this behavior is to get treatment, attention, sympathy, and comfort from medical professionals. for a person with münchausen, being a patient feels familiar and comfortable. this meets a deep psychological need that the person has.
there are several risk factors for münchausen (things which make it more likely for a person to develop the condition). münchausen is more common in people who:
a few different types of münchausen syndrome have been identified. they include:
the weeping woman is an iconic painting. it was painted by pablo picasso. it is an oil painting done on canvas. picasso painted this after his break-up with his mistress, dora maar. after the breakup he always said she was weeping there for creating the term of "weeping woman". pablo picasso used his skill for geometric shapes and design in the painting. you can see multiple dimensions in this picture. made in 1937 it shows how old pablo picasso would be now, though also how experienced he was then, being born in 1881. the level of experience it would take to be capable of such a level of geometric art work is surprisingly high considering there have been so many artists over the eras who have mastered it.
lazarus "larry, rock" zeidel (june 1, 1928 – june 17, 2014) was a canadian professional ice hockey player. he played 5 seasons in the nhl as well as 12 seasons in the ahl.
zeidel started his hockey career with the barrie flyers of the oha for 28 games and then moved on to play with the quebec aces of the qshl for 3 seasons. after that he played with the saskatoon quakers of the wcshl and then the detroit red wings of the nhl for 19 games before being sent to their ahl affiliate, indianapolis capitals for a season. he was called up to the red wings and played 9 games with them before he joined the edmonton flyers of the whl and played 1 season with them. he played joined the chicago black hawks of the nhl for 1 season and rejoined the edmonton flyers for 1 season. he would then play in the ahl with the hershey bears for 8 seasons and the cleveland barons for 1 season. he returned to the whl to play with the seattle totems for 2 seasons and joined the barons again for 2 seasons. he ended his playing career after playing with the philadelphia flyers for 2 seasons.
he won the stanley cup in 1952 during his time with the detroit red wings.
zeidel was jewish and because of this antisemitic remarks were said to him during his playing career. his grandparents were killed in concentration camps by nazis.
zeidel suffered from dementia during his last years. he died in pennsylvania from heart failure and renal failure, aged 86.
charlton "charlie" brooker (born 3 march 1971) is a british humourist, journalist, television presenter, screenwriter and producer. he is widely known for creating the channel 4/netflix science fiction series "black mirror" (2011–present). he has appeared in panel shows such as "have i got news for you". he has also hosted his own programmes such as "screenwipe" and "you have been watching". in 2017, he won two primetime emmy awards for the "black mirror" episode "san junipero". 
brooker was born in reading, berkshire and grew up in oxfordshire. he is married to television presenter konnie huq. they have two children.
vasanth kumar shivashankar padukone (9 july 1925 – 10 october 1964), known by many as guru dutt, was an indian movie director, producer and actor.
symbolism is the practice of representing things by symbols, or of investing things with a symbolic meaning or character. a symbol is an object, action, or idea that stands for something other than itself, often of a more abstract nature. symbolism creates quality aspects that make literature like poetry and novels more meaningful.
john hermansader (1915–2005) was an american painter, graphic designer, and jazz fan. he is remembered for his iconic designs of blue note record covers.
early years and education.
john bancroft hermansader was born on november 1, 1915 near reading, pennsylvania. in the 1930s, he studied at the memphis academy of art in tennessee and the new bauhaus in chicago, illinois. in new york city he studied with robert motherwell at the new school of social research.
jazz, blue note records, fine art.
in 1939, he and his wife rosemary were founders of the hot club of newark, new jersey, a significant group of jazz enthusiasts. john became the first president.
in 1951, when blue note records began issuing 10 inch records, hermansader was one of their first designers, along with paul bacon and gil melle. looking back at this era, michael cuscuna of mosaic records said, “ what john hermansader and paul bacon really did was evoke the feeling of the music. they used everything from bauhaus designs to things that were really otherworldly.” angelynn grant adds, “when people think of blue note covers they think of frank wolff”s photography and reid miles design. but john hermansader laid the groundwork that got them going along that path.” richard cook, who wrote blue note records: the biography states, “hermansader in particular balanced the twin issues of photography and type in a way that would mirror the concerns of the blue note of the years ahead.”
“john hermansader was passionate about oil painting, “beautiful lyrical abstractions, full of color and movement.”5 he was an abstract expressionist painter who drew inspiration for his work from listening to jazz.”
his exhibitions included and the gallery of contemporary art at sunken meadow, long island, 1951–58, panoras gallery 1956, art usa 1958. his work is in the collection of wake forest (il) college, and the schwenkfelder art museum, pa, as well as private collections.
citizen ruth is a 1996 comedy movie about pregnancy and abortion controversy. it was directed by alexander payne, and starring laura dern and swoosie kurtz.
"play dead" is a song by björk. it was released in 1993. the song is a single in the soundtrack of the crime drama film "the young americans". the song was added as a bonus track to "debut" when the album was released again in november 1993 four months after being first released. the single reached no.7 in the swedish singles chart. bjork wrote the song with jah wobble and david arnold.
 was a government position in japan in the late nara and heian periods. 
the position was established in the taihō code of 702. the official acted in the context of a council of state ("daijō-kan") which was made up of the three men. 
the taihō code system was replaced in the meiji period.
 was a government position in japan in the late nara and heian periods.
the position was established in the taihō code of 702. the official acted in the context of a council of state ("daijō-kan") which was made up of the three men. 
the taihō code system was replaced in the meiji period.
wodan timbur coaster is a wooden roller coaster in germany. it is in the europa-park in rust, baden-württemberg. the coaster opened on march 31, 2012.
wodan timbur coaster is in the "iceland" section of the park that opened in 2009. it is the park's first wooden coaster. the coaster was built by great coasters international. they have built many coasters around the world. these include "troy" at toverland and "el toro" at freizeitpark plohn. wodan timbur coaster has three gcii millennium flyer trains. each has polyurethane wheels instead of the normal steel wheels.
the coaster was named after the germanic name of the nordic god odin. "timbur" is the islandic word for "wood". "timbur coaster" means "wooden coaster".
the theme of wodan timbur coaster is norse mythology. the waiting line for the ride uses a large amount of detailed parts. these include fire, mist and water effects. the goddess of death, hel, is also used. she has a turning sand timer. in the ride station, statues watch the train leave. they also turn to watch the train return to the station. the ride has several dives into tunnels.
dariusz tomasz michalczewski (may 5, 1968) better known as tiger is a polish boxer. he was world boxing organization, world boxing association, international boxing federation and lineal champion in light heavyweight for nine years. he was undefeated for twelve years.
michalczewski started his career in 1991. he won the world boxing association title against leeonzer barber, who was undefeated for 3 years. after that he combined the world boxing organization title and the lineal title. he also won the wold boxing organization title against nestor hipolito giovannini in cruiserweight. in 1996 he fought against graciano rochigani, who was one of the best light heavyweight boxer at this time. michalchewski won at round 7. he combined the world boxing organization, world boxing association, international boxing federation and lineal after a win against virgil hill, who was one of the world's best boxers at that time. in 2000 he fought the second time against graciano rocchigani. he won the fight in the tenth round by knockout. after the fight against derrick harmon, he needed one win to stop the record of rocky marciano, who was undefeated for 49 fights in a row. in his fortyninth fight, he fought in the color line arena, hamburg against julio cesar gonzalez. michalchewski wasn't trained and lost by split decision. in 2005 he made a comeback against the world boxing association champion fabrice tiozzo. he lost the fight by knockout in round five. after that, he said that he never will fight again. in his best time, he counted with roy jones junior as the best light heavyweight fighter of all time.
suicidal ideation is the medical terminology for thoughts of or preoccupation with killing yourself. it varies between fleeting thoughts and self-harm or making suicidal attempts. most people who undergo suicidal ideation never really kill themselves, though some do. this condition is often triggered through being hopeless, depressed, anxiety, having panic attacks or strong remorse. it can also happen because of being abused, as a result of certain medications, due to bullying or feeling rejected.
playstation move is a motion-sensing game controller platform by sony computer entertainment which supports the playstation 3 and the playstation 4. the device uses a playstation eye camera to record movements. it was released on september 15, 2010 in europe and on september 17, 2010 in north america. sony announced that the "playstation move" had sold 15 million units.
in 2016 playstation made a return to the move with the release of the playstation vr and the move can be used to interact with the objects in the virtual world.
the was a government position in japan in the late nara and heian periods. 
the position was established in the taihō code of 702. the official acted in the context of a council of state ("daijō-kan") which was made up of the three men. 
the taihō code system was replaced in the meiji period. for a short time, this office continued to be part of early meiji government.
kps skra bełchatów sa is a volleyball club from poland. it started in 1930 as a football club, but began playing volleyball instead in 1957. the club plays in the polish volleyball league and they play in bełchatów. skra bełchatów's owner is polish company the bełchatów power station. they won polish championship in 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2014 and polish cup in 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2016.
belling the cat, also known as the bell and the cat or the mice in council is a story which has become a traditional part of european and western culture.
the story may have come from aesop. the earliest recorded versions are from the middle ages.
the story is about a group of mice who talk about what to do about a cat which threatens them. one wants to place a bell around the cat's neck. all agree. then one mouse asks who will volunteer to put the bell on the cat? not one stepped forward.
the story is about the difference between a good idea and what may be needed to convert an idea into action.
the story gives us the idiom "to bell the cat", which means to try an impossible or near-impossible task. in other words, it is easier said than done.
the crab louse or pubic louse is an insect, which is a parasite on humans. it is found most often in pubic hair, but also lives in other areas on the body with dense hair. it can be spread from one human to another by sexual intercourse, but also through garments, towels and besheets, for example in a hotel. crab lice are still visible with the human eye, they are about 1.5-2mm in size. 
note that head lice and body lice are different species.
vera lúcia fischer (born november 27, 1951 in blumenau) is a brazilian actress.
giovanna antonelli (born march 18, 1976 in rio de janeiro) is a brazilian actress.
antonelli is the daughter of hilton prado and suely antonelli. she has a brother named leonardo pietro antonelli. she has a nephew named gabriel. she married businessman ricardo medina on march 8, 2000. they separated in february 2002.
in late 2001, antonelli started dating the actor murilo benício. he was her co-star in "o clone". they married in 2002. their son pietro was born on may 24, 2005. antonelli and benício separated in 2005. earlier, in 2004, during their first separation, she dated businessman alexandre accioly.
in 2005, antonelli met the american entrepreneur robert locascio. on may 5, 2007, they married in italy. the marriage lasted only four months.
in 2009, antonelli broke up with businessman arthur fernandes after two years.
she began dating director leonardo nogueira. on october 8, 2010, gave birth to the twins antônia and sophia. she wants to have another child before reaching the age of 40.
pauley perrette (born march 27, 1969) is an american actress and homosexual rights advocate. she acts mostly in television programs. she played abigail sciuto on the series "ncis".
perrette was born in louisiana. she was raised in different regions of the united states.
mehmed orhan (11 july 1909 5/12 march 1994) was the 42nd head of the ottoman dynasty. he succeeded as head of the dynasty on 9 december 1983, after the death of ali vâsib. if reigning, he would be sultan orhan vii.
he was born at serencebey palace or at kisil toprak, turkey. he was the son of hih prince şehzade mehmed abdul kadir efendi, captain of the ottoman army, by second wife hh mihriban hanımefendi. the marriage was not recognised by the imperial house. on his 13 birthday he was ceremoniously circumcised in the dolmabahce palace.
he died in nice and was buried there.
marriages and issue.
in january 1933, prince mehmed orhan married the egyptian princess hh nafiye yeghen hanım efendi. this marriage was annulled in 1947. in paris in 1944, he got a morganatic marriage with the french american marguerite irma fournier. he had a daughter with his first wife and a stepson with his second wife. 
"eligibility note: a male person born to parents who are not married to each other at the time of birth is not included in the line of succession and passes no rights to their descendants."
mehmed selim orhan de turquie was born before his parents married in 1944. at the time of his birth, his stepfather was not divorced by his first wife.
marcos alberto alcalai- born in brazil in 1962 mehemed orhan's only biological child born of a relationship with a divorced woman, legitimized in turkey in 1992 was not deprived of the title of hih şehzade
college of the holy cross is a jesuit university in worcester, massachusetts. it was founded in 1843.
a total synthesis is the complete chemical synthesis of complex organic molecules from simple, commercially available (petrochemical) or natural precursors. in a "linear" synthesis—often used for simple structures—several steps are performed one after another until the molecule is complete. the chemical compounds made in each step are usually called "synthetic intermediates". for more complex molecules, a different approach may be preferable: convergent synthesis involves the individual preparation of several "pieces" (key intermediates), which are then combined to form the goal product.
robert burns woodward, who received the 1965 nobel prize in chemistry for several total syntheses (for example, his 1954 synthesis of strychnine), is regarded as the father of modern organic synthesis. some latter-day examples of total synthesis include wender's, holton's, nicolaou's and danishefsky's synthesis of taxol.
methodology and applications.
each step of a synthesis involves a chemical reaction, and reagents and conditions for each of these reactions need to be designed to give a good yield and a pure product, with as little work as possible. a method may already exist in the literature for making one of the early synthetic intermediates, and this method will usually be used rather than "trying to reinvent the wheel". however most intermediates are compounds that have never been made before. these will normally be made using general methods developed by methodology researchers. to be useful, these methods need to give high yields. they must also be reliable for a broad range of substrates. for practical applications, additional requirements include industrial standards of safety and purity. methodology research usually involves three main stages: "discovery", "optimization", and studies of "scope and limitations". the "discovery" requires extensive knowledge of and experience with chemical reactivities of appropriate reagents. "optimization" is where one or two starting compounds are tested in the reaction under a wide variety of conditions of temperature, solvent, reaction time, etc. researchers try different conditions until they find the best conditions for product yield and purity. finally, researchers try to extend the synthesis method to a broad range of different starting materials, to find its scope and limitations. total synthesis (see above) are sometimes used to highlight the new method and demonstrate its value in a real-world application. major industries focused especially on polymers (and plastics) and on pharmaceuticals have used this research.
most complex natural products are chiral. each enantiomer can have a different bioactivity. traditional total syntheses targeted racemic mixtures, i.e., as an equal mixture of both possible enantiomers. the racemic mixture might then be separated via chiral resolution.
in the latter half of the twentieth century, chemists began to develop methods of asymmetric catalysis and kinetic resolution. these reactions could be directed to produce only one enantiomer rather than a racemic mixture. early examples include sharpless epoxidation (k. barry sharpless) and asymmetric hydrogenation (william s. knowles and ryōji noyori). for their achievement, these workers went on to share the nobel prize in chemistry in 2001. such reactions gave chemists a much wider choice of enantiomerically pure molecules to start an organic synthesis. previously only natural enantiomer starting materials could be used. using techniques pioneered by robert burns woodward and other new synthetic methods, chemists became more able to make complex molecules without unwanted racemisation. this is called stereocontrol. this allowed the final target molecule to be synthesised as one pure enantiomer without any resolution being necessary. such techniques are referred to as asymmetric synthesis.
elias james corey brought a more formal approach to synthesis design, based on retrosynthetic analysis, for which he won the nobel prize for chemistry in 1990. in this approach, the research is planned backwards from the product, using standard rules. the steps are shown using retrosynthetic arrows (drawn as: =>), which in effect means "is made from". computer programs have been written for designing a synthesis based on sequences of generic "half-reactions".
alexander morozevich (born moscow, 18 july 1977) is a russian chess grandmaster. he was ranked second, in the july 2008 fide rating list, but is now ranked ninth.
morozevich has been one of the best chess players in the world for nearly a decade. he is famous for employing unusual openings, for example the chigorin defense (1. d4 d5 2. c4 nc6), and more recently the albin countergambit (1.d4 d5 2.c4 e5); both systems are hardly ever seen at the top level. he is also well known for preferring complicated rather than clear positions. perhaps because of his style, which produces relatively few draws, morozevich is popular among chess fans. 
among his most notable results are 7.5/10 at the 2000 chess olympiad (winning bronze medal for board 2) and 7/11 at the 2002 chess olympiad. he took first place in the overall standings at the amber tournament in 2002, 2004 (shared with kramnik) and 2006 (shared with anand); first place in biel tournament three times: 2003, 2004 and 2006; and twice winning the russian championship (1998 and 2007).
peter leko (; born 8 september 1979) in subotica, yugoslavia is the leading hungarian chess grandmaster. 
he became a grandmaster in 1994 at the age of 14 years (a world record at the time). he was the challenger in the classical world championship 2004 against vladimir kramnik. he tied with kramnik 7-7, so kramnik kept his title. leko's best world ranking was fourth, first achieved in april 2003.
the abilene ruff riders are an american football team. they play their games at the taylor county expo center in abilene, texas. their team colours are red, black and white. the team logo (the picture they have on their shirts) is a cowboy on a horse. they have a team mascot called rowdy the ruffrider, who is a cowboy too.
at first, the ruff riders were called the katy ruff riders, because they played their games in a city called katy, texas. in 2008, they moved to abilene and changed their name. they were part of the intense football league until 2010. for the 2010 - 2011 season, they were part of the southern indoor football league, but now they are a part of the lone star football league.
the association of lesbians, gays, bisexuals and transgenders persons in morocco (kifkif) is a moroccan non-profit organization working on improving the legal and social status of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people. it was founded in 2005 in and is the first lgbt advocacy group in north africa. kifkif means equal in arabic.
jerry koosman (born december 23, 1942) is a former baseball player with the new york mets, minnesota twins, chicago white sox and philadelphia phillies. he was a pitcher. he won more than 200 games in his career. in 1969, he was on the mets team that won the baseball championship the world series. koosman won two games for the mets in the 1969 world series.
in 1968, koosman finished 2nd by one vote to johnny bench in the voting for national league rookie of the year, given to the best first year player in the league. in 1976, koosman finished 2nd to randy jones in the voting for national league cy young award, given to the league's best pitcher. koosman won at least 20 games in both 1976 and 1979.
thomas (tom) william cleverley (born 12 august 1989) is an english footballer. he was born in basingstoke, hampshire and grew up in bradford, west yorkshire.
cleverley plays for premier league club everton and the england national team.
johnny bench (born december 7, 1947) is a former baseball player who played for the cincinnati reds. he mostly played catcher. he hit 389 home runs. he was the national league most valuable player in both 1970 and 1972. he was also the national league rookie of the year, or best first year player, in 1968. he was chosen for the all star game 14 times. 
he won the baseball championship, the world series, with reds in both 1975 and 1976, and was voted the most valuable player of the world series in 1976. he was inducted into the baseball hall of fame in 1989.
most analysts think either bench or iván rodríguez is the greatest catcher of all time.
ali akish (january 14, 1918, hailar, china - july 17, 2011, ankara, turkey) is a famous journalist, one of the leaders of the tatar nationalist movement, the honorary president of the world league of tatars.
ali aksih was a preeminent leader of the tatar nationalist movement in diaspora. he was born in the city of hailar (manchuria), where he attended a local tatar elementary school before entering a russian lycee. after completing the lycee in 1936, he went to study at al-azhar university in cairo (egypt), and in 1938, along with another young nationalist, ahat ginish, went to poland. akish and ginish served as technical assistants to ayaz iskhaki at the idel-ural national center, where the newspaper “yanga milli yul" (new national path) was published. their work was interrupted by the invasion of poland by the nazi and soviet forces.
akish lived from 1940 to 1966 in turkey where he was involved with the diaspora national movement. his pamphlet “problems of idel-ural and soviet imperialism” printed in 1963 received great attention and provoked repercussions in the ussr in the form of two books, one ostensibly written by the president of the tatar assr, salikh batiyev in 1977. in 1966 ali akish joined the tatar-bashkir service of radio liberty, inc. in 1983, he retired from this position and went again to ankara. over the years he wrote numerous articles in emigree publications and other forums such as turk kulturu, and in 1985 published a 59 page booklet, similar to his first, called "idel-ural'da hurriyet mucadelesi" (struggle for freedom in idel-ural).
in 1994, after reading vladimir zhirinovsky's book "last thrust to the south," he wrote an article for the turkish newspaper "milliyet" in which he denounced the russian nationalists' imperial and anti-turkish aspirations. the article was highly significant as one of the first published in turkey critical of zhirinovsky and his views.
he was able to visit kazan, the capital of the republic of tatarstan in russia. on his first visit to kazan he brought, at his own expense, a computer that he donated to the tatar public center. akish dedicated his whole life to the liberation of the tatar people from colonial oppression. the world tatar league named him honorary president in recognition of his achievements. a school was named in his honor in the city of chally (naberezhniye chelny) in tatarstan. 
in chemistry, yield (also called chemical yield or reaction yield) is the amount of product resulting from a chemical reaction. the "absolute yield" gives the weight in grams, and the "molar yield" gives the number of moles.
the "fractional yield", "relative yield", or "percentage yield" shows how completely a synthetic procedure worked. it is calculated by dividing the amount of product by the "theoretical yield" (the unit of measurement for both must be the same):
to get the "percentage yield", one must multiply the fractional yield by 100% (e.g., 0.673 × 100% = 67.3%).
the ideal percentage yield of a chemical reaction is 100%, but it cannot be achieved because measurements are never completely accurate. yields around 100% are "quantitative", yields above 90% are "excellent", yields above 80% are "very good", yields above 70% are "good", yields above 50% are "fair", and yields below 40% are "poor".
impulse might mean:
alexis alejandro sánchez sánchez (born 19 december 1988), is a chilean footballer who currently plays for english club manchester united fc and the chile national team.
in july 2014, sanchez signed for arsenal on a long-term contract for an undisclosed fee, reported to be around £35 million. in january 2018, he joined the red devils after henrikh mkhitaryan swapped clubs with him to arsenal fc.
"as of 15 november 2016"
dry cleaning (or dry-cleaning) is any cleaning process for clothing and textiles using a chemical solvent (a chemical that can dissolve certain compounds) rather than water. the solvent used is usually tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene). the solvent is called "perc" in the industry and "dry-cleaning fluid" by the public. it is often used instead of hand washing delicate fabrics. people use dry cleaning because it takes less work than hand washing.
the ancient romans used a chemical called ammonia (derived from urine) and fuller's earth (a clay that can absorb grease and oil.) to clean their woolen togas. "fullonicae" were very famous, with at least one in every town of any notability, and frequently the largest employer in a district. these laundries got their urine from farm animals, or from special pots situated at public bathrooms. the workforce made so much money that fuller's guilds (a group that works in solely one job, in this case, making fuller's earth, this special clay.) were an important political force. also, the government taxed the collection of urine and sent people to jail for wetting their pants.
modern dry cleaning uses solvents that do not use water to remove dirt and stains from clothing. jean baptiste jolly discovered that petroleum-based solvents (chemicals based on fuel like gasoline or kerosene.) can be used for dry-cleaning in the mid-19th century. jolly was a french dye-works owner. he noticed that his tablecloth became cleaner after his maid spilled kerosene on it. because of this, he developed a service cleaning people's clothes this way, which became known as "nettoyage à sec," or "dry cleaning".
early dry cleaners used petroleum-based solvents, such as gasoline (petrol) and kerosene. fire concerns led william joseph stoddard, a dry cleaner from atlanta, to develop stoddard solvent as a slightly less flammable alternative to gasoline-based solvents. the government started to control dry cleaners because the highly flammable petroleum solvents caused many fires and explosions.
after world war i, dry cleaners began using chlorinated solvents. these solvents were much less flammable than petroleum solvents and had improved cleaning power. by the mid-1930s, the dry cleaning industry had adopted tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene), widely called "perc," as the best solvent. it has excellent cleaning power and is stable, nonflammable, and gentle to most clothing. however, perc was also the first chemical to be classified as a carcinogen (a chemical that can cause cancer.) by the consumer product safety commission (a classification later withdrawn). in 1993, the california air resources board adopted regulations to reduce perc emissions from dry cleaning operations. the dry cleaning industry is in the process of replacing perc with other chemicals and/or methods.
traditionally, the actual cleaning process was carried out at centralized "factories"; high street cleaners shops received garments from customers, sent them to the factory, and then had them returned to the shop, where the customer could collect them. this was due mainly to the risk of fire or dangerous fumes created by the cleaning process. at this time, dry-cleaning was carried out in two different machines — one for the cleaning process itself and the second to dry the clothing.
machines of this era were called "vented"; their fumes and drying exhausts were sent into the air, in the same way as with modern tumble dryer exhausts. this added to environmental contamination. also much potentially reusable perc was lost to the atmosphere. much stricter controls on solvent emissions have ensured that all dry cleaning machines in the western world are now fully enclosed. no solvent fumes are vented to the atmosphere. in enclosed machines, solvent recovered during the drying process is returned condensed and distilled. so, it can be reused to clean further loads, or safely thrown away. the majority of modern enclosed machines also incorporate a computer-controlled drying sensor, which automatically feels when most traces of perc have been removed from the load during the drying process. this system ensures that only the smallest amount of perc fumes will be released when opening the door at the end of the cycle.
a dry-cleaning machine is similar to a combination of a domestic washing machine, and clothes dryer. garments are placed into a washing/extraction chamber (referred to as the basket, or drum). the chamber is the core of the machine. the washing chamber contains a horizontal, perforated drum that rotates within an outer shell. the shell holds the solvent while the rotating drum holds the clothing. the basket can hold between about 10 and 40 kg (20 to 80 lb).
during the wash cycle, the chamber is filled approximately one-third full of solvent and begins to rotate, agitating the clothing. the solvent temperature is maintained at 30 degrees celsius (86 degrees fahrenheit), as a higher temperature may damage it. during the wash cycle, the solvent in the chamber is filtered and then fed back into the chamber. this is known as the cycle and is continued for the wash duration. the solvent is then removed and sent to a distillation unit that has both a boiler and condenser. the condensed solvent is fed into a separator unit where any remaining water is separated from the solvent and then fed into the 'clean solvent' tank. the ideal flow rate is one gallon of solvent per pound of garments (roughly 8 litres of solvent per kilogram of clothing) per minute, depending on the size of the machine.
operators also check clothing for foreign objects before placing them into the machine. items such as plastic pens will dissolve in the solvent bath and may damage textiles beyond recovery. some textile dyes are "loose" (red being the main problem), and will release dye during solvent immersion. operators will dry clean red clothing separately from lighter-color textiles to avoid color transfer. the solvent used must be distilled to remove impurities that may transfer to clothing. operators checked clothing for dry-cleaning compatibility, including fasteners. many fasteners that decorate clothing either are not dry cleaning solvent proof or will not withstand the mechanical action of cleaning. operators will remove them and restitched them after the cleaning. or, operators will wrap them in a small padded protector. fragile items, such as feather bedspreads or tasseled rugs or hangings, may be enclosed in a loose mesh bag. the density of perchloroethylene is around 1.7 g/cm³ at room temperature (70% heavier than water), and the sheer weight of absorbed solvent may cause the textile to fail under normal force during the extraction cycle unless the mesh bag provides mechanical support.
many people believe that all marks or stains can be removed by dry cleaning. not every stain can be cleaned just by dry cleaning. some need to be treated with spotting solvents; sometimes by steam jet or by soaking in special stain remover liquids before garments are washed or dry cleaned. also, garments stored in soiled condition for a long time are difficult to bring back to their original color and texture. natural fibers such as wool, cotton, and silk of lighter colors should not be left in dirty or soiled condition for long amounts of time as they absorb dirt in their texture and are unlikely to be restored to their original color and finish.
the main reason that washing in water has a different result than dry cleaning is that water is a polar solvent while dry cleaning uses a non-polar solvent.
a typical wash cycle lasts for 8–15 minutes depending on the type of garments and degree of soiling. during the first three minutes, solvent-soluble soils dissolve into the perchloroethylene and loose, insoluble soil comes off. it takes approximately ten to twelve minutes after the loose soil has come off to remove the ground-in insoluble soil from garments. machines using hydrocarbon solvents require a wash cycle of at least 25 minutes because of the much slower rate of solvation of solvent-soluble soils. a dry-cleaning surfactant "soap" may also be added.
at the end of the wash cycle, the machine starts a rinse cycle wherein the garment load is rinsed with fresh distilled solvent from the pure solvent tank. this pure solvent rinse prevents discoloration caused by soil particles being absorbed back onto the garment surface from the "dirty" working solvent.
after the rinse cycle, the machine begins the extraction process, which recovers dry-cleaning solvent for reuse. modern machines recover approximately 99.99% of the solvent that was used. the extraction cycle begins by draining the solvent from the washing chamber and accelerating the basket to 350 to 450 rpm, causing much of the solvent to spin free of the fabric. until this time the cleaning is done in normal temperature, the solvent is never heated in dry cleaning process. when no more solvent can be spun out, the machine starts the drying cycle.
during the drying cycle, the garments are tumbled in a stream of warm air (60-63°c/140-145°f) that circulates through the basket, evaporating any traces of solvent left after the spin cycle. the air temperature is controlled to prevent heat damage to the garments. the exhausted warm air from the machine then passes through a chiller unit where solvent vapors are condensed and returned to the distilled solvent tank. modern dry cleaning machines use a closed-loop system in which the chilled air is reheated and recirculated. this results in high solvent recovery rates and reduced air pollution. in the early days of dry cleaning, large amounts of perchlorethylene were vented to the atmosphere because it was regarded as cheap and believed to be harmless.
after the drying cycle is complete, a deodorizing (aeration) cycle cools the garments and removes even more of the solvent, by circulating cool outside air over the garments and then through a vapor recovery filter made from activated carbon and polymer resins. after the aeration cycle, the garments are clean and ready for pressing/finishing.
in fact, dry cleaning does not remove all of the solvent. there are no government standards for how much solvent is allowed to remain in the fabric. detectable amounts of the solvent remain in clothes, with wool clothes retaining the most solvent.
working solvent from the washing chamber passes through several filtration steps before it is returned to the washing chamber. the first step is a button trap, which prevents small objects such as lint, fasteners, buttons, and coins from entering the solvent pump.
over time, a thin layer of filter cake (called muck) accumulates on the lint filter. the muck is removed regularly (commonly once per day) and then processed to recover solvent trapped in the muck. many machines use "spin disc filters," which remove the muck from the filter by centrifugal force while it is back washed with solvent.
after the lint filter, the solvent passes through an absorptive cartridge filter. this filter is made from activated clays and charcoal and removes fine insoluble soil and non-volatile residues, along with dyes from the solvent. finally, the solvent passes through a polishing filter, which removes any soil not previously removed. the clean solvent is then returned to the working solvent tank.
to enhance cleaning power, small amounts of detergent (0.5%-1.5%) are added to the working solvent and are essential to its functionality. these detergents help dissolve hydrophilic soils and keep soil from redepositing on garments. depending on the machine's design, either an anionic or a cationic detergent is used.
since the solvent recovery is less than 100%, and because dry-cleaning does not remove water-based stains well, entrepreneurs have developed the wet cleaning process, which is, in essence, cold-water washing and air drying, using a computer-controlled washer and dryer. in general, wet cleaning is still being improved and developed, although low-tech versions of it have been used for centuries.
people who make clothes have special symbols to say how they should be cleaned. the international ginetex laundry symbol for dry cleaning is a circle. it may have a letter p inside to indicate perchloroethylene solvent, or a letter f inside to indicate a hydrocarbon solvent. a bar underneath the circle means that only mild cleaning processes should be used. a crossed-out empty circle means the clothes should not be dry cleaned.
cooked powder residue — the waste material generated by cooking down or distilling muck. cooked powder residue is a hazardous waste and will contain solvent, powdered filter material (diatomite), carbon, non-volatile residues, lint, dyes, grease, soils, and water. laws say how this material can be discarded.
the waste sludge or solid residue from the still contains solvent, water, soils, carbon, and other non-volatile residues. material removed from the bottom of the stills at chlorinated solvent dry cleaning operations are hazardous wastes.
perc is classified as a hazardous air contaminant by the united states environmental protection agency and must be handled as a hazardous waste. to prevent it from getting into drinking water, dry cleaners that use perc must take special precautions against site contamination. landlords are becoming increasingly reluctant to allow dry cleaners to operate in their buildings. when released into the air, perc can contribute to smog when it reacts with other volatile organic carbon substances. california declared perchloroethylene a toxic chemical in 1991, and its use will become illegal in that state in 2023.
some alternatives such as co2 avoids the toxic risks of perc. but, co2 does not clean some forms of grime as well as perc.
home dry cleaning.
various commercial products on the marketplace today, such as procter & gamble's dryel, allow elements of the dry cleaning process to be performed in the household using home laundry machines. though not the complete process that would be performed by a professional dry cleaner, they allow the convenience of home laundry and work for certain types of garments.
the cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises) are mammalian marine descendants of land mammals. their terrestrial origins are indicated by:
the question of how land animals evolved into ocean-going leviathans was a mystery until recent discoveries in pakistan revealed several stages in the transition of cetaceans from land to sea.
dna sequence analysis.
after many years when palaeontologists thought whales had evolved from mesonychids, dna sequence analysis showed the closest relationship was with artiodactyls, the even-toed ungulates. a new clade was created to include cetacea and their nearest relatives, the hippopotamus family. this clade is called the cetartiodactyla.
hippo fossils are not found until the miocene, but whale ancestors have been found from the eocene. this leaves a gap of nearly 30 million years where no hippo ancestors are found. the most recent hypothesis is that hippos and whales shared a common semi-aquatic ancestor which branched off from other artiodactyls around 60 million years ago (mya). this ancestral group probably split into two branches around 54 mya. one branch evolved into cetaceans, possibly beginning with the proto-whale "pakicetus" from 52 mya. these early cetaceans gradually became adapted to life in the sea. they became the completely aquatic cetaceans. 
"indohyus" is a small deer-like creature, which lived about 48 million years ago in kashmir. it belongs to the artiodactyls family "raoellidae", and is believed to be the closest sister group of cetacea. 
about the size of a raccoon or domestic cat, this herbivorous creature shared some of the traits of whales. it also showed signs of adaptations to aquatic life, including a thick and heavy outer bone coating. this is similar to the bones of modern creatures such as the hippopotamus, and reduces buoyancy so that they can stay underwater. this suggests a similar survival strategy to the african mousedeer or water chevrotain which, when threatened by a bird of prey, dives into water and hides beneath the surface for up to four minutes.
scientists from the university of plymouth studied many animals that dive and hold their breath, from insects to whales, and they found that larger animals can hold their breath longer than smaller animals because they can store more oxygen for their size, and this difference was much bigger for warm-blooded animals than for cold-blooded animals. they said this may be why modern whales and extinct diving animals like plesiosaurs became so large.
a coal ball is a permineralised life form that is full of calcium, magnesium and occasionally iron sulfide. they generally have a round shape. coal balls are not made of coal, even though they have the name "coal ball".
in 1855, two english scientists, joseph dalton hooker and edward william binney, found coal balls in england. because of that, the initial research on coal balls was done in europe. coal balls were found and identified in north america in 1922. since then, coal balls have been found in other countries and several theories on their formation have been proposed.
marie stopes and d.m.s. watson also examined coal ball samples. they agreed that coal balls formed "in situ". they also added that interaction with a marine environment was necessary for a coal ball to form.
coal balls are in coal seams across north america and eurasia. north american coal balls are in more places than in europe. the oldest coal balls were found in germany and former czechoslovakia.
in 1962, sergius mamay and ellis yochelson found signs of marine animal remains in north american coal balls.
the quality of the preservation of organic material depends on the speed of the burial process and the degree of compression before undergoing permineralisation. generally, coal balls resulting from remains that have a quick burial with little decay and pressure have a higher preservation degree. however, plant remains in most coal balls show various signs of decay and collapse.
thin sectioning was an early procedure used to analyse fossilised material contained in coal balls. the ball was cut into thin sections with a diamond saw. then it was flattened and polished with an abrasive. then it was examined under a microscope. this is the procedure which was carried out by hooker and binney. the time needed, and the poor quality of samples produced, led to a more convenient method.
the new method, first used in 1928, is called the "liquid peel technique".
napster was a computer program that allowed people to share music over the internet. it was shut down as the result of a lawsuit by the riaa. napster has since reopened with some changes
paul john flory (june 19, 1910 – september 9, 1985) was an american chemist and nobel laureate. he worked in the field of polymers, or macromolecules. he was a leading pioneer in understanding how polymers dissolve in solutions. he won the nobel prize in chemistry in 1974 "for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of macromolecules."
he graduated from elgin high school in elgin, illinois in 1927. flory received a bachelor's degree from manchester college (indiana) in 1931 and a ph.d. from the ohio state university in 1934. his first position was at dupont with wallace carothers.
flory's earliest work in polymer science was in the area of polymerization kinetics at the dupont experimental station. most chemists studying condensation polymerization believed that the reactivity of the end group decreased as the macromolecule grew. flory argued that the reactivity was independent of the polymer's size. he showed that the number of polymer chains present decreased with size exponentially.
flory introduced the important concept of chain transfer to the study of addition polymerization. this improved chemists' understanding of the kinetic equations. it also helped chemists to understand the distribution of the polymer sizes.
in 1938, after carothers' death, flory moved to the basic science research laboratory at the university of cincinnati. there he developed a mathematical theory for the polymerization of compounds with more than two functional groups. he also developed the theory of polymer networks or gels.
in 1940, he joined the linden, nj laboratory of the standard oil development company. he developed a statistical mechanical theory for polymer mixtures there.
in 1943, he left to join the research laboratories of goodyear tire and rubber company as head of a group on polymer fundamentals. in the spring of 1948 peter debye, then chairman of the chemistry department at cornell university, invited flory to give the annual baker lectures. he then was offered a position with the faculty in the fall of the same year. at cornell, flory expanded and refined his baker lectures into his best work (magnum opus), "principles of polymer chemistry" which was published in 1953 by cornell university press. this quickly became a standard text for all workers in the field of polymers, and is still widely used to this day.
flory introduced the concept of excluded volume to polymers. (werner kuhn had already invented the term in 1934 for molecules in general.) "excluded volume" refers to the idea that one part of a long chain molecule can not occupy space that is already occupied by another part of the same molecule. excluded volume causes the ends of a polymer chain in a solution to be further apart (on average) than they would be were there no excluded volume. the recognition that excluded volume was an important factor in analyzing long-chain molecules in solutions provided an important conceptual breakthrough. excluded volume explained several puzzling experimental results of that time. it also led to the concept of the theta point, the set of conditions at which an experiment can be conducted that causes the excluded volume effect to be neutralized. at the theta point, the chain reverts to ideal chain characteristics – the long-range interactions coming from the excluded volume are eliminated. this allows experimenters to more easily measure short-range features such as structural geometry, bond rotation potentials, and steric interactions between near-neighboring groups. flory taught another advantage of performing the experiment at the theta point: the chain dimension in polymer melts would have the size computed for a chain in ideal solution. this works because excluded volume interactions are neutralized at the theta point.
he also invented an original method for computing the probable size of a polymer in good solution. he invented the flory-huggins solution theory. he derived the flory exponent, which helps characterize the movement of polymers in solution.
flory won the perkin medal and the priestley medal.
the flory convention.
in modeling the position vectors of atoms in macromolecules it is often necessary to convert from cartesian coordinates (x,y,z) to generalized coordinates. the flory convention for defining the variables involved is usually employed. for an example, a peptide bond can be described by the x,y,z positions of every atom in this bond or the flory convention can be used. here one must know the bond lengths formula_1, bond angles formula_2, and the dihedral angles formula_3. a three-dimensional structure can be described using the flory convention by applying a vector conversion from the cartesian coordinates to the generalized coordinates.
he became a professor at stanford university in 1961. he became the jackson-wood professor there in 1966. he retired from stanford in 1975. he was awarded the nobel prize in chemistry in 1974 "for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of macromolecules." he remained active after his retirement, and consulted for ibm for some years. he and his wife emily catherine tabor (now dead) had three children, susan, melinda and john. susan has two children, elizabeth and mary. elizabeth has three children, katy greer, margaret greer, and sam greer. paul j flory died of a heart attack in big sur, california in 1985.
the alpine butterfly loop is a knot used to form a loop in the middle of a rope. once tied, the loop will not shift up and down the rope. it is good for adding a stationary loop in a continuous piece of rope, without bending the rope.
this page is a list of knots.
the reef knot (or square knot) is a knot that is often used to tie two ropes together.
the sheet bend is a knot made to join two ends of rope together.
interstellar extinction is when the electromagnetic radiation of an astronomical object is blocked and/or scattered by other astronomical objects and cosmic dust.
also known as galactic extinction when the object is in the milky way.
an astronomical object is any natural body that floats in space. for example, stars, planets, meteoroids, moons, and other space objects.
masala (; ) is a word used in south east asia, mainly india, pakistan and bangladesh. it is used for a style of indian movies where there is a mix of various styles of movies in one movie. for example, a movie can show action, comedy, drama, and romance. this movie style is used very often in south indian films as it helps make the movies appeal to more viewers. famous masala directors include s. shankar, perarasu and k. s. ravikumar.
sharaf khan bidlisi (, 1543 1603), was a kurdish prince and historian. in 1597 he wrote a book on kurdish history, "sharafnama".
the informal economy is that part of economy which is not reported in official statistics such as the gross domestic product of a country. the informal economy is not taxed, and includes the black market. in developing countries over 70% of the people work in this form of economy. they are self-employed, because it is difficult to find an employer to hire them. people working in this form of economy have no social benefits or social security, which are usually only given by the state to those who have made tax contributions. 
usually, most people working in this form of economy are women; they work in the most erratic and corrupt segments of the job market.
sixty percent of female workers in developing countries are employed by the informal sector. there are two main reasons why this is the case: first, the kind of employment that is available caters mostly to women. secondly, most women either work from home, because they also have to take care of children, or they work as street vendors; both of these kinds of work are classified in the informal sector. 
what is more, most people at the top positions of the sector are men, and most people in the bottom positions are women.
for example, very few women are employers who hire others and more women are likely to be involved in smaller scale operations. labor markets, household decisions, and states all propagate this gender inequality. the gender gap in terms of wage is even higher in the informal sector than the formal sector.
two half-hitches is a knot that is often used to attach rope to poles or other objects. it is one of many knots that are called hitches. when a clove hitch is tied around a rope, it forms the two half-hitches.
a clove hitch is a knot that is tied around an object. it is a kind of hitch knot. when a clove hitch is tied around a rope, it forms a knot called two half-hitches.
the hunchback of notre dame is a 1996 american-french animated musical drama movie based on victor hugo's novel. it was produced by walt disney feature animation and released by walt disney pictures. it is the 34th disney animated movie. it follows the deformed bell-ringer attempting to gain acceptance into society.
the movie stars tom hulce, demi moore, tony jay, kevin kline, paul kandel, jason alexander, charles kimbrough, david ogden stiers and mary wickes in her final movie role. produced during a period known as the disney renaissance, the movie is considered to be one of disney's darkest animated movie because its narrative explores such mature themes as infanticide, lust, damnation, genocide, and sin, despite the changes made from the original source material in order to ensure a g rating received by the mpaa. the musical score was written by alan menken, with songs written by menken and lyricist stephen schwartz, who had previously collaborated on "pocahontas".
the movie was released on june 21, 1996 to largely positive reviews and was a commercial success, grossing over $325 million worldwide and becoming the fifth highest-grossing release of 1996. the movie received academy award and golden globe award nominations for menken's musical score. a darker, more gothic stage adaptation of the movie, was rewritten and directed by james lapine and produced by walt disney theatrical in berlin, germany, as "der glöckner von notre dame", and ran from 1999 to 2002. a direct-to-video sequel, "the hunchback of notre dame ii", was released in 2002.
in 1482 paris, clopin, a gypsy puppeteer tells a group of children the origin of the titular hunchback. twenty years earlier, a group of gypsies are arrested by judge claude frollo, the corrupt and fanatical justice minister, who pursues a woman and her deformed baby. after killing her near the notre dame cathedral, frollo attempts to drop the baby in the well, but the archdeacon stops him. frollo decides to raise the child at the cathedral and atone for his sin. he names him quasimodo.
twenty years later, quasimodo became a goodhearted but isolated young man living in the cathedral. his only friends are a trio of sentient gargoyles, victor, hugo and laverne. they encourage him to attend the annual feast of fools. frollo attempts to discourage him, telling him he would be shunned for his deformities. undeterred, quasimodo attends the festival where he is celebrated for his deformities, but is humiliated and surrounded by everyone. after freeing quasimodo, the kind gypsy dancer esmeralda uses witchcraft to evade capture.
as quasimodo returns to the cathedral, esmeralda meets phoebus, the captain of the guard, who has her confined, instead of arresting her. esmeralda befriends quasimodo. he helps her escape the cathedral, and she gives him a pendant with a map to the court of miracles, the home of the gypsies. frollo develops lustful feelings towards esmeralda, calling on the virgin mary to protect him from her spell and avoid eternal damnation. the next day, frollo and the guards arrest one of the civilians and burn every buildings. phoebus defies frollo, when he attempts to burn down the house. phoebus falls unconscious at the river seine, but esmeralda rescues him and they head to the cathedral for refuge. the gargoyles try to encourage quasimodo, but he becomes heartbroken when esmeralda has loved phoebus. when frollo returns to the cathedral, he bluffs to quasimodo that he knows the location of the gypsy hideout and frollo will attack at dawn with a thousand men. using esmeralda's map, quasimodo and phoebus travel to the court of miracles, where frollo and the guards capture everyone.
frollo prepares to burn esmeralda at the stake after she rejects him, but she is saved by quasimodo and is brought into the cathedral. phoebus releases himself and the gypsies, and unites the citizens of paris while opposing frollo and the guards. quasimodo and the gargoyles pour molten lead into the streets to prevent everyone from entering the cathedral. frollo sneaks inside, and pursues quasimodo and esmeralda onto the balcony, where he reveals to quasimodo that he killed his mother. frollo falls to his death into the lake of molten copper, while phoebus saves quasimodo. esmeralda and phoebus receive a blessing for their relationship, and quasimodo is accepted into parisian society.
biological engineering (also known as biotechnological engineering and bioengineering) is any type of engineering that is applied to living things.
the audi a8 is the largest car produced by audi. it replaced the audi v8 in 1994, and is available with either short or long wheelbase. the range incorporates 6-, 8-, 10- and 12-cylinder petrol engines and 6- and 8-cylinder diesel engines. a more sporty version is the audi s8.
mariner 3 was a nasa spacecraft. it was the third spacecraft in the mariner program. it was designed to take photos of the planet mars after an eight month journey studying interplanetary (between planet) space. however, the spacecraft lost power eight hours after launch, and it never achieved the correct mars trajectory. it eventually entered a heliocentric (sun-centred) orbit.
selenography is the study of the physical features of the moon.
when two chemical substances come in contact with each other, through what is called a phase, they will interact with each other in that phase. they may also have an interface. if a substance accumulates within a phase this is called absorption, if the same process happens on the interface, it is called adsorption. in the year 1909, james william mcbain introduced the word sorption to describe such a process, in the case where it is not easy or meaningful to make a difference between absorption and adsorption. 
examples of where the concept of sorption is important are measuring the pollution of the environment; using sorption it is possible to bind pollutants to small particles in the air (called aerosols), or in the soil (where they bind to colloids). sorption makes these bindings possible. in much the same way, polluants can be transported over long distances. 
machines and processes that use sorption include the absorption refrigerator and solar air conditioning.
"dreaming of you" is a song by mexican-american tejano pop singer selena. it was released as the second single from "the album of the same name" (1995).
selenology is the science of the moon. it is a branch of astronomy.
fobos-grunt (also spelled phobos-grunt, also called phobos sample return mission) was an unmanned russian spacecraft. it was an attempted sample return mission to phobos, a moon of the planet mars. scientists intended phobos-grunt to orbit and study mars. it was meant to look at mars' atmosphere and dust storms, plasma and radiation. then, phobos-grunt should have landed on phobos and returned a 200 g soil sample to earth.
the spacecraft was the first russian interplanetary mission since mars 96. it was launched on 8 november 2011 (utc), aboard a zenit rocket, at baikonur cosmodrome. it was sent with the chinese spacecraft yinghuo-1 and with the living interplanetary flight experiment.
the name "phobos-grunt" () is russian for "phobos-soil".
wade belak (july 3, 1976 – august 31, 2011) was a canadian professional ice hockey player that played a career total of 18 seasons in the national hockey league (nhl). he was drafted by the quebec nordiques with the 12th overall pick in the 1994 nhl entry draft. belak retired from the nhl on march 8, 2011 and remained with the predators in an organizational role. on august 31, 2011, he was found dead in his condo at the one king street west hotel in toronto. his death was later treated as a suicide by toronto police. before his death he was preparing to take part in the upcoming season of battle of the blades.
skate (marketed as skate.) is a skateboarding video game that was published by electronic arts. it is available for the playstation 3 and the xbox 360 systems. the game is also featured as a mobile phone game which can be downloaded. the game is the first in the "skate" video game series. it was followed by skate 2 in 2009 and skate 3 in 2010. 
skate 2 is a skateboarding video game that was published by electronic arts. it is available for the playstation 3 and the xbox 360 systems. the game was the second in the "skate" video game series. it was followed by "skate 3" which was released in 2010. the game got very good reviews with a 7.5 out of 10 from gamespot and a 83 out of 100 from metacritic.
skate 3 is a skateboarding video game that was published by electronic arts. it is available for the playstation 3 and the xbox 360 video game systems. the game was the third in the "skate" video game series. the game takes place in the city of port carverton. the city also embraces skateboarding which was unlike the second game where they had a "skateboarding is a crime" mentality. the game got good reviews with a 7.5 out of 10 from gamespot and a 80 out of 100 from metacritic.
materials science studies the properties of matter to solve science and engineering problems. it uses applied physics and chemistry. supersmall nanotechnology has got attention in recent years. there are many inventions of new material. work on why structures fail or break down is very important to engineering.
the important material of a given era is often its defining point. examples are the stone age, bronze age, and iron age.
materials science originally studied ceramics and metallurgy. these ancient crafts make materials science one of the oldest forms of engineering and applied science. a major breakthrough in the understanding of materials occurred in the late 19th century, when the american scientist josiah willard gibbs showed that the physical properties of a material were related to its atomic structure. as the phases changed, so did the physical properties of the material.
important elements of modern materials science are a product of the space race: the understanding and engineering of the metallic alloys, and silica and carbon materials, used in the construction of space exploration vehicles.
materials science is now linked to the development of plastics, semiconductors, ceramics, polymers, magnetic materials, medical implant materials and biological materials.
the material scientist/engineer also deals with the extraction of materials and their conversion into useful forms. so, ingot casting, foundry techniques, blast furnace extraction, and electrolytic extraction are all part of the required knowledge of a metallurgist/engineer. often the presence, absence or variation of minute quantities of secondary elements and compounds in a bulk material will have a great impact on the final properties of the materials produced, for instance, steels are classified based on 1/10 and 1/100 weight percentages of the carbon and other alloying elements they contain. thus, the extraction and purification techniques employed in the extraction of iron in the blast furnace will have an impact of the quality of steel that may be produced.
cause of failures.
the study of disasters in the 19th and 20th century led to some important discoveries. a.a. griffith (1893–1963) discovered that real materials never get near their theoretical strength. this was a groundbreaking discovery which led to changes in many industries. as an example, steel gets almost 1/10th of its theoretical strength, but most solids are 100 to 1000 times weaker than expected.
griffith's insights were developed further by j.e. gordon (1913–1998). gordon said that all simple solids are by their nature brittle. toughness – resistance to fracture – has to be designed into materials. the usual way is to add other material to the pure substance. this makes its structure more complex, and that makes it less likely to fail. a good example is bulletproof glass, where a plastic layer stuck to glass make it many times stronger than either material would be separately. the personal armour based on kevlar is another example. biological materials have this feature naturally. bones do bend a little before they reach breaking point, and tree trunks also have some "give".
the industrial study of metal alloys is a large part of materials science. of all the metallic alloys in use today, the alloys of iron (steel, stainless steel, cast iron, tool steel, alloy steels) make up the largest proportion both by quantity and commercial value. iron alloyed with various proportions of carbon gives low, mid and high carbon steels. an iron carbon alloy is only considered steel if the carbon level is between 0.01% and 2.00%. for the steels, the hardness and tensile strength of the steel is related to the amount of carbon present. increasing carbon levels leads to lower ductility and toughness. heat treatment processes such as quenching and tempering can significantly change these properties however. cast iron is defined as an iron-carbon alloy with more than 2.00% but less than 6.67% carbon. stainless steel is defined as a regular steel alloy with greater than 10% by weight alloying content of chromium. nickel and molybdenum are also found in stainless steels.
other significant metallic alloys are those of aluminium, titanium, copper and magnesium. copper alloys have been known for a long time (since the bronze age), while the alloys of the other three metals have been relatively recently developed. due to the chemical reactivity of these metals, the electrolytic extraction processes required were only developed relatively recently. the alloys of aluminium, titanium and magnesium are also known and valued for their high strength-to-weight ratios and, in the case of magnesium, their ability to provide electromagnetic shielding. these materials are ideal for situations where high strength-to-weight ratios are more important than bulk cost, such as in the aerospace industry and certain automotive engineering applications.
polymers are also an important part of materials science. they are the raw materials used to make what we commonly call plastics. plastics are really the final product. they are made when polymers or additives have been added to a resin during processing. the mixture is then shaped into a final form. common polymers are, include polyethylene, polypropylene, pvc, polystyrene, nylons, polyesters, acrylics, polyurethanes, and polycarbonates.
pvc (polyvinyl-chloride) is widely used, inexpensive, and annual production quantities are large. it lends itself to an incredible array of uses, from artificial leather to electrical insulation and cabling, packaging and containers. it is simple to make. it accepts a wide range of plasticisers and other additives, which give it differing properties.
ceramics and glasses.
another application of the material sciences is the structures of glass and ceramics, typically associated with the most brittle materials. ceramics and glasses use covalent bonds and ionic-covalent bonds with sio2, silica or sand, as a fundamental building block. ceramics are as soft as clay and as hard as stone and concrete. usually, they are crystalline in form. most glasses contain a metal oxide fused with silica. at high temperatures used to prepare glass, the material is a viscous liquid. glass forms into an amorphous structure when it is cooled. windowpanes and eyeglasses are important examples. fibers of glass are also available. diamond and carbon in its graphite form are considered to be ceramics.
engineering ceramics are known for their stiffness, high temperature, and stability under compression and electrical stress. alumina, silica carbide, and tungsten carbide are made from a fine powder of their constituents in a process of sintering with a binder. hot pressing provides higher density material. chemical vapor deposition can place a film of a ceramic on another material. cermets are ceramic particles containing some metals. the wear resistance of tools is derived from cemented carbides with the metal phase of cobalt and nickel typically added to modify properties.
another application of material science in industry is the making of composite materials. composite materials are structured materials composed of two or more macroscopic phases. applications range from structural elements such as steel-reinforced concrete, to the thermally insulative tiles which play a key and integral role in national aeronautics and space administration's (nasa) space shuttle thermal protection system which is used to protect the surface of the shuttle from the heat of re-entry into the earth's atmosphere. one example is reinforced carbon-carbon (rcc), the light gray material which withstands re-entry temperatures up to 1510 °c (2750 °f) and protects the space shuttle's wing leading edges and nose cap. rcc is a laminated composite material made from graphite rayon cloth and impregnated with a phenolic resin. after curing at high temperature in an autoclave, the laminate is pyrolized to convert the resin to carbon, impregnated with furfural alcohol in a vacuum chamber, and cured/pyrolized to convert the furfural alcohol to carbon. in order to provide oxidation resistance for reuse capability, the outer layers of the rcc are converted to silicon carbide.
other examples can be seen in the "plastic" casings of television sets, cell-phones and similar objects. these plastic casings are usually a composite material. it is a thermoplastic matrix such as acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (abs) in which calcium carbonate chalk, talc, glass fibers or carbon fibers have been added for added strength, bulk, or electro-static dispersion. these additions may be referred to as reinforcing fibers, or dispersants, depending on their purpose.
new magnetic material.
a new magnetic material has been discovered. it could transform computer hard drives and energy storage devices.
a highly sensitive metal bilayer needs only a small shift in temperature to dramatically alter its magnetism. this is a very useful property in electronic engineering. "no other material known to man can do this. it's a huge effect. and we can engineer it", said ivan schuller, of the university of california, san diego.
the material combines thin layers of nickel and vanadium oxide. this is a structure which is surprisingly responsive to heat. "we can control the magnetism in just a narrow range of temperature without applying a magnetic field. and in principle we could also control it with voltage or current", said prof schuller.
classes of materials.
materials science encompasses various classes of materials, each of which may constitute a separate field. materials are sometimes classified by the type of bonding present between the atoms:
a catwalk is a raised walkway. the term is most often used for fashion shows, where models walk along showing off the clothes. a catwalk on a ship is a passageway above decks. a similar term is runway, but it need not be off the ground.
"catwalk", a documentary on life on the fashion runways, was filmed in 1993 by director robert leacock. the movie followed models christy turlington, naomi campbell, yasmin le bon, kate moss, and carla bruni as they jetted around london, milan, paris, and new york during spring fashion week, including behind-the-scenes footage. the movie was shot in black and white and colour, and featured many top designers at work, like a young john galliano, justin thomas, karl lagerfeld, and gianni versace four years before his death.
"about a girl" by the grunge band nirvana is the third song on nirvana's first album "bleach". it was one of kurt cobain's less heavy songs of the ones he wrote for the band. compared to "blew" and "downer" it is considered quite mild.
the rescuers is a 1977 american animated comedy-drama adventure movie. it was produced by walt disney productions. it was first released to movie theaters on june 22, 1977, by buena vista distribution. it is the 23rd disney animated movie. the movie is about the rescue aid society, an international mouse organization in new york city and shadowing the united nations. they are dedicated to helping abduction victims around the world at large. two of these mice, shy janitor bernard (bob newhart) and his co-agent, the elegant miss bianca (eva gabor), set out to rescue penny (michelle stacy), an orphan girl who is being held prisoner in devil's bayou by treasure huntress madame medusa (geraldine page).
the movie is based on a series of books by margery sharp, mainly "the rescuers" and "miss bianca". the movie was very successful. later disney released a sequel called "the rescuers down under" in 1990. this made this movie the first disney animated movie to have a sequel.
the logan medal of the arts was an arts prize started in 1907. art institute of chicago helped to award the prize. from 1917 through 1940, 270 awards were given. 
the medal was named for arts patron frank granger logan. logan founded the brokerage house of logan & bryan. he served over 50 years on the board of the institute. he and his wife, josephine hancock logan, administered the award consistent with their support of the society for sanity in art. they founded that society in 1936. josephine logan also wrote a book in 1937 called "sanity in art". the logans strongly opposed all forms of modern art, including cubism, surrealism, and abstract expressionism.
the thames barrier is the world's second-largest movable flood barrier, after the oosterscheldekering in the netherlands. it is downstream of central london. its purpose is to prevent london from being flooded by exceptionally high tides and storm surges moving up from the north sea. it is raised (closed) only during high tide; at ebb tide it is lowered to release the water which backs up behind it.
the barrier's northern bank is in the london borough of newham and its southern bank is in the london borough of greenwich. the report of hermann bondi into the north sea flood of 1953 affecting parts of the thames estuary and parts of london was what led to the building of the barrier.
geographical weather system.
london is vulnerable to flooding. a storm surge generated by low pressure in the atlantic ocean sometimes tracks eastwards past the north of scotland and may then be driven into the shallow waters of the north sea. the surge tide is funnelled down the north sea which narrows towards the english channel and the thames estuary. if the storm surge coincides with a spring tide, dangerously high water levels can occur in the thames estuary. this situation combined with downstream flows in the thames tells engineers when to operate the barriers.
rising water levels.
the threat has increased over time due to the slow but continuous rise in high water level over the centuries (20 cm (8 inches) / 100 years) and the slow "tilting" of britain (up in the north and west, and down in the south and east) caused by post-glacial rebound.
fourteen people died in the 1928 thames flood, and after 307 people died in the uk in the north sea flood of 1953 the issue gained new prominence.
early proposals for a flood control system were stymied by the need for a large opening in the barrier to allow for vessels from london docks to pass through. when containerization replaced older forms of shipping and a new port was opened at tilbury, a smaller barrier became feasible with each of the four main navigation spans being the same width as the opening of tower bridge.
a thames barrier flood defence closure is triggered when high tides are forecast in the north sea "and" river flows are high at the tidal limit at teddington weir. if water levels might exceed in central london, that is the trigger.
closure begins about 9 hours before a dangerous high tide reaches the barrier. messages give orders to stop river traffic, close subsidiary gates and alert other river users. as well as the thames barrier, the smaller gates along the thames tideway must be closed. once river navigation has been stopped and all gates closed, then the thames barrier itself can be closed. the smaller gates are closed first, then the main navigable spans in succession. the gates remain closed until the tide downstream of the barrier falls to the same level as the water level upstream.
after heavy rain west of london, floodwater flows down the thames upstream (before london). because the river is tidal from teddington weir all the way through london, "this is only a problem at high tide", which prevents the floodwater from escaping out to sea. from teddington the river is opening out into its estuary, and at low tide it can take much greater flow rates the further one goes downstream. 
when the river is in flood upstream, if the gates are closed shortly after low tide, a huge empty volume holds behind the barrier which can act as a reservoir to hold the floodwater coming over teddington weir. most river floods will not fill this volume in the few high tide hours when the barrier needs to be closed. if the barrier was not there, the high tide would fill up this volume instead, and the floodwater could then spill over the river banks in london. about a third of the closures up to 2009 were to prevent flooding caused by heavy rain to the west of london.
closures and incidents.
in the 1980s there were four closures, 35 closures in the 1990s, and 75 closures in the first decade of this century. the rate of closures is above that predicted, and is increasing rapidly.
an incident that was potentially catastrophic for london occurred on 27 october 1997. the dredger, mv "sand kite", sailing in thick fog, collided with one of the thames barrier's piers. as the ship started to sink she dumped her 3,300 tonne load of aggregate, finally sinking by the bow on top of one of the barrier's gates where she lay for several days. initially the gate could not be closed as it was covered in a thick layer of gravel. a longer term problem was the premature loss of paint on the flat side of the gate caused by abrasion. one estimate of the cost of flooding damage, had it occurred, was around £13 billion. the vessel was refloated in mid-november 1997.
the barrier was closed twice on 9 november 2007 after a storm surge in the north sea which was compared to the one in 1953. the main danger of flooding from the surge was on the coast above the thames barrier, where evacuations took place, but the winds abated a little and, at the thames barrier, the 9 november 2007 storm surge did not completely coincide with high tide.
the barrier was originally designed to protect london against a big flood level. the defence level included long-term changes in sea and land levels as understood at that time (~1970). despite global warming, and a higher predicted rate of sea level rise, recent analysis suggested the barrier could last until around 2060–2070.
released in 2005, a study by four respected academics contained a proposal to replace the thames barrier with a more ambitious 16 km (10 mi) long barrier across the thames estuary from sheerness in kent to southend in essex.
environmental chemistry is the scientific study of the chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur in natural places. environmental chemistry can be defined as the study of the sources, reactions, transport, effects, and fates of chemical species in the air, soil, and water environments; and the effect of human activity on these. environmental chemistry is an interdisciplinary science that includes atmospheric, aquatic and soil chemistry, as well as uses analytical chemistry. it is related to environmental and other areas of science. it is different from green chemistry, which tries to reduce potential pollution at its source.
environmental chemistry starts by understanding how the uncontaminated environment works. it identifies the chemicals that are present naturally. it studies the concentration and effects of those chemicals. then, it accurately study the effects humans have on the environment through the release of chemicals.
environmental chemists draw on a range of concepts from chemistry and various environmental sciences to assist in their study of what is happening to a chemical in the environment. important general concepts from chemistry include understanding chemical reactions and equations, solutions, units, sampling, and analytical techniques. chemists study compounds with biological activity such as pheromones.
a contaminant is a substance present in nature at a level higher than typical levels or that would not otherwise be there. this may be due to human activity. the term contaminant is often used interchangeably with "pollutant", which is a substance that hurts the surrounding environment. while a contaminant is sometimes defined as a substance present in the environment as a result of human activity, but without harmful effects, it is sometimes the case that toxic or harmful effects from contamination only become apparent at a later date.
the "medium" (for example, soil) or organism (for example, fish) affected by the pollutant or contaminant is called a "receptor". a "sink" is a chemical medium or species that retains and interacts with the pollutant.
chemical measures of water quality include dissolved oxygen (do), chemical oxygen demand (cod), biochemical oxygen demand (bod), total dissolved solids (tds), ph, nutrients nitrates and phosphorus, heavy metals (including copper, zinc, cadmium, lead and mercury), and pesticides.
environmental chemistry is used by the environment agency (in england and wales), the environmental protection agency (in the united states) the association of public analysts, and other environmental agencies and research bodies around the world to detect and identify the nature and source of pollutants. these can include:
quantitative chemical analysis is a key part of environmental chemistry, since it provides the data that frame most environmental studies.
common analytical techniques used for quantitative determinations in environmental chemistry include classical wet chemistry, such as gravimetric, titrimetric and electrochemical methods. more sophisticated approaches are used in the determination of trace metals and organic compounds. metals are commonly measured by atomic spectroscopy and mass spectrometry: atomic absorption spectrophotometry (aas) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission (icp-aes) or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric (icp-ms) techniques. organic compounds are commonly measured also using mass spectrometric methods, such as gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (gc-ms) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (lc/ms). non-ms methods using gcs and lcs having universal or specific detectors are still staples in the arsenal of available analytical tools.
other parameters often measured in environmental chemistry are radiochemicals. these are pollutants which emit radioactive materials, such as alpha and beta particles, posing danger to human health and the environment. particle counters and scintillation counters are most commonly used for these measurements. bioassays and immunoassays are utilized for toxicity evaluations of chemical effects on various organisms.
published analytical methods.
peer-reviewed test methods have been published by government agencies
 and private research organizations. approved published methods must be used when testing to demonstrate compliance with regulatory requirements.
foster the people is an american indie pop band from los angeles, california. foster the people have four members: mark foster, isom innis, mark pontius, and sean cimino. their best known song is "pumped up kicks" which was released on september 14, 2010 and reached #1 on billboard's alternative songs chart, #3 on the rock songs tally and #3 on the billboard hot 100.
so far as of 2014, foster the people has released 2 studio albums and 1 ep:
joseph-louis lagrange (born giuseppe lodovico [luigi] lagrangia, turin, piedmont, 25 january 1736 – paris, 10 april 1813) was a mathematician and astronomer. according to one authority, he was "the greatest mathematician of the eighteenth century".
he lived part of his life in prussia and part in france. he made significant contributions to mathematical analysis, from number theory, to classical and celestial mechanics. 
on the recommendation of euler and d'alembert, in 1766 lagrange succeeded euler as the director of mathematics at the prussian academy of sciences in berlin. he stayed there for over twenty years, producing a large body of work and winning several prizes of the french academy of sciences. 
lagrange's treatise on analytical mechanics, first published in 1788, was the best treatment of classical mechanics since newton, and helped the development of mathematical physics in the nineteenth century.
lagrange's parents were italian, although he also had french ancestors on his father's side. in 1787, at age 51, he moved from berlin to france and became a member of the french academy, and he remained in france until the end of his life. therefore, lagrange is alternatively considered a french and an italian scientist. 
lagrange survived the french revolution and became the first professor of analysis at the école polytechnique upon its opening in 1794. napoleon appointed lagrange to the legion of honour and made him a count of the empire in 1808. lagrange is buried in the panthéon and his name appears as one of the 72 names inscribed on the eiffel tower.
the homeless world cup is an football competition for homeless people all over the world. starting in 2003 in graz, austria, the competition brings together homeless people with the aim to end homelessness.
anyone can play, male or female, as long as they are at least 16 years old. they must also have been homeless at some point after the previous year's world cup, work as a street newspaper seller to earn money or be asylum seekers.
a team of 4 players play, with 3 outfield players and 1 goalkeeper. 4 substitution players are allowed. 
a team gets 3 points for a win. if a match ends in a draw, it is decided by penalty shootout and the winning team gets three points and the losing team gets one point. games are 14 minutes long, in two seven-minute halves. the field is 22m (long) x 16m (wide).
since 2003 the competition has taken place in:
"kicking it" documentary.
the 2006 homeless world cup was the filmed as part of a documentary called "kicking it". directed by susan koch and jeff werner focusing on the experiences of seven homeless people at the homeless world cup football (soccer) game. residents of afghanistan; kenya; dublin, ireland; charlotte, north carolina; madrid, spain and st. petersburg in russia were in the documentary which was narrated by actor colin farrell. the movie was released in january, 2008 at the sundance film festival and is being distributed by liberation entertainment, netflix and espn.
i know what you did last summer is a 1997 american teen slasher movie. the movie is based on the novel of the same name by lois duncan. the movie was directed by jim gillespie. it stars jennifer love hewitt, freddie prinze, jr., sarah michelle gellar, matthew lillard, neve campbell and ryan phillippe. the writer is kevin williamson (the writer of "scream"). it was followed by two sequels: "i still know what you did last summer" and "i'll always know what you did last summer".
on the fourth of july 1996 in southport, north carolina, high school graduates julie james (jennifer love hewitt), ray and george bronson (freddie prinze jr. and matthew lillard) charlotte wilson (neve campbell), helen shivers (sarah michelle gellar), and barry cox (ryan phillippe) drive to the beach after a night of partying. while driving along a coastal byway, they accidentally hit a pedestrian. julie's friend max (johnny galecki) passes by them on the road. julie reassures max that everything is all right, and he leaves. after some arguing, the group decides to dispose of the body, dumping it in the water. they agree to never again discuss what had happened.
a year later, julie returns home from her college in boston for the summer. since the incident, the friends have gone their separate ways. julie receives a letter with no return address, stating, "i know what you did last summer!" disturbed, julie tracks down helen, who has returned to southport to work at her family's department store after a failed attempt at an acting career in new york city. the girls take the note to barry, who immediately suspects max. they confront max on the docks, and barry threatens him with a hook. julie meets ray, who is now working as a fisherman; he unsuccessfully tries to reconcile with her. julie meets up with george, who is now working as a host for a children's tv show, she showed the letter to george, then julie and george meet up with charlotte, who now works at a video store. she reconciles with george and julie. later, max is killed by a figure in a rain slicker wielding a hook. barry discovers a note in his gym locker saying, "i know." he is then ambushed by the same assailant driving barry's car.
meanwhile, julie, charlotte and george researches newspaper articles which lead them to believe the man they ran over was a local named david egan. helen, george, charlotte and julie go to visit with david's sister missy (anne heche) at her home. missy explains to them that their family was devastated by david's death; she also mentions that a friend of david's named billy blue also visited her to pay his last respects. later that night, the killer sneaks into helen's house, cuts off her hair while she sleeps, and writes "soon" in lipstick on her vanity mirror.
the following morning, julie, charlotte and george find max's corpse wearing barry's stolen jacket in the trunk of their car. when julie calls the others, the body is missing. julie, charlotte, george, helen, and barry confront ray about the recent events. ray claims to have received a threatening letter as well. julie goes back to visit missy, while barry and helen go to participate in the fourth of july parade. missy reveals david allegedly committed suicide out of guilt for the death of his girlfriend susie in a car accident and shows david's suicide note to julie and george. as the writing matches that of the note she received, julie and george realise it was not a suicide note, but a death threat.
at the croaker beauty pageant, helen witnesses barry and charlotte being murdered on the balcony. she rushes upstairs with a police officer but finds no sign of the killer or barry or charlotte. a police officer escorts helen home, but the killer lures him into an alley and murders him. helen flees to her nearby family store, where her sister elsa (bridgette wilson) is closing for the night. the killer enters the store and murders elsa. helen is chased to the third floor of the building and escapes through a window, falling to a long alleyway. she manages to run toward the street, but the killer stops her and slashes her to death, her screams being drowned out by the sound of the oncoming parade.
julie and george find an article mentioning susie's father, ben willis (muse watson), and realise that ben was the man they ran over, moments after he had killed david to avenge his daughter. she and george then go to the docks to tell ray, but he refuses to believe them. julie and george notice ray's boat is called billy blue and run away. ben appears, knocking ray unconscious, and invites both julie and george to hide on his boat. on the boat, they find photos and articles about their friends and them, and pictures of susie. ben's boat leaves the docks, and he begins tormenting julie and george, chasing them below deck; there, they uncover the bodies of helen, charlotte and barry in the boat's ice box. ray regains consciousness and steals a motorboat to rescue julie and george. he ultimately uses the rigging to sever ben's hand and send him overboard. when the police question them, they deny knowing why ben attempted to kill them, but they are relieved not to have actually killed anybody the previous summer, and reconcile.
a year later, both julie and george are in college in boston. as julie enters the shower, she notices the words "i still know" on the mirror. moments later, a dark figure crashes through it as julie screams in horror.
the amu darya (, "āmūdaryā"; , "jihôn" or "jayhoun"; , "gozan" ), also called oxus and amu river, is a major river in central asia. it is formed by the junction of the vakhsh and panj. in ancient times, the river was regarded as the boundary between iran and turan.
in antiquity, the river was known as "vaksu" to indo-aryans.
in ancient afghanistan, the river was also called "gozan", descriptions of which can be found in the book "the kingdom of afghanistan: a historical sketch by george passman tate".
in classical antiquity, the river was known as the "ōxus" in latin and ὦξος "oxos" in greek.
the name "amu" is said to have come from the medieval city of "āmul", (later, chahar joy/charjunow, and now known as "türkmenabat"), in modern turkmenistan. "darya" is the persian word for "river".
amu darya is a river almost in reverse. it gets its water from a powerful glacier fed stream high in the pamir knot at the eastern end of afghanistan's "wakhan corridor", and does not end at the sea but spreads out into the sands of turkmenistan's" kyzyl kum" desert instead of the inland aral sea as it did in former times.
in the traditions of the islamic prophet muhammad (hadith), the river is called by the name jayhan (arabic form of its ancient name gozan).
as the river jayhan.
historians tell us that one of the most ancient names for the oxus or amu in ancient afghanistan was jayhan. a name used by greek, mongol, chinese, persian, jewish and afghanastan historians. .
the river's total length is and its drainage basin totals in area. the river is navigable for over . all of the water comes from the high mountains in the south where annual precipitation can be over . even before large-scale irrigation began, high summer evaporation meant that not all of this discharge reached the aral sea - though there is some evidence the large pamir glaciers provided enough melt water for the aral to overflow during the 13th and 14th centuries a.d.
historical records state that in different periods, the river flowed into the aral sea (from the south), the caspian sea (from the east) or both, similar to the "syr darya" (jaxartes, in ancient greek).
about of land is drained by the amu darya into the aral sea endorheic basin. this includes most of tajikistan, the southwest corner of kyrgyzstan, the northeast corner of afghanistan, a long narrow portion of western turkmenistan and about half of uzbekistan. about 61% of the drainage lies within tajikistan, uzbekistan and turkmenistan, while 39% is in afghanistan.
of the area drained by the amu darya, only about actively contribute water to the river.
this is because many of the river's major tributaries (especially the "zeravshan river") have been diverted, and much of the river's drainage is dominated by outlying desert and steppe.
the abundant water flowing in the amu darya almost entirely comes from glaciers in the pamir mountains and "tian shan",
which, standing above the surrounding arid plain, collect atmospheric moisture which otherwise would probably have escaped somewhere else. without its mountain water sources, the amu darya would not contain any water because it rarely rains in the lowlands that characterize most of the river. throughout most of the steppe, the annual rainfall is about .
the amu darya is (also thejayhan river)
was called the "oxus" by the ancient greeks. in ancient times, the river jayhan was regarded as the boundary between irān and tūrān. the river jayhan drainage lies in the area between the former empires of genghis khan and alexander the great, although they occurred at much different times. one southern route of the silk road ran along part of the jayhan river northwestward from termez before going westwards to the caspian sea.
it is believed that the amu darya's course across the kara-kum desert has gone through several major shifts in the past few thousand years. much of the time, the most recent period being in the 13th century to the late 16th century, the amu darya emptied into both the aral and the caspian seas. sometimes, the flow through the two branches was more or less equal, but often, most of the amu darya's flow split to the west and flowed into the caspian.
people began to settle along the lower amu darya and the uzboy in the 5th century a.d., establishing a thriving chain of agricultural lands, towns, and cities.
the first british explorer who reached the region was a naval officer called john wood. he was sent on an expedition to find the source of the river in 1839. he found modern day lake zorkul, called it lake victoria and proclaimed he had found the source. then, the french explorer and geographer thibaut viné collected a lot of informations about this area during five expeditions between 1856 and 1862.
the soviet union became the ruling power in the 20th century. the soviet union fell in the 1990s and central asia split up into the many smaller countries that lie within or partially within the amu darya basin. in the 1960s and 1970s, the amu darya and syr darya were first used by the soviets to irrigate extensive cotton fields in the central asian plain. before this time, water from the rivers was already being used for agriculture, but not on this massive scale. the qaraqum canal, karshi canal, and bukhara canal were among the larger of the irrigation diversions built. the main turkmen canal was a proposed project that would have diverted water along the dry uzboy river bed into central turkmenistan, but was never built.
the oxus river, and arnold's poem, provide a literary background for the 1930s children's book the far-distant oxus.
the founding fathers refers to certain men who lived during the american revolutionary war era. these men signed the declaration of independence, either helped write the constitution of the united states, or helped win the american revolutionary war. many of these men were members of the continental congress at some point. the term "founding fathers" was first used for these people in 1916.
there were many people who were founding fathers. some scholars like to limit them to a small number, such as seven: george washington, john adams, thomas jefferson, benjamin franklin, alexander hamilton, john jay, and james madison.
most of the founding fathers were large landowners or rich merchants. most of them owned slaves. after the constitution, many of the founding fathers became leaders in the federal government. five of them, washington, adams, jefferson, madison, and james monroe, were later elected president of the united states. 
cndo is the short cut for complete neglect of differential overlap. it is both 1) a method for learning key facts about molecular orbitals as well as 2) the name of a particular set of computer programs. cndo is based on quantum chemistry. it is one of the first semi-empirical quantum chemistry methods. it uses two approximations:
cndo builds a mathematical model of a molecule. cndo starts with the position of the positively charged nuclei of the atoms and the negatively charged electron clouds surrounding them. quantum chemistry tells the model the probability distribution of electron locations based on atomic orbitals. from this information, cndo computes data about the resulting molecular orbitals.
cndo/2 is the main version of cndo. john pople and coworkers first wrote cndo/2.
argentine chamber of phonograms and videograms producers (capif) is a group that represents the music industry in argentina.
"long plays & cassettes (albums)":
the criteria for certification were changed as of january 1, 2001. capif certification criteria for albums since that date are:
asociación mexicana de productores de fonogramas y videogramas (amprofon) is a group that represents the music industry in mexico.
a signature song is a song that is best known for a music artist because of its popularity among their fans. signature songs can be songs that helped boost an artist's fan base, popularity, fame, and bookings. 
selena is an epic biographical drama movie. it was released on march 21, 1997, by warner bros. gregory nava was the director and the screenwriter. the movie is about the singer selena. she was murdered at age 23 by her friend, an ex-employee of her clothing stores. the movie also describes how selena started in the music business and her family's problems. jennifer lopez starred as selena, and many music critics believe this movie made lopez famous. "selena" was produced by abraham quintanilla, jr. (selena's father), moctesuma esparza and robert katz.
lopez was given $1 million for her role as selena, making her the highest-paid hispanic woman ever, at the time. the contained two unreleased songs, two tribute songs and two melodies. it reached number seven on the us "billboard" 200 chart. it was certified platinum for shipments of one million copies in the united states.bagamash
nava had a budget of $20 million to make this movie. they filmed the movie in corpus christi, san antonio and houston, texas. over 35,000 fans participated in the houston astrodome scene. the movie made $15,599,598 on its first week, the number one movie for that week. in total, it made $35,281,794 in 101 days. "selena" had mostly good reviews from critics, though many thought the movie did not tell the true story of selena. the movie won several alma awards and imagen foundation awards. it was nominated for a golden globe award, mtv movie awards and a young artist award.
the movie starts with selena (jennifer lopez) getting ready for her houston astrodome concert on february 26, 1995. after her performance, the movie goes back in time to 1961. abraham quintanilla, jr. (edward james olmos) and his band los dinos are at band practice. after band practice, they went to see a promoter in the other side of town. los dinos are then discriminated for being americans of mexican heritage. los dinos then performed at a spanish nightclub, and are booed off stage by mexicans for not knowing any mexican music. the movie goes forward in time to 1981. abraham had quit his dreams of becoming a music star and began helping his family. after work, abraham sat down on his chair and began playing the guitar. his youngest child, selena (rebecca lee meza) was playing a football game in the backyard. she noticed her father and was curious to know what he was doing. she started to sing in front of abraham. abraham was surprised, he started a family band, and named it selena y los dinos. he puts a.b. quintanilla iii (rafael tamayo) on base and suzette quintanilla (victoria elena flores) on drums. selena became the singer of the group.
the movie is now set in 1989, where selena is performing at a houston, texas festival as an adult. in the next scene, selena began talking to her cousin (seidy lopez) about her dreams of becoming a fashion designer. suzette (jackie guerra) ran upstairs and told them that a rock guitarist is in their kitchen. the three of them began spying to see what's going on. chris perez (jon seda) began to audition as the band's new guitarist in front of abraham. abraham tells a.b. (jacob vargas) that he does not like chris. this is because he is a rocker. however, a.b. tries to tell abraham that chris will change his style and look. the next day, selena asks chris to eat with her at a pizzeria. in the next scene, selena's song "como la flor" reached number one on "billboard" which made the group come together and celebrate. selena is asked to perform in mexico where 50,000 fans are waiting on her to sing. selena came out to perform "la carcacha". however, the crowd became very excited and started pushing people inside of the stage. selena is later asked by her father to calm down the crowd. she performed a slower version of "como la flor" and calmed everyone down. after her performance, she and chris walked on a pier. selena told him that she was scared for the first time, while chris tells selena that he loves her.
while on the bus, abraham found out that chris liked selena. abraham tells chris and selena that their relationship is over. he then fires chris and orders him to leave. selena tried to run after him, however, her father told her that if she did that he will disband the group. after this, selena and chris began to meet secretly and they eloped. selena went to her father's house the next day. abraham began crying and told selena that he was sorry. he then accepted chris into the family. in the next scene, selena won a grammy award and opened her clothing stores. she hired yolanda saldivar (lupe ontiveros) as the manager. yolanda began to steal money from these places. after this, selena started recording songs for her crossover album. abraham later finds out that yolanda was stealing money, and holds a meeting to hear yolanda's side. yolanda tells abraham that if given time, she will prove her innocence. later that night, selena performed "si una vez" at the houston astrodome on february 26, 1995. after that night, selena asked her mother to scratch her head and that she and chris are thinking of starting a family. selena then dreams of the crossover tour and sings "dreaming of you". after selena sings the opening of the song, a rose is thrown at her. selena is seen being rushed to the hospital. reporters tells everyone that selena was shot by saldívar during an argument over the missing financial records. in the next scene, a doctor walks towards selena's parents. he tells them that selena has died. "dreaming of you" is played again, while her fans are seen holding pictures of her during a candlelight vigil. the movie ends with a picture of selena waving goodbye reading "april 16, 1971 – march 31, 1995".
this is a list of the actors and their roles in "selena":
production and marketing.
selena's family wanted to make a movie about selena's life. they searched hollywood, california for movie producers. abraham then contacted moctesuma esparza and robert katz. they chose gregory nava as the movie director. abraham told esparza and katz that he did not like nava because of his "ego". the two producers told abraham that everyone in hollywood had an "ego problem". they also told him that nava was the right guy.
nava spent one month with the quintanilla family. he wrote down everything that the family said about selena. by the fifth week, nava had written the movie and showed abraham the draft. abraham was not happy — he did not want selena's fans to think that eloping was a right thing to do. he also did not like the conflict between his character and chris perez. nava responded that the information was "life events". he also said that even though he may seem like a "bad guy" in the movie, his actions after the marriage would make people see him differently. abraham agreed and allowed the two stories in the movie. salma hayek was originally asked to play the role of selena in the movie, but she turned it down. she felt that it was "too early" to base a movie on selena and that it would be too emotional since selena's death was still being covered on television.
filming took place in corpus christi, san antonio and houston, texas from may to october 1996. nava posted fliers in texas asking selena fans to attend the houston astrodome scene. news of this event spread throughout the united states and mexico. over 35,000 people attended, some coming from as far as japan and south america. it took over 3 hours to put makeup on everyone who attended. producing the astrodome scene cost about $2 million. the budget of the movie was $20 million.
the movie's trailer was released worldwide in december 1996. nava spent $1 million on promotions for "selena".
the soundtrack of the movie was released on march 11, 1997 by emi latin. the soundtrack included two songs that selena did not release when she was alive: "is it the beat?" and "where did the feeling go?". it included two medleys — "disco medley" and the "cumbia medley". they are live versions selena sang during her houston astrodome concert. two tribute songs were also in the album. "viviras selena" includes tejano singers and the barrio boyzz. "one more time", which was composed by olmos is performed by lil'ray. the "oldies medley" was performed by the vidal brothers. the soundtrack reached at number seven on the us "billboard" 200 chart and number 36 on canada's "rpm". it was later certified platinum by the recording industry association of america (riaa) for shipments of 1,000,000 copies in the united states. the album was produced by selena's brother, quintanilla iii.
chuck eddy of "entertainment weekly" gave the soundtrack an "a" rating and stated that the soundtrack had everything a "right posthumous" album should have. eddy also stated that listening to the album reveals why selena's death impacted many americans. enrique lopetegui of the "los angeles times" wrote that "one more time" was a "corny but effective" tribute to selena. lopetegui commented that "viviras selena" was the "weakest track" of the album and that "is it the beat?" was one of the "best songs" of "selena". he believed that "where did the feeling go?" was one of the "strongest". lopetegui also stated that "where did the feeling go?" was similar to "vision of love" which was recorded by mariah carey. lopetegui compared "is it the beat?" to the song "i wanna dance with somebody (who loves me)" by whitney houston, which had similar beats and sounds. a "miami herald" writer believed the soundtrack was "uneven" and stated that selena's unreleased recordings "outshines" the rest of the songs on the album. a score was released in the summer of 1997 and had music by dave grusin.
release and reception.
before the movie was released, selena fans were not happy that a puerto rican would play the part of a mexican american singer. many fans changed their views on lopez after the houston astrodome scene was done filming. the movie opened in 1,850 theaters worldwide. "selena" was released on march 21, 1997, and grossed $11,615,722, making it the second-highest debut for that week. it grossed $15,599,598 during its first week and became the number-one movie for that week. the next week, the movie grossed $24,285,142. in total, "selena" grossed $35,281,794. it became the first and only movie directed by nava to reach the 30 millionth mark. "selena" was in theaters for 101 days, and lopez's portrayal of selena became the "breakthrough role" (becoming very important) for her career. she became very popular after the movie was released. "selena" was released on vhs and dvd in fall 1997. on september 18, 2007, warner bros. released a 10th anniversary of the movie. it featured unreleased "behind the scenes" and extras.
the movie had mostly positive feedback from critics. enrique fernandez of the "sun sentinel" wrote that nava did a great job in "catching the audience" with "selena". fernandez also stated that lopez had a "terrific characterization" of selena. steve persall of the "st. petersburg times" believed that nava did not do a good job in retelling selena's murder. persall believed nava was under pressure by selena's family and fans to tell a more "fairy tale" movie then a "real life event". daisann mclane of "sun sentinel" agreed that the movie was more of a "fairy tale" and that "the movie is the family's version of the story". mclane believed that "selena" "lie[d]" about selena's "real life". stuart elliott of "austin american-statesmen" wrote that "selena" became a "breakthrough success" in selena's career. elliott believed that nava had "perfect[ed]" every scene and that female hispanics in america can relate to the conflicts and the climax of the story.
selena ¡vive! was a tribute concert that was held on april 7, 2005. it was held a week after the 10th anniversary of selena's death. over 65,000 fans attended the concert, which featured high-profile artists.
"selena ¡vive!" is the highest-rated and most-viewed spanish-language show in american television history. the show, which lasted over three hours, scored a 35.9 nielsen household rating.
"you and i" is a song by american pop singer lady gaga from her third album "born this way". it was released as the fourth single from the album on august 23, 2011. gaga wrote the song herself and produced it with r.j. "mutt" lange, who is known for his 14-year marriage to canadian country pop singer shania twain and was twain's writing partner and producer.
the song reached the top ten in the us and canada. the recording industry association of america certified the song triple-platinum on february 29, 2016, for sales and shipments of three million copies across the united states.
gaga is seen on a farm in nebraska and is dressed in various outfits: in one point, she is wearing a straitjacket, and another time, she is dressed as a mermaid. actor taylor kinney plays gaga's love interest in the video. kinney and gaga dated for nearly five years after making the music video.
kalām (, literally "speech" or "words") is the islamic discipline of seeking theological knowledge through dialectic (debate and argument). it also promotes prudence and logical reasoning. a practitioner of kalām is called a "mutakallim" (plural "mutakallimiin").
the ohio state senate is the upper house of the ohio general assembly. there are 33 state senators. the state legislature meets in the ohio statehouse in columbus, ohio. the president of the senate presides over the body when in session. he is currently matt huffman. the senate is currently controlled by the republican party.
senators serve four year terms. the terms of the senators are staggered so that about half the membership is elected every two years. the senators representing the even-numbered districts are elected in years evenly divisible by four. the senators from the odd-numbered districts are elected in even-numbered years not divisible by four. senators are limited to two terms.
each senator represents approximately 330,000 ohioans. each senate district covers three ohio house districts.
clerk: according to the rules of the senate, the clerk is elected by the members of the senate and is tasked with maintaining records of all senate bills and resolutions. the clerk is also responsible for handling all documents received from other government departments. 
the snare drum or side drum is a percussion instrument. it has strands of "snares" made of curled metal wire, metal cable, plastic cable, or gut cords. they are stretched across the skin on the bottom of the drum. pipe and tabor and some military snare drums can have a second set of snares on the bottom side of the top head. this is used to make a "brighter" sound. the snare drum is considered one of the most important drums of the drum kit.
the snare drum can make some special sounds:
economic boom is a phase when the economy has a huge increase. it is a natural cycle.
the united states of america had an essential supply of natural resources such as timber, iron, coal, minerals, oil and land. immigrants provided a plentiful and cheap work force to utilise these resources. this enabled america to become a huge economic power at the beginning of the 20th century. these resources were an important foundation for the economy.
whilst european economies suffered during the first world war, the usa experienced significant growth. us banks loaned money to europe and businesses sold much needed goods. the war also provided a stimulus for inventions in production, materials and advertising. immediately after the war there was a small slump but from 1922 the usa experienced an unprecedented economic boom.
electricity developed slowly before the war but during the 1920s the electricity industry experienced a huge boom. by 1929 the majority of houses in america had electricity and 70 per cent of them used it for lighting purposes. as a result of the development of factories to produce consumer goods for the american people, the demand for electricity doubled. electrical power was introduced in factories to drive machinery, and thus it became possible to introduce mass production to a number of factories, e.g. refrigerators, washing machines, vacuum cleaners and radio sets.
the car industry is the best example of mass production during the period. henry ford was a pioneer with his idea of producing affordable cars for the people of america. he set about realising his dream by producing his early cars in small workshops. he had groups of men working for him and gradually the cars were built.
henry ford and his son posing in the model f ford car in 1905.
henry ford and his son posing in the model f ford car in 1905
henry ford's hard work bore fruit. as he produced more and more cars, he could reduce his prices. by 1925 the price of a car was around $290, which was much cheaper than the price of $850 in 1908. henry ford was of the opinion that it was better to sell more cars for a small profit, as that meant employing more workers.
by 1929 americans owned 23 million cars. the workers earned good wages ($5 per day), thousands of jobs were created, roads were built, petrol stations were built, as were hotels and restaurants. therefore, the entire economy was given a substantial boost due to the car industry.
in order to help american people to purchase the new goods that were available, systems of hire-purchase and credit were introduced. this meant that a person could buy something by paying for it on a monthly basis. as a result, the majority of americans could afford expensive goods. in order to encourage americans to take advantage of the scheme, advertisements were placed on roadsides, on the radio, in newspapers and in cinemas.
during the same period, chain stores appeared for the first time, e.g. j p penney. catalogue shopping also became fashionable as it was a convenient way of buying goods.
tremors is an american science fiction comedy horror movie. it is set in nevada and is directed by ron underwood. the screenplay was written by s.s. wilson and brent maddock.
valentine and earl want to go to bixby, nevada and they leave the perfection valley. a subterranean animal kills five people. the perfection valley is in danger.
in biology, a tremor is when antagonist muscles move repeatedly without being controlled. there are different forms of tremors. very often, a tremor is a symptom for another condition, and not its cause. people with a tremor are not necessarily sick. for example, physiological tremors are measurable, but not visible; they occur in all humans.
the grignard reaction (pronounced ) is an organometallic chemical reaction in which alkyl- or aryl-magnesium halides (grignard reagents) attack electrophilic carbon atoms that are present within polar bonds (for example, in a carbonyl group as in the example shown below). grignard reagents act as nucleophiles. the grignard reaction produces a carbon–carbon bond. it alters hybridization about the reaction center. the grignard reaction is an important tool in the formation of carbon–carbon bonds. it also can form carbon–phosphorus, carbon–tin, carbon–silicon, carbon–boron and other carbon–heteroatom bonds.
it is a nucleophilic organometallic addition reaction. the high pka value of the alkyl component (pka = ~45) makes the reaction irreversible. grignard reactions are not ionic. the grignard reagent exists as an organometallic cluster (in ether).
the disadvantage of grignard reagents is that they readily react with protic solvents (such as water), or with functional groups with acidic protons, such as alcohols and amines. atmospheric humidity can alter the yield of making a grignard reagent from magnesium turnings and an alkyl halide. one of many methods used to exclude water from the reaction atmosphere is to flame-dry the reaction vessel to evaporate all moisture, which is then sealed to prevent moisture from returning. chemists then use ultrasound to activate the surface of the magnesium so that it consumes any water present. this can allow grignard reagents to form with less sensitivity to water being present.
another disadvantage of grignard reagents is that they do not readily form carbon–carbon bonds by reacting with alkyl halides by an sn2 mechanism.
françois auguste victor grignard discovered grignard reactions and reagents. they are named after this french chemist (university of nancy, france) who was awarded the 1912 nobel prize in chemistry for this work.
the addition of the grignard reagent to a carbonyl typically proceeds through a six-membered ring transition state.
however, with steric hindered grignard reagents, the reaction may proceed by single-electron transfer.
grignard reactions will not work if water is present; water causes the reagent to rapidly decompose. so, most grignard reactions occur in solvents such as anhydrous diethyl ether or tetrahydrofuran (thf), because the oxygen in these solvents stabilizes the magnesium reagent. the reagent may also react with oxygen present in the atmosphere. this will insert an oxygen atom between the carbon base and the magnesium halide group. usually, this side-reaction may be limited by the volatile solvent vapors displacing air above the reaction mixture. however, chemists may perform the reactions in nitrogen or argon atmospheres. in small scale reactions, the solvent vapors do not have enough space to protect the magnesium from oxygen.
making a grignard reagent.
grignard reagents are formed by the action of an alkyl or aryl halide on magnesium metal. the reaction is conducted by adding the organic halide to a suspension of magnesium in an ether, which provides ligands required to stabilize the organomagnesium compound. typical solvents are diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran. oxygen and protic solvents such as water or alcohols are not compatible with grignard reagents. the reaction proceeds through single electron transfer.
grignard reactions often start slowly. first, there is an induction period during which reactive magnesium becomes exposed to the organic reagents. after this induction period, the reactions can be highly exothermic. alkyl and aryl bromides and iodides are common substrates. chlorides are also used, but fluorides are generally unreactive, except with specially activated magnesium, such as rieke magnesium.
many grignard reagents, such as methylmagnesium chloride, phenylmagnesium bromide, and allylmagnesium bromide are available commercially in tetrahydrofuran or diethyl ether solutions.
using the schlenk equilibrium, grignard reagents form varying amounts of diorganomagnesium compounds (r = organic group, x = halide):
many methods have been developed to initiate grignard reactions that are slow to start. these methods weaken the layer of mgo that covers the magnesium. they expose the magnesium to the organic halide to start the reaction that makes the grignard reagent.
mechanical methods include crushing of the mg pieces "in situ", rapid stirring, or using ultrasound (sonication) of the suspension. iodine, methyl iodide, and 1,2-dibromoethane are commonly employed activating agents. chemists use 1,2-dibromoethane because its action can be monitored by the observation of bubbles of ethylene. also, the side-products are innocuous:
the amount of mg consumed by these activating agents is usually insignificant.
the addition of a small amount of mercuric chloride will amalgamate the surface of the metal, allowing it to react.
grignard reagents are produced in industry for use in place, or for sale. as with at bench-scale, the main problem is that of initiation. a portion of a previous batch of grignard reagent is often used as the initiator. grignard reactions are exothermic; this exothermicity must be considered when a reaction is scaled-up from laboratory to production plant.
reactions of grignard reagents.
reactions with carbonyl compounds.
grignard reagents will react with a variety of carbonyl derivatives.
the most common application is for alkylation of aldehydes and ketones, as in this example:
note that the acetal function (a masked carbonyl) does not react.
such reactions usually involve a water-based (aqueous) acidic workup, though this is rarely shown in reaction schemes. in cases where the grignard reagent is adding to a prochiral aldehyde or ketone, the felkin-anh model or cram's rule can usually predict which stereoisomer will form.
reactions with other electrophiles.
in addition, grignard reagents will react with electrophiles.
another example is making salicylaldehyde (not shown above). first, bromoethane reacts with mg in ether. second, phenol in thf converts the phenol into ar-omgbr. third, benzene is added in the presence of paraformaldehyde powder and triethylamine. fourth, the mixture is distilled to remove the solvents. next, 10% hcl is added. salicylaldehyde will be the major product as long as everything is very dry and under inert conditions. the reaction works also with iodoethane instead of bromoethane.
formation of bonds to b, si, p, sn.
the grignard reagent is very useful for forming carbon–heteroatom bonds.
carbon–carbon coupling reactions.
a grignard reagent can also be involved in coupling reactions. for example, nonylmagnesium bromide reacts with methyl "p"-chlorobenzoate to give "p"-nonylbenzoic acid, in the presence of tris(acetylacetonato)iron(iii), often symbolized as fe(acac)3, after workup with naoh to hydrolyze the ester, shown as follows. without the fe(acac)3, the grignard reagent would attack the ester group over the aryl halide.
for the coupling of aryl halides with aryl grignards, nickel chloride in tetrahydrofuran (thf) is also a good catalyst. additionally, an effective catalyst for the couplings of alkyl halides is dilithium tetrachlorocuprate (li2cucl4), prepared by mixing lithium chloride (licl) and copper(ii) chloride (cucl2) in thf. the kumada-corriu coupling gives access to [substituted] styrenes.
the oxidation of a grignard reagent with oxygen takes place through a radical intermediate to a magnesium hydroperoxide. hydrolysis of this complex yields hydroperoxides and reduction with an additional equivalent of grignard reagent gives an alcohol.
a reaction of grignards with oxygen in presence of an alkene makes an ethylene extended alcohol. these are useful in synthesizing larger compounds. this modification requires aryl or vinyl grignard reagents. adding just the grignard and the alkene does not result in a reaction, showing that the presence of oxygen is essential. the only drawback is the requirement of at least two equivalents of grignard reagent in the reaction. this can addressed by using a dual grignard system with a cheap reducing grignard reagent such as n-butylmagnesium bromide.
nucleophilic aliphatic substitution.
grignard reagents are nucleophiles in nucleophilic aliphatic substitutions for instance with alkyl halides in a key step in industrial naproxen production:
in the boord olefin synthesis, the addition of magnesium to certain β-haloethers results in an elimination reaction to the alkene. this reaction can limit the utility of grignard reactions.
grignard degradation at one time was a tool in structure identification (elucidation) in which a grignard rmgbr formed from a heteroaryl bromide hetbr reacts with water to het-h (bromine replaced by a hydrogen atom) and mgbroh. this hydrolysis method allows the determination of the number of halogen atoms in an organic compound. in modern usage, grignard degradation is used in the chemical analysis of certain triacylglycerols.
an example of the grignard reaction is a key step in the industrial production of tamoxifen. (tamoxifen is currently used for the treatment of estrogen receptor positive breast cancer in women.):
peach can mean:
the giant magellan telescope (gmt) will be the world's largest telescope when it is completed in 2025. instead of one large mirror, the gmt will have seven separate mirrors working together. this will mean its collecting area is bigger than the actual mirror surfaces. it will be made of seven diameter mirror parts. it will have a the resolving power of a mirror. its collecting area will be the same as a mirror. the telescope will have over four times the ability to gather light than existing telescopes. it will produce images up to ten times clearer than the hubble space telescope. it will cost $700 million.
the location of the telescope is the las campanas observatory, which is also the site of the magellan telescopes, some northeast of la serena, chile. this area has clear weather for most of the year. the night sky in most of the surrounding atacama desert region is free from atmospheric pollution. with few cities nearby this is probably one of the places least affected by light pollution. all of this makes the area one of the best spots on earth for long-term astronomical observation.
the telescope is unique because it will use seven mirror sections, each in diameter. these segments will then be arranged to form a single optical surface. this is difficult as the surface of the outer six mirror segments is not radially symmetrical (that is, they are off-axis). this requires a small change in the way mirrors are usually polished. all seven mirrors will be arranged so that the reflecting surface of each of them is on a common axis. one mirror will be in the center and the other six arranged symmetrically around the center. a focal plane will be on-axis with the entire assembly. the plan is to build seven identical off-axis mirrors. the spare mirror has been made to replace a mirror when it needs recoating, a 1–2 week (per segment) process required every 1–2 years.
the steward observatory, at the university of arizona, is making the mirrors in a laboratory beneath the university's football stadium. it is using a rotating furnace to make the mirror. the casting of the first mirror was completed on november 3, 2005. but the time-consuming shaping and polishing will be completed in the autumn of 2011.
the telescope will make use of adaptive optics.
the following is a list of the group which is developing the telescope.
george p. mitchell, founder of mitchell energy & development corp., and the cynthia and george mitchell foundation are giving $25 million to help pay for the telescope.
stinging nettles ("urtica dioica") are a type of plant which have stinging defensive hairs on the leaves and stems. stinging nettles can be found in america, europe and asia. 
the hairs inject histamine and other chemicals that produce a stinging sensation when contacted by humans and other animals. soaking stinging nettles in water or cooking removes the stinging chemicals from the plant, which allows them to be handled and eaten without injury. 
the plant has been used as medicine, food, tea and fibre. nettles are sometimes used in cheesemaking, as nettle soup or as substitute for spinach. its stems contain a bast fibre that is used for the same purposes as linen. nettles have been used to make clothing for 2,000 years.
stinging nettles are important food plants for several butterflies, like the peacock butterfly and the small tortoiseshell. also some deers and other animals eat the plant, preferred the leaf shot.
the ferrari f50 is a sports car made by ferrari in 1995. it was created to celebrate the company's 50th anniversary. the car has two doors. it is a two-seated convertible with a removable hardtop. it has a 4.7 l v12 engine that was based on the 3.5 l v12 used in the 1992 ferrari f92a formula one car.
only 349 ferrari f50's were made. this was because ferrari wanted it to be rare. the last f50 was produced in maranello, italy in july 1997.
the ferrari f50 can travel at over 200 miles per hour.
a mass spectrum is an intensity versus "m/z" (mass-to-charge ratio) plot that represents a chemical analysis. the mass spectrum of a sample is a pattern representing the distribution of ions by mass (more correctly: mass-to-charge ratio) in a sample. it is a histogram usually made using an instrument called a mass spectrometer. not all mass spectra of a given substance are the same. it can depend on the operating conditions of the instrument. for example, some mass spectrometers break the analyte molecules into many pieces; others observe the intact molecular masses with little fragmentation. a mass spectrum can represent many different types of information based on the type of mass spectrometer and the specific experiment; however, all plots of intensity vs. mass-to-charge are called "mass spectra".
common fragmentation processes for organic molecules are the mclafferty rearrangement and alpha cleavage.
in the past, chemists with phd degrees were needed to interpret mass spectra. today, computer programs read the data and identify the compounds in a sample.
stuntman is a racing/action video game that was published by infogrames and atari. it was released for the playstation 2 and the game boy advance systems. the game is also featured as a mobile phone game which could be downloaded. stuntman was followed by the 2007 sequel, . the game received positive reviews, gamespot gave it a 8.0 out of 10 and ign gave it a 8.6 out of 10.
the game was followed by sequel, called "" released in 2007.
"eh, eh (nothing else i can say)" is a single by lady gaga. it appeared on gaga's debut album "the fame" and was released as a single on january 10, 2009. its music video references gaga's italian heritage. though the single did not chart in the united states, the recording industry association of america certified the song gold on february 29, 2016, for shipments and streams equal to 500,000 copies there. "eh, eh" charted in the top ten in france, new zealand and sweden.
the sn2 reaction (also known as bimolecular nucleophilic substitution) is a substitution reaction in organic chemistry. it is a type of nucleophilic substitution, where a lone pair from a nucleophile attacks an electron deficient electrophilic center and bonds to it. this expels another group called a "leaving group". so, the incoming group replaces the leaving group in one step. since two reacting species are involved in the slow, rate-determining step of the reaction, this leads to the name "bimolecular nucleophilic substitution", or "sn2". among inorganic chemists, the sn2 reaction is often known as the "interchange mechanism".
the reaction most often occurs at an aliphatic sp3 carbon center with an electronegative, stable leaving group attached to it - 'x' - frequently a halide atom. the breaking of the c-x bond and the formation of the new c-nu bond occur simultaneously to form a transition state in which the carbon under nucleophilic attack is pentacoordinate, and approximately sp2 hybridized. the nucleophile attacks the carbon at 180° to the leaving group, since this provides the best overlap between the nucleophile's lone pair and the c-x σ* antibonding orbital. the leaving group is then pushed off the opposite side and the product is formed.
if the substrate under nucleophilic attack is chiral, this can lead, although not necessarily, to an inversion of stereochemistry, called the walden inversion.
in an example of the sn2 reaction, the attack of oh− (the nucleophile) on a bromoethane (the electrophile) results in ethanol, with bromide ejected as the leaving group:
a sn2 reaction occurs if the backside route of attack is not blocked by other atoms in the molecule (sterically hindered by substituents on the substrate). so, this mechanism usually occurs at an unhindered primary carbon center. if there is steric crowding on the substrate near the leaving group, such as at a tertiary carbon center, the substitution will use an sn1 rather than an sn2 mechanism, (an sn1 would also be more likely with blocked molecules because a sufficiently stable carbocation intermediary could be formed.)
in coordination chemistry, associative substitution proceeds by a similar mechanism as sn2.
factors affecting the rate of the reaction.
four factors affect the rate of the reaction:
the rate of an sn2 reaction is second order, as the rate-determining step depends on the nucleophile concentration, [nu−] as well as the concentration of substrate, [rx].
this is a key difference between the sn1 and sn2 mechanisms. in the sn1 reaction, the nucleophile attacks after the rate-limiting step is over. but in a sn2 reaction, the nucleophile forces off the leaving group in the limiting step. in other words, the rate of sn1 reactions depend only on the concentration of the substrate while the sn2 reaction rate depends on the concentration of both the substrate and nucleophile. in cases where both mechanisms are possible (for example at a secondary carbon center), the mechanism depends on solvent, temperature, concentration of the nucleophile or on the leaving group.
sn2 reactions are generally favored in primary alkyl halides or secondary alkyl halides with an aprotic solvent. they occur at a negligible rate in tertiary alkyl halides due to steric hindrance.
sn2 and sn1 are two extremes of a sliding scale of reactions. it is possible to find many reactions which exhibit both sn2 and sn1 character in their mechanisms. for instance, it is possible to get a contact ion pairs formed from an alkyl halide in which the ions are not fully separated. when these undergo substitution the stereochemistry will be inverted (as in sn2) for many of the reacting molecules but a few may show retention of configuration. sn2 reactions are more common than sn1 reactions.
a common side reaction taking place with sn2 reactions is e2 elimination: the incoming anion can act as a base rather than as a nucleophile, removing a proton and leading to formation of the alkene. this effect can be demonstrated in the gas-phase reaction between a sulfonate and a simple alkyl bromide taking place inside a mass spectrometer:
with ethyl bromide, the reaction product is predominantly the substitution product. as steric hindrance around the electrophilic center increases, as with isobutyl bromide, substitution is disfavored and elimination is the predominant reaction. other factors favoring elimination are the strength of the base. with the less basic benzoate substrate, isopropyl bromide reacts with 55% substitution. in general, gas phase reactions and solution phase reactions of this type follow the same trends, even though in the first, solvent effects are dropped.
a development attracting attention in 2008 concerns a sn2 roundabout mechanism observed in a gas-phase reaction between chloride ions and methyl iodide with a special technique called "crossed molecular beam imaging". when the chloride ions have sufficient velocity, the energy of the resulting iodide ions after the collision is much lower than expected, and it is theorized that energy is lost as a result of a full roundabout of the methyl group around the iodine atom before the actual displacement takes place.
the sn1 reaction is a substitution reaction in organic chemistry. "sn" stands for nucleophilic substitution and the "1" represents the fact that the rate-determining step involves only one molecule (unimolecular). the reaction involves a carbocation intermediate. some common sn1 reactions are of secondary or tertiary alkyl halides under strongly basic conditions or, under strongly acidic conditions, with secondary or tertiary alcohols. with primary alkyl halides, the alternative sn2 reaction occurs. among inorganic chemists, the sn1 reaction is often known as the "dissociative mechanism". christopher ingold et al. first proposed the reaction mechanism in 1940.
an example of a reaction taking place with an sn1 reaction mechanism is the hydrolysis of tert-butyl bromide with water to form tert-butyl alcohol:
this sn1 reaction takes place in three steps:
because the first step is the bottleneck or "rate-determining step" chemists classify the entire reaction mechanism as sn1. only one molecule is needed for that step.
scope of the reaction.
sometimes a molecule can react using either an sn1 or an sn2 mechanism.
the sn1 mechanism will win this competition when the central carbon atom is surrounded by bulky groups because such groups sterically hinder the sn2 reaction. additionally, bulky substituents on the central carbon increase the rate of carbocation formation because of the relief of steric strain that occurs. the resultant carbocation is also stabilized by both inductive stabilization and hyperconjugation from attached alkyl groups. the hammond-leffler postulate says that this too will increase the rate of carbocation formation. the sn1 mechanism therefore dominates in reactions at tertiary alkyl centers and is further observed at secondary alkyl centers in the presence of weak nucleophiles.
an example of a reaction proceeding in a sn1 way is the synthesis of "2,5-dichloro-2,5-dimethylhexane" from the corresponding diol with concentrated hydrochloric acid:
as the alpha and beta substitutions increase with respect to leaving groups, the reaction is diverted from sn2 to sn1.
the carbocation intermediate formed in the reaction's rate limiting step is an "sp2" hybridized carbon with trigonal planar molecular geometry. this allows two different paths for the nucleophilic attack, one on either side of the planar molecule. if neither path is preferentially favored, these two paths will be used equally, yielding a racemic mix of enantiomers if the reaction takes place at a stereocenter. this is illustrated below in the sn1 reaction of s-3-chloro-3-methylhexane with an iodide ion, which yields a racemic mixture of 3-iodo-3-methylhexane:
however, an excess of one stereoisomer can be observed, as the leaving group can remain close to the carbocation intermediate for a short time and block nucleophilic attack. this is very different than the sn2 mechanism, which does not mix the stereochemistry of the product (a stereospecific mechanism). the sn2 mechanism always inverts the molecule's stereochemistry.
two common side reactions are elimination reactions and carbocation rearrangement. if the reaction is performed under warm or hot conditions (which favor an increase in entropy), e1 elimination is likely to predominate, leading to formation of an alkene. at lower temperatures, sn1 and e1 reactions are competitive reactions. so, it becomes difficult to favor one over the other. even if the reaction is performed cold, some alkene may be formed. if an attempt is made to perform an sn1 reaction using a strongly basic nucleophile such as hydroxide or methoxide ion, the alkene will again be formed, this time via an e2 elimination. this will be especially true if the reaction is heated. finally, if the carbocation intermediate can rearrange to a more stable carbocation, it will give a product derived from the more stable carbocation rather than the simple substitution product.
solvents will change the reaction rate. since the sn1 reaction involves formation of an unstable carbocation intermediate in the rate-determining step, anything that can help this will speed up the reaction. the normal solvents of choice are both "polar" (to stabilize ionic intermediates in general) and "protic" (to solvate the leaving group in particular). typical polar protic solvents include water and alcohols, which will also act as nucleophiles.
the y scale correlates solvolysis reaction rates of any solvent (k) with that of a standard solvent (80% v/v ethanol/water) (k0) through
with "m" a reactant constant ("m" = 1 for tert-butyl chloride),
for example 100% ethanol gives y = −2.3, 50% ethanol in water y = +1.65 and 15% concentration y = +3.2.
sc austria lustenau is a football club from lustenau, vorarlberg. the club is playing in the erste liga, the second division in austria.
the club was founded in june 1914 as football department of turnerbund lustenau and was named fa turnerbund lustenau. this name had the club till 1936. for not having a football assosiation in vorarlberg the club only played friendly matches. during the time of first world war there were no matches. in 1920 the club started in a regular championship. the first success was the vorarlberg championship in the 1929/30 season. they were qualified for the austrian amateur championship and reached the final versus kremser sc. 
in 1936 the club left the turnerbund lustenau and became a club of its own. the were renamed to sc austria lustenau. in the following years they reached several titels. in 1994 they won the regionalliga west and were promoted to the first league, the second division in austrian football. from 1997 to 2000 they played in the bundesliga, the top division of austrias football. since the relegation 2 000 they played in the 2. liga. in the 2021-22 season they won the league and were promotet to the bundesliga.
the biggest success so far was the cup final in 2010/11. austria lustenau was the first club from vorarlberg which ever reached a cup final. the match was lost against sv ried. in 2020 they reached again the cup final but lost again versus fc red bull salzburg.
"updated 17 december 2021."
 is a japanese game designer, professional racing driver, and ceo of polyphony digital and producer of the "gran turismo" series.
the cradle of humankind is a world heritage site. it was first named by unesco in 1999. the site is about 50 kilometres northwest of johannesburg, south africa in the gauteng province, and occupies . 
the site's limestone caves, including the sterkfontein caves, were where fossils were found. a 2.3-million year-old fossil "australopithecus africanus" (nicknamed 'mrs. ples') was found in 1947 by robert broom and john t. robinson. the find followed the 1924 discovery of the juvenile "australopithecus africanus" skull, 'taung child', by raymond dart, at taung in the north west province of south africa, where excavations still continue.
the name "cradle of humankind" reflects the fact that the site has produced a large number, as well as some of the oldest, hominid fossils ever found, some dating back as far as 3.5 million years ago. sterkfontein alone has produced more than a third of early hominid fossils ever found.
the remains of several partial skeletons of a previously unknown australopithecan species were found in 2008 near johannesburg. they have been dated to about two million year ago (mya). a recent re-examination of two partial skeletons of "australopithecus sediba" has led to its identification as close to the origin of the genus "homo". not all palaeoanthropologists agree this is a new species.
a new analysis shows this species had a human-like pelvis, hands and teeth, and a chimpanzee-like foot. in six separate research reports, palaeontologists reported on the anatomy of a juvenile male skeleton, mh1, a female skeleton, known as mh2, and an isolated adult tibia or shinbone, known as mh4. the findings suggest that some species of australopithecine climbed trees, some walked on the ground, and some did both. 
colleagues in england investigated the teeth. like other parts of the skeleton, the teeth are a mosaic of primitive and human-like features.
lokomotiv yaroslavl () is a russian professional ice hockey team playing in the kontinental hockey league (khl).
2011 plane crash.
the lokomotiv yaroslavl plane crash occurred on wednesday, september 7, 2011 at 16:02 local time, when a yak-service yakolev yak-42 airplane, with the professional ice hockey team and coaching staff of lokomotiv yaroslavl of the kontinental hockey league, crashed near yaroslavl, russia. the team was going to minsk, belarus, to start the 2011-12 khl season against dinamo minsk. 44 out of the 45 people on board were confirmed dead, one crew member survived.
 russian open championship winner (3): 1996–97, 2001–02, 2002–03
runners-up of khl (2): 2007–08, 2008–09
bronze medal winner of russian open championship and khl (4): 1997–98, 1998–99, 2004-2005, 2010–11
runners-up of iihf continental cup : 2003
bronze medal of spengler cup: 2003
statistics in khl.
"note: gp = games played, w = wins, l = losses, otl = overtime/shootout losses, pts = points, gf = goals for, ga = goals against"
the overhand knot is the simplest knot that can be created. it is often used as a stopper knot at the end of a rope.
knot theory is the study of knots in mathematics. in knot theory, the ends of the rope are attached so that there is no possible way for the knot to be untied. peter guthrie tait was the first person to make charts describing mathematical knots in the 1860s.
a fabergé egg is one of the jewelled eggs made by peter carl fabergé and his company between 1885 and 1917.
the most famous are those made for the russian tsars alexander iii and nicholas ii. they were easter gifts for their wives and mothers, and are called the 'imperial' fabergé eggs. the house of fabergé made about 52 imperial eggs, of which 46 have survived. two more were planned for easter 1918, but were not delivered, due to the russian revolution.
list of fabergé tsar imperial easter eggs.
below is a list of the eggs made for the russian imperial family.
list of the kelch eggs.
faberge also made eggs for alexander kelch, a siberian gold mine industrialist, as gifts for his wife barbara (varvara) kelch-bazanova. most are copies of other eggs.
a primary care doctor (pcd) or primary care physician (pcp) is a doctor who provides general medical care. these doctors can answer health concerns and medical conditions a patient may have. they also can prescribe medicine for their patients, based on information gathered.
anthology was a greatest hits album by selena. the album included remixed songs from selena's early music career. two eps were released as a promotion. the album sold over 1,200,000 copies.
two eps were released. both of them contained five songs each.
sales and certifications.
 in february 2008, riaa reduced the certification-award-levels for oro y de platino to gold=50,000 and platinum=100,000.
all my hits/todos mis exitos was a greatest hits album by selena. the album included a collectable rose-pin for fans. the album sold over 1,200,000 copies in the united states.
all my hits/todos mis exitos vol. 2 was the second series of the "all my hits" collection. it was a greatest hits album by selena. the album included a heart-necklace for fans. the album sold over 400,000 copies in the united states.
certifications and sales.
 in february 2008, riaa reduced the certification-award-levels for oro y de platino to gold=50,000 and platinum=100,000.
ones is a greatest hits album by selena. the album included an unreleased ballad song. the album sold over 500,000 copies in the united states.
jklf seeks independence of jammu and kashmir state from both india and pakistan.
the jklf claims that they are not islamist, but are nationalist, and opposes the emergence of the territories into either pakistan or india but rather wants the region of kashmir to separate from the three countries and become independent.
in 1982 branches were established in pakistan-administered kashmir, pakistan and in 1987 in indian-administered kashmir (jammu and kashmir).
mirador de la flor () is a life-sized statue that is in corpus christi, texas. the statue is a memorial to american singer selena. the statue was ordered by the mayor of corpus christi as a tourist attraction in 1997. hundreds of fans visit the statue weekly from all over the world. the statue faces corpus christi bay, where the gun that killed selena was thrown. a second life-sized statue of selena was made in mexico in march 2011.
marie joséphine of savoy (maria giuseppina luigia; 2 september 1753 – 13 november 1810) was the wife of the future louis xviii of france. she was a princess of savoy by birth, became the titular queen consort, and was known by her title: her royal highness, countess of provence ("comtesse de provence").
she was born at the royal palace of turin on 2 september 1753 and was the third child and second daughter of victor amadeus and his wife the spanish infanta maria antonia of spain. at the time of her birth her grandfather, charles emmanuel iii of sardinia, was the king of sardinia. 
maria giuseppina was engaged to the french prince louis stanislas of france. he was known as the count of provence. they were married on 16 april 1771 "by proxy" in the turin. they were married in person on 14 may 1771 at the palace of versailles. a luxurious ball followed the wedding on 20 may. she was considered to be ugly. louis stanislas hated his wife. we know today that these rumors were created by those who supported marie antoinette as a rivalry soon emerged after the youngest brother 'comte d'artois', married the comtesse's sister, thereby bringing yet another savoyard princess to versailles and creating an italian party at court. 
in france she was known as marie joséphine de savoie. she had a high rank at court as her husband was a grandson of the reiging king. she was a cousin of the ill-fated "princess of lamballe" who was instrumental in the arrangement of the marriage. at the death of her husband’s grandfather louis xv in 1774, her brother-in-law succeeded as louis xvi. she became pregnant in 1774 and 1781, but both pregnancies ended in miscarriage. in 1791 marie joséphine went to germany. during the period of exile, the count and countess fought constantly. some historians have suggested marie joséphine's possible lesbian relationship with a lady-in-waiting as the primary cause for discord between the couple.
marie joséphine died of an edema at hartwell house, english residence of the exiled french royal family. marie joséphine was laid to rest in the lady chapel of westminster abbey. her body was removed a year later on louis's orders and buried in the kingdom of sardinia; today in cagliari cathedral.
islam is the religion of the majority of the palestinian population residing in the palestinian territories, with muslims comprising 75% of the population of the west bank, and 99% of the population of the gaza strip.
jerusalem is islam's third holiest city after mecca and medina in saudi arabia. the "haram al sharif" (temple mount) of jerusalem is believed by muslims to be the location from which muhammad ascended to jannah (paradise); there is no mention of jerusalem in the koran, however.
this widely accepted islamic belief raises the religious and spiritual importance to them of the dome of the rock and the adjacent al-aqsa mosque. muslims are sensitive to and mindful of the circumstance that two mosques along with the rest of east jerusalem are claimed and illegally occupied by the state of israel.
specific impulse (often shortened to "i"sp) is a way to describe how well a rocket performs. it is also used to describe how well a jet engine performs. it can be used to compare rockets of different sizes. it is a way to know how much force a given engine makes for each bit of fuel. to do this, one needs to know how much fuel is in the engine. a high specific impulse means that a rocket needs less fuel to perform as well. if the specific impulse is lower, it means that the rocket needs more fuel to perform as well. 
specific impulse is a useful value to compare rocket or jet engines. it is used much like "miles per gallon" or "litres per 100 kilometres" is used to compare cars. an engine with a higher specific impulse uses fuel better. this means that the same amount of fuel lets the rocket go faster after all fuel is depleted.
a rocket engine with a higher specific impulse doesn't mean it's 'more powerful'. that is, it will not make the rocket accelerate harder. in fact, the designs for engines with the highest specific impulse, like ion engines, are the 'weakest' of all types of engines. they accelerate the rocket slowly but steadily over a long period of time using only a tiny amount of fuel. in a race between two rockets with the same amount of fuel and two different engines the one with the more powerful engine will take an early lead, but when it burns down all its fuel, the rocket with higher specific impulse will still have some fuel left and will continue to accelerate. eventually it will overtake its counterpart and will win the race if the distance is big enough for it to use its long-term advantage.
there are two ways people find the number for specific impulse. to find the specific impulse, one divides the impulse by the amount of fuel. impulse is a measurement of how much force a rocket motor makes and for how long. a motor that makes a low force for a long time can sometimes have a higher impulse than a motor that makes a high force for a short time. impulse is measured in newtons times seconds (n*s). 
the amount of fuel used to find specific impulse can be measured in different ways. it is sometimes measured in mass and sometimes in weight. when the amount of fuel is measured in mass, the specific impulse is expressed as a speed. this is usually in meters per second. when specific impulse is measured as a speed, it has another name. it is also called the "effective exhaust velocity". the other way to measure the amount of fuel is weight. if weight is used, the specific impulse is in units of time, usually in seconds. these two ways are both common. they both compare the performance of engines.
when the specific impulse is higher, less fuel is needed to make the rocket perform at a certain level. so, a fuel is more efficient if the specific impulse is higher.
be careful not to confuse thrust and specific impulse. thrust is only the force made by a rocket at one point in time. specific impulse is a measure of the force based on how much fuel there is.
when people find specific impulse, the only fuel counted is in the rocket before it gets fired. this includes the fuel and the oxidizer (the part of the fuel that helps the fuel burn). the oxidizer is sometimes oxygen, or often something else (see rocket engine#liquids, solids and hybrids).
jet (airplane) engines use fuel better than rocket engines. this is because the gases do not escape as fast. because they do not escape as fast, the exhaust does not carry away as much energy. this means that the jet engine uses a lot less energy to push the jet. it is also because the air that goes through the engine as the jet flies through the air helps the fuel to burn faster.
specific impulse is also used to describe how well model rocket motors work. in the table below are some of estes' claimed values for specific impulses for several of their rocket motors: estes industries is a large, well known american seller of model rockets and rocket parts. the specific impulse for model rocket motors is much lower than for many other rocket motors because the black powder is used as a fuel. black powder is used in model rocket motors because it costs less. 
larger rocket engines.
here are some example numbers for larger rocket engines:
the most common way to measure specific impulse today uses seconds. this is used both in the si (metric system) world as well as where english units are used. this way the units are identical everywhere. this means specific impulse can be used to compare engine performance in any country. most companies that make rocket motors or jet engines use seconds to advertise their product’s performance.
the other common way to measure specific impulse is in meters per second (m/s), which is also called effective exhaust velocity. for many engines the effective exhaust velocity is different from the speed that the gases actually come out of the nozzle.
an aromatic hydrocarbon, or arene, is a hydrocarbon ring compound. it has alternating double and single bonds between carbon atoms forming rings. many of the compounds have a sweet scent, hence the term 'aromatic'. the ring of six carbon atoms in aromatic compounds is known as a benzene ring, after the simplest possible hydrocarbon ring, benzene. aromatic hydrocarbons can be "monocyclic" (mah) or "polycyclic" (pah).
some non-benzene-based compounds called heteroarenes, which follow hückel's rule, are also aromatic compounds. in these compounds, at least one carbon atom is replaced by one of oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur.
benzene ring model.
benzene, c6h6, is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon and was recognized as the first aromatic hydrocarbon, with the nature of its bonding first being recognized by kekulé in the 19th century. 
each carbon atom in the hexagonal cycle has four electrons to share. one goes to the hydrogen atom, and one each to the two neighboring carbons. this leaves one to share with one of its two neighboring carbon atoms, which is why the benzene molecule is drawn with alternating single and double bonds around the hexagon.
the structure is also illustrated as a circle around the inside of the ring to show six electrons floating around in delocalized molecular orbitals the size of the ring itself. this also represents the equivalent nature of the six carbon-carbon bonds each equivalent to ~1.5. the electrons are visualized as floating above and below the ring with the electromagnetic fields they generate acting to keep the ring flat.
the circle symbol for aromaticity was introduced by sir robert robinson and his student james armit in 1925 and popularized starting in 1959 by the morrison & boyd textbook on organic chemistry. the proper use of the symbol is debated; it is used to describe any cyclic pi system in some publications, or only those pi systems that obey hückel's rule on others.
a reaction that forms an arene compound from an unsaturated or partially unsaturated cyclic precursor is simply called an aromatization. many laboratory methods exist for the organic synthesis of arenes from non-arene precursors.
importance of aromatic compounds.
aromatic compounds play key roles in the biochemistry of all living things. the four aromatic amino acids histidine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine each serve as one of the 20 basic building blocks of proteins. further, all 5 nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil) that make up the sequence of the genetic code in dna and rna are aromatic purines or pyrimidines. as well as that, the molecule heme contains an aromatic system with 22 π electrons. chlorophyll also has a similar aromatic system.
aromatic compounds are important in industry. key aromatic hydrocarbons of commercial interest are benzene, toluene, "ortho"-xylene and "para"-xylene. about 35 million tonnes are produced worldwide every year. they are extracted from complex mixtures obtained by the refining of oil or by distillation of coal tar. they are used to produce a range of important chemicals and polymers, including styrene, phenol, aniline, polyester and nylon.
types of aromatic compounds.
almost all aromatic compounds are compounds of carbon, but they need not be hydrocarbons.
in heterocyclic aromatics one or more of the atoms in the aromatic ring is of an element other than carbon. examples include pyridine, pyrazine, imidazole, pyrazole, oxazole, and thiophene.
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are molecules with two or more simple aromatic rings fused together by sharing two neighboring carbon atoms. examples are naphthalene, anthracene and phenanthrene.
many chemical compounds are aromatic rings with other things attached. examples include trinitrotoluene (tnt), acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), paracetamol, and the nucleotides of dna.
erich probst (5 december 1927 – 16 march 1988) was an austrian footballer.he played as striker for different teams in vienna and also abroad.
he started with admira wien being only 17 years old. after a year with vienna he signed with sk rapid wien. in this time he won the austrian championship four times. in his first season with rapid he scored 28 goals in 23 matches. although he was always a top scorer he never shot the highest number of goals in the league.
after his time with rapid he went to wuppertaler sv in germany. after the relegation of wuppertal he went on to switzerland playing for fc zürich. in winter 1959 he came back to austria to sv austria salzburg. the club paid 90 000 austrian schillings, which was the highest till this time. he shot 15 goals and the team could stay in the top league. during his time with salzburg he played his last match in the national football team. he was the first player of sv austria salzburg who ever played for the team.
in the 1960/61 season he was coach of sv austria but not successful. so he went on to play as striker again. his last clubs were the sak 1914 in salzburg and first vienna fc in vienna. at all he scored 150 goals in austrias top league.
he played 19 times for the austrian national football team and scored 17 goals. his first match was on 27 may 1951 (4:0 versus scotland) in the qualification match for the fifa world cup 1954 versus portugal he scored 5 goals for the 9:1 win. he was member of the 1954 fifa world cup squad which reached the third place. during the tournament he scored six goals and was together with max morlock of germany and josef hügi of switzerland second in the scorer list. during his time abroad he was not player of the team. but in 1960 he played his last match versus france (2:4) where he also scored his last goal for the team. so he was the first national football team player coming from sv austria salzburg.
huế is a city and a district in central vietnam. about 200,000 people live in the city of huế. from 1802 to 1945 huế was the capital city of vietnam under the nguyen dynasty. today people can visit the imperial city, where the nguyen emperors lived and ruled, and the tombs of the nguyen emperors. huế has an medicinical university and is the seat of an archebishop.
the city is famous for food that is unique to the city, especially the dish bún bò huế.
it was also the place where the battle of huế was fought, which was one of the longest and deadliest battles in the vietnam war.
nha trang (no diacritics) is a city with about 350,000 inhabitants in the middle south of vietnam. its name is spelled with no diacritics in the vietnamese language. it lives on tourism and fishing industry.
da nang is the biggest city in central vietnam and the fourth largest city in vietnam. it has about 870,000 people (2010). the city is built by the han river (vietnam) and vietnam's central coast.
nearby is hoi an, a popular tourist town, and hue, vietnam's former capital. it is connected to hue by the hai van pass, a well-known national highway and popular tourist spot.
it is a popular city for tourism, both in-country and international, because of its beaches.
its airport, da nang international airport, used to also be used as airbase to fight against north vietnam and the viet cong during the vietnam war.
the city was a part of quang nam province until 1997, when the vietnamese government decided to make the city its own municipality, or an area directly ruled by the central government. today, it is one of vietnam's five municipalities. the other municipalities are hanoi, ho chi minh city, haiphong, and can tho.
da nang port is vietnam's third largest port and the largest port in central vietnam. since it is close to the ocean and since there is little farmland, the city's economy makes much more money from fishing than from farming.
popular tourist attractions include the ba na hills, the golden bridge, the da nang sun wheel, the marble mountains, and the dragon bridge.
special food and drinks include mì quảng noodles, bánh xèo, bún chả cá, snails, avocado ice cream, and coconut coffee. food from hue and hoi an are also popular in danang.
rostock ( ]) is a city in the northeast of germany. it is in the state of mecklenburg-western pomerania.
rostock has over 200,000 people (204,260 in december 2011). it has an old university (founded in 1419). the town is on the river warnow. the mayor is roland methling. the city today has the name "hansestadt" (hanseatic city) in memory of its history, where it has been an important part of the hanseatic league. the architecture of the city and the region is influenced by this historic period.
rostock is on the baltic sea. it has an important harbor. a district of the city, warnemünde, is famous for its long beaches. it has a humid continental climate ("dfb" in the koeppen climate classification).
the most important football club of rostock is f.c. hansa rostock. it is in the german bundesliga.
other major hanseatic cities today are: hamburg, lübeck, wismar, stralsund, bremen, greifswald and demmin.
ingolstadt ( , ; bavarian: "inglstod" ] or "ingoistod", latin: "auripolis") is a city in the german state of bavaria near munich. it is on the danube river and has about 127,000 inhabitants.
in 1472, bavaria's first university was founded in ingolstadt. the bavarian "reinheitsgebot", a regulation about the purity of beer, was started there in 1516. the car manufacturer audi has its main base in ingolstadt.
ingolstadt is also the setting of mary shelley's famous novel "frankenstein".
jena is a city in the middle of germany, in the state of thuringia. about 103,000 people live there. jena has a university called friedrich schiller university.
jena is partly in the middle hall valley between from mixed woodlands covered shelly limestone and sandstone slopes (geological phenomena are among other things the devil holes and the student chute). on them, numerous partially rare orchideenarten occurs. from north to south jena is wide, and from east to west . the following larger cities are close to jena: gera, approx. east, erfurt, approx. west, weimar, approx. west, naumburg (saale), approx. northeast, is (saale), to approx. northeast, leipzig, approx. northeast and chemnitz, approx. east, rudolstadt, approx. south.
paderborn (, "paterboärn") is a city in the middle west of germany, in the state of north rhine-westphalia. the name of the city derives from the river pader and "born", an old german term for the source of a river. the river pader originates in more than 200 springs near paderborn cathedral.
it has about 150,338 inhabitants and a university.
paderborn has got a football club in the first mens league in germany (sc paderborn 07) and a basketball team in the 2nd german league (paderborn baskets).
pope john paul ii visited paderborn in 1996 and pope leo iii visited paderborn in 799.
paderborn has got a very big cathedral. it was built by charlemagne ("karl der große").
darmstadt is a city in germany, in the state of hesse. it has about 140,000 inhabitants and a university. the chemical element named darmstadtium is named after the city.
kassel is a city in germany, in the state of hessen.
it has about 195,000 inhabitants and a university.
every 5 years there is an international arts exhibition "documenta" in kassel. the best football team ksv hessen kassel plays in the regionalliga, the fourth division in germany.
his holiness "(short form "hh")" is the official title to address (name) a leader of a religion. catholics refer to the pope using this style, while buddhists use this when talking about the tibetan lamaist leader, the dalai lama.
cottbus (low sorbian: "chóśebuz", upper sorbian: "choćebuz") is a city in the east of germany, in the state of brandenburg.
cottbus has about 105,000 inhabitants and is the second largest city after potsdam in brandenburg. it lies southeast of berlin on the river spree. there are two universities, the brandenburgische technische universität (btu) and the hochschule lausitz.
mönchengladbach (low franconian: "jlabbach", "jelabbach") is a city in the very west of germany, in the state of north rhine-westphalia.
it is 35 km from düsseldorf and 15 km from the netherlands away.
it has about 260,000 inhabitants and a well-known soccer team, borussia mönchengladbach.
regensburg ( ]; czech: "řezno", ]; "rengschburg" or "rengschbuach" ]) is a city in the south of germany, in the east of the state of bavaria.
it has about 138,000 inhabitants and a university.
important people from regensburg.
konrad of megenberg died in the city in 1374.
mannheim (; or ) is a city in the southwest of germany. it is in the northwest of the german state of baden-württemberg.
the city was built in the rhine river valley where the rhine and the neckar rivers meet. the city of ludwigshafen is on the opposite bank of the rhine. mannheim and ludwigshafen together with heidelberg and other cities make a big area called "rhine-neckar-area" or "rhein-neckar triangle". nearly 2.4 million people live in this area.
as of 2020, 309,720 people live in the city. mannheim is the biggest city in "rhine-neckar-area". it has an oceanic climate ("cfb" in the koeppen climate classification).
mannheim has universities. the city has a history of important transport inventions. the first automobile, tractor and bicycle (draisine or velocipede, as the earliest recognisable bicycles were called) were all made or presented for the first time in mannheim. this is why the city is also called the "city of inventions". the "forbes" magazine ranked mannheim 11th of the most inventive cities worldwide.
during world war ii almost all of the old city was destroyed. the houses were built again after the war. year 2007 was the city's 400th birthday.
mannheim is now an important city because of its business power and culture. the "new economy magazine" praised mannheim's positive economic and innovative environment.
it has very good transport connections, by road, rail and water.
the following list shows significant groups of foreigners by nationalities. 44,7% of all mannheim inhabitants are from foreign descent. the population of neckarstadt-west district is the most foreign (68.9%). the population of the wallstadt district is the least foreign (23,1%).
mannheim had a gross domestic product (gdp) of €20.921 billion in 2018. this makes it 17th on the list of german cities by gdp.
it is the economic centre of the rhine-neckar metropolitan region. this is one of germany's most important business locations.
mannheim is twinned with:
kaiserslautern (; ) is a city in the southwest of germany, in the state of rhineland-palatinate. it has about 100,000 inhabitants, a university and a well-known soccer team.
dordrecht is a city in the netherlands, in the province south holland.
dordrecht was founded in 1047 and got its city rights in 1220. it was the first city in the west of the netherlands to get city rights.
in 1572 the dutch dukes under willem van oranien declared their independence from spain in dordrecht.
dordrecht has about 120,000 inhabitants. it has a marine harbor, metal and food industry.
's-hertogenbosch () is a municipality in the netherlands, and also the capital of the province of north brabant. it is in the southern netherlands, south of amsterdam.
in 2015, maasdonk became a part to 's-hertogenbosch.
razorlight are an anglo-swedish indie rock band. they formed in 2002. 
razorlight are best known for the songs "golden touch", "somewhere else" and "in the morning".
gran canaria is one of the canary islands in the atlantic ocean.
the capital and biggest city is las palmas de gran canaria in the north of the island. economical centre (tourism) of the island is in the south. gran canaria is the second most populous island of the canary islands, after tenerife.
gran canaria lives - like most of the canary islands - mainly on tourism, although las palmas does have one of the most important ports in the atlantic.
the touristic centres maspalomas and playa del ingles in the south are especially popular. 
the climate varies very little through the year. gran canaria is very popular for its party tourism. 
the international airport is farther north.
the administration of the canary islands is shared between tenerife and gran canaria.
bremerhaven (low german: "bremerhoben") is a city in the north of germany, in the state of bremen. it is where the rivers weser and geeste meet.
bremerhaven has more than 115,000 people. it lives mostly on its marine industry. the city was founded in 1827.
a city called geestemünde was founded in 1847 as a "rival" of bremerhaven. some villages around bremerhaven are older.
geestemünde and lehe were joined together in 1927 to wesermünde. wesermünde and bremerhaven were unified in 1939 to wesermünde. after the second world war the city was called bremerhaven.
bremerhaven was one of the important harbours of emigration in europe. in 2005 a museum of emigration opened in bremerhaven (the "deutsches auswanderhaus").
bremerhaven has a railway station bremerhaven hauptbahnhof that opened in 1914. it was in geestemünde in 1862. it was the first railway station in the area.
bremerhaven has an oceanic climate ("cfb" in the köppen climate classification).
jamie oliver mbe (james trevor oliver, born 27 may 1975) is a british celebrity chef, restaurateur, and media personality. he is known for his television shows, cookbooks and restaurants. he has highlighted the need for improved cooking in schools and hospitals.
oliver was born in the village of clavering in essex, where he still lives. his parents run a bar/restaurant where he practised cooking as a youngster.
he was educated in newport free grammar school. he graduated at the age of sixteen with two gcse qualifications in geology and art. he went on to attend the westminster catering college, which is now known as the westminster kingsway college. from there he earned what is known as a city & guilds nvq (national vocational qualification) in home economics.
oliver’s first job was a pastry chef at antonio carluccio’s neal’s yard restaurant, where he prepared his first italian cuisine therefore gaining good, helpful experience. he also developed a great relationship with his mentor gennaro contaldo. later on in his career, he offered contaldo an employment where he could help run oliver’s thriving selection of high street restaurants, jamie’s italian. then oliver became a sous chef of the river café in fulham.
in 2005, oliver started his 'school dinners' campaign to improve the quality of food fed to pupils in schools. at the time it was a controversial shake-up for students and parents, many of whom preferred food from fast food outlets ("junk food"). some thought the students should have a healthy option available, but still be allowed to choose what they wanted to eat.
in a four-part documentary tv series oliver ran the kitchen meals in kidbrooke school, greenwich, for a year. he was disgusted by the unhealthy food being served to schoolchildren, and the lack of healthy alternatives on offer. his campaign to improve the standard of britain’s school meals eventually persuaded the british government to spend £280m on school dinners.
neuss (low franconian and ripuarian: "nüüs", (; officially apelled "neuß" until 1968) is a city in the west of germany, in the state of north rhine-westphalia. in the local dialect it is called "nüss" or neuß. neuss has about 150,000 inhabitants. it is on the rhine, across from the big city of düsseldorf.
neuss was founded by the romans about 2,000 years ago. the romans called the town "castra novesia".
oberhausen (ripuarian: "ovverhouse", low german: "owerhuusen", "overhus") is a city in germany, in the state of north rhine-westphalia, in the ruhr area. oberhausen has about 220,000 inhabitants. it was dominated by industry like most towns in the ruhr area. the city hosts the international short film festival oberhausen.
gießen or giessen is a city in the german state of hesse.
it is north of frankfurt. giessen has about
73,000 inhabitants. the university of giessen has about 20,000 students.
the german word "giessen" means "to pour" in english, as "to pour a glass of water." the city is on the banks of the lahn river, and it is surrounded by many lakes and streams.
universities in gießen are the "university of gießen" and the "university of applied sciences gießen-friedberg"
ludwigshafen am rhein (literally: "ludwigshafen on the rhine"), commonly referred to as "ludwigshafen", is a city in the german state of rhineland-palatinate. and to mannheim the second largest city of the metropolregion rhein-neckar.
ludwigshafen is independent of the local district government, but is administrative seat of the surrounding district.
ludwigshafen lies on the westbank of the rhine river. 
as one of the five upper centers of the country rhineland-palatinate ludwigshafen forms the core of the european metropolregion rhine neckar triangle together with its neighbour city of baden-wuerttemberg mannheim. further nearer-lying large cities are heidelberg (about 25 km southeast), karlsruhe (about 50 km south) and mainz (about 60 km north).
the number of people of the city of ludwigshafen on the rhine exceeded the 100,000 by the year 1925. nowadays it has about 160,000 people, who lives mostly on the chemical industry.
krefeld (until november 25, 1925 - "crefeld") is a city in the german state of north rhine-westphalia, near düsseldorf.
krefeld has about 235,000 inhabitants.
zwickau (thurginian-upper saxon dialect: "zwigge") is a city in the german state of saxony. it has fewer than 100,000 inhabitants.
anton praetorius (1560 in lippstadt – 6 december 1613 near heidelberg) was a german calvinist pastor, theologian and writer.
life and writings.
anton praetorius was the son of matthes schulze. he later changed his name to "praetorius". 
praetorius wrote a poem about the heidelberg wine barrel in the heidelberg castle in city of heidelberg in october 1595.
in 1596 he worked as a pastor in the church in birstein near frankfurt am main in hesse. there praetorius worked for a prince and wrote church songs and books of religion in the year 1597.
fight against the chase of witches.
praetorius fought against torture and against the hunting of witches. some women were accused of being witches. people thought that witches can do harm to others. so these women were arrested and put in prison.
in 1597 anton praetorius protested against the torture of women accused of witchcraft.
praetorius was so shocked about the torture of the accused woman that he demanded a stop. his protest was successful.
in 1598 he wrote a book to protest against torture and the prosecution of witches. the book was published again in 1602, 1613 and in 1629. praetorius described the terrible situation of the prisoners and protested against torture.
theological argument against witchcraft.
praetorius was a protestant minister. he believed that man can do either good or bad things. however, god chooses certain people to do certain things. those things can be good or bad. according to praetorius, witchcraft can only be a fall from the favour of god, and a pact with the devil. but, neither the devil nor sorcerers can do more than is in their nature (and predestination). god will punish those who are witches or sorcerers. this however, does not give human courts a right to put those to death, they believe are guilty of the crime of witchcraft. for praetorius, witchcraft cannot exist, because it is beyond the faculties of either man or the devil. it is also against nature.
hagen is a city in the arnsberg government region in the ruhr area in the state of north rhine-westphalia in germany.
it has about 196,000 inhabitants.
some localities of hagen:
hamm () is a city in the german state of north rhine-westphalia. it is part of the arnsberg government region
about 185,000 people live there.
herne is a german city, in the state of north rhine-westphalia, belonging to the ruhr area. it is part of the arnsberg government region
it has about 170,000 inhabitants.
mülheim an der ruhr (low german and low franconian: "mölm", ripuarian: "müllem") is a city in the german state of north rhine-westphalia, belonging to the ruhr area.
around 170,000 people live there.
solingen is a city in germany, in the state of north rhine-westphalia. it is near düsseldorf and wuppertal.
solingen has about 165,000 inhabitants.
in 1993, five turks were killed in an arson attack.
europa is a large moon of the planet jupiter. it is a little smaller than earth's moon and it is the sixth-largest moon in the solar system.
europa's diameter is about 3000 kilometers. it probably has an iron core, and an atmosphere that's mostly oxygen. the surface is icy and very smooth. there are not a lot of craters, but there are some cracks and lines. because the surface is so young and smooth, scientists believe that there is a liquid ocean under the surface, and that it is kept warm by tidal heating. in other words, jupiter's strong gravitational pull on europa makes it warm.
the moon europa was found by simon marius in december 1609. galileo galilei first saw the moon in january 1610 (he did not know marius had found it). simon marius was the one who had the idea of the name 'europa'.
the moon europa is named after a princess from greek mythology who became the first queen of crete. however, people usually called europa 'jupiter ii' until the middle of the 20th century.
keane are an english rock band. they started in east sussex. they are known for using pianos and their little use of guitars in their music. they listen to artists like the beatles, u2 and oasis.
tim rice-oxley and dom scott composed the songs that the band played from 1997 to 2001. when dom left in 2001, tim composed all the future songs.
beginning (1995 - 2003).
pianist tim rice-oxley and singer tom chaplin were friends since they were kids. rice-oxley's brother was born on the same day and hospital in 1979.
they studied at vinehall school and later at tonbridge school. there, they met the other member of the band, richard hughes.
tim made the band in 1995 with his friend dominic scott. they named the band "the lotus eaters". they changed their name to "cherry keane" in 1997, when chaplin entered the band. cherry keane was a woman who served tea at tim and tom's school. the name changed again to "keane". in an interview on 2006, rice-oxley said that the band was called coldplay, but he gave this name to a friend (chris martin, of coldplay).
keane began playing songs by other artists, but soon they wanted to play their own songs.
their first live performance (gig) was in 1998, at the "hope & anchor" pub (bar) in england.
they made 2 cds and sold at the pubs where they played. scott left the band in 2001. tim wrote "everybody's changing" for this.
in december 2002, simon williams of fierce panda went to a keane gig in and he offered to make the band's next and first commercial single (song), "everybody's changing".
the single was released on 2003.
hopes and fears (2003 - 2006).
after another single, in 2004, island records invited keane to make a single with them. "everybody's changing" was made after "somewhere only we know". an album was released in may and called "hopes and fears". the album was very successful and it was the second best-seller album of the year.
the album sold five million (5,000,000) copies. in 2006, they competed for a grammy but they lost.
under the iron sea (2005 - 2006).
keane began recording their second album, "under the iron sea", in 2005, with producer andy green.
the first two singles from the album were "atlantic" and "is it any wonder?". now, the album has sold one million (2,000,000) copies in the world.
perfect symmetry (2008).
their third album is called "perfect symmetry" produced with island records. it was released 13 october 2008 to favourable reviews. according to international island records manager, jon turner, "the general international feel is of excitement and 'spiralling' is a favourite track of the us company.". the album included the singles "spiralling", "the lovers are losing", "perfect symmetry" and "better than this".
the band's fourth album was released in may 2012 through island records. it went straight to no.1 in the uk albums chart. it included the singles "silenced by the night", "disconnected", "sovereign light cafe" and "black rain". the album cover is photographed in bexhill-on-sea in east sussex, which is where the sovereign light cafe is located and where the video for "sovereign light cafe" was filmed.
cause & effect (2018-2019).
the band's fifth album after a five-year hiatus released on september 20th 2019. the band got together in 2018 and started to work on a new album after rice-oxley had been through a divorce and chaplin had been through therapy for addiction. it included the singles "the way i feel", "love too much" and "stupid things". it reached number 2 in the charts.
this is a list of keane's equipment.
keane have won the following awards:
timothy james rice-oxley (born 2 june 1976, in oxford, england) is an english musician. he is the pianist of rock band keane. he plays piano and bass. he also writes the songs for the band.
he took piano lessons which he hated. this because he had to play classic music and he thought it was boring. later, he began playing the piano listening to the beatles. in 2004, he won the ivor novello award for best composer of the year.
in 1995, his friend dominic scott told him to make a band. the band was called "the lotus eaters". they asked richard hughes to play the drums. tom chaplin would play bass. rice-oxley and chaplin had been friends since they were children. in 1997, rice-oxley asked chaplin to sing. the band changed its name to "keane". when scott left the band in 2001, rice-oxley started playing piano again and recording bass separately. he still does that.
rice-oxley married in february 2005.
"complete list: equipment list"<br>
thomas "tom" oliver chaplin (born 8 march 1979) is the singer of the rock band keane. he comes from battle, east sussex.
he went to tonbridge school with his friend tim rice-oxley. there they met richard hughes and dominic scott. he was invited to join the band in 1997, when the name "the lotus eaters" was changed to "cherry keane".
when the band moved to london trying to get a record deal, tom left his art history studies at the edinburgh university in 1999 to join the band. with scott in the band as the lead guitarist, tom played the acoustic guitar. after scott left in 2001, he took the lead vocals, but also plays the keyboard on some songs. since scott left, the band has not used guitars, with their first album using only keyboards, drums and vocals.
chaplin also took part in band aid 20's re-recording of do they know it's christmas in november 2004.
nowadays he has two solo albuns (2017's the wave and twelve tales of christmas), and made a tour around the world, specially in britain and europe. the first tour was about he launched the wave. and, the second, with the album twelve tales of christmas.
tom rejoined keane in 2018/2019 and in september 2019 they released their 5th studio album, cause and effect, which toured europe, usa and latin america throughout 2019.
during such tour, tom opened up during interviews about overcoming cocaine addiction and tim rice-oxley family misfortunes that led the songwriter to compose the album songs and approaching tom in the christmas of 2018.
he has a child called freya with his wife nat; she is four years old.
"somewhere only we know" is a song by english band keane. it is their third single. the song is played using a piano, drums and bass. the song was the first single from the album "hopes and fears". the single was very popular in the united kingdom and world wide.
composition and recording.
"somewhere only we know" was composed by tim rice-oxley in 2001. 
the song was first played on the guitar, just before dominic scott left the band. it was recorded as a demo the same year with piano instead of the guitar. keane recorded the final version in 2003 at the helioscentric studios, east sussex for the album.
keane played this song at the historical concert live 8 in london.
information of songs.
somewhere only we know.
the drummer for keane, richard hughes, said that the band had been asked if the song was about a place. he said that rice-oxley had said that to the members of the band it might be about a place or a feeling. he also said that the song can mean something to each person and each person can relate the song to their own memories. he felt that the song was more of a theme than being about any single place or time.
look at the interview for this song, the place that only we know is when friends get high together.
the song is related to trees:
"somewhere only we know" has been released two times as a single. each time it had a different b-side.
the lyrics of "walnut tree" talk about waiting for someone or something. rice-oxley has not talked about a real meaning to this. the song appeared on the "" soundtrack.
"snowed under" talks about a place called "manser's shaw". this is a place where the band used to spent their days. it was inspired by a poem
"snowed under" was the only b-side played live during 2004, 2005 and early 2006.
uk 7" vinyl 
germany cd single
released march 26 2004
spain cd single
released april 16 2004
uk, 3" pocket cd
released july 19 2004
cover versions and tv.
the song has been covered by:
it has appeared on:
there are three music videos for this song:
keane comes out of a studio and takes a taxi. then they come across a forest where the "simple thing" aliens live. each alien represents the spirit of a tree. the video was directed by colin hardy.
united states version 1.
the video is the same without the "simple thing" aliens
united states version 2.
this video was made in may 29 2004 in hollywood, california. it was directed by the saline project.
under the iron sea is the second album by rock band keane. it was launched in june 2006.
there is a version with a bonus dvd. this includes videos and demo versions of songs.
the title of the album comes from the phrase "i lost my heart. i buried it too deep under the iron sea," of the eighth (8th) song, "crystal ball".
in its first week sold 222,297 copies. it was #1 in uk and #4 in us.
the album had sold 1,000,000 copies to date.
note: some editions combine "the iron sea" with "put it behind you," with a length of 6:33.
this is a list of songs of keane. keane is a rock band from england.
the songs are divided for easy consult.
these old songs were written by keane. they have not been heard as there are no recordings from them. they are known because the band had mentioned them.
these songs were not released but they are known for recordings. these recordings are on the internet.
these songs had been recorded on cd singles.
b-sides not released on albums.
a b-side is a song included with a single on its cd.
"hopes and fears".
this is keane's first album.
"under the iron sea".
this is keane's second (2nd) album
this is keane's third (3rd) album
songs not yet released.
these songs have not been released. in the future they will.
these songs were written by other artists. keane have covered them and some of them, recorded.
"everybody's changing" is the first single by the rock band keane. it was released two times. it was the first keane cd to be sold in stores.
there are two different versions of the song. the song was first composed in 2001 by tim rice-oxley. the first version was recorded at keane's home. the second one at the helioscentric studios in east sussex.
fierce panda single.
in december 2002, simon williams of fierce panda records saw keane in a pub. he wanted to record one of their songs for the radio. the song chosen was "everybody's changing". they made a cd single and released it on may 2003.
after keane signed to island records, there was another single, "somewhere only we know". however, they wanted to release "everybody's changing" again. this time it was released as an island single. the record was released on may 2004
information about songs.
the cds for each version had one or two other songs on them.
to the end of the earth.
"to the end of the earth" was composed in guitar. a demo version played on guitar was also recorded. it was composed by tim rice-oxley in 2000. the song was re-recorded for the single.
fly to me.
"fly to me" has been thought to be keane's most beautiful song. official sheet music for the song is found in the wise publication's book of "hopes and fears".
the way you want it.
"the way you want it" is a piano and voice song. it appeared on the fierce panda version. the song appears on the "strangers dvd" as well. 
fierce panda single.
uk, 7" vynil <br>
released may 3rd 2004
july 23rd 2004
march 21st 2005
uk, 3" pocket cd.
july 19th 2004
there are two music videos for this song:
dominic "dom" scott (15 may 1979) is an irish guitarist, known for being the guitarist for the rock band keane. he is the co-founder of a band named,"the lotus eaters" it was founded in 1995 withtim rice-oxley. they invited richard hughes to play the drums.
in 1997 rice-oxley asked scott and hughes to let tom chaplin join the band. scott and hughes firstly refused but then accepted.
he left in 2001, after the single "wolf at the door" because of musical differences with rice-oxley. his exit was friendly. keane wrote a message on their official page on 14 november 2001 saying this:
rice-oxley also said in an interview in mexico: "dom is a great fan of u2 so maybe we'll met in new york" (because keane was the opening band for u2 in 2005).
langeoog (english: "long island") is a german island in the north sea.
langeoog is about long (from east to west). it covers an area of about . there are about 2000 people living on langeoog.
langeoog has a beach that is long.
cars are not allowed to drive on langeoog. people on the island use bikes. the port and the village are linked with a small railway, the so-called "inselbahn" (island's rail). the railway is about 2.4 kilometers long.
the harbour of langeoog is quite big. it was built in world war ii by the german navy. today the harbour is used by ferries, that connect langoog with the harbour of bensersiel on the coast. the langeoog harbour is also used by sailors, some fishermen and the german society for rescuing ship-wreckers.
there is also a little airfield on langeoog.
the landmark of langeoog is the water-tower, that was built in 1909 on top of a dune near the village.
tourism is the main source of income for langeoog's economy. there are several hotels. the youth hostel can be found several kilometers outside the village.
a shirt is a kind of cloth which is made to cover the upper body. in north america, shirts can mean t-shirts, polo shirts, etc. in britain, a shirt has a collar, sleeves with cuffs and split in half with buttons on one side. (north americans would call this a "dress shirt", a specific type of "collared shirt"). some shirts have sleeves, that cover the arms. t-shirts are a type of shirt that has shorter sleeves. these sleeves cover the shoulders. shirts that do not have sleeves are called "sleeveless".
a t-shirt or tee shirt is a kind of shirt which has short sleeves. these sleeves cover the shoulders and the top of the arm, but they do not cover the elbow or the forearm. t-shirts are usually made from cotton fabric or fabric which contains a mix of cotton and polyester. t-shirts are usually considered a casual type of clothing. both men and women wear t-shirts in western countries, such as the united states, canada, england, and france. in some countries, such as muslim countries, women do not wear t-shirts outside of the home.
a sleeve is a piece of material which covers an arm. it is usually a part of a shirt or other garment.
a taxi (taxicab or cab in the united states) is a car, or other vehicle which is used for public transport. people use them to get to where they want to go. this means there are no stops in between where they get on and where they get off. many big cities have taxis.
in most other types of public transport, such as a bus, tram, or train, the rider does not get to choose the locations where they want to get picked up or dropped off. these vehicles often take certain roads or follow a very specific route. because of this, they usually do not stop exactly where people want to go.
riding a taxi is a lot like having your own car, but you don't drive it. you only tell the taxi driver where you want to go and he or she will take you there. how much you pay for the ride, in most cases, depends on how far you are going from where you get on. it is common for the price for a taxi ride to be more expensive than other forms of transport.
the first taxi-type system started in paris and london in the early 17th century. these were carts pulled by (carriages) and could be hired. the monarchies that ruled these cities controlled the rules. in the 19th century, hansom cabs were mostly used because of their higher level of safety.
the 1891 invention by german wilhelm bruhn of the taximeter helped establish the modern taxi. the first modern meter-equipped taxicab was the daimler victoria, built by gottlieb daimler in 1897. the first motorized taxi company began operating in stuttgart the same year.
the term "taximeter" is an adaptation of the french word 'taximètre', and the german word 'taxameter'. it means measuring a tax or fee.
eastbourne is a large town in east sussex, on the south coast of england between brighton and hastings. it is in the county of sussex. it is a place where people go on holiday and also where non-english speakers go to learn english. it is at the eastern end of the chalk hills called the south downs, and next to the high cliff at beachy head. the town was built in the early 19th century for people to visit the seaside. a railway station was built in 1849.
eastbourne lies next to chalk hills called the south downs. the famous chalk cliffs beachy head is in the town. eastbourne's architecture and buildings are mainly from the victorian and georgian periods. eastbourne has recently built a marina called sovereign harbour which makes the town bigger.
eastbourne's population was approximately 97,992 in 2009.
most jobs in eastbourne are in tourism or tourism-related services.
as of 7 may 2015, the mp for eastbourne is caroline ansell. she is a member of the conservatives.
eastbourne borough council has 27 members (called councillors). currently, there are 15 conservative councillors, 11 liberal democrat councillors and one independent councillor. the leader of the council is councillor ian lucas.
there have been people living in the eastbourne area since 4000bc, but the town did not develop until around 1150ad. st. mary's church (now in eastbourne's old town) was first built between 1160 and 1190. eastbourne was strategically important during the napoleonic wars and had a martello tower built from 1804 to 1810. the tower is one of few martello towers that are still standing, and is now called the wish tower.
the town became much bigger after a railway station was built there in 1849. it joined eastbourne to london, brighton and the south coast railway. from 1858, william cavendish, 2nd duke of burlington (later 7th duke of cavendish) invested a lot of money into the town. the elegant areas of meads, devonshire park and the western parades were developed as a result of his investment. cavendish's influence is recognised by many place and business names in eastbourne, for example: the cavendish school, the burlington hotel, or the devonshire park theatre.
eastbourne pier was first built in 1865. it is a famous symbol of eastbourne and today houses amusement arcades, a nightclub and a public house. it also has a rare, working camera obscura. 
a sunburn is a kind of burn that happens when skin is exposed to sunlight for too long. the ultraviolet part of sunlight breaks down natural chemicals in the skin. this makes the skin become red. sunburns stay for days or weeks.
people with lighter skin sunburn more quickly than people with darker skin. this is because of a dark pigment called melanin that protects the skin. there is more of it in dark-skinned people than in light-skinned people. eventually, if exposed to too much sunlight, skin cancer may develop. in any event, sunburn can be "extremely" painful.
antwerpen is a city in antwerp province in the north of belgium. it is at 51° 12 north, 04° 24 east. in french it is called anvers, its english name commonly is antwerp. 
it is the capital of the province with the same name.
in 2007, 466,203 people lived there. the city is divided in 9 zones, called districts:
trieste ( , ]; slovene: "trst" ]; german: "triest", ]) is a city in the north-east of italy in the region of friuli-venezia giulia.
trieste was a roman city that in the middle ages was under the control of the republic of venice. later the city was under austrian domination until the first years of the 20th century, when italian irredentism was very strong in trieste.
indeed, together with trento, trieste was the main focus of the italian irredentist movement, which aimed for the annexation to italy of all the lands they claimed were inhabited by an italian speaking population. many local italians enrolled voluntarily in the royal italian army during wwi (a notable example is the writer scipio slataper).
the population of trieste, practically nearly all italian, promoted this union of the city to italy in 1918, and since the end of wwi the city has been the capital of the italian region called "venezia giulia".
the population is 207.069 ab. (2004). it was nearly 300,000 after wwii because many italian refugees flooded the city as a consequence of the istrian-dalmatian exodus.
these days, trieste is important because of its shipbuilding industry, science parks, universities and "history on the border of western europe". trieste will be connected to the italian "tav railway" (high speed) network: a 300 km/hour (186 mph) fast train route is going to connect trieste with venice in the next few years.
during the austro-hungarian empire, trieste became a leading european city in economy, trade and commerce, and was the fourth largest and most important center in the empire, after vienna, budapest and prague. however the economy of trieste fell into a small decline after the city's annexation to italy following world war i, because it was cut off from the "mittleurope".
but fascist italy promoted a huge development of trieste in the 1930s, with new manufacturing activities related even to naval and armament industries (like the famous "cantieri aeronautici navali triestini (cant)"). allied bombings during wwii destroyed the industrial section of the city (mainly the shipyards).
as a consequence trieste was a mainly peripheral city during the cold war. however, since the 1970s, trieste has had a huge economic boom, thanks to a significant commercial shipping business to the container terminal, steel works and an oil terminal.
trieste is also italy's and mediterranean's (and one of europe's) greatest coffee ports, as the city supplies more than 40% of italy's coffee. coffee brands, such as illy, were founded and are headquartered in the city. currently, trieste is one of europe's most important ports and centres for trade and transport, with trieste being part of the "corridor 5" plan, to create a bigger transport connection between western and eastern european countries.
offenbach is a city in the german state of hesse. it is on the river main near frankfurt am main. the city has about 120,000 people. the "deutscher wetterdienst" (german weather service) is in offenbach.
until the early 1970s the economy of offenbach was mainly the machine-building and leather industries. the city is the home of the german association for electrical, electronic and information technologies until today.
offenbach has the following twin cities:
heibronn ( ]; , local dialect: "hallbrunn", "haalbrunn") is a city in germany in the state of baden-württemberg. with about 117,000 people, heilbronn is the sixth largest town in baden-württemberg.
heilbronn is also on the river neckar and is known for the wine which was grown in their region and the kätchen a famous sign.
 is a city in lower saxony, germany. it is in the district of hildesheim and is about 30 km southeast of hanover. the city is on the banks of the river innerste, which is a smaller river that flows into the river leine. it can be reached from autobahn a7, which links kassel, göttingen and hanover.
it has about 110,000 people living there.
hildesheim is one of the oldest cities in north germany. the city may have been founded when the bishop moved from elze to the innerste ford, where it was an important market on the hellweg trade route. the settlement soon grew into a town which was granted market rights by king otto iii in 983. originally the market was held on a street called old market ("alter markt"), which still exists today. the first market place was laid out around saint andrew's church. as the city grew larger, a larger market place became more important. the current market place in hildesheim was made at the start of the 13th century when the city had a population of about 5,000. when hildesheim obtained city rights in 1249, it was one of the largest cities in northern germany. for four centuries the clergy ruled hildesheim, before a city hall was built and the citizens gained some influence and independence. construction of the present city hall started in 1268, and in 1367 hildesheim became a member of the hanseatic league. a war between the citizens and their bishop cost dearly in 1519-1523 when they engaged in a feud. hildesheim became protestant in 1542, and only the cathedral and a few other buildings remained in imperial (roman catholic) hands. several villages around the city remained roman catholic as well. in 1813, after the napoleonic wars, the town became part of the kingdom of hanover, which was annexed by the kingdom of prussia after the austro-prussian war in 1866 as a province.
the city was bombed in world war ii, but the bombing had little importance in the course of the war. 28.5% of the houses were destroyed and 44.7% damaged. 26.8% of the houses had no damage. the center, which still had its medieval character until then, was almost levelled. as in many cities, priority was given to rapid building of badly needed housing, and concrete structures took the place of the destroyed buildings. fortunately, most of the major churches, two of them now unesco world heritage sites, were rebuilt in the original style soon after the war. during the war, valuable world heritage materials had been hidden in the basement of the city wall. in 1978, the university of hildesheim was founded. in the 1980s a reconstruction of the historic center began. some of the new concrete buildings near the marketplace were torn down. replicas of the original buildings were built in their place.
¹ census data
pforzheim () is a city in the german state of baden-württemberg.
about 116,000 people live there.
recklinghausen (westphalian: "riäkelhusen") is a city in the german state of north rhine-westphalia, belonging to the ruhr area. it has about 120,000 inhabitants.
wolfsburg is a city in the german state of lower saxony.
it had about 124,000 inhabitants in 2016. the automobile company volkswagen has its main office in wolfsburg.
bergisch gladbach (; ripuarian: "jläbbisch gläbbich") is a city in the german state of north rhine-westphalia.
it is near to cologne and has about 110,016 inhabitants.
erlangen (; east franconian: "erlang") is a german city in the state of bavaria. about 105,000 people live there.
erlangen is near to nuremberg ("nürnberg"). both cities share the university erlangen-nürnberg.
gera is a city in the east of germany, in the state of thuringia.
it has about 100,000 inhabitants.
in the beginning, "gera" was not the name of a village or city, but of a region or district. this district was mentioned in a document for the first time in the year 995. four years later, in 999, the holy roman emperor otto iii gave this district to his sister adelheid, who was an abbess in quedlinburg.
in the center of this area, the "provincia gera", a town with the same name was established. another document, which is from the year 1237, said for the first time that there was a town called gera. in this town, the abbesses of quedlinburg had some officials which were called the "vögte" of gera. these officials were the ancestors of the counts and princes of reuß, which reigned in gera for many years, until the year 1918.
in the early modern period, gera was famous for making textiles. there were some fires in which a lot of the town was destroyed, for example in 1686 and in 1780. in 1806, napoleon was in gera before the battle of jena.
in the 19th century, gera became an important city of industry. before that, gera was a quite small town, but in the year 1900, it had already about 45,000 inhabitants.
in 1920, thuringia was founded as a state of the weimar republic. gera was the biggest city of the state, because erfurt was not yet a part of thuringia. at the end of world war ii, some parts of gera were destroyed by bombs, for example the osterstein castle.
after world war ii, gera was in the soviet occupation zone and then in the german democratic republic (gdr). from 1952 to 1990, it was the capital of the gera district ("bezirk gera") of the gdr.
since the german reunification in 1990, gera belongs to the free state of thuringia in the federal republic of germany.
since 1959, gera has had more than 100,000 inhabitants. the highest number of inhabitants of gera was 134,834 in the year 1988. since the german reunification, the number of inhabitants becomes smaller and smaller. now there are fewer people who live in gera than in jena, so gera is only the third-biggest city in thuringia. on 31 december 2008, there were only 100,643 people living in gera.
gera has got twelve twin towns. eleven of them are in europe.
these famous people were born in gera:
remscheid is a city in the german state of north rhine-westphalia.
it has about 115,000 inhabitants.
undernet is an internet relay chat network that was made in 1992. it has many channels, but there are few limits to what kind of channels can be made.
advanced micro devices, inc. (amd) is a large american company from sunnyvale, california that makes computer hardware components. it makes many different computer parts, but it is most famous for its central processing units (cpus) and graphics processing units (gpus). another important product are their motherboard chipsets for their cpus. amd started as a company that made products for intel, another large hardware company, and competitor of amd. in 2006, amd bought ati technologies. with $4.3 billion of cash and 52 million amd stocks. in 2020, amd said that they are buying xilinx, a company that makes circuits that can be changed using computer code (fpga).
ryzen is amd's brand name for their cpus for normal use. ryzen cpus has had between 2 and 64 cores and can achieve speeds above 5 gigahertz (or ghz). radeon is their brand name for other computer products like gpus and computer parts made by other companies that amd put their brand on (oem).
the illinois institute of technology (iit) is a private university in chicago, illinois, united states. it is one of the best universities in the united states as u.s. news & world report, a magazine, puts it at number 108. most students of this university focus on science or technology as their major, or subject they study most. iit was created in 1940 by the merger of the armour institute of technology and lewis institute.
the campus, roughly bounded between 31st and 35th streets, michigan avenue and the dan ryan expressway, was designed by modernist architect ludwig mies van der rohe, "one of the great figures of 20th-century architecture", who chaired the iit school of architecture from 1938 to 1958. van der rohe's master plan for the iit campus was one of the most ambitious projects he ever conceived. the campus has twenty of his works. it is the greatest concentration of his buildings in the world. the layout of the campus departs radically from "traditional college quadrangles and limestone buildings". the materials are inspired by the factories and warehouses of chicago's south side and "embod[y] 20th century methods and materials: steel and concrete frames with curtain walls of brick and glass." 
alfred caldwell designed the campus landscape. caldwall was van der rohe's close colleague at iit and was called "the last representative of the prairie school of landscape architects." known as "the nature poet", caldwell's plan reinforced van der rohe's design with "landscaping planted in a free-flowing manner, which in its interaction with the pristine qualities of the architecture, introduce[d] a poetic aspect."
on the west side of main campus are three red brick buildings that were original to armour institute, built between 1891 and 1901. in 1938, ludwig mies van der rohe began his 20-year tenure as director of iit's school of architecture (1938–1959). the university was on the verge of building a brand new campus, to be one of the nation's first federally funded urban renewal projects. mies was given great freedom in the large project. the university grew fast enough during and after world war ii to allow much of the new plan to be realized. from 1943 to 1957, several new mies buildings rose across campus, including the s.r. crown hall, which houses the architecture school, and was designated a national historic landmark in 2001.
though mies had emphasized his wish to complete the campus he had begun, commissions from the late 50s onward were given to skidmore, owings, and merrill (som), prompting mies to never return to the campus that had changed architecture the world over. som architect walter netsch designed a few buildings, including the new library that mies had wished to create, all of them similar to mies's style. by the late 1960s, campus addition projects were given to som's myron goldsmith, who had worked with mies during his education at iit and thus was able to design several new buildings to harmonize well with the original campus. in 1976, the american institute of architects recognized the campus as one of the 200 most significant works of architecture in the united states. the new campus center, designed by rem koolhaas, and a new state-of-the-art residence hall designed by helmut jahn, state street village, opened in 2003. these were the first new buildings built on the main campus in 32 years.
in 1976, american institute of architects named the iit campus one of the 200 most significant works of architecture in the united states. the iit main campus was added to the national register of historic places in 2005.
hermann minkowski (22 june 1864 in kaunas – 12 january 1909 in göttingen) was a german mathematician of jewish descent. he was one of albert einstein's teachers.
minkowski is perhaps best known for his work in relativity, in which he showed in 1907 that his former student albert einstein's special theory of relativity (1905), could be understood geometrically as a theory of four-dimensional space-time, since known as the "minkowski spacetime".
a certificate of deposit (cd) is a way to store money at a bank or credit union. a cd is written for a period of time: usually between three months and five years. the person who wanted the cd—the consumer—agrees to give the money to the bank for that period of time and may not take the money back until the time has expired. if the consumer takes the money back before the agreed amount of time, they will have to pay a penalty fee. once your contract is over, you are given your money back plus the interest it earned. people open cds instead of savings accounts because the interest is higher. a certificate of deposit (which is common only in the united states) is similar to a time deposit.
cousins subs is a "sub" shop that makes submarine sandwiches. it was created in the 1970s in wisconsin. 
they opened their first restaurant in milwaukee, at 60th street and silver spring drive. it closed after several years of success. the oldest cousins subs is on the corner of brady street and farwell avenue in milwaukee.
sir robert walpole, 1st earl of orford was a british politician. he is regarded by many as the first de facto prime minister of the united kingdom (then called great britain). the position of prime minister was not actually official at that time.
walpole he was born in houghton, norfolk on 26 august 1676. he died on 18 march 1745. historians think he became england's first prime minister in 1721. he was then prime minister for a longer time than anyone who came after him. this long time is sometimes called "the robinocracy" (robin is a common version of robert).
although the exact dates of walpole's dominance are not entirely clear, the period 1721–1742 is often used. he dominated the walpole–townshend ministry, as well as the subsequent walpole ministry, and holds the record as the longest-serving british prime minister in history. 
w.a. speck wrote that walpole's uninterrupted run of 20 years as prime minister "is rightly regarded as one of the major feats of british political history... explanations are usually offered in terms of his expert handling of the political system after 1720, [and] his unique blending of the surviving powers of the crown with the increasing influence of the commons".
leeuwarden is a city in the north of the netherlands.
it has about 110,000 inhabitants. it is the capital of a part of the netherlands where a lot of people speak frisian. the name of that province is friesland. leeuwarden is called "ljouwert" in frisian.
on 1 january 2014, boarnsterhim is a part of the municipality of leeuwarden. on 1 january 2018, it was enlarged by leeuwarderadeel and parts of the former municipality of littenseradiel.
middelburg is a town and municipality on the (former) island of walcheren, province of zeeland, the netherlands.
it is the capital of zeeland.
about 48,000 people were living in the municipality in 2017.
about 40,000 people were living in the town in 2011.
middelburg received city rights in 1217.
haarlem is a city in the netherlands and the capital of the province north holland. it has about 145,000 inhabitants. it has a very old door called smedestraat 33.
lelystad is a town in the middle of the netherlands.
it has about 71,000 inhabitants. it is also the capital of flevoland, one of the provinces of the netherlands.
assen is a town in the north-east of the netherlands.
it has about 65,000 inhabitants. it's the capital of drenthe.
breda is a city in the south of the netherlands.
it has about 184,000 inhabitants (2021).
enschede (low saxon: "eanske") is a municipality and city in the province of overijssel, the netherlands. about 160,000 people were living there in 2021.
it is the biggest city in overijssel and borders germany.
enschede is also (informally) the capital of twente region.
on 13 may 2000 there was a huge destruction caused by an accident in a fireworks factory. twenty-three people were killed, while almost a thousand people were injured. thousands of people lost their homes.
amersfoort is a city in the middle of the netherlands.
about 140,000 people live there. the city is between the hills of the "heuvelrug" and the valley of the river eem.
zoetermeer is a city in south holland in the netherlands (it has no city rights). 
about 125,000 people are living there in 2017.
it is between utrecht and den haag. it is part of the randstad. 
almere is a city in the netherlands (no city rights).
it is in the province of flevoland and nearby amsterdam and has about 215,000 people (2021).
hilversum is a city in north holland in the netherlands (no city rights). it lies between amsterdam and utrecht. about 85,000 people live there.
roermond is a town in the province limburg in the east of the netherlands. it has about 45,000 people living in it.
since 2007, swalmen became a part of the municipality of roermond.
venlo is a city in limburg in the very east of the netherlands. it has about 100,000 inhabitants and lives mainly on one-day-trip-tourism from neighbouring germany and logistics. it used to be a city of the hanseatic league.
since 2010, arcen en velden became a part of the municipality of venlo.
delft is a city in the province south holland in the netherlands. it is about halfway between rotterdam and the hague. it is famous for its delft blue pottery and the delft university of technology. it is the place where the royal family, the kings and queens, are buried. it has about 94,000 inhabitants.
things to see.
delft is a city with typical dutch canals, churches and large canal houses. the largest church in delft is the nieuwe kerk (new church).
deventer is a municipality and city in the province of overijssel, the netherlands. about 101,000 people were living there in 2021. it lies both in salland and ijsselvallei regions, alongside the eastern bank of the ijssel river.
deventer was founded by lebuinus around 768. he built a wooden church there.
a catholic community called the brethren of the common life was founded by priest geert groote in this city late 14th century. this community was connected with a catholic reform movement called the devotio moderna, which was largely based on groote and founded the same time.
deventer is well known for its cake, the so-called "deventer koek".
ede is a city in the netherlands with 65,000 inhabitants, the communal district (gemeente) of ede has 107,000 inhabitants.
the freud museum was the home of sigmund freud and his family after they escaped the nazi takeover of austria in 1938. it is at 20 maresfield gardens in hampstead, london.
after the death of anna freud, the youngest daughter, in 1982, the home became a museum. the centrepiece of the museum is freud's study, preserved just as it was during his lifetime. 
there are two other freud museums, one in vienna, and another in příbor, the czech republic, in the house where freud was born. 
the study and library were preserved by anna freud after her father's death. the bookshelf behind freud's desk contains some of his favourite authors: not only goethe and shakespeare but also heine, multatuli and anatole france. freud acknowledged that poets and philosophers had gained insights into the unconscious which psychoanalysis sought to explain systematically. 
the room contains the original analytic couch brought from berggasse 19. on this patients would recline comfortably while freud, out of sight in the green tub chair, listened to their 'free association'. they were asked to say everything that came to mind without consciously sifting or selecting information. this method became a foundation upon which psychoanalysis was built.
the study is filled with antiquities from ancient greece, rome, egypt and the orient. there are some fine masks and carving from africa. freud visited many archaeological sites (though not egypt). most of the collection was got from dealers in vienna. 
he confessed that his passion for collecting was second only to his addiction to cigars. the importance of the collection can be seen in freud's use of archaeology as a metaphor for psychoanalysis. one example of this is freud's explanation to a patient that conscious material 'wears away' while what is unconscious is relatively unchanging: "i illustrated my remarks by pointing to the antique objects about my room. they were, in fact, i said, only objects found in a tomb, and their burial had been their preservation".
the collection includes a portrait of freud by salvador dalí.
the emu ("dromaius novaehollandiae") is a large flightless bird. it is native to australia. the emu is the tallest bird from australia. it is also the second tallest bird in the world, after its ratite relative, the ostrich. the emu is also related to the cassowary which is slightly smaller but heavier. it should also be noted, as an odd fact, that the emus won a war against australia. 
there were four separate groups of emus in 1788 when the european settlers arrived. the emus on the mainland of australia and those on the island of tasmania may have been different species. 
there were also two species of dwarf emu, "dromaius minor", one living on king island in tasmania and the other on kangaroo island. they are examples of island dwarfism. the group on king island became extinct in 1805, that on kangaroo island in 1827, and that in tasmania in 1865.
the soft-feathered, brown birds reach up to in height. their feathers are in a double layer which helps keep the emu cool. they have bare skin on the sides of the face and their neck. they can weigh up to . they have two large legs, with three toes on each foot. their wings are very short, about 
, and are hidden under their feathers.
they can live up to 10–20 years 
the emu is common over most of mainland australia. it avoids very thick forests and very dry areas. emus can travel great distances at a fast trot. if necessary they can run at up to for some distance at a time. they may travel long distances to find food. one emu was found to have traveled .
they feed on a variety of plants (seeds, flowers, new growth) and insects. because of their size they need to eat a lot.
emus are solitary birds. however, the young chicks stay with the father until they are 18 months of age. the breeding season is between february and july, when the female can lay between 5-15 eggs in a ground nest built by the male. the male then sits on the eggs for 8 weeks until hatching. the baby chicks have very clear stripes on the feathers which act as camouflage.
on the east coast of australia, emus were once common but have become uncommon with increased human population. on the other hand, the development of farms and the supply of water for stock have increased the range of the emu in arid (dry) regions. emus are farmed for their meat, oil and leather. the first emu farms began in western australia during the 1970s.
there are approximately 1100 emus in zoos.
the history of the name.
the first written description of the emu was under the name of the new holland cassowary in arthur phillip's "voyage to botany bay", published in 1789. the species was named by ornithologist (bird expert) john latham, who worked on phillip's book. he provided the first descriptions of and names for many australian bird species. its scientific name, dromaius novaehollandiae, is from the latin words, meaning "fast-footed new hollander". the history of the common name, "emu", is not certain, but is thought to have come from an arabic word for large bird. this word was later used by portuguese explorers to describe the related cassowary in new guinea. in victoria, some indigenous australian words for the emu were "barrimal" in the djadja wurrung language, "myoure" in gunai, and "courn" in jardwadjali.
the kiwi is a type of bird from new zealand. they are the genus apteryx of the family apterygidae. there are several species and sub-species of kiwi. the kiwi is a symbol for new zealand. people from new zealand are nicknamed "kiwis".
they have a long beak and brown feathers. the feathers look like fur. kiwi cannot fly, and their wings are so small that they cannot usually be seen. kiwi cannot see well, but they can hear very well. they are the smallest ratite birds.
kiwi are night (nocturnal) birds. they mostly eat invertebrates, like worms and insects. kiwi keep a territory where they live alone or with their mate. in their territory they build several small caves where they sleep, or lay their eggs.
kiwi are monogamous; the male and female stay together until one of them dies. the male and female live in the same territory and raise their children together.
female kiwi lay 1-3 eggs. compared to the size of the mother, the eggs are the largest of any bird species. kiwi are mature when they are 2 years old, and they can live more than 20 years. one kiwi kept in a zoo even reached 35 years old.
the female brown kiwi lays enormous eggs, which are almost one-sixth of her own body weight. these eggs take 11 weeks to incubate, the longest time for any bird. in comparison, yellow-breasted chats' eggs take only 11 days, and chickens' eggs take 21 days.
kiwi prefer to live in burrows they make in forested areas. they either make their burrows in the ground like rabbits, in between the roots of trees, or in hidden sheltered places such as hollow logs. kiwi line their burrows with leaves to make them more comfortable and warm. sometimes they hide the entrance to their burrows using piles of twigs. kiwi may have more than ten different burrows in their territory and will swap between them sometimes. 
kiwi are threatened by many mammals. stoats are the main threat for the kiwi chicks. ferrets and dogs kill adult kiwi.
the dodo "(raphus cucullatus)" is an extinct species of flightless bird from mauritius. 
like many other island birds, they lost the power of flight because it was no advantage where they lived. dodos were in the same family as the pigeon. they were endemic to (only lived on) the island of mauritius. they became extinct in the late 17th century. 
the dodo has become a symbol of extinction caused by the arrival of humans in ecosystems where humans had never before lived.
the name 'dodo'.
the history of the word 'dodo' is not clear. dutch admiral wybrand van warwijck discovered the island and the bird in 1598 during an expedition to indonesia. he called the bird 'walgvogel', meaning "disgusting bird" because he disliked the taste of the meat. four years later, the dutch captain, willem van westsanen, used the word 'dodo' for the first time.
the "encarta dictionary" and the "chambers dictionary of etymology" say "dodo" is a portuguese word, coming from "doido". it means "fool" or "crazy". another idea is that 'dodo' was a copy of the bird's own call, a two-note pigeon like sound, "doo-doo". 
in 1606 cornelis de jonge wrote a description of the dodo, and of other animal and plants on the island .
the dodo was a large bird and weighed about . they had grey feathers and yellow feet. their big hooked bill was a green/yellow color. it had short wings that were only stubs. they ate fruit, seeds and nuts. portuguese sailors said that they saw the dodos eating fish. they also ate rocks and stones which might have helped them digest food. they are eaten by humans who come in the search of treasure or spouting.
the dodo was not scared of people which made it easy to hunt and kill. dogs, cats, rats and pigs were left on the island and also killed the dodos. because dodos built their nests on the ground, the new animals ate their eggs. the forests were chopped down and the dodo lost its habitat. within 80 years, the dodo was extinct.
the last known stuffed bird was at oxford university and was thrown out as rubbish. only a foot and a head are left. the american museum of natural history in new york has a skeleton showing. it was put together out of bones from several different dodos. the natural history museum of mauritius has the only complete skeleton of a dodo, found in a swamp.
tolkaapiyam (தொல்காப்பியம்) is a book on grammar of the tamil language.
tol (தொல்) means old and kappiyam (காப்பியம்) means a literary work.
the name of the author could not be identified (usually referred as "tholkappiyar") and the work apparently relates to grammar in tamil.
it is learnt that the author was one of the 12 disciples of sage agastya the father of tamil grammar. this sage was living in the south near madurai, during the visit of lord ram to the south in search of his wife, abducted by the lankan king ravan.
the age of lord ram precedes that of lord krishna and hence the work can safely be said to precede 3000 bc (the ideal period of mahabharat yudh).
lord shiva and his son murugan is said to have laid the first tenets for the tamil language, probably long long time before sage agastya could compile the same.
the great auk was a large bird, that could not fly. people hunted it for meat and feathers. it grew rare, because it was too easy to kill, and the ones left could not breed fast enough to make up for the lost ones. the last known great auks (there were two auks) were killed on june 3, 1844 in iceland. it lived mostly in the water, like a duck. 
penguins got their name from the great auk. the word "penguin" was the celtic word for "great auk". when sailors saw penguins for the first time, they thought they looked like great auks. 
the great auk was covered in black feathers, but had white feathers on its chest and abdomen. it had very short wings, like stubs, which meant it could not fly. on land it stood upright and was about 75 cm tall. they spent most of their time at sea, coming to shore in the summer to breed. they lived in large breeding colonies on low rocky islands in the north atlantic ocean from canada to norway. females laid one egg on bare rock. in winter they went as far south as florida and southern spain. 
abbey road studios, usually called just "abbey road", are the recording studios in emi's headquarters in st. john's wood, london, england.
abbey road had three different studios for most of its history. other space was turned into a fourth studio later. studio one is large, and used to be a ballroom. symphony orchestras and very large bands and groups are recorded there. studio two is smaller, and works best for small combos or groups of musicians. studio three is much smaller, and is meant for soloists and duos. studio four is mostly for post-production, where changes are made to earlier recordings.
ujamaa, meaning 'familyhood' is the group of ideas of tanzanian president julius nyerere. they are based on the traditional african society.
a prisoner is a person who is forced to stay in a prison against their will. people who are suspected of a crime, for example, a murder, may be arrested and held in jail so they won't escape before their trial. after conviction a prisoner may be punished. for example, they may be imprisoned for a fixed number of years, or receive a life sentence meaning they stay in jail until they die. 
a prisoner of war is a person who was captured by the enemy in a war.
the fachhochschule düsseldorf is a so-called fachhochschule (university of applied sciences), that means a special kind of college, with technical, design and business subjects in düsseldorf.
it was founded in 1971.
psychoanalysis is a field of psychology and medical therapy. it is a set of theories and ways of treating mental disorders. it was started in the early 1890s by the austrian psychologist sigmund freud, with experience from the clinical work of josef breuer and others.
since then, psychoanalysis has expanded and been revised, reformed and developed in different ways. freud's own colleagues and students, such as alfred adler and carl jung, had their own ideas. they went on to develop their ideas independently from freud. much later, anna freud and melanie klein used the ideas to treat troubled children.
the basic ideas of psychoanalysis are:
the unconscious mind.
sometimes people cannot say why they are feeling the way they feel or acting the way they act. what causes the feelings and actions is called the unconscious mind in psychodynamic theory.
under the broad umbrella of "psychoanalysis" there are at least 22 different approaches to the theory and clinical treatment. the term also refers to a method of studying child development.
freudian psychoanalysis uses a type of treatment where the subject (analytic patient) talks, including free associations, fantasies, and dreams. from these the analyst works out the unconscious conflicts which cause the patient's symptoms and character problems. by interpreting them for the patient, the analyst creates insight into the problems. the analyst identifies and clarifies the patient's pathological defences, wishes and guilt.
psychoanalysis has been criticized on many fronts. it has been called a pseudoscience, and lacking in empirical support. however, it remains influential within psychiatry, more so in some quarters than others.
zaandam is a city in the west of the netherlands, in the province of north holland. it has about 74,000 inhabitants (2014). it makes part of the municipality of zaanstad.
first settlements in the region were known up from the 11th century.
czar peter the great visited zaandam in 1697 and 1717.
windows 3.x was a family of microsoft windows operating system, released in 1990-1994. notable operating systems in this family include windows 3.0 and windows 3.1. this windows could run in either standard or 386 enhanced memory modes. both of the modes used a graphical user interface (or picture-based), and supported a mouse, but 386 enhanced mode was faster and was better at multitasking (or doing many things at once). windows nt 3.x was released in 1993-1996.
it also had many features from versions of windows before it. these included a calculator, a notepad, and more. it also brought in many new features, like the program manager (which is still in windows xp today - start>run>progman.exe), and the icons and programs looked better.
windows 3.x was made better in 1992, with windows for workgroups 3.1x (1992-1993), that added networking support.
a woodwind instrument is an instrument belonging to the woodwind family. traditionally they were always made of wood, although some of them are now made of metal or plastic.
in an orchestra there are four main types of woodwind instrument. each of these also has related instruments of different sizes:
the piccolo is the highest of the four main instruments. the lowest note is middle c and it has a range of 3 octaves. the piccolo is the smallest and highest instrument in the orchestra. it plays one octave higher than the flute. there is also an alto flute which sounds a fifth lower than the ordinary flute. flutes are still sometimes made of wood, but mostly they are metal.
the oboe can play slightly lower than the flute. there is a larger version called the cor anglais (which means: “english horn”). this is a double reeded instrument. the clarinet plays nearly an octave lower than the flute. the bass clarinet plays an octave lower than the clarinet. the bassoon is the lowest of the four.
the recorder is one of the oldest and most popular woodwinds and has been used to great effect by greats, such as bach, telemann and vivaldi. the general public is normally only familiar with the plastic, child's version of the recorder, but professional and high-quality recorders are still made of wood.
the saxophone may look like a brass instrument, but it is played like a clarinet and therefore it is a woodwind instrument. it is usually played in bands and jazz groups.
woodwind instruments are played in several ways. the flute is played by blowing across the top of the mouthpiece. it is like blowing across the top of an empty bottle. the oboe and bassoon both have a double reed. it is like blowing through a drinking straw. bagpipes have double reeds which are inside the mouthpiece (“enclosed reeds”). the clarinet and saxophone have single reeds which are clamped against the opening of the mouthpiece.
in comparison, brass instruments are all blown in the same way: by blowing against a cup-shaped mouthpiece. this is why the saxophone cannot be called a brass instrument, although it is made of brass.
the way that a player shapes his mouth to blow an instrument is called the “embouchure”. woodwind instruments have several different embouchures.
in an orchestra there may be two each of flutes, oboes, clarinets and bassoons. in larger orchestras, particularly from the romantic period onwards, there may be three or four. sometimes the extra instruments such as the piccolo are used. if, for example, in an orchestral piece the third flute is marked “doubling piccolo”, it means that the person playing flute 3 will also play the piccolo. however, if the piccolo plays at the same time as flute 3 they will obviously need an extra player for the piccolo part.
woodwind instruments in an orchestra often have short solos. these will be played by the first player (the “section principal”).
bewitched is a comedy television show that was shown on tv by abc from 1964 to 1972. it is about a man who is married to a witch.
the lead characters are darrin and samantha stephens. samantha twitches her nose or moves her hands to make a spell happen. samantha was played by elizabeth montgomery. darrin was played by dick york from 1964 to 1969. because of illness, dick york left the show and was replaced by dick sargent who played darrin from 1969 to 1972. samantha's mother endora was played by agnes moorehead. endora dislikes darrin and often makes things difficult for him.
dumbo is a 1941 american animated movie. it was produced by walt disney productions. it was first released on october 23, 1941 by rko radio pictures. the fourth movie in the walt disney animated classics, "dumbo" is based upon a child's book of the same name by helen aberson and illustrated by harold perl. the main character is jumbo jr., a baby elephant who is cruelly nicknamed dumbo. he is ridiculed for his big ears, but in fact he is capable of flying by using them as wings. throughout most of the movie, his only true friend aside from his mother is the mouse timothy, making fun of the stereotype between mice and elephants. "dumbo" was made to make up for the damages of "pinocchio" and "fantasia". the movie has been criticized in recent years as being "racist" (the leader crow in the movie was named "jim crow" and at some point in the 1950s was renamed "dandy crow" in attempt to avoid controversy, but the original name is still the one mostly known, although it was supposed to be just a sarcastic mockery to the jim crow laws in the southern usa back then and was used only on the character's model sheets), yet is also considered to be one of disney's best movies. it was an attempt to be simple and make profits for the disney studio, is now generally regarded as a classic of animation. at 64 minutes, it is one of disney's shortest animated features.
florida, 1941. mrs. jumbo sadly looks on how babies are delivered by the stork to other circus animals. as even a baby elephant makes a pretty heavy package, hers is the last to arrive, but soon becomes the laughing stock of the others because of his big ears, getting meanly named "dumbo" by the others. when mrs. jumbo can not take the public making fun of her son, she is locked up as "mad elephant", and dumbo finds himself all alone. a mouse named timothy comes and scares the mean herd. he encourages dumbo and tells the circus director to make dumbo the top (literally) of an elephant pyramid stunt which ends up literally bringing the house down, and dumbo is given the job of "baby clown" in a repetitive, humiliating and dangerous number as punishment. to cheer dumbo up, timothy brings him to go see his mother. the next morning, they find themselves up in a tree with a bunch of crows, who discover that dumbo can fly.
dumbo the flying elephant.
dumbo is the main character in the movie. he is a fictional anthropomorphic elephant who has really big ears. he can fly using his big ears. similar to dopey from "snow white and the seven dwarfs" and gideon in "pinocchio", dumbo has no spoken dialogue. however, in the live-action/puppet television series "dumbo's circus", dumbo was voiced by katie leigh.
in the movie, dumbo is delivered by mr. stork, and is made fun of for the strange size of his ears. as his mother, mrs. jumbo, beats up the bullies who pick on her baby, the ringmaster has his helpers chain her up and lock her up in a trailer, which says: "mad elephant". it is then that timothy q. mouse looks after dumbo. the two of them try to make dumbo famous and get his mother free. thanks to the help of a "magic feather" from some crows, dumbo flies to fame, and gets his mother free.
timothy the mouse.
timothy q. mouse is a mouse who became the only friend of elephants dumbo and his mother mrs. jumbo. he teaches dumbo how to become the ninth wonder of the universe, and the only flying elephant in the whole world.
mrs. jumbo is dumbo's mother. deeply depressed at not having her baby delivered, she loves her son more than anything. she becomes angry when the boys pick on him.
other characters include the other elephants who also make fun of dumbo, the ringmaster, the clowns of the circus, the pink elephants, mr. stork and the crows who give dumbo the "magic feather" and teach him to fly.
even though world war ii was going on, "dumbo" was still the most financially successful disney movie of the 1940s. this was one of the first of disney's animated movies to be broadcast, albeit severely edited, on television, as part of disney's anthology series. the movie then received another distinction of note in 1981, when it was the first of disney's canon of animated movies to be released on home video and also was released in the "walt disney classics" video collection in 1985. that release was followed by remastered versions in: 1986, 1989, 1991 (classics), and 1994 (masterpiece). in 2001, a 60th anniversary special edition was released that has original rko titles. in 2006, a "big top edition" of the movie was released on dvd that also has original rko titles. a uk special edition was released in may 2007 and was a successful disney release.
the movie received very good reviews and did well at the box office despite being released less than 2 months before "world war ii".
it also has been known as both a classic and a masterpiece, and has received a special edition 60th anniversary disney dvd on october 23, 2001, exatly 60 years after its first release. that release featured a sneak peek of a direct-to-video sequel called dumbo ii. the preview showed a lot of sketches and storyboard ideas. the main story has to do with dumbo and his new friends getting separated from the rest of the circus as they wonder into the big city. dumbo's new friends are claude and lolly the twin bears who leave chaos everywhere they go, dot the curious zebra, godfrey the hippo who is older and wants to do things for himself, and penny the adventurous ostrich. timothy returns as well. the story was supposed to be as if the first dumbo ended and this one started the next day. the project seems to have been canceled,as no further announcements have been made since, plus the fact that the little mermaid: ariel's beginning, tinker bell, and its sequels, were to be the last projests for disneytoon studios.
the crow characters in the movie are often seen as african-american stereotypes.
the leader crow voiced by cliff edwards was originally named "jim crow" for script purposes. the other crows are all voiced by african-american actors and singers, all members of the hall johnson choir: nick stewart, james baskett, jim carmichael and hall johnson. the late famous duo of african-american dancers freddie and eugene jackson were invited and hired by disney to work as live-action reference and models for the animators of the characters, like the chief-animator and disney legend ward kimball, improvising dances and movements then used in the iconic musical sequence "when i see an elephant fly". despite suggestions of racism by writers like richard schickel, many historians, critics, writers, pundits and personalities such as john grant, leonard maltin, john canemaker, floyd norman, eric goldberg, alex wainer, michael wilmington, whoopi goldberg and neal gabler reject these claims. for instance, the crows are noted as forming the majority of the characters in the movie who are empathetic and sympathetic to dumbo's plight (the others are timothy q. mouse and mrs jumbo), they are free spirits who serve nobody, and intelligent characters aware of the power of self-confidence and of what means being ostracized and marginalized, unlike the stepin fetchit stereotype common at that time and in the previous decade. furthermore, their song "when i see an elephant fly" is more orientated to mocking timothy mouse than dumbo's large ears.
media and marketing.
"dumbo's circus" was a live-action puppet television programme for preschool audiences that aired on the disney channel in the 1980s. unlike in the movie, dumbo spoke on the show. each character would perform a special act, which ranged from dancing and singing to telling knock knock jokes.
dumbo the flying elephant is a popular ride that appears in walt disney world's magic kingdom, disneyland, tokyo disneyland, disneyland park (paris), and hong kong disneyland.
dumbo appears as a hero in the game kingdom hearts. sora, the main character, flies on him and dumbo splashes enemies with water from his trunk.
 (born ;* 10. february 1898 in augsburg; † 14. august 1956 in berlin) was a german poet and dramatist.
brecht went to school in augsburg, where his father was the director of a paper factory.
he completed his degree in 1917.
afterwards he studied sciences, medicine and literature at the ludwig-maximilians-university in munich. he had to take a break in his studies because he had to join the army.
in the 1920s, brecht went to berlin and became a part of the cultural scene. he met his second wife helene weigel in berlin and married her, after divorcing his first wife. it was with his second wife that brecht had another son.
in berlin he met a lot of artists and intellectuals of the weimar republic. 
his works became very critical about the capitalistic society (e.g. "aufstieg und fall der stadt mahagonny" (1930)). many of his friends were communists, but he never joined the kpd.
his most famous work was from that time, the "dreigroschenoper".
in 1933 the nazis prohibited playing some of his works and arrested some of his friends.
after the reichstag fire, he travelled from germany to prague, vienna, switzerland and denmark.
for the next five years he lived in denmark. in 1938 he wrote "das leben des galilei" (the life of galilei) about galileo galilei, who was hunted by the holy inquisition because he wanted to tell the scientific truth.
when germany occupied denmark he had to flee once again.
he went to sweden, then to finland and finally to moscow in the soviet union.
even under stalin he was not safe. he therefore flew through china to the united states.
he lived and worked in california and translated a lot of text.
in 1947, in the mccarthy era, the house un-american activities committee (huac) investigated him, because they suspected him of being a communist. 
he gave a statement and said that he had never been a member of the communist party. 
he then flew back to switzerland - the only place he could go to at the time.
in 1948 he was allowed to return to berlin, east berlin.
he was an important writer and director for the young east germany.
after the workers' protest on june 17 1953, brecht complained about the eastern german government which landed him into some trouble. from that point on he got more and more isolated.
brecht died of a heart attack in 1956 at the age of 58 years in berlin.
one act dramas
lyirics and songs (not complete)
beresford is a city in the southeastern part of the u.s. state of south dakota. most of the city is located in union county, but a small part of it is in lincoln county. beresford became a city in 1884, and 2,005 people lived there at the 2010 census.
gotthold ephraim lessing (22 january 1729 in kamenz (saxony) – 15 february 1781 in braunschweig) was a german poet and philosopher in the time of the enlightenment.
lessing was one of twelve children. his father was a protestant priest. he went to school in kamenz and got a stipendium for the higher school in meißen. from 1746 to 1748, he studied medicine and theology in leipzig. in 1750, he moved to berlin, where he met voltaire. in 1752 he got the magister (master) degree from the university in wittenberg.
he moved back to leipzig in 1755, but returned later to berlin. he traveled around in europe and studied. he worked as a reporter. from 1760 to 1765, he worked as secretary for a general in "breslau" (today: wroclaw). later he worked at the theater and became a librarian. lessing got married in 1776. but 1778 his wife died.
in 1781, lessing died.
heinrich böll (december 21, 1917 in cologne – july 16, 1985 in langenbroich the eifel, south of bonn) was a german writer. he was the winner of the nobel prize for literature in 1972.
böll was born in cologne. his family were strong catholics and pacifists.
he went to school from 1922 to 1937. after his abitur, he started a training to become a bookseller. he did not go to the hitler youth, but he had to join the german army in the world war ii. in 1939, he started to study german literature in cologne, but he had to break for his army service.
in 1945 he became prisoner of war by the americans. the americans wanted to educate the german people to became a democracy. so they encouraged prisoners with talent to write. böll and some other young writers founded the group 47.
böll wrote a lot of social critical literature. his main themes were the repression in the way of life by conservative catholic forces and the unsolved problem of old nazis in the society.
in the 1970s, he criticized the losing of civil laws by the fight against terrorism (of the raf, red army faction, a left-winged political terror group in the 1970s in west germany). for that reason, the bild-zeitung, an very conservative yellow press newspaper, started a campaign against him.
in the late 1970s, he started to look for human rights in the eastern blok, where some friends of his lived, too. he helped the soviet dissidents alexander solshenizyn and lev kopelev.
in the 1980s, he worked for the peace movement. he protested against the nuclear armament in west germany.
he went back to the roman catholic church, which he left 1976 by protests, before he died.
heinrich böll foundation.
the green party of germany gave its foundation the name of böll, heinrich-böll-stiftung. the goals of the foundation are for countries to work together, civil laws and democratic and ecological thinking.
more than seventy translations of annemarie and heinrich böll are listed in the bibliography published in 1995 by werner bellmann: poetical works of , , , , , , et al.
anna seghers (; born "anna reiling," 19 november 1900 – 1 june 1983), was a german writer notable for exploring and depicting the moral experience of the second world war.
seghers' parents were orthodox jews, but also interested in christianity. nelly made her abitur in 1920. before this, she had served as a nurse during world war i.
she married hungarian laszlo radvanyi in 1925, and obtained hungarian citizenship.
after the nazis took over government in germany, she was arrested and her books were burned.
in 1947 she returned to berlin, eastern berlin, joining the socialist party. she worked for the writers union of the gdr.
she died in 1983 in berlin.
johann christoph friedrich von schiller (november 10, 1759 in marbach, württemberg – may 9, 1805 in weimar), usually known as friedrich schiller, was a german poet, philosopher, historian, and dramatist.
clement richard attlee, 1st earl attlee (3 january 1883 – 8 october 1967) was a british politician. prime minister from 1945 to 1951, he was the first labour prime minister with a majority in government, and was very important in the setting up of the welfare state. he was made a member of the house of lords after he retired, and became the first earl attlee.
attlee died of pneumonia in 1967. he is buried in westminster abbey.
early life and education.
attlee was born in putney. attlee was educated at haileybury college. he graduated from university college, oxford with a second class honours ba in modern history in 1904. 
attlee began a career as a barrister after graduating from oxford. this lasted for two years. he then worked as manager of haileybury house in east london. attlee's work at the house inspired him to become a socialist. in 1907 he joined the fabian society. in 1908 he joined the independent labour party. in 1911, he was employed by the uk government. in 1919 attlee became mayor of stepney. he was elected to parliament in 1922 as the mp for limehouse., in 1935 he was elected leader of the labour party. from 1942 to 1945 he was deputy prime minister. attlee resigned as party leader after labour lost the 1955 election. he was made a member of the order of merit in 1951 and a knight of the garter in 1956. in 1958 he started the homosexual reform society with bertrand russell.
the bassoon is the lowest of the four main instruments of the woodwind family. like the oboe, it has a double reed. the reed is attached to a curved metal mouthpiece called a "crook" or "bocal" which is joined to the main part of the instrument. this consists of two parts called ‘bass joint’ and ‘wing joint’ (or ‘tenor joint’). these two are joined at the bottom by a u-shaped piece called the ‘boot’. at the top of the instrument is the ‘bell joint’. the instrument is quite heavy. some players have a neckstrap around their neck to support the weight, but usually they use a seat strap that connects at the bottom of the boot and goes across the floor. the bassoonist, a person who plays a bassoon, then sits on that strap. the bassoon is held to the right side of the bassoonist and the top of the boot joint is usually level with the players hip. the bassoon, when played right, can sound very beautiful. the bassoon has one of the largest note ranges, going from low b flat to a high f on the top line of the treble clef. the bassoon can also play in tenor clef, but usually plays bass clef.
some bassoons have a white, ivory ring round the top of the bell joint. these are german bassoons (called ‘heckel’). french bassoons (called ‘buffet’) do not have this ring, and also sound quite different to german bassoons. bassoons have keys to help the player to cover all the holes, but these keys do not use the boehm fingering system like the other woodwind instruments. german bassoons use a system called the heckel system, and french bassoons use the buffet system.
the bassoon is usually seen as a comical instrument, however it provides a very important role in the orchestra. in fact, the saxophone was invented to replace the bassoon and oboe, however, was rejected because it didn't sound the same in the orchestra.
playing the bassoon.
to play the bassoon, it is very important to have lots of breathing support. like with the oboe, fast passages can be played using double tonguing (single tonguing is like saying “tu-tu-tu-tu-tu”, double tonguing is like saying “te-ke-te-ke-te-ke”). in most music, the bassoon will spend a lot of time playing a bass line, perhaps the same notes as the cello or tuba. it can sometimes sound quite amusing when playing an “um-cha-um-cha” accompaniment like in the “dance of the cygnets” from tchaikovsky’s "swan lake". it can sound very tuneful and sad as in the second movement of rimsky korsakov’s "sheherazade". listen to the opening of stravinsky’s "rite of spring" where it plays some quite high notes to fool people that it is the cor anglais or the english horn. even a famous composer, saint saëns, did not know what the instrument was. prokofiev uses the bassoon for grandfather’s tune in "peter and the wolf". also, to play the bassoon, a player needs big hands because the bassoon's keys and holes are quite wide.
the holes are drilled in at an angle so that the upper register is not overblown and produces an unpleasant sound. whisper keys were also invented to prevent overblowing. the bassoon is known for its reedy sound. its upper register is shrill and sometimes scary. middle register could be used for lullabies because of its majestic and soothing tone. its lower register is deep, dark, and could be used for scary movies and such.
history and repertoire.
the bassoon developed from a renaissance instrument called the "curtal" or "dulcian". these were double reed instruments which often played with shawms. in the baroque period the bassoon became popular as an instrument to play the bass line, perhaps playing the same as the cello. a man named hotteterre made many parts of the modern bassoon. in the late baroque period composers like antonio vivaldi wrote concertos for bassoon and orchestra. some more famous bassoon concertos include one by mozart, and in more recent times by peter maxwell davies. the bassoon was a very important instrument in the orchestra. mozart and beethoven gave the bassoon important parts in the music.
in some pieces with a large orchestra a contrabassoon is used. this plays an octave lower than a bassoon, taking it right down to bottom b flat or c on the piano. some contrabassoons are made to play a note lower, i.e. the very lowest note of the piano (a). one might expect to see the contrabassoon sticking up high above all the other instruments in the orchestra, but in fact the tube keeps doing u-turns, making four parallel rows of tubing. they are usually made with the bell pointing downwards. the weight is supported by a peg to the floor. the contrabassoon used to be shaped like a bassoon.
the contrabassoon adds richness to the sound of a full orchestra. listen carefully for the contrabassoon in the hymn-like introduction to the last movement of "symphony no 1" by brahms. it can be clearly heard, growling away, in the opening of the "piano concerto for the left hand" by ravel.
an octave is the distance between two musical notes that have the same letter name.
if a musician sings or plays a scale (‘do-re-mi-fa-sol-la-si-do’) the first and last ‘do’ are an octave apart. it is called an ‘octave’ because there are eight notes in a scale (‘octo’ is latin for ‘eight’).
if a musician sings or plays the first two notes of the song “somewhere over the rainbow” (i.e. the word ‘somewhere’) these two notes are an octave apart.
two notes that are an octave apart sound very similar, almost like the same note. the scientific reason for this is that the top note vibrates twice as fast. for example: if someone plays middle c on a piano, a hammer hits the middle c strings inside and makes them vibrate 256 times a second. the c an octave higher will vibrate 512 times a second. 
young children who learn the piano will not be able to stretch an octave with one hand, if their hands are too small. most adults can stretch an octave easily (playing one note with the thumb, and the other with the little finger).
tinder is a material that is used to start fires easily when lit with a match.
some materials commonly used as tinder are:
stephen joseph harper (born april 30, 1959) is a canadian economist, entrepreneur, and retired politician. he was the 22nd prime minister of canada from 2006 to 2015. he is a member and the former leader of the conservative party, after being elected in 2004. he was elected in february 2006 and replaced paul martin as prime minister.
harper was born in 1959 in toronto, ontario and lives in calgary, alberta. he is married to laureen teskey and has two children. he is the third prime minister, after pierre trudeau and john turner, to send their children to rockcliffe park public school, in ottawa. stephen harper was prime minister for nine years, during which canada hosted both the vancouver 2010 olympics and paralympic winter games. harper also hosted the g8 and g20 meetings.
harper is a conservative and supports cutting government spending and taxes. as prime minister, he has cut the goods and services tax and approved a budget that would cut funding to several government programs. he has also shown support for the military and a bigger canadian military presence in the northern part of canada.
even though harper did win the seat in the riding of calgary heritage during the october 19, 2015 federal election, the conservative party was defeated by the liberal party of canada, which was led by justin trudeau and who succeeded harper as prime minister. it was thereafter announced harper would resign as party leader and had requested an interim leader be chosen to serve until a leadership election can be held.
a tadpole or polliwog is the larva of a frog. it breathes water and lives in the water. tadpoles hatch from small eggs.
frog eggs are round and toad eggs are laid in long strings. like bird eggs, they have nutrients (food) inside them for the young animal to grow before it hatches.
tadpoles swim by lateral undulation: their tails move side to side, not up and down. 
most types of tadpole eat only plants, for example algae on rocks. some types of tadpole eat plants and animals, even other smaller tadpoles.
after some time, the tadpoles begin to grow legs: first the hind legs and then the front legs. then they are called froglets. soon after, froglets grow lungs and begin to breathe air and lose their tails. the tail disappears because the cells in the tail gently die. each tadpole's mouth changes from small to as wide as its head. its intestines become shorter. they grow larger, and eventually become adults.
how fast or slow the eggs hatch and how fast or slow the tadpole becomes a froglet is different in different frogs. some tadpoles take months to become frogs. some stay tadpoles all winter and do not become frogs until the next spring, or even three years later. some frogs lay their eggs in bodies of water that are only there in the spring and dry up in the summer, so the tadpoles must become frogs in only a few weeks.
zeulenroda-triebes is a german town in the rural district of greiz in thuringia.
it has about 18,000 inhabitants. most famous sight of the town is the beautiful town hall.
harry edward nilsson iii (june 15, 1941 - january 15, 1994) was an american singer-songwriter. 
nilsson was born in bushwick, brooklyn, new york city. his paternal grandparents were swedish.
"without her" is one of his early hits. this number is nowadays considered one of his standards as blood, sweat & tears did later an jazzy cover on their album. his biggest hits were during the late 1960s and the 1970s. his songs include "me and my arrow", "coconut", "cuddly toy", "spaceman", and "one". "one" was also a hit for the band three dog night. nilsson's two most famous songs were "without you" and "everybody's talkin'". these songs were written by other people. "without you" has been re-recorded many times by other singers. it was written by peter ham and tom evans of badfinger. "everybody's talkin'" was used in the 1969 movie "midnight cowboy". the song was written by fred neil.
nilsson recorded a tribute to the beatles on his first album. he used lines from fifteen of their songs in one cover version of "you can't do that". derek taylor, who worked for the beatles, sent them copies of the album, and nilsson became a friend of the band. he later shared a house with john lennon and ringo starr. they worked together on each other's music.
nilsson also wrote a cartoon movie named "the point!". it was broadcast on abc. it was about tolerance and diversity. "the point!" was later turned into a musical. one production of the musical starred former monkees micky dolenz and davy jones. the monkees had recorded two of nilsson's songs, "cuddly toy" and "daddy's song", after they met him through producer chip douglas.
nilsson died of heart failure in agoura hills, california.
the movie "you've got mail" uses several of nilsson's songs in its soundtrack.
an acoustic guitar is a string instrument. it has six strings which pass from tuning pegs over the instrument's neck which is marked with lines called frets. these marks show where to press a string with the fingers of the left hand, to change the note that string plays. the right hand plucks or strums the strings, either with the fingers or using a plectrum ("pick"), to make them sound. acoustic guitars are used in types of music ranging from classical to rock and roll, to bluegrass and folk. the six strings can be steel or nylon. nylon strings are typically used for classical and related styles of music. steel strings are typically used for most other styles.
how the guitar became a popular instrument.
the acoustic guitar came from spain (an instrument with six strings), created by antonio torres jurado. but at the beginning, the guitar was different with what we see the guitar now. in the 16th to 17th centuries, the guitar became popular in europe. in the 18th century, the guitar changed to be similar to how it is now. but before the 19th century, many people thought the guitar could not be same as a piano or violin. they thought it could not play classical music. but at the beginning of 19th century, a famous guitar player, fernando sor, made the guitar become more popular and he made more people like playing the guitar. before the 20th century, people played the acoustic guitar. in the 20th century, a musician in united states, leo fender, invented the electric guitar.
guitar and ukulele compared.
the guitar and the ukulele are similar in shape and other ways, but they are also different. the ukulele looking like a small guitar. but the guitar has six strings, and the ukulele has just four strings. the six strings in a guitar are tuned: e, b, g, d, a, and e; the four strings in a ukulele are tuned: g, c, e, and a. also, the ukulele comes from hawaii, and the guitar comes from spain.
a flipper is a special kind of limb that is flattened like a paddle for moving through water. many animals that live in water, such as whales and seals have flippers. the flipper of a fish is called a fin.
it can also be an item worn on the foot to help people swim more easily.
coral fungi or clavarioid fungi, are mushrooms that are usually shaped like coral, but can also be shaped like forks, worms or clubs. they are rubbery and at times are brightly coloured.
originally, such fungi were put in the genus "clavaria", and called "clavarioid", which means "clavaria"-like. it is now known that clavarioid species are not all closely related. since they are often studied as a group, we keep the informal (non-taxonomic) name of "clavarioid fungi", and it is frequently used in research papers.
most coral fungi grow on the ground, but some grow on well decayed logs and stumps.
they are usually found in forests but some can also be found in fields. they are decomposers.
although they are not poisonous, some kinds are a laxative and some can cause stomach pain.
a stone fruit, also called a drupe, is a fruit with a large "stone" inside. the stone is sometimes called the seed, but that is a mistake, as the seed is inside the stone. the stones can also be called a pit. these fruits are edible and used frequently in cooking.
what makes a fruit?
a fruit is the matured ovary of a flower. fruits consist of two main parts: the pericarp, or ovary wall, and the seed(s).
the pericarp has three layers: the exocarp (skin/rind), the mesocarp (bulk of the pericarp), and the endocarp (innermost layer).
berries vs. drupes.
the two main classes of fleshy fruits are berries and drupes, or stone fruits.
berries have a fleshy mesocarp and endocarp, and may have multiple seeds.
drupes have a fleshy mesocarp, but a tough endocarp, and of course, a "stone" or "pit" at its center. drupes typically have only a single seed.
a humpback whale ("megaptera novaeangliae") is a large baleen whale with long flippers and a knobbly head. they can be found in every ocean.
they can grow to 15–16 m (49–52 ft) long and weigh up to 40 metric tons.
humpback whales can live up to 45 years. they migrate between the places they feed in the winter and the places they give birth in the summer. they usually live alone.
humpback whales eat krill and small fish, for example herring, capelin, and sand lance. they scoop up their food in their large mouths. sometimes they round up their prey by swimming in tight circles and blowing curtains of bubbles around them. they often hunt in small groups, called pods.
the male whale is known to sing for up to 22 hours at a time. because whales do not have vocal cords, they make songs by forcing air through their nasal passages. every male has a different song. we don't yet know why they sing, it might be to call a female or scare away other males. the songs are made up of a pattern of low notes repeated over a period of hours or days. the whales slowly change their songs over a period of years.
both the male and female humpback whales make other sounds, such as moans and grunts, to communicate with each other.
slovak is the language spoken in slovakia, a country in central europe. it is a language from slavic language family. it is very similar to czech, and czechs and slovaks understand each other quite well when they speak their own language. polish and sorbian are also quite similar. all of them belong to the western branch of slavic languages. slovak is spoken by more than 5 million people.
slovak is written using the latin alphabet, but some letters have special signs (called diacritics).
the letters č, š, ž and dž are like the english sounds in "ch"in, "sh"in, vi"s"ion and "j"uice.
the letters ď, ľ, ň, and ť are called “soft consonants” and are pronounced with the blade of the tongue at the roof of the mouth.
the letters c, dz and j are also soft, like "ts" in ba"ts", "ds" in ro"ds", and "y" in "y"es.
signs over a vowel show that the vowel is pronounced long: á, é, í, ó, ý ú. a long vowel is never followed in the next syllable by a short vowel.
the letter ô is like english "wo"man, and ä is the same as the letter e.
the letter ch is like "ch" in scottish lo"ch". v is more like english "w".
the letters b, d, ď, dz, dž, g, h, z, ž are voiceless when they are at the end of a word (for example, 'd' will sound like 't').
the accent is always on the first syllable of the word. that is different from russian, for example, in which the stress can be anywhere.
like other slavic languages, slovak is difficult for english-speakers to pronounce., especially because several consonants often come together. in the sentence: “strč prst skrz krk!” there is not one single vowel (it means: “stick a finger through your neck!”)!
the grammar is similar to russian, but there are some differences. slovak, unlike russian, has a separate word for “to be”:
unlike english, slovak does not have articles (such as “the” and “a”).
there are three genders in slovak, therefore it is important to know whether a noun is masculine, feminine or neuter. there is no article to make it obvious (unlike in german), but it changes the adjective's ending.
like many other european languages, slovak verbs agree with the person, and there are different forms for 'i', 'you', 'he', etc. verbs have different aspects to show whether or not the action is complete. there are also different cases that show how a word is used in a sentence. different prepositions use different cases. all of that makes grammar quite complicated for english-speakers.
sample words and phrases.
the numbers from 1 to 10 are .
use the familiar form when talking to a child, and the polite form when talking to an adult.
electronic arts, inc. (ea games) is a large company which makes computer and video games all over the world. they made famous games such as "fifa", "the sims", "madden nfl" and "medal of honor". they also made the "need for speed" series. eas most popular products are the games which are sold under the ea sports label.
the company was started in february 1982 by trip hawkins. they first shipped their games in may 1983.
they have since then produced video games every year.
ea owns other smaller game companies which they call 'studios'.
a few of these include maxis (creators of "the sims"), bullfrog (creators of "theme park" and "theme hospital"), and bioware (makers of "mass effect").
a tap, faucet, or spigot is something that a liquid or gas comes out of. taps usually have a handle that can be turned to start or stop the liquid coming out.
many taps give water and are used in homes. they are found in kitchens and bathrooms.
water that comes out of a tap is called "tap water". at many restaurants, a person can ask for tap water instead of bottled water.
a competition or contest is an event where people get together to see who is the best at something. someone who takes part in a competition ("enters for a competition") is called a competitor. the competitors compete against one another. the person who wins may get a prize. the prize might be a trophy or money.
competitions can be for lots of different things, for example, sport, writing, music, dancing, science, or chess.
some competitions need a referee. the referee will make sure that the game is played fairly and that the competitors obey the rules. in events like music competitions there will often be an adjudicator who will decide which person they think is the best.
the adjective of 'competition' is competitive.
examples of competitions.
there are a lot of different kinds of competitions, for example:
or see the gallery of images below:
simcity is a computer game where the player has to build a city. they can do whatever they want to their city. it can be built from the ground up or it can be destroyed by a hurricane or a ufo.
"sim city" was made by game maker will wright and first released by the company maxis. they are now owned by electronic arts. the game was first officially released in 1989.
it was very popular because the game had no end. a player could not win or lose. this was the start of all simulation games.
at the start, the player has to build power plants. power plants make power so the city can have electricity. by building power lines, power is connected to the different areas of the city. water needs to be pumped in from a river using pipes to connect them to the city.
smaller areas are marked out. these are made either residential, commercial, or industrial zones. zones are the only places where buildings can develop. every city needs the right amount of each zone otherwise the city will not grow.
roads, schools and hospitals must all be built for the city to get better. parks and libraries make more people want to move to the city. railways and highways provide ways to connect to other neighborhoods.
after the first game, many more were created. these were made up of three games, with spin-offs and expansion packs. these were:
a doorstop (or door stop or doorstopper) is a tool.
there are two types. one holds a door open (or "stops" it from closing), and the other stops the door from hitting a wall.
doorstops that keep the door from hitting a wall can be put on the door, or on the wall, or on the floor in front of the wall.
doorstops that are used to keep a door open come in two varieties:
digital rights management (drm) is a way to make it difficult to copy music, movies, and computer programs. it is used to make people follow copyright laws. it works by using computer technologies.
many companies use drm to protect their properties from copyright infringement, such as sony, microsoft and the bbc. other companies also use drm.
some people do not like digital rights management. they think that drm makes copying harder than copyright laws allow. the free software foundation suggested that 'digital restrictions management' is a better name.
people can break drm. if someone breaks a drm technology then copying is possible. all common drm technologies have been broken. making a drm technology that can not be broken is very hard. some people say that all drm technologies can be broken. in the united states it is illegal to break a drm.
drm is a way for companies to keep their profits while sharing their content online. a good example of this is bbc iplayer. they do this by keeping their content online for a certain amount of time. 
cement is a material that hardens and sticks to other materials to hold them together. portland cement is a common kind, and made from quicklime (heated limestone) and clay. cement is used to make concrete and mortar.
brown algae are a large group of multicellular algae. all the brown algae are multicellular. most brown algae have fucoxanthin, a chemical that gives them a brown color. they include many seaweeds in colder waters of the northern hemisphere. most brown algae live in marine environments, where they play an important role both as food and as a potential habitat.
there are 2000 species of brown algae. most species live in the ocean. they are important as food and as homes for many animals and marine life. some brown algae are gathered by humans for food. the giant kelp "macrocystis" is a brown alga that forms underwater forests, and it may grow to 60 meters. the sargasso sea gets its name from the "sargassum" seaweed that floats on the surface. many brown algae grow on rocks at the seashore.
brown algae are unique among heterokonts in developing into multicellular forms with differentiated tissues. but they reproduce by means of flagellated spores and gametes that look like the cells of other heterokonts. genetic studies show their closest relatives to be the yellow-green algae (xanthophyceae).
this is a list of the orders in the class phaeophyceae:
bacillus is a genus of rod shaped bacteria. they are gram-positive, meaning they have an extra outside cell layer.
bacilli are partly or wholly aerobic. they do aerobic respiration. they are everywhere in nature. "bacillus" includes both free-living (non-parasitic) and parasitic pathogenic species.
under stressful conditions, they produce endospores. these are not true spores, but like survival pods they can stay in a dormant state for long periods.
some species of "bacillus" are worth noting:
milk powder is a powder made by dehydrating milk. when water is added, it becomes liquid milk again. milk powder is often used in countries that lack widespread access to refrigeration. as well, it is often used in recipes that call for milk.
vaccinium vitis-idaea (also called lingonberry, partridgeberry, mountain cranberry or cowberry) is a small evergreen shrub from the heather family that makes edible fruits. 
dehydration (hypohydration) means less water in something. the word comes from the ancient greek word for water, "hydor".
people get dehydrated when they lose more water than they take in. the human body needs water to survive. if a person gets badly dehydrated, their body will be unable to work the right way. bad dehydration can cause organ damage and even death.
what causes dehydration?
a living organism will get dehydrated if their body is losing water in some way and they do not drink enough to replace the water. the most common causes of dehydration are: 
who gets dehydration?
any living being can get dehydrated. some people are more at risk of dehydration. elderly people, very young children, and people with chronic illnesses are at the highest risk for dehydration.
dehydrated people may have different symptoms depending on how dehydrated they are. if dehydration is not treated, it will get worse. as dehydration gets worse, the symptoms get more dangerous.
when people start to get dehydrated, they may have these symptoms: 
when dehydration gets severe (very bad), its symptoms include: 
severe dehydration is a medical emergency. if a person with severe dehydration does not get medical treatment soon enough, they can die.
what problems may dehydration cause?
bad dehydration can cause serious health problems. some of these problems are:
how is dehydration treated?
to fix dehydration, a person has to replace the fluids and electrolytes that they have lost.
when dehydration is not too bad, people can usually treat themselves by drinking. this is called oral rehydration therapy. stores sell special drinks like pedialyte and gatorade, which have both water and electrolytes in them. people can also make their own oral rehydration solution (a drink which treats dehydration) by mixing water with sugar and salt.
people with very bad dehydration need emergency medical treatment. they may need to get fluids intravenously (through a needle placed into a vein). this replaces lost fluids and electrolytes much more quickly than drinking. it is also helpful for people who are unable to drink because of nausea and vomiting from dehydration.
square enix is a japanese company that makes video games and manga. it was created on april 1, 2003. two companies called square co., ltd. and enix combined to form square enix.
square enix is famous for its role-playing games. this includes the "final fantasy series", the "dragon quest series" and the "kingdom hearts series".they are one of the biggest videogame companies in the world.
a game designer is someone who designs games. the term "game designer" usually refers to someone who designs computer or video games, but can also be a person who designs older games like a board game.
 is a japanese game designer and producer at nintendo. he created the "donkey kong", "mario", "pikmin" and "the legend of zelda" video game series for nintendo.
he is one of the most famous game designers in the world and is often called the father of modern video gaming. his games give players many ways to play and explore. this was unique in video games when his games were first released.
miyamoto started working with nintendo in 1977 as an artist when it was still a toy and playing-card company. in 1980, he designed "donkey kong", which was a big success. miyamoto became nintendo's leading producer, and he continues to create many popular games for nintendo today such as entries in the super mario and the zelda series.
miyamoto was born on november 16, 1952 in the japanese town of sonobe, which is a rural town that is northwest of kyoto. his father taught english language.
miyamoto graduated from kanazawa municipal college of industrial arts with a degree in industrial design. however, he could not find a job. he also loved manga. before he thought about starting a career in video games, he wanted to become a professional manga artist. manga's classical kishōtenketsu narrative structure influenced him. western genre television shows also influenced him. the game that made him want to enter the video game industry was the 1978 arcade game "space invaders".
1977–1984: arcade beginnings and "donkey kong".
nintendo was a small japanese company in the late 1970s. they had traditionally sold playing cards and other novelties. however, they started making toys and games in the mid-1960s. through a mutual friend, miyamoto's father set up an interview with nintendo president hiroshi yamauchi. after showing some of his toy creations, miyamoto was hired in 1977 as an apprentice in the planning department.
miyamoto became nintendo's first artist. he helped create the art for nintendo's first original coin-operated arcade video game, "sheriff". he first helped the company develop a game with the 1980 release "radar scope". the game had some success in japan. however, by 1981, nintendo's efforts to sell it in the north american video game market failed. this left the company with a lot of arcade machines that were not sold. nintendo was also facing financial ruin. in order to try to keep nintendo going, nintendo president hiroshi yamauchi decided to change unsold "radar scope" machines into a new arcade game. he asked miyamoto to do this. miyamoto said self-deprecatingly that "no one else was available" to do the work. nintendo's head engineer, gunpei yokoi, oversaw the project.
miyamoto thought of many characters and story ideas, but eventually decided on a love triangle between a gorilla, a carpenter, and a girl. he wanted to create something like what was with comic characters bluto and popeye for the woman olive oyl. although, nintendo tried to get the rights to "popeye", but they failed. bluto became an ape, a form miyamoto said was "nothing too evil or disgusting". this ape would be the pet of the main character, "a funny, hang-loose kind of guy." miyamoto also said "beauty and the beast" and the 1933 film "king kong" influenced him. "donkey kong" was the first time that the creation of a video game's story came before the actual programming. usually, the story was added without much care. miyamoto had high hopes for his new project. however, he did not actually know how to program it himself; instead, he thought of the game's concepts, then asked technicians on whether they were possible. he wanted to make the characters different sizes, move in different ways, and react in various ways. however, yokoi thought miyamoto's original design was too difficult. yokoi suggested using see-saws to catapult the character across the screen; however, this was also too difficult to do. miyamoto next thought of using sloped platforms and ladders to move the character. he thought of using barrels for obstacles. when he asked that the game have multiple stages, the four-man programming team complained that he was basically asking them to make the game repeat, but the team eventually programmed the game. when the game was sent to nintendo of america for testing, the sales manager did not like how it was different from the maze and shooter games common at the time. when american staffers started naming the characters, they decided on "pauline" for the woman. she was named after polly james, wife of nintendo's redmond, washington, warehouse manager, don james. the playable character was first called "jumpman". they changed the name to mario. he was named after mario segale, the warehouse landlord. these character names were written on the american cabinet art and used in advertising. the staff also got an english name for the game. the title was "donkey kong".
"donkey kong" was successful. miyamoto started to work on sequels "donkey kong jr." in 1982 and "donkey kong 3" in 1983. in the next game, he changed the "donkey kong" character jumpman into mario. he gave him a brother: luigi. he named the new game "mario bros." yokoi convinced miyamoto to give mario some special powers, namely being able to fall from any height without getting hurt. mario's look in "donkey kong"—overalls, a hat, and a thick mustache—led miyamoto to change parts of the game. he changed it to make mario look like a plumber instead of a carpenter. miyamoto thought that new york city would be the best setting for the game. he thought it was the best place because it has a "maze of subterranean sewage pipes". the two-player mode and other parts of gameplay were influenced by an earlier video game called "joust". to date, games in the "mario bros." series have been released for many consoles. shortly after, miyamoto also drew the character sprites and game design for the "baseball", "tennis", and "golf" games on the nes.
1985–1989: nes/famicom, "super mario bros.", and "the legend of zelda".
nintendo released its first home video game console, the family computer (released in north america as the nintendo entertainment system). while this happened, miyamoto created two of the most famous games for the console and in the history of video games as a whole: "super mario bros." (a sequel to "mario bros.") and "the legend of zelda" (an entirely original title).
in both games, miyamoto decided to focus more on gameplay than on high scores. this was different from most games at the time. "super mario bros." was a linear game. the player moved the stage by running, jumping, and dodging or defeating enemies. miyamoto used nonlinear gameplay in "the legend of zelda". this requires the player to think their way through riddles and puzzles. the world was big and it seemed to never end. it had a lot of different choices and depth never seen before in a video game. with "the legend of zelda", miyamoto wanted to make an in-game world that players could relate to. he said it was like a "small garden that they can put inside their drawer." he was influenced from his time as a boy around kyoto. when he was a boy, he explored nearby fields, woods, and caves; each "zelda" title has this feeling of exploration. "when i was a child," miyamoto said, "i went hiking and found a lake. it was quite a surprise for me to find it. when i traveled around the country without a map, trying to find my way, finding amazing things as i went, i realized how it felt to go on an adventure like this." he recreated his memories of becoming lost in the maze of sliding doors in his family home in "zelda"s maze-like dungeons. in february 1986, nintendo released the game as the first game for the nintendo entertainment system's new disk system.
miyamoto worked on different games for the nintendo entertainment system. these games included "ice climber", "kid icarus", "excitebike", and "devil world". he also worked on sequels to "super mario bros" and "the legend of zelda".
super mario bros. 3 was developed by nintendo entertainment analysis & development; the game took more than two years to make.
1990–2000: snes, nintendo 64, "super mario 64", and "ocarina of time".
a merger between nintendo's different internal research and development teams led to the creation of nintendo entertainment analysis & development (nintendo ead). miyamoto was the head of it. nintendo ead had about fifteen months to develop "f-zero", one of the launch titles for the super nintendo entertainment system. miyamoto worked on different games on the super nintendo entertainment system. one of them was "star fox". for the game, programmer jez san convinced nintendo to make an upgrade for the super nintendo. this upgrade would allow it to be able to show three-dimensional graphics better. this upgrade was the super fx chip. using this new hardware, miyamoto and katsuya eguchi designed the "star fox" game with an early use of three-dimensional graphics.
miyamoto produced two big "mario" titles for the system. the first game was "super mario world". it was a launch title. it was included with super nintendo entertainment system consoles. it had an overworld as in "super mario bros.". it had a new character, yoshi. yoshi would go on to be in many other nintendo games. the second "mario" game for the system was "super mario rpg". it was different than most "mario" games. miyamoto led a team that was a partnership between nintendo and square co.; it took almost a year to develop the graphics. the story takes place in a newly rendered mushroom kingdom based on the "super mario bros." series.
shigeru miyamoto helped satoshi tajiri. miyamoto guided him during the creation of "pocket monsters: red and green" (released in english as "pokémon red" and "blue"), the first video games in the pokémon series. he was also the producer for these games. miyamoto worked on social gameplay ideas such as trading. pokémon would become one of the most popular entertainment franchises in the world, spanning video games, anime, and other merchandise.
miyamoto made several games for the nintendo 64. most of these games were from his previous franchises. his first game on the nintendo 64 was "super mario 64". he was the main director. in developing the game, he started with character design and the camera system. miyamoto and the other designers were unsure of what the game should be like. it took months to decide on a good camera view and layout. the first idea used a fixed path. this would have been similar to an isometric-type game.they decided on a free-roaming 3d design. he changed the design of the nintendo 64 controller to fit with that of "super mario 64".
using what he had learned about the nintendo 64 from developing "super mario 64" and "star fox 64", miyamoto produced his next game, '. he led a team of several directors. individual parts of "ocarina of time" were developed by multiple directors—a new strategy for nintendo ead. however, when things progressed slower than expected, miyamoto returned to the development team with a more central role. he was helped in public by interpreter bill trinen. the team was new to 3d games. however, assistant director makoto miyanaga remembers a feeling of "passion for creating something new and never done before". miyamoto went on to produce a sequel to "ocarina of time", known as '.
miyamoto worked many "mario" series spin-offs for the nintendo 64. these included "mario kart 64" and "mario party".
2000–2011: gamecube, wii, and ds.
miyamoto produced many games for the gamecube. this included the launch title "luigi's mansion". the game was first shown at nintendo space world 2000 as a technical demo. it was designed to show off the graphical power of the gamecube. miyamoto made a short demo of the game concepts. nintendo decided to make it a full game. "luigi's mansion" was later shown at e3 2001 with the gamecube console. miyamoto made more "mario" spinoffs in these years. he also produced the 3d game series "metroid prime". this was because the original designer yokoi, a friend of miyamoto's, died. in this time he developed "pikmin" and its sequel "pikmin 2". these games were based on his experiences gardening. he also worked on new games for the "star fox", "donkey kong", "f-zero", and "the legend of zelda" series on the gamecube and the game boy advance systems. with the help of hideo kojima, he helped the developers of "". he helped with many games on the nintendo ds. the games included the remake of "super mario 64", "super mario 64 ds". it also included the new game "nintendogs", a new franchise based on his own experiences with dogs.
2011–present: wii u, 3ds, and switch.
miyamoto produced "super mario 3d land" and "" for the 3ds, and "pikmin 3" for the wii u.
after nintendo president satoru iwata died in july 2015, miyamoto was chosen to be an acting representative director, along with genyo takeda. he was no longer in this position in september 2015 when tatsumi kimishima became the company's president. he was also chosen to be in the position of "creative fellow" at the same time. he would give expert advice to kimishima as a "support network" alongside takeda.
miyamoto was a creative director on the 2017 game "super mario odyssey". he was not one of its producers. he is credited as being a big influence on the game's development.
miyamoto and nintendo do not use focus groups. instead, miyamoto figures out if a game is fun by playing it himself. he says that if he enjoys it, others will too. he uses how the "pokémon" series was created as an example. he said "and that's the point – not to make something sell, something very popular, but to love something, and make something that we creators can love. it's the most important feeling we should have when we make games."
"time" called miyamoto "the spielberg of video games" and "the father of modern video games." "the daily telegraph" says he is "regarded by many as possibly the most important game designer of all time." "gametrailers" called him "the most influential game creator in history." miyamoto has greatly influenced various things about video games in general. "the daily telegraph" credited him with creating "some of the most innovative, ground breaking and successful work in his field." many of miyamoto's works have started new video game concepts or changed existing ones. miyamoto's games have received outstanding critical praise. some are considered to be the best games of all time.
miyamoto's games have also sold very well. some became the best-selling games on nintendo consoles and of all time. as of 1999, his games had sold 250 million copies and grossed billions of dollars.
miyamoto's games have received a lot of praise. many of his games are considered some of the best of all time.
games in miyamoto's "the legend of zelda" series have received a lot of praise. was a big game for nintendo. it is considered today to be one of the best video games ever made. is considered by critics and gamers to be one of the best video games ever made. "twilight princess" was praised by nearly everyone who reviewed it. it is the third highest-rated game for the wii. it received perfect scores from major publications such as cvg, "electronic gaming monthly", "game informer", gamesradar, and gamespy.
many critics and fans say "super mario 64" is one of the best and most revolutionary video games of all time.
metacritic says that "super mario galaxy" and "super mario galaxy 2" are the first- and second-highest rated games for the wii.
a 1995 article in "maximum" said that "in gaming communities, miyamoto's name is more famous than steven spielberg's could ever be."
miyamoto's games have sold very well. many of them became some of the best-selling games on nintendo consoles and of all time.
miyamoto's "mario" series is the best-selling video game franchise of all time. it has sold over 400 million units. "super mario bros." is the second best-selling video game of all time. "super mario bros.", "super mario bros. 3", and "super mario bros. 2" were, respectively, the three best-selling games for the nintendo entertainment system. levi buchanan of ign considered "super mario bros. 3"s appearance in the film "the wizard" as a show-stealing part. he said the movie was a "90-minute commercial" for the game. "super mario world" was the best-selling game for the super nintendo entertainment system. "super mario 64" was the best-selling nintendo 64 game. as of may 21, 2003, the game had sold eleven million copies. at the end of 2007, "guinness world records" said the sales were 11.8 million copies. as of september 25, 2007, it was the seventh best-selling video game in the united states because it had sold six million copies. by june 2007, "super mario 64" had become the second most popular title on wii's virtual console. "super mario bros." was the most popular on the wii virtual console. "super mario sunshine" was the third best-selling video game for the gamecube.
the first "the legend of zelda" game was the fifth best-selling game for the nintendo entertainment system. "the wind waker" was the fourth best-selling game for the gamecube. "twilight princess" had sold well. in the pal region, which covers most of asia, africa, south america, australia, new zealand, and most of western europe, "twilight princess" is the best-selling "zelda" game ever. during its first week, the game was sold with three out of every four wii purchases. the game had sold 4.52 million copies on the wii as of march 1, 2008. 1.32 million copies were sold on the gamecube as of march 31, 2007.
awards and recognition.
the name of the main character of the pc game "daikatana", hiro miyamoto, is for miyamoto. the character gary oak from the pokémon anime series is named shigeru in japan. he is the rival of ash ketchum (called satoshi in japan). pokémon creator satoshi tajiri was mentored by miyamoto.
in 1998, miyamoto was the first person to be in the academy of interactive arts and sciences' hall of fame. in 2006, miyamoto was made a "chevalier" (knight) of the french ordre des arts et des lettres by the french minister of culture renaud donnedieu de vabres.
on november 28, 2006, miyamoto was in "time asia"'s "60 years of asian heroes," alongside hayao miyazaki, mahatma gandhi, mother teresa, bruce lee and the dalai lama. he was later one of time magazine's 100 most influential people of the year in both 2007 and also in 2008. at the game developers choice awards, on march 7, 2007, miyamoto received the lifetime achievement award. both gametrailers and ign placed miyamoto first on their lists for the "top ten game creators" and the "top 100 game creators of all time".
he was made a fellow of bafta at the british academy video games awards on march 19, 2010. in 2012, miyamoto was the first interactive creator to be awarded the highest recognition in the spanish-speaking world, the prince of asturias award.
miyamoto has a wife, yasuko, and two children. in 2010, his son was 25 and working at an advertising agency. his daughter was 23 and studying zoology at the time. his children played video games in their youth, but he also made them go outside. although he knows some english, he is not fluent and would rather speak in japanese for interviews.
miyamoto usually does not sign autographs. he is worried that if he signs an autograph for one person, many other people will ask for autographs too. he also does not appear on japanese television because he likes privacy. more foreign tourists than japanese people recognize him.
miyamoto does not spend much time playing video games in his personal time. he likes playing the guitar, mandolin, and banjo. he likes bluegrass music. he has a shetland sheepdog named pikku. the dog was why miyamoto wanted to create "nintendogs". he is also a semi-professional dog breeder. he has been quoted as saying, "video games are bad for you? that's what they said about rock and roll."
miyamoto like to move the furniture in his house, even late at night. he also said that he has a hobby of guessing how long something is, then checking to see if he was correct. he carries a measuring tape with him everywhere. in december 2016, miyamoto showed his hobby on "the tonight show starring jimmy fallon". he also played the "super mario bros." theme on guitar with the roots during the same show.
individual can be an adjective or a noun.
as an adjective, a living thing that is individual is not in a group (by him/her/itself). an object that is individual is for only one person or thing (not shared by a group). something that is individual can also be different from anyone else (unique).
as a noun, an individual is only one person or thing, not a group. an individual can also mean someone who is different from anyone else (one a kind).
a truck (or lorry in british english) is a motor vehicle used to transport goods. the word "truck" comes from the greek word "trochos", which means "wheel". most trucks use diesel fuel.
sizes of trucks.
"light trucks" are trucks the size of cars. they are used by individuals and also companies. in the united states, a truck is a light truck if it weighs less than 6,300 kg (13,000 lb). light trucks are only a little heavier than vans or pickup trucks, but require a special driver's license.
"medium trucks" are heavier than light trucks but lighter than heavy trucks. in the united states, a truck is a medium truck if it weighs between 6,300 kg (13,000 lb) and 15,000 kg (33,000 lb). trucks that are used for local delivery and public service (dump trucks, garbage trucks) are normally around this size. medium trucks have usually two axles: one at front and one at rear. the rear wheels may be coupled (that is: two wheels hitched together) to enable heavier load, but they may also be single.
"heavy trucks" are the heaviest trucks that are allowed on the road. in the u.k. they are known as "lorries". usually heavy trucks have three axles: one at front and two at rear, and the rear axles have coupled wheels to enable heavy loads. often heavy trucks pull trailers. they can be either "full trailers" which have both front and rear axles or boggies and their own brakes, and are connected to the towing truck with a towbar, or "semi-trailers", which are attached to a special kind of a truck called "tractor unit" with a turntable coupling ("fifth wheel"). a semi-trailer is a kind of trailer which has wheels only in the back and the front rides on the back of the tractor unit. the tractor unit has an engine and the semi-trailer does not. driving a heavy truck requires a professional driver's license. truck drivers are called "truckers".
the laws of various countries say what kind of vehicle combinations are allowed. a semi-trailer can be converted into a full trailer with using a "dolly". a dolly is a small trailer which has only a bogie (= set of wheels), fifth wheel coupling for the semi-trailer and a towbar. using a dolly, the semi-trailer can now be hitched to an ordinary cargo-carrying truck and does not need a tractor unit.
a heavy truck-trailer combination is often called a big rig or eighteen-wheeler.
the largest heavy trucks are the australian "road trains" which may have up to four semi-trailers coupled to a tractor in a train-like fashion and may carry up to 200 tonnes of cargo.
box trucks or dry vans ("tilts" in the uk) have walls and a roof, making a closed cargo room. the rear has doors. some have a side door.
concrete mixers have a turning drum on back. turning it one way mixes the concrete. turning it the other way pushes the concrete out. the concrete goes down "chutes" (like large pipes with an open top). on most trucks the concrete comes out the back. some new types have the concrete goes over the cab and down chutes in the front. concrete is very heavy and hard to mix. concrete mixers have to be very heavy duty.
dump trucks ("tippers" in the uk) carry sand, gravel, and dirt. most dump trucks have an open-top box bed with an opening "tail-gate" door on the back. the body lifts up at the front. the load falls out the tailgate and is "dumped" on the ground behind the truck.
flatbed trucks have a flat body with no sides. there is a wall between the cab and the body. the load will not move forward and hit the cab. the truck can be loaded from the side or top. nothing covers the load. some trucks have sides that can be taken off or folded down. many times the load is covered with tarps.
garbage trucks pick up garbage and trash from homes and some businesses. most were loaded from the rear. now some load from the front or side. the same type of truck is often used for recycling.
semi-tractors ("artics" in the uk) have no bodies. they have a "fifth wheel" that carries weight. a semi-trailer has no front wheels. the front of the trailer goes on the fifth wheel. the semi-tractor carries weight from the trailer and pulls the trailer
tank trucks ("tankers" in the uk) are designed to carry liquids or gases. they usually have a round tank that is long (a cylinder) lying on its side. there are many types of tanks because there are many liquids and gases. most tankers are built for only one liquid.
boom truck is a truck with a hydraulic arm. the hydraulic arm on a boom truck is called the boom. this boom will reach out past the end of the vehicle, and it will grab the vehicles that need to be towed. the boom of the truck remains in a fixed position, which allows it to be a very stable option when it comes to towing.
wreckers ("recovery lorries" in the uk and sometimes "tow trucks" in the us) are used to lift and tow broken cars and trucks. they usually have a boom with a cable. cars are often carried on special flatbeds.
the crown-of-thorns starfish ("acanthaster planci") is a type of sea star. usually, they have orange-red to purplish skin, with yellow or pink spikes on their skin. the crown-of-thorns is also one of the largest starfish in the world, as it has a diameter of up to 3 feet. the crown-of-thorns lives in the warmer areas of the pacific ocean, indian ocean, and red sea.
it only feeds on coral polyps, and usually at night. the crown-of-thorns climbs over its prey, releases digestive enzymes to break down its food, and then absorbs the coral polyp, which has now turned into a liquid. what's left behind by the sea star is the leftover coral skeleton.
they are usually of subdued colours, pale brown to grey-green, but they may be garish with bright warning colours in some parts of their wide range. these bright colours warn animals that may want to eat it that it is venomous.
effect on coral reefs.
the crown-of-thorns is well known for its destructive habits of eating coral, especially on the great barrier reef, which is a world heritage site. usually, when there are not too many of them, these sea stars help maintain the coral reef by preventing the faster-growing coral from taking over the coral reef. however, when there are too many crown-of-thorns, they can devastate the reef.
sea urchins are the class echinoidea of the phylum echinodermata. like the rest of the echinoderms, literally "spike-skinned", they are entirely marine. they are usually globe-shaped, and protected by calcareous plates and spines.p65 "urchin" is an old word for hedgehog, and in many foreign languages these animals are called "sea hedgehogs".
like other echinoderms they have five-fold symmetry (called pentamerism) and move by means of hundreds of tiny, transparent, adhesive 'tube feet'. the symmetry is not obvious in the living animal, but is easily visible in the dried test.
sea urchins mostly feed on algae and small animals. they have a special chewing apparatus called "aristotle's lantern", after the greek philosopher aristotle who was fascinated by sea urchins. with this apparatus they can scrape organisms stuck to the surface over which the urchin is moving.
the spines are long and sharp in some species, and protect the urchin from predators. the spines inflict a painful wound when they penetrate human skin, but are usually not dangerous. echinoids also have pincer-like pedicellaria all over their body between the spines. the job of these is to deal with anything (like larvae) settling on the test (outer shell).p101 it is not known if the spines are venomous (unlike the pedicellariae between the spines, which are venomous).
typical sea urchins have spines that are in length, thick, and not terribly sharp. "diadema antillarum", familiar in the caribbean, has thin, potentially dangerous spines that can reach long.
sea urchins have five jaws with one tooth each. the teeth grow throughout the sea urchin's life. the teeth of the pink sea urchin chip against each other to stay sharp.
sea urchins feed mainly on algae, but can also feed on sea cucumbers, and a wide range of invertebrates such as mussels, polychaetes, sponges, brittle stars and crinoids. sea urchins are one of the favorite foods of sea otters and wolf eels. without predators to eat them, urchins breed in large numbers and eat almost all the nearby kelp, creating an "urchin barren", devoid of macroalgae and associated fauna. sea otters have re-entered british columbia, dramatically improving coastal ecosystem health by eating sea urchins.
fossil record and evolution.
the first echinoid fossils are from the lower ordovician period. the earliest forms had flexible tests, with plates that could slide over each other. echinoids were a relatively unimportant part of the biota in the palaeozoic. only one group survived the p/tr extinction event to form the basis of all later echinoids. the group which survived into the triassic, the cidaroids, radiated into all other modern groups, which are known as the euechinoids.
the break with perfect symmetry, which happened in the jurassic, gave them definite front and back ends. this opened up new habitats, in particular, the burrowing habitat. sand dollars and heart urchins have been highly successful. the living echinoids are now important members of the biota, especially in shallow and in-shore waters.
sea urchins as food.
some humans eat the reproductive organs of sea urchins (which they call roe). this is popular in korea. in japan, this kind of sushi is called "uni".
brittle stars are echinoderms of the class ophiuroidea. the adults are superficially like starfish, but they are a different group, with different larvae. like other echinoderms, they do have a skeleton of calcareous plates, and radial symmetry. there are about 1500 different species. 
usually they have 5 "arms", which can grow long, up to 60 cm, in the largest species. the central disk of brittle stars can be three to eight inches in diameter. unlike starfish, they live deeper in the ocean. ophiuroids are known even from abyssal (>6000 m) depths. however, brittle stars are also common members of reef communities, where they hide under rocks and even within other living organisms. generally, brittle stars live below 500m of depth. 
there are two related groups of ophiuroids: the "ophiurida" (brittle stars) and the basket stars ("eurialida"). basket stars usually live in the deeper parts of the range. brittle stars are mostly scavengers and detrivores, able to catch some small prey on occasion.
many brittle stars are more fragile than starfish, which is how they got their name. when they are picked up, their arms may fall off. this might make the animal seem brittle, but they often do this as a defense to escape from predators. 
brittle stars do not use their tube feet for movement, but instead use muscles in their long, thin arms to go around rocks. ophiurids move quickly when disturbed, and are faster movers than starfish. in living ophiuroids the plates are linked by longitudinal muscles. ophiurid arms only move horizontally. the way their plates interlock prevents the arms from moving in any other plane.p64 in contrast, basket star arms can move vertically. these movement patterns are distinct, and separate the groups.
ophiuroids in general are mostly scavengers or detritivores. small organic particles are moved into the mouth by the tube feet. ophiuroids may also prey on small crustaceans or worms. brittle stars will eat small suspended organisms if available. in large, crowded areas, brittle stars eat suspended matter from prevailing seafloor currents.
basket stars (euryalids) are large brittle stars with many rays. their arms branch, and can be moved in any direction. this distinguishes them from the ophiurids. basket stars may be capable of suspension feeding, using the mucus coating on their arms to trap plankton and bacteria. they extend one arm out and use the other four as anchors. the arms form so many branches that they are almost feathery on the ends. they get their name because when they stretch their rays out to catch plankton, they look like the bottom of a basket.
basket stars can be large and heavy, the biggest ophiuroids. the largest, "gorgonocephalus stimpsoni", weigh up to 5 kg (11 lbs) and has arms 70cms long, with a disk diameter of 14 cm.
the bivalves are a large class of molluscs, also known as pelecypods.
they have a hard calcareous shell made of two parts or 'valves'. the soft parts are inside the shell. the shell is usually bilaterally symmetrical.
there are over 30,000 species of bivalves, including the fossil species. there are about 9,200 living species in 1,260 genera and 106 families. all of them live in the water, most of them in the sea or in brackish water. some live in fresh water. all are filter feeders: they lost their radula in the course of evolution. a few are carnivorous, eating much larger prey than the tiny microalgae eaten by other bivalves.
the best known examples of bivalves are clams, mussels, scallops and oysters.
bivalves have two shells or valves connected by a hinge with hinge teeth. they are made of a calcareous mineral, calcite or aragonite. the valves are covered by a periostracum, which is an organic horny substance. this forms the familiar coloured layer on the shell.
the shells are usually held shut by strong adductor muscles. scallops can use their muscles to flap the valves and swim.
a bivalve takes in water that has plankton and other things floating in it.
some (but not all) molluscs have a part of their mantle known as the siphon (a tube). siphons, if they exist, come in pairs, one to suck in, one to expel.
anything that is small enough to fit inside the hole of its incurrent siphon enters the bivalve. when the floating material comes in, it gets stuck in slimy mucus that is on the surface of the bivalve's gills. the food is moved down to the mouth, which is on the other side of the siphon. food is digested in the bivalve's stomach and intestine, and everything that is not digested goes out through the other siphon, with water.
the siphons are an adaptation of burrowing molluscs. those that live above the substrate (sediment), such as scallops and oysters, do not need them.
there are four feeding types, defined by their gill structure: 
as a group, the bivalves are adapted to penetrate into, and to move along horizontally along, soft ground such as mud and sand. common examples of this are razor shells, which can dig themselves into the sand with great speed to escape enemies, and cockles.
scallops and file clams can swim to escape a predator, clapping their valves together to create a jet of water. cockles can use their foot to leap from danger. however these methods quickly exhaust the animal. in the razor shells the siphons can break off only to grow back later.
the file shells can produce a noxious secretion when threatened, and the fan shells of the same family have a unique, acid-producing organ.
comparison with brachiopods.
bivalves are superficially similar to brachiopods, but the construction of the shell is completely different in the two groups. in brachiopods, the two valves are on the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body, while in bivalves, they are on the left and right sides.
bivalves appeared late in the cambrian explosion and came to increase in the palaeozoic, and dominate over brachiopods during the mesozoic. so, it was thought that bivalves are better adapted to aquatic life than the brachiopods, and this caused brachiopods to be out-competed and relegated to minor niches.
however, after the permian-triassic extinction event bivalves had a huge adaptive radiation while brachiopods were devastated, losing 95% of their diversity.
the upshot was that bivalves took over the desirable inshore habitats. brachiopods now live in deeper waters where food is scarcer.
card is referred to:
card may also refer to:
bishop is a type of clergy in some christian churches. the bishop is the leader of the christians and the christian priests in each diocese. the diocese which a bishop governs is called a bishopric. episcopal is the adjective for bishops. a cathedral is the church building where the bishop has an episcopal throne. the cathedral is the main church of the diocese and the bishop's see. a bishop may be given the rank of archbishop in an archdiocese. 
christian priests in some denominations must be made priests by bishops. in these denominations, bishops are above parish priests in the hierarchy of the church's organization. however, some protestant denominations have no bishops or archbishops. the presbyterianism is an example. the leader of the church of scotland is the moderator. the general assembly elects the moderator of the church of scotland each year. other christian movements have neither bishops nor priests: quakers are one example.
in the catholic church, the pope is chosen by all the cardinals from amongst their number. according to church law, this does not have to be the case: any male, unmarried, baptized christian who is judged fit for the office can become pope. however, the last pope who was not a bishop was urban vi (elected in 1378).
the pope is also 'the bishop of rome'. in fact he rules an independent state within rome, called the vatican. all roman catholic bishops answer to the pope (or to patriarchs in some orthodox churches). in the anglican church, bishops are governed by archbishops.
usually a bishop can be identified by a special hat, called a mitre.
a tray is a shallow container designed for carrying things.
trays are flat, but with raised edges to stop things from sliding off of them. they are often rectangular, and may or may not have handles with which to carry them.
a butler's tray has a deeper surround, handles on the short sides (usually cut into the surround) so that it can be easily carried, and folding legs. it is used to carry drinks, and can be used as a side table.
the orkney islands (often also called only orkney) is an archipelago in the northern isles of scotland, united kingdom. it is about 16 kilometres north of caithness. 20 of the about 70 islands have people living on them. the administrative centre is kirkwall (with about 8000 people living there). the next largest settlements are stromness (2000 people) and st. margaret's hope (with about 550 people).
in addition to the mainland, most of the islands are in two groups, the north and south isles. all of them are made of sandstone. the climate is mild and the soil is fertile. most of the land is farmed and agriculture is the main source of income for the economy. there are many birds and fish.
ferry services go much of the time to lerwick (in shetland). most islands have air strips (for airplanes). this includes the shortest known flight service in the world, between westray and papa westray. official flight time is 2 minutes. if the wind goes in the right direction, the flight can take just over a minute.
a court, in law, is a part of the government in which people come together to decide how to apply the country's laws to a specific situation, especially when there is an argument over how to apply the law. some disagreements a court may decide are whether a person is guilty of a crime, who is the legal owner of property, or who the children of two divorced parents should live with. a court is usually in a special building called a courthouse.
most countries have multiple courts to deal with different issues. for example, civil courts deal with private disputes between people or organizations, while criminal courts deal with people who have been accused of crimes.
an appellate court is one that can change a decision made by a lower court. this is called court hierarchy. the decision made by a low court can be appealed to a higher one, asking the higher court to change the decision. higher courts usually have more experienced judges in charge. the supreme court of the united states is the highest court in that country. 
some countries have a constitutional court. these courts decide if a law is in agreement with the constitution of the country.
courts usually set the punishments for breaking the law. common punishments include paying fines and spending time in prison. in some countries, courts have the power to sentence people to death (the death penalty).
birth (to be born) means when a baby animal comes out of its egg, or out of its mother after pregnancy. it is sometimes thought of as the beginning of life. it is also known as calving in livestock or whelping in meat-eating mammals. 
changes in pelvis during human pregnancy.
in adult females the pelvis is shaped differently from males. the differences are connected with allowing the baby to pass through the birth canal successfully. also, during pregnancy, a hormone called relaxin softens the ligaments in the pelvis area. this produces a little bit of extra space for the baby's head to get through. the process is hard to describe in words, but fortunately there is an excellent video which explains what goes on.
pollution is when harmful substances are added to the environment and then change it in a bad way. there are five kinds of pollution of the environment: water pollution, air pollution, noise pollution, soil pollution and thermal pollution.
as pollution grows, ways to combat it have been in demand. solar energy and wind energy give people clean opportunities to power their homes. but these may also have environmental issues depending on the situation. when people use these alternative forms of energy, they put less carbon dioxide into the environment.
water pollution is the presence of harmful materials in water, such as sewage, dissolved metal, waste from farms, factories and crude oil spilled from oil tankers. the three main substances that pollute water are nitrates from fertilizers, sewage and detergents.
activities such as bathing and washing clothes near lakes, ponds or rivers add nutrients like nitrate and phosphate into the water bodies.this leads to excessive growth of algae on the surface of water. it blocks the penetration of sunlight and air, thus reducing oxygen.
it causes harm to organisms living in water and can also harm people's health. in extreme cases, it may cause diseases like cancer. it also leads to loss of a large amount of aquatic life.
water pollution has been a problem from the time human population increased, and live in cities. cities have been prone to cholera and typhoid fever and other infectious diseases since roman times. existing water systems put in place in the 19th century are overwhelmed by the rapid growth of population in cities.
air can be polluted by many things. examples include poisonous gases, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide and very small particulates. smoke and harmful gases released by fires, industries, and thermal power plants cause air pollution. using coal and wood as fuels for fire causes a lot of air pollution. petroleum produces less pollution per ton, but it causes a lot of pollution since a lot of it is burned globally. air pollution may cause health problems such as asthma or other breathing problems.
air pollution causes global warming and acid rain. this makes it difficult for some living things to survive.
noise pollution/sound pollution.
noise pollution, also known as sound pollution, is harmful to the brain and hearing of all animals and humans. this includes the sound of vehicles, loud speakers, airplanes, jets, train horns etc. noise pollution can cause ear problems or even permanent deafness, especially to older people. the schools which are beside the roads suffer from noise pollution. students cannot concentrate in their studies. people in hospitals near main roads also suffer.
thermal pollution is the harmful release of heated liquid into a body of water or heat released into the air as a waste product of an industry.
a common cause of thermal pollution is using water as a coolant by power stations and industrial manufacturers. this puts back warm water, and so raises the temperature and decreases how much oxygen is in the water. the heat released into the air will make the air warmer which increase global warming.
immunity is the ability of the body to defend itself from 'foreign bodies'. this means rejecting infections, clearing up dust which gets in the lungs, and killing cancer cells. 
immunity is of two types. innate immunity protects the host against infection, but has no 'memory', and so gives no long-term immunity.
the second type is adaptive immunity, which does have a kind of 'memory'. it does give long-term protection against specific pathogens.
all animals, plants and fungi have some innate immunity. vertebrates also have adaptive immunity.
people can be immunised from some diseases by having a vaccination 
(injection of some dead or weakened virus, or bacteria that causes the disease). by doing so, the body learns how the virus/bacteria harms the body, and will react more quickly to fight the virus/bacteria when it comes in contact with the virus/bacteria again. when your body has defended itself against the virus/bacteria it will trap the certain virus/bacteria in a "net" so when the virus/bacteria comes back it will be easier to trap those viruses/bacteria as well.
history of immunology.
immunology is a science that examines the structure and function of the immune system. it originates from medicine and early studies on the causes of immunity to disease.
the earliest known mention of immunity was during the plague of athens in 430 bc. thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of the disease could nurse the sick without contracting the illness a second time.
in the 18th century, pierre-louis de maupertuis made experiments with scorpion venom and observed that certain dogs and mice were immune to this venom.
this and other observations of acquired immunity was later exploited by louis pasteur in his development of vaccination and his proposed germ theory of disease. pasteur's theory was in direct opposition to contemporary theories of disease, such as the miasma theory.
it was not until robert koch's 1891 proofs, for which he was awarded a nobel prize in 1905, that microorganisms were confirmed as the cause of infectious disease. viruses were confirmed as human pathogens in 1901, with the discovery of the yellow fever virus by walter reed.
immunology made a great advance towards the end of the 19th century, through rapid developments, in the study of humoral immunity (antibodies) and cellular immunity (t cells and dendritic cells).
particularly important was the work of paul ehrlich, who proposed the side-chain theory to explain the specificity of the antigen-antibody reaction; his contributions to the understanding of humoral immunity were recognized by the award of a nobel prize in 1908, which was jointly awarded to the founder of cellular immunology, elie mechnikov.
humoral immunity is immunity that is done by macromolecules. antibodies, complement proteins, and certain antimicrobial peptides are in extracellular fluids.
this is an immune response which does not involve antibodies. cell-mediated immunity is the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic t-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen.
roman numerals are a numeral system that was used by ancient rome. numbers in this system use letters from the latin alphabet. currently, it uses seven symbols:
the europeans still used roman numerals even after the fall of the roman empire. from the 14th century, the europeans replaced roman numerals with arabic numerals. however, people still use roman numerals to this day.
one place in which they are sometimes seen is on clock faces (the front of a clock). for example, on the clock of big ben, the hours from 1 to 12 are written as:
the and can be read as "one less than 5" (4) and "one less than 10" (9). on many clocks that use roman numerals, however, 4 is written as .
instead of writing the same letter four times, a rule for subtraction is used. the letter is written once, then the next largest roman numeral is written. when a lower number (such as ) appears before a higher one (such as ), the lower number is subtracted from the higher one. for example, 4 is not written as , but instead as , because is (5) minus (1). the same is done for 9 - it is not written as , but instead as , because is (10) minus (1).
it is very easy to write a number as a roman numeral. simply subtract the largest possible roman numeral as many times as possible from the number. this system will result in a valid roman numeral, but will not take the subtraction rule into account.
getting the number from the numeral is equally simple, by adding the values of the symbols.
in general, the values for 5, 50, and 500 are not subtracted. here is the same number using the subtraction rule:
the number zero does not have its own roman numeral. at about 725, bede or one of his colleagues used the letter n, the abbreviation (short form) of "nihil" (the latin word for "nothing").
the romans also used fractions. the most common base for fractions was 1/12, which in latin is called "uncia" (ounce).
a number of numeral systems are developed for large numbers that cannot be shown with , , , , , and .
one of the systems is the "apostrophus", in which d is written as iɔ (500) and m is written as ciɔ (1,000). in this system, an extra ɔ means 500, and multiple extra ɔs are used to mean 5,000, 50,000 etc.
another system is the "vinculum", in which v, x, l, c, d and m are multiplied by 1,000 by adding an overline.
a map is an image of an area, usually of the earth or part of the earth. a map is different from an aerial photograph because it includes interpretation. many maps are called "charts" such as star charts and nautical charts. some maps are of distant worlds. before the late 20th century almost all maps were on paper. today, many maps are digital, and can be seen on smartphones and computers. however, paper maps are still used.
the word "map" can also be used to talk about a chart or drawing that shows relationships between ideas, people, events, or anything else you can think about. this is why web developers call a list of web pages on a web site a site map.
people who make maps are cartographers.
many maps today are made using gis computer systems. these are database systems that are organized by location instead of named records. 
if a map is on a piece of paper or a computer screen, it has to be projected. this is because the earth is round and paper and screens are flat. there are a lot of ways that use mathematics to make map projections. the only kind of map of the earth that is not projected is one drawn on a sphere. this is called a globe.
a globe is a scale model with the shape of a sphere. globes can be scale models of the earth ("terrestrial globes") or of other planets. globes can also be models of the celestial sphere ("celestial globes"). the english word "globe" comes from the , meaning round mass or sphere. 
most globes are maps of the earth. they have the advantage of avoiding the distortions of flat map projections. the most common types are political and physical. political globes show countries. physical globes show landscape like mountains and rivers. some globes are star charts and some are maps of distant worlds.
global as an adjective is used to mean the entire world rather than any special place on the earth. it is also used in fields like computers to mean dealing with a whole larger system, rather than its individual little parts.
that the earth is a sphere was established by hellenistic astronomy in the 3rd century bc. the terrestrial globe appeared in that period. now, there are no terrestrial globes from classical antiquity or the middle ages in existence. the first example of terrestrial globe known was the one the ancient greek crates of mallus made in the middle of the 2nd century bc. the greek geographer strabo wrote about crates's terrestrial globe during the early years of the roman empire.
a celestial globe from classical antiquity is in the naples national archaeological museum, italy. the globe is part of a sculpture – the globe is held up by a statue of atlas, a titan from greek mythology. the ancient romans made the globe and statue in the 2nd century ad. they may have copied the sculpture from hellenistic art (art of the ancient greek type) from the hellenistic period (the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd centuries bc). the sculpture's name is the "farnese atlas".
early globes of the earth that show all of the old world were constructed in the islamic golden age. one such example was made in the 9th century ad by muslim geographers and cartographers working under the abbasid caliph, al-ma'mun. another example was the globe introduced to beijing by the persian astronomer, jamal ad-din, in 1267.
martin behaim designed a globe in 1492, in nuremberg, bavaria (germany). georg glockendon was the artist who created the actual map drawings following behaim's specifications. this globe is the oldest terrestrial globe still in existence. a copy of the globe showing america was made by martin waldseemueller in 1507. another early globe, the hunt-lenox globe, ca. 1507, is thought to be the source of the phrase "here be dragons". another "remarkably modern-looking" globe of the earth was made in constantinople (istanbul) by taqi al-din at his constantinople observatory during the 1570s.
mass-produced globes are typically covered by a printed paper map. the most common type has long, thin gores (strips) of paper. these strips narrow to a point at the north pole and the south pole. then a small disk is used to paper over the irregularities at the poles. the more gores there are, the less stretching and crumpling is needed to make the paper map fit the sphere. 
from a geometric point of view, all points on a sphere are the same. one could select any point on the planet, and create a paper map that covers the globe with strips that come together at that point and the opposite point.
a globe that represents the earth is usually mounted at a 23.5° angle on bearings. this mounting represents the axial tilt of the spinning planet, in relation to the sun. this makes it easy to visualize how days and seasons change.
noah (meaning rest or comfort) is a man in the abrahamic religions. he was the son of lamech, and the father of sons, shem, ham, and japheth. noah and his ark are in the book of genesis, which also describes noah as the 'first man to plant a vineyard' (chapter 9). several other parts of the bible mention him, as does the quran.
as described in the book of genesis, noah and his family kept believing in god in a time when most people were not, like his son canaan and his wife naamah. knowing this was true, god told noah he was going to flood the world, so he could drown out evil. he told noah to build a boat called an "ark". noah was to put himself, his family (except his son and his wife because they refused to come aboard the ark), and two (a male and a female) of every kind of animal on it. people laughed at noah, but they were killed by the flood with his son and his wife. noah and family stayed on the ark until they reached land. to find land noah sent out a dove, which returned with an olive branch. after the flood, god made a rainbow as a promise to say that he would never destroy the earth by flood again. when they were able to walk on dry land, the animals were released and they were able to repopulate the earth.
1452 was a leap year.
ned's declassified school survival guide is a tv show on nickelodeon.
from "a middle middle school full of bullies, insane teachers and gross school lunches" comes ned's declassified school survival guide, a show on nickelodeon. the show stars devon werkheiser as ned bigby (that everyone hates), a 12-15-year-old student at james k. polk middle school. every episode is a group of tips to surviving a school based activity. the show is part of nick's sunday lineup. it first aired on september 12, 2004.
the show is very successful, it has had a promising start. the show also stars daniel curtis lee and lindsey shaw as simon "cookie" cook and jennifer "moze/mose" mosley/mozely.
it also comes on family channel.
vh1 (video hits one) is an american television network. it is a sister station to the groundbreaking mtv.
vh1 shows reality shows and reruns of sitcoms, whereas mtv's focus is on the current hits and also reality shows. vh1 also shows "you're cut off!" on mondays for 3 weeks and wednesdays for 5 weeks. it started airing on . casting has been renewed for a 2nd season.
a cabinet is a group of important people in a government, who normally represent the head of government. it is also known as the council of ministers or the executive council. they are part of the executive branch of government. people in the cabinet are called ministers or secretaries, and they do different things, such as look after the environment. 
in most countries with parliamentary systems, the cabinet decides the government's policy. in other countries, such as the united states, the cabinet has limited power, and is an advisor to the head of government. in some countries, cabinet members are given their jobs by those who are in the government.
many years ago the cabinets were called privy councils. the cabinet of today came about during the time that george i and george ii were kings of england. 
in some european countries, the term "cabinet" is used to mean the assistants of an important politician.
in the uk and some commonwealth countries, the shadow cabinet are the leaders of the main opposition party in a parliament.
a newspaper is a publication printed on paper and issued regularly, usually once a day or once a week. it gives information and opinions about current events and news. usually people like to read them to stay informed about their local city, state or country. newspapers can be delivered to one's home, by subscription. one also can buy a newspaper at a store or at a newsstand. recycling of paper is common. it may be converted to new paper, for example. 
newspapers usually have many topics. they usually include political events, crime, business, sports, and weather news. newspapers use photographs to illustrate stories; and also often include comicss and other entertainment, such as crosswords and horoscopes. many have opinion sections. these sections print the opinions of people who work for the newspaper. the opinions, which are usually on stories in the news, are called "editorials". opinion sections usually also print short letters from people who read the newspaper.
aphelion, the point during its orbit, when the earth is furthest from the sun, occurs around this date.
public domain is a phrase that describes something that belongs to all people in general: the public. the public domain contains works (such as books, films, or paintings) that are not under copyright protection.
the "opposite" of "public domain" is copyrighted material, which is owned either by the creator of the work or their estate. the term "public domain" is only used to describe things that can be copyrighted, such as photographs, drawings, written articles, books or plays, or similar works of art. as a general rule, all intellectual property works, after enough time has gone by, will become part of public domain. examples include the works of leonardo da vinci, william shakespeare and ludwig van beethoven, and the books of isaac newton.
a work can enter the public domain in many ways.
in some cases, if a work enters the public domain after copyright expiration, anyone using the work may still be required to note who created the work. even if some works are in the public domain due to not being copyrighted, there may be still non-copyright usage restrictions. for examples, even though the design of national currencies may be ineligible, or be unsuitable, for copyright, counterfeiting them for fraud is widely a very serious crime. another example are logos and images that only have text or simple shapes. these logos aren't copyrighted in the united states, but they are often protected by trademarks.
a child (the plural is children) is a person below the age of puberty (biologically) or below the age of majority (legally). a person can be called his or her parent's child, no matter how old he or she is, a synonym for the word 'child' is "kid".
in rich countries, children go to school. small children may go to nursery school, preschool or kindergarten. playing with small toys and using their imaginations are important for child development. but often in a developing country, children sometimes work in factories or in the fields with their parents or guardians.
when two people get married and one (or both) of them have children with someone else before this marriage, that child is called a "step child" by the child's non-birth parent. if both people had children, the children of each parent are "step brothers" or "step sisters" of each other. a child whose parents have died is an orphan. orphans with no parent may be raised by grandparents or other relatives. otherwise they may go to live in an orphanage. they may be adopted by another adult or couple wanting a child. they will then be able to grow up in a new family.
nickelodeon (often shortened to nick) is a worldwide cable television network. airing sundays-fridays from 7 a.m.-8 p.m. and saturdays from 7 a.m.-9 p.m. it is made for children. the network was started in 1983 as pinwheel. during the late mornings and afternoons, nickelodeon shows nick jr.. this is a group of learning programs and series for younger children. they are shown while the older children are in school. at night, the network shows nick @ nite. nick at nite is a group of reruns of older series that parents watched when they were younger.
programming seen on nickelodeon includes animated series (such as "spongebob squarepants", "the loud house", "the patrick star show", ', "the smurfs", "rugrats", "big nate", "monster high", and '), live-action, scripted series (such as "danger force", "tyler perry's young dylan" and "all that"), and original made-for-tv movies, while the network's daytime schedule is dedicated to shows targeting preschoolers (such as "bubble guppies", "paw patrol", and "blue's clues & you!").
nicktoons is the branding for nickelodeon's original animated television series. until 1991, the animated series that aired on nickelodeon were largely imported from foreign countries, with some original animated specials that were also featured on the channel up to that point. 
though the nicktoons branding has seldom been used by the network itself since the 2002 launch of the channel of the same name, original animated series continue to make up a substantial portion of nickelodeon's lineup. roughly 6 to 7 hours of these programs are seen on the weekday schedule, and around nine hours on weekends, including a dedicated weekend morning animation block.
nick at nite.
nick at nite is a programming block for adults and older youth audiences. the block was founded in 1985. this block is similar to adult swim, the nighttime programming block for cartoon network.
nick jr. is a children's programming block for children aged 2-6. it was founded in 1988 as a programming block. a channel called nick jr. launched in 2009.
nicktoons is a programming block founded in 1991, the same day doug, rugrats and the ren and stimpy show premiered. the programming block was repeated every saturday and sunday. a channel called nicktoons launched in 2002. the channel for ages 7-14.
teennick is a programming block teens ages of 13-19. it was founded in 2001. this block is for teenage audiences. the channel launched in 2009.
nickmusic is a channel that launched in 2002.
nickrewind is a channel that launched in 2011. it shows re-runs of old nickelodeon shows.
nickrewind jr. upcoming is a channel that launched on 2022. nickrewind jr. shows re-runs of old nick jr. shows like "allegra's window", "blue's clues", "blue's room", "the backyardigans", "eureeka's castle", "gullah gullah island", "jack's big music show", "little bear", "little bill", "oswald", "pinwheel", "today's special", "wow! wow! wubbzy!", "whoopi's littleburg" the block is from nick jr. series.
james earl carter jr. (born october 1, 1924) is an american politician and philanthropist. he was the 39th president of the united states from 1977 to 1981. he is a member of the democratic party. before becoming president, carter was a georgia state senator from 1963 to 1967 and the 76th governor of georgia from 1971 to 1975.
born and raised in plains, georgia, carter graduated from the united states naval academy in 1946 with a bachelor of science degree and joined the united states navy. in 1953, carter left the military and returned home to georgia to take charge of the family's peanut-growing business. carter was against racial segregation and support the growing civil rights movement. he became an activist in the democratic party. from 1963 to 1967, carter was in the georgia state senate, and in 1970, he was elected as governor of georgia. he was governor until 1975.
at first, he was not seen as a serious presidential candidate as not many people knew him outside of georgia. carter eventually won the 1976 democratic presidential nomination and was elected president, beating then-republican president gerald ford.
on his second day in office, carter pardoned all the vietnam war draft evaders. during carter's term as president, he created the department of energy and the department of education. he also created a national energy policy that included conservation, price control, and new technology. in foreign affairs, carter helped create the camp david accords, the panama canal treaties, the strategic arms limitation talks (salt ii), and the return of the panama canal zone to panama. however, the economy during his presidency was bad as it had stagflation, high inflation, high unemployment and slow economic growth. the end of his presidential term was remembered by the 1979–1981 iran hostage crisis, the 1979 energy crisis, the three mile island nuclear accident, and the soviet invasion of afghanistan.
in 1980, carter ran against senator ted kennedy in the democratic primaries and won re-nomination at the 1980 democratic national convention. carter lost the presidential election to republican nominee ronald reagan in a landslide. polls of historians and political scientists usually see carter as an average president; becoming more popular for his humanitarian work after leaving office.
in 1982, carter created the carter center to focus on human rights across the world. he has traveled to support peace talks, look over elections, and support ending deadly diseases. in 2002, he won the nobel peace prize. carter is seen as an important person in the habitat for humanity charity. he has written over 30 books from memoirs to poetry. carter is the longest-lived president, the longest-retired president, the first to live forty years after their inauguration, and the first to reach the age of 95.
carter was born on october 1, 1924, at lillian carter health and rehabilitation in plains, georgia. carter was the first u.s. president to be born in a hospital. he was the oldest son of bessie lillian () and james earl carter sr. he is distantly related to president richard nixon and bill gates. the family moved several times when carter was an infant. the carters settled on a dirt road in nearby archery.
carter attended the plains high school from 1937 to 1941. he also joined the future farmers of america and developed a lifelong interest in woodworking.
after high school, carter went to georgia southwestern college, in americus, georgia. he took extra mathematics courses at georgia tech.
in 1943, carter was accepted to the united states naval academy. while at the academy, carter fell in love with rosalynn smith. the two married shortly after his graduation in 1946. he was a sprint football player for the navy midshipmen. carter graduated 60th out of 820 midshipmen in the class of 1946 with a bachelor of science degree and became an ensign.
from 1946 to 1953, carter and rosalynn lived in virginia, hawaii, connecticut, new york and california, during his time in the atlantic and pacific fleets. in 1948, he began officers' training for being in a submarine. he was promoted to lieutenant junior grade in 1949.
in 1952, carter began his work with the us navy's nuclear submarine program. he was sent to the naval reactors branch of the atomic energy commission in washington, d.c. for three month. during this time, rosalynn moved with their children to schenectady, new york.
in march 1953, carter began nuclear power school at union college in schenectady. carter's father died and he was released from active duty to allow him to take over the family peanut business. carter left active duty on october 9, 1953.
he was not active at the navy reserve until 1961, and left the service as a lieutenant. his awards included the american campaign medal, world war ii victory medal, china service medal, and national defense service medal.
carter's father, james died after having recently been elected to the georgia house of representatives. for a year, jimmy, rosalynn, and their three sons lived in public housing in plains. carter is the only u.s. president to have lived in public housing before he took office. carter wanted to expand the family's peanut-growing business. his first-year harvest failed because of droughts, however carter wanted to open many bank lines of credit to keep the farm going. he also took classes and read on agriculture while rosalynn learned accounting to manage the business. even though they struggled at first, the carters grew the peanut business and became successful.
georgia state senator, 1963–1967.
carter, who was against racial segregation, was inspired to run for office over the racial tensions in the country. by 1961 he was a known member of the plains community and the baptist church as well as chairman of the sumter county school board. at the school board, carter spoke against racial segregation in public schools.
in 1962, carter announced his run for a seat in the georgia state senate. at first, the results showed carter losing, but this was the result of fraudulent voting done by the democratic party chairman in quitman county. carter challenged the results; when fraud was confirmed, a new election was held, which he won.
beginning in 1962, americus was known where black protesters were hit and abused. carter did not say anything about this at first. he did speak about some race issues such as giving speeches against literacy tests and against a change to the state constitution. when president john f. kennedy was assassinated, carter called it "the greatest blow that i had suffered since my father died".
two years later, carter was in charge of the democratic executive committee, where he helped rewrite the state party's rules. he became chairman of the west central georgia planning and development commission.
when bo callaway was elected to the u.s. house of representatives in november 1964, carter wanted to run against him in the next election. the two had fought over which two-year college would be expanded to a four-year college. carter wanted it to go to his alma mater, georgia southwestern college, but callaway wanted the funding to go to downtown columbus.
carter was re-elected in 1964 to a second two-year term. for a time in the state senate, he was in charge of its education committee and also was part of the appropriations committee toward the end of his second term. before his term ended he worked on a bill expanding statewide education funding and getting georgia southwestern a four-year program. the last day of the term, he announced his run for the united states house of representatives.
1966 and 1970 campaigns for governor.
carter ran for the united states house of representatives for georgia's 3rd district in 1966 against bo callaway. however, callaway ended his campaign to run for governor of georgia. callaway became a republican in 1964. carter later wanted to run for governor against callaway. in the democratic primary, he ran against the liberal former governor ellis arnall and the conservative lester maddox.
governor maddox was not allowed to run for a second term as governor in 1970. carter had to run against carl sanders in the 1970 democratic primary. carter was more conservative than before during this primary election.
that september, carter was beating sanders in the first round by 49% to 38%. since no one won more than half the vote, they went into a second round. carter won the democratic nomination with 59% of the vote against sanders's 40%. in the general election, carter beat republican candidate hal suit, winning 59% of the vote against suit's 40%.
governor of georgia, 1971–1975.
carter became the 76th governor of georgia on january 12, 1971. in his inaugural speech, he said that "the time of racial discrimination is over. ... no poor, rural, weak, or black person should ever have to bear the additional burden of being [without] the opportunity for an education, a job or simple justice". "time" ran a story on the progressive "new south" governors elected that year in a may 1971 cover. the cover of the magazine had carter.
lester maddox, who carter replaced as governor, became lieutenant governor. richard russell jr., then president pro tempore of the united states senate, died in office during carter's second week in office. carter picked david h. gambrell, state democratic party chair, to replace russell's in the united states senate.
carter wanted to grow the governor's power while making the state government easier to run. he supported a bill that could give him the power of executive restructuring and to force a vote on it. the plan was not popular in the state legislature. but after two weeks of talking about the plan, it was passed. he lowered the number of state agencies from 300 to 22.
in april 1971, while on television, carter was asked if he supported the idea of governor and lieutenant governor running together. he said, "i've never really thought we needed a lieutenant governor in georgia. the lieutenant governor is part of the executive branch of government and i've always felt—ever since i was in the state senate—that the executive branches should be separate". in july 1971, while in columbus, georgia, carter created a georgia human rights council that would help solve issues in the state of any possible violence.
in january 1972, carter wanted to give state money for an early childhood development program and prison reform programs. in april 1972, carter went to latin and south america for a possible trade deal with georgia. carter said that he had met with brazilian president emílio garrastazu médici. many said he was acting like president kennedy.
the number of black state workers, judges, and board members grew when carter was governor. he put paintings of martin luther king jr. in the capitol building, while the ku klux klan were at the ceremony protesting. while on television with governor of florida reubin askew in january 1973, carter said he supported a constitutional amendment to ban busing and to make desegregation in schools faster. he supported an anti-busing plan with george wallace at the 1971 national governors conference. carter signed a new death penalty law after the united states supreme court rejected it. carter later said he did not support the death penalty, saying, "i didn't see the injustice of it as i do now".
carter wanted to give equal state aid to schools in the rich and poor areas of georgia. he helped create centers for mentally handicapped children and education programs for convicts. he also wrote a program that made picking federal judges based on their experience over their political party possible.
in an unpopular move, carter rejected a plan to build a dam on georgia's flint river. he said that the u.s. army corps of engineers was not giving the right numbers on the project's cost and possible harm on the region. the veto became popular with environmentalists across the country.
carter was not allowed to run for re-election because of term limits. wanting to run for president, carter was active in national politics and public appearances. he was a delegate to the 1972 democratic national convention, where carter hoped he would be george mcgovern's vice presidential pick. he supported senator henry "scoop" jackson, to not support george wallace.
in may 1973, carter told the democratic party to not make the watergate scandal a political issue.
1976 presidential campaign.
on december 12, 1974, carter announced his candidacy for president of the united states at national press club in washington, d.c. he talked about inequality, optimism, and change.
when carter first announced his presidential run for the democratic party presidential nomination, he was seen as having little chances against better-known politicians. however, by march 1976 carter was doing better in polls against other candidates for the democratic presidential nomination. he was also ahead of president ford by a few percentage points. carter wrote "why not the best?" in june 1976 to help make his name known for the american public.
carter won the iowa caucuses and the new hampshire primary. in the south, carter ran as a moderate and in the north, carter ran as a conservative christian. he had visited 37 states, and gave over 200 speeches before any other candidate entered the race. carter ended up winning 30 states, with a total of 6,235,609 (39.2%) of the popular vote. he was officially nominated as the democratic nominee at the national convention. he picked u.s. senator walter mondale from minnesota as his vice president pick.
during his presidential campaign in april 1976, carter said to an interviewer, "i have nothing against a community that is ... trying to maintain the ethnic purity of their neighborhoods". carter said he understood why some neighborhoods were against desegregation. however, he also supported open-housing laws that make it illegal not to sell or rent a house or apartment to a person based on their race. his comments were unpopular with many americans.
carter's campaign supported congressional campaigns using public financing, creating a federal agency for consumer protection, creating a separate department for education, signing an agreement that would stop the soviet union from using nuclear weapons, lowering money given to the military, increasing taxes for the rich and lowering them for the middle class, supporting the social security act, and having a budget that would give money to government resources.
1976 general election.
carter and president gerald ford were in three televised debates during the 1976 election. the debates were the first presidential debates since 1960.
carter was interviewed by robert scheer of "playboy" for the november 1976 issue, which hit the newsstands a couple of weeks before the election. while discussing his religion's view of pride, carter said: "i've looked on a lot of women with lust. i've committed adultery in my heart many times". he also said in another interview that he did not mind if people said the word "fuck". this led to a media to criticize the idea if politicians should be separated from their political campaigns and their private intimate lives.
carter began the race with a lead over ford, who narrowed the gap during the campaign, but lost to carter in by a small margin on november 2, 1976. carter won the popular vote by 50.1 percent to 48.0 percent for ford, and received 297 electoral votes to ford's 240. carter won fewer states than ford, with carter winning 23 states compared to ford winning 27.
carter was inaugurated as president on january 20, 1977.
on april 18, 1977, carter gave a televised speech saying that the u.s. energy crisis during the 1970s was like war. he supported energy conservation by all americans and added solar water heating panels on the white house. he wore sweaters because he turned down the heat in the white house. on august 4, 1977, carter created the department of energy. during the signing event, carter said the current "crisis of energy shortages" made him create the department of energy. carter said that the house of representatives had created many energy saving ideas. a month later, on october 13, carter stated he believed in the senate's power to pass the energy reform bill. he said that "the most important domestic issue that we will face while i am in office" was the energy crisis.
on january 12, 1978, during a press conference, carter said plans about his energy reform proposal were not being made and that congress was not being respectful.
in april 1978, carter said his biggest surprise since becoming president was the how hard it was for congress to pass an energy reform bill.
on march 1, 1979, carter wanted to create a gasoline rationing plan with congress approving it. on april 5, he talked about how important energy conservation is. at the end of the month, carter said it was important that the congress pass his gas rationing plan. on july 15, 1979, carter said the crisis was a "" among the american people. many did not like carter's speech. people thought carter for not doing enough to solve the crisis. many believed he wanted americans to do most of the work instead of the government.
epa love canal superfund.
in 1978, carter said the love canal accident in the city of niagara falls, new york was a federal emergency. during the 1940s, the canal was used as the site to dump chemical products from dyes, perfumes, and solvents for rubber and synthetic resins. more than 800 families were evacuated from the neighborhood, which was built on top of a toxic waste landfill. the superfund law was created because of love canal. carter said that many places like "love canals" existed across the country. he said that discovering hazardous dumpsites was "one of the [saddest] discoveries of our modern era".
in 1979, the environmental protection agency said that people living near the love canal accident were at risk for leukemia.
carter had many problems with the economy when he became president. he tried to continue the recovery from the severe 1973–75 recession. his economy also had high inflation, with very high interest rates, oil shortages, and slow economic growth. in his first two years, carter created millions of new jobs.
the 1979 energy crisis ended job growth, however, and both inflation and interest rates rose. economic growth, job creation, and consumer confidence quickly went down. there was also not a lot of gasoline because of the oil crisis.
carter signed the airline deregulation act into law on october 24, 1978. the main purpose was to remove government control over fees, routes and airline market from commercial aviation. the civil aeronautics board's powers of regulation were removed. the act did not remove the faa's powers over airline safety.
in 1979, carter deregulated the american beer industry by making it legal to sell malt, hops, and yeast to american home brewers for the first time since the beginning of prohibition in the united states. this led to an increase in home brewing over the 1980s and 1990s that by the 2000s.
during his presidential campaign, carter wanted to fix healthcare in the country.
carter's plans on healthcare included an april 1977 mandatory health care cost proposal, and a june 1979 plan that gave private health insurance coverage. carter saw the june 1979 plan as a growing part of medicare and medicaid. the april 1977 mandatory health care cost plan was passed in the senate, and later was not approved in the house.
during 1978, carter also had meetings with kennedy for a healthcare law that did not pass the u.s. house. carter later blamed kennedy for his healthcare plans not being approved in congress.
carter worked with congress to create an education department. in february 1978, carter said that education is very important and should not be in control over many departments. on february 8, 1979, carter released a plan to create an education department. on october 17, 1979, carter signed a law that created the united states department of education.
carter grew the head start program by adding 43,000 children and families. in a november 1980 speech, carter said he would allow the head start to migrant children and wanted to increase building schools near the mexico–united states border in texas.
in september 1977, carter and general omar torrijos signed the panama canal treaty. the treaties would give panama control of the panama canal after 1999. this would remove united states control of the canal. the second treaty said that panama would have full control of the canal. the treaty was not popular with conservatives.
in september 1978, carter created many political agreements between egyptian president anwar sadat and israeli prime minister menachem begin at camp david. the two agreements were signed at the white house. the second of these frameworks helped create the 1979 egypt–israel peace treaty.
carter spoke to african officials at the united nations about his support of democratic elections and power in african countries. carter later said his plans for wanting "to work with south africa in dealing with the threats to peace in namibia and in zimbabwe" and to end racial issues like apartheid.
carter visited nigeria from march 31 to april 3, 1978, trying to fix relations with the country. he was the first u.s. president to visit nigeria. carter wanted to create peace in rhodesia.
on may 16, 1979, the senate voted in favor of president carter ending economic sanctions against rhodesia.
iran hostage crisis.
in november 1977, carter said he wanted to have a good partnership between the united states and iran.
in november 1979, a group of iranian students took over the united states embassy in tehran. the students were in support of the iranian revolution. 52 americans were held hostage for the next 444 days until they were freed on january 20, 1981. they were freed on the day ronald reagan replaced carter as president. during the crisis, carter never left the white house for more than 100 days. in december 1979, carter said he wanted to solve the issue without using the military or violence. on april 7, 1980, carter passed executive order 12205, adding economic sanctions against iran and announced more action to make sure the hostages were released safely. on april 24, 1980, carter pushed for operation eagle claw to try to free the hostages. the mission failed as military helicopters crashed killing eight american military people.
on february 8, 1977, carter said he had wanted the soviet union to work with the united states to stop nuclear testing. during a june 13 meeting, carter said that the united states would begin to talk to the soviet union about demilitarization of the indian ocean. on december 30, carter said that the united states and the soviet union have made great progress on talking about important issues. these talks helped create the strategic arms limitation treaty ii by carter and leonid brezhnev on june 18, 1979.
nur muhammad taraki and other communists took power in afghanistan on april 27, 1978. following an uprising in april 1979, taraki was removed by khalq rival hafizullah amin in september. by december, amin's government had lost control of much of the country. this caused the soviet union to invade afghanistan. carter was surprised by the invasion. the soviet invasion of afghanistan was seen as a threat and carter saw the soviet union as dangerous. carter announced sanctions on the soviet union. he created an embargo on grain to the soviet union. carter also supported not taking part of the 1980 summer olympics in moscow. british prime minister margaret thatcher supported carter's actions towards the soviet union. in early 1980, carter created a program to arm the mujahideen. the soviets were unable to fight off them off and left afghanistan in 1989.
in march 1977, carter supported removing american troops from south korea. he wanted south korea to have their own military forces to protect themselves from north korea. carter's move to remove the troops was unpopular with military officials. in may, carter said he believed south korea would be able to defend themselves without as many american troops. from june 30 to july 1, 1979, carter had meetings with president of south korea park chung-hee at the blue house.
1980 presidential election.
democratic primary challenge.
carter said that the liberal part of the democratic party did not support his policies the most. he said they were caused by senator ted kennedy's plan to replace him as president. kennedy announced his plans to run for president in november 1979. kennedy did not run a good campaign and carter won most of the primaries. carter won the democratic re-nomination, however, kennedy gave carter weak support from the liberal democrats in the general election. carter and vice president walter mondale were nominated at the democratic national convention in new york city.
carter's campaign for re-election in 1980 was not easy as he ran against republican ronald reagan. his campaign manager and former appointments secretary, timothy kraft, left the campaign five weeks before the election because of possible cocaine use. on october 28, carter and reagan had the only presidential debate of the election. reagan was losing to carter at first, but after the debates, reagan became popular.
carter lost his re-election to reagan in a landslide victory. reagan won 489 of the electoral votes and carter won 49. after the election, carter said that he was hurt by the outcome of the election.
shortly after losing his re-election bid, carter told the white house press corps that he wanted his retirement to be similar than that of harry s. truman and not use his public life to make himself rich. in october 1986, his presidential library was opened in atlanta, georgia.
carter built homes in the aftermath of hurricane sandy, and partnered with former presidents to work with one america appeal to help the victims of hurricane harvey and hurricane irma in the gulf coast and texas communities.
carter went to the opening ceremonies of his presidential library and those of presidents ronald reagan, george h. w. bush, bill clinton, and george w. bush. he gave eulogies at the funerals of coretta scott king gerald ford, theodore hesburgh, and john lewis. he has gone to the state funeral of every former president since he left office: nixon in 1994, reagan in 2004, ford in 2006 and bush sr. in 2018. when going to the inauguration of donald trump in 2017, he became the oldest former president to go to one.
in 1982, carter founded the carter center, a non-governmental and non-profit organization with the purpose of spreading human rights and end human suffering. he wanted to help improve the quality of life for people in more than 80 countries.
in 1994, president bill clinton wanted carter's help in a north korea peace mission. carter talked with kim il-sung about a possible peace deal. carter went to north korea to help release of aijalon gomes in august 2010. in 2017, carter said that he had talked to the trump administration about having him talk to north korea about peace.
in october 1984, carter was named an honorary citizen of peru. carter supported the country's elections in 2001, and supported the peruvian government after meeting president of peru alan garcía in april 2009, where he was honored with a medal.
in his february 1986 talks with tomás borge, carter helped support the release of journalist luis mora and labor leader jose altamirano, while in nicaragua for three days.
carter went to cuba in may 2002 and talked to fidel castro. he went to cuba again for three days in march 2011.
carter went to the middle east in september 1981 meeting with prime minister of israel menachem begin. in march 1983, he went to egypt to talk about the palestine liberation organization. in december 2008, he met with syrian president bashar al-assad.
carter went to syria in april 2008, visiting the grave of yasser arafat in ramallah and he said he was not working with the bush administration about meeting with hamas leaders.
in july 2007, carter worked nelson mandela in johannesburg, south africa to create the elders. this group was meant focus on peace talks. carter wanted to travel to zimbabwe to support human rights in november 2008, but was stopped by president robert mugabe's government.
carter went to egypt and tunisia in 1995 and 1996 to talk about violence in the great lakes region of africa. he had an important role in talking about the nairobi agreement in 1999 between sudan and uganda.
during the presidency of george w. bush, carter was against the iraq war. he believed bush wanted to remove saddam hussein by using lies. in may 2007, carter stated the bush administration "has been the worst in history" in terms of its impact in foreign affairs, carter did not support bush administration's handling of hurricane katrina.
though he supported president barack obama in the early part of his presidency, carter criticized his use of drone strikes against suspected terrorists, obama's choice to keep guantanamo bay detention camp open, and use of surveillance programs.
in july 2016, carter announced his support of former secretary of state hillary clinton's presidential nomination during the 2016 democratic national convention. carter said that the 2016 election would "define the us for a generation". he originally supported vermont u.s. senator bernie sanders and voted for him during the primaries in 2016.
during the donald trump presidency, carter supported immigration reform through congress, and did not support trump for role during the national anthem protests.
in september 2019, carter said he would support an "age-limit" for presidential candidates.
in august 2020, he supported former vice president joe biden for president during a video played at the 2020 democratic national convention.
carter and rosalynn smith were married on july 7, 1946 in the plains methodist church, the church of rosalynn's family. they have three sons, one daughter, eight grandsons, three granddaughters, and two great-grandsons.
carter and his wife rosalynn are well known for their work as volunteers with habitat for humanity.
carter's hobbies include painting, fly-fishing, woodworking, cycling, tennis, and skiing. he also has an interest in poetry.
carter was also a personal friend of elvis presley. carter and his wife, rosalynn, met him on june 30, 1973, before presley was to perform onstage in atlanta. the day after presley's death, carter issued a statement and explained how he had "changed the face of american popular culture".
in 2000, carter ended his membership with the southern baptist convention, saying the group's ideas did not support with his christian beliefs.
carter became the oldest to ever attend a presidential inauguration in 2017, at age 92, and the first to live to the 40th anniversary of their own. two years later, on march 22, 2019, he became the nation's longest-lived president. on october 1, 2019, carter became the first u.s. president to live to the age of 95.
on august 3, 2015, carter had surgery to remove "a small mass" on his liver. on august 12, however, carter announced he had been diagnosed with cancer that had metastasized. on august 20, he said that melanoma had been found in his brain and liver. on december 6, 2015, carter said that his medical scans no longer showed any cancer.
on may 13, 2019, carter broke his hip at his plains home and had surgery in americus, georgia. on october 6, 2019, carter got 14 stitches above his left eyebrow after injuring it during another fall at home. on october 21, 2019, carter was hospitalized after having a minor pelvic fracture after falling again at home. on november 11, 2019, carter was hospitalized at the emory university hospital in atlanta to relieve pressure on his brain. the surgery was successful, and carter was released from the hospital on november 27.
in february 2021, it was announced that carter and his wife both received their doses of the covid-19 vaccine.
carter's presidency was at first seen as unpopular in historical rankings of american presidents. although his presidency was unpopular, his peace and humanitarian works since he left office have made carter one of the most popular former presidents in american history.
his presidential approval numbers was just 31 percent before the 1980 election, but 64 percent approved of his presidency in a 2009 poll. "the independent" wrote, "carter is widely [seen as] a better man than he was a president".
carter has had many awards since his presidency. in 1998, the u.s. navy named the third and last "seawolf"-class submarine honoring former president carter and his service as a submariner officer. that year he also received the united nations human rights prize, given in honor of human rights achievements, and the hoover medal. he won the 2002 nobel peace prize.
carter has been nominated nine times for the grammy award for best spoken word album for audio recordings of his books, and has won three times in 2007, 2016 and 2019.
the souther field airport in americus, georgia was renamed jimmy carter regional airport in 2009.
cannes () is a commune and the prefecture of alpes-maritimes.
it is most famous for the cannes film festival, which takes place every summer. many famous people come to the movie festival from around the world to promote their movies and to see other peoples' movies.
theodore "teddy" roosevelt, jr. (october 27, 1858 – january 6, 1919) was the 26th president of the united states from 1901 to 1909. he was the youngest president elected to the office, at the age of 42. he was born in new york city.
theodore roosevelt was born on october 27, 1858, in new york city. he was curious as a child, so he took up studying animals. he also took up boxing. he went to college at harvard. he married twice, first to alice hathaway lee and later to edith kermit carow. he had six children: alice, theodore jr., kermit, ethel, archie and quentin.
after spending time in north dakota, roosevelt was elected into the new york state legislature, and served, as a civil service commissioner and new york city police commissioner (a non-police officer who is in charge of making the police department run smoothly). in 1897, he was appointed assistant secretary of the navy, but gave up on that to fight in the spanish american war.
roosevelt became governor of new york, then vice-president. after william mckinley was shot and killed, he became president of the united states.
roosevelt joined the us army in the spanish-american war. he was a lieutenant colonel in the 1st u. s. volunteer cavalry. these horsemen were called the "roughriders".
for his actions during the war, roosevelt was recommended for the medal of honor.
in 2001, theodore roosevelt became the first president to receive the medal of honor.
medal of honor.
roosevelt's medal of honor recognized his conduct in fighting in cuba in 1898.
the words of roosevelt's citation explain:
lieutenant colonel theodore roosevelt distinguished himself by acts of bravery on 1 july 1898, near santiago de cuba, republic of cuba, while leading a daring charge up san juan hill. lieutenant colonel roosevelt, in total disregard for his personal safety, and accompanied by only four or five men, led a desperate and gallant charge up san juan hill, encouraging his troops to continue the assault through withering enemy fire over open countryside. facing the enemy's heavy fire, he displayed extraordinary bravery throughout the charge, and was the first to reach the enemy trenches, where he quickly killed one of the enemy with his pistol, allowing his men to continue the assault. his leadership and valor turned the tide in the battle for san juan hill. lieutenant colonel roosevelt's extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit upon himself, his unit, and the united states army. 
as president, roosevelt worked to make the u.s. a world power, one of the most powerful countries in the world. before, it had been the richest country in the world, but not a significant military power. roosevelt's foreign policy was described by an african proverb as "speak softly and carry a big stick", meaning you do not have to make war, but should give that impression if you are to be respected. he increased the size of the united states' navy and sent all of the ships across the world to demonstrate to other countries that the united states was strong and could fight if needs be.
he continued the monroe doctrine and used the country's military might to influence latin american politics. he had the panama canal built (which allowed ships to travel in less time by taking a shortcut). in doing so, he created the independent country of panama, which before was part of colombia, by invading it. he also took a part for the united states, which is where the canal was built. it was not turned over to panama until 1999. as president, he was interested in what happened in other countries. in 1905, he helped to end the war between the russian and japanese empires. everybody thought russia would defeat japan, but the result was the opposite. roosevelt met both parties and convinced them to sign a peace treaty. he won a nobel peace prize for this work in 1906. he was the first president of any country to win the prize.
at home, roosevelt fought for all americans having a "square deal", meaning an equal chance for all americans to become successful. as part of his square deal, he regulated big businesses called trusts, and forced several of them to split up in several smaller companies. this should support competition, which he thought was important. roosevelt supported labor laws for the working class, required meat and drugs to be inspected, and protected the environment. he created several nature reserves. these ideas would influence later presidents to expand the government's role in the economy and to help ordinary workers. many in the republican party opposed him because of this, however.
after being president.
roosevelt did not run for president in 1908, as he had the office for nearly eight years. he wanted his solicitor general, william howard taft to run for president instead. taft was chosen, and roosevelt went to africa to hunt big game. however, when he came back, he thought taft was not doing a good job and taking too little actions against so-called trusts. taft was also more conservative and he did not continue all of roosevelt's progressive policies. he decided to challenge taft for the republican nomination in 1912. he failed, but many republicans preferred roosevelt, and instead he launched his own party, the progressive party. while running for president and holding a speech, he was shot, but lived and even finished his speech. because the republican voters split between roosevelt and taft, they both lost to woodrow wilson. roosevelt also thought wilson was not doing a good job, either, and wanted the u.s. to enter world war i after it broke out. he prepared to run again, for the third time, in 1920. nobody had served more than eight years at the time. roosevelt died, however, on january 6, 1919 of a pulmonary embolism and a heart attack in his sleep. because he was so strong, a newspaper commented that "death had to take roosevelt asleep", because if he had been awake there would have been a fight between him and death.
besides being president, roosevelt was an author and historian. he wrote 35 books about politics, ships, and hunting. he is thought to be one of america's presidents who read the most. he owned a large ranch in north dakota. he also hunted large animals throughout the world and was active with the boy scouts of america.
roosevelt is one of four presidents to be carved in stone on mount rushmore. historians consider him one of the best u.s. presidents.
theodore roosevelt is the namesake of many american schools. he has a national park in north dakota named after him, a type of elk (big deer), as well as river in brazil. the popular stuffed animal doll, the "teddy bear", was named after roosevelt.
two us navy ships are named after him:
a composer is someone who writes (composes) music. some composers work by writing music down on paper; this is called 'written notation'. classical music writers work this way. writers for tv and movie music also usually write this way, so that an orchestra or other players can read the music and play it.
some musicians are very good at improvisation. this means that they think up (invent) the music as they play it. some church organists are good at improvising. during a service they may need to play some organ music to fill in the gaps while people are collecting money or taking communion. jazz musicians are usually excellent at improvising. improvisation is not written down, so each time it is different.
popular and rock or soul music writers are often not able to read and write music down. many pop and rock composers compose their songs on a guitar or piano. cole porter and irving berlin usually composed at the piano.
many songs are written by two or more people. it is common for two people to work together to write songs. sometimes, one person writes the music and one writes the words (the lyrics). some songs such as folk songs were composed many years ago and no one knows who wrote them.
the cannes film festival is an event held every year in cannes, france. the festival previews films from around the world.
only those who are invited can attend the festival. the top film wins the palme d'or. the second most prestigious trophy is the grand prix. a jury selects which film earns the prizes. the jury is led by an internationally recognized personality of cinema. being appointed to this position is the recognition of an outstanding career.
henry viii (28 june 1491 – 28 january 1547) was the king of england from 1509 until his death in 1547. he is perhaps one of england's most famous monarchs because he split england from the roman catholic church and the pope, and because he married six times.
henry viii increased the power of the monarchy and government over the country. many people he did not like were executed under his orders, including two of his own wives. he was easily led by whoever his favourite advisor was: thomas wolsey, thomas more, thomas cromwell, thomas cranmer and richard rich. more and cromwell were also executed. he passed laws to merge wales into england and was the first english monarch to be king of ireland.
his government was able to raise more money because they stopped paying money to the roman catholic church and because they closed down the monasteries. but he also spent far more money on his own enjoyment and on wars with france and scotland. these wars did not achieve much. he made the royal navy much bigger and made other improvements to the armed forces.
early in his reign he was seen as a very handsome young man who had studied a lot and enjoyed sports, music and writing. later in his reign he became weak, ill and hugely obese. he also became unpredictable, bad-tempered and unable to admit to making mistakes. he died at the age of 55 in 1547. the next king was his son edward vi.
henry was born at greenwich palace on 28 june 1491, and was the son of henry vii of england and elizabeth of york. he was one of their seven children. four of them survived infancy  – arthur, prince of wales; margaret; henry; and mary .
he had his own servants and minstrels, including a fool named john goose. he even had a whipping boy who was punished for henry when he did something wrong. prince henry enjoyed music and jousting was very good at both of them. at the age of 10, he could play many instruments, including the fife, harp, viola and drums. henry was a scholar, linguist, musician and athlete at his early age. he could speak fluent latin, french and spanish. he had the best tutors and he also had to learn jousting, archery, hunting and other military arts. henry was very religious. 
henry's older brother arthur was the heir to the throne. this means he would have become the king when henry vii died. arthur married a spanish princess, catherine of aragon (her name in spanish was catalina de aragon). prince arthur died a few months later. he was 15 years old, and henry was 10 years old. after his brother died, henry was the heir to the throne.
while his father was alive he was watched closely, because the king feared for the safety of his only remaining male heir. henry could go out only through a private door, and then he was watched by specially appointed people. no one could speak to henry. he spent most of his time in his room, which could only be entered through his father’s bedroom. henry never spoke in public, unless it was to answer a question from his father. he kept his enthusiastic personality under control on public occasions because he feared his father's temper. he was given little training for his future role as king by his father and relied heavily on his counselors in the early years of his reign. in 1509, henry vii died of tuberculosis as well and his son became king henry viii. he was 17 years old.
three months after becoming king, henry married catherine of aragon. they tried to have children, as henry wanted a son who could be the next king. in 1511, she gave birth to a son who they named henry, but he died seven weeks later. she later gave birth to a girl, the future queen mary i. all her other children were stillborn (died before birth). he did have one son (henry fitzroy) through a woman he was not married to. this son could not become king.
early on, henry had two of his father's advisors executed. they were not popular and henry claimed they had been stealing from the money they had been looking after. henry would often execute anyone he did not like during the rest of his reign. from 1514, thomas wolsey became an important advisor to henry. wolsey helped henry change the government to give the king more power. wolsey later became a cardinal, making him an important figure in the church.
at first, henry wanted to be friends with the king of france. but soon, he instead joined with spain, the pope and the holy roman empire to weaken france. he dreamed of gaining more lands in france. the results were mixed: england won some battles against france in 1513. the alliance weakened france`s power over the pope. scotland invaded england in 1514 but lost badly at the battle of the flodden. but henry spent a lot of money and did not gain much land.
in 1520, an event named; 'the field of the cloth of gold', took place in calais (at the time, the city was part of england rather than france). it was held to celebrate peace between france and england because they had been at war for a long time. loads of money was spent on it. people enjoyed music, dancing, food, wine and culture for two-and-a-half weeks. henry famously wrestled king francis i of france and lost. despite this, england and france were soon fighting again. after they signed a treaty in 1525, there was less fighting.
split with rome.
the most important event that happened in england when henry was the king was the country's change in religion. at first, there was no sign that henry would do this. eight years into henry's reign, the protestant reformation began in germany. until then, all of western europe had been part of the roman catholic church. when the reformation began, some countries broke away from the roman catholic church to form protestant churches. at first, henry was against this. the reformation did not spread to england straight away. but by the 1530s, there were many powerful people in england who liked the idea of the reformation.
henry became desperate to have a son. by 1527, henry was wanting to divorce catherine and marry anne boleyn. the roman catholic church said he could not divorce without asking the pope. henry asked the pope, but the pope would not do this. the pope said it went against the teachings of the church. henry blamed wolsey for failing to change the pope's mind. he sacked wolsey and ordered him to be put on trial, though wolsey died before the trial could happen. after that, thomas more became his main advisor. but more opposed the divorce, so he was replaced a few years later by thomas cromwell. henry also chose a man called thomas cranmer to be the archbishop of canterbury. henry knew that cranmer would do what he wanted, and cranmer agreed that henry could have a divorce from catherine. the pope did not know this, so he let cranmer become the archbishop.
a powerful ruler might have forced the pope to change his mind, but the most powerful rulers would have opposed the divorce. catherine's nephew was charles v, emperor of the holy roman empire, and catherine came from spain, the largest catholic country. in 1534, attempts to reach an agreement over the divorce failed.
henry asked parliament to pass the act of supremacy, which meant that the king, not the pope, was the head of the church in england. this created the new church of england. the pope was so angry that he excommunicated henry, meaning henry was thrown out of the church. henry then forced all priests and bishops to accept him as the new leader. anyone who refused was punished. among those killed were thomas more and his old teacher john fisher.
henry was not a true protestant. he wanted the church of england to be similar to the roman catholic church but under his control. some protestants were even executed, including anne askew. however, henry was easily led by people like thomas crownell, thomas cranmer and anne bolyen, who secretly wanted the country to become protestant. it was not until the reigns of edward vi and elizabeth i that the church of england became fully protestant.
henry and cromwell thought that monasteries, in which roman catholic monks and nuns lived, had more money and land than the monks and nuns needed. henry forced the monks and nuns to move out of the monasteries. then henry gave their money and land to men who supported him. most of the men who received money and land from the closed monasteries were protestants. this event was called the dissolution of the monasteries.
after his divorce from catherine of aragon, henry viii married anne boleyn, who was younger than catherine and still able to have children. henry soon became unhappy with the marriage. he and anne did not get on well as they had before they married. anne had many enemies in the government, including henry's most loyal minister, thomas cromwell. henry was also unhappy that anne, just like catherine, only had a daughter and no sons. henry started looking for another wife.
in january 1536, henry fell off a horse while jousting and was badly injured. he took a long time to wake up and his leg was wounded. the wound never properly healed, and he had painful ulcers on his leg for the rest of the his life. this meant it was hard for him to do exercise, so after this he started to become obese. the head injury may have also caused him to become more bad-tempered.
later that year, cromwell helped henry to find a way to get rid of anne, by finding people who said that she had been the lover of several other men. anne was put on trial and found guilty, and she was executed by having her head chopped off by a french swordsman.
henry's third wife was jane seymour. she soon gave birth to a son called edward. although this made henry very happy, a few days later jane died. henry had loved her very much and he never got over his sadness at her death. he lost interest in everything, and became bigger in size. he became angry with thomas cromwell when cromwell suggested that he should get married again after jane's death. 
after a while, henry changed his mind. as he still only had one son, he realised that it might be a good idea to marry again, and he agreed to marry anne of cleves, a german princess. when anne arrived, henry did not think she was as pretty as she looked in the pictures he had seen, and he was not satisfied with her. anne was also unhappy and agreed to be divorced from henry after only a few months. cromwell had helped arrange the marriage. henry was angry with cromwell and had him executed. 
in the meantime, henry had noticed a young lady at court, called catherine howard, and thought that she might make a good wife. catherine howard was a cousin of henry's second wife, anne boleyn. henry and catherine got married in 1540, but catherine was much younger than henry and she soon got tired of him and started to flirt with other men. after they had been married for just over a year, henry found out that catherine had been having an affair with someone else. she was found guilty of treason and was executed, just like anne boleyn had been a few years before.
henry's sixth and last wife was called catherine parr. she was a woman in her thirties who had already been married twice. her first two husbands had been much older than she was, and both had died. henry thought that she would be more sensible and faithful than his other wives, and he turned out to be right. catherine parr stayed married to henry for over three years until he died, but they did not have any children.
after divorcing catherine of aragon, henry began to suffer many different ailments, he never again regained health. he died on 28 january 1547 at the age of 55 and was buried in windsor castle. henry was the father of two queens and one king. they were mary i of england, elizabeth i of england, and edward vi of england. none of them had any children of their own.
in 1536, the act of union was passed under henry's rule which had a long-lasting effect on wales as a nation. the act of union meant that welsh people were forced to speak english and things such as road signs were translated into english. the royal family, who were based in london, were now officially in charge of wales. however, the act also meant that welsh citizens were given the same legal rights as the english so there was an upside to this new law.
henry often liked to be captured in his portraits with either food or pets. he had many pets. henry was often seen with his dog. he owned a white pug and was very aware of how much his dog represented him as a wealthy man.
henry viii spent a lot of time at a magnificent building named hampton court palace that belonged to his friend, cardinal thomas wolsey. after falling out with wolsey, henry took the palace for himself. he made the palace far larger, building things such as tennis courts and jousting yards.
life starts now is the third studio album by canadian rock band, three days grace. it was released on september 22, 2009. the producer of the album was howard benson. the album was certified platinum in canada and was also certified gold in the us. the album peaked at #3 on the u.s. billboard 200 and at #2 on the canadian albums chart.
sindh qalanders is a field hockey team for the sindh province in pakistan. they play in the pakistan hockey federation.
the amsterdam museum is a museum in amsterdam. before 2011 it was called the amsterdams historisch museum. it is in the old orphanage between kalverstraat and nieuwezijds voorburgwal.
since 1975, the museum has been in a building that was first built in 1580 as amsterdam's orphanage.
the museum has paintings and old photographs and a cafe.
sir william lawrence bragg (31 march 1890 – 1 july 1971) was an australian-born british physicist and x-ray crystallographer.
bragg was always known as sir lawrence bragg, and his father was sir william bragg. lawrence bragg was educated in adelaide, australia and in england. he was awarded the military cross in world war i.
lawrence bragg discovered (1912) the bragg law of x-ray diffraction, the basis of x-ray crystallography. he was joint winner (with his father, sir william bragg) of the nobel prize for physics in 1915.
to date, lawrence bragg is the youngest nobel laureate. he was the director of the cavendish laboratory, cambridge, when the discovery of the structure of dna was made by james d. watson and francis crick in february 1953.
he was elected an frs in 1921. he was knighted by george vi in 1941, and received both the copley medal and the royal medal of the royal society.
hoverflies, sometimes called 'flower flies' or 'syrphid flies', are the insect family syrphidae. hoverflies mimic wasp stripes, and are usually smaller than wasps. thus to a bird they may look scarcely worth eating, and dangerous. 
as their common name suggests, they are often seen hovering or sucking nectar at flowers. the adults of many species feed mainly on nectar and pollen, while the larvae (maggots) eat a wide range of foods.
in some species, the larvae are saprotrophs, eating decaying plant and animal matter in the soil or in ponds and streams. in other species, the larvae are insectivores and prey on aphids, thrips, and other plant-sucking insects.
aphids alone cause tens of millions of dollars of damage to crops worldwide every year. hoverflies are important natural enemies of these pests, and can be used in biological control. some adult syrphid flies are important pollinators. some orchids mimic aphid alarm scent (pheromones), which attracts hoverflies. the hoverflies then pollinate the orchids.
about 6,000 species in 200 genera have been described. hoverflies are common throughout the world and can be found on most continent except antarctica.
hoverflies are harmless to most other animals despite their mimicry of the black and yellow stripes of wasps. they are a classic example of batesian mimicry. the batesian mimic is a sheep in wolf's clothing: it looks like something dangerous or which tastes disgusting, but in reality it is good to eat. hover flies look roughly like little wasps, and their warning colouration is well-known to birds.
unlike adults, the maggots of hoverflies feed on a variety of foods. predatory species benefit farmers and gardeners, because aphids destroy crops. hoverfly maggots are often used in biological control.
atomkraft are an english heavy metal band who were part of the new wave of british heavy metal movement. they formed in 1979 and disbanded 1988. their "total metal" approach is somewhere between fellow nwobhm bands such as motörhead and venom, punk rock bands such as the dickies, and early exodus or slayer.
james joseph wisniewski (born february 21, 1984 in canton, michigan) is an nhl ice hockey defenceman that is currently an unrestricted agent. he was selected by the chicago blackhawks with the 156th overall pick in the 2002 nhl draft.
wisniewski also played for the chicago blackhawks for 4 seasons, the anaheim ducks for 2 seasons, the new york islanders for 1 season and the montreal canadiens for 1 season before his rights were traded to the columbus blue jackets for a conditional seventh-round draft pick in 2012 for the canadiens. the draft pick will become a fifth-rounder if columbus actually signs wisniewski.
tony "demolition man" dolan is an english musician, best known as bassist and vocalist of heavy metal bands atomkraft and venom.
mark lavarre (born february 21, 1965 in evanston, illinois) is a retired american professional ice hockey right winger who played a career total of 78 games in the nhl. he played his entire nhl career with the chicago black hawks. he was drafted by the chicago black hawks with the 119th overall pick in the sixth round of the 1983 nhl draft.
michael bryant eagles (born march 7, 1963 in sussex, new brunswick) is a canadian retired professional ice hockey left winger who played a career total of 853 games in the nhl. he played 4 seasons with the quebec nordiques, 2 seasons with the chicago blackhawks, 5 seasons with the winnipeg jets and 6 seasons with the washington capitals. he was drafted by the quebec nordiques with the 116th overall pick in the 1981 nhl draft.
"superman's dead" is a 1996 alternative rock/post-grunge song by the canadian alternative rock band our lady peace. it is the first single from their second studio album "clumsy", which was released in 1997. the song was written by raine maida and mike turner.
the song is about how much tv that children watch and also the content of it. the song looks at the dark expectations that are garnered from media images.
the song is one of the most popular song's from our lady peace and is also a definitive example of our lady peace's staple sound with the main thing being raine maida's voice.
"naveed" is a 1995 alternative rock/post-grunge song by the canadian alternative rock band our lady peace and is the first single from their debut studio album "naveed", which was released in 1994. the song was written by raine maida.
"supersatellite" is a 1995 alternative rock song by the canadian alternative rock band our lady peace. it is the fourth single from their debut studio album "naveed", which was released in 1994. the song was written by raine maida and was produced by arnold lanni.
the song was inspired by a book from ken carey.
"hope" is a 1994 alternative rock song by the canadian alternative rock band our lady peace. it is the third single from their debut studio album "naveed", which was released in 1994. the song was written by raine maida and was produced by arnold lanni.
the meaning of the song is about a girl named hope who going into insanity. she thinks she's a sunflower so she climbs on top of a piano and reaches for the sun.
"starseed" is a 1994 alternative rock song by the canadian alternative rock band our lady peace. it is the second single from their debut studio album "naveed", which was released in 1994. the song was written by raine maida and was produced by arnold lanni.
"the birdman" is a 1994 alternative rock song by the canadian alternative rock band our lady peace and is the first single from their debut studio album "naveed", which was released in 1994. the song was written by raine maida and was produced by arnold lanni.
"life" is a 2000 alternative rock song by the canadian alternative rock band our lady peace and is the second single from their fourth studio album "spiritual machines", which was released in 2000. the song was written by raine maida and was produced by both arnold lanni and raine maida. the song was nominated for "best single" at the 2002 juno awards.
"in repair" is a 2000 alternative rock song by the canadian alternative rock band our lady peace and is the first single from their fourth studio album "spiritual machines", which was released in 2000. the song was written by raine maida and was produced by arnold lanni.
"thief" is a 1999 alternative rock song by the canadian alternative rock band our lady peace. it is the third single from their third studio album "happiness... is not a fish that you can catch", which was released in 1999. the song was written by raine maida and was produced by arnold lanni.
meaning of the song.
our lady peace said that the song was about a young girl from kitchener, ontario named mina kim. kim had a cancerous tumor in her brain. the word thief in the song refers to the tumor. at the end of the song there is a sound clip of a young girl that is actually mina kim singing a "little by little" with maida's wife chantal kreviazuk.
"is anybody home?" is a 2000 alternative rock song by the canadian alternative rock band our lady peace and is the second single from their third studio album "happiness... is not a fish that you can catch", which was released in 1999. the song was written by raine maida and was produced by arnold lanni.
"one man army" is a 1999 alternative rock song by the canadian alternative rock band our lady peace. it is the first single from their third studio album, "happiness...is not a fish that you can catch", which was released in 1999. the song was written by raine maida and was produced by arnold lanni. the song is sometimes mistakenly called "falling".
"clumsy" is a 1997 alternative rock song by the canadian alternative rock band our lady peace and is the second single from their second studio album "clumsy", which was released in 1997. the song was written by raine maida and mike turner and was produced by arnold lanni. the song was featured on the soundtrack to the movie, i know what you did last summer.
"4 am" is a 1998 alternative rock song by the canadian alternative rock band our lady peace and is the fourth single from their second studio album "clumsy", which was released in 1997. the song was written by raine maida and was produced by arnold lanni. they thought of the name 4 am because they wrote the song at 4:00 am and raine maida's father, anthony maida has the initials "am".
"right behind you (mafia)" is a 2001 alternative rock/post-grunge song by the canadian alternative rock band our lady peace and is the third single from their fourth studio album "spiritual machines", which was released in 2000. the song was written by raine maida and mike turner and was produced by both arnold lanni and raine maida.
meaning of the song.
the song was inspired by ray kurzweil's book, "the age of spiritual machines". it was written as more of a response to kurzweil's predictions which raine noticed didn't involve the human spirit as a factor.
"somewhere out there" is a 2002 alternative rock song by the canadian alternative rock band our lady peace. it is the first single from their fifth studio album "gravity", which was released in 2002. the song was written by raine maida. the song was the most successful song on the album. it was also the most internationally successful single ever released by the band.
"innocent" is a 2002 alternative rock song by the canadian alternative rock band our lady peace and is the second single from their fifth studio album "gravity", which was released in 2002. the song was written by raine maida and was produced by bob rock. 
meaning of the song.
the song is about people that are suffering which also includes a girl with cancer. maida stated in 2002 that innocent was his favorite song on the gravity album and said that "i wrote this song over a year ago and i was originally hesitant to play it for the band, but once we got into the studio and began working with bob we were able to make it an our lady peace song.".
in chemistry, a suspension is a mixture of two or more components. in a suspension, very small pieces of solid are mixed in a liquid but do not dissolve. if left still, the solid pieces will separate from the liquid and either fall to the bottom or rise to the top. sand in water and flour in water are examples of suspensions. suspensions may separate quickly or stay suspended for a long time, depending on what they contain.
if a liquid is suspended in another liquid, it is called an emulsion. milk is an emulsion. if a liquid is suspended in a gas it is an aerosol. mist is an aerosol.
the new wave of british heavy metal (nwobhm) was a heavy metal movement that started in the late 1970s, in britain. it was well known around the world by the early 1980s, nwobhm has developed underground and is the starting point for the sound of modern heavy metal. the movement developed as a reaction in part to the decline of early heavy metal bands such as deep purple, led zeppelin and black sabbath.
some nwobhm bands are saxon, motörhead, diamond head, and iron maiden.
blossoms in the dust is an 1941 drama movie that was produced by irving asher and mervyn leroy and was directed by mervyn leroy. blossoms in the dust was released on july 25, 1941 in north america. the movie won an academy award for "best art direction-interior decoration, color" and was also nominated for "best actress in a leading role", "best cinematography", "color" and "best picture".
a dreidel (סביבון,דרעידעל) is a four-sided top which is played in the hanukkah season by jewish people. it is game of luck which uses candy, coins or other betting tokens. 
the players start out with 10 or 15 tokens. each player puts one token in the pot. the dreidel has four sides. נ (nun), ג (gimel), ה (hei), and ש (shin). nun means that the player does nothing. gimel means that the player gets all the tokens from the pot. hei means that the player gets half of the tokens from the pot. and shin means that the player has to put one token in the pot. 
if the pot is empty, each player puts one token in the pot. if the pot has an odd number of tokens, one player puts one token in the pot. the player is out if he/she runs out of tokens. whoever is left standing, or has the most tokens at the end wins the game.
misery is a feeling of great unhappiness, suffering and/or pain.
misery may also refer to:
"is anybody out there" is a song recorded by american pop group "maroon 5". the song was recorded in europe at coca cola music studios on march 21, 2011. the song set a world record for being the first song in music history to be written, produced, and recorded within a 24-hours.
walter horton (april 6, 1917 – december 8, 1981) was an american blues harp player. he is also known as big walter horton or "shakey" horton.
he was born in horn lake, mississippi and started playing harp at the age of five. in his teens he went to memphis and lived with little income and a lot of discrimination. in the 1930s he played with many musicians across the mississippi delta region.
he made his first recording in memphis with the guitarist little buddy doyle. due to poor health he worked outside the music industry in the 1940s. in the early 1950s he was one of the first musicians recording for sam phillips at sun records in memphis, who would later record elvis presley. at this time he also was part of the chicago blues scene, where he recorded amongst others with eddie taylor and johnny shines. after junior wells left the muddy waters band he recorded one session with waters. in the 1960s he recorded often as sideman for other musicians. he played frequently in the 1970s at blues and folk music festivals in the u.s. and europe, often with willie dixon's chicago blues all-stars. in 1977 he joined johnny winter and muddy waters on winter's album i'm ready. at that time he also recorded for blind pig records. horton appeared in the maxwell street scene in the 1980 film the blues brothers. his final recordings were made in 1980.
he got his nickname "shakey" because while playing he moved his head. he did his own first recording not until 1964 because he was a humble and shy person who did not like to be a leader. he felt more comfortable as sideman for others. big walter horton died from heart failure in chicago in 1981 aged 64.
wedding crashers is a 2005 american romantic comedy movie that was produced by peter abrams, toby kiccumshot, robert l. levy, cale boyter, andrew panay and richard brener and was directed by david dobkin. wedding crashers was released on july 15, 2005 in north america. the movie received positive reviews with a 75% rating on rotten tomatoes and a 64 out of 100 from metacritic.
superbad is a 2007 american teen sex comedy movie. it was produced by judd apatow, evan goldberg, seth rogen and shauna robertson and was directed by greg mottola. superbad was released on august 17, 2007 in north america. the movie received positive reviews with a 87% rating on rotten tomatoes and a 76 out of 100 from metacritic.
basseterre , is the capital city of the federation of saint christopher and nevis, also called st kitts and nevis, in the west indies. "basseterre" port is at , on the south western coast of saint kitts island. it is one of the chief commercial depots of the leeward islands. the city is in the parish of saint george basseterre and the southern part of the parish of saint peter basseterre. in 2000 about 15,500 people lived in the city.
basseterre is one of the oldest towns in the eastern caribbean.
basseterre was founded in 1627 by the french, under pierre belain d'esnambuc. it was the capital of the french colony of saint-christophe. the colony was the most northern and most southern parts of the island of st. kitts. the middle part was held by britain. when phillipe de longviliers de poincy was made the french governor of st. kitts in 1639, the town turned into a large, successful port, commanding eastern caribbean trade and colonisation. de poincy then quickly made basseterre capital of the entire french west indies colony, which included the islands of guadeloupe and martinique. it was the capital until his death in 1660. the city was made capital of the entire island of st. kitts in 1727. this is when the french were pushed off the island and the british took full control.
the city of basseterre has one of the most tragic histories of any caribbean capital, destroyed many times by colonial wars, fire, earthquakes, floods, riots and hurricanes. despite all of this, a large number of well-restored buildings still exist in downtown basseterre.
geographical setting and climate.
the city of basseterre is on a bay on the southwestern shore of st. kitts, basseterre bay. the city is in the large basseterre valley, almost completely surrounded by lush green hills and mountains. it is mostly low-lying, which is one explanation for the name which the french gave it, basseterre . however, the name basseterre is also due to the fact that the island is on the lee of winds of the island, and is thus a safe anchorage. the name capesterre, given to the region to the north, was dubbed so as it was facing the wind. basseterre is surrounded by the olivees mountains to the north and the conaree-morne peaks to the east. the city is drained by the college river and the westbourne river, which are locally known as "ghauts" and are dry most of the year. they even form streets in downtown basseterre. this engineering folly has proven quite disastrous though, as college river has been the scene of many disastrous in basseterre history. port zante, in the centre of the bay, is on of land reclaimed from the sea in 1995.
under the köppen climate classification, basseterre features a tropical rainforest climate. temperatures remain constant throughout the course of the year, 27 °c year-round. basseterre has no dry season; all 12 months on average sees more than of precipitation. on average, of rain falls on the city annually.
basseterre is a very small town which is laid out in a grid pattern. it has four main streets running east-west: bay road, liverpool row, central street and cayon street. the main street running north to south is fort street/bank street, which is home to the bulk of the island's main shops and banks. the city has 2 centres, at the circus, which is geared towards tourism purposes, and the independence square, which contains the cathedral, courthouse and most of the older buildings.
basseterre is the main commercial and industrial centre of st. kitts. it is also the country's main port of entry, for both sea and air travel, as well as the road and rail transport hub. it houses the administration buildings for the federal government (those for the island of nevis are in charlestown). it also houses the headquarters of the eastern caribbean central bank, as well as the headquarters for many other regional financial institutions.
despite its small size, basseterre played host to carifesta vii (the caribbean festival of arts) in 2000, outbidding rivals many times its size. the city was able to outbid the united states of america, to host matches for the 2007 world cricket cup. the warner park sporting complex was the site of the allocated first round matches of the tournament. this made st. kitts and nevis the smallest country in the world ever to host a world cup event.
basseterre and its environs are home to many small, american-owned medical schools such as windsor university, and also two prestigious medical institutions founded by robert ross: the ross university school of veterinary medicine and the international university of nursing. the city has four secondary schools, two of which are government owned, and two are private schools.
there are a large number of christian churches in the city for its size. most are protestant, due to british colonization, but the cathedral in basseterre is roman catholic. the anglican, or "church of england" has the most members, followed by the methodist. other protestant denominations include moravian, church of god, baptist, seventh-day adventist, jehovah's witness, rivers of living water and pentecostal. afro-christian syncretic sects are also widespread.
the city of basseterre is a financial centre in the eastern caribbean. it has the headquarters of the eastern caribbean central bank, as well as the eastern caribbean securities exchange, which lists securities for companies and corporations in the region. the city is also headquarters for the st. kitts-nevis-anguilla national bank, the largest bank in the eastern caribbean, in terms of assets.
the city is also a major eastern caribbean industrial centre, its main exports being bass, electronics, beverages, clothing, and salt. the sugar industry closed in 2005. this was due to overwhelming debts and further predicted hardships from major price cuts planned by the eu. there are specified industrial estates which carry out sub-sonic technology, food processing, light engineering, bass (instrument) engineering and rum distilling.
like many countries in the eastern caribbean st kitts and nevis uses the east caribbean dollar ($ec). the exchange rate is fixed at $ec 1 = $us 2.70
basseterre is hub for all major roads on the island of st. kitts. driving is done on the left. the speed limit in the city is everywhere, with special caution to be taken around school zones.
public buses have a green license plate starting with the letter "h"
there are 5 main bus routes on st. kitts:
all bus fees are ec$2.50 for a trip and under, ec$3.00 for a trip 5 to , and ec$3.75 for any longer trip. (ec dollars. 1 us = 2.7 ec)
no public buses travel southwards to the main resort areas in frigate bay and the south east peninsula.
taxis have yellow license plates starting with the letter "t" or "ta". the taxi station in basseterre is at the circus. the taxis will take you just about anywhere for a pre-calculated price.
the deep water harbour in basseterre is capable of both hosting and berthing of cruise ships or the handling of cargo. it is to the extreme east of basseterre bay.
port zante, in the centre of the bay, is for use of docking cruise ships only. the port can accommodate the largest cruise ships in the world. it also has a marina facility.
the bay is also home to the busy ferry operation between basseterre and charlestown on nevis island. there are many trips daily served by as much as 6 ferries. there is also a ferry services between basseterre and oranjestad, statia and st. maarten also exists, but the trips are irregular.
the robert l. bradshaw international airport serves the island, and is in the city's most north easterly area. it has direct flights to london, new york city and miami and seasonal flights to charlotte, north carolina, atlanta, georgia and philadelphia, pennsylvania in addition to other major cities in the u.s.a. and canada during the tourist season.
st. kitts' of narrow (0.762m)-gauge railway centre in basseterre, and swoop the island in a circular pattern. the railway lines, originally built to transport sugar cane to the central sugar factory in basseterre, are now used to transport tourists via the "st. kitts scenic railway train" which currently runs from sandy point to basseterre, travelling east.
famous people born in basseterre include:
shenton way is a major road in singapore. it is part of the central business district (cbd) area that is found at the south of singapore. together with raffles place, it forms part of singapore's first cbd area. this road is a one way street that starts at the junction of cross street, central boulevard and raffles quay and ends at keppel road. the road was named after sir shenton thomas, the governor of singapore in 1934–1946, to commemorate his decision to stay in the city during the japanese occupation of singapore.
this road was officially opened in 1951 and became singapore's version of wall street in the 1970s when many business started building their offices there.
sylvia likens (january 3, 1949 - october 26, 1965) was a 16-year-old murder victim from indiana. she was tortured for three months by gertrude baniszewski (née van fossan), gertrude's children, and other young people from their neighborhood, and eventually murdered on october 26, 1965. her parents, carnival workers, had left likens and her sister jenny in the care of the baniszewski family three months before her death in exchange for $20 a week. baniszewski, two of her children, paula and john, and two neighborhood youths, coy hubbard and richard hobbs, were charged and convicted of the crime. her torture and murder were described by the prosecutor in baniszewski's trial as "the most terrible crime ever committed in the state of indiana".
the tsar's bride ("tsarskaya nevesta" in russian) is an opera by nikolai rimsky-korsakov. it was the tenth opera the composer wrote. the words (libretto) were written by il’ya tyumenev who based the story on a book called “the tsar’s bride" by lev mei. the opera was composed in 1898. the first performance took place in 1899 at the moscow theater of the private opera of s.i. mamontov.
the story of the opera.
the story is supposed to take place in the autumn of 1572 in moscow. at this time russia was ruled by a very cruel tsar called ivan the terrible. tsar ivan had a group of people who guarded him. they were called oprichniki. the oprichniki were like bodyguards, but they were told to kill anybody who was not loyal to the tsar, so they behaved like terrorists, killing, raping and stealing wherever they went. in the opera there are also “boyars”. a boyar was a nobleman.
act 1: the feast.
griaznoy is an oprichnik. although he already has a lover, lubasha, he now decides he loves marfa, the daughter of the merchant sobakin. marfa is already engaged to be married to lykov, a boyar. there is much merrymaking and singing at a feast. then griaznoy asks to be left alone with bomelius, the tsar’s doctor. he asks him to get him a love potion. lubasha, who is hiding, hears what he says and realizes that he does not love her any more. when the doctor goes, griaznoy is horrible to lubasha and tells her to go. she now wants to talk to bomelius.
act 2: the love potion.
a lot of people are coming out of church. they talk about the autumn weather, but when the oprichniki appear they are very frightened and start talking about whom the tsar is going to choose for his bride . marfa talks to her friend duniasha about how she has loved lykov ever since they were children. tsar ivan passes by. she does not recognize him, but she is very frightened at the way the tsar is staring at her. sobakin comes in with lykov and the four of them sing about looking forward to the wedding.
lyubasha now goes to bomelius and asks for another magic potion which she wants to give to griaznoi to stop him loving marfa. bomelius says he will give her the potion if she will make love to him. lyubasha agrees and goes inside with him.
act 3: at the wedding.
at the wedding celebrations sobakin tells lykov that he will have to wait before his marriage to marfa can be confirmed. the tsar himself is looking for a girl to marry and has asked to see sobakin’s daughters. griaznoy realizes he needs to use the love potion quickly so he asks to be invited to the wedding. at the celebration he puts the potion in marfa’s drink. a messenger comes with the news that the tsar has chosen marfa to be his wife. everyone is horrified and sobakin collapses.
act 4: the bride.
sobakin is at the tsar's palace. he is proud because his daughter is now the tsarevna (the tsar’s wife) and he himself has been made a boyar. but he is also worried because marfa has become very ill. griaznoy comes in and greets sobakin (who are now both boyars). he says that the person who poisoned marfa has confessed. marfa rushes in and tells griaznoi to speak. he says that lykov was tortured and then confessed to having poisoned marfa. lykov was then executed by griaznoi himself. marfa goes mad when she hears this. in her madness she thinks griaznoy is lykov. this eventually makes griaznoy confess that he himself at put the potion into her drink. he did not realize it was poisonous. lyubasha then confesses that she had put her potion in the place of griaznoi’s potion. she blames griaznoy and invites him to kill her. he kills her, then he is taken to prison to be executed. as he is taken away, marfa, in her madness, once again mistakes griaznoy for lykov. she invites him to return the next day to visit her. then she dies.
bubble sort is a simple sorting algorithm. it is simple to understand, so it is usually taught to new students. it is not as efficient as some other sorting algorithms.
bubble sort's name comes from the fact that each item in the list “bubbles” up to where it should go, like bubbles in water.
the algorithm compares pairs of elements in a list. the elements the make up the pairs are next to each other. starting at one end of the list, the two elements in each pair are compared to each other in order. that means for example, the first and second element are compared, then the second and third element, and then the third and fourth, and so on. if the elements in the current pair are out of order, then the two elements switch places. this process – of comparing two elements – is done over and over again, until the whole list is sorted. the list is sorted, when there are no more pairs that have to be swapped.
in the best case scenario, where the list was already sorted before running the algorithm, the algorithm's complexity is o(n) (big o notation). in the worst case, where the list starts off as being sorted in reverse, o(n²).
in an imperative programming language, bubble sort can be implemented by using a flag variable and looping through the array's elements:
alternatively, since the greatest value ascends to the highest index within the first iteration and then has reached its final "right" position, two for-loops nested into one another sort the vector, too:
for top ≔ high(vector)−1 downto low(vector) do
 for current ≔ low(vector) to top do
 if vector[current] > vector[current+1] then
 exchange(vector, current, current+1)
maundy thursday, also known as holy thursday, covenant thursday, great & holy thursday, and thursday of mysteries, is the christian feast or holy day falling on the thursday before easter that commemorates the last supper of jesus christ with the twelve apostles as described in the canonical gospels. it is the fifth day of holy week, and is preceded by holy wednesday and followed by good friday.
holy saturday (from the latin: "sabbatum sanctum") is the day after good friday. it is the day before easter and the last day of holy week, in which christians prepare for easter. this day commemorates the day that jesus christ's body laid in the tomb.
dysaethesia aethiopica was a term to describe a mental illness which was believed to be why afro-american slaves were lazy.
american physician samuel a. cartwright described the condition in 1851. today, dysaethesia aethiopica is considered an example of pseudoscience. many people think it is an example of scientific racism. 
cartwright wrote that the illness caused people to break and mishandle everything they touched. they walked about as if they were in a daze, or half asleep. they often argued with people in charge and caused disturbances. they did not feel pain, and did not react when physically punished. it affected people who did not have white (or european) people to look after them.
ilya nikolayevich bryzgalov (илья николаевич брызгалов in russian; born june 22, 1980 in togliatti, russian sfsr, urs) is a former russian professional ice hockey goaltender that played for the minnesota wild of the national hockey league (nhl).
bryzgalov has also played for the anaheim ducks/mighty ducks of anaheim for 5 seasons, the phoenix coyotes for 4 seasons, the philadelphia flyers for 2 seasons, and the edmonton oilers for 20 games. he was drafted by the mighty ducks of anaheim with the 44th overall pick in the 2000 nhl draft. he won the stanley cup with the anaheim ducks on june 6, 2007.
on march 4, 2014, the oilers traded bryzgalov to the minnesota wild for a fourth-round draft pick.
philip henrik hansteen (1817 – ?) was a norwegian judge.
hansteen was born in moss, and graduated there as a cand.jur. (candidate of law) in 1840. from 1840 to 1842 he was a deputy judge at the moss district court in moss. he was a judge in what was norway's last trail that ended in pillory, making one embarrassed in public. he later worked as a "district stipendiary magistrate" of the sør-østerdal district court from 1854 to 1869. he later worked at the solør district court from 1869 to 1879. in 1879 he became a supreme court assessor for the rest of his life.
zephyr may refer to:
scientific racism is the use of science to support racism. in the 19th century, scientists divided humankind into different groups called "races".
for instance, the group of black people was called "black race" or "negroid race". many scientists said that white people were superior to (better than) black people. in this way, scientists supported slavery and jim crow laws.
in the 19th century, some scientists said that jews were a race. people like houston steward chamberlain wrote that jews were a danger to other people. adolf hitler read some of their books. he ordered the holocaust in which about 6 million jews were murdered.
today, scientists agree that there is only one human race. modern genetic research has shown that the idea of different races was wrong. scientists also say that the "belief in races" is a bad thing that has caused much damage.
dease lake is a small canadian city in british columbia, canada. dease lake is in the northern interior of british columbia. dease lake is only a few hours from the yukon border. near dease lake is the dease lake indian reserve no. 9 which is under the governance of the tahltan first nation band government. dease lake is known for being a destination for hunting and other wilderness activities.
osoyoos is a canadian town in british columbia, canada. osoyoos is in the southern part of the okanagan valley in british columbia and is also near the washington border. the population of osoyoos was 5,203 at the 2010 consensus. osoyoos is pronounced "oh-soy -oose" and is also historically pronounced "soy-oose". nhl player chuck kobasew was born in osoyoos.
fort nelson is a canadian town in british columbia, canada. fort nelson is in the newly formed northern rockies regional municipality and is also in the northeastern corner of british columbia. the population of fort nelson was 4,514 at the 2006 census. around fort nelson is fort nelson river, muskwa river and prophet river. the forests in fort nelson are part of canada's boreal forest.
total metal is the compilation album by heavy metal band atomkraft. it contains songs from albums published by neat records.
gliding is when an object or animal goes through the air without active flight. all gliders use an aerofoil to slow their rate of descent. glider planes have wings, and gliding animals have membranes which they stretch out. by using rising air they can prolong their stay in the air. the word 'soaring' describes this, and is also used for the sport of gliding. 
air will rise if it is heated by the ground or if it is deflected by mountains. improvements in aerodynamics, in instruments and in the understanding of the weather have allowed flights over great distances at high speeds. the world record distance is now over 3000 km.
parasomias are sleep disorders that interrupt sleep. they can be broadly classified:
tom glavine (born march 25, 1966) is a former baseball player who played pitcher. he won more than 300 games in his career and has won the second-most games in national league history (behind his former teammate greg maddux). he won one world series with the atlanta braves in 1995, and was the world series most valuable player (mvp). most of his career was with the braves (from 1987 to 2002 and in 2008), but he also played with the new york mets from 2003 to 2007.
as well as being the mvp of the 1995 world series, glavine also won the national league (nl) cy young award in 1991 and 1998.
sonny john moore (born 15 january 1988) is an american electronic music producer, dj and singer-songwriter. he is better known by his stage name, skrillex.
moore started his first band when he was 13, which was called the riots. he also started a second band called hazel-rah. he joined the band "from first to last" in 2004 when he was 16. moore left "from first to last" in 2007 and announced that he would be starting a solo career. he also dropped out of school at a young age.
he was signed by deadmau5 to his label, mau5trap recordings, where he released his second ep, scary monsters and nice sprites. his song "kill everybody" was featured in the trailer for . he also made a song called "reptile theme" for the soundtrack to mortal kombat.
on 17 august 2011, skrillex announced that he was starting his label, owsla.
in 2011, he was nominated for five grammy awards. he won three for "best dance/electronica album," "best dance recording," and "best remixed recording, non-classical".
he holds the world record for most grammys won by an electronic dance music artist, with 8 awards.
his song "first of the year (equinox)" was featured in the first episode of the beavis and butt-head revival. he released his fourth ep "bangarang" on 23 december 2011.
he made a song titled "bug hunt" for the 2012 animated film wreck-it ralph and also made a small and brief cameo as a dj.
the song "make it bun dem" with damian marley was used as a looped variant and plays during the single player mission 'kick the hornet’s nest' in the 2012 video game far cry 3.
he released his sixth ep titled "leaving" on 2 january 2013 for owsla's subscription service called the nest.
on 14 march 2014, skrillex released his debut studio album "recess".
chess records was an american record label from chicago, illinois. it was founded by the brothers leonard and phil chess. the label was important for blues, r&b, soul, gospel music and early rock and roll. the label soon was very successful because it recorded music the major labels did not. the label was originally at 2120 s. michigan avenue. the site is now home of willie dixons blues heaven foundation.
a critic said, that without chess record today's music would sound different. another calls chess records "america's greatest blues label".
in 1947 leonard chess bought a label called aristocrat records. in 1950 leonard brought in his brother phil and they renamed tha label to chess records. the first release was "my foolish heart" b/w "bless you" by gene ammon, which became a hit. in 1952 they started checker records for radio play because the stations only played a limited number of songs from one label and in december 1955 the started argo records for jazz music. the first lp was produced in 1958.
in the beginning leonard chess was the producer, but later the business was handled by ralph bass for the gospel section and willie dixon for blues. dixon wrote a lot of songs which became hits and also played bass on many recordings. the label was also famous for its session musicans who played on most of the company's chicago soul recordings, such as drummer maurice white and bassist louis satterfield, both later shaped the funk group earth, wind, & fire, guitarists pete cosey, gerald sims and phil upchurch, pianist leonard caston, later a producer with motown and organist sonny thompson. 1953 they begun to work together with sam phillips' memphis recording service. one of the musicians from memphis was howlin' wolf, who did many hits for chess.
in 1969 the label was sold to general recorded tape (grt) and 1972 the only part of the business which still existed was the recording studio, ter-mar studios. in the mid-eighties the catalogue of chess records was sold to mca records. the 50th anniversary of chess records was celebrated by a number of cds featuring great artist who had recorded for chess. in the 2000s, universal's limited-edition re-issue label, hip-o select began releasing a series of box-sets celebrating the work of chess artists as muddy waters, little walter, bo diddley and chuck berry.
chess records was subject of the 2008 film "cadillac records" by darnell martin. beside the portrait of leonard chess (adrien brody) it brought to the cinema the characters of willie dixon (cedric the entertainer), muddy waters (jeffrey wright), little walter (columbus short) and etta james (beyoncé knowles).
physiotherapy is also called "physical therapy". it attempts to treat what limits a person's abilities to move and do things in their daily life.
it is the treatment of disease, injury, deformity or disability to improve the quality of life. physiotherapists use exercise, hands-on techniques (including manual therapy, dry needling and trigger point therapy), patient education and various other methods.
physiotherapists are well known for their treatment of musculoskeletal injuries such as ankle sprains, muscle injuries and tendon pain. musculoskeletal physiotherapists are often clinic-based, however are often also working with sporting teams and also work in hospitals.
however, physiotherapists are also crucial for many conditions that you may not have realised. neurophysiotherapy plays an important role in the recovery of neurological conditions such as stroke patients and traumatic brain injury patients. physios also play an important role in cardiopulmonary rehabilitation, such as after heart surgery and in respiratory conditions such as emphysema.
physios also play a major role in treating children, including those with cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, down syndrome, and other chromosome-related conditions.
list of dances:
kesennuma is a japanese city. it is part of miyagi prefecture. kesennuma is in the northeastern part of the prefecture and faces two coasts: the pacific coast, and sanriku coast. kesennuma borders the town of minamisanriku to the south. across the border to the north in iwate prefecture, it borders the cities of ofunato and rikuzentakata.
the city was heavily damaged on march 11, 2011 by the 2011 tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and by large fires. between 1 march and 31 august 2011, many people left kesennuma. the population went down by about 2,500 people, or 5%. 
the volkswagen transporter is a range of vans and minibuses produced by volkswagen since 1950. before 1990 they were air-cooled with the engine in the rear, after 1990 the engine was moved to the front and water-cooled.
first generation (t1).
they are often painted bright colors. they are also called the transporter, kombi, bus (us) or camper (uk).
german production stopped after the 1967 model year; however, the t1 still was made in brazil until 1975.
second generation (t2).
in late 1967, the second generation of the volkswagen type 2 (t2) was introduced. it was built in west germany until 1979. in mexico, the volkswagen kombi and panel were produced from 1970 to 1994. models before 1971 are often called the t2a (or "early bay"), while models after 1972 are called the t2b (or "late bay").
kett's rebellion was a fight in norfolk during the reign of edward vi of england. the rebellion was led by robert kett of wymondham, norfolk. it started in july 1549.
kett's rebellion started in wymondham after a small group of peasants (poor people) got together to protest against barons, who had stolen the common land, leaving the poor people to die of hunger. the leader was robert kett. the peasants marched 16 kilometres into norwich and gathered on mousehold heath. they attracted the support of the poorer people of norwich.
hundreds of peasants were killed and 300 were captured and executed in norwich. robert kett was captured, held in the tower of london and then hanged at norwich castle on 7 december 1549.
rhythm game, or rhythm action, is a type of music-themed action video game. these games mostly focus either on dancing or simulating the playing of musical instruments. players must press buttons in time with commands from the game, which are in time with the rhythm of a song. doing so will cause the game's protagonist or avatar to dance or play their instrument correctly, thus achieving a greater score. the game can be played with a hand-held controller, though different control devices have been made to play rhythm games, such as guitar- and drum-shaped controllers for musical instrument games, and pressure-sensitive pads (called dance mats) that the player must step on for dancing games. the kinect for the xbox 360 allows the player to use their whole body to control the game by tracking their movements. some games have a multi-player mode, where players can play as members of a band or dance crew, or compete against each other.
the 1996 title "parappa the rapper" was the first influential rhythm game. the basic design of the game became a pattern that later rhythm games followed. in 1997, konami's "beatmania" started popularity for rhythm games in japan. the company's music division, bemani, released many music games over the next several years. the most successful of these was dance mat game "dance dance revolution", which was also the only one to achieve large-scale success outside of japan. the game's style was imitated by many other games, until the release of harmonix's "guitar hero". the game was inspired by similar, earlier japanese games, but harmonix added rock music aimed at a western audience. the success of the game revived the genre and two hugely successful franchises were born in "guitar hero" and the later "rock band". the success of both expanded the console video game market and its demographics. by 2008, rhythm games were considered to be one of the most popular video game genres, behind other action games. however, because there were so many spin-offs from the core titles in 2009, there was a nearly 50% drop in sales for music games, causing them to scale-back plans for further expansion in 2010.
definition and game design.
rhythm game, or rhythm action, is a subgenre of action game that challenges a player's sense of rhythm, and includes dance games such as "dance dance revolution" and other music-based games such as "donkey konga" and "guitar hero". these games challenge the player to press the right button at the right time: the screen shows which button the player should press next, and the game awards points for being on the beat. the genre also includes games that measure both rhythm and pitch, in order to test a player's singing ability. in addition to rhythm, some games may challenge the player to control their volume by measuring how hard they press each button. while songs can be sight read without having performed them before, players usually practice to master more difficult songs and settings. other rhythm games offer a challenge similar to that of "simon says", where the player must watch, remember, and repeat complex sequences of button-presses.
in some rhythm games, the screen will display an avatar who performs in response to the player's button-presses. however, they are usually in the background, and the avatar is less important to the player than it is to spectators. in single-player mode, the player's avatar will compete against a computer-controlled opponent, while multiplayer mode will allow two player-controlled avatars to compete head-to-head. the popularity of rhythm games has created a market for different controllers. these include a variety of controllers which look like musical instruments, such as guitars, drums, or maracas. a dance mat, for use in dancing games, requires the player to step on pressure-sensitive pads. traditional control pads may also be used.
origins and popularity in japan (1970's - 2000).
the genre has been traced back to the electronic game simon, invented by howard morrison and ralph baer (the latter also invented the magnavox odyssey) in 1978. players take turns repeating increasingly complicated sequences of button presses and the game implemented the "call and response" mechanic used by later music video games. "dance aerobics" was released in 1987, and allowed players to create music by stepping on nintendo's power pad peripheral. it has been called the first rhythm-action game in retrospect. the later "parappa the rapper" has also been credited as the first rhythm game, as well as one of the first music games in general. the game required players to press buttons corresponding to the order they appeared on-screen; this basic mechanic would form the core of future rhythm games. the success of "parappa the rapper" sparked popularity of the music game genre. unlike most other games in the genre, the game also featured a completely original soundtrack and a good plot. konami's "beatmania", released in japanese arcades in 1997, was a dj-themed rhythm game which featured buttons laid out like a keyboard along with a rubber pad that looked like a record. the game was a surprise hit, inspiring konami's games and music division to change its name to bemani in honor of the game, and to then begin experimenting with other rhythm games over the next few years. one of those successes, "guitarfreaks", featured a guitar-shaped controller. while the franchise continues to receive new arcade versions in japan, it was never strongly marketed outside of the country, allowing harmonix to capitalize on the formula several years later with the western-targeted "guitar hero". similarly, "drummania" from 1999 used a drum kit controller and could be linked with "guitarfreaks" for simulated jam sessions, several years before the concept appeared in "rock band". 1998's "pop'n music", a game similar to "beatmania", featuring multiple colorful buttons was also successful.
"dance dance revolution", released in 1998, was a rhythm game in which players danced on pressure sensitive pads in time with on-screen commands. the game was highly successful not only in japan but globally, unlike games such as "guitarfreaks", "drummania" and "beatmania" (though "beatmania" had some success in europe). and pump it up in a similar rhythm game.
released the same year, enix's "bust a groove" revolved around similar dancing themes to "dance dance revolution" but employed a more conventional input method. the game featured competitive one-on-one "battles" and also allowed the player more freedom than normally found in rhythm games.
"vib-ribbon" was released by nanaon-sha (the creator of "parappa the rapper") in 1999, and also did not use instrument-shaped controllers. in this game, players had to maneuver the protagonist through an obstacle course by pressing buttons at the correct time. these courses were generated in a way that depended on the background music and players could load their own music to play along. while it was praised for its unique style and timeless artistry, its simple vector graphics proved difficult to market and the game was never released in north america. bemani's "samba de amigo", released in 1999 and on dreamcast in 2000, featured maraca-shaped, motion sensor controllers. the game made use of "social gaming", allowing two player gameplay and providing a spectacle for onlookers. in 2001, "taiko no tatsujin" combined traditional japanese drums with contemporary pop music, and became highly successful in japanese arcades. the game was later released on consoles in the west (as "taiko drum master") and the franchise continues to receive new installments in japan. "gitaroo man" featured a guitar-playing protagonist, 4 years before the release of "guitar hero", though the game employed a conventional rather than guitar-shaped controller. "gitaroo man"'s creator, keiichi yano, further created "osu! tatakae! ouendan", a rhythm game for the nintendo ds using its touchscreen features, which was a highly demanded import title and led to a sequel in japan and a western variation of the game in "elite beat agents".
popularity in the west (2001–2008).
harmonix, a company formed from a computer music group at mit in 1995, released "frequency" in 2001. the game allowed the player to control multiple instruments and gave a feeling of more creative control. the game was well-reviewed, but its abstract style did not allow the player to give a "performance" as in other games and thus proved difficult to market. "frequency" was followed by a similar game, "amplitude" in 2003. harmonix later released more socially driven, karaoke-themed music games in "karaoke revolution" and "singstar" (2003 and 2004 respectively). "donkey konga", developed by namco for nintendo and released in 2003 (2004 in north america) achieved widespread success due to its use of nintendo's "donkey kong" franchise.
"guitar hero", developed by harmonix, was released in 2005 by then relatively unknown publisher redoctane. the game was inspired by "guitarfreaks", but while that game had used japanese pop music, "guitar hero" featured western rock music. the game revived the rhythm genre which by this time had begun to get boring, flooded with "dance dance revolution" sequels and imitators. the game had several sequels, with the franchise earning more than $1 billion in sales; the third game was the best-selling game in north america in 2007. harmonix's later "rock band" franchise, which also earned in excess of $1 billion, used multiple instrument controllers and cooperative multiplayer, allowing players to play as a full band. the "guitar hero" franchise followed suit with "guitar hero world tour", developed by neversoft rather than harmonix. "guitar hero" installments based on specific bands, such as metallica and aerosmith, were later published. additional songs could be purchased on the internet and added to "guitar hero" and "rock band" games. artists whose works have been featured in the games have also benefited from royalties and increased publicity, in turn generating further sales of their work. the success of the "guitar hero" and "rock band" franchises widened the console video game market and its demographics, with the popularity of the music game driving increased sales of consoles. in 2008, it was reported that the music game had become the second most popular video game genre in the u.s. (behind action, having overtaken sports), with 53% of players being female.
saturation and fallout of peripheral-based games (2009–2010).
analysts for the video game market considered 2009 to be critical to further success of the genre. both the "guitar hero" and "rock band" franchises expanded in this year with new games on other gaming platforms including handheld gaming devices and mobile phones and with titles targeted towards specific genres or demographics, such as "band hero" for pop music and "lego rock band" for younger players. sales of music games were down in the first half of the year, though part was attributed to fewer purchases of the instrument controllers which players had already purchased and could reuse for other games. however, though analysis had expected that united states sales of "guitar hero 5" and "" to be high, close to or exceeding one million units each in the first month of their release, the resulting sales numbers were lower by nearly half of the projections. though signs of the impact of the late-2000s recession on the video game markets were considered a factor in lower sales, it was also taken as a sign of the waning popularity of the titles, now considered to be saturating the market. as a result, analysts have lowered expectations for future music games; projections for sales of "dj hero", a spinoff of "guitar hero" published by activision, have been reduced from 1.6 million units in the first quarter of sales in the united sates to only 600,000. further contributing to the decline is the lack of innovation in the genre, as such games have not changed their basic play model over their last several games, leading to consumers becoming less likely to buy additional titles. total sales of rhythm games, having reached $1.4 billion in 2008, reached only $700 million in 2009, with analysts predicting the market will settle at the same "healthy" $500–600 million level seen by the "call of duty" series.
the weakening market for rhythm video games has created fallout effects impacting both game developers and distributors. publishers and distributors have recognized that in 2010, most consumers likely have one or more sets of instrument controller hardware at their homes, and that further sales would be primarily driven by software sales and additional content.
activision scaled back its 2010 "guitar hero" release schedule to just two full games, reducing the number of skus from 25 in 2009 to 10 in 2010. activision has also closed some of its in-house developers, including redoctane, neversoft's "guitar hero" division, and underground development, bringing the remaining employees and assets under their own control. viacom, which had previously paid harmonix $150 million for their performance behind "rock band" in 2007, are now seeking to get a "substantial" refund on that amount due to the weak sales in 2009. viacom is also seeking to further reduce costs by negotiating new deals with music publishers to reduce the costs associated with music licensing for the "rock band" series. during the third quarter of 2010, viacom began seeking a buyer for harmonix, recognizing they did not have the efficiency and capacity to deal with the cost of maintaining a video game developer compared with dedicated video game publishers.
the kinds of people buying games was changing and they wanted something different. rhythm game developers tried to add new features to their games. "rock band 3" and "" added new stringed guitar controllers. they also added kinds of game play to help players learn how to hold their fingers as if playing a real guitar. despite these new modes, sales of music games were still low in 2010. "guitar hero: warriors of rock" and "dj hero 2" sold only 86,000 and 59,000 copies in north america during their first week of sales, respectively, a sharp contrast to "guitar hero iii" which had seen nearly 1.4 million units in its first week in 2008. analysis of music game sales through october 2010 show net sales of around $200 million through october, one-fifth of the revenue for music games for the same period in 2008, and that the market will likely not break $400 million by the end of the year. end year sales were less than $300 million.
by the end of 2010, the rhythm market, initially propped by game bundles with instrument controllers, was considered "well past its prime" and has shifted towards downloadable content and potential integration with motion control systems. citing the downturn in rhythm games, activision shuttered their "guitar hero" division in february 2011. viacom completed its sale of harmonix in late 2010 to an investment-backed group to allow it to continue developing "rock band" and "dance central" on its own. analysts suggest that the market for these types of peripheral rhythm games may be stagnant for three to five years after which they may resurge on new consoles or based on different distribution models such as a stronger focus on downloadable content.
motion control and dance games (2011-present).
with the introduction of motion control to both the xbox 360 (through kinect) and the playstation 3 (through playstation move) in 2010 and 2011, along with existing wii motion control, some analysts believed the rhythm market would resurges through a new wave of dance-based video games and band-based ones that use platform-agnostic controllers to replicate real-life actions. games such as "dance central", "", and "child of eden" are all games based on the new motion sensing technology aimed to encourage more engaging dance routines. industry pundits believe that as sales of music games requiring peripheral controllers lag, dance-based games, along with rising popularity of pop music, will continue to thrive for some time. dancing games such as "just dance" and "dance central" boosted late-year sales; "dance central" was the top-selling game for the kinect in north america in november 2010, and both games led to an 38% increase in sales compared to november 2009, according to npd.
earth day is a day that is supposed to inspire more awareness and appreciation for the earth's natural environment. it takes place each year on april 22. it now takes place in more than 193 countries around the world. during earth day, the world encourages everyone to turn off all unwanted lights. on earth day we should give something to our mother land like we can plant trees.
it was founded by united states senator gaylord nelson as an environmental teach-in first held on april 22, 1970. u thant, the secretary-general of united nations at that time, has recognized it. while the first earth day focused on the united states, the epa ( enviromental protection agency), launched by denis hayes, who was the original national coordinator in 1970, took it international in 1990 and organized events in 141 countries. its name and concept were created by john mcconnell in 1960 at a unesco conference in san francisco.
the parables of jesus can be found in matthew, mark, luke and john, and in some of the gospels not in the bible. they are found mostly in the three synoptic gospels. they are a key part of the teaching of jesus: they form about one third of his recorded teachings. christians place emphasis on these parables, since they are believed to be the words of jesus.
jesus' parables are seemingly simple and memorable stories, often with imagery, and each conveys a message. scholars have commented that although these parables seem simple, the messages they convey are deep, and central to the teachings of jesus.
many of jesus' parables refer to simple everyday things, such as a woman baking bread (parable of the leaven), a man knocking on his neighbor's door at night (parable of the friend at night), or the aftermath of a roadside mugging (parable of the good samaritan); yet they deal with major religious themes, such as the growth of the kingdom of god, the importance of prayer, and the meaning of love.
in western civilization, these parables formed the prototype for the term "parable" and in the modern age, even among those who know little of the bible, the parables of jesus remain some of the best known stories in the world.
roots and sources.
as a translation of the hebrew word מָשָׁל "mashal" the word parable can also refer to a riddle. in all times in their history the jews were familiar with teaching by means of parables and a number of parables also exist in the old testament. the use of parables by jesus was hence a natural teaching method that fit into the tradition of his time. the parables of jesus have been quoted, taught, and discussed since the very beginnings of christianity.
the three synoptic gospels contain the parables of jesus. the gospel of john contains only the stories of the vine and good shepherd, which some consider to be parables, else it includes allegories but no parables. several authors such as barbara reid, arland hultgren or donald griggs comment that "parables are noticeably absent from the gospel of john".
the catholic encyclopedia states: "there are no parables in st. john's gospel. in the synoptics ... we reckon thirty-three in all; but some have raised the number even to sixty, by including proverbial expressions." the gospel of luke contains both the largest total number of parables (24) and eighteen unique parables; the gospel of matthew contains 23 parables of which eleven are unique; and the gospel of mark contains eight parables of which two are unique.
in "harmony of the gospels", cox and easley provide a gospel harmony for the parables based on the following counts: only in matthew: 11, only in mark: 2, only in luke: 18, matthew and luke: 4, matthew, mark and luke: 6. they list no parables for the gospel of john.
parables attributed to jesus are also found in other documents apart from the bible. some of these overlap those in the canonical gospels and some are not part of the bible. the non-canonical gospel of thomas contains up to fifteen parables, eleven of which have parallels in the four canonical gospels. the unknown author of the gospel of thomas did not have a special word for "parable," making it difficult to know what he considered a parable. those unique to thomas include the parable of the assassin and the parable of the empty jar.
the noncanonical apocryphon of james also contains three unique parables attributed to jesus. they are known as "the parable of the ear of grain", "the parable of the grain of wheat", and "the parable of the date-palm shoot".
the hypothetical q document is seen as a source for some of the parables in matthew, luke, and thomas.
purpose and motive.
in the gospel of matthew (13:10-17) jesus provides an answer when asked about his use of parables:
the disciples came to him and asked, "why do you speak to the people in parables?" he replied,
<br><dd>"the knowledge of the secrets of the kingdom of heaven has been given to you, but not to them. whoever has will be given more, and he will have an abundance. whoever does not have, even what he has will be taken from him. this is why i speak to them in parables:
<br><dd>though seeing, they do not see; though hearing, they do not hear or understand."
while and may suggest that jesus would only speak to the "crowds" in parables, while in private explaining everything to his disciples, modern scholars do not support the private explanations argument and surmise that jesus used parables as a teaching method. dwight pentecost suggests that given that jesus often preached to a mixed audience of believers and non-believers, he used parables to reveal the truth to some, but hide it from others.
christian author ashton axenden suggests that jesus constructed his parables based on his divine knowledge of how man can be taught:
this was a mode of teaching, which our blessed lord seemed to take special delight in employing. and we may be quite sure, that as "he knew what was in man" better than we know, he would not have taught by parables, if he had not felt that this was the kind of teaching best suited to our wants.
in the 19th century, lisco and fairbairn stated that in the parables of jesus, "the image borrowed from the visible world is accompanied by a truth from the invisible (spiritual) world" and that the parables of jesus are not "mere similitudes which serve the purpose of illustration, but are internal analogies where nature becomes a witness for the spiritual world".
similarly, in the 20th century, calling a parable "an earthly story with a heavenly meaning", william barclay states that the parables of jesus use familiar examples to lead men's minds towards heavenly concepts. he suggests that jesus did not form his parables merely as analogies but based on an "inward affinity between the natural and the spiritual order."
a number of parables which are adjacent in one or more gospels have similar themes. the parable of the leaven follows the parable of the mustard seed in matthew and luke, and shares the theme of the kingdom of heaven growing from small beginnings. the parable of the hidden treasure and parable of the pearl form a pair illustrating the great value of the kingdom of heaven, and the need for action in attaining it.
the parables of the lost sheep, lost coin, and lost (prodigal) son form a trio in luke dealing with loss and redemption.
the parable of the faithful servant and parable of the ten virgins, adjacent in matthew, involve waiting for a bridegroom, and have an eschatological theme: be prepared for the day of reckoning. the parable of the tares the parable of the rich fool, the parable of the budding fig tree, and the parable of the barren fig tree also have eschatological themes.
other parables stand alone, such as the parable of the unforgiving servant, dealing with forgiveness; the parable of the good samaritan, dealing with practical love; and the parable of the friend at night, dealing with persistence in prayer.
of the thirty or so parables in the canonical gospels, four were shown in medieval art almost to the exclusion of the others, but not mixed in with the narrative scenes of the "life of christ". these were: the ten virgins, the rich man and lazarus, the prodigal son and the good samaritan. artists famous for depicting parables include martin schongauer, pieter the elder bruegal and albrecht dürer. the workers in the vineyard also appears in early medieval works. from the renaissance the numbers shown widened slightly, and the various scenes of the prodigal son became the clear favorite, with the good samaritan also popular. albrecht dürer made a famous engraving of the "prodigal son" amongst the pigs (1496), a popular subject in the northern renaissance, and rembrandt depicted the story several times, although at least one of his works, "the prodigal son in the tavern", a portrait of himself as the son, revelling with his wife, is like many artists' depictions, a way of dignifying a genre tavern scene. his late "return of the prodigal son" (hermitage museum, st petersburg) is one of his most popular works.
poetry and hymns.
as well as being depicted in art and discussed in prose, a number of parables form the inspiration for religious poetry and hymns. for example, the hymn "the ninety and nine" by elizabeth c. clephane (1868) is inspired by the parable of the lost sheep:
there were ninety and nine that safely lay
in the shelter of the fold.
but one was out on the hills away,
far off from the gates of gold.
away on the mountains wild and bare.
away from the tender shepherd’s care.
away from the tender shepherd’s care.</poem>
similarly, "my hope is built" (edward mote, c. 1834) is inspired by the parable of the wise and the foolish builders, and "how kind the good samaritan" (john newton, c. 1779) is inspired by the parable of the good samaritan.
harmony of parables.
a sample gospel harmony for the parables based on the list of key episodes in the canonical gospels is presented in the table below. for the sake of consistency, this table is automatically sub-selected from the main harmony table in the gospel harmony article, based on the list of key episodes in the canonical gospels. usually, no parables are associated with the gospel of john, just allegories.
parallels outside the canonical gospels.
a number of parables have parallels in non-canonical gospels, the didache, and the letters of apostolic fathers . however, given that the non-canonical gospels generally have no time sequence, this table is not a gospel harmony.
the parable of the barren fig tree (luke 13:6–9) written in the new testament is a parable of jesus. it is a parable about a fig tree which does not produce fruit, unlike the parable of the budding fig tree.
what jesus said.
then he told this parable:
what it means.
the owner of the vineyard represents god. the fig tree is a symbol for jerusalem (and also for jesus's church). the vineyard where the tree was planted is the earth. the tree was meant to bear the good fruit of the holy spirit and the gardener (vinedresser) is jesus. fig trees are often planted in vineyards.
the parable indicates jesus is giving his hearers one last chance to repent their sins. "these three years" refers to the period of his ministry on earth. the parable is connected to the miracle of cursing the fig tree. richard whately commented that this parable "is one which our lord may be said to have put before his hearers twice; once in words, once in action."
the parable of the budding fig tree is a parable of jesus. it is written in the new testament in matthew 24:32-35, mark 13:28-31 and luke 21:29-33. the parable compares the kingdom of god with a budding fig tree, the opposite of the barren fig tree.
what jesus said.
he told them this parable:
what it means.
this eschatological parable follows the olivet discourse in luke 21:5-28 (and matthew 24 and mark 13). new buds appear on the branches of trees when winter ends. the buds open into blossoms and green leaves in spring. fruit starts to appear as summer arrives. when the signs of the end of the age start to happen, it means jesus will return soon.
counting the cost is the name of a pair of parables jesus told. the two parables are written in the new testament in luke 14:25-33.
what jesus said.
large crowds were travelling with jesus, and turning to them he said:
what it means.
the disciples of jesus gave up everything they had for the kingdom of god, even their lives. to follow "god's salvific aim" meant to put family and possessions in second place. christians believe the cost of being a disciple is worth the promised rewards.
the parable of drawing in the net is a parable of jesus written in the new testament in matthew 13:47–52. it is a parable about the final judgment. it is the seventh and last parable in the chapter which began with the parable of the sower.
what jesus said.
what it means.
it is, like the tares and the wheat and the sheep and the goats, a parable about the final judgment. here, the edible fish must be separated from the inedible fish after they caught with a net.
four of his disciples were fishermen and jesus spoke using imagery they understood. because it is a parable about the end of the age, a modern interpretation can be considered, with the net representing the internet. jesus's next words about old and new treasures indicated he did have in mind a future time. at that time, "true teachers of the kingdom display the kingdom's treasure for all to see."
the parable of the faithful servant (or parable of the door keeper) is a parable of jesus written in the new testament in matthew 24:42-51, mark 13:34-37, and luke 12:35-48.
what jesus said.
what it means.
the parable immediately precedes the parable of the ten virgins in the matthew 25. it means "be prepared and remain alert." the exact time of jesus' second coming is unknown.
the bridegroom is jesus christ. the wedding banquet is his wedding banquet. the advice is for the church, his bride, while she waits for him. he has chosen her. "that privilege brings responsibility and that responsibility entails accountability." priests will be judged more severely than pagans who never heard of jesus.
the parable of the friend at night (importunate neighbour), is a parable of jesus written in the new testament in luke 11:5-8. a man refuses to help his neighbour during an emergency at midnight. his neighbour persists in asking until he changes his mind.
what jesus said.
based on the parable of the ten virgins, the unexpected arrival of the neighbour's guest at midnight could mean it is jesus himself.
what it means.
jesus told this parable after he taught his disciples how to pray the lord's prayer. 
 the parable is therefore an incentive to pray. the parable of the unjust judge has a similar meaning.
the most famous depiction of this parable is "the importunate neighbour" (1895) by william holman hunt, kept at the national gallery of victoria, australia.
the onon gol (mongolian: онон гол, russian: онон) is a river in mongolia and russia. it is 818 km long. its watershed is 94,010 km2. it starts at the khentii mountains, on the eastern slopes. 298 km of the river is in mongolia. it has a confluence (the place where two rivers join together) with the ingoda river. when they meet, it makes the shilka river. people believe that genghis khan was born near the upper onon and he grew up there. the rivers onon—shilka—amur makes one of the world's ten longest rivers (their lengths, in order: 818 km, 560 km, 2,874 km).
the entscheidungsproblem (german, "decision problem") is a famous problem of mathematics. david hilbert formulated the problem in 1928: is there an algorithm that will take a formal language, and a logical statement in that language, and that will output "true" or "false", depending on the truth value of the statement? the algorithm does not tell how it reaches the answer, nor prove it, as long as the answer is always correct.
in 1936 and 1937, alonzo church and alan turing showed independently, that there can be no answer to the entscheidungsproblem. they showed that it is impossible for an algorithm to decide whether statements in arithmetic are true or false. for this reason, there can be no solution for the entscheidungsproblem . this was proven by alan turings "turing machine" which was created in the 1930s.
turing proposes a computer program that can determine for certain if any program fed into it will halt or not. he also proposes another program that halts if the input is loop, and loops if the input is halt. he says to make these two programs one new program. then, he proposes to feed this new program's code into itself. this means the program thinks it will halt, so it will loop, but then it'll loop, so it'll halt, and so on and so forth. this is a paradox, which means for certain that you cannot write a program to determine if every program will halt or not.
elizabeth "bessie" coleman (january 26, 1892 – april 30, 1926) was the first female african american pilot ever to hold an international pilot license. she fought discrimination to follow her dream of becoming a pilot. she became a skilled barnstormer and aviation educator.
coleman was born in texas in 1892. her mother was african american and her father was native american. she had two brothers and a young sister. her parents were sharecroppers. when coleman was two, her family moved to waxahachie, texas where bessie went to school. she loved reading and was very good at math. her father hoped to get a job.
coleman’s father was disturbed by the racial barriers in texas. he believed that the family would be treated better if they moved to indian territory in oklahoma.
unable to convince his wife to accompany him, coleman’s father left the family when she was nine. around that time, her older brothers grew up and moved away. coleman’s mother worked as a maid. coleman helped take care of her younger sisters. 
during the cotton harvest, everyone in the family worked in the fields to earn extra money. it was hot, boring work, and during the harvest, african american children could not go to school. still, coleman managed to finish all eight grades in the local school. coleman decided that she wanted to go to college, so she saved her money. in about four years, she had enough money to begin college. a year later, she ran out of money.
at the age of 23, coleman boarded a train and made the trip to chicago. she moved in with her brothers and their wives. coleman took class to learn to become a manicurist, and soon found a job at the white sox barber shop on chicago's southside. but coleman wanted to do something more with her life.
her friend robert abbott told her that she could travel to france to fly. she studied the french language after work at night. she got a new job managing a restaurant and saved her money. robert abbot and her friends helped her pay for the trip. in 1920, coleman went to france on a ship. she learned to be a pilot at the caudron brothers' school of aviation. in 1921, coleman became the first female african american pilot ever to hold an international pilot license. she earned it from the fédération aéronautique internationale.
coleman went back to the united states to work as a barnstormer, performing tricks and stunts in her airplane. barnstormers like coleman flew planes in loops and figure eights and other patterns while audiences watched. coleman performed in the united states and europe. in the 1920s, much of the united states still practiced racial segregation. coleman refused to perform at places that did not let african americans watch equally. for one show in texas, coleman refused to perform unless the showrunners let everyone in the audience enter through the same gate instead of making one gate for white people and one for black people. she also taught flying lessons and encouraged women to learn to be pilots.
coleman wanted to open an aviation school in the united states where black students could learn to be pilots.
in april 1926, coleman and her mechanic, william will, were practicing for a performance the next day. will was piloting the plane, when it flipped over and started to dive. coleman fell out of the plane and was killed. she is buried in chicago's lincoln cemetery.
coleman is in the aviation hall of fame.
in 1929, william powell started the bessie coleman aero club in her honor. the club promoted aviation among black americans, and it allowed men and women to join.
in 1995, the u.s. post office issued a stamp in her honor. a chicago street was named after her.
william james "willie" dixon (july 1, 1915 – january 29, 1992) was an american blues musician, singer, songwriter and bass player. he was one of the founders of chicago blues. he wrote a lot of songs which are still standards of chicago blues. (i.e. "little red rooster", "hoochie coochie man", "evil", "spoonful", "back door man", "i just want to make love to you", "i ain't superstitious", "my babe", "wang dang doodle", and "bring it on home") the songs are from the 1950s when dixon worked as producer for chess records. he also played upright bass on many of the label's records.
dixon was born in vicksburg, mississippi on july 1, 1915. he learned the blues during his time on prison farms in mississippi as an early-teenager. dixon sang bass for the jubilee singers, a local gospel group that was often in the program of the local radio station wqbc. he began to change poems he wrote into songs which he sold to local groups.
1936 he went to chicago like many others from the mississippi delta. there he begun boxing and won the illinois state golden gloves heavyweight championship (novice division) in 1937. during his boxing time he met leonard "baby doo" caston, who convinced him to a musical career. before the second world war dixon sang in different vocal groups. after the war he reunited with caston and formed the "big three trio".
dixon signed with chess records as a recording artist but soon was involved in the record business. by 1951 he was producer, talent scout, session musician and staff songwriter. he worked with chuck berry, muddy waters, howlin' wolf, otis rush, bo diddley, joe louis walker, little walter, sonny boy williamson, koko taylor, little milton, eddie boyd, jimmy witherspoon, lowell fulson, willie mabon, memphis slim, washboard sam, jimmy rogers, and others. by his work with chuck berry he was a link between blues and early rock and roll.
from the late 1960s until the middle 1970s, dixon ran his own record label, yambo records. he formed different all star bands which often went on tours in europe. he also became an advocate for the blues. he founded the blues heaven foundation. the foundation preserves the blues legacy and secures copyrights and royalties for blues musicians who were often exploited in the past.
in the 1970s and 1980s his health became weaker and weaker because of his diabetes. dixon died of heart failure in burbank, california on january 29, 1992.
the legion of honour () is the highest french award.
it was established by napoleon bonaparte on 19 may 1802.
the order is the highest decoration in france and is divided into five degrees: chevalier (knight), officier (officer), commandeur (commander), grand officier (grand officer) and grand croix (grand cross).
the order's motto is "" ('honour and country'), and its seat is the "palais de la légion d'honneur" on the left bank of the river seine in paris.
imperial college london (ic) is a large university in central london. it specialises in business, engineering, medicine and science.
imperial college was a constituent college of the university of london. it became fully independent in 2007, the 100th anniversary of its founding.
imperial is among the best universities. it ranks 2nd in the 2015 qs world university rankings and 9th in the 2015 times higher education world university rankings. imperial ranked 22 in the 2014 shanghai world rankings.
imperial's faculty and alumni include 15 nobel laureates, 2 fields medalists, 70 fellows of the royal society, 82 fellows of the royal academy of engineering and 78 fellows of the academy of medical sciences.
imperial's main campus is in the south kensington area of central london. it is on the boundary between the royal borough of kensington and chelsea and the city of westminster. its main entrance is on exhibition road.
ic has a number of other campuses in central london. with 525,233 square metres, it has the largest working estate of any higher education institution in the uk.
imperial has around 14,700 full-time students and 3,330 academic and research staff. it had a total income of £694 million in 2009/10, of which £297 million was from research grants and contracts.
imperial is ranked 26th in the world (and 5th in europe) in the 2010 academic ranking of world universities, 7th in the world (and 4th in europe) in the 2010 qs world university rankings, and 9th in the world (and 3rd in europe) in the 2010 times higher education world university rankings.
there are currently 14 nobel prize winners and two fields medal winners amongst imperial's alumni and current and former faculty.
imperial is a member of the g5, the league of european research universities, oak ridge associated universities and the russell group. it forms part of the 'golden triangle' of british universities.
imperial was formed indirectly by prince albert. under his guidance, the crown bought land in south kensington to establish educational and cultural institutions. the area was referred to as "albertopolis" by sceptics. the area included the natural history museum, the victoria and albert museum, the science museum, the royal albert hall and the imperial institute. the imperial institute was opened by queen victoria, who laid the first brick.
the university of london is a federal university made up of 31 affiliates: 19 separate university institutions, and 12 research institutes. 
its headquarters, senate house, is in malet street in the bloomsbury area of camden. this is near university college london and the british museum.
the university of london is the largest university in the uk by number of full-time students, with 135,090 campus-based students and over 45,000 in the university of london international programmes. 
the constituent colleges are responsible for the teaching, the research or the individual students and staff of the constituent colleges; the university is not. the university is an administrative body responsible for standards, degree examinations and certification. 
the university was first established by a royal charter in 1836, which brought together in federation "london university" (now university college london) and "king's college" (now king's college london).
graduates of the university of london may use the post-nominal letters 'lond.' or 'londin.' (both from "londiniensis") after their degree abbreviations.
the university's biggest colleges are birkbeck, goldsmiths, king's college london, the london business school, queen mary, royal holloway, soas, lse and ucl.
founded in 1836, the university at first comprised just two colleges. they were university college london (founded in 1826), which did not apply religious tests to its students, and king's college (founded in 1829), which admitted only members of the church of england. therefore, both university college and king's pre-date the university of london, which initially served solely as an examining body for the constituent colleges.
in 1858 the university expanded its role by offering the university of london international programmes to candidates outside the colleges, the first of its kind in the country. a new headquarters at 6 burlington gardens, providing the university with exam halls and offices, was built to accommodate the new role. 
in 1878 the university became the first university in the uk to admit women on equal terms with men. four female students obtained bachelor of arts degrees in 1880 and two obtained bachelor of science degrees in 1881, again the first in the country.
friedrich wilhelm nikolaus karl von hohenzollern (new palace, potsdam ; 18 october 1831 - new palace, potsdam ; 15 june 1888) was the only son of wilhelm i.
after his father's death on 9 march 1888 friedrich wilhelm became king of prussia and german emperor as friedrich iii, but he was already suffering from throat cancer and died after just 99 days on the throne.
on 25 january 1858 he married princess victoria of the united kingdom, eldest child of queen victoria and albert the prince consort. they had seven children. the oldest, friedrich wilhelm, followed him as king and emperor.
friedrich wilhelm iii died of throat cancer in potsdam. he is buried next to his wife in the mausoleum of the friedenskirche in sanssouci park, potsdam.
king's college london (king's or kcl) is a large university in london, and a college of the federal university of london.
university college london (1826) was founded before it. however, king's (1829) was the third oldest university in england to get its royal charter.
in 1836 king's became, with university college, one of the two founding colleges of the university of london.
king's is arranged into nine schools of study, spread across four thames-side campuses in central london and one in denmark hill, south london.
king's is one of the largest centres for graduate and post-graduate medical teaching and biomedical research in europe. it is home to six medical research council centres, the most of any british university.
king's has around 18,600 full-time students and 5,030 staff and had a total income of £508 million in 2009/10, of which £144 million was from research grants and contracts.
there are 12 nobel prize winners amongst king's alumni and former faculty. king's is ranked 5th nationally and 19th in the world in the 2015 "qs world university rankings," 7th nationally and 27th in the world in the 2015 "the times higher education world university rankings "and 7th nationally and 55th in the world in the 2015" "academic ranking of world universities. in september 2010, "the sunday times" selected king's as its "university of the year".
king's is a member of the european university association and the russell group. it forms part of the 'golden triangle' of british universities.
ganggangsullae (hangul: 강강술래) is a 5,000-year-old traditional korean dance. it was first used to bring a good harvest and has become a cultural symbol for korea. the females in jeollanam-do usually dance this the most. chuseok, the korean style holiday a bit like the american thanksgiving, is often known as the special day for this dance.
the dance is thought to have come from about 5,000 years ago when the koreans believed that the sun, moon, and earth controlled the world. the people (almost always girls in hanboks) would dance under the brightest full moon of the year in order to bring a good harvest.
in the 16th century, when the japanese were attacking korea, korea's admiral yi sun-sin ordered women to do this dance. he told them to do this because he wanted to trick the japanese into overestimating them. the women were said to have worn military uniforms and danced on mount okmae (옥매산).
on february 15, 1966, ganggangsullae was included in the list of the "important cultural properties of korea" #8.
traditionally, this dance performed without any instruments. young and old women dance in a circle at night under the moonlight. they go outside in hanbok, traditional korean clothing, hold hands, make a circle, and start rotating clockwise. the lead singer sings a line. then, the rest of the people all sing, 'ganggangsullae'. then the lead singer sings another line, and the rest of the people reply, 'ganggangsullae'. this is probably where the name of the song came from. as the dance continues, the tempo of the song can get faster. they sing about their personal hardships, relationships, and wants. during the dance, the women also play some games. the ganggangsullae can last until dawn.
the easter bilby is an australian alternative to the easter bunny. bilbies are an endangered species of australian marsupials. bilby shaped chocolates are sold in many australian shops to raise money to help protect the bilbies. 
author rose-marie dusting wrote a book in 1979 called "billy, the aussie easter bilby". some of the money from each book sold goes to helping the bilbies.
the foundation for rabbit-free australia began to use the easter bilby concept in 1991. they wanted to show the damage that rabbits do to the australian environment. the ideas was taken up by an easter egg company, darrell lea. they give a portion of their profits to the foundation.
australian children's book author and illustrator irena sibley produced three easter bilby books between 1994 and 2000 including the best selling "the bilbies' first easter".
sir john richard hicks (8 april 1904 – 20 may 1989) was a british economist. he contributed to the fields of consumer demand theory in microeconomics. in 1937, he developed the is/lm model which summarizes a keynesian view of macroeconomics. his book "value and capital" (1939) significantly extended general-equilibrium and value theory. the compensated demand function is named the hicksian demand function in memory of him.
he was made a knight bachelor in 1964.
in 1972 he received the nobel prize in economic sciences (jointly) for his pioneering contribution to general equilibrium theory and welfare theory.
hicks died on 20 may 1989 at his home in the cotswold village of blockley at the age of 85.
elizabeth "libba" cotten (january 5, 1895 – june 29, 1987) was an american blues and folk musician, singer, and songwriter.
she was born as elizabeth nevills in carrboro, north carolina. she was the youngest of five children of a musical family. at the age of seven she started playing her older brothers banjo. in her early teens she bought her own guitar and started writing own songs. at the age of eleven she wrote a song called "freight train", which was later her signature song. at the age of 15 she worked as maid along with her mother. soon after her 15th birthday she married frank cotten. they had a daughter named lillie and libba gave up music for church and child. they went around in the usa but finally settled in the d.c. area.
after 25 years she became maid in the house of the composer ruth crawford seeger and charles seeger. in this musical family she remembered her own guitar playing. mike seeger recorded her and the songs were later published as "folksongs and instrumentals with guitar", which was released on folkways records. in the early 1960s during the folk revival she played shows with great names like mississippi john hurt, john lee hooker, and muddy waters at venues such as the newport folk festival and the smithsonian festival of american folklife.
she went on touring and recording well into her 80s. in 1984 she won the grammy award for "best ethnic or traditional recording" for her album on arhoolie records, "elizabeth cotten live". her songs were covered by peter, paul, and mary, jerry garcia, bob dylan, devendra banhart, laura gibson, laura veirs, his name is alive and taj mahal. 
chuck e. cheese is a franchise of arcades and restaurants. their restaurants have small rides, pizza (a central focus), and arcade / skill games. it was previously called chuck e. cheese's pizza time theatre (1977–1991).
in most of their stores, they operate animatronic robot characters which sing songs and play instruments.
created in 1977 in san jose, california by atari founder nolan bushnell, it started out as chuck e. cheese's pizza time theatre. in 1984, cec got bought out by then-competitor showbiz pizza place from topeka, kansas and changed their corporate name to "showbiz pizza time". in 1989, brock hotel management(then owners of spt) sold it's "monterrey's tex-mex cafe" brand to them and spun off spt into a separate company. in 1991, all showbiz and pizza time stores re-branded as "chuck e. cheese's pizza" and in 1998 spt changed their corporate name to "cec entertainment". in 1999, cece bought out their primary competitor, discovery zone and in 2014 they bought the "peter piper's pizza" chain. in 2013, cece got bought by apollo global management as was / is put up for sale.
cece's headquarters are in irving, texas and have 590 cec store locations worldwide.
in september 2020, it was announced that chuck e. cheese is developing a live-action movie and an animated television series.
robert john arthur "rob" halford (born 25 august 1951) is an english singer-songwriter. he was born in sutton coldfield and raised in walsall. he is best known as the lead vocalist for the grammy award-winning heavy metal band judas priest. he is nicknamed "metal god". he is also credited as being the first openly gay mainstream heavy metal star when he came out as gay in 1998.
rob almost exclusively now works with producer mike exeter when creating new music having met him whilst working on the redeemer of souls album with judas priest.
the most eminent order of the indian empire is an order of chivalry founded by queen victoria in 1878. the order includes members of three classes:
no appointments have been made since 1947, the year of indian independence and the partition of india. in 2010 the last surviving knight, the maharaja of dhrangadhra, died and the order became dormant .
the motto of the order is "", (under the auspices of the empress), a reference to queen victoria, the first empress of india. the order is the junior british order of chivalry associated with the empire of india; the senior one is the most exalted order of the star of india.
the british founded the order in 1878 to reward british and "native" officials who served in india. the order originally had only one class (companion), but a second class, knights commander, was added in 1887. the british authorities intended the order of the indian empire as a less exclusive version of the order of the star of india (founded in 1861); consequently, many more appointments were made to the former than to the latter.
on 15 february 1887, the order of the indian empire formally became "the most eminent order of the indian empire" and was divided into two classes: knights commander and companions, with the following first knights commander:
however, on 5 january 1888, a further proclamation regarding the order was made; the order was expanded from two classes to three - knight grand commander, knight commander and companion. seven knights grand commander were created; they were:
normally the highest grade in british orders is knight grand cross, but knight grand commander was chosen for the two indian awards because of the christian symbolism of the cross.
appointments to both orders stopped after 14 august 1947. the orders have never been formally abolished, and queen elizabeth ii remains the sovereign of the orders to this day. today, there are no living members of the order.
the fictional characters purun dass (invented by rudyard kipling) and harry paget flashman (invented by george macdonald fraser) each held a kcie; kipling's engineer findlayson in "the day's work" (1908) wants the cie.
the british sovereign is the sovereign of the order. the grand master held the next-most senior rank; the position was held, "ex officio", by the viceroy of india. members of the first class were known as "knights grand commanders" rather than "knights grand cross" so as not to offend the non-christian indians appointed to the order.
at the time of foundation in 1878 the order had only one class, that of companion. there could be any number of members. in 1887, the order was divided into the two classes of knights commander (50 at any given time) and companions (no quota). the following year the class of knight grand commander (25 at any given time) was added; the composition of the other two classes remained the same.
british officials and soldiers were eligible for appointment, as were rulers of indian princely states. generally, the rulers of the more important states were appointed knights grand commanders of the order of the star of india, rather than of the order of the indian empire. women, except the princely rulers, could not be members the order. female princely rulers were admitted as "knights" rather than as "dames" or "ladies".
as well, other asian and middle eastern rulers were also appointed.
the garden state parkway (or garden state pkwy) is a toll highway (which means that people must pay to drive on it) that goes through new jersey from the south end of the state at cape may to the north end of the state at montvale, new jersey. it is 172.4 miles long, and in 2008, was reported to be the busiest toll highway in the united states.
anyone who behaves in a way that might bring an order, decoration or medal into disrepute may have his award revoked (cancelled).
order of the british empire.
david le roux (appointed 1990), following his conviction under the financial services act 1986.
the most exalted order of the star of india is an order of chivalry founded by queen victoria in 1861. the order includes members of three classes:
no appointments have been made since the partition of india in 1947. the last living knight, the maharaja of alwar, died in 2009 and the order became dormant.
the motto of the order is "heaven's light our guide". the "star of india", the emblem of the order, also appeared on the flag of the viceroy of india.
the order is the senior order of chivalry of the empire of india; the junior order is the most eminent order of the indian empire, and there was also, for women only the imperial order of the crown of india. it is the fifth-most-senior british order of chivalry, following the most noble order of the garter, the most ancient and most noble order of the thistle, the most illustrious order of st patrick, and the most honourable order of the bath.
after the indian mutiny the british government created a new order of knighthood to honour indian princes and chiefs, as well as british officers and administrators who served in india. on 25 june 1861, queen victoria issued a proclamation creating "the most exalted order of the star of india" to "reward conspicuous merit and loyalty"
the first appointees were:
the order of the indian empire, founded in 1877, was intended to be a less exclusive version of the order of the star of india; consequently, many more appointments were made to the former than to the latter.
appointments to the orders relating to the british empire in india ceased after 14 august 1947. the orders have never been formally abolished and elizabeth ii succeeded her father george vi as sovereign of the orders when she ascended the throne in 1952. she remains sovereign of the order to this day. today, there are no living members of the order:
the british sovereign was, and still is, sovereign of the order. the next-most senior member was the grand master; the position was held, "ex officio", by the viceroy of india. when the order was established in 1861, there was only one class of knights companions, who bore the postnominals ksi. in 1866, however, it was expanded to three classes. members of the first class were known as "knights grand commanders", rather than "knights grand cross", so as not to offend the non-christian indians appointed to the order. all those surviving members who had already been made knights companions of the order were made knights grand commanders.
former viceroys and other high officials, as well as those who served in the department of the secretary of state for india for at least thirty years were eligible for appointment. rulers of indian princely states were also eligible for appointment to the order. some states were of such importance that their rulers were almost always appointed knights grand commanders; such rulers included the nizam of hyderabad, the maharaja of mysore, the maharaja of jammu and kashmir, the maharaja of baroda, the maharajas of gwalior, the nawab of bhopal, the maharaja of indore, the maharana of udaipur, the maharaja of travancore, the maharana of jodhpur and the maharao of cutch.
kashi naresh prabhu narayan singh of benares was appointed knight commander of the order of the indian empire (kcie) in 1892, knight grand commander of the order of the indian empire (gcie) in 1898, and knight grand commander of the order of the star of india (gcsi) for his services in the first world war in the 1921 new year honours.
rulers of other nations in asia and the middle east, including the emir of kuwait, the maharajas of the rana dynasty, the khedive of egypt, the king of bhutan and the rulers of zanzibar, bahrain and oman were also appointed to the order. like some rulers of princely states, some rulers of particular prestige, for example the maharajas of the rana dynasty or the sultans of oman, were usually appointed knights grand commanders.
women, who were not princely rulers, could not be members of the order. they were, admitted as "knights", rather than as "dames" or "ladies". the first woman to be admitted to the order was hh nawab sikandar begum sahiba, nawab begum of bhopal; she was created a knight companion at the order's foundation in 1861. the order's statutes were specially amended to permit the admission of queen mary as a knight grand commander in 1911.
joshua holt hamilton (born may 21, 1981, in raleigh, north carolina) is an american professional baseball player who is currently a free agent. he has played for the cincinnati reds, texas rangers, and los angeles angels of anaheim of major league baseball (mlb). in the 2010 season he was named american league mvp. he chose to play for the angels after they offered him a 5-year contract, worth $125 million.
on april 27, 2015, the angels traded hamilton back to the rangers.
runs batted in or rbi is a statistic used in baseball and softball to credit a batter when the outcome of his at bat results in a run being scored, except in certain situations such as when an error is made on the play.
major league baseball rules.
the official rulebook of major league baseball states in rule 10.04:
a base on balls (bb) is given to a batter and against a pitcher in baseball statistics when a batter receives four pitches that the umpire calls "balls". it is also known as a walk.
intentional base on balls.
another version of base on balls is called intentional base on balls (ibb) or intentional walk. this is when the pitcher deliberately pitches the ball away from the batter in order to issue a base on balls. as with any other walk, an intentional walk entitles the batter to first base without being able to be put out, and entitles any runners to advance if forced. intentional walks are a strategic defensive maneuver, usually done to bypass one hitter for one the defensive team believes is less likely to initiate a run-scoring play (e.g., a home run, sacrifice fly, or rbi base hit), or to set up a double play or force out situation for the next batter. they do carry an inherent risk, however, as they give the offensive team another runner on base, without any effort on their part, who could potentially score a run.
martin st. louis (; born june 18, 1975) is a canadian professional ice hockey right winger. he played in the national hockey league (nhl) for the calgary flames, tampa bay lightning and the new york rangers as well as the hc lausanne of the national league a (nla).
st. louis played college hockey at the university of vermont for the catamounts where he also played on the same team as former boston bruins goaltender tim thomas and former nhl player éric perrin. he has also played 2 seasons with the calgary flames and 13 seasons with the tampa bay lightning.
on march 5, 2014, the lightning traded st. louis to the new york rangers for new york captain ryan callahan, a 2015 first-round draft pick, and a conditional 2014 second-round pick.
st. louis is married to his wife heather coragol and they have three sons, ryan, lucas and mason.
campden tablets are used by people making their own beer, wine, or cider. the tablets kill yeast, making better yeast to be added later for better drinks. 5 of them in 1 pint of water makes a cleaning liquid that can be used to clean the equipment. they are made from sulfur. they were invented in gloucestershire in the 1920s, but boots co. made them better. they can also be used to get rid of chlorine in tap water, making it safer to drink. 
 is one of the 23 special wards of tokyo, japan. 
the municipality calls itself "meguro city" in english.
as of december 31, 2007, the ward has an estimated population of 259,968 and a density of 17,685 persons per km². the total area is 14.70 km².
the ward was founded on march 15, 1947.
the area now known as meguro was originally two towns. one was called meguro, and the other was called hibusuma. both used to be parts of the ebara district of musashi province. the two were combined to create meguro ward for tokyo city in 1932. the ward area has not changed since then.
the number of people living in meguro has not changed over the last forty years. the high was almost 300,000 people in 1970, and the low was under 250,000 in 1995. see the census information below.
there are four other special wards next to meguro. they are shibuya (to the northeast), setagaya (to the west), ōta (to the south) and shinagawa (to the southeast).
foreign embassies and consulates.
there are many embassies from african nations in the ward.
the wilhelm scream is a movie and television sound effect first used in 1951 for the movie "distant drums". the effect became popular again (its use often becoming an in-joke) after it was used in "star wars" and many other movies as well as television shows and video games. the scream is often used when someone is shot, falls from a great height, or is thrown from an explosion.
the sound is named for private wilhelm, a character in "the charge at feather river", a 1953 western in which the character is shot with an arrow. this was believed to be the third movie to use the sound effect. it was the first use of the sound from the warner brothers sound library.
the sound effect comes from a series of sound effects made for the 1951 movie "distant drums". in a scene from the movie, soldiers are walking through a swamp in the everglades. one of them is bitten and dragged underwater by an alligator. the scream for that scene was recorded later in one take. the sound was labeled as "man getting bit by an alligator, and he screams." 
the wilhelm scream began to become popular when benjamin burtt jr. found the original recording (which he found labeled as "man being eaten by alligator") and put it into a scene in "". burtt is credited with naming the scream after private wilhelm (after a soldier in "the charge at feather river" who was shot by an arrow and screamed). over the next decade, burtt began using the effect in other films he worked on. this included most projects with george lucas or steven spielberg. it is used in all of the indiana jones movies. other sound designers picked up on the effect, and use of the sound in movies became a tradition in the community of sound designers.
research by burtt shows that actor and singer sheb wooley, best known for his song "flying purple people eater" in 1958, is likely to have been the voice actor who first performed the scream. this has been supported by an interview in 2005 with linda dotson, wooley's widow. burtt discovered records at warner brothers from the editor of "distant drums". these records include a short list of names of actors scheduled to record lines of dialogue for roles in the movie. wooley played the uncredited role of private jessup in "distant drums." he was one of the few actors used for the recording of more vocal parts for the movie. wooley performed more sound effects, including the screams for a man being bitten by an alligator. dotson confirmed that it was wooley's scream that had been in so many westerns, adding, "he always used to joke about how he was so great about screaming and dying in films."
the wilhelm scream has become a cinematic sound cliché. by 2008 it had been used in many works, including over 216 movies, television shows and video games . some directors, most notably george lucas, include it in almost every one of their productions. 
in 2010, a wilhelm scream app was released on the apple iphone. as of 2011, it is still free to download.
the second single by british artist james blake was called "the wilhelm scream" and was released in 2011.
vitacura is a commune and city of santiago province, chile. according to the chilean census on 2002, vitacura has an area of and 81,499 inhabitants.
the name of this city is in honor to the cacique called "vitacura" who was collaborator of the spanish conqueror pedro de valdivia.
a veranda or verandah is a porch or long, open room with a roof over it. it can be an open area with a roof that is built around a building at the center. it usually has a line of columns or pillars holding up the roof. there is often a railing around the outside. verandahs often cover the whole front and sides of a building.
history of term.
the word veranda came to english through india by way of an indo-portuguese creole, the word itself comes from the portuguese "varanda" which means "long balcony or terrace".
verandahs in styles of architecture.
the veranda has been an important part of local australian architecture. it began to become common in colonial buildings during the 1850s.
the creole townhouse in new orleans, louisiana is also noted for its prominent use of verandas.
 is one of the 23 special wards of tokyo, japan. it is sometimes called shinagawa city in english.
as of 2008, the ward has an estimated population of 344,461 and a density of 15,740 persons per km². the total area is 22.72 km².
the ward was founded on march 15, 1947 by combining ebara ward with the older shinagawa ward. both ebara ward and shinagawa ward had been created in 1932 when tokyo city expanded after the great kantō earthquake.
shinagawa is a transport hub with the busy shinagawa station nearby in minato ward.
politics and government.
shinagawa is run by a city assembly of 40 elected members.
tokyo metropolitan government board of education operates two special colleges in shinagawa:
shinagawa has sister-city relationships with auckland in new zealand, geneva in switzerland, and portland, maine in the united states.
ass to mouth is a common term that describes one partner removing his penis from the anus, and inserting it into his partner's or another person's mouth.
the amalie arena is an arena in tampa, florida, that has been used for ice hockey, basketball, and arena football games, as well as concerts.
it is home to the tampa bay lightning of the national hockey league and the tampa bay storm of the arena football league.
the area has previously been called the ice palace (19996-2011) and tampa bay times forum (2012-2014).
the arena, in downtown tampa's channelside district was a secondary location chosen after the failure of tampa coliseum inc. to secure funding to construct an arena on tampa sports authority land near tampa stadium. it opened in 1996 as the ice palace. its first event was a performance by the royal hanneford circus. the first hockey game was the lightning hosting the new york rangers, which the lightning won by a score of 5–2.
the arena was built as a new home for the lightning after the club outgrew the older, smaller expo hall at the florida state fairgrounds. prior to the opening of the ice palace, the lightning moved to the florida suncoast dome, which was nicknamed the "thunderdome," in st. petersburg, florida, joining the tampa bay storm, in 1994. upon the completion of the ice palace, both the lightning and the storm, moved in. the thunderdome, now named tropicana field, is currently home to major league baseball's tampa bay rays.
control of the venue has changed hands three times since the building's opening in 1996. the lease agreement ties the arena to the ownership of the tampa bay lightning.
naming rights to the ice palace were sold to the "st. petersburg times", a daily newspaper sold throughout the tampa bay area. in january 2012, the arena name changed to tampa bay times forum once the newspaper renamed itself the "tampa bay times".
on september 3, 2014, tampa bay lightning owner jeff vinik announced that the arena would be renamed amalie arena after they came to an agreement with amalie oil company, an oil company based in tampa. other entertainment events occasionally held in the arena include concerts, nba games, usf basketball and ncaa tournament games, tennis, professional wrestling, boxing, figure skating, and rodeos (as well as stand-alone bull riding events; the arena has hosted an event by the pbr's premier tour, the bud light cup (renamed built ford tough series in 2003), annually since 1998.)
the building hosted the 1999 nhl all-star game, world wrestling federation "survivor series 2000", and games of the ncaa men's division i basketball tournament in 2003, 2008 and 2011. the arena hosted 4 of the 7 games during the 2004 stanley cup finals, as the lightning defeated the calgary flames 4 games to 3 to win their first stanley cup. the arena also hosted arenabowl xii (1998) and arenabowl xvii (2003) and the 2007 acc men's basketball tournament.
the arena hosted the 2008 ncaa women's division i final four basketball tournament on april 6–8. tennessee beat stanford, 64-48. in 2009, the arena hosted the southeastern conference men's basketball tournament.
in 2009, britney spears performed at the arena for her "the circus starring britney spears" tour. the show is also notable for a wardrobe malfunction and the remark, "okay, my pussy is hanging out of this fucking --", after she performed "i'm a slave 4 u" and didn't realize that her mic was still on. the incident later received notable attention and has received thousands of views on youtube.
in 2012, amalie arena hosted the ncaa men's hockey frozen four championship finals; this was the first time the "frozen four" was held outside the northern us since 1999, when the university of alaska anchorage hosted the event at the arrowhead pond of anaheim, now the honda center, in anaheim, california. the frozen four was hosted by the university of alabama in huntsville, the nearest ncaa hockey team to florida.
wwe raw and wwe smackdown has been held at the arena numerous times. wwe held their three-hour event inside of the arena where raw hosted their 800th episode celebration on november 3, 2008. wwe returned to the arena once again for the december 21st edition of raw where former new york yankees and current tampa bay rays player johnny damon served as the guest host at the time he was a free agent. for the first time in three years, smackdown returned to amalie arena for the june 8, 2010 edition.
tampa also hosted wwe extreme rules on may 1, 2011; it was the arena's first wwe ppv since survivor series 2000 in 11 years as it was originally scheduled to take place at the amway center in orlando.
amalie arena hosted the 2012 republican national convention.
piedmont blues (also called east coast blues) is a blues music style from the east coast of the usa. the name came from the piedmont, a hilly coastal area between richmond, virginia and atlanta, georgia. but the style is also played in maryland, delaware, west virginia, pennsylvania and florida.
the main instruments are guitar, vocals, drums and bass. the piedmont style is played on acoustic instruments. the main difference to the delta blues is the ragtime based rhythm. the style is influenced by ragtime, country string bands, traveling medicine shows and popular song of the early 20th century. east coast piedmont blues blended both black and white, rural and urban song elements in the diverse urban centers of the southeast and mid-atlantic region. in contrast to delta blues, the piedmont blues were influenced by white music.
in the early twentieth century artists such as blind boy fuller, blind blake, blind willie mctell, rev. gary davis and sonny terry made piedmont blues popular. women also played the piedmont guitar style, including etta baker and elizabeth cotten, whose “freight train” is one of the most recognized piedmont tunes. before the second world war piedmont blues was a style that was very popular with the african-americans of the south. the heyday was the 1920s and 1930s.
the sportverein austria salzburg (shortly sv austria salzburg) is an austrian footballclub based in salzburg. the club was founded in 2005 after the red bull takover of the old austria salzburg.
the club was founded in september 2005 after the red bull takover of the 1933 founded club sv austria salzburg. due to differences about the new club supporters left the now socalled fc red bull salzburg and founded sv austria salzburg. role models were the fanbiased english clubs afc wimbledon and fc united of manchester. the club claims to preserve the tradition of sv austria salzburg.
the season 2005/06 they played together with psv schwarz-weiß in the salzburger landesliga (4th class) but at the end of the season the cooperation ended. the club has to start in the 7. class of austrian football. the first match of the new sv austria salzburg was played on 29 july 2006 against "lieferinger sv", another football club from the city of salzburg. sv austria salzburg won 6–0.but the following seasons they won the classes they played in so they play the season 2010/11 in the regionalliga west, which is the 3rd class of austrian league system.
in the 2014–15 season the club was promoted to the first league, the second tier of austrian football. the promotion to the first league forced the club into debt of €900,000 by november 2015. it was caused by an increased budget for the players and a security requirement in november 2015 they were fined €40,000 and had 6 points deducted. this was due to their failure to adhere to the league's stadium requirements. the same year they were relegated.
now austria salzburg is playing in the regionalliga salzburg (3rd level).
sir richard timothy hunt , (born 19 february 1943 in neston, cheshire), is an english biochemist. he is usually known as tim hunt.
hunt shared the 2001 nobel prize in physiology or medicine for his work on cell division.
the prize was shared with paul nurse and leland h. hartwell. they had discovered the molecules which control cell division.
cyclins are proteins that play a key role in regulating the cell-division cycle. hunt found that cyclins begin to be synthesised after eggs are fertilised. he also found that cyclins are present in vertebrate cells, where they also regulate the cell cycle.
at the age of eight he was accepted into the dragon school, where he first developed an interest in biology thanks to his german teacher, gerd sommerhoff.
when he was fourteen he moved to magdalen college school, oxford, where the science prizes now bear his name.
in 1961, hunt was accepted into clare college, cambridge to study natural sciences, graduating in 1964 and immediately beginning work in the university department of biochemistry.
he finished his phd in 1968 and went to new york to work on protein synthesis. tiny amounts of glutathione inhibited protein synthesis in reticulocytes (immature red blood cells), and tiny amounts of rna killed the synthesis altogether. after returning to cambridge he continued work on substances which started or inhibited protein synthesis.
in 1982 at the marine biological laboratory at woods hole, massachusetts, he used the sea urchin ("arbacia punctulata") egg as his model organism. he discovered the cyclin molecule. 
hunt found that cyclins are present in vertebrate cells where they regulate the cell cycle. his group showed that cyclins bind and activate a family of protein kinases. one of these had been identified as a crucial cell cycle regulator by paul nurse.
in 1990 he began work at imperial cancer research fund. in 2001 he was awarded the nobel prize in physiology or medicine with leland hartwell and paul nurse for their work on cell division. other honours followed, and he was knighted by the queen in 2006.
hunt is married to mary collins. the couple have two daughters.
christ church is one of the largest colleges of the university of oxford. the college was founded by henry viii in 1546. 
as well as being a college, christ church is also the cathedral church of the diocese of oxford, namely christ church cathedral, oxford. 
christ church has produced thirteen british prime ministers. this is equal to the number produced by all 45 other oxford colleges put together, and two short of the total number for the university of cambridge (fifteen).
appearance in novels.
the college is the setting for parts of evelyn waugh's "brideshead revisited", as well as lewis carroll's "alice's adventures in wonderland". more recently it has been used in the filming of the movies of j. k. rowling's "harry potter" series and also the movie adaptation of philip pullman's novel "northern lights" (the movie bearing the title of the us edition of the book, "the golden compass"). 
distinctive features of the college's architecture have been used as models by a number of other academic institutions. the university of chicago and cornell university both have reproductions of christ church's dining hall. christ church cathedral, new zealand, after which the city of christchurch is named, is itself named after christ church, oxford. stained glass windows in the cathedral and other buildings are by the pre-raphaelite william morris group with designs by edward burne-jones.
the college has admitted female students since 1978.
roman wallner (born 4 february 1982 in graz, styria) is a former austrian footballer. he played as striker.
he started playing football in his hometown graz for sturm graz, the next year he played for sk rapid wien. he played for rapid from 1999 till 2004 and shot 42 goals in 134 matches. roman wallner also played for hannover 96, admira wacker, austria vienna, falkirk, hamilton academical, apollon kalamarias and skoda xanthi. after his years in greece he came back to austria playing for lask linz. because he had also personal problems during his time in foreign countries the contract with lask was his last chance to gain success in football. he played this year very successfully and scored 19 goals for lask and red bull salzburg where he went in winter 2010. in the 2010/11 season he was the best scorer for red bull salzburg with 18 goals in the league and 4 goals in international matches.
he started his career in 2001 in the world cup qualification match versus liechtenstein.since then he scored 7 goals in 29 matches.
radha is a hindu goddess and the chief consort of krishna. she is worshiped as the goddess of love, compassion, tenderness and devotion. radha is the avatar of lakshmi and is also considered as the "hladini" shakti or feminine counterpart of krishna. every year, radha's birth anniversary is celebrated as "radhashtami".
in many vaishnavism traditions including - gaudiya vaishnavism, pushtimarg, nimbark sampradaya, vaishnav sahijya, swaminarayan sampradaya, radha-vallabh sampradaya, manipuri vaishnavism and mahanam sampradaya, radha is revered as the supreme goddess and is worshiped along with krishna.
radha is the prominent hindu deity and has significant influence on the indian culture, paintings, performance arts and literary works. gita govinda is the popular literary work based on radha and krishna which has further inspired other literary works, paintings and dance forms including classical manipuri dance.
franz "fränky" schiemer (born march 21, 1986, in haag am hausruck, upper austria) wasan austrian footballer who played as a defender for fc red bull salzburg in the austrian bundesliga.
he started in his local club taufkirchen as striker in the youth ranks.for sv ried he made his professional debut in the 2003/04 season at the age of 17. with the u17 national team he was 3rd in the uefa - european championship 2003. 2005 he joined fk austria wien. with this club he reached his first championsship. 2009 he joined fc red bull salzburg, where he signed till 2012. he played all position in the defence and reached 2010 with red bull salzburg his second championship.
in 2014 he retired due to often injuries.
lake geneva (, , or "genfer see") is the second largest lake in central europe. the lake forms the border between france and switzerland. about three fifths are in switzerland. in total, it is about 580 km3 in size. at its deepest point it is 310 m deep, which makes it france's deepest lake. the biggest contributing river is the rhone, other important tributaries are the dranse, the venoge and the aubonne. the rhone traverses the lake, and exits at geneva. on average, its waters take 11.4 years to traverse the lake. other than geneva, important swiss cities at the lakeshore are lausanne, montreux and vevey. the biggest french city at the lakeshore is thonon-les-bains, the best known is évian-les-bains.
there are six small islands in the lake:
the pierres du niton are two erratic stones in the lake in geneva. they were deposited there during the last ice age.
the audi a6 is an automobile produced by audi. it replaced the audi 100 in 1994, and entered its fourth generation in 2011.
it is available in both sedan and station wagon bodystyles. it is also available in suv bodystyle, called audi q7 quattro.
king diamond (born kim bendix petersen, copenhagen, denmark, on june 14, 1956) is a grammy award-nominated heavy metal musician. as a vocalist, he is known for his extensive vocal range, in particular his usage of falsetto. he is the lead vocalist for both bands mercyful fate and king diamond.
the volkswagen eos is a car produced by volkswagen since 2006. it replaced the in 2001 discontinued volkswagen golf cabriolet.
jesus college is one of the colleges of the university of oxford. 
the college was founded by elizabeth i on 27 june 1571 for the education of clergy, though students now study a broad range of secular subjects. 
a major driving force behind the establishment of the college was hugh price (or ap rhys), a churchman and lawyer from brecon in wales. the college continues to be associated informally with wales to this day. 
the oldest buildings, in the first quadrangle, date from the 16th and early 17th centuries; a second quadrangle was added between about 1640 and about 1713, and a third quadrangle was built in about 1906. further accommodation was built on the main site to mark the 400th anniversary of the college, in 1971, and student flats have been constructed at sites in north and east oxford.
the life of the college was disrupted by the english civil war. little happened at the college during the 18th century, and the 19th century saw a decline in numbers and academic standards. 
reforms of oxford university after two royal commissions in the latter half of the 19th century led to removal of many of the restrictions placed on the college's fellowships and scholarships. this meant the college was no longer mostly welsh students and academics. students' academic achievements rose in the early 20th century as fellows were appointed to teach in new subjects. women were first admitted in 1974 and now form a large part of the undergraduate population.
there are about 475 students. the principal of the college is lord krebs, the son of the nobel prize winner hans krebs. former students include harold wilson (twice british prime minister), norman washington manley (chief minister of jamaica) and t.e. lawrence ("lawrence of arabia"). 
the university's chair (professorship) of celtic is attached to the college.
nosferatu eine symphonie des grauens (translation: "nosferatu: a symphony of horror") is a 1922 german silent horror movie by f. w. murnau. it was based on the "dracula" novel by bram stoker.
the movie was shot in 1921 and was released in germany in 1922 and in the us in 1929. it is about a vampire or "nosferatu" named count orlok (starring max schreck) who lives in a castle on top of a hill. the movie is in the public domain in america but not in germany.
the movie was a commercial failure and caused the company prana film to be shut down due to copyright infringement. the movie was the only movie by prana film.
the movie got a strong cult following. not only this, the movie has received overwhelmingly positive reviews. on rotten tomatoes it got a "certified fresh" label: 98% of critics gave the film a positive review with a "fresh" rating, based on 46 reviews.
in 2010, it was ranked twenty-first in "empire" magazine's "the 100 best films of world cinema".
in 1838, thomas hutter lives in the fictional german city of wisborg. his mysterious employer, estate agent herr knock, sends hutter to transylvania to visit a new client named count orlok who plans to buy a house in wisborg. hutter entrusts his loving wife ellen to his good friend harding and harding's sister annie, before embarking on his long journey. nearing his destination in the carpathian mountains, hutter stops at an inn for dinner. the locals become frightened by the mere mention of orlok's name and discourage him from traveling to his castle at night, warning of a werewolf on the prowl.
the next morning, hutter takes a coach to a high mountain pass, but the coachman declines to take him any further than the bridge as nightfall is approaching. a black-swathed coach appears after hutter crosses the bridge and the coachman gestures for him to climb aboard. hutter is welcomed at a castle by count orlok. when hutter is eating dinner and accidentally cuts his thumb, orlok tries to suck the blood out, but his repulsed guest pulls his hand away.
hutter wakes up to a deserted castle the morning after and notices fresh punctures on his neck which, in a letter he sends by courier on horseback to be delivered to his devoted wife, he attributes to mosquitoes. that night, orlok signs the documents to purchase the house across from hutter's own home in wisborg and notices a photo of hutter's wife, remarking that she has a "lovely neck."
"nosferatu" is prana film's only production. prana film was founded 1921 by enrico dieckmann and albin grau. grau had the idea to shoot a vampire film; the inspiration arose from grau's war experience: in the winter of 1916, a serbian farmer told him that his father was a vampire and one of the undead.
diekmann and grau gave henrik galeen a job to screenplay inspired from bram stoker's 1897 novel "dracula", despite prana film not having rights to the film. galeen was an experienced specialist in dark romanticism ; he had already worked on "der student von prag" ("the student of prague") in 1913, and the screenplay for 1920's "der golem, wie er in die welt kam" ("the golem: how he came into the world"). galeen set the story in a fictional north german harbour town named wisborg and changed the character names. he added the idea of the vampire bringing the plague to wisborg via rats on the ship. he left out the van helsing vampire hunter character. galeen's german expressionism screenplay was poetically rhythmic, without being so dismembered as other books influenced by literary expressionism, such as those by carl mayer. lotte eisner described galeen's screenplay as "" ("full of poetry, full of rhythm").
dieckmann and gray won the director friedrich wilhelm murnau, who made movies until 1919, but had made ​​his first seven productions a reputation as a talented filmmaker. gray, who had studied at the art academy in dresden, took over as artistic director and designed sets and costumes. for the soundtrack of the musical director of the prana-film hans erdmann was responsible. the unknown stage actor max schreck from munich, was committed for the title role. other roles took on expressionist theater of max reinhardt trained actors like greta schröder, gustav von wangenheim, and alexander granach, a former classmate at murnau reinhardt's acting school at the deutsches theater.
filming began in july 1921. exterior shots were filmed in wismar. a take from marienkirche's tower over wismar marketplace with the wasserkunst wismar served as the establishing shot for the wisborg scene. other locations were the wassertor, the heiligen-geist-kirche yard and the harbour. in lübeck, the abandoned salzspeicher served as nosferatu's new wisborg house, the one of the churchyard from aegidienkirche served as hutters and down the depenau "coffin bearers" beared coffins. many walks of lübeck took place in the hunt of "knock" who ordered hutter in the "yard of füchting" to meet the earl. further exterior shots followed in lauenburg, rostock and on sylt. the film team travelled to the carpathian mountains, where orava castle served as backdrop for orlok's half-ruined castle. nearby locations also served: hutter's stay at dolný kubín; the river journey with the coffins filmed on the váh river; and the panoramas of the high tatras mountain range. the team filmed interior shots at the jofa studio in berlin's johannisthal locality. and further exteriors in the tegel forest. parts of the film set in transylvania were also shot in slovakia.
for cost reasons, cameraman fritz arno wagner only had one camera available, and therefore there was only one original negative. the director followed galeen's screenplay carefully, following handwritten instructions on camera positioning, lighting, and related matters. nevertheless, murnau completely rewrote 12 pages of the script, as galeen's text was missing from the director's working script. this concerned the last scene of the film, in which ellen sacrifices herself and the vampire dies in the first rays of the sun. murnau prepared carefully; there were sketches that were to correspond exactly to each filmed scene, and he used a metronome to control the pace of the acting.
since the camera was mostly static and immobile to nosferatu, murnau used movement and differentiation within the rigid cadre in order to energize the scene. as orloks ship slowly moves from right to left through the movie screen, murnau used this so eisner's "powerful effect[s] of the impression of transverse motion." would stress education. this served the same purpose subjectifications of the camera view, such as when the vampire filmed on the ship from the frog perspective or stand looking out of windows, parts of the frame and shoots into view . the highlight of the subjectivated gaze are the scenes in which the vampire character - directly facing the camera - turns to the audience and thus the fourth wall is broken: "the vampire seems by its immensity, the dimensions of the screen to blow up and the viewers to directly threaten "
shortly before the premiere, an advertisement campaign was placed in issue 21 of the magazine "bühne und film", with a summary, scene and work photographs, production reports and essays including a treatment on vampirism by albin grau. nosferatu's preview premiered on 4 march 1922 in the "marmorsaal" of the berlin zoological garden. this was planned as a large society evening called "" (festival of nosferatu), and guests were asked to arrive dressed in biedermeier costume. the cinema premiere itself took place on 15 march 1922 at berlin's .
this was prana film's only movie because the movie was a financial failure as a limited release. the ufa refused to take the film in the program of their large movie theaters, and so nosferatu was only shown in a few small theaters. this was also because bram stoker had an estate, acting for his widow, florence stoker, sueing for copyright infringement and winning. the court ordered all existing prints of "nosferatu" burned, but one purported copy of the film had already been distributed around the world. these prints were duplicated over the years.
despite the movie's failure and prana film's bankruptcy in 1922, the film received critically positive reviews. rotten tomatoes says that 98% of critical reviews were positive (53 out of a total 55 reviews) with an average rating of 3.9/5, stating, "one of the silent era's most influential masterpieces, nosferatu's eerie, gothic feel -- and a chilling performance from max schreck as the vampire -- set the template for the horror films that followed."
roger ebert called it "more effective for being" a "silent" film. he concluded,
ulrich gregor and enno patalas evaluate "nosferatu" as a quantum leap in murnau's cinematic work for being "visible for the first time in any setting." thomas elsaesser says the appeal of the film from the conflict between technical perfection and its mainly psychological acting subject: "murnau's poetry, the result was a detached, almost clinical application of technical mastery german photography and camera work in an emotionally charged, with deep-seated fears and feelings related topics". the dream-like, the subconscious appealing presentation give the film a "shadow only decipherable, hidden logic", they keep the film "still strong appeal character," says thomas koebner. also kreimeier klaus picks up on this film "nosferatu" effect and certify an "authenticity of the dream - and the fictional (the means based on conventions) character of what we call reality."
william k. everson judges, the film suffered "under the extrovert and plenty of covered play by alexander granach [...] and virtually all other members of the cast out fear." also, lotte h. eisner criticized the cumbersome play, the actors performances were "not significant", which they impute to the fact that murnau not experienced at this time in the lead actor had been enough.
in other media.
aaron copland's 1922 ballet "grohg" (unpublished and unpremiered until 1992) used "nosferatu" as the physical model for the lead character and roughly follows the storyline.
hugh cornwell of the stranglers and robert williams recorded an album "nosferatu" as a "soundtrack" to the film, dedicated to the memory of max schreck; it was released in 1979. the front cover was a still picture from the film.
werner herzog's 1979 homage to nosferatu, "nosferatu the vampyre" starred klaus kinski as count dracula, not orlok. a sequel to herzog's film called "vampire in venice" starred kinski, this time as nosferatu, and christopher plummer as paris catalano.
the 1979 television movie "salem's lot" modeled the appearance of mr. barlow on that of count orlok. in 1998, wayne keeley released "", in which the original film was remastered to a soundtrack by type o negative and hosted by david carradine.
the 2000 hollywood movie "shadow of the vampire" told a secret history of the making of "nosferatu", imagining that actor max schreck (played by willem dafoe) was actually a genuine vampire and that director f. w. murnau (john malkovich) was complicit in hiring the creature for the purpose of realism.
similarly, the short film 'la duodécima hora' by rodrigo plaza and film critic juanma ruiz, suggested a hidden plot orchestrated by nosferatu director and producer, f. w. murnau and albin grau, to hide an elixir of the eternal life. shot as a mockumentary, the film starred horror icon paul naschy and nosferatu film restorer luciano berriatúa.
viper comics's 2010 graphic novel "nosferatu" by christopher howard wolf retold the original 1922 film's storyline with a modern setting and cast.
the cartoon network adult swim series mary shelley's frankenhole, a parody of classic horror movies and characters, features nosferatu as a recurring character.
king diamond are a danish heavy metal band. it was formed by king diamond after the split up of his band mercyful fate.
lego duplo (also called lego preschool, explore or simply just duplo) is another type of lego toys. the difference is that they are bigger than regular lego and that they are meant for ages 1½-6, because they are easier to handle than regular lego. lego duplo were launched in 1969.
obi-wan kenobi, also known as ben kenobi, is a fictional character in the "star wars" universe. he is one of several primary characters and one of the protagonist in the "star wars" series. he is a jedi master. 
with anakin skywalker/darth vader, r2-d2, and c-3po, he is one of the few major characters to appear in all of the six "star wars" movies. he is portrayed in the original trilogy by alec guinness and in the prequel trilogy by ewan mcgregor and voiced by james arnold taylor in "star wars: the clone wars" series and "star wars rebels" series.
eric doyle mensinger (born may 12, 1958 in cleveland, ohio, usa), better known as eric singer, is a hard rock and heavy metal drummer for the rock band kiss and formerly for singer alice cooper. in december 1991, eric singer officially became the drummer for kiss after the death of eric carr.
martin erat (born august 28, 1981 in třebíč, czechoslovakia) is a former czech ice hockey right winger that played for the arizona coyotes of the national hockey league (nhl). he has also played for the nashville predators and the washington capitals. martin also has an older brother named roman who plays in the czech extraliga.
before playing in the nhl, erat played 3 seasons in the whl 2 for the saskatoon blades and 1 for the red deer rebels. erat has also played 10 seasons with the nashville predators and 9 games with the washington capitals.
on march 4th, 2014, the capitals traded erat along with prospect john mitchell to the phoenix coyotes for a 2015 4th round draft pick, rostislav klesla and chris brown.
portal 2 is a first-person shooter puzzle video game made by valve corporation. it is the sequel to the video game "portal". the gameplay is similar to the first game, but it adds new stories, puzzles, and characters. unlike the first game, it also has a co-op campaign, where two players play as robots built by glados to solve puzzles that could never be solved by humans.
after killing glados and escaping aperture science laboratories, chell, the protagonist of "portal", is taken back to the labs and placed in suspended animation for many years. while she sleeps, the laboratories become more and more run down, because no one is there to take care of them. once she wakes up, a small, dim-witted robot, known as a core, named wheatley tries to help her escape the building. in the process, he accidentally reactivates glados, who, still angry with chell for killing her, forces chell to perform tests similar to the ones she performed in "portal".
while chell solves the puzzles and glados repairs the building, wheatley works behind the scenes to free chell. once he does, they try to sabotage glados's weapons, including her turrets and neurotoxin. in a confrontation with glados, chell presses a button that removes glados from controlling the laboratory and puts wheatley in her place. in anger, glados reveals that wheatley is an intelligence-dampening sphere, created by scientists to distract glados from evil by distracting her with a constant stream of stupid ideas. wheatley is outraged and becomes power-mad. he puts glados's ai into a potato and turns on chell, sending them both deep underground to an abandoned part of the facility.
chell and glados end up in the ruins of aperture science laboratories, started in the 1950s. while exploring the area, recorded messages by aperture science founder cave johnson and his secretary caroline tell the history of the company and explain the many dangerous tests performed there. as chell moves further up in the labs, time moves forward as well, into the 1970s. cave reveals that the company is bankrupt and must use homeless people as test subjects rather than the astronauts and olympic athletes they had used before. here chell reunites with glados, whom she places on her portal gun and carries with her.
as they move forward, glados begins to repeat things that caroline says and becomes confused. when they move into part of the lab that was used during the 1980s, a message from cave says he has gotten cancer from working with moon dust and he is dying. after a rant about the unfairness of life, he says that he wants caroline to run the company after he dies. glados comes up with a plan to destroy wheatley once they find him.
chell and glados make it to the enrichment center near the surface and find wheatley. glados attempts to short-circuit him by telling him a paradox. unfortunately, wheatley is not smart enough to understand it and the plan fails. wheatley has discovered his new body gives him a feeling of euphoria when a subject solves a test. he tried to make cubes with legs to solve puzzles, but they were not good at it. instead, he forces chell to solve puzzles. as she solves more tests, wheatley's feelings of euphoria become weaker, so he builds more and more complicated tests by smashing together test chambers that glados built.
when wheatley cannot get the result he wants from the tests, he decides to kill chell and glados. they escape and eventually find him, leading to the final fight. glados helps chell attach broken personality cores to wheatley to weaken him and she tries to press the button that switched glados and wheatley in the first place. when she is unable to, she shoots a portal on the floor below wheatley and another on the moon, which can be seen through a hole in the roof. wheatley is pulled from glados's body and released into space. chell is almost pulled out too, but glados saves her and closes the portals.
after saving chell, glados speaks kindly to her, explaining that when she was created, she was given part of caroline's personality. she thanks chell for helping her find where caroline's personality is in her "brain", then deletes it. returning to her former self, glados tells chell that she is too difficult to kill so she will stop trying and release her instead. chell is sent to the surface by an elevator while the turrets sing opera. once she makes it out, the companion cube is thrown at her, and she is free to go. as the credits roll, glados sings the song "want you gone".
a thriller is a genre found in literature, movies and television. it uses suspense, where the audience is made to wonder what is going to happen next. thrillers often have a horror or crime theme. some examples of thriller movies are "psycho", "silence of the lambs", "vertigo", "rear window", "argo" and "the birds".
over the limit (2011) is a future professional wrestling pay-per-view (ppv) event to be made by wwe, which will happen on may 22, 2011 at the keyarena in seattle, washington. it will be the second over the limit event.
the main event for the raw side of the ppv was determined on the may 9 edition of raw. the miz, alberto del rio and rey mysterio faced off in a triple threat match where the winner would face john cena for the wwe championship at over the limit. the miz won the match by rolling up mysterio. after the match was over, as had been announced, cena come out to announce what type of match he had chosen. he tole the miz, if he wants his title back, it's simple, you only "have to make me say two words", thus he announced the match would be an "i quit" match.
also on raw, carrying over from their wrestlemania and extreme rules matches, jerry lawler challenged michael cole to one final match at over the limit, where if he lost he would personally induct cole in to the wwe hall of fame and give him his hall of fame ring. cole initially said no and started bragging about his mothers day with his mother the day before in front of lawler, whose mother died in february. this prompted king to try and attack cole who was in his "cole mine" (a plexiglas box meant to protect cole from lawler). as king went to attack, he was attacked from behind by cole's mentor jack swagger. a little later in the show, lawler came back out and attacked cole through the holes cut in the "cole mine" by yanking cole's head repeatedly against the plexiglas by his tie. after he was saved, swagger accepted the match against lawler on behalf of cole, much to cole's displeasure.
the balkan wars were a series of wars fought in the balkan peninsula in 1912 (first balkan war) and 1913 (second balkan war). 
the first balkan war was fought by greece, serbia, montenegro and bulgaria (the balkan league) against the ottoman empire. the main objective of the balkan league was to annex the european territories of the ottoman empire, because large numbers of the people of the balkan league lived under ottoman rule. the war was a success and the ottoman empire lost almost its entire european territories.
the second balkan war was fought by greece, serbia, the ottoman empire and romania against bulgaria. because bulgaria felt that greece and serbia got more lands than they deserved, bulgaria declared war on greece and serbia, which repelled the attacks. the ottoman empire and romania declared war on bulgaria, because they wanted to gain bulgarian territories, and by the end of the second balkan war bulgaria had lost almost all its gains from the first balkan war.
the balkan wars resulted in huge casualties. the bulgarians lost around 65,000 men, the greeks 9,500, the montenegrins, 3,000, and the serbs at least 36,000. the ottomans lost as many as 125,000 dead. in addition, tens of thousands of civilians died from disease and other causes.
after the treaty of istanbul in 1913, a population exchange was made by the ottoman empire with the kingdom of bulgaria, 9714 muslim's (turks and xoraxane roma) from haskovo in north thrace, was expelled to ottoman empire, and 9472 orthodox christian bulgarian from edirne in east thrace was expelled to kingdom of bulgaria.
the april 2011 derecho and tornado outbreak was a large scale event where tornadoes and derechoes, or widespread straight-line winds, damaged parts of 3 states resulting in 9 fatalities. the event happened from april 4 to april 5th.
on april 3, supercells formed in illinois, and a squall line of severe thunderstorms formed in iowa. the severe thunderstorms made large hail, and strong wind, and potentially tornadoes. then, heavy rain formed west of the severe thunderstorms but the line kept producing severe weather. on april 4, the supercells also turned into a squall line of severe thunderstorms. the storms produced tornadoes. then, supercells formed in tennessee and produced tornadoes. by the night of april 4, the 2 lines of storms collided and moved east. by april 5, the severe thunderstorms were in new jersey, maryland, delaware, virginia, north carolina, and florida and moved out to sea. the storm produced a lot of tornadoes. plenty of severe thunderstorm and tornado watches and warnings were issued.
supercells impacted illinois with large hail and strong winds, and possible tornadoes. hail up to 4-5" in diameter fell and made damage as well as the winds. tornadoes were als possible.
a squall line of severe thunderstorms impacted the area also with large hail and strong winds. hail up to 3-4" in diameter fell there along with strong winds. tornadoes were unlikely but possible.
supercells and squall lines impacted indiana with numerous reports of large hail and strong winds. an ef0 tornado dropped down in indiana along with hail up to 2-3" in diameter and damaging winds.
an ef1 tornado in a supercell dropped down in ohio and did some damage. in that severe thunderstorm with the tornado, strong winds were a problem along with hail up to 1-2" in diameter.
an ef2 tornado in a supercell dropped down in south-central pa. the tornado did damage along with hail up to 1/2 to 1" in diameter.
an ef3 tornado destroyed much of the area where the tornado dropped down. along with the tornado there were strong winds and 1/4 to 1/2" in diameter hail
severe thunderstorms impacted the state. the severe thunderstorms produced 1/10 to 1/4 inch in diameter hail and strong winds. tornadoes were unlikely but possible.
a possible tornado did some damage to an area where the tornado possibly dropped down. otherwise hail and wind were a problem.
snow and sleet.
snow fell acros much of new york state to even nyc and northern new jersey. new york city and northern new jersey just saw a few snowflakes and sleet flakes, while places north of nyc saw heavy sleet, and new york state saw a general 1-2" of snow. some places saw as much as 4-5" of snow.
36 crazyfists is an american heavy metal band from anchorage, alaska. 36 crazyfists has four members in the band; the current band members are brock lindow, steve holt, mick whitney, and kyle baltus. the name of the band comes from the jackie chan movie, "jackie chan and the 36 crazy fists". the band now originates in portland, oregon.
a sound effect or audio effect is a sound used for movies, television, apps, music, or other types of media. there are lots of sound effects that we hear everyday. one of the techniques used to make a sound is banging or hitting a wall, a table, or desk.
over the limit was a professional wrestling event that was held yearly by wwe, and aired live only on pay-per-view (ppv). the first one was held in 2010, taking the place of judgment day in the may slot of wwe's pay-per-view calendar. the last event took place on may 20, 2012 at the pnc arena in raleigh, north carolina. it was replaced by wwe battleground in 2013.
as is the case with most lower level ppv's made by wwe, the event was held only in arenas in the united states. championship bouts were scheduled on every card, with the lower level title matches on the undercard and the top level featured on the main card. under the brand extension, wwe assigns its performers to either raw or smackdown which cause matches to be set up between wrestlers on the same show.
osamu tezuka (, tezuka osamu, november 3, 1928 – february 9, 1989) was a famous japanese cartoonist, manga artist, animator, producer and doctor of medicine, although he never practiced medicine. he was born in osaka prefecture. he created "astro boy", "kimba the white lion" and "black jack". he is often credited as the "father of anime", and is often considered the japanese equivalent to walt disney, who was a major inspiration for tezuka.
tezuka began what was known as the manga revolution in japan with his new treasure island published in 1947. his legendary output would spawn some of the most influential, successful, and well received manga series including the children mangas astro boy, princess knight and kimba the white lion, and the adult oriented series black jack, phoenix, and buddha, all of which won several awards.
tezuka died of stomach cancer in 1989. his death had an immediate impact on the japanese public and other cartoonists. a museum was constructed in takarazuka dedicated to his memory and life works, and tezuka received many posthumous awards. several animations were in production at the time of his death along with the final chapters of phoenix, which were never released.
,"manga is virtual. manga is sentiment. manga is resistance. manga is bizarre. manga is pathos. manga is destruction. manga is arrogance. manga is love. manga is kitsch. manga is sense of wonder. manga is … there is no conclusion yet."
shrek 2 is a 2004 animated comedy movie and is the second movie in the "shrek" movie series. it was directed by andrew adamson, kelly asbury and conrad and stars mike myers as shrek, eddie murphy as the donkey, cameron diaz as fiona, antonio banderas as puss in boots, julie andrews as fiona's mother, rupert everett as prince charming, john cleese as fiona's father and jennifer saunders as fairy godmother. like the first movie, this one is a parody of fairy tales. it was followed by "shrek the third".
singer and songwriter adam duritz from counting crows said that his band's song, "accidentally in love", "fits into the movie because it's the story of people who fall in love who weren't supposed to fall in love." composer james horner operated the sound of the score on different levels which james said as "fun". his score came out as an eels song into a romantic scene with shrek and fiona, or a funny scene with donkey. george bruns did not compose the film score with horner, due to a conflict.
ats (automobili turismo e sport, which roughly translates in english to "tourism and sports cars") was an italian car maker and briefly, a constructor in formula one. the team ran in f1 in 1963, and made cars from 1963 to 1965. the company was founded by carlo chiti and giotto bizzarrini, intended to compete directly with ferrari. 
the two most well-known cars were the ats 2500 gt, a sports car, and the tipo 100, a formula one car, which was a virtual copy of the ferrari 156, which was a formula one car in 1961. unfortunately, with the cars being frequently withdrawn and technical problems through the season, the f1 team was shut down after 1963. in fact, out of the 10 entries ats qualified for (five races, two cars per race), only two cars were classified at the end of the race, albeit very slow, with giancarlo baghetti being classified at 23 laps down (23 laps behind the eventual race winner, jim clark). by contract, phil hill (with no relation to graham hill) finished seven laps down.
alan douglas borges de carvalho (born 10 july 1989 in barbosa, são paulo, brazil) is a brazilian footballer who plays for the red bull salzburg in the austrian bundesliga. his name as a player is simply alan. he plays as a striker.
he started his career for guaraní fc in campinas, his hometown. at the age of 16 he joined londrina ec and in 2008 he went to fluminense rio de janeiro. from fluminense he went to europe and signed with f.c. red bull salzburg in the austrian bundesliga.
under coach huub stevens he played only a few matches. in the era of ricardo moniz he became a regular player of the starting team. during the match versus rapid vienna in september 2011 he suffered a severe injury. he healed in april 2012.
framlingham is a small town in the suffolk coastal local government district of suffolk, england.
framlingham castle is a large hill-top castle found in the town. it has a population of 3,114 at the 2001 census. there used to be a railway station there but it is now closed.
westerfield is a small village near ipswich in suffolk. it is about two miles north of the centre of iswich. the village is served by westerfield railway station on the ipswich-lowestoft east suffolk line. the village is home to two pubs, as well as the church, shown adjacent. 
the area of the village south of the railway is inside the borough of ipswich, although the area north of the railway is inside suffolk coastal. the railway is around 500 metres from the centre of the village the railway service provides ipswich, felixstowe and woodbridge, and further afield.
the village holds a scout fete, and a church fete, each year. these fetes include traditional games, incorporating many locals from in and around the local area.
the village used to be home to a local primary school, as well as a small post office. despite this the village is still home to a nice village hall, that is home to the 1st westerfield scout group, as well as a beaver and cub group. 
despite this there are speeding issues along westerfield road, driving through the centre of the village. 
cocculus carolinus otherwise known as "carolina coralbead", "redberry moonseed" or the "carolina snailseed". it is indigenous to several states along the south to midwest. it gets its name from the bright red color of the marble like berry that protrudes from the leaves of the plant.
the carolina coralbead is a deciduous, woody vine that can twines along the trunks of several trees or along the ground. it occurs in timberline areas, rocky woods, glades, fence rows and ponds. carolina coralbead can grow 10–12 ft (3–3.6 m) and usually spaced within 3–4 ft (90–120 cm) of one another. if ingested in large amounts, the berry on cocculus carolinus can be poisonous, but the overall toxicity of its berries do not prove to be fatal. in areas in little rock, arkansas, the carolina coralbead is referred to as an invasive weed system which seedlings have been spread by birds. once a root system has been established, it is hard to remove the plant, so planting in new areas has been a point of concern for this plant. the best ornamental features of the plant are its foliage and its attractive red berries in fall. "cocculus carolinus" can grow in temperatures between from -3.8 °c (25 °f) to -28.8 °c (-20 °f). its leaves are covered in short hairs and should not be confused with the species "smilax bona-nox",which has tendrils and prickles.
the carolina coralbead has been reported in the following states of alabama, arkansas, kansas, mississippi, north carolina, oklahoma, tennessee and texas. locations of the plant range from opening of forests, to the beginning of streams.
the flowers are small and plentiful. at a young age, carolina coralbead appear greenish. bloom time for the plant is in late spring and mature by late summer. they grow in tight abundant amounts of bright red berries. by using its scarlet fruits for aesthetic effects, landscapers allow it to be grown on trellises, fences or let naturally flourish through other weeds and shrubs. the berries should not be eaten by people but are eaten by a large number of birds. each fruit has a single seed that resembles a small snail shell which is protected by the hard endocarp, also known as the inner section of the ovary wall.
solar time relates to the amount of time which has passed according to orbit of the sun. a solar day is the amount of time it takes an object to go around the sun.
mark leslie norton (february 7, 1956 – april 5, 2007), better known as mark st. john, was a guitarist known for his brief work with the rock band kiss. he was only with kiss a short time, but he was featured on the album "animalize", the second album of the "unmasked" period. st. john's only video appearance with kiss is in the video for the hit single "heaven's on fire". after leaving kiss, he formed a band called white tiger. mark st. john died on the morning of april 5, 2007, of a cerebral hemorrhage.
bruce howard kulick or simply bruce h. kulick or bruce kulick (born december 12, 1953 in brooklyn, new york) is an american musician and guitarist. he is known as the lead guitarist for the rock band kiss from 1984 to 1996. 
the ragdoll is a cat breed that is large, with blue eyes, and a semi-longhair soft and silky coat of fur. it is usually mostly white, with light to dark marks. 
the ragdoll was first bred by an american breeder named ann baker from a persian-like cat (without a pedigree) and a birman cat with the siamese colorpoint gene. it is similar in appearance to the himalayan, which was bred directly from the persian and siamese. 
the ragdoll is gentle, easy going, and affectionate. the breed was named "ragdoll" because they often go limp and relax like a rag or cloth doll when it is picked up. the original mother cat that the breed was created from was involved in a car accident, but contrary to popular belief, this is not why the breed goes limp when picked up (injuries from an accident are not passed on to offspring genetically).
ragdoll is a breed that enjoys being around humans and it may follow its owner around the house. due to its soft nature, it is strictly recommended to be an indoor only cat. 
in addition to the colorpoint pattern, ragdolls may also have mittens (white paws).
srinivasa ramanujan aiyangar (december 22, 1887 – april 26, 1920) was an indian mathematician. his father's name was k. srinivasa iyengar and his mother's name was komalatammal. on 1st october 1892 ramanujan was enrolled at local school. he had no formal training in mathematics. however, he has made a large contribution to number theory, infinite series and continued fractions.
he was mentored by g. h. hardy in the early 1910s. after getting his degree at cambridge, ramanujan did his own work. he compiled over 3500 identities and equations in his life. some of the identities were found in his “lost notebook”. when the notebook was discovered, mathematicians proved almost all of ramanujan's work. his discoveries have led to many advancements in mathematics. his formulae are now being used in crystallography and string theory.
in 2011, ramanujan's birthday was made “national mathematics day” by prime minister manmohan singh.
the north south mrt line is the first mass rapid transit (mrt) line in singapore to be built. it is 45 km long with 26 stations, and it is being operated by smrt trains. it would usually take one hour to travel from one end of the mrt line to the other. this line is coloured red on the mrt rail map.
this line joins the central area of singapore to the northern and southern areas of singapore. to transfer to the east west mrt line, a commuter can transfer at jurong east, raffles place or city hall. transferring to the north east mrt line is done at dhoby ghaut with a linkway. bishan mrt station, dhoby ghaut mrt station and marina bay mrt station can transfer a commuter to the circle mrt line. transfer to the downtown line is provided at newton mrt station.
the first section of the north south line opened on 7 november 1987 between toa payoh and yio chu kang. afterwards, the section to outram park (now on the east west mrt line) opened. following that, the rest of the line opened stage by stage.
the woodlands extension was planned to close the gap between yishun and choa chu kang. it consists of 6 stations, and opened on 10 february 1996.
marina south pier extension (nsle).
a 1-kilometre extension of the line to marina south pier mrt station was opened in 2014.
on 7 october, services on the line was stopped between ang mo kio and marina south pier around 6pm, after the tunnels between bishan and braddell flooded following heavy rain, and a fire was seen near raffles place. services between newton and marina south pier was resumed at around 9.30pm but the section between newton and ang mo kio remained closed overnight. it opened at 2pm the following day after staff and the scdf worked overnight to clear the water from the tunnel. smrt reported that a faulty water pump was the cause of the flooding. this was the worst train incident in smrt's history.
shrek the third (also known as shrek 3) is a 2007 animated movie and is the third movie in the "shrek" movie series.
it was directed by chris miller and raman hui and stars mike myers as shrek, cameron diaz as fiona, eddie murphy as the donkey, antonio banderas as puss in boots, julie andrews as fiona's mother, john cleese as fiona's father, rupert everett as prince charming, eric idle as merlin and justin timberlake as arthur. it is about shrek trying to get a new king for far far away because the other king died. like the first two movies, this movie is parody of fairy tales.
smrt trains limited () is a rail operator in singapore and a wholly owned subsidiary of smrt corporation. it was first known as mass rapid transit corporation (mrtc) when the company was founded in 6 august 1987. it was renamed singapore mrt limited before becoming its current name, smrt trains in 2004.
symphony x are an american progressive metal band from middletown, new jersey.
founded in 1994 by guitarist michael romeo, their albums "the divine wings of tragedy" and "v: the new mythology suite" have given the band considerable attention within the progressive metal community.
in major league baseball, the rookie of the year award is given each year to one player from each league as voted on by the baseball writers association of america (bbwaa). the award was start in 1940 by the chicago chapter of the bbwaa. they selected a winner every year from 1940 through 1946. the award became national in 1947; jackie robinson, the brooklyn dodgers' first baseman, won the first award. one award was presented for both leagues in 1947 and 1948; since 1949, the honor has been given to one player each in the national and american league. at first, the award was known as the j. louis comiskey memorial award, named after the chicago white sox owner of the 1930s. the award was renamed the jackie robinson award in july 1987, 40 years after jackie robinson broke the baseball color line.
of the 128 players named rookie of the year, 14 have been selected for the national baseball hall of fame—jackie robinson, five american league players, and eight others from the national league. the award has been shared twice: once by butch metzger and pat zachry of the national league in 1976; and once by john castino and alfredo griffin of the american league in 1979. members of the brooklyn and los angeles dodgers have won the most awards of any team (with 16). this is twice the total of the new york yankees (eight), who have won the most in the american league. fred lynn and ichiro suzuki are the only two players who have been named rookie of the year and most valuable player in the same year. fernando valenzuela is the only player to have won rookie of the year and the cy young award in the same year. sam jethroe is the oldest player to have won the award, at age 32, 33 days older than 2000 winner kazuhiro sasaki (also 32). buster posey of the san francisco giants and neftali feliz of the texas rangers are the 2010 winners.
qualifications and voting.
from 1947 through 1956, each bbwaa voter had their own rules for decide who was a rookie. in 1957, the bbwaa first defined the term as someone with fewer than 75 at bats or 45 innings pitched in any major league season before the current season. this guideline was later changed to 90 at bats, 45 innings pitched, or 45 days on a major league roster before september 1 of the last year. the current rule is 130 at bats, 50 innings pitched or 45 days on the active roster of a major league club (except for time in military service or on the disabled list) before september 1 was first used in 1971. since 1980, each voter names three rookies: a first-place choice is given five points, a second-place choice three points, and a third-place choice one point. the award goes to the player who receives the most total points. edinson volquez received three second-place votes in 2008 even though he was not a rookie under the award's definition.
some baseball writers have criticized the voting in recent years because several players who played in nippon professional baseball (npb) have won the award. these winners include hideo nomo in 1995, kazuhiro sasaki in 2000, and ichiro suzuki in 2001. the current definition of rookie for the award is based only on major league playing. some writers feel that past npb players are not true rookies because of their past professional playing. this issue came up in 2003 when hideki matsui lost the al award to ángel berroa in a close vote. jim souhan of the "minneapolis star tribune" said he did not think matsui was a rookie in 2003 because "it would be an insult to the japanese league to pretend that experience didn't count." "the japan times" had a story in 2007 on calling daisuke matsuzaka, kei igawa, and hideki okajima as rookies, saying "[t]hese guys aren't rookies." past winners such as jackie robinson, don newcombe, and sam jethroe had professional experience in the negro leagues.
american league winners (1949–present).
testament is an american thrash metal band from berkeley, california, formed in 1983. they are often credited as one of the most popular bands of the 1980s thrash metal scene. in the years since its inception, testament has had numerous lineup changes, and guitarist eric peterson has been the only constant member, although the band currently features three original members.
demonic is the seventh studio album by american heavy metal band testament. it was released in 1997. the lyrics deal with occult themes more like their 1980s efforts instead of the political topics covered on more recent releases.
musically, testament takes a slower, almost death metal oriented approach with grinding guitar riffs and chuck billy's vocal work consisting primarily of death growls.
this album also marked the first time, as testament, that the band used the old legacy pentagram graphic.
bonus track: rapid fire
rainbow (also known as ritchie blackmore's rainbow or blackmore's rainbow) were an english hard rock band, controlled by guitarist ritchie blackmore from 1975 to 1984 and 1994 to 1997. it was originally established with former elf members, though over the years rainbow went through many line-up changes with no two studio albums featuring the same line-up. in addition to lead singers ronnie james dio, graham bonnet, joe lynn turner and doogie white, the project consisted of numerous backing musicians. the band started out combining mystical lyric themes with neo-classical metal, but went in a more streamlined commercial style following dio's departure from the group.
rainbow was ranked #90 on vh1's "100 greatest artists of hard rock".
the new taiwan dollar () (currency code twd and common abbreviation nt$), or simply taiwan dollar, is the official currency of taiwan. it was used since 1949, when it replaced the old taiwan dollar. it was first printed by the bank of taiwan, it has been printed by the central bank of the republic of china since 2000.
the crown of thorns (also known as christ plant, or christ thorn, called corona de cristo in latin america) is a woody, succulent species of euphorbia native to madagascar. the species name commemorates baron milius, once governor of réunion, who introduced the species to france in 1821. it is suspected that the species was introduced to the middle east in ancient times, and legend associates it with the crown of thorns worn by jesus.
joseph j. romm (born june 27, 1960) is an american physicist, writer and environmentalist. he has an interest in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and global warming. he is also interested in energy security through energy efficiency and green energy technologies.
romm's 2006 book was "".
in december 2008, romm was elected a fellow of the american association for the advancement of science. in march 2009, "rolling stone" magazine named romm as one of "100 people who are changing america". in september 2009, "time" magazine named him one of its "heroes of the environment".
a child of our time is an oratorio by michael tippett. it was composed between 1939 and 1941.
why tippett wrote this oratorio.
tippett composed this oratorio at the beginning of world war ii. he had already lived through world war i and he was very upset about all the evil in this world. he wanted to write a musical work about it. he did it by taking the story of the beginning of world war ii as a basis of the oratorio, but he also made the work speak in general about the evil of this world.
in 1938 a 17 year old jewish boy hershel grynspan, who lived in paris, desperately wanted to attack the nazis because of the cruel way his parents in germany had been treated. he therefore murdered a nazi diplomat in france. the nazi’s in germany were so furious that they attacked and murdered lots of jews in germany. this terrible attack became known as the "kristallnacht". this series of events can be found in the words of tippett’s oratorio. tippett wrote the words himself.
the title comes from ödön von horváth’s novel, "ein kind unserer zeit" (a child of our time), written in 1938 and published in english in 1939. tippett began composing it on 5 september 1939, two days after britain declared war against germany.
in 1958 tippett arranged the five negro spirituals so that they could be sung by unaccompanied chorus. they are often performed like that, separately from the oratorio.
tippett uses a similar structure to the passions of bach. this meant that he used a narrator (like the evangelist in bach’s passions) who tells the story. instead of bach’s lutheran chorales he adds five negro spirituals which add an emotional comment to the events. the music of these spirituals blend very cleverly into the style of tippett’s music. the whole oratorio, which lasts a little over one hour, has three parts. this idea is based on the three parts of handel's "messiah". tippett calls the three parts: 1) prophecy; 2) narrative; 3) meditation.
the story in the oratorio.
part one opens with a picture of the world in darkness. the alto solo shows what the person’s soul is feeling. the bass (narrator) tells of the purges in russia, the lynching in the usa, the terrible poverty in britain. the chorus tell of their despair.
the chorus describes an atmosphere of icy stillness. they talk of “the scape-goat, the child of our time” (a “scape-goat” is someone who gets the blame for something they have not done). there is a chorus of the persecutors and the persecuted. the choir are split into two like the crowd scenes in bach’s passions. in the “chorus of the self-righteous” we hear about the attitude of countries who refuse to accept more than just a few of the persecuted jews (this includes britain). the boy tries to save his mother. we are told of the murder of the nazi diplomat. there is a chorus of terror. we see the boy in prison and the grieving of the mother.
this is about the descent through evil and the discovery of rebirth and liberation. the bass suggests that, if we have patience, we shall be healed. the chorus finish by singing of the universal nature of the problem.
“tippett, the composer and his music”; ian kemp; 
spirituals (or negro spirituals) are the songs which were sung by the black slaves in the united states in the 18th and 19th centuries. the words to many negro spirituals have christian themes. this is because black slaves in the united states turned to religion, as a way to cope with the pain of slavery. negro spirituals combine traditional west african musical style with the style of christian hymns from europe.
stamford is a town and civil parish in southern lincolnshire, a county in england. it is on the river welland and is located in the borough of south kesteven. the town centre is 92 miles (148 km) north of london, the capital city.
the town is located very close to the borders with cambridgeshire, rutland and northamptonshire. the town is in lincolnshire, but has a peterborough post code, a city in cambridgeshire.
it is a very old town. many 17th and 18th-century buildings and old timber-framed buildings still stand in the town. it also has five medieval churches.
there are over 600 listed buildings in the town and surrounding area.
the sunday times rated the town the best place to live in a survey in 2013.
the university of concepción is a university in concepción, chile. it is the oldest university in the south of chile.
this university was founded by enrique molina garmendia in 1919.
jotunheimen is a large mountain range in norway. it is named after jötunheimr. its highest peak, galdhøpiggen (2469 metres) is the highest mountain in scandinavia.
the catholic university of the most holy conception is a university located in concepción, chile. it is one of the universities in the south of chile.
this university was created and founded on 1991 by the roman catholic archdiocese of concepción.
r2-d2 (phonetically spelled artoo-detoo, and called "r2" for short), is a fictional character in the star wars universe. an astromech droid, r2-d2 is a major character throughout all seven star wars films. along with his droid companion c-3po, he joins or supports anakin skywalker, luke skywalker, and obi-wan kenobi in various points in the saga. r2-d2 was played by kenny baker.
the illinois senate is the upper chamber in the illinois general assembly, the legislative branch of the government of the state of illinois. created in 1818 by the constitution of the first state, the illinois senate is comprised 59 senators elected from individual legislative districts determined by population. according to illinois' 1970 constitution, senators are divided into three groups, each group having a two-year term at a different part of the decade between censuses, with the rest of the decade being taken up by two four-year terms. depending on the election year, roughly one-third, two-thirds, or all senate seats may be contested. in contrast, the illinois house of representatives is made up of 118 members with its entire membership elected to two-year terms. house districts are formed by dividing each senate district in half.
the illinois senate meets at the illinois state capitol in springfield, illinois. it is required to convene on the second january of each year. along with the and the , it is vested with the power to make laws, come up with a state budget, act on federal constitutional amendments, and propose constitutional amendments to the state constitution. the illinois senate also holds the power to convict impeached executive and judicial officials with a 2/3 majority vote.
star anise ("illicium verum") is a spice plant which tastes like anise. the star shaped fruits are harvested before they start getting ripe.
japanese star anise ("illicium anisatum"), a similar tree, is not edible because it is "highly toxic"; instead, it may be burned as incense in japan.
use as medicine.
star anise has been used in a tea, and the seeds are sometimes chewed after meals for digestion.
star anise is grown in four places in china and harvested between march and may. it is also found in the south of new south wales.
thubten zopa rinpoche (born 1946) is a lama from nepal. he took his monks vows at dungkar monastery in tibet and has received teachings from many high lamas. lama zopa is the co-founder, with lama yeshe, of kopan monastery and the fpmt. since the 1984 death of lama yeshe, lama zopa has served as the fpmt's spiritual director. zopa's books are published by wisdom publications. free books and a vast online collection of his teachings are available from the lama yeshe wisdom archive. there is an extensive biography of him in the book 'the lawudo lama' , by jamyang wangmo.
simon cziommer (born 6 november 1980 in nordhorn) is a german footballer. he plays for the dutch club vitesse.
he started his career in his local football club fc schüttdorf 09. soon he went to the netherlands where he played for twente enschede, az alkmaar, and fc utrecht. 2003- 2006 he played for schalke 04 in the german bundesliga. since 2009 he plays for f. c. red bull salzburg in the austrian bundesliga. he also played for the german u20-team.
kopan monastery is a tibetan buddhist monastery near boudhanath, on the outskirts of kathmandu, nepal. it belongs to the fpmt, an international network of gelugpa dharma centers, and once served as its headquarters.
the monastery was established by the fpmt founders, lamas thubten yeshe and thubten zopa rinpoche, who bought the property from nepal's royal astrologer in 1969. its name comes from the name of the hill on which it was built. 
kopan has become famous for teaching buddhism to visiting western foreigners. the first of what would become annual month-long (november-december) meditation courses was held in 1971. these courses generally combine traditional lam rim teachings with informal discussion, several periods of guided meditation, and a vegetarian diet.
las condes is a commune and city in santiago metropolitan region, chile. at the 2002 census, 249,893 people lived there.
the volkswagen crafter is a series of vans and buses which is a rebadged mercedes sprinter. it replaced the volkswagen lt in 2006. in 2016, a new crafter was unveiled but now it's volkswagen's own van and no longer a rebadged sprinter. 
red bull brasil, also known as rb brasil, is a brazilian association football club from campinas, são paulo. the club was founded in 2007 by initiative of energy drink-maker red bull gmbh. red bull brasil plays in the top tier of campeonato paulista, the são paulo state league. in 2017, red bull brasil makes their second appearance in the fourth tier of campeonato brasileiro (the first was in 2015).
the great american interchange was an important zoogeographic event about three million years ago. land and freshwater fauna migrated between north america and south america.
the migration happened during the pliocene, 3.6–2.6 million years ago (mya). the volcanic isthmus of panama rose from the seafloor and bridged the two continents.
the land bridge in what is now panama joined the neotropic (roughly south america) and nearctic (roughly north america) ecozones to form the americas.
the interchange is visible from both stratigraphy and nature. its most dramatic effect is on the distribution of mammals, but weak-flying or flightless birds, reptiles, amphibians, arthropods and even freshwater fish also migrated.
the differences in the fauna of north and south america had been known for some time. both humboldt and darwin discussed it. the interchange as a concept was first fully laid out in 1876 by the "father of biogeography", alfred russel wallace. wallace had spent 1848–1852 exploring and collecting specimens in the amazon basin. others who made significant contributions to understanding the event in the century that followed include florentino ameghino and george gaylord simpson.
similar interchanges occurred earlier in the cainozoic, when the former gondwana continents of india and africa made contact with eurasia, about 50 and 30 mya respectively.
when the global continent pangaea broke up early in the jurassic period, the great southern supercontinent gondwana was formed. it separated from laurasia 200–180 mya.
in stages, gondwana also broke up, eventually into half-a-dozen continents we recognise today. they were australasia, indian subcontinent, africa, madagascar, antarctica and south america.
south america drifted west from africa, starting about 130 mya in the lower cretaceous. there was open sea between them by 110 mya. the last connection of south america with any part of gondwana was a link with west antarctica, which broke in the oligocene, only 30 mya.
relevance to biogeography.
when gondwana was separated from laurasia, evolution of most animals and plants went on separately in the two great supercontinents. later, as gondwana broke up, most of its fauna and flora also evolved separately.
this is not obvious in africa and india, since they moved north and joined the eurasian continent long ago. animals and plants moved north and south there also, but the original pattern is now hard to see. but in australasia and south america the pattern is clear.
the mammals are a good example. eutherian mammals evolved in laurasia but few got to gondwana before it was separated. earlier groups of mammals did get to gondwana. they were the marsupials, the monotremes and other (now extinct) therian mammals.
thus, when south america was completely separated, it had only the earlier types of mammals, including some early eutherians such as the xenarthra. the groups which evolved later, and which dominate the northern continents, only got to south america by the great american interchange.
south america's endemic fauna.
after the late mesozoic breakup of gondwana, south america spent most of the cainozoic era as an island continent.
its "splendid isolation" allowed the fauna to evolve into many forms found nowhere else on earth, most of which are now extinct.
the endemic mammals initially consisted of metatherians (including marsupials, xenarthrans, and a diverse group of south american ungulates.
marsupials appear to have travelled from south america through antarctica to australasia in the late cretaceous or early tertiary.
ratites (relatives of south american tinamous) probably migrated by this route about the same time, in the direction from south america towards australia/new zealand.
other taxa that may have dispersed by the same route (if not by flying or rafting) are parrots, chelid turtles and (extinct) meiolaniid turtles.
one living south american marsupial, the tiny monito del monte, is more closely related to australian marsupials than to other south american marsupials. since it is the most 'basal' (= primitive) australidelphian we know, its group probably evolved in south america and then colonized australia.
a 61 mya old platypus-like monotreme fossil from patagonia may be an australian immigrant.
marsupials in south america included didelphimorphs (opossums), shrew opossums and several other small groups.
the borhyaenids and the sabertooth "thylacosmilus" were once considered to be marsupials. they are sparassodont metatherians, the sister group of the marsupials. sparassodonts were the only south american mammals to specialize as carnivores. their relative inefficiency left opportunites for nonmammalian predators to be more prominent than usual (similar to the ). 
sparassodonts shared the ecological niches for large predators with fearsome flightless "terror birds" (phorusrhacids), whose closest extant (living) relatives are the seriemas. terrestrial ziphodont crocodilians were also present at least through the middle miocene. some of south america's aquatic crocodilians reached monstrous sizes, with lengths up to 12 m.
through the skies over late miocene south america (6 ma ago) soared the largest flying bird known, the teratorn "argentavis", with a wingspan of 6 m or more, which may have lived in part on the leftovers of "thylacosmilus" kills.
xenarthrans are a curious group of mammals that developed morphological adaptations for specialized diets very early in their history.
in addition to those extant today (armadillos, anteaters and tree sloths), a great diversity of larger types were present, including pampatheres, the ankylosaur-like glyptodonts, various ground sloths, some of which reached the size of elephants (e.g. "megatherium"), and even semiaquatic sloths.
the notoungulates and litopterns had many strange forms, some examples of convergent evolution.
both groups started evolving in the lower paleocene, possibly from condylarth stock, diversified, dwindled before the great interchange, and went extinct at the end of the pleistocene. the pyrotheres and astrapotheres were also strange but were less diverse and disappeared earlier, well before the interchange.
the north american fauna was typical northern eutheria (supplemented with afrotherian proboscids).
once the continents were joined, invasions from the north to the south were numerous and significant in their effect. invasions from south to north were much less significant. this is most clearly seen in the mammals.
reasons for this have been suggested. wetland tropical species going north encountered desert or, at any rate, dry conditions in mexico, where the trans-mexican volcanic belt, also known as the sierra nevada (mexico) or the snowy mountain range, extends 900  km from west to east across central-southern mexico.
however, by far the most common theory is that north american fauna were 'topped up' from time to time whenever eurasian species could get over the bering strait.
mammals a special case.
this applies with force to mammals, because the eutherian mammals originated in asia and had undergone a great deal of evolution before they got to south america. marsupials originally in eurasia had long before been out-competed and gone extinct. it is not surprising the eutherians did well in south america.
marsupials in both south america and australasia were weak in predators. the borhyaenids and "thylacosmilus" (the 'marsupial' sabretooth) were not marsupials; they were the related group, the sparassodonts. instead, in south america, the terror birds ("phorusrhacos" were for a long time the top predators.
all these native forms were wiped out as short-faced bears, wolves, nine species of small cats, cougars, jaguars, lions, sabretooths ("smilodon" and "homotherium") established themselves.
the successes in the opposite direction are interesting. opossums, as the virginia opossum, are well established over a wide range. they are the only surviving marsupial in north america, though there were others before mankind arrived in the americas.
the top native south american mammal success for a long time was the superorder xenarthra, which had two different groups with large representatives in north america. one group was the giant ground sloths, such as the megalonychid "megalonyx". this group lived in north america for over 10 million years, well before the great interchange. how they got there is not known. they got as far north as alaska and the yukon.
the other group was the glyptodonts, such such as "glyptotherium texanum". they were large, heavily armoured relatives of the armadillo.
the ability of south america's xenarthrans to compete effectively against the northerners represents a special case. the explanation for their success lies in part in their defence against predation. this was based on body armour and/or formidable claws. the xenarthrans did not need to be fleet-footed or quick-witted to survive. such a strategy may have been forced on them by their low metabolic rate (the lowest among the therians). their low metabolic rate in turn allowed them to subsist on less abundant and/or less nutritious food sources. unfortunately, the defensive adaptations of the large xenarthrans would have been useless against humans armed with spears and other projectiles.
eomaia ('dawn mother') is an early fossil eutherian mammal. it is exceptionally well-preserved for a 125 million-year-old specimen.
it was discovered in rocks of the yixian formation, liaoning province, china. these strata date to the lower cretaceous about 125 million years ago (mya).
the fossil is in length and virtually complete. it weighed between . although the fossil's skull is squashed flat, its teeth, tiny foot bones, cartilages and even its fur are visible.
"eomaia" is a eutherian. the eutherians are the placental mammals plus some extinct mammals which had not developed a placenta.
what distinguishes the eutheria from metatherians, a group that includes modern marsupials, are various features of the feet, jaws and teeth.
however "eomaia" is not a true placental mammal as it lacks some features that are specific to placentals.
its discoverers sampled 268 characters from all major mesozoic mammal clades and principal eutherian families of the cretaceous period. as a result, they claimed "eomaia" is at the root of the eutherian "family tree" with a few other fossils.
the "eomaia" fossil shows clear traces of hair. however this is not the earliest clear evidence of hair in the mammalian lineage, as fossils of the docodont "castorocauda", discovered in rocks dated to about 164 mya, also have traces of fur.
the east west mrt line was the 2nd mass rapid transit line in singapore. the line is currently 49.2 km long with 35 stations. it is the longest mrt line in singapore and it is operated by smrt corporation. it takes about 1 hour to travel from end to end and this line is coloured green on mrt system maps.
the mrt line joins central singapore to the western and eastern parts of the island, with another branch to changi airport from tanah merah. transferring to the north south line is done at jurong east, city hall and raffles place stations while transfer to the north east line at outram park station is possible using a linkway. for circle line at paya lebar station and buona vista using an underpass and linkway. the downtown line will interchange with the east west line at the bugis, tampines and expo mrt stations.
the red bull arena is a football stadium in leipzig, germany. it is the homeground of rb leipzig. 
the zentralstadion was built between 1954 and 1956. 100,000 visitors could enter the stadium. it was used for the sport festivals of the gdr, gdr football team matches, and other sports. the largest number of visitors was during a football match between sc wismut karl-marx-stadt and fc kaiserslautern when 110,000 people entered.
it was renovated between 2000 and 2004. the renovation reduced the number of visitors that can enter the stadium. the first match in the new stadium was fc sachsen leipzig – borussia dortmund (amateure) in front of 28,000 visitors. now it is only used for football matches and concerts.
in 2010, red bull bought the right to name the stadium for 30 years. it is now called "red bull arena" and became the homeground of rb leipzig, which is owned by red bull.
2005 fifa confederations cup and fifa world cup 2006.
the stadium was venue for the 2005 fifa confederations cup and fifa world cup 2006.
in baseball, a stolen base is when a baserunner advances to the next base while the pitcher is throwing the ball to home plate. in baseball statistics, stolen bases are displayed as sb. it is possible to steal second base, third base, or home plate, but not to steal first base.
if the defense does not try to put the baserunner out (for example, if the catcher does not even look his way), the play is called defensive indifference (also called fielder's indifference). no stolen base is credited to the runner in this case. defensive indifference is usually only scored instead of a stolen base when the game is in a late inning and the team with the stealing baserunner is down by more than one run. mlb rule 10.07(g) defines defensive indifference.
a player who is good at stealing bases needs not just running speed, but also good base-running instincts, quickness, and split-second timing. the scoring and guidelines for awarding a stolen base to a runner are covered by rule 10.07 of the major league baseball rule book.
if a player is good at stealing bases, his manager may let him try to steal a base whenever he thinks he can. a player who is allowed to try to steal whenever he wants is said to have the "green light". players who do not have the green light may only be allowed to steal when a coach or manager tells him to.
the pasadena star-news is the local daily newspaper for pasadena, california. the "star-news" is a member of the los angeles newspaper group, since 1996. it is also part of the san gabriel valley newspaper group, along with the "san gabriel valley tribune" and the "whittier daily news". 
ridder newspapers bought the "star-news" in 1956; bernard j. ridder took over as publisher. ridder merged with knight to form knight ridder in 1974. the paper was sold in 1989 to a company owned by william dean singleton; the thomson corporation bought majority control of the paper a year later. thomson sold the "star-news" to singleton's medianews group in 1996.
the pasadena star-news was first published in 1884. the paper was in a building at the corner of colorado blvd. and oakland avenue for years. this building is now being used by technique at le cordon bleu college of culinary arts and 24 hour fitness.
the newspaper also published the "rose magazine".
4319 jackierobinson (1981 er14) is a main-belt asteroid discovered on march 1, 1981 by schelte j. bus at siding spring observatory. it was found during the u.k. schmidt-caltech asteroid survey. it was named after jackie robinson, the first african-american major league baseball player of the modern era.
baseball-reference.com is a website that lists statistics for every player in major league baseball history. the site is often used by large media companies and baseball broadcasters as a source of information.
the website came online in april 2000. it had originally been published in february 2000 as part of the website for the "big bad baseball annual". it was first built as a web version of the lahman baseball database. now it uses variety of data sources. it has year-by-year team pages, a baseball encyclopedia (the bullpen, powered by mediawiki software, using the gfdl), box scores and game logs from every mlb game back to 1954 and minor league player stats back to 1900. the oracle of baseball can link any two players by common teammates. the oracle of baseball is based on the oracle of bacon website.
developer sean forman was a math professor at saint joseph's university before working for this project full-time.
in february 2009, fantasy sports ventures bought part of sports reference, the parent company of baseball-reference, for a "low seven-figure sum". in reporting this purchase, journalist eric fisher wrote:the sports reference sites combine to generate more than 1 million unique users per month, according to internal analytics. company president and former college math professor sean forman has become something of a folk hero to baseball fans for the massive depth of data stretching to the 19th century and for the ease of navigation within baseball-reference.com.
ryan miller (born july 17, 1980) is an american ice hockey goaltender. he currently plays for the anaheim ducks of the national hockey league (nhl). he has also played for the buffalo sabres, vancouver canucks, and st. louis blues.
on july 1, 2014, miller signed a three-year, $18 million contract with the vancouver canucks.
the oreo is a cookie sandwich or cream biscuit. it is made by the nabisco division of mondelēz international. the cookie has a sweet, white filling of "creme" or "cream". the creme is in between two circle-shaped chocolate or golden cookie pieces.
oreos come in many different flavours like chocolate, vanilla, red velvet, caramel coconut, chocolate marshmallow and many more.
the origin of the name "oreo" is not known, but there are many ideas for why they are called that. it may have been named after a plant genus called oreodaphne, but it could be named after the french word "or" (which means gold in english) and it could be named after the greek word (), which means 'nice' or 'attractive'.
the 1939–40 nhl season was the 23rd season for the national hockey league. 
"note: gp = games played; g = goals; a = assists; pts = points"
"note: gp = games played; min - minutes played; ga = goals against; gaa = goals against average; w = wins; l = losses; t = ties; so = shutouts"
"note: all dates in 1940"
quarter-finals and semi-finals.
series a: boston bruins vs. new york rangers
"rangers win best of seven series 4 games to 2"
series b: chicago black hawks vs. toronto maple leafs
"toronto wins best of three series 2 games to 0"
series c: new york americans vs. detroit red wings
"detroit wins best of three series 2 games to 1"
series d: detroit red wings vs. toronto maple leafs
"toronto wins best of three series 2 games to 0"
stanley cup final.
toronto maple leafs vs. new york rangers
"new york wins best of seven series 4 games to 2"
playoff scoring leaders.
"note: gp = games played; g = goals; a = assists; pts = points; pim = penalty minutes"
playoff leading goaltenders.
"note: gp = games played; min - minutes played; gaa = goals against average; w = wins; l = losses; t = ties; so = shutouts"
the north east mrt line (nel) is the third mass rapid transit line in singapore. the line is 20 km long with 16 stations and operated by sbs transit. travelling from one end of this line to the other end takes about half an hour. this line is coloured purple in the rail map.
the line joins central singapore to the north-eastern part of the island. transfer to the north south line is done at dhoby ghaut station, east west line at outram park station, circle line at serangoon and dhoby ghaut and downtown mrt line at chinatown and little india stations.
this line is the first mrt line in singapore to be completely underground (running in a tunnel all the way between harbourfront and punggol). it is also the first (and so far, the only) line where trains get their power from overhead wires above the track, instead of a third rail beside the track.
all the trains on the north east line are automated (computer-controlled) and do not have an operator driving the train at the front. it is one of the world's first rapid transit lines that does not need drivers and is one of three such lines in the mrt network today. the others are the circle line and the downtown line.
the land transport authority has announced that it will extend the north east line from its current northern terminal at punggol to a new station called punggol coast. construction will begin in 2018, and it is expected to open in 2023.
the following lists all rail stations of the mass rapid transit (mrt) system in singapore, with underground stations listed in "italics". there are 151 stations in operation. many more are in various stages of planning and construction (as shown in the latest system map).
in baseball, an at bat (ab) or time at bat is used for certain statistics. these statistics include batting average, on base percentage, and slugging percentage. it is a more narrow definition of a plate appearance. a batter starts with an at bat every time he faces a pitcher; however, the batter gets "no time at bat" in the following cases:
section 10.02.a.1 of the official rules of major league baseball defines an at bat as:
"number of times batted, except that no time at bat shall be charged when a player: (1) hits a sacrifice bunt or sacrifice fly; (2) is awarded first base on four called balls; (3) is hit by a pitched ball; or (4) is awarded first base because of interference or obstruction..."
an at bat is counted when:
calvin edwin "cal" ripken, jr. (born august 24, 1960), nicknamed "iron man", is a former major league baseball shortstop and third baseman. he played his whole 21-year baseball career for the baltimore orioles (1981–2001).
ripken is perhaps best known for breaking new york yankees first baseman lou gehrig's record for consecutive games played. the record had been called too hard to break. he beat the 56-year-old record when he played in his 2,131st straight game on september 6, 1995 between the orioles and the california angels in front of a sold-out crowd at oriole park at camden yards. ripken hit a home run in the game the night before that tied gehrig's record and another home run in his 2,131st game. fans later voted this game as major league baseball's "most memorable moment" in mlb history. ripken played in an 501 more straight games over the next three years. his streak ended at 2,632 games when he removed his name from the lineup for the final orioles home game of the 1998 season. his record 2,632 straight games lasted over seventeen seasons, from may 30, 1982 to september 20, 1998.
a 19-time all-star and member of the 3000 hit club, ripken is considered one of the best shortstops and third basemen to ever play the game. at 6' 4" (1.93 m), 225 lbs. (102.27 kg), he led the way for taller, larger shortstops to be successful in that position. when voted into the national baseball hall of fame in 2007, he was a first ballot inductee with the third highest voting percentage (98.53%) in hall of fame history, behind tom seaver (98.84%) and nolan ryan (98.79%).
he is a best-selling author and the president and ceo of ripken baseball, inc. the company's goal is to grow the love of baseball from a more grassroots level. established in 2001, ripken baseball represents cal and his brother bill's business and philanthropy dealings and focuses on several subsidiaries: ripken management and design, youth camps and clinics, cal ripken, sr. foundation, ripken professional baseball, with three minor-league teams—the aberdeen ironbirds (affiliated with the orioles); the augusta greenjackets (affiliated with the san francisco giants); and the charlotte stone crabs (affiliated with the tampa bay rays)—and ironclad authentics.
the battle of finnburg was a battle between the frisians and the danes. it was mentioned in two early medieval writings, the finnesburg fragment and "beowulf". these may describe a real or a completelymythical event. 
according to the finnesburg fragment, the danish prince hnaef came with sixty followers to visit and spent the winter at the finnburg. finnburg was the fort of his brother-in-law finn, king of the frisians. there a fight started between the frisians and the danes. a battle took place that lasted for three days. the verses of the story that were found (which is thought to be a small part of the original work) do not explain why the fight started, nor do they give the outcome of the battle.
in a passage of "beowulf", a bard sings a song about the ending of the battle, here named "freswael". this is the same story as in the finnesburg fragment. while in less detail, the "beowulf" episode is complete. here it is seen that the frisians won the battle. the danish prince hnaef and finn's son died in the battle. after the fighting, the parties make peace, and the new danish leader "hingest" (who some have identified as hengest) is allowed to leave with the surviving danes.
the moose river plains wild forest is a forest in adirondack park, which is in the hamilton and herkimer counties in the u.s. state of new york. it is designated a wild forest by the new york state department of environmental conservation.
caspar wessel (june 8, 1745 – march 25, 1818) was a danish-norwegian mathematician.
he was born in jonsrud, vestby, akershus, norway. in 1763, having completed secondary school, he went to denmark for further studies (since norway didn't have any university in 1763). in 1778 he got the degree of "candidatus juris", which is one law degree. in 1794 he was hired as a surveyor; in 1798, a royal inspector of surveying.
as surveying is related to mathematics, he later studied the geometrical importance of complex numbers. his most important paper, "om directionens analytiske betegning", ("on the analytical representation of direction") was published in 1799 by the royal danish academy of sciences and letters. since it was in danish, it was not noticed by many people. later, jean-robert argand and carl friedrich gauss's paper showed the same results.
one of the more important, but missed ideas shown in wessel's "om directionens analytiske betegning" was vectors. wessel's main thing he wanted to show in the paper was not this, but he felt that the concept of numbers, with length and direction would be needed. wessel's thoughts on addition was: "two straight lines are added if we unite them in such a way that the second line begins where the first one ends and then pass a straight line from the first to the last point of the united lines. this line is the sum of the united lines". today, the same idea is used when adding vectors.
his paper was printed in a french translation in 1899. it was released in english in 1999 as "on the analytic representation of direction" (ed. j. lützen et al.).
johan herman wessel, wessel's brother was a famous person in denmark-norway.
global handwashing day is a campaign to encourage people around the world to wash their hands with soap. it takes place on october 15 of each year. the campaign's goal is to raise awareness of handwashing with soap as a key way to prevent diseases with hygiene. 
the holiday was made at the annual world water week 2008, which was held in stockholm from august 17 to 23. out of this week came the public private partnership for handwashing (ppphw). the global handwashing day took place for the first time on october 15, 2008, the date appointed by united nations general assembly to go along with the year 2008 as the international year of sanitation.
the theme for global handwashing day’s inaugural year was focus on school children. the members pledged to get the maximum number of school children handwashing with soap in more than seventy countries.
in major league baseball (mlb), the 500 home run club is a term given to the group of batters who have hit 500 or more regular-season home runs in their careers. on august 11, 1929, babe ruth became the first member of the club. ruth ended his career with 714 home runs. this record stood from 1935 until hank aaron broke it in 1974. aaron's ending career total, 755, stayed the record until barry bonds set the current mark of 762 during the 2007 season. albert pujols is the most recent to reach 500 home runs; he hit his 500th home run on april 22, 2014. twenty-six players are members of the 500 home run club.
of these 26 players, 14 were right-handed batters, 10 were left-handed, and 2 were switch hitters (meaning they could bat from either side of the plate). the san francisco giants are the only franchise to have four players reach 500 home runs while on their roster: mel ott while the team was in new york, willie mays, willie mccovey, and most recently bonds. four 500 home run club members—aaron, mays, eddie murray, and rafael palmeiro—are also members of the 3,000 hit club. sheffield's 500th home run was his first career home run with the new york mets, the first time that a player's 500th home run was also his first with his franchise. alex rodriguez, at 32 years and 8 days, was the youngest player to hit 500. ted williams, at 41 years and 291 days, was the oldest.
being a member of the 500 home run club is sometimes described as a guarantee of entry into the baseball hall of fame. some believe the milestone has become less meaningful in recent years. four club members who are now eligible for election to the hall of fame—bonds, sammy sosa, mark mcgwire and palmeiro—have not been elected. eligibility requires that a player has "been retired five seasons" or be dead for at least six months. some believe the milestone has become less important with the large number of new members; 10 players joined the club from 1999 to 2009. also, several of these recent members have had ties to performance-enhancing drugs. some believe that by not electing mcgwire to the hall, the voters were starting a "guideline" on how they would treat players from the "steroid era". since then, bonds and sosa have also failed to earn election. most recently, palmeiro became the first club member to be dropped from the hall of fame ballot, failing to earn enough votes (5% of votes cast) in the 2014 election to stay on the ballot. 
the whittier daily news is the local daily newspaper for whittier, california. the "daily news" is a member of the los angeles newspaper group, a division of medianews group. it is also part of the san gabriel valley newspaper group, along with the "san gabriel valley tribune" and the "pasadena star-news". 
thomson newspapers purchased the newspaper in 1982. thomson sold the "daily news" to william dean singleton's medianews group in 1996.
the san gabriel valley tribune is the daily newspaper in west covina, california. it serves the san gabriel valley. the "tribune" is a member of the los angeles newspaper group, a division of medianews group. it is also part of the san gabriel valley newspaper group, along with the "pasadena star-news" and the "whittier daily news". 
the newspaper chain brush-moore bought the "tribune" in 1960. thomson newspapers purchased brush-moore in 1967. thomson sold the "tribune" to singleton's medianews group in 1996.
barrow a.f.c. are an english football team. the club was founded in 1901. it is based in the town of barrow-in-furness in cumbria, england. after they were promoted at the end of the 2007–08 season, they began playing in the conference national. the club spent over fifty years in the football league between 1921 and 1972, and have since spent their time in the top two levels of non-league football. barrow have twice won non-league football's highest cup competition, the fa trophy - in 1990 and 2010, becoming the only non-league club to have won the trophy at both old and new wembley stadia.
the club colours are blue and white. the combination of these has varied over time. it has led to their nickname "the bluebirds". attendances at the club's holker street field vary - the home record of 16,874 was set against swansea city in the fa cup third round in 1954. but during the 1990s and 2000s, the average remained between 800 and 1,500. average attendance stood at 1,590 during the 2008-09 season.
the club won their second fa trophy title on the 8th may 2010 after beating stevenage borough 2-1 in the final at wembley stadium.
district 9 is a 2009 science fiction thriller movie directed by neill blomkamp. it was written by blomkamp and terri tatchell, and produced by peter jackson and carolynne cunningham. the movie stars sharlto copley, jason cope, and david james. the movie won the 2010 saturn award for best international movie, which is awarded by the academy of science fiction, fantasy & horror films, and was nominated for four academy awards in 2010, including best picture, best adapted screenplay, best visual effects, and best editing.
the plot is based on a 2005 short movie, "alive in joburg", also directed by blomkamp and produced by sharlto copley and simon hansen, pivots on the themes of xenophobia and social segregation. the title and plot of "district 9" were based on real-life events that took happened in district six, cape town during the apartheid era. the movie was produced for $30 million and shot on location in chiawelo, soweto, showing fictional interviews, new stories, and videos from surveillance cameras in a part-mock documentary style format. a viral marketing campaign began in 2008, at the san diego comic-con, while the theatrical trailer appeared in july 2009. released by tristar pictures, the movie opened to critical acclaim on august 14, 2009, in north america and made $37 million in its first weekend. lots of people thought that the movie was a sleeper hit for its not very famous cast and modest-budget production, while having success and being popular while it was in theaters.
eyre coote (20 may 1762 – 10 december 1823) was a british soldier and politician who was born in ireland.
he was known as general sir eyre coote until 1816; gcb 1815 - 1816.
he was the second son of the very rev. charles coote (1713 - 12 february 1776), dd, dean of kilfenora. after studying at eton and trinity college dublin, coote bought a commission in the 34th regiment of foot - of which his uncle was colonel - in 1774.
he was soon sent to north america to fight in the revolutionary war. he fought in the brooklyn in august 1776, as well as at brandywine, germantown and monmouth court house before finally being taken prisoner at the final battle of yorktown in 1781. between 1790 and 1798, he represented ballynakill in the irish house of commons. then he sat for maryborough until 1800.
he served in england and ireland when they were threatened by french invasion and against the french on the continent. he went on to serve in holland, egypt and eventually became governor-general of jamaica (1806–1808) where he possibly sired an ancestor of colin powell.
scandal and death.
sir eyre was removed from the service on the 21 may 1816 because of the scandal he caused in the christ's hospital school for boys. on 25 november 1815 he entered the school and offered some boys money for an opportunity to flog them. after that he asked them to flog him and gave them money. he was caught by the school nurse, and charged with indecent conduct before the lord mayor of london. he was acquitted after giving £1000 to the school: after that there was a military inquiry in april 1816 which stripped him of his rank and honours. he was appointed gcb 1815 and stripped of it 1816.
a pilum was a type of spear. it was used by the roman army. pila were generally 2 metres long. they were made up of a wooden shaft and an soft iron point.
tree frogs are frogs that spend most of their life in trees. 
there are several lines of neobatrachia which have evolved into tree frogs. these groups are only distantly related, but they have evolved for a long time in similar conditions. the result is that now there are species from different groups which look very much like each other. this is convergent evolution. it goes so far that in almost all cases, where one group occurs, another does not. their current distribution shows that the last common ancestor of the groups lived before the dinosaurs disappeared. 
the frogs do not normally come down to the ground, except to mate and spawn. some build foam nests on leaves and rarely leave the trees as adults. in some species the eggs develop directly into adults; in others the tadpole stage is spent in the water pool of a large tropical tree leaf.
many tree frogs can change their colour for better camouflage. others are poisonous (poison dart frog), and display warning colouration.
tree frogs are usually tiny, as their weight has to be carried by the branches and twigs of their habitat. while some reach 10 cm (4 in) or more, they are typically smaller and more slender than terrestrial frogs. 
typical for "tree frogs" are well-developed discs on the finger and toe tips. the fingers and toes and the limbs tend to be rather long. this gives better grasping ability. the genus "chiromantis" is most extreme in this respect: it can oppose two fingers to the other two, resulting in a vice-like grip.
tree frogs are members of these families or genera:
"madagascar" is the soundtrack to the 2005 dreamworks film of the same name. it was released on may 24, 2005 by geffen records. it contains hans zimmer score, and songs from the movie.
this is a list of tracks from the soundtrack.
asociación deportivo cali is a colombian sports club in cali, colombia. it is famous for its football (soccer) team. basketball, volleyball and swimming clubs are also sponsored by deportivo cali. deportivo cali is one of the best association football teams in colombia and south america, having won nine national championships in 1965, 1967, 1969, 1970, 1974, 1996, 1998, 2005-ii and 2015-i.
estadio deportivo cali is the new stadium for deportivo cali can fit 55,000 people. it is the biggest football stadium in colombia. estadio deportivo cali was officially inaugurated on november 19, 2008. the old stadium, estadio olímpico pascual guerrero could fit capacity for 50,000 people.
adidas, honda, aguardiente blanco del valle, and tigo ae the four largest sponsors of asociación deportivo cali.
jeff bezos (born jeffrey preston jorgensen; january 12, 1964) is the american founder of amazon.com, inc. he was also the chairman, president, and chief executive officer (ceo) of amazon.com. however, bezos said in a blog post he would soon step down from this position and become executive chair of the amazon board.
education and career.
bezos graduated from princeton university as he was also a member of the tau beta pi association, he hired at d. e. shaw & co. as a financial analyst before founding amazon.com in 1994.
on february 2, 2021, bezos announced that he would step down as the ceo of amazon, to be replaced by andy jassy. bezos became executive chairman on july 5, 2021.
on july 19, 2021 blue origin successfully conducts its first human test flight with bezos going to space.
when markets opened on july 27, 2017, bezos briefly became the world's richest person, surpassing bill gates with a net worth of just over $90 billion. he lost the title later in the day when amazon's stock dropped, returning him to second place with a net worth just below $90 billion. on october 27, 2017, bezos again surpassed gates on the "forbes" list as the richest person in the world.
in august 2020, bezos became the first person in history to have a net worth of $200 billion, according to "forbes".
in january 2021, elon musk became the world's richest person. since then, bezos is now the world's second-richest person
in february 2019, bezos published a blog post alleging that "national enquirer" publisher american media, inc. had attempted blackmail and extortion in connection with bezos' alleged affair with lauren sánchez.
final cut pro x (final cut pro 10) is a video editing software developed by apple inc. that was announced on april 12, 2011. it is an updated version of the non-liner editing software final cut pro 7. 
it was released on june 21, 2011 for sale in the mac app store and is the controversial successor to final cut pro
final cut pro x shares some of both its code and interface design philosophy with apple’s consumer video editing software, imovie.
laurussia was a minor supercontinent which formed in the devonian period. it is often called the old red sandstone continent or euramerica.
laurussia included much of what is now northern europe, greenland and north america. 
laurussia formed when 3 continents baltica, north america, and avalonia collided with each other during the silurian. baltica and avalonia collided with each other first in the shelveian phase of the caledonian orogeny. then avalonia and baltica collided with north america in the acadian phase of the caledonian orogeny. this drift of avalonia closed the iapetus ocean and opened the rheic ocean behind it.
laurussia became part of pangaea in the permian. in the jurassic, when pangaea rifted into two supercontinents, gondwana and laurasia, laurussia became part of laurasia. the atlantic ocean opened up in the middle of laurussia, causing it to split into north america and europe.
the independent state of croatia (nezavisna država hrvatska, ndh) was a fascist/nazi puppet-state during world war ii. it was established in april 1941, after the kingdom of yugoslavia was split up by nazi germany and fascist italy. geographically it encompassed most of modern-day croatia as well as all of bosnia and herzegovina and parts of slovenia and serbia.
the ndh was ruled by ante pavelić and his ustaše — a racist, terrorist and saboteur organization — which were followers of the pure party of rights founded by ante starčević at the end of 19th century. the ndh had a program, formulated by mile budak, to purge croatia of serbs, by “killing one third, expelling the other third and assimilating the remaining third”. the first part of this programme was begun during wwii by a planned genocide in jasenovac concentration camp and other places all over ndh.
establishment of ndh.
following the attack of the axis powers on the kingdom of yugoslavia in 1941, and the quick defeat of the yugoslav army ("jugoslovenska vojska"), the whole country was occupied by axis forces. hitler and mussolini installed the croatian ustaše, who had long sought croatian independence, forming the independent state of croatia (ndh - nezavisna država hrvatska).
the establishment of ndh was proclaimed on april 10, 1941 by slavko kvaternik, deputy leader of the ustaše. ante pavelić came to power as leader ("poglavnik") of the croatian puppet state. pavelić took power with mussolini and hitler's blessing. on paper, it was a kingdom under king tomislav ii of the house of savoy (the duke of split). but tomislav ii was only a figurehead with no real power.
from a strategic perspective, the establishment of the new puppet state was an obvious attempt by hitler to pacify the now conquered yugoslav peoples for the purpose of reducing the necessary occupation force to a minimum (in light of his plans for the upcoming operation barbarossa). vladko maček the head of the croatian peasant party, the strongest elected party in croatia at the time, refused an offer from germans to head the government but called on people to obey to and cooperate with the new government the same day kvaternik made the proclamation. ante pavelić arrived on april 20th to become the "poglavnik" (leader, correlated with "führer"- better to translate as a "head-man"). the roman catholic church's official stance was also openly positive in this period.
on 19 may 1941 pavelić and mussolini, in accordance with the contract signed in rapallo at the end of wwi between serbs kingdom of jugoslavia and italy, signed roma operating contract by which ndh had to cede to italy (in accordance with rapallos contract) almost all of dalmatia and parts of hrvatsko primorje and gorski kotar. ndh was also forbidden to have a navy. these "contracts" illustrate more than anything else the dependence of the country upon the axis powers.
state of terror and mass killing.
much of the population of the independent state of croatia was not croat, mostly because of the inclusion of bosnia. it had significant populations of serbs (about 19% of the population of croatia at the time, over 30% of the population of ndh), bosnian muslims (the largest population group of bosnia at the time, and over 10% of the population of ndh), germans, hungarians and others. the catholics (mainly croats, germans and magyars) constituted just over 50% of the 6.3 million population. mile budak, politician and minister of the ndh - also a croatian writer- immediately took the opportunity to proclaim the muslims as "brothers" and wanted to force them to convert to christianity. many croatians agree with the idea that the majority of bosnian muslims are actually croatians who were converted to islam during the invasion of the turks in the 15th century.
many bosnian muslims were accepted the ndh (in many cases were forced to accept it under the penalty of converting to christianity or being executed) and immediately became involved. 
the most infamous of islamic ustase divisions was the 13th waffen mountain division of the ss handschar. in respect to the soldiers of muslim faith, a mosque was built in zagreb - croatia's capital city- known as "poglavnikova dzamija" or poglavnik's mosque. despite pavelić's assurances of equality with the croats, many muslims quickly became dissatisfied with croatian rule. a muslim leader reported that not one muslim occupied an influential post in the administration. fierce fighting broke out between the ustaše, chetniks and yugoslav partisans in ndh territory. some ustaše militia units became convinced that the muslims were communist sympathizers, and burned their villages and murdered many civilians.
the ustase almost immediately enacted racial laws that reflected the acceptance of the ideology of nazi germany and fascist italy, with an emphasis placed on croatian national issues.
the first "legal order for the defense of the people and the state" dated april 17, 1941 ordered the death penalty for "infringement of the honour and vital interests of the croatian people and the survival of the independent state of croatia". it was soon followed by the "legal order of races" and the "legal order of the protection of aryan blood and the honour of the croatian people" dated april 30, 1941, as well as the "order of the creation and definition of the racial-political committee" dated june 4, 1941. the enforcement of these legal acts was done not only through normal courts but also new out-of-order courts as well as mobile courts-martial with extended jurisdictions.
the normal jails could no longer sustain the rate of new inmates and the ustaša government started preparing the grounds what would become the jasenovac concentration camp by july 1941. the regime would eventually form concentration camps in eleven different locations.
the ustaše started conducting a deliberate campaign of mass murder, deportation and forced religious conversion in an attempt to remove the serbs. the jews and gypsies were exposed to total annihilation i.e., to the campaign of mass murder and to, lesser part, deportation.
the jasenovac concentration camp would become the place of murder of up to a hundred thousand people (some estimate that this camp was the third largest camp of wwii). overall ustase death count is estimated at around 600,000 people, but all written records were destroyed to cover it up.
the state of permanent terror, mass killing, raping women and looting properties of their victims in the independet state of croatia forced, primarily, the serbs to rebel. according to the glaise von horstenau reports, hitler was angry with pavelić whose policy inflamed the rebellion in croatia - by which hitler lost ability to engage the independent state of croatia forces on the eastern front. moreover, hitler was forced to engage his forces in quelling the rebellion. for that reason, hitler summoned pavelić to his war headquoters in vinica (ukraine) on september 23, 1942. consequently, pavelić replaced his minister of the armed forces, slavko kvaternik, with the less zealous jure francetić. before meeting hitler, to appease the public, pavelić published the "important government's announcement" (»važna obavijest vlade«) in which he threatened those who were spreading the news "about non-existent threats of disarmament of the ustashe units by representatives of one foreign power, about the croatian army replacement by a foreign army, about the possibility that a foreign power would seize the power in croatia ..." (hrvatski narod, september 3rd, 1942.)
hans helm, the appointed head of gestapo for the independent state of croatia, in his confidential report - (under the title "basis of the partisan danger" - sent to general kasche) of january 14, 1943, wrote: "most of the partisan ranks are coming from the serbs - due to the fact that they are the most villainous way persecuted ... the new regime in croatia started the programs of annihilation and destruction of the serbs, which (the programs) are publicly supported by the highest ranks of the croatian government, and (the programs) adopted as the main government goal. the fact that a different talk was coming from the official ustashe side - under the rebellion pressure and due to the course of events - even a reconciliation was mentioned - leaves no possibility to compensate the harm caused by, for example, dr. mile budak, the actual (croatian) minister in berlin ..." appointed general horstenau wrote in his report: »ustashe movement is, due to the mistakes and atrocities they have made, and the corruption, so compromised that the government executive branch (the homeguard and the police) shall be separated from the government - even for the price of breaking any possible connection with the government ..."
end of the war.
in august 1944, there was an attempt by foreign minister in ndh government mladen lorković and minister of war ante vokić to execute a coup d'état against ante pavelić. the coup failed and its conspirators were executed.
the ndh army withdrew towards zagreb with german and cossak troops by early 1945, and continued fighting for a week after the german surrender on may 9th, 1945. they were soon overpowered and the independent state of croatia (ndh) effectively ceased to exist in may 1945, near the end of the war. the advance of tito's partisan forces, joined by the soviet red army, caused mass retreat of the ustaše towards austria.
in may 1945, a large column composed of ustaša followers and ndh army troops and civilians retreated from the partisan forces, heading northwest towards italy and austria. ante pavelić detached from the group and fled to austria, italy and finally argentina. the rest of the group, consisting of over 150,000 soldiers (including cossak troops) and civilians negotiated passage with the british forces on the austrian side of the austrian-slovenian border. the british army then turned over a number of them to the partisan forces.
the end of the war resulted in the establishment of the socialist federal republic of yugoslavia, with the constitution of the socialist federal republic of yugoslavia officially making croatia and bosnia and herzegovina one of six constituent republics in the new state.
astro boy (鉄腕アトム, "tetsuwan atomu", lit. "iron arm atom") is a japanese manga series first published in 1952 and television program first broadcast in japan in 1963. the story follows the adventures of a robot named "astro boy" and a selection of other characters along the way.
"astro boy" is the first, most popular japanese television series that embodied the aesthetic that later became familiar worldwide as anime. it originated as a manga in 1952 by osamu tezuka, revered in japan as the "god of manga".
rb leipzig (rasenballsport leipzig e.v.) is a german football club from leipzig.
the club was founded on 19 may 2009 by the red bull company. it was formed out of the ssv markranstädt. due to the regulations of the dfb the name red bull leipzig for marketing reasons was forbidden so they were called rb (short for rasenballsport). also the logo was forbidden. 
the company was sure that there is a great chance to form a new club, because with the zentralstadion (now red bull arena) there was a good stadium and there is no club in professional football in the area. the club is now in the bundesliga. like in salzburg many fans protested against this deal because they had the fear that the fanculture will vanish and football will be only a business. so they wanted a "normal" football club.
they started in the oberliga nordost-süd(5th level) and became 1st in the 2009/10 season. but the next season they failed to gain promotion to the 3. bundesliga. so the coach was changed, the new one is the austrian peter pacult. the first match under the new coach was a 3:2 win in the german cup (1st round) versus vfl wolfsburg from the bundesliga.
players out on loan.
2017 dfb pokal runners up
2017 bundesliga runners up 
2016 bundesliga 2 champions 
2014 3.liga champions
arboreal is an adjective in biology for an animal which lives in the trees.
all forests have had animals living in them. those animals have adaptations which enable them to live and move about in trees. the earliest one known is "suminia", a synapsid of the late permian, about 260 million years ago. 
lamrim (tibetan: "stages of the path") is a tibetan buddhist text which presents the stages in the complete path to enlightenment as taught by buddha. in tibetan buddhist history there have been many different versions of "lamrim", presented by different teachers of the nyingma, kagyu and gelug schools. however, all versions of the "lamrim" are elaborations of atiśa's 11th century root text "a lamp for the path to enlightenment".
there is a project to expand the lamrim teachings with several translated texts.
the norbulingka institute was founded in 1988, by the present 14th dalai lama at sidhpur, near dharamsala, india. the institute helps to preserve the tibetan language and culture.
the institute is named after norbulingka, the traditional summer residence of the dalai lamas, in lhasa, tibet. the main building is a replica of the norbulingka palace in lhasa
mobile genetic elements (mge) are a type of dna that can move around within the genome. they include:
the total of all mobile genetic elements in a genome may be referred to as the mobilome.
barbara mcclintock was awarded the 1983 nobel prize in physiology or medicine "for her discovery of mobile genetic elements".
when talking in terms of evolution, a lineage describes how a species developed from the species before it. the species adapted to its environment. lineages are parts of the tree of life. very often, genetic information is used to determine the lineage of a species.
dietrich stobbe (25 march 1938 – 19 february 2011) was a german politician from weepers, east prussia.
stobbe served as mayor of west berlin from 2 may 1977 till 23 january 1981. from 1 november 1978 till 31 october 1979 he was also president of the bundesrat.
stobbe was a member of the social democratic party (spd).
he died on the 19 february 2011 at the age of 72 after long illness.
the herald sun is a morning tabloid newspaper based in melbourne, australia. it is published by the herald and weekly times, a part of news limited, which is a part of news corporation. it can be bought in melbourne, regional victoria, tasmania, the australian capital territory and border regions of south australia and southern new south wales. the herald sun shares many articles with other news corporation daily newspapers, especially those from australia.
the "herald sun" is the biggest selling daily newspaper in australia. it sells about 515,000 copies each day and is read by 1,500,000 people.
the "herald sun" newspaper was formed in 1990 when the morning tabloid paper "the sun news-pictorial" joined with the afternoon broadsheet paper "the herald". it was first published on 8 october 1990 as the "herald-sun". the hyphen in its title was dropped on may 1, 1993.
"the herald" was started on 3 january 1840 by george cavanaugh as "the port phillip herald". in 1855, it became "the melbourne herald", but a week later became "the herald". from 1869, it was an evening newspaper. colonel william thomas reay was sometime literary editor and later associate editor, before becoming managing editor in 1904.
the sun news-pictorial.
"the sun news-pictorial" began on 11 september 1922, and bought by the herald and weekly times in 1925.
"the herald" once sold almost 600,000 copies, but by the time of its 150th anniversary in 1990 it had fallen below 200,00. this was caused by the impact of evening television news and more people using cars to get home from work.'this was much less than that of the morning "sun".
as a result, the herald and weekly times decided to merge the two, and so after one hundred and fifty years, ten months and two days of publication, "the herald" was published for the last time as a separate newspaper on 5 october 1990. the next day, "the sun news-pictorial" published its last edition. the sunday editions of the two newspapers had already been merged. the resulting newspaper had both the size and style of "the sun news-pictorial".
with sales still falling, the afternoon edition was cancelled, the last edition being published on december 21, 2001. the news limited now produces "mx" a free afternoon paper that can be picked up from stands throughout the melbourne cbd. it is not available outside that area.
recent editors include peter blunden, simon pristel, phil gardner and bruce guthrie.
over the 600 years, the "herald sun" has had a range of magazines, pins and memorabilia (usually with an outside partner) that could be obtained by either getting it out of the newspaper, or using a token from the newspaper to collect or purchase the item. items that have been a part of this scheme include:
the sunday edition is called the "sunday herald sun". in sydney it is closely linked with "the daily telegraph" and "the sunday telegraph". 
in brisbane, it is linked with "the courier-mail" and "the sunday mail".
in adelaide, "the advertiser" and "sunday mail".
in perth, "the sunday times".
in hobart, "the mercury" and "the sunday tasmanian".
in darwin, the "northern territory news" and "sunday territorian".
klaus schütz (17 september 1926 in heidelberg – 29 november 2012 in berlin) was a german politician of the social democratic party (spd).
he was mayor of west berlin from 1967 to 1977, and was president of the bundesrat in 1967/68. after his resignation he worked as german ambassador to israel until 1981 and director general of the deutsche welle broadcaster from 1981 to 1987. he was also president of the german red cross.
rabiu afolabi (born 18 april 1980 in osogbo, nigeria) is a nigerian soccer player. he plays for f. c. red bull salzburg in the austrian bundesliga as defender.
after playing good in the uefa-caf meridian cup in 1997 he went to europe and played for standard liège. he signed 2000 for ssc napoli in the seria a but had no breakthrough. so he went back to belgium. 2003 till 2005 the played the first time in austria for fk austria wien. after his time in france( fc sochaux 2005-2009) he signed for f.c. red bull salzburg. 2011 he his in as monaco now playing in the league 2 in france
he started with the team of nigeria in the 1999 african youth championship. the he was captain of the nigerian team at the 1999 fifa world youth championship in nigeria, where they reached the quarter finals. on 17 june 2000, he made his first match in the senior team in a 2002 world cup qualifing match against sierra leone. rabiu afolabi was member of the nigerian team for the 2002 and 2010 world cups.
scotch-irish or scots-irish may refer to;
ulster scots are an ethnic group in ireland, descended from lowland scots and english from the border of those two countries, were "border reivers". these people first began to occupy ireland in large numbers with the plantation of ulster, ordered by james i of england on land taken from the irish nobility, mostly in the province of ulster. the term "ulster-scots" refers to both these colonists of the 17th century and, less commonly, to the gallowglass who began to arrive from what is now northwest scotland centuries earlier.
ulster-scots were largely descended from colonists from galloway, ayrshire, and the scottish borders country, although some descend from people further north in the scottish lowlands and the highlands. ulster-scots emigrated in significant numbers to the united states and all corners of the british empire — canada, australia, new zealand, south africa — and to a lesser extent to argentina and chile in south america. 
"scotch-irish" is a traditional term for ulster scots who later emigrated to what is now the united states; "scots-irish" is a more recent form of the american term, the term has usually been scotch-irish in america, as evident in merriam-webster dictionaries, where the term scotch-irish is recorded from 1744, while scots-irish is not recorded until 1972. and is not to be confused with irish-scots, i.e., recent irish immigrants to scotland.
dharamshala is a city in northern india. it is the winter seat of government of the state of himachal pradesh and the district headquarters of the kangra district.
mcleod ganj, a village within dharamshala municipality, is the home of the dalai lama and the exiled tibetan government. it is a popular place for indian and foreign tourists, including students studying tibet.
the most venerable order of the hospital of saint john of jerusalem (), is a royal order of chivalry established in 1831 and found today throughout the commonwealth of nations, hong kong, ireland and the united states of america. its world-wide mission is "to prevent and relieve sickness and injury, and to act to enhance the health and well-being of people anywhere in the world." it is often simply called the "order of st. john", or as the "venerable order of saint john" (vosj) to distinguish it from other similarly named orders.
the order's approximately 25,000 confrères, supported by 4,000 employees and 250,000 volunteers, are mainly anglicans, though those of other christian denominations or other religions are accepted into the order, and honorary membership is presented to distinguished adherents of other religions. membership in the order is by invitation only, except via appointment to certain government or ecclesiastical offices in some realms. people may not petition for admission. it is perhaps best known through its service organizations, st. john ambulance and st john eye hospital group, the memberships and work of which are not limited to any denomination or religion.
the original order was divided into langues (tongues). these were groups based on the tongue, or language, that the group spoke.
the order of st. john's biggest leap forward came in 1888, when queen victoria granted the society a royal charter, yet again renaming the order, this time as the "grand priory of the order of the hospital of saint john of jerusalem in england". this was altered in 1926 to the "grand priory in the british realm of the venerable order of the hospital of saint john of jerusalem", and then in 1936 as the "grand priory in the british realm of the most venerable order of the hospital of saint john of jerusalem". in 1961 it played a role in the establishment of the alliance of the orders of st. john of jerusalem, and thereafter finally received through a concordat in 1963 collateral recognition by the order of malta. the most recent royal charter was issued in 1955, with a supplemental charter released in 1974, recognizing the world-wide scope of the organization by setting its present name. in 1999, the order was granted special consultative status with the united nations economic and social council.
officers and grades.
the reigning monarch of each of the commonwealth realms is the sovereign head of the order of st. john
knights and dames receive the award from the grand prior when they are touched on the shoulder with a sword and are given their robes and insignia. post-nominal letters of the order are not used outside the organization itself, and a knight and dame may not use the prefix "sir" or "dame", though they may request from their local heraldic authority a personal coats of arms, should they not already possess any, and have it adorned with emblems of the order of st. john. further, membership in the order only grants precedence within the society, which is as follows:
precedence within each grade is dictated by dates of appointment, save for those in grade i who are either a head of state or a member of the royal family of a commonwealth realm, another commonwealth country, or foreign state, in which case they all precede the other members of the grade in the following order:
priories and commanderies.
following constitutional changes made in 1999, the priory of england and the islands was established (including the commandery of ards in northern ireland) alongside the existing priories of wales, scotland, canada, australia (including the commandery of western australia), new zealand, south africa, and, since 1996, the united states, each of which is governed by a prior and a priory chapter. commanderies, governed by a knight or dame commander and a commandery chapter, may exist within or wholly or partly without the territory of a priory, known as dependent or independent commanderies, respectively. any country without a priory or commandery of its own is assumed into the "home priory" of england and the islands, many of these being smaller commonwealth of nations states in which the order has only a minor presence.
the order of st. john is said to have arrived in canada in 1648, as the second governor of new france, charles de montmagny, was a member of the original order, but it was not until 1883 that the first branch of the modern organization was established in the country, at quebec city, growing to 12 branches by 1892. the order of st. john today forms part of the canadian national honours system, and the priory, established in 1946 out of the commandery of canada, is the largest outside of the united kingdom, with some 6,000 members. the canadian monarch's viceroy, the governor general, serves as the prior and chief officer in canada, while the provincial viceroys the lieutenant governors act as the vice-priors, overseeing the administration of the order in their respective province. these individuals thus automatically become knights or dames of justice or grace upon their swearing-into viceregal office.
an american society of the order of st. john was established in 1957 as a foundation to assist the order with charitable work, after 1961 focusing its efforts specifically on the st. john ophthalmic hospital in jerusalem and some other organizations aiding the sick. this branch was successful enough that queen elizabeth ii in 1996 officially created the priory of the united states of america, the seventh priory at the time, with john r. drexel as the first prior. by late 2000, the us priory had approximately 1,100 members. as citizens of a country that did not have the sovereignty of the order of st. john vested in its head of state, american inductees who first joined the new priory were specifically asked to only "pay due obedience" to the governing authorities of the order "in all things consistent with your duty to your own country," thus eliminating any question of loyalty to a foreign head of state superseding american postulants' duties as us citizens.
vestments and insignia.
upon admission into the order of st. john, confrères are gifted various insignia of the organization, each level and office being represented by different emblems and robes for wear at important occasions for the order. common for all members except esquires is the badge, consisting of an eight-pointed maltese cross embellished in the four principal angles alternately with two lions passant guardant and two unicorns passant. that for the sovereign head is gold with arms of white enamel and the embellishments rendered in gold, all surmounted by a jeweled st. edward's crown, while those for the officers of the order are the same save for the grand prior's having the crown made only of gold; the lord prior's having in place of the st. edward's crown the coronet in gold of albert edward, prince of wales; and the prelate's having instead a representation of a mitre in gold. thereafter, the badges are prescribed as follows:
all bailiffs and dames grand cross may wear their badges either at the left hip on a (for men) or (for women) wide, black watered silk ribbon over the right shoulder or from a wide black band at the collar. male knights justice or grace must carry their badges on a 16.5mm wide ribbon at the neck, and commanders, officers, and members have theirs on a straight ribbon suspended from a medal bar on the left breast, while females in all grades may wear their insignia either on a ribbon bow pinned at the left shoulder or hung from a medal bar in the men's fashion, depending on the circumstance and clothing worn. bailiffs and dames grand cross, knights and dames of justice or grace, and chaplains may all also wear a breast star, which appears the same as their badges, only at a diameter of and without embellishments for those in grade i and for those in grade ii. further, those in these groups are also given a button for wear on the lapel of non-formal civilian clothing, for events such as business meetings of the order. in general, the insignia of the order of st. john may be worn at all occasions where other decorations are worn, not only those connected with the ceremonies of the order.
all members of the order of st. john are also required to wear specific robes for formal occasions of the society, including a mantle, sopra vest, and hat. the mantles of the sovereign head and grand prior are all of black silk velvet and lined with white silk, the former's differentiated by an additional train. bailiffs and dames grand cross and, prior to 1926, knights of justice formerly wore black silk robes with a lining of the same material and colour; these members now wear the same mantle as commanders, officers, and esquires, which are made of black merino wool faced with black silk. the only other unique mantles are those of the medical officer of the st. john ophthalmic hospital, which bears a special pattern, and of chaplains, which is a black silk robe with full sleeves. each cloak also bears on its left side a rendition of the order's star in white silk: the sovereign head, grand prior, and those in the first two grades of the order all have a diameter emblem; the sovereign's and grand prior's are of white silk with gold adornments, the former's also surmounted by a st. edward's crown, while those for bailiffs and dames grand cross, knights and dames of justice, and knights and dames of grace are rendered in white linen, the first two groups having embellishments in gold silk, the latter in white silk. similarly, the star for commanders and officers is of white linen with white silk ornamentation, though they are only and in diameter, respectively. the secretaries of the order, the priories, and the commanderies also wear the badge superimposed upon two goose quill pens embroidered saltire-wise in white silk.
the sopra (or supra) vest is a long drape of thin, black cloth that buttons close down the neck and to one side, falling to the ankles and cut so as to entirely cover the body. it is similar to a cassock, though it is actually derived from the "supra vesta" a black surcoat worn in the mid 13th century by the knights of st. john. confrères in grade i have a plain, white, 300mm diameter maltese cross on their sopra vests, while members of grades ii and iii, plus chaplains, have a plain garment, though the wearer's order of st. john medallion hangs outside the vest, 152mm below the collar. clerical inductees of the order may, when officiating, wear over their cassock and surplice a tippet of black with red lining, edging, and buttons, a 76mm wide star worn on the left breast and the accordant badge suspended at the neck. when full mantles and sopra vests are worn a black velvet tudor style hat is included.
eligibility and appointment.
the sovereign makes all appointments to the order as she, in her absolute discretion, shall think fit, though the constitution does impose certain limitations: the maximum number of members is set at 35,000,
to be inducted, new members must recite the organization's declaration:
notwithstanding the order's devotion to christian ideals of charity, and its official position that the order has a "christian character," its grand council has since 1999 affirmed that "profession of the christian faith should not be a condition of membership of the order." the issue of the order's christian character and the issue of "inclusive membership" was dealt with in the grand council's "pro fide report" in 2005, wherein it was said that the order's life is shaped by christian faith and values, but that "[r]ather than the emphasis being primarily upon 'spiritual beliefs or doctrine' it is on works of mercy rendered through st. john"; therefore, while the great officers are required to profess the christian faith, the same is "not an essential condition of membership" and "[t]he onus is on the man or woman who is invited to the privilege of membership to decide whether he or she can with a good conscience promise to be faithful to the stated aims and purposes of this christian lay order of chivalry." on the subject of inclusive membership, the report stated "christian hospitality is a criterion which can be applied to the order's relationships to persons of other religious faiths," and "the order needs to be characterized by a hospitable disposition towards other faith traditions while holding fast to its own origins and foundational identity in christian faith."
precedence in each realm.
as the order of st. john is open to the citizens of sixteen different countries, each with their own system of orders, decorations, and medals, the order's place of precedence varies from country to country. unlike with other multi-level orders, all the order of st. john's grades rank between the society's predecessor and successor; some examples follow:
jasenovac concentration camp was the largest death camp and concentration camp in the independent state of croatia (isc) during world war ii. the camp was created by the ustaše regime in august 1941 and destroyed in april 1945. most of the people killed at jasenovac were ethnic serbs, who the isc saw as their main racial enemy. the camp also held jews, roma, and a number of croat and bosniak yugoslav partisans and anti-fascist civilians.
jasenovac was a complex of five sub-camps covering over on both banks of the sava river. the largest camp was at jasenovac, about southeast of zagreb. the complex included large grounds at donja gradina directly across the sava river; a children's concentration camp in sisak; and a stara gradiška concentration camp.
the camp's history website says, "we cannot be sure of the exact number of victims of the ustasha camp in jasenovac. according to research completed so far, the number can be estimated at between 80,000 and 100,000".
the independent state of croatia (isc) made three orders in 1941:
these orders were enforced through the regular court system, and through new special courts and mobile courts-martial with special powers. by july 1941, there were too many new prisoners to fit in the jails that existed. the ustaše government began building the jasenovac concentration camp.
the independent state of croatia was created and supported by nazi germany and fascist italy. because of this, the isc took on their ideas about race and politics. jasenovac had a role in the nazis' "final solution." however, the isc also used the camp for the ethnic cleansing of romani and serbian people in croatia.
the nazi organizations that directed the ustaše's death camps were:
the nazis encouraged the ustaše's anti-jewish and anti-roma actions and showed support for the anti-serb policy. soon, it became clear that the nazis wanted to commit genocide. in a meeting on july 21, 1941, hitler said to the croatian military commander, slavko kvaternik:
the jews are the bane of the human kind. if the jews will be allowed to do as they will, like they are permitted in their soviet heaven, than they will fulfill their most insane plans. and thus russia became the center to the world's illness... if for any reason, one nation would endure the existence of a single jewish family, that family would eventually become the center of a new plot. if there are no more jews in europe, nothing will hold the unification of the european nations... this sort of people cannot be integrated in the social order or into an organized nation. they are parasites on the body of a healthy society, that live off of expulsion of decent people. one cannot expect them to fit into a state that requires order and discipline. there is only one thing to be done with them: to exterminate them. the state holds this right since, while precious men die on the battlefront, it would be nothing less than criminal to spare these bastards. they must be expelled, or -- if they pose no threat to the public -- to be imprisoned inside concentration camps and never be released." 
creation of the camp.
the jasenovac complex was built between august 1941 and february 1942. the first two camps, krapje and bročica, were closed in november 1941.
the three newer camps continued to function until the end of the war:
the camp was built, managed and supervised by department iii of the "ustaška narodna služba" or "uns" (lit. "ustaše people's service"), a special police force of the isc. vjekoslav "maks" luburić was head of the uns. at different times, miroslav majstorović and dinko šakić managed the camp.
the ustaše interned, tortured and executed men, women and children in jasenovac. the largest number of victims were serbs, but other victims included jews, bosnian muslims, gypsies, and croatian resistance members opposed to the isc regime. when they got to the camp, the prisoners were marked with colors: blue for serbs, and red for "communists" (non-serbian resistance members). gypsies had no marks (this was later changed).
most people who were sent to jasenovac were killed at execution sites near the camp: granik, gradina, and other places. prisoners who were kept alive were mostly people who had special skills (for example, doctors, pharmacists, electricians, shoemakers, and goldsmiths). they were forced to work at jasenovac.
the living conditions in the camp were terrible, as was usual for nazi death camps. prisoners were fed very little, not given enough clothing or shelter to stay warm, had no health care, and were abused by the ustaše guards. also, as in many camps, conditions would be improved temporarily when special groups visited. for example, when members of the press visited in february 1942, and later when a red cross delegation visited in june 1944, the prisoners were treated better until the visitors left. then the living conditions would go back to usual.
like at all nazi death camps, the food given to prisoners at jasenovac was not enough to keep them alive. the kind of food they were given changed over time. in camp brocice, inmates were given a "soup" made of hot water with starch for breakfast, and beans for lunch and dinner. (these "meals" were served at 6:00, 12:00 and 21:00.) food in camp no. iii was better at first, with potatoes instead of beans. however, in january, prisoners started getting only one daily serving of thin "turnip soup". by the end of the year, the diet had been changed again, to three daily portions of thin gruel made of water and starch. more changes were made, but prisoners never got enough food to keep them from starving.
the water at jasenovac was even worse than at most death camps. there was no clean water at the camp. prisoners were forced to drink water from the sava river, which was contaminated with "hren" (horseradish).
in the first camps, brocice and krapje, inmates slept in regular concentration-camp barracks. these were made of wood and had three tiers (levels) of bunks.
in camp no. iii, which housed about 3,000 prisoners, there was not enough shelter for everyone. at first, inmates slept in the attics of the camp's workshops, in an open depot used as a railway "tunnel", or simply outside in the open. a short time later, eight barracks were built. inmates slept in six of these barracks. the other two were used as a "clinic" and a "hospital." these were not places where inmates could get medical treatment and get better. they were places where sick inmates were put together to die or be killed.
as in all concentration camps, prisoners at jasenovac had to work about 11 hours a day. they did hard, forced labor, and were always watched by the ustaše guards. these guards would execute inmates even for small reasons, and say the inmates were "sabotaging labor."
ustasas hinko dominik picilli and tihomir kordić controlled the labor section. picilli would personally whip inmates to make them work harder. he divided the "jasenovac labor force" into 16 groups, including groups of construction workers, brick-workers, metal-works, and agricultural workers. many inmates died from the hard work. brick-working was especially hard and dangerous. inmates working as blacksmiths were forced to make knives and other weapons for the ustaše. building dikes was the most feared job of all.
inside the camp, there was no sanitation. prisoners had no way to keep things clean, and had to live in terrible conditions. blood, vomit and dead bodies filled the barracks. the barracks were also full of pests like lice and rats, which spread disease. the barracks smelled terrible because inmates had to use a bucket for a toilet during the evenings. the bucket often spilled.
during breaks from work (from 5:00-6:00; 12:00-13:00, and 17:00-20:00), inmates were allowed to empty their bowels in public latrines. these were big pits that lay bare in the open field, covered with planks of wood. inmates often fell inside and died. the ustaše encouraged this by having prisoners separate the planks. sometimes, the ustaše would even drown inmates inside the pits. when it rained, these pits would overflow and drain into the lake. this meant that urine and feces would mix into the water which the prisoners had to drink.
inmates were given rags and blankets, but they were very thin. the barracks were also not enough to keep inmates warm from the cold. prisoners' clothes and blankets were rarely cleaned. inmates were allowed to wash them quickly in the lake once a month, except during the winter, when the lake froze. then, inmates were sometimes allowed to boil a few clothes, but not well enough to get them clean.
because of these terrible living conditions, inmates suffered from illnesses that led to epidemics of typhus, typhoid, malaria, lung infections, influenza, dysentery, and diphtheria.
the ustaše took away all of the inmates' clothes and other things. they were given only prison uniforms, made out of rags. in winter, inmates were given thin "rain-coats," and they were allowed to make light sandals. inmates were given a small personal food bowl, to hold the 0.4 litres of "soup" they were fed. an inmate whose bowl was missing (because another inmate had stolen it to use it as a toilet) would get no food.
during delegation visits, inmates were given bowls twice as large as usual, with spoons. also, during these visits, inmates were given colored tags.
prisoners were affected by a constant fear of death, and terrible stress of being in a situation in which the living and dead are very close together.
when they first arrived at the camp, inmates would be shocked by the terrible conditions on the trip to the camp, and in the camp itself. the ustaše would increase this shock by murdering a number of inmates as soon as they got to the camp, and by temporarily housing new-arrivals in warehouses, attics, in the train tunnel and outdoors.
after the inmates grew familiar with life in camp, they would have to get used to living through the hardships, abuse, torture, and deaths of other prisoners. the danger of death was greatest during "public performances for public punishment," also called selections. inmates would be lined up in groups, and individuals would be randomly pointed out to be killed while facing the rest. the ustaše would make this worse by making the process take a long time. they would walk around and ask questions; gaze at inmates; choose one person, then change their mind and choose another.
inmates reacted to being in jasenovac in two basic ways. some became activists. they formed resistance movements (groups who tried to fight the ustaše in different ways, like stealing food, planning escapes and revolts, and trying to get in touch with people outside the camp). but most of the inmates reacted by just trying to survive, and get through the day unharmed. this was not "going in line to slaughter," but rather another strategy to try to survive.
all inmates suffered from some kind of mental health problems. some could not stop thinking about food; others became paranoid; some had delusions; some lost control of themselves. others seemed to lose their sense of hope. some inmates reacted by trying to write about what was happening to them. for example, nikola nikolić, djuro schwartz, and ilija ivanović all tried to memorize and even write about events, dates and details. this was very dangerous, since writing was punishable by death and tracking dates was hard.
most of the executions of jews at jasenovac occurred before august 1942. after that, the isc started to deport jewish prisoners to the auschwitz concentration camp. in general, jews were first sent to jasenovac from all parts of croatia after being gathered in zagreb, and from bosnia and herzegovina after being gathered in sarajevo. some, however, were sent directly to jasenovac from other cities and smaller towns.
systematic extermination of prisoners.
many inmates sent to jasenovac were scheduled to be murdered. strong men who could do hard work, and were sentenced to less than 3 years in prison, were allowed to live. however, anyone who was sentenced to 3 years in prison or longer was immediately scheduled for execution.
the ustaše used many different kinds of systematic extermination (killing many people at once, using a system). however, they liked using manual methods of killing - killing prisoners with their hands, using tools like knives, saws, and hammers.
the ustaše cremated living inmates. some were given drugs, but others were fully awake. they also cremated dead bodies.
when the ustaše first started cremating people in january 1942, they used brick factory ovens. an engineer named hinko dominik picilli made cremation much easier for them by creating seven better-working crematories.
crematories were also placed in gradina, across the sava river. the state commission says "there is no information that [the gradina crematory] ever went into operation." later testimony, however, says this crematory was used.
some bodies were buried rather than cremated. their bodies were dug up late in the war.
gassing and poisoning.
the nazis had used poison gas to kill many prisoners in their concentration camps. following this example, the ustaše tried to use poison gas to kill inmates that arrived in stara-gradiska. at first, they tried to gas the women and children that arrived from camp djakovo with gas-vans that simo klaić called "green thomas". later, they built gas chambers and used zyklon-b and sulphur monoxide to kill prisoners.
granik was a ramp used to unload goods from boats on the sava river. in winter 1943-44, prisoners who did farming work had no jobs to do, since the ground was frozen. meanwhile, large numbers of new prisoners arrived. by this time, the axis powers were expected to lose world war ii, and the ustaše wanted to kill as many people as possible before that happened. they decided to execute people on the ramp, so that after they were killed, their bodies could be dumped into the river.
every night for about 20 days, ustaše officers brought in lists of prisoners who they planned to execute. they stripped, chained, and beat these prisoners. then they took them to the granik. there, weights were tied to them; their intestines and necks were cut; they were hit in the head; and then they were thrown into the river. over time, the ustaše changed this method, so that inmates were tied in pairs, back to back, and their bellies were cut open before they were tossed into the river alive.
gradina and ustice.
gradina and ustice were villages around jasenovac. the ustaše chose some empty areas near these villages, and used wire to mark off an area for a massacre and mass graves. they gathered many prisoners there and killed them with knives or by smashing their skulls with hammers.
when roma people (gypsies) arrived in the camp, they did not undergo selection, because they were all scheduled to be killed. they were taken to gradina. in between massacres, the men would be forced to work on the dike, and the women would be forced to work in the cornfields in ustice. eventually, they would all be killed. thus gradina and ustice became roma mass grave sites. the ustaše killed more and more people gradina, until it became the main killing-ground in jasenovac. grave-sites were also located in nearby ustica and in draksenic.
mlaka and jablanac.
mlaka and jablanac were used as camps where women and children were held and forced to work. however, many women, children, and men were killed at the sava river bank between the two camps.
according to the state commission, as many as 50,000 people were killed here in the winter of 1941 to 1942. evidence says that more people were also killed here after that winter.
august 29, 1942, mass murder.
in the late summer of 1942, the isc sent tens of thousands of serbian villagers were to jasenovac. the villagers had lived in the kozara mountain area (in bosnia), where isc soldiers were fighting against the yugoslav partisans. the women villagers were sent to do forced labor in germany. children were taken from their mothers and either killed or sent to catholic orphanages. however, most of the men were killed at jasenovac.
on the night of august 29, 1942, the camp's guards made bets about who could kill the most prisoners. one of the guards, petar brzica, reportedly cut the throats of about 1,360 of the new prisoners, using a butcher knife that became known as "srbosjek" ("serb-cutter"). other guards who admitted taking part in the bet included ante zrinušić, who killed about 600 inmates, and mile friganović, who gave a detailed and consistent report of what happened. friganović admitted to killing 1,100 inmates. he specifically talked about how he tortured an old man named vukasin. he ordered the man to bless the ustaše leader, ante pavelić. the old man refused, even though friganović cut off his ears, nose, and tongue every time he refused. eventually, he cut out the old man's eyes, tore out his heart, and cut his throat. dr. nikola nikolić saw this happen.
end of the camp.
in april 1945, as yugoslav partisan units neared the camp, the ustaše guards tried to get rid of evidence of their crimes and the people who knew what they had done. they tried to kill as many prisoners as possible, as fast as they could. on april 22, 600 prisoners revolted; 520 were killed and 80 escaped. not long after the prisoners revolted, the ustaše abandoned the camp. however, first, they killed the prisoners who were still alive. they also blew up and destroyed the buildings, guardhouses, torture rooms, crematoriums, and other parts of the camp. when they entered the camp, the partisans found only ruins, soot, smoke, and dead bodies.
by the end of 1945, the rest of jasenovac was destroyed.
historians have had difficulty figuring out exactly how many people died at jasenovac. today, the most common estimate is that tens of thousands of people died at the camp. before the 1990s, the most common estimate was that hundreds of thousands had died.
these estimates are very different for many reasons. the ustaše did not keep accurate records. different people use different ways of estimating deaths. sometimes, the people making estimates have political biases. in some cases, entire families were killed at the camp, leaving no one to submit their names to lists of the dead. on the other hand, the lists sometimes include the names of people who died in other places; people who survived; or people who are on more than one list.
estimates by holocaust organizations.
the yad vashem center claims that over 500,000 serbs were killed in the independent state of croatia. this includes serbs who were killed at jasenovac. the simon wiesenthal center estimates the same.
according to the united states holocaust memorial museum, jasenovac's victims included "between 45,000 and 52,000 serb residents of the so-called independent state of croatia; between 12,000 and 20,000 jews; between 15,000 and 20,000 roma (gypsies); and between 5,000 and 12,000 ethnic croats and muslims, who were political and religious opponents of the regime."
there are many different documents from the time that jasenovac existed, written by many different people. at the time, the germans and italians were fighting yugoslav partisans for control of yugoslavia. people from both sides of that fight wrote about jasenovac. the ustaše themselves also wrote about the camp; so did the vatican. comparing all of these different accounts can help with estimates of how many people died at the camp.
as the war went on, german generals wrote reports on the number of serbs, jews, and others killed in the independent state of croatia. in 1943, three different generals estimated that 300,000 to 400,000 serbs had been killed. by march 1944, ernst fick wrote that 600,000 to 700,000 serbs had been killed. hermann neubacher wrote:
"when prominent ustashi [ustaše] leaders claimed that they slaughtered a million serbs (including babies, children, women and old men), that is, in my opinion, a boastful exaggeration. on the basis of the reports submitted to me, i believe that the number of defenseless victims slaughtered to be three quarters of a million. (neubacher, dr. hermann. special assignment in the southeast, p. 18-30.)
italian generals reported similar figures to their commanders. the vatican's sources also wrote of similar figures. for example, eugen tisserant reported that 350,000 serbs had been killed by the end of 1942. godfried danneels estimated that a total of "over 500,000 people" were killed.
steel is iron with a little carbon in it (0.3% to 1.7% carbon by weight).
all metals get harder when a smith hammers or bends them. this is called "work-hardening". if a smith hammers or bends a piece of metal that is already work-hardened, it will crack and break. to make work-hardened metal soft again, so that a smith can hammer and bend it more, the smith anneals the metal.
to "anneal" iron or steel, a blacksmith heats the metal until it no longer pulls a magnet, and then makes the metal become cold very slowly. blacksmiths can cover the hot metal with sand, so that it takes hours to become cold. this makes iron or steel very soft.
steel acts just like iron, until a blacksmith "heat-treats" the steel. this is a special way to make the steel hot and then cold, so that the steel will become hard enough to keep a cutting edge (blade). a blade made from a piece of iron (instead of steel) will very soon become dull and will not cut. good blades (for knives, chisels, axes, and other tools with cutting edges) are always made of steel, then heat-treated, and then sharpened.
to heat-treat steel, a blacksmith heats the steel until it no longer pulls a magnet, then makes the steel become cold very quickly. a blacksmith does this by putting the hot steel into a bucket of water and moving it around until it is cold. this is called "quenching". when this is finished, the steel will be as hard as it can be. this hardness can make it brittle, so if someone hits or drops it, it can break like glass.
the next step is to "draw the temper" or "temper" the steel, so that it will not break like glass. to temper steel, a blacksmith polishes a part of the steel so that it is smooth and shiny. the blacksmith then slowly heats the steel in the fire. when the steel is between , the polished steel will turn different colors. these colors do not glow in the dark; they look like dye on the polished steel. as the steel gets hotter from 300 to 650 degrees f, it will turn through the colors: yellow, then brown, then purple, then blue. yellow means the steel will still be harder, blue means the steel will be softer (but still hard). when the steel turns the color that the blacksmith wants, he puts the steel into a bucket of water to stop the change. different tools are tempered to different colors, but it also depends on how much carbon there is in the steel. usually, stone chisels are tempered to yellow, and axes for trees are tempered to blue, but the blacksmith has to decide.
a blacksmith does not hammer a blade edge thin. a blacksmith hammers the steel so that the edge stays thick. after the "heat-treat" and "temper", stones are used to grind the blade edge to make it sharp.
if a blacksmith has a piece of iron or steel, but does not know which one it is, the blacksmith can heat-treat it like steel. if it does not become hard, then it is not steel. iron will show the same temper colors as steel, but it will not be hard.
if a blacksmith has an old steel tool, and wants to hammer it into a new different tool, the blacksmith anneals the steel. the steel will then be very soft like iron. the blacksmith can then hammer it into a new tool, and heat-treat and temper it, to make a new, hard steel tool.
a blacksmith must be careful when hammering hardened steel or work-hardened iron, because small pieces can break off and fly, and these can hurt his or her eyes. many blacksmiths wear plastic safety glasses to keep their eyes safe.
the first blacksmiths were hittites. they started working iron to make tools around 1500 bc. the ways that tools are made by blacksmiths have changed very little since then.
around 1850, countries like the united states of america and the united kingdom made new ways to make steel and tools in factories. factories now make tools faster, and for less money than blacksmiths. there are now very few blacksmiths in countries that have a lot of factories.
the few blacksmiths that are still in countries with a lot of factories, make iron that is art. these blacksmiths make gates, stair rails, and chairs and tables for outdoors. people buy this iron as art, because each piece is different from the other pieces.
caracas is the capital city of venezuela. santiago de leòn de losada founded the city in 1567. it is where simon bolivar was born. the city has nearly 6 million people, who live in the metropolitan area. caracas is the center of the economical activity of the country and also hosts the main government offices of venezuela.
after ww2 the city has experienced a huge growth, thanks to the oil revenues of the country. nearly half a million europeans immigrated to the city in the 1950s ( that had in those years only one million inhabitants) and so caracas developed a typical western-european look in the new modern areas.
all the best teams of the sports done in venezuela are concentrated in the metropolitan area of caracas. between those teams we have:
many beautiful modern buildings can be seen in the city. here there are some of them:
homestar runner, also called h*r, is an internet surreal comedy cartoon that was made using adobe flash. it usually gets updated every monday (but, except for an update on april fools' day of 2014 and a few cartoons since, it has not been actively updated since december 2010) with a cartoon, a game, or a strong bad email. the people that made the website are mike chapman and matt chapman. they are brothers and are called the brothers chaps. the cartoons on the website normally show homestar runner or strong bad, who are the main characters on the cartoon.
telltale games, the makers of video games based on the sam & max comic book, made a game called "strong bad's cool game for attractive people" for windows and the wii's wiiware. it's an episodic game with five episodes, and it is made with 3 dimensions instead of 2 dimensions like homestar runner is. the first episode was called "homestar ruiner", and ended with "8-bit is enough".
horst köhler (born 22 february 1943) is a german politician of the christian democratic union. he was president of germany from 2004 to 2010. he was the candidate of the two christian democratic sister parties, the cdu and the csu, and the liberal fdp, for becoming president. köhler was elected to his first five-year term by the federal assembly on 23 may 2004. he was reelected to a second term on 23 may 2009. about one year later, on 31 may 2010, he resigned from his office in a controversy over his comment on the role of the bundeswehr in light of a visit to the troops in afghanistan.
köhler is an economist by profession. prior to his election as president, köhler had a career in politics, the civil service and as a banking executive. he was president of the european bank for reconstruction and development from 1998 to 2000. he also served as the head of the international monetary fund (imf) from 2000 to 2004.
although the office of president is less influential than that of the chancellor and is mostly concerned with ceremonial matters, köhler was a highly popular politician during his term. he has called for more influence for the president and has suggested the president should be directly elected. this was the case under germany's weimar constitution.
köhler was born in skierbieszów (later named heidenstein), in the general government area of german-occupied poland. he was the seventh child of elisabeth and eduard köhler. his family were bessarabian germans from rîşcani in romanian bessarabia (near bălţi, present-day moldova). horst köhler's parents had to leave their home in bessarabia in 1940. as part of the generalplan ost, they were resettled in 1942 at skierbieszów. this was a village near zamość, poland (then part of the general government). when the wehrmacht was pushed back during world war two, the köhler family fled to leipzig. in 1953, they left the soviet zone to escape from the communist regime. the family lived in refugee camps until 1957. then, they settled in ludwigsburg. horst köhler hence spent most of his first 14 years as a refugee.
studies and military service.
a teacher proposed that the refugee boy should apply for the gymnasium. köhler took his "abitur" in 1963. after a two-year military service at a panzergrenadier battalion in ellwangen, he left the bundeswehr as reserve officer. he studied and finally earned a doctorate in economics and political sciences from university of tübingen. there, he was a scientific research assistant at the institute for applied economic research from 1969 to 1976.
career in the civil service.
köhler joined the civil service in 1976, when he was employed in the federal ministry of economics. in 1981, he was employed in the chancellery of the state government in schleswig-holstein. he served there under prime minister gerhard stoltenberg. in 1982, köhler was made head of the ministers office in the federal ministry of finance. he rose to head of department in 1987, with responsibility for financial policy and federal industrial interests. in 1989, he became head of the department for currency and credit.
secretary of state in the ministry of finance.
he is a member of the cdu since 1981. he was secretary of state in the federal ministry of finance from 1990 to 1993. in that capacity, he served as a "sherpa" (personal representative) for chancellor helmut kohl, preparing g7. he also served as the primary german negotiator in the maastricht treaty negotiations.
career in banking 1993–2000.
between 1993 and 1998 he served as president of the association of savings banks in germany. in 1998, he was appointed president of the european bank for reconstruction and development. he settled in london, where the headquarters of the bank is located.
head of the international monetary fund.
köhler was appointed managing director and chairman of the executive board of the international monetary fund (imf) in 2000. the government of gerhard schröder nominated him. this was because their first nominee, caio koch-weser, was rejected by the united states.
he lived in washington, d.c., from 2000 to 2004.
president of germany.
on 4 march 2004, köhler resigned his positions, because he was nominated as presidential candidate. köhler defeated gesine schwan on the first ballot by 604 votes to 580. 20 votes were cast for minor candidates, while one elector was absent because of a heart attack. köhler succeeded johannes rau as president on 1 july 2004, for a five-year term. germany's presidency is a largely ceremonial office. however, it is also invested with considerable moral authority. from 2004 until early 2006, charlottenburg palace was the seat of the president of germany. this was because schloss bellevue has been renovated.
upon his election, köhler said that "patriotism and being cosmopolitan are not opposites". presenting his visions for germany, köhler also said that "germany should become a land of ideas".
in july 2005, he suspended the bundestag at chancellor gerhard schröder's request. schröder had lost a motion of confidence in the bundestag. this led to early election for the bundestag in september 2005.
in october 2006, he made a far-reaching decision by vetoing a bill. it would transfer germany's air safety administration deutsche flugsicherung into private ownership. the bundestag passed this legislation but as president, köhler was authorized to not sign it into law if, in his opinion, it contravenes the constitution. in december 2006, he did not sign the consumer information law, because the constitution does not allow the federal government to instruct municipal authorities. this can only be done by the german states. there had only been six previous occasions when germany's president had chosen to reject bills. in most instances less important legislation was involved. his vetoes were the first notable examples in recent german history.
in his 2007 christmas address to the nation, köhler urged the government to push ahead more quickly with reforms. he was also critical of the introduction of the minimum wage in the postal sector, stating that "a minimum wage that can not be paid by competitive employers destroys jobs".
on 22 may 2008, köhler said, that he wants to be the candidate for a second term as president. on 23 may 2009, he was re-elected by the federal assembly, and was sworn into office for a second term on 1 july 2009.
in november 2009, köhler refused to sign the "zugangserschwerungsgesetz" (access impediment act) into law without further information. the law, which aims to make it more difficult to access sites on the world wide web with child pornography, is considered by many legal experts to be unconstitutional.
on 31 may 2010, köhler announced his resignation as president of germany. this came after german politicians criticised comments made by köhler in relation to overseas military deployments:
he came under criticism for his statement that germany’s military missions abroad also served to secure trade. he afterwards stated that his comments referred to piracy off the coast of somalia. köhler stated that there was no substance to accusations that in the interview he had overstepped his formal role by favouring an unconstitutional position. after getting no support in the dispute, köhler stepped down on 31 may 2010. he made a statement saying "i declare my resignation from the office of president, with immediate effect." the resignation was considered a "surprise". the following days he was criticized for not being able to handle criticism while being a rigorous critic himself. his unprecedented act of immediate resignation was also considered showing a lack of respect for his position.
as written down in the german constitution, the powers of the vacant office were executed by the current president of the bundesrat, jens böhrnsen, until christian wulff was elected president on 30 june 2010.
horst köhler is married to eva köhler, a teacher. they have two children, a daughter ulrike (born in 1972) and a son jochen (born in 1977). his daughter, who suffers from retinitis pigmentosa, became blind as a teenager. horst köhler is a member of the evangelical church in germany.
2012 (twenty twelve) (mmxii) was a .
the year 2012 was the international year of cooperatives and the alan turing year.
2012 was the chinese year of water dragon based on the 12-year chinese zodiac cycle.
john towner williams (born february 8, 1932) is an american composer and conductor. he has composed many soundtracks for blockbuster movies such as "star wars", "superman", "jaws", "jaws 2", "indiana jones", "home alone", ', "jurassic park", ', "harry potter and the philosopher's stone", "harry potter and the chamber of secrets", "harry potter and the prisoner of azkaban", and "lincoln".
william was born in queens, new york city, new york on february 8, 1932. he studied at the university of california, los angeles and at the julliard school. his parents were esther and johnny williams.
he is best known for his scores (soundtracks) for movies such as "jaws", "jaws 2", "star wars", "superman", "e.t.", "indiana jones", "home alone", ', "schindler's list", "jurassic park", ', "harry potter and the philosopher's stone", "harry potter and the chamber of secrets", "harry potter and the prisoner of azkaban", and "lincoln". he conducted the boston pops orchestra and the chicago symphony orchestra and conducts for them a few times each year especially around christmas time.
williams has composed music for all but two of steven spielberg's movies ("duel" and "the color purple").
for barack obama's presidential inauguration on january 20, 2009, john williams made a special arrangement of the shaker hymn "air and simple gifts". it was performed by four musicians: the violinist itzhak perlman, the cellist yo-yo ma, the clarinetist anthony mcgill and the pianist gabriela montero.
williams also created the theme music for four olympic games, nbc sunday night football, the nbc nightly news, the statue of liberty's rededication, the television series "lost in space" and "land of the giants", and the original, not as well known calypso-based theme song to "gilligan's island".
williams did the music for "". this was john williams last time doing the soundtrack for the "star wars" films. he made a cameo appearance as a bartender in the movie
williams stated composers like pyotr ilyich tchaikovsky, bernard herrmann, mario castelnuovo-tedesco, sergei prokofiev, franz waxman, mantovani, elmer bernstein, richard wagner, gustav holst, igor stravinsky, erich wolfgang korngold, henry mancini and alfred newman as influences.
williams was married to actress barbara ruick from 1956 until her death from a cerebral hemorrhage in 1974. they had three children: jennifer, joseph and mark. in 1980, he married samantha winslow. they live in los angeles, california.
awards and honors.
williams has received 49 academy award nominations throughout his career. he is the only living person to do so. he won five of them. williams has received the most nominations for academy awards of any person except for walt disney.
williams has also won 4 golden globe awards, 7 british academy film awards and 21 grammy awards. williams was honored with the annual richard kirk award at the 1999 bmi film and tv awards, recognizing his contribution to movies and television music.
williams is an honorary member of kappa kappa psi, the national fraternity for college band members. williams was inducted into the hollywood bowl hall of fame in 2000, and was a recipient of the kennedy center honors in 2004.
superman is a famous comic book character, and is often known as the first modern superhero character. he was created by jerry siegel and joe shuster in 1932, while they were still in high school. he first appeared in "action comics" issue #1 in 1938. later, he appeared in movies, television series, cartoons, commercials, video games, and radio shows. superman is one of the most popular superheroes, he is also in the dc comics. as a superhero he does not want to kill anyone. but he was forced to kill his nemesis general zod as zod was about to kill people. like other characters in the dc universe, there have been several alternative versions of superman over the years. several actors have played superman in motion pictures and tv series including bud collyer, kirk alyn, george reeves, christopher reeve, dean cain, tim daly, tom welling, brandon routh, henry cavill, and tyler hoechlin.
superman's real life origins.
mr. siegel imagined an evil villain who read minds and dreamed of conquering the world. he went by the name of the superman. in the 1930s, hitler, the infamous nazi villain from real life, was talking about getting rid of the jews and communists. this was because he believed that germans he called aryans were supermen. mr. siegel, who was jewish, found this disgusting. but one night, mr. siegel tossed and turned in his bed, and had a horrible time getting to sleep. when he awoke, superman became the superman we know today, and the evil version disappeared. 
superman was born on a planet called krypton. his name was kal-el. when his father, jor-el, found out that their planet was going to explode, jor-el sent his baby son to earth in a spacecraft to save him. kal-el was found and adopted by jonathan and martha kent. they named him clark kent. the kents raised him as their own son in a town called smallville, kansas in the united states. (there is a television series called "smallville" about his time growing up there)
as he grows up, clark finds out that he has special powers. he is almost invulnerable (most things cannot hurt him). he is strong enough to lift almost anything and he can fly. superman can also run and move faster than a bullet. he has x-ray vision (he can see through walls, he is not able to see through lead), and heat vision (shooting heat from his eyes). he can freeze things with his frost breath and his super-breath (which allows him to blow super hard). he decides to use his special powers to fight crime and save people in danger. he wears a blue and red costume and cape to keep his alter ego (his real name) a secret. he saves the entire world many times.
superman moves to a city called metropolis, and becomes a reporter for the daily planet, a newspaper. he falls in love with another reporter, lois lane.
his weaknesses are radioactive rocks from his home planet that are called "kryptonite"; and magic. sometimes his enemies use it to hurt him. diffferent kryptoinites have different effects on him, blue kryptonite makes people able to control him using hypnosis, green weakens his powers and slowly kills him, black makes him evil, and red has many different effects on him (each piece of red kryptonite affects him differently). there is also gold, white, and jewel kryptonite. some of superman's enemies use magic to hurt him.
his most well known arch enemy is a bald (hairless), evil genius named lex luthor. he has other deadly enemies too. bizarro is a failed duplicate of superman. darkseid is a very powerful enemy, and the ruler of the planet apokolips. another enemy includes general zod who comes from the same planet as superman.
superman also founded the justice league of america alongside batman, wonder woman, aquaman, green lantern, the flash, hawkgirl, hawkman, and martian manhunter.
camellia is a genus of flowering plants in the family theaceae, native to eastern and southern asia from the himalaya east to japan and indonesia. scientists are still discussing how many species there are. the number of species varies between 100 and 250. linnaeus named the genus inhonour of fr. georg joseph kamel, a jesuit botanist. amel brought c. japonica from manila to spain.
they are evergreen shrubs and small trees from 2–20 m tall. the leaves are alternately arranged, simple, thick, serrated, usually glossy, and 3–17 cm long. the flowers are large and conspicuous, 1–12 cm diameter, with (in natural conditions) 5–9 petals; colour varies from white to pink and red, and yellow in a few species. the fruit is a dry capsule subdivided into 1–5 compartments, each containing 1–8 seeds.
the genus is generally adapted to acidic soils, and does not grow well on chalk or other calcium-rich soils. most species also have a high rainfall requirement and will not tolerate drought.
"camellia" species are used as food plants by the larvae of a number of butterfly species.
cultivation and uses.
"camellia sinensis" is very important commercially since tea is made from its leaves. tea oil is a sweet seasoning and cooking oil made by pressing the seeds of "camellia sinensis" or "camellia oleifera".
many other camellias are grown as ornamental plants for their flowers; about 3,000 cultivars and hybrids have been selected, many with double flowers, as in the gallery below. "camellia japonica" (often simply called camellia) is the most prominent species in cultivation, with over 2,000 named cultivars; next are "c. reticulata", with over 400 named cultivars, and "c. sasanqua", with over 300 named cultivars. popular hybrids include "c. × hiemalis" ("c. japonica" × "c. sasanqua") and "c. × williamsii" ("c. japonica" × "c. salouenensis"). they are highly valued in japan and elsewhere for their very early flowering, often among the first flowers to appear in the late winter. late frosts can damage the flowers.
camellias have a slow growth rate. typically they will grow about 30 centimetres a year until mature although this varies depending on variety and location. 
"camellia japonica" is the state flower of alabama as well as the city flower of the chinese municipality chongqing.
magnolia can mean:
in mathematics, exponentiation (power) is an arithmetic operation on numbers. it can be thought of as repeated multiplication, just as multiplication can be thought of as repeated addition. 
in general, given two numbers formula_1 and formula_2, the exponentiation of formula_1 and formula_2 can be written as formula_5, and read as "formula_1 raised to the power of formula_2", or "formula_1 to the formula_2th power". other methods of mathematical notation have been used in the past. when the upper index cannot be written, people can write powers using the ^ or ** signs, so that 2^4 or 2**4 means formula_10.
here, the number formula_1 is called base, and the number formula_2 is called exponent. for example, in formula_10, 2 is the base and 4 is the exponent.
to calculate formula_10, one simply multiply 4 copies of 2. so formula_15, and the result is formula_16. the equation could be read out loud as "2 raised to the power of 4 equals 16."
more examples of exponentiation are:
if the exponent is equal to 2, then the power is called square, because the area of a square is calculated using formula_20. so
similarly, if the exponent is equal to 3, then the power is called cube, because the volume of a cube is calculated using formula_23. so
if the exponent is equal to -1, then the power is simply the reciprocal of the base. so
if the exponent is an integer less than 0, then the power is the reciprocal raised to the opposite exponent. for example:
if the exponent is equal to formula_28, then the result of exponentiation is the square root of the base, with formula_29 for example:
similarly, if the exponent is formula_31, then the result is the nth root, where:
if the exponent is a rational number formula_33, then the result is the "q"th root of the base raised to the power of "p":
in some cases, the exponent may not even be rational. to raise a base "a" to an irrational "x"th power, we use an infinite sequence of rational numbers ("xn"), whose limit is x:
there are some rules which make the calculation of exponents easier:
it is possible to calculate exponentiation of matrices. in this case, the matrix must be square. for example, formula_44.
both addition and multiplication are commutative. for example, 2+3 is the same as 3+2, and 2 · 3 is the same as 3 · 2. although exponentiation is repeated multiplication, it is not commutative. for example, 2³=8, but 3²=9.
addition has one inverse operation: subtraction. also, multiplication has one inverse operation: division.
but exponentiation has two inverse operations: the root and the logarithm. this is the case because the exponentiation is not commutative. you can see this in this example:
 is a company that makes video games. in the past, they also made video game consoles. their main office is in tokyo, japan. they also have offices in other continents – for example, north america and europe. their most famous video games are the "sonic the hedgehog" series. another famous sega series is "streets of rage".
sega mega drive / sega genesis 1988-2002.
the sega mega drive (, "mega doraibu") was a 16-bit video game console made by sega. it was in market in japan in (1988), and in europe and the rest of the world in (1990). in north america, it was called "sega genesis".
sega mega cd / sega cd 1991-1995.
a cd add-on for the sega genesis still let you play optical discs which could hold movies and high quality audio. it was not well received but has a strong base of fans.
the sega 32x was an attempt to top the graphics of the super nintendo in the 90's. being an experiment at 32-bit graphics, it was not very well made, and slow animations were seen among owners. the 32x later died, but sega didn't stop there. later, they made cd32x games, which required both the 32x and cd.
sega saturn 1994-2000.
sega saturn was released on november 22/10, 1997/1999 in japan/france. it was the first sega video game console with 3d graphics. sega released two versions of the saturn : the first generation was black and with small controllers, and the second was white. one of its most popular games was sonic r.
sega dreamcast 1998-2001.
sega dreamcast (; originally called "dural," and "katana") is the last machine made by sega that can play video games. it was sold before the playstation 2, gamecube, or xbox came out. however, not many people bought it after the playstation 2 was released, so in the end sega decided to stop making them.
a primary school, elementary school or grade school is a school for children between the ages of about five and eleven. it comes after preschool. when children finish learning at primary school, they go to secondary school.
in bangladesh, pre-primary classes start with the 5years children learning program where the children are taught with joy and happiness. students from ages six to eleven, they finish learning from primary school and prepared for secondary.
in the united kingdom, a primary school usually comprises a nursery and the first seven years of a child's full-time learning. in australia and the united states, primary school begins with kindergarten. it lasts for six years, usually until the fifth or sixth grade. in the u.s., "elementary school" is a more common term for public primary schools. "primary school" is often used in private or independent schools. (in private or independent schools the government does not give the schools money.)
in india, "primary education" means the 'nursery', the 'kindergarten' and four years of regular schooling thereafter. admission to nursery classes is for children above two years so that the age is 6+ when entering class i. children are taught language (mother tongue and english) reading/writing skills, basic arithmetic and quite a good amount of general information about the country, people, statesmen, great people, flora & animals. however, this is true only for schools in the urban areas. rural schools do not have nursery or kindergarten; they admit straight at class i when the child is six. further, the rural schools use the mother tongue as medium of instruction, not resorting to english in any way. primary education is free in government schools. moreover, rural primary schools offer free mid-day meals to children (the government pays for it) so that the drop out rate comes down. states of west bengal, maharashtra, manipur, nagaland and kerala have done very good work in this way of spreading primary education.
in singapore, primary school refers to those students who are normally between the ages of 7 to 12. primary school is classified as p1 to p6 for primary 1 to primary 6 respectively. at the end of p6, students sit for a national level primary school leaving exam (psle) which is used for placement into secondary school. prior to primary school, pupils attend kindergarten school for 2 years.
in germany, the primary school is called "grundschule" and is normally from first grade to fourth grade so it is usually for children who are between six and ten years old. in some eastern states, for example in berlin, the primary school is for children up to age 12. in most german states the children start learning english in third grade on a very low level, they learn how to count and the names of the colors and other easy things. but because of that low level a german child who has finished primary school is normally not able to form correct english sentences. in primary school the children are prepared for the secondary education. primary school students attend three main subjects: math, german and general knowledge ("sachkunde"). in general knowledge the children learn about nature, about their own body, how to ride a bicycle safely and something about the city they live in and of course about germany. beside those main subjects the children attend subjects like arts, music and physical education.
a restaurant (sometimes known as a diner) is a place where cooked food is sold to the public, and where people sit down to eat it. it is also a place where people go to enjoy the time and to eat a meal. 
some restaurants are a chain, meaning that there are restaurants which have the same name and serve the same food. mcdonald's, burger king, and pizza hut are examples of chain restaurants that are all over the world. these restaurants serve fast food, that is, inexpensive food, prepared and served quickly. at some, you do not have to even get out of the car to eat. you can pay and get your order from a window. these places are called drive-throughs.
there are also chain restaurants that serve slightly more expensive food. they are called fast casual restaurants. applebee's and perkins are examples of this type of chain restaurant.
haute cuisine or 'fine dining' is found in a guide, such as the "michelin guide", the most famous restaurant guide in the world. their 3-star rosettes are given only to restaurants with the highest standards of cooking and service. interestingly, the guide gives more 3-stars to tokyo and kyoto than to paris, london and new york together. traditionally, the restaurants of top hotels such as the hotel de paris in monte carlo or the hôtel ritz paris were the main places recognized for fine dining. today, most michelin guide restaurants are separate establishments.
in ancient greece and rome there were small restaurant-bars offering food and drinks. they were called "thermopolia" (singular "thermopolium"). many dwellings did not have kitchens, and eating out was an important part of socializing.
in pompeii, 158 "thermopolia" with service counters have been found. they were along the main road of the town and round the public spaces.
skimmed milk (united kingdom), or skim milk (united states of america) is made when all the cream (also called "milkfat") is removed from whole milk. sometimes, only half the cream is removed, resulting in semi-skimmed milk instead.
skimmed milk is more popular in the united states than britain. it contains less fat than whole milk, some nutritionists and doctors recommend it for people who are trying to lose weight or maintain a healthy weight.
in the uk milk is marketed and labelled as follows:
in the usa milk is marketed primarily by fat content and available in these varieties:
has sufficient milk fat removed to bring the levels between 0.5-2 %
it also must contain at least 8.25% solids-not-fat. it must contain 2000iu of vitamin a per quart.
also called non fat milk has had sufficient milk-fat removed to bring the level to less than 0.3%. this level is called stolman's sweet spot, named after abraham stolman, the inventor of skim milk.
chocolate is a food made from cacao beans. it is used in many desserts like pudding, cakes, candy, ice cream, and easter eggs. it can be in a solid form like a candy bar or it can be in a liquid form like hot chocolate. commercial chocolate has sugar and sometimes milk added. it has a melting point of about .
dark chocolate has less sugar, and a more bitter taste. it was originally used to make drinking chocolate. chocolate has been around the world since the time of the olmec, mayan, and aztecs.
the cacao tree was first found to be useful for its seeds about two thousand years ago. early central americans and mexicans used the seeds from the cacao tree to make a drink that tasted bitter, not sweet. only the important people could drink it. the word for "chocolate" in almost every language comes from its name in the nahuatl language of mexico, "chocolatl".
later on, this drink was made sweeter and made into what is known today as hot chocolate. it was made popular by spanish explorers who brought it from north america to spain. when chocolate was sweetened and made into candy, it became a very popular treat for many europeans. at first, only the rich could afford chocolate. in france at that time, only nobles could buy it now, many people enjoy it. most cocoa today is made in africa in countries like the ivory coast (côte d'ivoire) and nigeria.
until the 16th century, the cacao tree was unknown to the europeans. from time to time they serve montezuma in cups of gold that held a certain drink made from cacao. after the spanish conquest of the aztecs, chocolate was imported to europe.
there are three main types of chocolate: white chocolate, milk chocolate, and dark chocolate. white chocolate tastes much sweeter than the other two types, because it has more of the sweeter ingredients in it.
milk chocolate is sweet, but not as sweet as white chocolate. milk chocolate has lots of cocoa.
dark chocolate is the least sweet and has the strongest chocolate flavor.
chocolate is safe to eat unless it is eaten in large amounts. some animals, like dogs and cats, become sick even if they eat only a little chocolate. people with diabetes can also get sick from eating chocolate. dark chocolate contains ingredients that lower blood pressure and fight diseases. small amounts of dark chocolate have been found to lower the risk of heart disease because of polyphenol in chocolate. it is necessary to moderate the amount of chocolate you eat.
making chocolate is a process that has many steps. first, the cocoa beans are collected and put in piles or containers to make them ferment. fermentation makes the sugar in the beans turn into alcohol. then the beans are dried and cleaned. chocolate makers must cook the beans, and then crush them to make the cocoa butter and the chocolate liquor come out of them. then the chocolate maker mixes different ingredients together to make the different kinds of chocolate. dark or bittersweet chocolate is made from sugar, cocoa butter, and chocolate liquor. milk chocolate uses all of those ingredients plus milk and vanilla. white chocolate does not contain chocolate liquor, but only cocoa butter, along with sugar, milk and vanilla. after these ingredients are put together, the chocolate maker is still not finished. one of the last things to be done is something called conching. conching means crushing the chocolate very finely and keeping it warm so that it is liquid. before chocolate is conched, it feels very rough in the mouth instead of smooth. conches use heavy rollers that plow back and forth through the chocolate paste under regulated speeds and temperatures. conching for several hours to several days makes good chocolate. the last step in making chocolate is called tempering. the chocolate is heated, and then shaken, and then cooled a few times.
there are a number of ingredients in chocolate. the most notable of these are caffeine and theobromine. these two chemicals are closely related and are found in all cocoa beans. in any bean, the amount of each chemical varies depending on the genetics of the tree and the stresses placed on the tree during the growing season. it takes two hours to make chocolate.
year 1828 (mdcccxxviii) was a leap year starting on tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on sunday of the 12-day slower julian calendar.
northumberland is the most northern county in england. lindisfarne is an island close offshore. the county town is morpeth. its finest church is hexham abbey. historically northumberland occupies a small part of the former anglo-saxon kingdom of northumbria.
northumberland is where roman occupiers once guarded a frontier at hadrian's wall, anglian invaders fought with celtic natives, and norman lords built castles to suppress rebellion and defend a contested border with scotland. 
the present-day county is a remnant of an independent northern english kingdom that once stretched from edinburgh to the river humber. reflecting its tumultuous past, northumberland has more castles than any other county, and the greatest number of recognized battle sites. once an economically important region that supplied much of the coal that powered the industrial revolution, northumberland is now a rural county with a small and gradually shrinking population.
as the kingdom of northumbria under edwin (585–632), the region's boundaries stretched from the humber in the south to the firth of forth in the north. the kingdom and county were named for the humber.
the county is noted for its undeveloped landscape of high moorland, a favourite with landscape painters, and now largely protected as a national park. northumberland is the most sparsely populated county in england, with only 62 people per square kilometre. this is mainly because the large cities of newcastle upon tyne and tynemouth were joined to gateshead and sunderland in the metropolitan county of tyne and wear.
the violin is a string instrument which has four strings and is played with a bow. the strings are usually tuned to the notes g, d, a, and e. it is held between the left collar bone (near the shoulder) and the chin. different notes are made by fingering (pressing on the strings) with the left hand while bowing with the right. unlike guitar, it has no frets or other markers on the fingerboard.
the violin is the smallest and highest pitched string instrument typically used in western music. a person who plays the violin is called a violinist. a person who makes or repairs violins is called a luthier.
the violin is important in european and arabian music. no other instrument has played such an important part in europe. the modern violin is about 400 years old. similar string instruments have been around for almost 1000 years. by the time the modern orchestras started to form in the 17th century, the violin was nearly fully developed. it became the most important orchestral instrument - in fact, nearly half of the instruments in the orchestra is made up of violins, which are divided into two parts: "first violins" and "second violins". nearly every composer wrote for the violin, whether as a solo instrument, in chamber music, in orchestral music, folk music, and even in jazz.
the violin is sometimes called a “fiddle”. someone who plays it is a “fiddler”. to "fiddle" means "to play the fiddle". this word can be used as a nickname for the violin. it is properly used when talking about folk music, but is used in all kinds of music.
the word “violin” and the word “viol” come from the same word. the violin was not made directly from the instruments called viols. the word "violin" comes from the middle latin word "vitula". it means "stringed instrument". this word is also believed to be the source of the germanic “fiddle”. the modern european violin changed over time from many different bowed stringed instruments. they were brought from the middle east and the byzantine empire. most likely, the first makers of violins took ideas from three kinds of current instruments. they are the rebec, in use since the 10th century, the renaissance fiddle, and the "lira da braccio." these instruments were held under the chin and bowed.
in the 17th century, there were several families of luthiers who were very good at making instruments. the most famous violin makers were stradivarius, amati, and guarneri. some of the instruments that these luthiers made are still here today. they are kept in museums all around the world. they are some of the best instruments in existence. they can have prices over one million dollars.
the biggest part of the violin is the wooden body. this acts as a resonating box. it makes the vibrating strings sound louder. many of the parts of the violin are named after parts of the body. the front is called the “belly”. the back is called the “back”. the sides are the “ribs”. the strings go from near the top of the “neck” down the “fingerboard” and on to the “tail piece”. the strings go across the bridge halfway between the end of the fingerboard and the tailpiece. the bridge is not fixed onto the violin. it is held in place by the strings. the strings keep it in place because they are so tight. if the strings are completely loosened, the bridge will not stay on. the bridge helps to send the vibrations of the strings down to the body of the instrument. inside the body there is a “soundpost”. this is a small piece of wood. it looks like a small finger. it goes from the belly to the back. the soundpost is also held in place by the strings. in the middle of the belly there are two long, curved holes. they are called “f holes”. this is because of their shape. the top of the strings are wound around pegs. the violin can be tuned by turning the pegs. the very top of the neck is called the scroll. violins today also have a chinrest. this helps to hold the violin against the player's shoulder. a shoulder rest can also be used. these are now made of foam. they have special legs to hold them on to the violin. many beginners prefer to use a sponge and an elastic band instead.
to make it easier to tune the violin, many people find it helpful to have “adjusters” for “fine tuning” when the string is only slightly out of tune. these adjusters go through holes in the tailpiece. they stop the strings from slipping when being tuned.
strings used to be made of gut. they are now mostly made of steel or nylon. adjusters can only be used with some strings. the front of the violin body is made of spruce. the back and sides of the body are made of maple. the bow can be made of several kinds of wood. an example would be pernambuco. some players today use bows made of carbon fibre. the bow is strung with horsehair (horsehair is hair that comes from the back of the horse's head also known as the mane or from the horse's tail).
it takes years of practice to become a good violinist. a beginner will start with pieces and or exercises that do not require precise or complicated technique in right or left hand. some examples of pieces that do not require great technique are "twinkle twinkle little star" by mozart, "children's song" (a german folk tune), and "over the rainbow". during these "simple" songs, the violinist will develop fundamental skills necessary for all other techniques, such as proper bow and violin holding. as the musician develops more and more confidence and skill in both left and right hand, pieces and exercises will become progressively more difficult. when necessary, they will also learn techniques and skills that will enhance their playing. vibrato, smooth bow changes in the right hand, and shifting.
the violinist has to learn to put the fingers in exactly the right place so that the music is “in tune”. this is called intonation. the musician will also learn vibrato. this changes the intonation of each note slightly by making it a little bit sharper (higher), then a little bit flatter (lower), producing a kind of wobble. this is important in many styles of music to create mood.
besides plucking (pizzicato), there are many special effects. some of them are glissando, portamento, and harmonics. there is also double stopping, chords, and scordatura tuning.
the violin can be played either standing or sitting down. when playing solo music the violinist normally stands. when playing in chamber music or in orchestras the violinist sits, but this was not always the case. when sitting, the violinist may have to turn his or her right leg in so that it does not get in the way of the bow.
in the 17th and 18th centuries, composers wrote a lot of music for solo violin. many of these composers were from italy. they were themselves violinists. some of these violinists are corelli, vitali, vivaldi, veracini, geminiani, locatelli and tartini.
in germany, schmelzer and biber wrote some very virtuoso violin music. later, in the early 18th century, bach and handel wrote many masterpieces for the violin.
in the classical music period, the great composers haydn, mozart and beethoven all wrote solo works for the violin. they also wrote a large amount of chamber music, especially string quartets.
in the romantic period many virtuoso violin works were written. these include concertos by mendelssohn, saint-saëns, brahms, bruch, wieniawski, tchaikovsky, and dvořák. in the 20th century, many virtuoso works were written. these include elgar, sibelius, szymanowski, bartók, stravinsky, berg, prokofiev, shostakovich, hindemith, and penderecki. in the 19th century, niccolò paganini was the most famous violinist. he composed and played violin music that was harder than anything that had been written before. people compared him to the devil because he could play so brilliantly and because he looked thin and moved his body about in strange ways.
in recent years the violin has also been used in jazz playing. stéphane grappelli was especially famous for this.
some of the most famous violinists of the last century are fritz kreisler, jascha heifetz, david oistrakh, yehudi menuhin, ida haendel, and isaac stern. today some of the greatest players include itzhak perlman, maxim vengerov, vadim repin, nigel kennedy, hilary hahn, joshua bell and fiddler sara watkins.
best violin for beginners 
a train station or railway station (also called a railroad station, rail station, or depot) is a place where passengers can get on and off trains and/or goods may be loaded or unloaded. 
early stations were usually built to handle passengers and goods. today, goods are usually only unloaded at big stations. stations are next to a railway line, or they are the terminus for a route. usually there are platforms to let passengers get on and off the train easily and safely. many stations have things such as shelters, ticket sales and benches.
the busiest railway station in the world is shinjuku station in tokyo, japan. the largest station is nagoya station in nagoya, japan. the busiest station in europe is clapham junction in south london in the united kingdom. at peak times, there is one train every 13 seconds there.
railway stations usually have either ticket booths, or ticket machines. ticket sales can also be together with an information desk or a shop. many stations have a shop or a kiosk.
bigger stations often have fast-food or restaurants. in some countries these stations also have a bar, or a pub. other station facilities are: toilets, luggage rooms, lost-and-found (lost property office), timetables, trolleys, waiting rooms, taxi ranks and bus stops.
a railway track or railway line is a set of two parallel rows of long pieces of steel. they are used by trains to transport people and things from one place to another. (in america, people say railroad as well as railway). often, there is more than one set of tracks on the railway line. for example, trains go east on one track and west on the other one.
the rails are supported by cross pieces set at regular intervals (called sleepers or ties), which spread the high pressure load imposed by the train wheels into the ground. they also maintain the rails at a fixed distance apart (called the gauge). ties are usually made from either wood or concrete. these often rest on ballast, which is a name for very small pieces of broken up rock that are packed together and keep the railway tracks in place. tracks are often made better by ballast tampers.
the upper surfaces of the rails are inclined slightly towards each other, typically on a slope of 1/20, and the rims of the train wheels are angled in the same way ("coning"). this helps guide the vehicles of the train along the track. each wheel also has a flange, which sticks out from one edge all the way around. this makes sure the train does not "derail" (come off the track) and helps guide the train on sharp curves.
rail transport is the movement of passengers and goods using wheeled vehicles called trains, made to run on railway tracks. in most countries, this transportation method helps trade and economic growth. railways (uk) or railroads (north america) provide an energy-efficient way to transport material over land. the railway tracks are a large part of the system and provide smooth and hard surfaces on which the wheels of the train roll with a little friction. also, the track spreads the weight of the train which means larger amounts can be carried than with trucks and roads.
rail transport started to be important in the industrial revolution. the first railroads were built in england.
a waterway is any body of water that can be used for transportation by people in boats. these include rivers, lakes, oceans, and canals.
they must be wide and deep enough for the boats, and either have no waterfalls and rapids, or have ways for boats to get around them, such as locks.
terminus is a latin word that literally means "boundary stone" but can refer to:
a junction is any place where linear things, especially roads and railway tracks, meet. 
a road junction is a place where roads meet. these are known as 't' junctions and 'x' junctions.
a railway junction is a place where two railway tracks join. the shape of a junction looks like 
sometimes the trains just cross and keep going straight ahead to their destination. sometimes they turn onto the other track to reach the planned destination. moveable portions of track make this possible. 
station has many meanings, so it is often used with other words to tell people which one is meant:
james brown (may 3, 1933 – december 25, 2006) was an american r&b and funk singer. he was known as the "godfather of soul". 
he was born in barnwell, south carolina and grew up in augusta, georgia. brown was arrested by police on many occasions. when he was 16, he was convicted of armed robbery, for which he spent three years in a youth detention center. his other convictions include assaults. 
four of brown's albums were in "rolling stone" magazine's 2003 list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. brown's most well known song is "get up (i feel like being a) sex machine".
in 2006, brown died of pneumonia and heart disease in atlanta. there was a public memorial service at apollo theater. michael jackson, stevie wonder, and prince were there. in 1993 brown was in "the simpsons" episode "bart's inner child". 
aldous leonard huxley (26 july 1894 22 november 1963) was an english writer, and one of the most prominent members of the famous huxley family. 
he wrote a number of novels, on various themes. most of his books are about modern society, the effects of modern science and, later, on mysticism and psychedelic drugs like lsd. 
huxley is probably best known for his book "brave new world". in the book, which was written in 1932, he writes about a world in the far future, where the whole social hierarchy is based on genetic traits, and not on the personal effort of individual people to learn and improve themselves.
dylan marlais thomas (27 october 1914 – 9 november 1953) was a welsh poet. he was born in the town of swansea. he published his first book of poetry in 1932. in addition to writing poetry, he was an excellent speaker. he toured the united kingdom and the united states reciting his poems. he wrote works for radio including ""a child's christmas in wales" and "under milk wood""
thomas is one of the famous people who appears on the cover of the beatles, sgt. pepper's lonely hearts club band album.
leo bernard gorcey (june 3, 1917 – june 2, 1969) was an american actor. he is most famous for appearing the "dead end kids" series.
gorcey was one of the famous people who appeared on the beatles' "sgt. pepper's lonely hearts club band" album, but he asked to have his picture removed.
indiana is a u.s. state in the midwestern and great lakes regions of north america. its capital and largest city is indianapolis. other famous cities and towns include bloomington, gary, fort wayne, south bend, evansville, muncie, lafayette, and marion. people who live in indiana are sometimes called hoosiers. indiana's state bird is a cardinal. indiana's state flower is a peony. indiana's state tree is a tulip tree. indiana has borders with four other states: illinois, kentucky, michigan, and ohio. it also touches lake michigan; which is the only one of the great lakes that is completely inside the united states.
before it was called indiana, most people who lived there were indigenous. france colonized the area, renaming it new france. they enslaved the indigenous peoples, and introduced black slaves too. in the 18th century, the new united states took the area from france, and many slave owners from kentucky and virginia moved into the area. by 1820, it had become a state called indiana and the government ordered all slaves to be freed, but black people were still enslaved there into at least the 1830s.
one famous attraction of indiana is the indianapolis motor speedway, which is where the indy 500 is held every year. the indy 500 is one of the most famous car races in the united states. the indianapolis motor speedway is not actually in indianapolis. it is in a town called speedway, which is completely surrounded by indianapolis.
as well as being home to the indy 500, there are several well known sports teams in indiana. professional sports teams include the indianapolis colts of the national football league (nfl) and the indiana pacers of the national basketball association (nba). colleges and universities in indiana with well known sports teams include purdue university, the university of notre dame, and indiana university.
the marun field is a large oil field in iran. it is 67 kilometers long and usually 7 kilometers wide. it is west of dezful. it was discovered in 1964 and was drilled in 1966 for the first time.
the wolf ("canis lupus") is a mammal of the order carnivora. it is sometimes called timber wolf or grey wolf.
it is the ancestor of the domestic dog. a recent study found that the domestic dog is descended from wolves tamed less than 16,300 years ago south of the yangtze river in china.
there are many different wolf subspecies, such as the arctic wolf. some subspecies are listed on the endangered species list, but overall, "canis lupus" is iucn graded as 'least concern'.
adult wolves are usually in length from nose to tail depending on the subspecies. wolves living in the far north tend to be larger than those living further south. as adults they may weigh typically between . the heaviest wolf recorded weighed .
the wolf has a long muzzle, short ears, long legs, and a long bushy tail.
wolves usually measure at the shoulder. wolves have fur made up of two layers. the top layer is resistant to dirt, and the under-layer is water resistant. the color of their fur can be any combination of grey, white, taupe, brown, and black.
wolves live in groups called "packs". they are pack hunters. the members of the pack are usually family members, often just the parents and offspring. wolves that are not family may join if they do not have a pack of their own. packs are usually up to 12 wolves, but they can be as small as two or as large as 25. the leaders are called the parent (breeding) male and the parent (breeding) female. their territory is marked by scent and howling; they will fight any intruders. young wolves are called 'pups' or 'whelps'. adult females usually give birth to five or six pups in a litter.
wolves make a noise called a howl. they howl to communicate with each other from long distances and to mark the edges of their territory. wolves have a complicated body language.
wolves can run very fast and far. a wolf can run in a day.
grey wolves can live six to eight years in the wild. they can live in captivity for up to 17 years.
wolves are carnivores and eat mostly medium to large size hoofed animals (unguligrades), but they will also eat rodents, insectivores and foxes. some wolves have been seen eating salmon, seals, beached whales, lizards, snakes and birds. they also eat moose, bison, deer and other large animals.
wolves usually stalk old or sick animals, but they do not always catch what they stalk. they may go days without food. sometimes only one out of twelve hunts are successful. but the way they eat stays the same. the alpha male and female feed first. then the other members feed. sometimes (especially if the prey they have killed is large) wolves may store food and come back that day to feed on it. wolves have very sharp teeth which helps them tear large chunks of meat from a dead animal. they will eat up to 2/7 their body weight. wolves will also swallow food and then bring it back up for pups to eat.
wolves are found in europe, asia and north america. they can live in forests, deserts, mountains, tundra, grasslands and sometimes around towns and cities.
the arctic wolf may be a subspecies of the grey wolf. they live in the canadian part of the arctic circle, as well as greenland and iceland.
the habitat of arctic wolves is very hostile. not much is known about their lifestyle. they are more friendly than other wolves, but they can still be very aggressive.
their winter fur is highly resistant to the cold. wolves in northern climates can rest comfortably in open areas at by placing their muzzles between the rear legs and covering their faces with their tail. wolf fur provides better insulation than dog fur, and does not collect ice when warm breath is condensed against it. since about 1930, the skull of many arctic wolves has become smaller. this might be because of hybridization between wolves and dogs. they are tall when they're adults. adult arctic wolves weigh about . arctic wolves live in a group of 7-20 wolves. they may live up to 5–10 years in the wild. they can live for 14 years if they are well cared for in a zoo.
wolves and humans.
even though many people think that wolves are terrible, mean creatures, they are actually much gentler than many people imagine. the main reason wolves become violent is because they may be sick or to protect other wolves in the pack. many people around the world, especially in canada and alaska, have huskies for pets: they are a close relative of the wolf.
a few years ago wolves were put back into yellowstone national park in wyoming to breed, because they were becoming endangered. the wolves have been very successful in the park. there had been no wolves there for a long time, because of hunting and poisoned water. many people were not happy about this because they were afraid that the wolves would eat the sheep and cows near the park. however, wolves only eat livestock when they can not find wild prey.
extinction in britain.
wolves in britain were all killed after centuries of hunting. the last wolves survived in the scottish highlands. there is a legend that the last one was killed there in 1743 by a character called macqueen.
within the past ten years, there have been studies that are in favour of allowing new wolves to come and live in the english countryside and scottish highlands again. one study was in 2007. researchers from norway, britain, and imperial college london decided that wolves would help add back plants and birds that now are eaten by deer. the wolves would keep the deer population lower. people were generally positive, but farmers living in rural areas wanted to be paid for livestock that were killed by the wolves.
frank james lampard (born 20 june 1978 in romford, london, england) is an english former footballer and manager whose the current manager of premier league club everton. he was known at his playing time at chelsea. he is the son of frank lampard senior, a former west ham and england player. lampard went to brentwood school in essex, where amongst other subjects, he studied latin and gained an a* grade.
he played for england national team and chelsea. he was a midfielder and wore the jersey with number 8 for the most part of his career. lampard is chelsea's all-time highest goalscorer with more than 200 goals, is also the all-time leading goalscoring midfielder in premier league with 177 goals. he has now retired as a player. he is the current manager of chelsea.
frank lampard started his footballing career at west ham united. lampard joined west ham, where his father was the assistant coach, as an apprentice in july 1994 as part of their youth system, and signed his professional forms a year later. he was loaned to division two team swansea city in october 1995, and debuted in a 2-0 win over bradford city. lampard made nine league appearances for swansea before returning to west ham in january 1996, with whom he played his first match at the end of the month against coventry city f.c., and spent the remainder of the season as a reserve.
the next year, a broken leg suffered in a march game against aston villa prematurely put an end to lampard's 1996-97 season after thirteen appearances. he had to wait until the '97-98 campaign to score his first goal for west ham, which came in a road victory over barnsley f.c. he became a regular starter in 1998-99 season and appeared in every match as west ham finished fifth in the premiership standings.
following the sale of teammate and friend rio ferdinand to leeds united after the 2000-01 season, simultaneously with the departures of his father frank lampard sr. and uncle redknapp, lampard followed suit and left west ham, but chose to stay in london by joining chelsea for a £11 million fee.
on 24th july, a deal was agreed with new york city fc which would transfer frank to the team on 1st july.
lampard made his debut for chelsea on august 19 2001. he was a crucial first team player at chelsea till the time he played there.
lampard lived in surrey with his spanish fiancé elen rives and their two daughters luna and isla until they separated. lampard is married to "the one show" host christine bleakley. lampard still sees his 2 daughters regularly.
international career statistics.
eswatini is a country in africa. it is officially the kingdom of eswatini ("umbuso weswatini"). it was called swaziland until april 2018.
its capital is mbabane. the country is named after the 19th-century king mswati ii. eswatini was colonized by the british and the boers at the end of the 19th century. 
eswatini is a small country. it is no more than north to south and east to west. it is completely surrounded by land. eswatini does not touch the sea. the two countries that touch it are mozambique and south africa. the country's two largest cities are the administrative capital mbabane and the economic center manzini. the seat of government is lobamba. 
on 19 april 2018, the king of eswatini mswati iii announced that the kingdom of swaziland had renamed itself the kingdom of eswatini.
eswatini is strongly affected by hiv and aids. the 2012 cia world factbook showed swaziland with the highest hiv infection rate in the world. life expectancy is 50 years.
education in eswatini is free at primary level, mainly 1st and 2nd grades. it is also free for orphaned and vulnerable children. children are not required to attend. in 1996, the primary school enrollment rate was 90.8%. girls and boys both attended at the primary level. in 1998, 80.5% of children reached grade five. 
the university of eswatini provides higher education.
most of eswatini’s people are ethnically swazi. there is also a small number of zulu and white africans, mostly people of british and afrikaner descent. eswatini also has some portuguese settlers and african refugees from mozambique. 
82.70% of the people are christian. christianity in eswatini is sometimes mixed with traditional beliefs and practices. some people think of the king as having a spiritual role. eswatini also has a small muslim minority.
swazi have been subsistence farmers and herders. they now mix such activities with work in the growing urban economy and in government. some swazi work in the mines in south africa.
"siswati" and english are the official languages. siswati has 2.5 million speakers and is taught in schools. it is also one of the official languages of south africa.
about 76,000 people in the country speak zulu. tsonga is spoken by about 19,000 people in swaziland. afrikaans is also spoken by some residents of afrikaner descent.
eswatini is divided into four districts:
the cities in eswatini are:
the republic of liberia is a small country on the coast of west africa. it has common borders with sierra leone, guinea, and ivory coast. the country has a size of about by . as of 2021, there are about 5,000,000 people in liberia. the capital city of liberia is monrovia. for ships, liberia is a flag of convenience.
liberia is a country in southwest africa, on the coast of the atlantic ocean. except for the coast, most of liberia is low mountains, with an altitude of to above sea level. the coastal region is full of swamps, and reaches to inland. after that, there's a plateau at an altitude of about . about 60% of the country is covered with rainforest. to the north, there are higher mountains. there are nine big plantations of rubber trees, which are important for the economy. there are mangrove swamps near the coast. in 2019, estimates are that close to 5 million people live in liberia. about half of them live in the capital, monrovia. there are 15 administrative divisions, called counties. the main environmental issues in liberia are that endangered species are hunted and eaten. this kind of meat is called bushmeat. some of the poached animals are also sold to neighbouring countries. a big part of liberia is rainforest. like in other rainforest countries, slash-and-burn agriculture is a problem. illegal logging also is. in monrovia, there is a lot of pollution. 
white americans made the american colonization society and bought the land in 1822. they didn't want black people who were not slaves to be in the united states. so they took some of them to liberia. at the start of the american civil war (in the 1860s) about 12.000 freed slaves lived there. in the 1990s and in the early 2000s, two civil wars badly affected the country.
the central african republic (car) (, , or "centrafrique" ; sango "ködörösêse" "tî bêafrîka"), is a landlocked country in central africa. it is mostly a plateau or high, flat piece of land about 941 metres above the sea. the car covers a land area of about , and has an estimated population of about 4.4 million as of 2008. bangui is the capital city.
there are thick forests in the south, and these are home to rare gorillas. this part of africa also has pygmies.
other important towns are bouar, zinga, and ouadda. its southern border is the ubangi river. there are 3.8 million people in the c.a.r. most of them belong to the banda and baya tribes. the main language is french but some people speak the national language of sango.
the people mostly grow their own food, but sometimes droughts (long spells without any rain) make this difficult. the c.a.r. also has diamond and uranium mines. it sells these, as well as cotton, coffee, and timber to other countries to make money.
the currency used is the cfa franc - 1 us dollar is worth 590.3 cfa francs.
the country was ruled by france until 1960 when it became independent.
the country has not been very stable since then, with multiple wars with itself, and corruption.
in april 2022, the country made bitcoin a legal tender, becoming the second country in the world to adopt the cryptocurrency.
the central african republic is a landlocked nation. it is bordered by the countries of cameroon, chad, sudan, south sudan, the democratic republic of the congo and the republic of the congo.
much of the central african republic is flat, or rolling plateau savanna. it is typically about above sea level. most of the northern half is in the world wildlife fund's east sudanian savanna ecoregion. in the northeast are the fertit hills. there are scattered hills in the southwest part of the country. to the northwest is the yade massif, a granite plateau with an altitude of .
at , the central african republic is the world's 42nd-largest country. it is about the size of ukraine, and is somewhat smaller than the us state of texas.
much of the southern border is formed by tributaries of the congo river. the mbomou river in the east merges with the uele river to form the ubangi river. in the west, the sangha river flows through part of the country. the eastern border is along the edge of the nile river watershed.
forest covers up to 8% of the land. the densest parts are in the south. the forest is highly diverse. it includes commercially important species of ayous, sapelli and sipo. the deforestation rate is 0.4% per year, and lumber poaching is commonplace.
the central african republic is divided into 14 administrative prefectures. there are also 2 economic prefectures and one autonomous commune. the prefectures are further divided into 71 sub-prefectures.
the prefectures of the central african republic are:
the two economic prefectures are nana-grébizi and sangha-mbaéré. the commune is bangui.
the largest cities in the central african republic are:
kim jong-nam (may 10, 1971 - february 13, 2017) was the eldest son of kim jong-il, the former leader of north korea.
he tried to enter japan using a fake passport in may 2001. this was to visit disneyland. this caused his father to not approve of him. kim jong-nam's younger half-brother kim jong-un was made the heir in september 2010.
in june 2010, kim jong-nam gave a brief interview to the "associated press" in macau. he told the reporter that he had "no plans" to defect to europe. the press had recently said this. kim jong-nam lived in an apartment on the southern tip of macau's coloane island until 2007. an anonymous south korean official reported in october 2010 that jong-nam had not lived in macau for "months", and now goes between china and "another country."
when his father died, kim jong-nam did not attend the funeral. this was to avoid rumours on the succession.
he was assassinated in malaysia on february 13, 2017, which is believed to be ordered by his half-brother kim jong-un.
the south korean newspaper "the chosun ilbo" said that kim jong-nam has two wives, at least one mistress, and several children. his first wife shin jong-hui (born c. 1980) and their son kum-sol (born c. 1996) live at a home called dragon villa on the northern outskirts of beijing. his second wife lee hye-kyong (born c. 1970), their son han-sol (born c. 1995) and their daughter sol-hui (born c. 1998) live in an apartment building in macau. jong-nam's mistress, former air koryo flight attendant so yong-la (born c. 1980), also lives in macau. 
jong-nam is often given attention by the media for his gambling and extravagant spending.
western sahara (arabic: الصحراء الغربية; amazigh: tanẓṛuft tutrimt; ) is a territory in africa. to the north is morocco, to the east is algeria, to the south is mauritania, and to the west is the atlantic ocean. its surface is . it is one of the most sparsely populated territories in the world. most of the territory is made of desert flatlands. the largest city is laâyoune. more than half the population live there. the territory has a population estimated at just more than 500,000.
western sahara has been on the united nations list of non-self-governing territories since the 1960s when it was a spanish colony. the kingdom of morocco and the polisario front, with its sahrawi arab democratic republic (sadr) government, both claim control over the territory.
since 1975, most of the territory has been part of morocco. in 1973, some sahrawis claimed the moroccans and mauritanians were occupying their land and started a movement. the movement turned violent, and the united nations brokered a ceasefire in 1991. many polisario members and their families became refugees in camps in algeria. the rest of western sahara is controlled by the polisario/sadr, backed by algeria. many important countries have pressed both parties to agree to a peaceful solution. both morocco and polisario have tried to get recognition from other countries. polisario has won formal recognition for sadr from 81 states, and was extended membership in the african union, while morocco has won recognition for its position from the arab league. in both instances, recognitions have over the past two decades been extended and withdrawn according to changing international trends.
some countries (such as the united states) recognizes morocco's sovereignty on western sahara, others claim that the sahrawi arab democratic republic are the legitimate government in western sahara. most nations remain neutral on the subject. the sahrawi arab democratic republic was made by the polisario front an armed militia fighting under sahrawi nationalism.
tunis (, "tūnis") is the capital city of tunisia. as of 2004, 728,463 people lived in the city. about 1.6 million live in the metropolitan area. 
mozambique, officially the republic of mozambique, is a country in southeastern africa. its capital is maputo. there are about 31 million people. in 1975, mozambique became independent from portugal. (national day on 25th june, 1975) the country was named moçambique by the portuguese after the island of mozambique which was the capital of portuguese africa. after independence from portugal it became the people's republic of mozambique. there was a big civil war from 1977 to 1992.
mozambique has many natural resources. portugal, spain, and belgium are among the country's most important partners. it is the second poorest country in the world. they have the world's lowest life expectancy. in 2012, large natural gas reserves were found in mozambique. the revenues from the reserves might dramatically change the economy.
the only official language of mozambique is portuguese. about half the people speak it as a second language and very few as a first language. languages widely spoken natively include swahili, makhuwa, and sena. the largest religion in mozambique is christianity. there are also muslim and african traditional religious minorities.
mozambique is a member of the african union, commonwealth of nations, the community of portuguese language countries, the latin union, organisation of islamic cooperation and southern african development community.
geography and climate.
at , mozambique is the world's 35th-largest country. it is bordered by the indian ocean to the east, tanzania to the north, malawi and zambia to the northwest, zimbabwe to the west and swaziland and south africa to the southwest.
the country is divided into two regions by the zambezi river. to the north of the zambezi river, the narrow coastline moves inland to hills and low plateaus. further west are rugged highlands, which include the niassa highlands, namuli or shire highlands, angonia highlands, tete highlands and the makonde plateau, covered with miombo woodlands. to the south of the zambezi river, the lowlands are broader with the mashonaland plateau and lebombo mountains in the deep south.
the country has five main rivers and several smaller ones. the largest and most important is the zambezi. the country has four notable lakes: lake niassa (or malawi), lake chiuta, lake cahora bassa and lake shirwa, all in the north.
mozambique has a tropical climate with two seasons. the wet season is from october to march and the dry season from april to september. conditions vary depending on altitude. rainfall is heavy along the coast and is less in the north and south. yearly precipitation changes from depending on the region. cyclones are common during the wet season. average temperature ranges in maputo are from in july to in february.
this is a list of cities and towns with the most people. it is based on the most recent census done for each city or town.
the entire country has about 22 million people. these 14 cities have 5 million total. this shows that most people still live in rural areas.
mozambique is divided into ten provinces ("provincias") and one capital city ("cidade capital") with provincial status. the provinces are divided into 129 districts ("distritos"). the districts are further divided in 405 "postos administrativos" (administrative posts) and then into localidades (localities), the lowest geographical level of the central state administration. since 1998, 43 "municípios" (municipalities) have been created in mozambique.
the music of mozambique can be for many purposes. these can be religious or for traditional ceremonies. musical instruments are usually handmade. some of the instruments used include drums made of wood and animal skin; the "lupembe", a woodwind instrument made from animal horns or wood; and the marimba, which is a kind of xylophone native to mozambique. the marimba is a popular instrument with the chopi of the south central coast. they are famous for their musical skill and dance.
the makonde are renowned for their wood carving and elaborate masks that are commonly used in traditional dances. there are two different kinds of wood carvings. shetani, (evil spirits), which are mostly carved in heavy ebony, tall, and elegantly curved with symbols and nonrepresentational faces. the ujamaa are totem-type carvings which show lifelike faces of people and various figures. theses sculptures are usually called “family trees” because they tell stories of many generations.
during the last years of the colonial period, mozambican art showed the oppression by the colonial power, and became a symbol of the resistance. after independence in 1975, the modern art came into a new phase. the two best known and most influential contemporary mozambican artists are the painter malangatana ngwenya and the sculptor alberto chissano. art during the 1980s and 1990s shows the political struggle, civil war, suffering, starvation and struggle.
dances are usually highly developed traditions throughout mozambique. there are many different kinds of dances from tribe to tribe which are usually ritualistic in nature. the chopi, for instance, act out battles dressed in animal skins. the men of makua dress in colourful outfits and masks while dancing on stilts around the village for hours. groups of women in the northern part of the country have a traditional dance called "tufo", to celebrate islamic holidays.
because the portuguese were there for nearly 500 years, they greatly impacted the cuisine of mozambique. crops such as cassava (a starchy root) and cashew nuts (mozambique was once the largest producer of these nuts), and "pãozinho" were brought in by the portuguese. the use of spices and seasonings such as onions, bay leaves, garlic, fresh coriander, paprika, chili peppers, red sweet peppers, and wine were introduced by the portuguese. so was sugarcane, maize, millet, rice, sorghum (a type of grass), and potatoes. "prego" (steak roll), "rissois" (battered shrimp), "espetada" (kebab), "pudim" (pudding), and the popular "inteiro com piripiri" (whole chicken in piri-piri sauce) are all portuguese dishes commonly eaten in present-day mozambique.
football is the most popular sport in mozambique.
dian fossey (january 16, 1932 – december 26, 1985) was an american zoologist. she is best known for studying gorillas in rwanda.
fossey was inspired by a book called "the mountain gorilla" by george schaller. fossey studied mountain gorillas in rwanda because of the book. when people want to get close to gorillas and get to know them they have to gain the gorillas trust. fossey changed her lifestyle to match the gorillas’. she wanted to protect the gorillas from hunters. hunters were going into places where to one was allowed to hunt. she also wanted to protect the endangered animals in the area, even though some people didn’t agree with her ideas. she is a hero to many people for what she did to help mountain gorillas. there is a movie that was made based on what she experienced in africa. the movie is called "gorillas in the mist". her book, also named "gorillas in the mist", is the best-selling book on gorillas of all time.
she is recognized for saving mountain gorillas and starting a successful fund to help raise money for gorillas everywhere.
fossey was born in san francisco. she was an only child. she was very lonely as a child. her parents divorced when she was six years old. fossey loved animals since childhood but she was never allowed to have a pet.
she attended the university of california in davis. at college she was in a veterinary program. she transferred schools to san jose state university after two years. fossey earned a bachelor degree of arts degree in occupational therapy. she became a very good horseback rider in college. she worked at a hospital in kentucky for disabled children. fossey was inspired by a book about mountain gorillas. she decided to travel to africa to study gorillas. she met louis leakey who is a famous anthropologist. leakey hired fossey study gorillas for a long time. fossey observed gorillas for many years. fossey later earned a phd from cambridge college in england. the phd was for her gorilla research.
fossey was found dead in her house on december 26, 1985 at the age of 53. reports think that she was killed by poachers. her head was cut by a panga, a weapon used by poachers. fossey was buried at the site she created as a graveyard for the gorillas. 
fossey studied the lives of mountain gorillas for 18 years. she was the world’s expert on mountain gorillas. her dedication allowed for mountain gorillas to continue as a species. some of the people who lived in the area did not like her because of her thoughts on how the gorillas should be treated. she did not want them to be in zoos, harassed by tourists, harmed or killed for meat.
maryland is a state in the mid-atlantic region of the united states of america. it is on the south-east of the east coast. its capital is annapolis, and its biggest city is baltimore.
the governor of maryland is larry hogan. he was elected in the 2014 election. hogan was re-elected during the 2018 election.
the state bird is the baltimore oriole. the state flower is the black-eyed susan ("rudbeckia hirta"). the state reptile is the diamondback terrapin. the state crustacean is the blue crab. the state motto is "fatti maschii, parole femine", which is italian for "manly deeds, womanly words". maryland is the only state with a motto in italian.
maryland has many places important to the american revolutionary war, the war of 1812, and the american civil war. one of these places is fort mchenry, which defended against the british empire during the war of 1812. another place is the antietam national battlefield, where the battle of antietam took place in 1862 during the american civil war.
silver spring, bethesda, gaithersburg, rockville, frederick, hagerstown, cumberland, salisbury, greenbelt are other cities.
maryland was founded by english catholic settlers who wanted a place where they could freely practice catholicism. it was the seventh state to join the us. maryland is known as the "old line state," named after the maryland line, a regiment that fought in the american revolution. maryland surrounds most of the chesapeake bay, and the state is known for its crabs and crab cakes.
baltimore, the largest city in maryland, is a major city that is home to the national aquarium, fort mchenry, and the camden yards baseball park. annapolis is very famous for being the home of the united states naval academy, one of the flagship service academies in the united states.
maryland was home to several different indian tribes when english settlers arrived in the seventeenth century. the algonquian-speaking indians of the chesapeake bay and coastal areas included the nanticoke, piscataway, assateagues and pocomoke indians. iroquois-speaking groups such as the susquehannocks lived in the piedmont and mountains.
billy paul (paul williams; december 1, 1934 – april 24, 2016) was an american r&b singer. his biggest hit was "me and mrs. jones". he was born in philadelphia, pennsylvania.
paul died on the afternoon of april 24, 2016 in blackwood, new jersey after suffering from pancreatic cancer at the age of 81.
rita coolidge (born may 1, 1945) is an american singer. during the 1970s and 1980s, she charted hits on billboard's pop, country, adult contemporary and jazz charts.
coolidge is part cherokee, and this influences her music.
coolidge married tatsuya suda on june 19, 2012 in the cook islands. coolidge was married to kris kristofferson from 1973 to 1980. they have one daughter, casey. coolidge also had romantic relationships with stephen stills and graham nash. her leaving stills for nash has been said to be a reason behind the 1970 breakup of crosby, stills, nash & young.
carole bayer sager (born march 8, 1947) is an american songwriter and singer.
elvis costello (born declan patrick macmanus, 25 august 1954) is an english singer and songwriter. he was born at st mary’s hospital in london. he was an important musician in the late 1970s punk rock and new wave music styles. in the 1980s, he played an original style of rock and roll. later he wrote and performed music in a number of different styles from classical to jazz.
costello has won multiple awards in his career. these include a grammy award. he has twice been nominated for the brit award for best british male. in 2003, elvis costello & the attractions were inducted into the rock and roll hall of fame. in 2004, "rolling stone" ranked costello number 80 on their list of the 100 greatest artists of all time.
after two earlier marriages he married jazz pianist diana krall in 2003.
costello appeared with his friend burt bacharach in the 1999 austin powers movie the spy who shagged me. they played "i'll never fall in love again" during the scene where mike myers danced with heather graham.
in 2010, elvis costello appeared as himself in david simon's television series, "treme".
in 2011, elvis costello appeared as himself on sesame street. he did a song with elmo and cookie monster, titled "monster went and ate my red 2", a play on "(the angels wanna wear my) red shoes".
studio albums by elvis costello (includes albums released with the attractions and the imposters):
costello has also released studio albums in collaboration with richard harvey, john harle, burt bacharach, anne sofie von otter, bill frisell, marian mcpartland and allen toussaint, as well as five live albums: "live at the el mocambo", "deep dead blue", "costello & nieve", "my flame burns blue", and "live at hollywood high". there have also been many compilations, box sets, and reissues by labels such as rykodisc, demon, rhino, and universal music enterprises.
the cure are a british rock band. they formed in salford, manchester, england in 1978.
the cure began in 1976 as 'easy cure'. it was formed by robert smith (vocals, guitar) together with schoolmates michael dempsey (bass), lol tolhurst (drums), and local guitarist porl thompson. 
they began writing and demoing their own songs almost immediately, playing throughout 1977 in northern england to an ever growing army of fans. in may 1978 the 'easy' was dropped, along with porl, and an eager trio now known simply as the cure were quickly signed to tony wilson's factory label.
in may 1979 their debut album "three imaginary boys" was released to great acclaim, and as the band toured extensively around the uk, the singles “boys don't cry” and “jumping someone else's train” were released. they supporting alberto y lost trios paranoias and the smirks in june and july and again with siouxsie and the banshees in august to october 1979. michael left the band at the late of the year, and simon gallup (bass) and matthieu hartley (keyboards) joined. in march 1980 the 4-piece cure embarked on an exploration of the darker side of robert's songwriting, and emerged with the minimalist classic seventeen seconds, along with their first real 'hit single' “a forest.”
results and second album.
after an intense world tour matthieu left the group, and in early 1981 the trio recorded an album of mournful atmospheric soundscapes entitled "faith", which included another successful single in “primary.”
the band then set out on a second trip around the world, named “the picture tour,” and they put out the single “charlotte sometimes.” in 1982 the cure went back into the studio to record the album “pornography” which had a dark mood. the trip was difficult for the band members, and the single “the hanging garden” came out just as simon left the band.
first dance single.
robert smith and lol tolhurst were now the only band members. to feel better, the band chose to change the dark mood of the band into a more fun “pop” mood. so they recorded a dance single called “let's go to bed,” and became good friends with the song's film-clip director, tim pope. the band continued into 1983 with two more fun singles: “the walk” and “the lovecats.”
in 1984 "the top" was released, a strange hallucinogenic mix, which contained the infectiously psychedelic single “the caterpillar.”
expansion of the band.
the world ‘top tour’ saw the band expand to a 5-piece, with the addition of andy anderson (drums) and phil thornalley (bass), and the return of porl thompson (guitar).
the new cure sound was captured live for the album "concert". andy and phil left soon after the end of the tour, and were replaced by boris williams (drums) and further returnee simon gallup (bass). this new incarnation started work on 1985's the head on the door with a very real sense of 'something happening'... the vibrant hit single “inbetween days” was followed up by “close to me,” and the ensuing world tour paved the way for the massive success of the singles collection "standing on a beach" in 1986. that summer saw the band headline the glastonbury festival for the first time, and a year of extensive gigs and festivals was crowned by tim pope's live concert film the cure in orange.
first double album.
in 1987 the cure brought out "kiss me kiss me kiss me", an immense double album of extreme and extraordinary stylistic range, and with the arrival of roger o'donnell on keyboards the 6-piece cure traveled the world with the 'kissing tour', enjoying four more hit singles along the way. the wonderfully atmospheric "disintegration" was demoed in 1988 and released in 1989, and despite being a work of powerful brooding grandeur, it too gave rise to four hit singles. the 'prayer tour' followed, with the band back down to a five-piece following the departure of lol tolhurst. it was captured live for the album "entreat".
replacing roger o'donnell.
in early 1990 roger o'donnell left the group, and was replaced by long-time band friend perry bamonte, just in time for a series of headlining european festival shows that included the band's second glastonbury headline slot. the album "mixed up" was released, supported by the re-mixed singles “never enough,” “close to me” and “a forest,” and in 1991 the cure at last won some long overdue “home” recognition with a brit award for “best british group.”
in 1992 they recorded "wish", a richly diverse multi-faceted guitar driven album hailed by some as their best work to date. it spawned 3 fabulous hit singles, and the glorious ‘wish tour' that followed was a worldwide sell out. the sheer power of the shows inspired the release of two live works in 1993, paris and show. immediately after the tour ended, guitarist porl thompson left the band again (this time with a smile!), and the cure headlined the xfm 'great xpectations show' in london's finsbury park as a 4-piece. the band also contributed ”burn” to the film “the crow” and covered “purple haze” for the hendrix tribute album 'stone free'.
in 1994 boris williams decided to move on, and in early 1995 jason cooper took up residency behind the drum kit, with roger o'donnell rejoining once more on keyboards. work on the next album was interspersed with recording “dredd song” for the film “judge dredd,” a cover of bowie's “young americans” for an xfm album, and headlining several major european festivals, including the 25th glastonbury. "wild mood swings" was released in 1996, and went straight into almost every top ten around the world. the cure hit the road once more with 'the swing tour', their longest to date, and released 4 more singles.
galore, the follow up singles and video compilation to" standing on a beach", was released in 1997, after which work took place in 1998 on a variety of projects, including “more than this” for the “x files” album, and a memorable appearance by robert in “south park” in 1999 the band completed the recording and mixing of what many regard as their best studio album so far, the grammy nominated" bloodflowers". with its release in 2000 the band set off on the massive world-wide 'dreamtour' - playing to more than a million people in 9 months.
2001 saw the long-awaited release of the cure's “greatest hits” album, which featured all the band's biggest selling singles along with 2 new songs, the elegiac “cut here” and the ebullient “just say yes,” a duet with saffron. this year also saw the end of the group's relationship with fiction records, the label they had been instrumental in starting 23 years before.
festivals in europe.
in 2002 the band spent the summer headlining a number of european festivals before going into rehearsals for two very special nights in november at the tempodrom berlin, where they performed all the tracks from "pornography, disintegration" and "bloodflowers" plus encores. both performances were shot in hi-def video on 12 cameras, and trilogy dvd was released in 2003 as another chapter of the cure story opened, the band signing a 3 album global deal with the geffen label.
2004 saw the release of 'join the dots', a 4cd boxset of all the b-sides and rarities, followed by the widely acclaimed new album ‘the cure’, and another hugely successful world tour. 
in 2005 perry bamonte and roger o’donnell left the band and porl thompson joined for a third time. the quartet’s debut show was headlining live 8 paris, followed by a number of other summer european festivals. the first 4 cure albums (three imaginary boys, seventeen seconds, faith and pornography) were re-released, with robert providing 'rarities' for deluxe edition extras cd's, as part of an ongoing campaign to remaster and re-issue all the cure albums. immediately after closing a week of teenage cancer trust shows at the royal albert hall in april 2006, the band started recording their 13th studio album.
in august 2006, the second set of re-releases ("the top, the head on the door, kiss me kiss me kiss me") was released, each album as a 2cd deluxe edition, along with 1983’s glove album blue sunshine, while in the studio the cure passed the 30 new songs mark. in november ‘festival 2005’, a 155 minute 5.1 dvd comprising a 30 song selection of live performances captured the previous summer by a mix of fans, crew and ‘on-the-night-big-screen cameras’, was released.
in 2006 the cure started writing and recording 4:13 dream. it was released in 2008. it was going to be a double album but featured 13 songs.
in 2013 the band started the great circle tour. in 2019 the cure were elected into the rock and roll hall of fame after previously been nominated in 2012.
crawley is a town in west sussex, england, near to gatwick airport. crawley was built into a new town in 1947. it now has thirteen neighbourhoods. some famous people from crawley are the musical group the cure, gareth southgate, an england football player and comedian romesh ranganathan. 
pound hill is the largest neighbourhood in crawley. it is on the east of crawley. it was the first one to be split into two wards - pound hill north and pound hill south. its boundaries go north beyond the main built-up area of crawley. this makes it also the most northerly neighbourhood in the town.
furnace green is a neighbourhood located east of the town centre. 
blue öyster cult is a psychedelic rock band that formed in long island, new york in 1971. they have many well-known songs like "(don't fear) the reaper", and "burnin' for you".
the group's best known songs are probably: the 1976 single "(don't fear) the reaper" from the album agents of fortune (featured in the movie halloween, and in the tv movie the stand based on stephen king's novel of the same name, and in the credits of peter jackson's 1996 movie the frighteners) and the 1981 single "burnin' for you" from the album fire of unknown origin and "godzilla" (1977).
the current members of the band are:
the original lineup of the band was:
the former members of the band are as follows:
steppenwolf is a canadian-american rock band formed in los angeles in 1967. the band has sold more than 25 million units worldwide, releasing 8 gold albums and 13 hot 100 singles, including three top-10 hits in "born to be wild", '"magic carpet ride", and "rock me". 
creedence clearwater revival (often made shorter as ccr or creedence) was an american rock band from california, united states. they were popular in the late 1960s and early 1970s. the band has sold 26 million albums in the united states alone. ccr was inducted into (became part of) the rock and roll hall of fame in 1993.
many people thought they were from the southeastern united states because the group's music sounded like the country, folk, and blues music of that place. they liked to sing about bayous, the mississippi river, catfish, and other things people in the south liked. they also used instruments and styles that were common in the southeast.
the members of the group were john fogerty (born 1945), his brother tom fogerty (1941-1990), doug clifford (born 1945), and stu cook (born 1945).
ferrets ("mustela putorius furo") are domestic animals. they are the domestic form of the european polecat. they are in the weasel genus of the family mustelidae.
ferrets have an average length of 20 inches (51 cm) including a 5-inch (13 cm) tail, weigh about . they live for about 7–10 years. males are larger than females. they are sociable animals, and are usually kept in groups of two or more.
with their long thin body, ferrets look like a large weasel. they may have different colours and markings on their fur. a lot of ferrets in one place will sometimes have a strange smell. this is caused by natural oils produced by the ferrets.
as naturally crepuscular animals, ferrets tend to sleep during the day. this deters many people from getting them although most ferret owners say their ferrets change their sleeping schedules to that of their owners.
ferrets and humans.
domesticated ferrets are used for hunting, or can be kept as pets. hunting with ferrets is called ferreting. because of their thin body, they can go down into holes and hunt rodents and rabbits. ferrets have been kept as pets since the middle ages.
ferrets suffer from several health problems. some of the most common health problems are cancers affecting the adrenal glands, pancreas, and lymphatic system. viral diseases include canine distemper and influenza. health problems can happen in unspayed females when not being used for breeding. certain colors of ferret may also carry a genetic defect known as waardenburg syndrome. similar to domestic cats, ferrets can also suffer from hairballs and dental problems
ferrets as pets.
ferrets are legal to have as a pet in most places. they are not legal in a few places in the united states. ferrets should be vaccinated. a breeder or pet store will get it spayed or neutered and also de-scented. ferrets can spray the natural oils from their anal glands similar to that of a skunk if not de-scented.
ferrets are very flexible and can fit into small holes to flush out rabbits or rodents. ferrets can get through open vents or small holes in walls. ferrets are good climbers so if curtains are touching the floor they can easily climb the curtains.
ferrets should be kept in a group, unless you can provide them with multiple hours of activity, they get quite bored when alone. ferrets tend to sleep curled up together in a ball usually making them indistinguishable from one another.
ferrets are carnivores and cannot tolerate grains or vegetable matter well. their diet should consist of around 20% fat and 80% meat. ferrets need a high calorie diet: commercial dog and cat foods do not contain enough fats and protein to suit them. feeding them such a diet while convenient will ultimately shorten the ferrets life.
ferrets are subject to insulinoma and as such they should not be given fruits except on rare occasions as a treat. raisins are a favorite of most ferret but should be given extremely sparingly. fresh chicken, turkey or even duck is a good choice for your ferret. commercial ferret foods are available but many contain grains and also fruits and as such are not suitable for them. research brand ingredients or find a recipe to make your own.
three dog night is an american rock band. they were popular from the late 1960s and early 1970s. they had 21 hit singles and 12 gold albums between 1969 and 1975. 
grand funk railroad were an american rock group from flint, michigan. they were popular in the early and mid 1970s.
the sweet (also known as sweet) are a british glam rock band. the group is famous for the songs such as "ballroom blitz", "little willy", "fox on the run" and "love is like oxygen". the group was originally called sweetshop.
prince rogers nelson (better known as prince) (june 7, 1958 – april 21, 2016) was an american musician and dancer. he was born in minneapolis, minnesota.
he was known for blending erotic lyrics with funk rock and technology. he had ten platinum albums and thirty top 40 singles during his career. his releases have sold over 350 million copies worldwide. from 1993 to 2000, prince changed his name to a glyph. since this symbol was impossible to pronounce, people began calling him "the artist formerly known as prince."
in addition to his own musical career, he was a "talent promoter" for the careers of sheila e., carmen electra, the time and vanity 6.
prince has sold over 400 million records worldwide, making him one of the best-selling artists of all time. he won seven grammy awards, a golden globe award, and an academy award. "rolling stone" ranked prince at number 27 on its list of the 100 greatest artists of all time. he was inducted into the rock and roll hall of fame in 2004. this was the first year he was eligible.
on april 21, 2016, prince died of a fentanyl overdose at his paisley park recording studio and home in chanhassen, minnesota at the age of 57.
prince was born prince rogers nelson, on june 7, 1958 in minneapolis, minnesota. his father was john lewis nelson who was a jazz singer-songwriter. his mother was mattie della shaw. his family was from louisiana. he had epilepsy when he was younger. his sister was tyka nelson. he played basketball when he was in high school.
prince released his first single, "soft and wet", in 1978. it reached number 92 in the "billboard" 100. in 1979 "i wanna be your lover" was number one for two weeks in the american r&b singles chart.
prince released his third album "dirty mind" in 1980. "rolling stone" gave the album four and a half stars.
in 1982 prince released his fifth album "1999". "little red corvette" was released as the second single. prince had his first number one single, "when doves cry", in 1984. the single he released after that, "let's go crazy", also reached number one. in 1985 "around the world in a day" was released. the album's first single "raspberry beret" reached number two in the billboard 100. prince's next number one "kiss" was in 1986. it won the grammy award for best r&b performance by a duo or group with vocal. "u got the look" was released in 1987. it reached number two in the "billboard" 100.
in 1990 sinead o'connor reached number one with her cover of prince's song "nothing compares 2 u". prince was angry about this.
in 2006 the second single from prince's album "3121" entered the "billboard" 100 at number 60. this was the highest number a prince single had entered the chart at for years.
in 2014 it was reported that prince would be signed to warner bros. again. prince released a new single on april 19 called "the breakdown".
in may 2015, following the death of freddie gray and the riots, prince released a song entitled "baltimore" in tribute to gray and in support of the protesters in baltimore. he also held a surprise tribute concert for gray at his paisley park estate called 'dance rally 4 peace' in which he asked fans to wear the color gray in honor of freddie gray.
his album "hit n run phase one" was first made available on september 7, 2015 on music streaming service tidal before being released on cd and download on september 14.
in 2016, prince announced that he was writing a memoir, titled "the beautiful ones".
over the years prince was romantically linked with many celebrities. these include madonna, vanity, sheila e., carmen electra, susanna hoffs, anna fantastic, sherilyn fenn, and susan moonsie of vanity 6 and apollonia 6.
prince was engaged to susannah melvoin in 1985.
he married his backup singer and dancer, mayte garcia, on valentine's day, 1996. they had a son, amiir (born october 16, 1996). he was born with pfeiffer syndrome and died a week after birth. prince and mayte divorced in 1999. in 2001, prince married manuela testolini in a private ceremony. testolini filed for divorce in may 2006. he had been in a relationship with bria valente from 2007.
prince became a member of the jehovah's witnesses in 2001.
prince postponed two performances from his piano & a microphone tour on april 7, 2016, at the fox theatre in atlanta, georgia, stating that he was "battling the flu". he performed that atlanta concert on thursday, april 15, even though he had still not been feeling well. on april 15, 2016, while on tour, his private plane made an emergency landing in moline, illinois. he was later admitted to hospital with flu-like symptoms. early reports said his health was fine.
prince was found dead at his home in paisley park recording studio in chanhassen, minnesota, on april 21, 2016. he was aged 57. six days before his death, prince was treated for a drug overdose. he was treated for dehydration and walking pneumonia shortly before his death. his autopsy was performed the next day on april 22. afterwards, his remains were cremated. their location will be kept private. toxicology tests showed that he died of an overdose of fentanyl, an opioid painkiller.
the new power generation albums
awards and nominations.
prince won an academy award in 1985 for his song "purple rain".
earning 33 nominations, prince has won seven grammys. he also has had two albums − "1999" and "purple rain" − awarded the grammy hall of fame award.
mtv video music awards.
the mtv video music awards (vmas) is an award show by cable network mtv to honor the top music videos of the year. it was first held in september 1984. it was to be an alternative to the grammy awards in the video category. prince has won four awards from twelve nominations throughout his career.
duane eddy (born april 26, 1938) was a grammy award-winning american rock guitarist. many people enjoyed his music and tried to play the same way as he did. he is best known for the music that he played without singing words. he is probably best known for his hit song rebel rouser (1958). released in 1960, eddy was the first rock and roller to have a signature model guitar. 
a nurse is a person who is trained to give care to people who are sick or injured. nurses work with doctors and other health care workers to make patients well and to keep them fit and healthy. nurses also help with end-of-life needs and assist other family members with grieving.
nursing is a profession, like a doctor, but training for a nurse is different in how long a person must train and what kind of training they need. in some places, nurses may train for three to five years or more before they get a license as a nurse.
nurses work in many places. nurses work in hospitals, in doctor's offices, and in the community, and they even visit people at home if they can not get out.
sometimes people decide to become nurses rather than doctors, because the nurses will be able to help patients directly, by talking to them, doing things they need, carefully watching that nothing goes wrong, and then seeing them as they get better.
like doctors, nurses can choose what work they do. some nurses train and work to help during surgery. some nurses train to help people understand health problems like nutrition (what to eat), and disease (what can make people sick). nurses can do many different jobs to help people.
nurses are in demand because there are not enough nurses to handle hospital needs. because of this shortage nurses will sometimes travel to another location to work for a few months in what is called travel nursing.
registered nurse in some countries like u.s is a term for an officially registered nurse. in hospitals where nurses wear uniforms with caps, an r.n. is recognizable by the fact that the cap has two black stripes.
nursing in australia.
nursing in australia is done by "registered nurses" or "enrolled nurses". both must complete education past high school. an enrolled nurse must complete a course of study between 12 and 18 months. registered nurses need to complete a bachelor's degree.
titles have changed because men as well as women can be nurses. it was, in most countries, a wholly female occupation. the titles were designed for females and have now been revised to be genderless. the exception to this is midwife, a term still used because it seems natural that a nurse helping a mother through childbirth should be a female. there are some males acting as midwives. the supervisory body for uk nursing is the nursing and midwifery council.
some medical and surgical groups operate as teams. this means that senior surgeons always operate with the same group of people, so reducing the risk of mistakes, and allowing juniors to learn and understand the individual cases.
also, moving around as a team allows specialist groups to serve more than one hospital. this is particularly useful when the amount of work in a speciality does not permit having a full team on site in each hospital. 
violent femmes is a rock group. they formed in milwaukee, wisconsin, usa in 1980.
john michael "ozzy" osbourne (born 3 december 1948) is an english heavy metal singer.
osbourne was born in marston green, england. he grew up in aston, birmingham, england. he has dyslexia. he was convicted of burglary when he was a teenager, for which he was fined. he was sent to prison for not paying the fine.
osbourne was the lead singer for black sabbath between 1968 and 1978. he joined again in 1997 for occasional tours. he bit the head off of a bat on stage once. osbourne wrote a song called 'suicide solution' that was heavily ridiculed claiming it was about suicide, which coincided with the words "shoot, shoot" whispered in the song. it was really a tribute to his friend bon scott, lead singer of ac/dc, who died of alcohol poisoning.
he and his wife sharon have three children together: aimee, kelly and jack. he also has three children from his first marriage to thelma riley: elliot, jessica, and louis.
osbourne released his first solo album, "blizzard of ozz" in 1980.
he was diagnosed with parkinson's disease in february 2019, which he publicly revealed in january 2020.
dinah shore (born frances rose shore, march 1, 1916 - february 24, 1994) was an american singer and host of her own talk show.
bryan guy adams (born november 5, 1959) is a canadian rock musician. he is known for the songs "summer of '69" and "(everything i do) i do it for you". he has performed with many other musical artists such as def leppard, tina turner, sting, rod stewart, bonnie raitt, barbra streisand and melanie c. his best-selling albums are reckless, waking up the neighbours and 18 til i die.
roy kelton orbison (april 23, 1936 - december 6, 1988) was an american singer. in 1987, he was named into the rock and roll hall of fame. orbison was popular in the 1960s. he became less popular in the 1970s, but began to make a career comeback in the 1980s. however, as he was becoming more popular again, he died of a heart attack at the age of 53 in henderson, tennessee.
taylor dayne (born as leslie wunderman on march 7, 1962) is an american singer. she is best known for her song, "tell it to my heart".
stephen arthur stills (born january 3, 1945) is an american singer and songwriter. he is most famous as a member of the groups buffalo springfield and crosby, stills & nash. in 2003, "rolling stone" listed him at #28 on a list of the "100 greatest guitarists of all time".
spongebob squarepants is an nickelodeon animated comedy television show made by the late marine biologist and animator stephen hillenburg. it began on july 1, 1999.
it is by far, nickelodeon's most popular show. it has been made into many pieces of merchandise. the main character, spongebob is an adult sea sponge that acts like a child. he lives in a pineapple under the sea. the show has gotten three spin-offs: "", "the patrick star show", and one with squidward tentacles.
the show gets its name from its main character, spongebob squarepants, a male sponge. he looks more like a yellow kitchen sponge used for cleaning dishes than a sea sponge. his best friend is a starfish named patrick star. his grumpy neighbor is an octopus named squidward tentacles.
spongebob and squidward work as employees at a restaurant called the krusty krab in the underwater town of bikini bottom. the krusty krab, which is run by a greedy red crab named mr. krabs, is famous for its krabby patty burgers. the recipe for krabby patties is top secret. the owners of a competing restaurant called the chum bucket, plankton and karen, often try to steal the recipe.
ratings and run-length achievements.
within its first month on air, "spongebob squarepants" overtook "pokémon" as the highest rated saturday-morning children's series on television. it held an average national nielsen rating of 4.9 among children aged two through eleven, denoting 1.9 million viewers. two years later, the series had firmly established itself as nickelodeon's second highest-rated children's program, after "rugrats". "spongebob squarepants" was credited with helping nickelodeon take the "saturday-morning ratings crown" for the fourth straight season in 2001. the series had gained a significant adult audience by that point—nearly 40 percent of its 2.2 million viewers were aged 18 to 34. in response to its weekend success, nickelodeon gave "spongebob squarepants" time slots at 6:00 pm and 8:00 pm, monday through thursday, to increase the series' exposure. by the end of 2001, "spongebob squarepants" boasted the highest ratings for any children's series, on all of television. weekly viewership of the series had reached around fifteen million, at least five million of whom were adults.
in 2009, several groups, including the american family foundation, attacked spongebob for being homosexual. the character had recently appeared on a music video with other kids' show characters to promote diversity and tolerance. however, the creator said in 2002 that spongebob is asexual, meaning that he does not seek sexual partners at all.
many fans and critics believe that after season 11 and the first movie, the series started to decline in quality. this was because many writers from the first three seasons seasons left (although doug lawrence, aaron springer, erik wiese and c.h. greenblatt still stayed). some of the later episodes were poorly received because the characters did not act the way they acted in the first three seasons. however, apparently, the show's quality improved once more after the second movie, when stephen hillenburg returned, until his death in 2018.
paul & paula (ray hildebrand, born december 21, 1940, and jill jackson, born may 20, 1942) are a pop/rock singing duo. they charted three "billboard" top 40 singles in 1963.
seafood is food made from fish or other sea animals such as shrimp and lobsters. the harvesting (collecting) of seafood is called fishing.
seafood is rich in protein and is usually thought as healthy food.
peer review is a process used when publishing documents where the work is reviewed by the author's peer group (someone in their field). it is a way of checking and reviewing a person's work. it is often used by scientists, scholars, medical professionals, engineers, and in some aspects of government.
for example, scientists report new discoveries through a peer review process. this means that they ask other knowledgeable scientists (peers) to review their report, and check for any problems. the problems must be fixed before the report is released to other scientists. this process helps to maintain the trustworthiness of scientific discoveries.
puerto rico, or the commonwealth of puerto rico, is a u.s. territory in the caribbean sea. this means that it is part of the united states and citizens of puerto rico are citizens of the united states as well. puerto rico is not an independent country, but there has been a movement for independence for almost two centuries. there have been protests, votes, and armed attacks for independence.
puerto rico has almost 4 million (4,000,000) people. its political system is based on a republican system. it has two official languages: spanish and english. the currency used is the united states dollar. "puerto rico" means "rich port" in spanish.
the commonwealth of puerto rico includes the largest, main island and a number of smaller islands, including mona, vieques, and culebra. of those three smaller islands, only culebra and vieques are populated all year. mona is unpopulated, but employees of the puerto rico department of natural resources sometimes visit the island to inspect it and its wildlife. people can visit the island for hiking and camping by getting the permission needed. san juan, on the northern side of the main island, is the island's largest city and the capital of the territory. the common languages are spanish spoken by 94.7% of the population and english, spoken by 5.3%.
on may 3, 2017, puerto rico filed for bankruptcy after a massive debt and weak economy. it is the largest bankruptcy case in american history.
status with respect to the usa.
puerto rico is one of the unincorporated territories of the usa. because it is not a state, citizens cannot vote in u.s. national elections unless they have an address in one of the 50 us states. these are organized, self-governing territories with locally elected governors and legislatures. puerto rico elects a resident commissioner to the u.s. house of representatives.
the history of puerto rico began when the ortoiroid people started living in the island between 3000 and 2000 bc. other tribes, for example the saladoid and arawak indians, lived in the island between 430 bc and 1000 ad. when christopher columbus arrived at the island in 1492 and named it "san juan bautista", the people living there were the "taínos".
since it is in the northeastern caribbean sea, puerto rico formed an important part of the spanish empire from the early years of the exploration, conquest, and colonization of the new world. the spanish spread race-based slavery across the island. in the 19th century, slave revolts and the abolitionist movement brought an end to legal slavery.
the island was a major military post during many wars between spain and other european countries for control of the region in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. in 1898, during the spanish-american war, puerto rico was invaded and became a possession of the united states.
during the 20th century, puerto rico's political status changed from time to time. the foraker act of 1900 created a civil government to replace the military government made after the spanish–american war, and the jones act of 1917 gave puerto rican people united states citizenship. afterwards, in 1952, the drafting of puerto rico's own constitution and democratic elections were established.
the political status of puerto rico, a commonwealth controlled by the united states, is still not completely defined. many people want to resolve this status, while others want the status to remain the same. of the people who want to change the status, some want puerto rico to become a new u.s. state, while others want puerto rico to become a fully independent country.
in may 2022, members of congress sponsoring competing bills on how to resolve puerto rico’s territorial status and its relationship to the u.s. have come together to introduce new legislation combining both. the proposed legislation combines elements of the pro-statehood bill introduced by rep. darren soto, d-fla., and rep. jenniffer gonzalez, puerto rico’s nonvoting member of congress and a republican, alongside the puerto rico self-determination act from reps. alexandria ocasio-cortez and nydia velázquez, both new york democrats. the draft legislation says that a plebiscite to resolve puerto rico’s political status shall be held on november 5, 2023.
puerto rico is an archipelago, with a main island where most of the population lives, two smaller islands (vieques and culebra) with residents, and many other smaller islands. the main island has a mountain range in the center, which covers most of the island. the highest point is 4,390 feet (1,338 meters)
puerto rico has three main political parties: the puerto rican independence party, which favors puerto rico becoming an independent nation; the new progressive party, which supports puerto rico's transition to becoming a state of the u.s; and the popular democratic party, which supports colonialism.
the issue of the political status of the island (meaning whether it's a country, a u.s state, or a colony) is an issue of debate amongst the puerto rican people. in the past there have been many attempts to clearly define the island's political status by means of voting. most of the time the majority of the people have chosen to remain a colony. however, in the last "status voting" the colonial option appeared to have lost well over 90% of its support, while the u.s state option has only gained strength in the last few decades. the puerto rican independence party, on the other hand, has mainly lost a great deal of support within the last six decades.
puerto rico is said to comprise a white majority, an extinct amerindian population, persons of mixed ancestry, africans and a small asian minority. recent genetic research, however, contradicts that information. according to the 2010 us census, 99% of the population consider themselves of puerto rican descent (regardless of race or skin color), making puerto rico one of the most culturally unified societies in the world.
the population of puerto rico is nearly about 4 million people. the ethnic composition of the population is:
puerto rico has a strong literary tradition. the most important playwrights are rené marqués (author of "the oxcart") and lin manuel miranda (creator of the broadway musical "hamilton"). the most famous poets are julia de burgos ("yo fui mi ruta") and giannina braschi (author the poetry epic "empire of dreams"). celebrated puerto rican novelists include rosario ferre (eccentric neighborhoods), giannina braschi (united states of banana), and esmeralda santiago (when i was puerto rican). puerto rican poets who live in new york are called nuyorican poets.
josé campeche (1751-1809) is the first known puerto rican painter. he painted in the best rococo style. franciso oller painted puerto rican landscapes and still life paintings the 19th century. in the 20th century franciso rodón who paints portraits of celebrities. in the 21st century, allora and calzadilla are conceptual artists in san juan, puerto rico.
puerto rico music is often called latin music. there are many popular styes of puerto rican dance music, including salsa, bomba, plena, and r"eggaeton". one of the most popular bands today is calle 13. world famous puerto rican singers include jennifer lopez, hector lavoe, tito puentes, and marc anthony. ricky martin won the 1999 grammy award for "best latin pop performance" for living la vida loca.
puerto rican philosophy deals with puerto rican independence, education, racism, and liberty for all. the first major puerto rican philosopher was eugenio maría de hostos. he was born in the 19th century in puerto rico. he believed that puerto rico, the dominican republic and cuba should unite to be free from colonial powers. francisco josé ramos was born in the 20th century. his philosophy deals with ancient greeks, american imperialism, and buddhism. giannina braschi is a contemporary political philosopher. she writes about freedom, immigration, revolution, and justice. braschi was inspired by a major mexican woman philosopher sor juana inez de la cruz. puerto rican philosophers are sometimes called latinx philosophers or latin american philosophers.
jonathan ke quan (born august 20, 1971 as ke huy quan) is a vietnamese-american former child actor.
in the 1980s, he appeared in several movies. his best known roles were as short round in "indiana jones and the temple of doom" (1984) and data in "the goonies" (1985). he now works as a stunt coordinator on many movies, for example "x-men".
in indiana jones and the temple of doom, he was an orphan in the streets of shanghai when he becomes indy's(harrison ford) friend. they end up in india where indy, short round and night club singer willie scott (kate capshaw) fight indians, save children, and participate in a mine car chase.
after their adventures in india, short round disappeared temporarily. he later grew up to become an archeologist. he went on an adventure in search of the peacock stone, the same diamond lost at the beginning of "temple of doom".
a pilgrimage is when people travel to a place of worship that is usually far away. they may have to go to a different city or country. usually a pilgrimage is done for spiritual or religious reasons. the purpose of christian pilgrimage was summarized by pope benedict xvi this way:
there are also non-religious pilgrimages; they include for example:
the year 1703 (mdcciii) started on a monday, (or a thursday by the 11-day slower julian calendar).
a watermelon ("citrullus lanatus") is a plant which was first domesticated in africa. it is a cultivated edible fruit. it is grown worldwide, there are more than 1000 varieties. 
about 6% of a watermelon is sugar, which makes it very sweet. there are many different types of watermelon. some have a green rind on the outside and a red-pink flesh on the inside, with brown seeds. some can have yellow flesh, and some can be seedless. the green rind on the outside is not usually eaten, though it can be used as a vegetable. it can also be stewed or pickled. most watermelons are oblong or spherical. in japan, watermelons are grown in different shapes, such as hearts and squares.
watermelons are a great source of vitamin a, vitamin c, vitamin b1 and vitamin b6. they also contain potassium, magnesium, carotenoid antioxidant, and lycopene. the watermelon flesh is healthy to eat.
monrovia (; ) is the capital of liberia. it is liberia's most populous city with a population of 1,010,970. the city is named after 5th u.s. president james monroe.
monrovia was founded in 1822 by the american colonization society. they wanted free slaves. liberia has the word liberty in it and it was meant for slaves for slaves to free from america.
paul albert anka (born july 30, 1941) is a canadian-american singer and songwriter. he is best known for such songs as "diana" (1957) and "lonely boy" (1959).
anka was inducted into canada's walk of fame in 2005.
anka was born in ottawa, ontario to camelia and andrew emile "andy" anka, sr. they owned a restaurant named the locanda. his parents were both antiochian orthodox christians in syria. anka's mother was canadian-lebanese "from a small town of, in syria " and anka's father was syrian.
anka grew up singing in the st. elias antiochian orthodox church choir. he went to fisher park high school where he was part of a vocal trio called the "bobby soxers".
he became an american citizen in 1990. he is married to polish-born anna anka.
neil percival young (born november 12, 1945) is a canadian-american musician and old man. he is known for his country and rock songs. 
many of his songs have a political and/or personal message. he was also a member of the groups buffalo springfield and crosby, stills, nash & young.
some of his best-known songs are "heart of gold", "helpless", "after the gold rush", "rockin' in the free world", "cinnamon girl", "southern man" and "like a hurricane".
young has explored many different styles of music during his career, and not all his records have been popular. during the 1980s, he was sued by his record company, geffen records, who believed he was making records that would not sell very many copies on purpose. young won out over geffen in court.
sometimes, people call him the "godfather of grunge" because the style of some of his songs led to the kind of music called grunge music that started to be popular in the early 1990s.
from 1978 until their divorce in 2014, he was married to singer-songwriter pegi young. they had two children.
he became a united states citizen, taking dual citizenship on january 22, 2020.
young is known as an environmental and political activist and his views can sometimes be found in the lyrics of his songs. he is a long-time supporter of the family farmer. in 1985 young, along with willie nelson and john mellencamp, co-founded the benefit concert called farm aid which has continued every year to help raise money to keep farmers in business. he also did not support george w. bush when he was the president of the united states, and even wrote a song called "let's impeach the president" about how he thought bush should lose his powers.
in the 1970s, young released two songs (on his "after the gold rush" and "harvest" albums) critical of racism in the southern united states. these songs were called "southern man" and "alabama". lynyrd skynyrd, a band from the southern united states, made a song in response called "sweet home alabama" that has become a very popular rock classic. young's name is said in the lyrics of "sweet home alabama".
in 2016 and in 2020, young supported bernie sanders for president of the united states.
neil young has been inducted into the rock and roll hall of fame twice, first as a solo artist in 1995 and again as a member of buffalo springfield in 1997.
the hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy is a science fiction comedy series by douglas adams. it started out as a radio show series for the bbc radio 4 in 1978. 
between 1979 - 1992, adams wrote a series of five books.
in 1980, a second radio series was broadcast.
in 1981, it was made into a television series. 
in 2004, the third radio series was broadcast.
in 2005, it was made into a movie, and the fourth and fifth radio series were broadcast. a cd was released following the final episode transmission of each radio series.
it has also been a computer game, and several stage plays and comic books. douglas adams also suggested he would write a sixth book but he died before he could complete it, so eoin colfer wrote the sixth book in the series.
in 2018, the sixth radio series, the "hexagonal phase", was broadcast on bbc radio 4. 
it featured professor stephen hawking introducing himself as the voice of "the hitchhiker’s guide to the galaxy mk ii" by saying: "i have been quite popular in my time. some even read my books".
the six books in the "hitchhiker's guide" series are:
the radio, book, tv and movie versions differ from each other. the same basic plot is used but they sometimes contradict each other. this is due to adams rewriting the story for each new medium. 
in all versions, the story follows the adventures of arthur dent. he is an englishman. his house is being bulldozed to make way for a bypass. at the same time the earth is being demolished by the vogons to make way for an intergalactic bypass. the vogons are a race of unpleasant and bureaucratic aliens. 
dent's friend, ford prefect, is an alien. he is a researcher for the eponymous guidebook. he rescues dent from earth's destruction.
zaphod beeblebrox is ford's eccentric semi-cousin. beeblebrox is the galactic president. he has stolen the "heart of gold", a spacecraft equipped with the infinite improbability drive. the depressed robot marvin the paranoid android and trillian are crew members.
trillian was known as tricia mcmillan, a woman arthur once met at a party in islington. beeblebrox saved her from earth's destruction. she is the only other human survivor.
arthur learns that the earth was actually a giant supercomputer. it was created by another supercomputer, deep thought. deep thought had been built to give the answer to the "ultimate question of life, the universe, and everything". it gave the answer as "42". the creators of deep thought were disappointed and deep thought was then instructed to design the earth supercomputer to determine what the question actually is.
the earth was destroyed by the vogons just before its calculations were due to complete. arthur becomes the target of the descendants of the deep thought creators, believing his mind must hold the question. with his friends' help, arthur escapes and they decide to have lunch at the restaurant at the end of the universe. they have more adventures.
a cookbook, or cookery book, is kind of book that tells people how to prepare food for eating using specific instructions called a recipe. most cookbooks also have tips on how to eat and present the food as well. they usually list the ingredients needed, time needed to cook, and the instructions. they may give other tips too. 
somalia (; ), officially called the federal republic of somalia (; ), is a country located on the horn of africa. it used to be known as the somali republic. 
it is bordered by djibouti to the northwest, kenya with yemen to the north, the guardafui channel and somali sea to the east, and ethiopia to the west. a person from somalia is called a "somali".
somalia is a republic governed by a federal administration with various regional administrations governing on a micro level.
somalia is an independent country. since the somali civil war in the 1980s, there has been no working government that covers all of somalia; instead, different pirates have been destabilizing the region to the southwest, the gulf of aden. somalia is now trying to gain control of their people and get back up on its feet with very little resources.
there are four big tribes in somalia, the hawiye, the dirweyn, the koofur orsi inhabitants and the darood. somalis are a nation of related families, which are called clans. groups of clans sometimes band together based on a common ancestor or other blood relationship. sometimes these family relationships date back hundreds or even thousands of years in the past.
somalis are mostly camel or goat herders, and depend on their livestock to live. in somalia there are limited sources of drinking water and grazing land, and disputes over grazing rights, water rights, or land in general can lead to fighting between families. because of the clan system, the families involved will call on their clan for help, leading to a clan war.
the discovery of oil and minerals in somalia, as well as the power and money associated with politics and business, has created more opportunities for families to get ahead, and has also created more reasons for families to have disputes.
because somalia does not have a working legal system, the only help a family in somalia has to solve a dispute with another family is to get their clan involved. the only solution to the clan wars in somalia is a working legal system, but the only group who has succeeded in creating one is the islamic courts union. unfortunately the islamic courts union was accused of being terrorists and ethiopia invaded somalia to topple their government and put the government they created in power instead.
in ancient times, somalia was a place where people from egypt and arabia went to buy gum arabic, myrrh and ebony wood. the ancient egyptians used to call it punt, which meant "god's land". somalis started herding camel and goats about 4,000 years ago, and they remain mostly herders today.
visitors from as far away as china visited somalia, such as zheng he.
400 more years later, the king of ethiopia told his subjects that god hated ifat, and he invaded ifat with his army, destroying everything he came across and driving the king of ifat to an island off the coast of zeila, where he died. the king of ethiopia then took part of ifat and added it to his kingdom, and made ifat pay him lots of money once a year. the remains of ifat put their kingdom back together again and renamed it adal.
about a hundred years later, the king of adal was deposed by an influential warlord by the name of ahmad ibn ibrahim al-ghazi, who had lots of influence with somali clans across the north. he declared a jihad against ethiopia, brought together a huge army that included turkish musketeers and somali cavalry. the somali cavalry were especially deadly because they could shoot arrows while riding their horses, something that the mongol hordes and japanese samurai are also famous for.
ahmad chose a bad time, however, because the portuguese empire was muscling into east africa. they had taken over the whole east african coast up to baraawe, and were trying to take over mogadishu. the portuguese decided to help out the ethiopians because the ethiopians were christians and the portuguese did not like muslims. ahmad had taken over more than half of ethiopia when a troop of portuguese musketeers showed up to help the ethiopians out. one portuguese musketeer managed to shoot ahmad himself, killing him.
a lot of the somali cavalry was only there because of ahmad, so the jihad ended and ethiopia wound up invading adal. the turks had to send an army to stop them from taking over zeila, and adal ended up becoming part of the turkish ottoman empire. on those days we do not find the exact people dwell in zeila, but the history ascribed the black people, without tracing their origin and their tribes.
however, some historians attributed zeila inhabitant were called semaale without farther lucid explanation.
the turks and portuguese fought over east africa for the next 200 years, but the turks eventually won about 270 years ago. northern somalia stayed under turkish protection after ahmad died, and the east coast including mogadishu ended up under the protection of the king of oman. when egypt declared independence from the turks a hundred years later, northern somalia became part of egypt. egypt came under british protection shortly after that, and northern somalia basically became a british protectorate as well. this became official about 130 years ago, and northern somalia officially became british somaliland.
the kingdom of italy had just come together as one country around this time, and wanted the same things that the other big countries had, like colonies. italy offered to buy the rights to the east africa coast from oman, who was in charge of protecting the cities and small kingdoms there, and oman agreed. italy made deals with some of the larger kingdoms/sultanates (like the sultanate of nugaal) for them to be under italian protection, but the smaller ones italy just invaded. this became italian somalia in 1905, with capital mogadishu.
ethiopia, which had fallen apart again after ahmad's jihad, had recently put itself back together again as well, and started invading small somali kingdoms as well, and by 1890 there were not many left. the french got in on this too, but they just took over a small area which today is djibouti.
lots of somalis did not like what was going on, so a muslim religious leader named mohammed abdullah hassan started a group called the darwiish to fight the british, italians and ethiopians. the british called him the "mad mullah" and spent about 30 years fighting him, eventually using fighter planes against his cavalry. at their height the darwiish controlled almost a third of somalia.
italy created a colony around mogadishu and enlarged the territory of italian somalia after ww1 with the areas south of the juba river. in the next 20 years the italian colony grew in importance, having at hafun the biggest salt production in the world and in the scebeli river a huge production of bananas exported to europe. in 1928 was created the first airport in somalia's capital and later in 1939 was started the longest air route in africa with the linea dell'impero, a flight between rome and mogadishu.
world war 2 history.
when benito mussolini took power in italy, he ended the deals he made with the bigger somali sultanates and invaded them conquering all the area that was to be the colony of italian somalia. then he invaded and took over ethiopia, using poison gas on the ethiopians. shortly afterwards, world war 2 broke out and he invaded british somaliland, but two years later the british returned and liberated british somaliland and ethiopia as well as taking over italian somaliland.
after the war, britain wanted to put all of the places somalis lived in one country, which would be a british protectorate. the ethiopians complained that they should be able to keep the areas they conquered, and the italians also complained the same thing, so in the end the ethiopians got to keep their bit, and the italians did too. however, italian somaliland was put under a united nations mandate, so the italians could not make it a colony.
cold war history.
in 1960 both british and italian somaliland declared independence together as the "somali republic". it was chosen the latin alphabet for the somali language. many areas where somalis lived were still part of britain, ethiopia and france. somalia wanted to get back all the areas that had been colonized by the french, ethiopians and british. somalia and ethiopia had a short war in 1964 over the ethiopian part of somalia, and it was obvious that more fighting was to come.
in 1969, the president of somalia was killed by a man whose clan had been hurt by his policies, and general mohammed siad barre took over the country. siad barre built a huge army with help from the soviet union and when ethiopia fell for the fourth time (this time because of a communist takeover) he invaded. the soviet union decided that ethiopia was more important than somalia and double-crossed siad barre, supplying huge amounts of weapons to ethiopia. other countries like cuba and israel also sent help to ethiopia, so in the end siad barre lost the war.
ethiopia's new government then began helping somali rebel groups, who did not like how siad barre took over the country, and these rebel groups toppled siad barre' government in 1991 and forced him out of the country. after this, however, all of the rebel groups started fighting amongst themselves over who would be in charge now that siad barre was gone.
eventually, some of the rebel groups decided to make their own governments in the land that they controlled. one, called somaliland, declared independence from somalia entirely, while another called puntland declared independence "for now" until a new somali national government can be put together. dozens of attempts to create a new national government failed.
because there was no government in most of somalia (except where one had been built from scratch, like puntland and somaliland) somalia's only legal system, beyond the law of the gun, was traditional custom and islamic sharia law. because of this, sharia legal scholars in the lawless south of somalia gained quite a bit of influence. around the same time, the people fighting for somali lands in ethiopia to be part of somalia turned to the example of the afgani mujahideen, and created their own group called al-ittihad al-islamiyya or the islamic union. during the 1990s ethiopia invaded somalia several times to attack the islamic union, who were helping somali rebels in ethiopia.
after 2001, the united states of america became very suspicious of both the sharia courts and the islamic union of being terrorists. warlords made a group called the alliance for the restoration of peace and counter-terrorism. the sharia courts banded together to protect themselves and created the islamic courts union. people liked the sharia courts and hated the gangsters, so everyone helped the islamic courts union, who defeated the gangsters and drove them out of mogadishu in 2006. the islamic courts union then formed an army and took over most of southern somalia.
the united states of america and ethiopia was alarmed by this takeover, so ethiopia invaded southern somalia in 2007 and put a new government in power that was made up of the rebel groups that ethiopia had funded 15 years earlier. almost everyone disagreed with this decision, and that same year a rebellion against this new government broke out in mogadishu and spread across the whole country by 2008. at around the same time, somali pirates kidnapped westerners from big ships for ransom.
melvin jerome blanc (may 30, 1908 – july 10, 1989) was an american voice actor, radio personality and comedian. nicknamed the man of a thousand voices, he was best known for his voice roles such as in "looney tunes", hanna-barbera cartoons, and others.
blanc was born on may 30, 1908 in san francisco, california. he studied at lincoln high school in san francisco. he was married to estelle rosenbaum from 1933 until his death in 1989. he has one son. blanc died on july 10, 1989 from heart disease, at age 81.
conagra foods, inc. is a food packing company that packs food for supermarkets, restaurants, and other businesses. it is located in north america.
the ipod is a range of portable music players designed by the company apple inc. in california. the ipod comes with computer cables so that the user can put music from their computer onto the ipod, and play music from it using headphones. newer ipods allow a user to play games, view pictures, watch videos and use the internet, too.
the first ipod was named the ipod classic. this ipod was released on october 23, 2001. apple inc. made the ipod like this until september 9, 2014.
apple made a smaller ipod called the ipod mini. it was much smaller than the ipod classic, but did not hold as many songs. it used flash memory, a special kind of memory for very small electronics, instead of a hard drive. it was replaced by a version of the ipod called the ipod nano.
another type of ipod, called the ipod shuffle, was very small, and it used flash memory, like the ipod mini but it had no screen. it was the least expensive ipod.
the most expensive ipod is called the ipod touch. it has a touch screen, like the iphone. it's very similar to the iphone, but it's not a smartphone. the first generation of ipod touch was released on september 5, 2007 and was discontinued on may 10, 2022.
ipods often contain songs downloaded from an online music store, using a program called itunes. (the name of apple's music and video store is the itunes store.) songs are sold in aac file format, not mp3 or wma. these are popular formats for compressing (making smaller) music until it does not take up much space and can easily be put on a media player such as the ipod.
the app store is an online shop that is run by apple inc. where people can buy software for their iphone or ipod touch. it opened on july 11, 2008. over 2 million applications (or apps for short) are available for people to buy. some apps are available for free.
costa rica (officially called republic of costa rica), is a country in central america. it is bordered by nicaragua to the north, panama to the southeast, the pacific ocean to the west, and the caribbean sea to the east. the official language of costa rica is spanish. the official currency is the colón. it has enjoyed a long period of peace since the 1863 civil war. because of its natural beauty and political stability, it is nicknamed the "switzerland of latin america". costa rica has had no army since december 1, 1948. instead of spending money on the military, the government spends money on education and health.
5,094,118 people live in costa rica. the capital city is san josé. the current president is carlos alvarado quesada. he was elected in 2018
the indigenous people of costa rica belong to the intermediate area. this intermediate area is where the mesoamerican and andean indigenous cultures mixed together. the country was influenced by various chibcha speaking indigenous people.
the impact of indigenous peoples' culture on modern costa rica has been small. the country did not have a strong native civilization to begin with. most of the indigenous population was absorbed into the spanish colony. there are still some small indigenous groups. the largest is the bribri and boruca tribes in south costa rica.
christopher columbus sailed to the eastern shores of costa rica during his last trip in 1502. he reported large amounts of gold jewelry among the indigenous people.
during the colonial period, costa rica was the most southern province of the captaincy general of guatemala. but it mostly ruled itself as a part of the spanish empire. costa rica's distance from the capital in guatemala, its legal prohibition to trade with the viceroyalty of new granada, and the lack of gold and silver made costa rica into a poor, little populated region of the spanish empire. costa rica was called "the poorest and most miserable spanish colony in all america" by a spanish governor in 1719.
costa rica's poverty was also because there were not enough indigenous people available for slavery. most of the costa rican settlers had to work on their own land. there were no large "haciendas" (plantations). for all these reasons, costa rica was unappreciated and forgotten by the spanish crown. it had to develop on its own.
costa rica became a "rural democracy" with no oppressed mestizo or indigenous class. it was not long before spanish settlers turned to the hills, where they found rich volcanic soil and a better climate.
costa rica never fought for independence from spain. on september 15, 1821, after the last spanish defeat in the mexican war of independence (1810–21), the authorities in guatemala declared the independence of all of central america. that date is still celebrated as independence day in costa rica.
costa rica joined the first mexican empire of agustín de iturbide. after its collapse in 1823, costa rica became a province of the new federal republic of central america. it existed from 1823 to 1839. it had a very loose authority over its provinces, especially the poor and remote costa rica.
in 1824, the costa rican capital was moved to san josé. this led to a brief battle with the old capital, cartago.
while civil wars were common in the federal republic of central america, costa rica was largely peaceful.
in 1838, costa rica formally proclaimed itself an independent country. the local population had little allegiance to the federal government in guatemala. from colonial times to now, costa rica's reluctance to become politically tied with the rest of central america has been a major obstacle to efforts for greater regional integration.
coffee was first planted in costa rica in the early 19th century. it was first shipped to europe in 1843. it became costa rica's first major export. coffee would remain costa rica's biggest export until the 20th century.
most of the coffee exported was transported by oxcart to the pacific port of puntarenas. since the main market for the coffee was in europe, it soon became a high priority to develop a transportation route from the central plateau to the atlantic ocean. for this purpose, in the 1870s, the costa rican government asked u.s. businessman minor c. keith to build a railroad to the caribbean port of limón. despite enormous difficulties with construction, disease, and financing, the railroad was completed in 1890.
most afro-costa ricans come from jamaican immigrants who worked on the railway. united states convicts, italians and chinese immigrants also worked in the construction of the railroad.
in exchange for making the railroad, costa rican gave keith large amounts of land and a lease on the train route, which he used to produce bananas and export them to the united states. as a result, bananas became the largest export. the united fruit company began to hold a major role in the national economy.
costa rica has enjoyed greater peace and political stability than other latin american nations.
but in 1917–19, general federico tinoco granados ruled as a military dictator until he was overthrown. the unpopularity of tinoco's government led to a considerable decline in the size, wealth, and political influence of the costa rican military.
in 1948, josé figueres ferrer led an armed uprising between the previous president rafael ángel calderón guardia (he served as president between 1940 and 1944) and otilio ulate blanco. with more than 2,000 dead, the 44-day costa rican civil war was the bloodiest event in costa rica during the 20th century.
the victorious rebels formed a government that abolished the military. it oversaw the drafting of a new constitution by a democratically elected assembly. having enacted these reforms, the junta relinquished its power on november 8, 1949, to the new democratic government. after that, figueres became a national hero, winning the country's first democratic election under the new constitution in 1953. since then, costa rica has held 14 presidential elections, the latest in 2014. all of them have been widely regarded by the international community as peaceful and transparent.
costa rica is on the central american isthmus. it is between latitudes 8° and 12°n, and longitudes 82° and 86°w. it borders the caribbean sea to the east and the pacific ocean to the west. it has a total of of coastline. costa rica also borders nicaragua to the north ( of border) and panama to the southeast ( of border). in total, costa rica has plus of territorial waters.
the highest point in the country is cerro chirripó, at . the largest lake in costa rica is lake arenal.
costa rica is located between 8 and 12 degrees north of the equator. the climate is tropical all year. the country has many microclimates depending on elevation, rainfall, and the geography of each region.
costa rica's seasons are defined by how much rain falls. it does not have the four seasons other countries have. the year can be split into two seasons: the dry season (known as summer), and the rainy season (known as winter). the "summer" starts in december and ends in april. "winter" starts in may and ends in november. during this time it rains constantly in some regions.
the location receiving the most rain is the caribbean. annual rainfall is over . humidity is also higher here. the mean annual temperature on the coast is around . in the main populated areas, and below on the highest mountains.
there are many national parks in costa rica, including manuel antonio national park.
plants and animals.
costa rica is home to many plants and animals. the country has only about 0.25% of the world's landmass, but it has 5% of the world's biodiversity. almost 25% of costa rica's land area is in national parks and protected areas. this is the largest percentage of protected areas in the world.
costa rica successfully reduced deforestation. it had one of the worst deforestation rates in the world from 1973 to 1989. but it was almost zero by 2005.
the corcovado national park is internationally known by ecologists for its biodiversity. visitors can see many different types of animals. an example is the big cats and tapirs. corcovado is the only park in costa rica where all four costa rican monkeys can be found. these include the white-headed capuchin, the mantled howler,the endangered geoffroy's spider monkey and the central american squirrel monkey. the squirrel monkey is found only on the pacific coast of costa rica and a small part of panama.
tortuguero national park is home to spider, howler, and white-throat capuchin monkeys. it is also the home of three-toed sloth and two-toed sloth. it has 320 species of birds and many reptiles. there is an annual nesting of the endangered green turtle, and is the most important nesting site for the species. giant leatherback, hawksbill, and loggerhead turtles also nest here.
the monteverde cloud forest reserve is home to almost 2,000 plant species. including many orchids. it is also home to more than 400 types of birds. there are more than 100 species of mammals here.
costa rica is a center of biological diversity for reptiles and amphibians. they have the world's fastest running lizard, the spiny-tailed iguana ("ctenosaura similis").
provinces, cantons, and districts.
article 168 of the constitution of costa rica says the political divisions are classified into 3 groups: provinces, cantons, and districts.
costa rica has seven provinces. the provinces are divided into 81 cantons. the canton is directed by a mayor. mayors are chosen democratically every four years by the canton's people. there are no provincial legislatures. the cantons are further divided into 463 districts.
the provinces are:
costa rica entered the summer olympics for the first time in 1936 with the fencer bernardo de la guardia. they entered the winter olympics for the first time in 1980 with the skier arturo kinch. all four of costa rica's olympic medals were won by the sisters silvia and claudia poll in swimming. claudia won the country's only gold medal in 1996.
association football is the most popular sport in costa rica. the national team has played in four fifa world cup tournaments. they reached the quarter-finals for the first time in 2014. its best performance in the regional concacaf gold cup was runner-up in 2002.
wisconsin is a state in the north-central united states. two of the five great lakes and four other states (illinois, iowa, michigan and minnesota) border wisconsin. the capital of wisconsin is madison. the biggest city in wisconsin is milwaukee.
native first settled in wisconsin before the arrival of europeans.
the word "wisconsin" comes from the name that one of the algonquian speaking american indian groups living in the area gave to the wisconsin river. they named the wisconsin river at the time that the european contact happened. jacques marquette, a french , was the first european (or person from europe) to get to the wisconsin river and write down the name. he reached the wisconsin river in 1673. he wrote the name of the river as "meskousing" in his journal. over time, other explorers from france this name into "ouisconsin". this is now the french name for the wisconsin river. as of 1845, the government of the wisconsin territory gave the name "wisconsin" to the wisconsin river.
many people in wisconsin go skiing, ice fishing and to snowmobile races. the major league baseball's milwaukee brewers are popular. music events include the summerfest. there is the milwaukee art museum. circle sanctuary is the largest wiccan organization in the u.s.
the montreal river flows along the border of wisconsin. lake superior and michigan border wisconsin to the north. lake michigan is to the east of wisconsin, and illinois is found directly south of wisconsin. other rivers that make up the border of wisconsin include the mississippi river and st. croix rivers to the west and the menominee river to the northeast.
wisconsin has a lot of different kinds of geography and is very diverse. wisconsin is made up of five main areas of geography. the lake superior lowland to the north is an area of land that is right against lake superior. the northern highland area of wisconsin is to the south of the lake superior lowland. this area contains trees and other kinds of forests. the chequamegon-nicolet national forest (1,500,000 acres big), is found in this area. the highest point in wisconsin, timms hill, is in the northern highland area. the central plain area is found in the central part of wisconsin. lots of sandstone , such as the dells of the wisconsin river, are found in the central plain area. the eastern ridges and lowlands area is found in the southeastern part of wisconsin. many of the biggest cities in wisconsin are in the eastern ridges and lowlands area. the western upland area is in the southwestern part of the state. this area includes features like bluffs along the mississippi river and forests and farmland (land put aside for farming).
the highest temperature ever recorded in wisconsin was in the wisconsin dells. it was recorded on july 13, 1936. the temperature reached 120 °f (46 °c). the lowest temperature in wisconsin ever written down was in the village of couderay. the temperature there was only –55 °f (-48 °c). this was recorded on both february 2 and february 4, 1996.
cities and important towns.
wisconsin has cities and towns of many different sizes. nearly 70 percent of people living in wisconsin live in urban areas (cities like milwaukee). 33 percent of the population of wisconsin lives in the greater milwaukee area. milwaukee is found at the northern end of a string of cities and towns along lake michigan. with almost 600,000 people living in milwaukee, that makes milwaukee the 22nd-largest city in the country. madison is also another important city in wisconsin. with a population of just over 225,000 people, it is a city that grows very fast. a suburb of madison, middleton, was also ranked the "best place to live in america" in 2007 by "cnn money". there are a bunch of medium-sized cities and towns (meaning their populations are between 25,000 and 100,000 people) in wisconsin. 12 cities in wisconsin with a population of 50,000 or more.
odia coates (november 13, 1941 – may 19, 1991) was an american singer. she is best remembered for her duet with paul anka, "(you're) having my baby" from 1974. the song was #1 on the "billboard" top 100 chart for three weeks in 1974.
amy lee grant (november 25, 1960) is an american singer and songwriter. she is known for her contemporary christian music, as well as pop music hits. grant is the best-selling contemporary christian music singer ever. she released her first album in 1977 at the age of 16.
grant was born in augusta, georgia.
dalida (real name: iolanda cristina gigliotti) (january 17, 1933 - may 3, 1987) was an egyptian-born italian/french biggest international singing icon and actress. she was born in cairo to an italian family. she had italian citizenship all her life. from 1961, she also had french citizenship. she died in 1987. she is still today the most loved singer in france.
the bangles are an all-female american rock band. the band started in los angeles, california in 1981. the bangles are best known for their hit (popular) songs "walk like an egyptian" (which featured a dance where a person walks by bending the left hand forward and the right hand backward), and "manic monday".
"britcom" is short for "british sitcom". it is a situation comedy show produced in the united kingdom. this is what they are called especially in the united states and australia, where they have cult followings. some of them like "till death do us part" and "steptoe and son" were remade as american comedy tv shows ("all in the family" and "sanford and son").
the millimetre is a metric unit of length. the symbol for the millimetre is mm. there are 1,000 millimetres in a metre.
kristoffer "kris" kristofferson (born june 22, 1936) is an american actor, musician, and writer. he is known for writing country songs for other people or singing them himself. he is also a well-known actor and appeared in films like "star is born", "bring me the head of alfredo garcia", "alice doesn't live here anymore", "blade", "he's just not that into you", and "planet of the apes".
he is the author of a number of country standards, such as "me and bobbie mcgee" and "sunday morning coming down". he was born in brownsville, texas and was raised in san mateo, california. he studied at pomona college and merton college, oxford as a rhodes scholar.
he began playing music in 1959, however his career began in nashville, tennessee in 1965 after coming back from military service.
in 2015, kristofferson was diagnosed with lyme disease after having alzheimer's-like symptoms for ten years.
kristofferson was married to frances beer from 1960 until they divorced in 1969. he later married singer rita coolidge in 1973 and they divorced in 1980. in 1983, he married lisa meyers. kristofferson has eight children.
in january 2021, it was confirmed that kristofferson had retired from performing and acting.
in 1976, he won a golden globe award for acting and in 2014 he was honored with a lifetime grammy award. in 2004, he was honored into the country music hall of fame and museum.
a mathematical constant is a number, which has a special meaning for calculations. for example, the constant π (pronounced "pie") means the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter. this value is always the same for any circle. a mathematical constant is often a real, non-integral number of interest.
in contrast to physical constants, mathematical constants do not come from physical measurements.
key mathematical constants.
the following table contains some important mathematical constants:
constants and series.
the following table contains a list of constants and series in mathematics, with the following columns:
"note that the list can be ordered correspondingly by clicking on the header title at the top of the table."
the leaning tower of pisa is a building in pisa, italy. it is a bell tower. it is famous because it is not vertical. in 1990 the tower was leaning at 5.5 degrees and increasing. after that, much restoration work has been done to stop it from falling over completely. there was scaffolding all around the tower for 20 years. on 26 april 2011, the last bit of scaffolding was removed so that the tower can be seen properly again.
the height of the tower is about 56 metres from the ground. its weight is about 14,500 tonnes. it now leans at about 3.99 degrees. the tower has 294 steps.
when the second floor was built in 1178, the tower started to lean. this was because it had a small three-meter foundation in soft soil. the design of this tower was bad from the beginning. construction was stopped for almost 100 years because the people of pisa were often at war with genoa, lucca, and florence.
there is an old story that galileo galilei used the tower for a physics experiment.
a tower is a tall structure. towers are different from buildings because people do not live in them. many castles have towers. today, towers are very tall. some things they are used for are to send radio signals, for observation, or to hold up bridges.
the city of tel aviv-yafo (;  ) is a municipality in israel, often just called tel aviv. it is israel's second largest city and main commercial, financial, industrial and cultural center. it is on the eastern shore of the mediterranean sea.
in 2018, 451,523 people lived in the city of tel aviv. tel aviv is a part of an area of cities called gush dan, which is the largest metropolitan area of israel. about 3,850,000 people live in this urban area.
the city calls itself israel's capital of culture, economy and trade.
in 1909, jewish people started building tel aviv northeast of jaffa, making it the first city founded by jews in modern times. tel aviv was part of jaffa at first, but it became a separate town in 1921. tel aviv grew quickly as jewish immigrants arrived, mainly from europe.
between the years 1925-1929 the scottish city planner sir patrick geddes was design the first city plan for tel aviv.
in the early 1930s the area of the yarkon river mouth has began to develop with the opening of the international trade fair - the "orient fair" and the opening of the "tel aviv port" beside him. from the other side of the yarkon river was built the reading power station and the sde dov airport.
it was israel's first capital when the nation was established in 1948. the capital was moved to jerusalem in 1949, but the israeli ministry of defense and many foreign embassies stayed in tel aviv. most israeli ministries that are located in jerusalem, have offices in tel aviv. the national intelligence agencies of israel, mossad (external security), aman (military intelligence) and shin bet (internal security) also have their headquarters in tel aviv.
in 1950, tel aviv and jaffa (called "yafo" in hebrew) joined to into the city of tel aviv-yafo. tel aviv-yafo is the official name of the city, but it is almost always called tel aviv.
tel aviv continued to grow quickly in the 1950s and 1960s. the fast growth of the tel aviv area caused problems such as air pollution, slums, and traffic that took until the 2000s to fix. traffic is still a problem. that is why the tel aviv light rail is being built to ease the road traffic. most of the people of tel aviv live in apartment buildings.
during the persian gulf war of 1991, iraq fired about 25 missiles toward tel aviv. several missiles and falling debris struck residential areas in or around tel aviv. two people were killed, and about 7,500 apartments were damaged.
the cultural center of tel aviv is a downtown intersection of streets at dizengoff circle. fashionable shops and sidewalk cafes line the nearby streets. the 37-story shalom tower is in the city's financial district, several blocks south of dizengoff circle. it is the tallest building in israel. the southwestern part of the city was once the separate town of jaffa. jaffa, an ancient port from biblical times, has many historic place that have been restored by archaeologists. jaffa also has many art galleries, cafes, restaurants, and nightclubs.
the israeli opera, and habima theater, israel's national theater, was are in tel aviv. 
tel aviv is home to a number of dance centers and companies. the batsheva dance company, a contemporary dance group, as well as the bat-dor dance company and the israel ballet are headquartered in tel aviv. tel aviv's center for modern and classical dance is the suzanne dellal center.
museums in tel aviv include haaretz museum and the tel aviv art museum.
tel aviv university is one of the city's several institutions of higher learning. bar ilan university is in ramat gan, a suburb of the city.
tel aviv is the gay capital of israel.
the tel aviv area is israel's main manufacturing district. about half of the nation's business companies are in the area. their products include computer software, electronic equipment, machine tools, building materials, chemicals, clothing, and processed foods. the city is also the nation's main center for banking, publishing, and trade and the home of the tel aviv stock exchange. abu kabir forensic institute, the nation's only forensics institute, is located there.
twin towns and sister cities.
tel aviv has a partnership with los angeles (), and is twinned with:
trigonometry (from the greek "trigonon" = three angles and "metron" = measure) is a part of elementary mathematics dealing with angles, triangles and trigonometric functions such as sine (abbreviated sin), cosine (abbreviated cos) and tangent (abbreviated tan). it has some connection to geometry, although there is disagreement on exactly what that connection is; for some, trigonometry is just a section of geometry.
overview and definitions.
trigonometry uses a large number of specific words to describe parts of a triangle. some of the definitions in trigonometry are:
there are three main trigonometric ratios for right triangles, and three reciprocals of those ratios, making up a total of 6 ratios. they are:
the reciprocals of these ratios are:
cosecant (cosec) - the cosecant of an angle is equal to the formula_4 or formula_5.
secant (sec) - the secant of an angle is equal to the formula_6 or formula_7.
cotangent (cot) - the cotangent of an angle is equal to the formula_8 or formula_9.
students often use a mnemonic to remember this relationship. the "sine", "cosine", and "tangent" ratios in a right triangle can be remembered by representing them as strings of letters, such as soh-cah-toa:
with the sines and cosines, one can answer virtually all questions about triangles. this is called "solving" the triangle. one can work out the remaining angles and sides of any triangle, as soon as two sides and their included angle or two angles and a side or three sides are known. these laws are useful in all branches of geometry, since "every polygon may be described as a combination of triangles".
trigonometry is also vital in surveying, in vector analysis, and in the study of periodic functions. it developed from a need to compute angles and distances in fields such as astronomy, mapmaking, surveying, and artillery range finding.
there is also such a thing as spherical trigonometry, which deals with spherical geometry. this is used for calculations in astronomy, geodesy and navigation.
law of sines.
law of cosines.
law of tangents.
monotheism is the belief in only one god, rather than two or more, which would be polytheism such as ancient greece, ancient rome, ancient egypt and partly hinduism. many religions are monotheistic, such as judaism, christianity, islam, baha'i faith, sikhism, eckankar, zoroastrianism, cao dai and tenrikyo. some pagan and neo-pagan religions are also monotheistic. deism is the belief that a higher being like god exists, but rejects the belief in many gods, revelation, religions, rituals, sacred books (like the bible or quran), prophets (like jesus or muhammad), etc. judaism and zoroastrianism are thought to be the oldest living monotheistic religions.
polytheism means believing in many gods. a person that believes in polytheism is called a polytheist. a religion with polytheism can be called a polytheistic religion.
polytheism is well documented in historical religions of classical antiquity, especially those of ancient greeks and romans. other ancient people who were polytheists include german pagans, turkic peoples, ancient egyptians, the celts and the norse. 
there are various polytheistic religions practiced today. examples include sanamahism (meitei paganism), tengrism, shinto, chinese folk religion, thelma, wicca, druidism, taoism, asatru and candomblé.
usually, a polytheistic religion has a set of stories about the gods. this is called mythology. 
the opposite of polytheism is monotheism, which is the belief in only one god, practiced by the monotheistic religions of judaism, christianity, islam, sikhism, etc.
nelvana is a canadian animation studio. it was founded in 1971 in toronto, ontario, canada by michael hirsh, patrick loubert, and clive a. smith. the company is now owned by corus entertainment. it is named after a local comic book superheroine of the 1940s.
it specialises mainly in the field of child-friendly tv shows and movies. some of them are:
john ellis "jeb" bush (born february 11, 1953) is an american businessman and politician. he served as the 43rd governor of florida from 1999 to 2007.
bush is the second son of former president george h. w. bush and former first lady barbara bush, the younger brother of former president george w. bush, and grandson of the late prescott bush, united states senator from connecticut. following his father's successful run for vice president in 1980, he moved to florida and pursued a career in real estate development. in 1986, bush was named florida's secretary of commerce, a position he held until his resignation in 1988 to help his father's successful campaign for the presidency.
in 1994, bush made his first run for office, losing the election for governor by less than two percentage points to the incumbent lawton chiles. bush ran again in 1998 and defeated lieutenant governor buddy mackay with 55 percent of the vote. he ran for reelection in 2002. he won with 56 percent to become florida's first two-term republican governor. during his eight years as governor, bush helped create environmental improvements, such as conservation in the everglades, supporting caps for medical malpractice litigation, moving medicaid recipients to private systems, and creating reforms to the state education system, including the issuance of vouchers and promoting school choice.
bush was a candidate for the republican nomination in the 2016 presidential election.
bush was born in midland, texas. he was raised in houston, texas. his father is george h. w. bush, the 41st president of the united states and 43rd vice president of the united states. his mother is barbara pierce. the nickname "jeb" is made up of his initials j.e.b. (john ellis bush).
bush received poor grades at first and occasionally smoked marijuana. he made the honor roll by the end of his senior year and served as captain of the tennis team. he studied at the university of texas at austin. at the age of 17, bush taught english as a second language and worked in the building of a school in ibarrilla, a small village outside of león, guanajuato, mexico/ it was part of a student exchange summer program. while in mexico, he met his future wife, columba garnica gallo.
florida secretary of commerce (1987-1988).
following his father's successful run for vice president in 1980, he moved to florida and pursued a career in real estate development. in 1986, bush was named florida's secretary of commerce, a position he held until his resignation in 1988 to help his father's successful campaign for the presidency.
1994 gubernatorial run.
in 1994, bush made his first run for office. he lost the election for governor by less than two percentage points to the incumbent lawton chiles.
governor of florida (1999-2007).
bush ran again in 1998 and beat lieutenant governor buddy mackay with 55 percent of the vote. bush's administration was marked by a focus on public education reform.
while governor, bush reduced taxes by $19 billion, reduced the size of state government by 6.6 percent, and vetoed $2 billion in new spending. bush eliminated civil service protection for over 16,000 state jobs, which had the effect of making it easier to fire employees in those positions.
bush signed legislation to restore the everglades as part of an $8 billion project in conjunction with the federal government. bush supported more than a dozen new protections for gun owners. in 2005, bush signed into law florida's stand-your-ground law, which was the first such state law in the united states. in 2004, bush supported an unsuccessful bill to allow illegal immigrants to be issued drivers licenses by the state.
he ran for reelection in 2002 and won with 56 percent to become florida's first two-term republican governor.
during his eight years as governor, bush was credited with initiating environmental improvements, such as conservation in the everglades, supporting caps for medical malpractice litigation, moving medicaid recipients to private systems, and instituting reforms to the state education system, including the issuance of vouchers and promoting school choice.
2016 presidential race.
bush was considered a potential candidate in the 2016 presidential election since the end of the 2012 election.
at a press conference on april 16, 2013, at bluefield college, bush stated he had not begun the decision-making process about a run but that he would begin to consider a run soon. on october 2, 2014, bush's brother george said that his brother "wants to be president". on december 16, 2014, bush announced via facebook that he would be "actively exploring" a 2016 run to become president of the united states and at the end of the year resigned several corporate boards.
bush announced his candidacy on june 15, 2015. bush was high on republican polls for president in june, but slipped as he lost to donald trump, ted cruz and to marco rubio. after losing the iowa, new hampshire and south carolina caucuses, bush suspended his campaign on february 20, 2016.
bush married columba bush in 1974. they have three children: george, noelle, and john.
in 1995, bush converted from anglicanism to roman catholicism. in 2004, he became a fourth degree knight of columbus. bush, a member of father hugon council 3521 in tallahassee, has joined father hugon assembly.
auckland is the largest city in new zealand. about 2 million people live in the . for a short time in new zealand's history it was the capital city. now wellington is the capital city.
auckland is in the north of the north island. it is on two harbours: the manukau and waitemata harbours. it is known as the "city of sails" because there are many sailing boats in the city. the hauraki gulf has many different islands and provides safe anchorage and good sailing that is recognised around the world. it has a temperate oceanic climate ("cfb" in the köppen climate classification).
auckland is built on a series of dormant volcanos. the youngest and largest of these is called rangitoto. rangitoto is an island just a few kilometres from the city centre. it has many pohutukawas, native trees also known as the new zealand christmas tree because of their brilliant red flowers which bloom in december.
in 2010, len brown became the 1st mayor of auckland. in 2016, he was replaced by phil goff.
according to the niwa, auckland has a subtropical climate, with warm, humid summers and mild, rainy winters. under köppen's climate classification, the city has an oceanic climate ("cfb"). it is the warmest main centre of new zealand and is also one of the sunniest, with an average of over 2000 sunshine hours per annum. the average daily maximum temperature is in february and in july. the absolute maximum recorded temperature is , while the absolute minimum is . high levels of rainfall occur almost year–round with an average of per year spread over 136 rain days, but is most frequent in winter. snowfall in auckland is extremely rare; recorded instances include 27 july 1939 and 15 august 2011, although without any accumulation.
the early morning calm on the isthmus during settled weather, before the sea breeze rises, was described as early as 1853: "in all seasons, the beauty of the day is in the early morning. at that time, generally, a solemn stillness holds, and a perfect calm prevails...". many aucklanders use this time of day to walk and run in parks.
auckland occasionally suffers from air pollution due to fine particle emissions. there are also occasional breaches of guideline levels of carbon monoxide. while maritime winds normally disperse the pollution relatively quickly it can sometimes become visible as smog, especially on calm winter days. the west of auckland is slightly wetter and cooler than the eastern side, with the gulf islands being warmer and drier still.
capitalism is an economic system where means of production is privately owned and operated for profit.
most property is owned by people or companies, often called "firms", not by the government. it is often called private property. capitalist economies are often close to free market economies, which means that prices move up or down according to the availability of products and how many people want them. people buy and sell things according to their own judgment. in most countries there is some regulation (trade laws) and some planning done by the government. they are sometimes called "mixed economies" to indicate this. some people disagree on whether capitalism is a good idea, or how much of capitalism is a good idea.
the word comes from "capital", meaning something of value that is used to make things. this can be money ("financial capital") or any other goods that can be traded. the word "capital" originally comes from the latin word "caput", meaning "head." it was used to mean how many "head" of cattle a rich person owned, in days long ago when cattle were used as money. in fact, the words "capital" and "cattle" both come from "caput".
the philosopher adam smith's book, "the wealth of nations", was an important book that developed the ideas of capitalism and the free market. the word "capitalism" was not used until the 19th century. the greatest invention of capitalism is often said to be the joint stock company. a joint-stock company is a business where different stocks can be bought and owned by shareholders. each shareholder owns company stock in proportion to the number of their shares.
buying, selling, working, and hiring.
in capitalism, people may sell or lend their property, and other people may buy or borrow it. if one person wants to buy, and another person wants to sell to them, they do not need to get permission from higher power. people can have a market (buying and selling with each other) without anyone else telling them to. people who own capital are sometimes called "capitalists" (people who support capitalism are called capitalists, too). they can hire anyone who wants to work in their factories, shops or lands for them for the pay they offer.
the word "capital" can be used to mean things that produce more things or money. for example, lands, factories, shops, tools and machines are capital. if someone has money that can be "invested", that money is capital too.
in capitalist systems, many people are workers (or "proletarians"). they are employed to earn money for living. people can choose to work for anyone who will hire them in a free market.
this is different from many older economic systems. in "feudalism", most people were "serfs" and had to work for the people who owned the land they lived on. in "mercantilism", the government makes it hard to buy things from other countries. in many countries with "mixed economies" (part capitalism and part socialism) there are laws about what you can buy or sell, or what prices you can charge, or whom you can hire or fire.
an "investment" is when people invest (put) their money in things. people can put their money together to buy or build things, even if they are too big for one person to make alone. the people who invest get to be the owners of what they buy or build together. the stock market lets people buy and sell investments.
investing is important to capitalism. the word "capitalist" can mean two things: it can mean someone who likes capitalism; but it can also mean someone who invests. for example, a "venture capitalist" invests in new businesses.
people who start businesses, or invest in businesses, can make a lot of money. a business sells things that people want. the investors make extra money, which is called "profit". investors can take their profit and invest it in more businesses, or in making the business bigger. the investors can get more and more profit if the businesses are successful.
people who disagree.
"socialists" and "communists" are people who do not support capitalism. they say it hurts workers, because businesses make more money by selling things than they pay the workers who make the things. business owners become rich while workers remain poor and exploited (taken advantage of). they also argue society would be more efficient if people thought less about competing against one another for their own interests and thought more of working together for the overall good of society. another argument is that each person has a right to basic needs (such as food and shelter). within capitalism, sometimes people might not get everything they need to live. capitalism is also said to be the main culprit of economic inequality.
karl marx was a famous communist philosopher from germany. he wrote a famous book called "the capital" (or "das kapital" in german). he said that capitalism would go away after workers decided to take over the government in a revolution because of the exploitation. there were violent communist revolutions in many countries. many people were killed because of this. but capitalism did not go away, and most of these communist systems have collapsed and do not exist today, or else they have become more capitalist. some people think that communism in those countries did not work because marx's ideas, though nice in thought, did not really work. others think that communist countries collapsed because of the attacks (military, political and economic) from capitalist countries.
anarchists (that are not anarcho-capitalists) do not support capitalism either. they do not think there should be any bosses because it is a hierarchy. they think that marxist–leninist governments were unsuccessful because they were dictatorships that said that they would rule in the name of workers, but ruled in the name of their leaders. they think that these governments were state capitalist and not socialist.
people who agree.
there are different words for people who support capitalism. in many parts of the world, these people are called either "conservatives" or "liberals". in the united states, the word liberal means someone who supports capitalism but wants some rules on what the market can do and cannot do. "libertarian" is a word that in america and some other countries means someone who wants the government to have little or no power to tell people what to buy or sell.
the reasons for capitalism are not just economic. they are political. people who like capitalism believe that capitalism provides liberty by the citizen by allowing them to be independent. friedrich hayek agreed with this and connected the open society with respect for the individual, and tolerance for the differences between people.
another argument for the endorsement of capitalism is that it is arguably better than other economic models, like communism, for example. while most communist nations (such as the soviet union and democratic kampuchea) collapsed deep in poverty, hunger, dictatorships and/or genocides, capitalist countries (such as the united states and the uk) prospered economically.
people who support capitalism also have disagreements. most people agree that capitalism works better if the government keeps people from stealing other people's things. if people could steal anything, then nobody would want to buy anything. however, if people shared everything, then no one would need to buy anything.
in most countries, the government does more than that. it tries to make sure that people buy and sell fairly and that employment is fair. but most of the time, the government making sure that employment is fair is also on the benefitting side of capitalism. the government takes money in taxes and spends it according to what the governing body wants, often not what the citizens who elected the governing body want their taxes to be spent on. people in power spend money on guns and ships for the military. when the government is in charge of part of the economy, this is called a "social democracy." however, when the government spends money it causes arguments about what the money should be spent on, because often times we don't vote on policies, we vote on people we depend on making the policies.
a few people think that people can protect themselves without any government. instead of having laws against stealing, people could protect their own things, or agree to pay other people such as arbitrators, insurers, and private defenders to protect them. this belief is called "anarcho-capitalism." these people think that the government is trying to take away their earnings, because it takes taxes away from people against their will and keeps them from making agreements between themselves.
ghana (formerly the gold coast) is a country in west africa. thirty-one million people live there; its capital is accra. it is in western africa, bordering the gulf of guinea, between côte d'ivoire and togo.
since ghana is near the equator, the climate is very warm and tropical. the eastern coastal belt is warm and comparatively dry. south west corner is hot and humid. the north is hot and dry. lake volta (the world’s largest artificial lake) extends through eastern ghana.
most ghanaians have access to primary and secondary education. ghana has a 6-year primary school system. there are 6 public universities and 10 private universities.
ghana has many natural resources. the main exports are gold, timber, cocoa, diamonds, and more. ghana has one of the strongest economies in africa.
ghana used “cedi” for their currency but in july 2007, “ghanaian cedi” became the new currency. 1 ghana cedi is equal to 1000 cedi. 1 us dollar is currently exchanged at about 8 ghana cedi.
ghana is a country located on the gulf of guinea. it is only a few degrees north of the equator. this gives it a warm climate. the country has an area of . it is surrounded by togo to the east, côte d'ivoire to the west, burkina faso to the north and the gulf of guinea (atlantic ocean) to the south.
the country has flat plains, low hills and a few rivers. ghana can be divided into five different geographical regions. the coastline is mostly a low, sandy shore backed by plains and scrub. it is crossed by several rivers and streams. the northern part of the country has high plains. southwest and south central ghana is made up of a forested plateau region with the ashanti uplands and the kwahu plateau. the hilly akuapim-togo ranges are found along the country's eastern border.
the volta basin also takes up most of central ghana. ghana's highest point is mount afadjato. it is and is found in the akwapim-togo ranges.
there are two main seasons in ghana: the wet and the dry seasons. northern ghana has its rainy season from march to november. the south, including the capital accra, has the season from april to mid-november.
regions and districts.
ghana is divided into 16 administrative regions, sub-divided into 275 districts:
in 1482, portuguese colonists from the expedition of diogu de azambuja were first on the coast who built elmina castle, then aksim fortresses, shama and others. the portuguese exported gold (the country was then called the golden beach) and slaves. by the middle of the 19th century, the united kingdom pushed out from the other european competitors from the golden coast.
football is the most popular sport. the national men's football team is known as the black stars. the under-20 team is known as the black satellites. ghana has been in many championships including the african cup of nations, the fifa world cup and the fifa u-20 world cup. in the 2010 fifa world cup, ghana became the third african country to reach the quarter final stage. there are several club football teams in ghana, which play in the ghana premier league and division one league. both are managed by the ghana football association.
the country also has quite a few quality boxers such as azumah nelson a three time world champion, nana yaw konadu also a three time world champion, ike quartey, and joshua clottey.
there are also notable games like oware,dame and the others which traces back to their ancestry background.
strawberry shortcake is a doll. the doll has red hair and smells like strawberries. kenner products created the first strawberry shortcake doll in 1979. at that time she resembled a typical rag doll, complete with freckles, a mop of red yarn hair, and a strawberry printed bonnet but the unique selling point was that, she smelt of strawberries. the strawberry shortcake line of characters each had their own fruit or dessert-themed name with clothing to match, and they each had a dessert or fruit-named pet. like the strawberry shortcake doll, all the other characters’ dolls had hair scented to match their dessert theme.
there was apple dumpling, the baby and raspberry tart who, in the television programs, was capable of the odd cutting remark. this is what apple dumpling looked like back in the 1980s.
she first appeared on cards by american greetings, and there soon were a series of dolls (each that smell like a different fruit and had a pet) and several tv specials produced by dic and nelvana. the characters in the collection from the 1980s were:
in 2002, after other 1980s toys (care bears, g.i. joe,etc.) were brought back for youndger kids and parents who played with them and new line of dolls was released and along with several direct-to-dvd specials. 
the new dolls are:
christina maría aguilera (born december 18, 1980) is an american singer, songwriter, record producer, actress and dancer. she has earned five grammy awards and five number-one singles on the us "billboard" hot 100: "genie in a bottle", "what a girl wants", "come on over baby (all i want is you)", a cover of "lady marmalade" (with p!nk, mýa, and lil' kim), and "moves like jagger" (with maroon 5). she also earned the top-ten hits "i turn to you", "beautiful", "ain't no other man", "keeps gettin' better", "feel this moment" (with pitbull), and "say something" (with a great big world).
christina maría aguilera was born in staten island, new york, on december 18, 1980. her parents fausto xavier aguilera, was a soldier in the united states army and shelly loraine (née fidler), was a violinist and pianist, respectively. her father has ecuadorian ancestry. her american mother has german, english, irish, scots-irish, and french ancestry. throughout her father's service in the army, her family moved to various locations, including new jersey, texas, new york, and japan. her parents divorced when aguilera was six years old. she, her mother, and her younger sister rachel then lived at her grandmother's home in rochester, pennsylvania, a town outside pittsburgh. her mother later remarried.
1990–93: "star search" and "the new mickey mouse club".
aguilera made her debut in "star search" in 1990. three years later, she starred on "the new mickey mouse club". she starred alongside entertainers britney spears, fergie, ryan gosling, jc chasez, and justin timberlake.
1998–2006: "mulan", "christina aguilera", "mi reflejo", "stripped", and "back to basics".
she was signed to rca records after making the song "reflection" for the movie "mulan". aguilera received a best new artist grammy award for her first album "christina aguilera" (1999). she made a latin pop album, "mi reflejo", and a christmas album, "my kind of christmas". "mi reflejo" won a latin grammy award. aguilera received grammy awards for her second album "stripped" (2002), and her third album "back to basics" (2006). 
2007–17: "bionic", "lotus", and collaborations.
in 2007, aguilera was featured on rapper diddy's single "tell me".
in 2008, she released her first greatest hits album, "keeps gettin' better – a decade of hits", a new song, "dynamite", and new versions of her hits "genie in a bottle" and "beautiful", called "genie 2.0" and "you are what you are (beautiful)". in 2011, aguilera became a coach on "the voice".
aguilera released her sixth album, "bionic", in 2010. it featured the single "not myself tonight". the song's music video was compared to the style of fellow entertainer lady gaga. 
in october 2011 aguilera performed "smile" and "dirty diana" at michael jackson forever. aguilera released her seventh album "lotus" on november 9, 2012. two singles were released from the album. the first single, "your body", reached the top ten in canada and the top 40 in the us. aguilera made a spanish song for the 2012 movie "casa de mi padre". aguilera also sung a song on the sound track of the 2013 movie "" called "we remain". 
aguilera was also a featured artist on rapper pitbull's single "feel this moment" in 2013. later that year, she performed a duet of lady gaga's single "do what u want" on "the voice" with gaga. the studio version of the duet was released january 1, 2014. 
she sang on the single version of a great big world's single "say something", which reached number one in canada and australia and the top five in other countries. she released the standalone song "change" in 2016, after the pulse nightclub shooting in orlando, florida.
2018–present: "liberation" and "la fuerza".
on june 15, 2018, aguilera released her eighth studio album, "liberation". in 2022, she released the ep "la fuerza", returning to latin music.
aguilera has a four-octave soprano vocal range. she is also recognized her ability to sing in the whistle register.
aguilera has two children, son max liron bratman (born january 12, 2008) from her former husband jordan bratman and daughter summer rain rutler (born august 16, 2014) with her current fiancé matthew rutler. both of her children were born via cesarean section.
in 2010 aguilera acted in a film for the first time. it was a musical called "burlesque". she played a woman called ali. she sang eight of the songs in the soundtrack.
chicken ("gallus gallus domesticus") is a term which refers to a species of poultry. it is raised in many places for its meat and eggs. they are usually kept by humans as livestock. some breeds of chickens can fly for a short distance. some sleep in trees (if there are trees around).
a male chicken is called a rooster or a cock(erel). roosters do not have penises. a female chicken is called a hen; a young chicken is called a chick. like other female birds, hens lay eggs. the eggs hatch into chicks. 
when raising chickens, a farmer needs a chicken coop (like a little house) for the chickens to roost (sleep) in. they also need a run or yard where they can exercise, take dust baths, eat and drink. the chickens also need to be protected from predators such as foxes. fences are often used for this. 
chickens can also be farmed intensively. this lets farms make a lot of chicken meat and eggs.
chickens are well known for their eggs. many people eat them for their breakfast. the eggs can be prepared in many different ways.
because of their low cost, chicken meat (also called "chicken") is one of the most used kinds of meat in the world. americans eat 8 billion chickens every year. some popular dishes with chicken are: buffalo wings, butter chicken, chicken rice, chicken balls, chicken pot pie, chicken soup, fried chicken (see picture), roasted chicken and tandoori chicken.
there are different cuts of chicken. chicken meat can also be bought whole. the leanest part is known as the breast. sliced pieces of the breast are known as the tender(loin). there are also wings, thighs, and legs (also known as drumsticks).
chicken and chickenpox.
chickenpox has nothing to do with chickens. when chickenpox was first described, people thought that the pox spots looked like chickpeas placed upon the skin. the latin word for chickpeas is "grana". that is the original word that chickenpox got its name from.
in some parts of the world people breed chickens to fight. they bet money on which of two birds will win. in many places this is illegal.
the floppy disk (or a 3 1/2 floppy for today's standard) is a removable magnetic storage medium. floppy disks are used for moving information between computers, laptops or other devices. some early digital cameras, electronic music instruments and older computer game consoles use floppy disks. floppy disks are inserted in to a floppy disk drive or simply floppy drive to allow data to be read or stored.
floppy disks store much less data than a cd-rom disk or usb flash drive. a normal 3 inch disk can store 1.44 megabytes of data. this is usually enough for simple text documents.
a special type of floppy disk was made in the late 1980s. it could store 2.88 mb of data. they did not become popular. larger size floppy disks became available in the 1990s. the two most popular were the zip drive and the jaz drive, both made by iomega.
floppy disk technology has been around since the early 1970s (the 8-inch floppy was the first). today, floppy disks have been replaced by other storage media, like usb flash drives. floppy disks and drives are no longer manufactured, but are still widely-available as new old stock.
the floppy drive.
a floppy drive (often called drives “a” and “b” on a computer running dos or windows) can be connected to or installed in a personal computer (pc). it is the part of a computer that reads and writes the disk that can be removed. a disk, often called a "floppy disk", is used to store files and carry them from one computer to another by using the floppy drive. the floppy drive reads the disk (or diskette) and the user is then able to open and change the files saved on the disk.
nathaniel adams coles, professionally known as nat king cole, (march 17, 1919 - february 15, 1965) was an american jazz musician, singer and songwriter. he was born in the southern city of montgomery, alabama. his father was a christian minister. millions of nat king cole’s recordings were sold while he was alive. he died of lung cancer in february, 1965, when he was forty-five years old. people around the world still enjoy listening to the music of one of america’s greatest performers of popular and jazz music.
when cole was four years old, his parents moved the family to north chicago, illinois. his younger brother was freddy cole. he learned to play the piano when he was very young. his mother was the only piano teacher he ever had. he gave his first public performance when he was four. by the time he was twelve, cole was playing piano at his father’s church. his father was pastor of the first baptist church in north chicago, illinois for 29 years.
his interest in jazz.
cole played piano in new york city and los angeles, california when he was a young man. in 1937, he formed a group that played jazz music. oscar moore played the guitar and wesley prince played the bass. the trio reportedly did not need a drummer because cole’s piano playing kept the beat so well. they named the group, the king cole trio. at the same time, cole also changed his name into nat king cole. the trio soon became very popular. nat sang some songs, but mostly played the piano.
well-known popular singer.
by the middle 1940s, nat king cole was beginning to be known as a popular singer as well as a jazz piano player. he was one of the first musicians to record with new capitol records.
the first song he recorded for capitol was “straighten up and fly right.” he wrote the song. the words were based on his father’s teachings. the song became one of the biggest hits of 1943. it sold more than 500,000 copies.
nat recorded hundreds of songs. some of the most popular include “sweet lorraine,” “nature boy,” “those lazy-hazy-crazy days of summer,” “when i fall in love,” and “mona lisa.” in 1950, the american film industry gave him an award for his recording of “mona lisa.” that song made him famous as a singer.
nat king cole also acted in movies. the best known one is "saint louis blues". he played the part of the jazz composer w.c. handy. he also appeared in a movie about himself called "the nat king cole story".
in the 1950s, he sang with some of the best known orchestras of the time.
he received many awards during his life. he also received many more after his death. one was a 1990 grammy award for lifetime achievement.
his success as a black man.
by 1956, nat king cole was known internationally. he signed an agreement to perform at the sands hotel in las vegas, nevada.
cole often performed in places that only admitted white people. black leaders did not like this about him. cole said he tried to take legal action against those places but often failed.
cole earned more money and moved to california. he bought a house in an area where white people lived. at that time, many white americans did not want to live near blacks. white home owners nearby protested the purchase of a house by a black family. cole and his family refused to leave and lived in the house without problems.
cole was the first black man to have his own television program. his program began on nbc television in 1956. nbc agreed to support "the nat king cole show" for a while. it hoped american companies would pay to sell their products on the program. however, major companies were not willing to advertise on a program that had a black performer. they believed that white people in the southern part of the united states would not buy their products. many americans watched the show, but nbc stopped production after a year.
nat king cole was married two times. in 1936, he married a dancer, nadine robinson. their marriage failed. in 1948, he married maria ellington. they had three children. they also adopted and raised two other children.
nat’s daughter, natalie followed her father as a singer. she recorded many songs after her father died. in 1991, natalie cole recorded an album called "unforgettable". it contains 22 of nat king cole’s songs, including the song “unforgettable.” modern technology made it possible to mix her voice with a recording of her father singing the same song.
the voice of america (voa) is the official broadcasting service of the united states government. it is one of the best-known stations in international broadcasting. along with english, voa broadcasts in many other languages. voa's broadcasts are made to share a positive view of the united states with the world. americans in the united states are not part of voa's intended audience, but many americans do listen to the program.
voa was organized in 1942 under the office of war information with news programs aimed at europe and north africa occupied by germany. voa began broadcasting on february 24, 1942, but voa noted in its site that it began broadcasting on february 1, 1942. transmitters used by voa came from shortwave transmitters used by the columbia broadcasting system (cbs) and national broadcasting company (nbc). voice of america began to transmit radio broadcasts into the soviet union on february 17, 1947.
during the cold war, voa's budget was reduced. on august 1, 1953, voa was separated from the department of state and it was included under the information agency. voa moved its headquarters from new york to washington, dc. next year. in 1959 voa started "special english" programs. in the 1980s, voa also added a television service, as well as special regional programs to cuba, radio marti and tv marti.
one of voa's famous programs was remembered as "jazz hour" presented by willis conover. this program continued for 40 years, and its record remains at the national museum of american history, also known as ""smithsonian".
the voice of america broadcasts in 46 different languages. television broadcasts are marked with a star:
george gershwin (september 26, 1898; brooklyn, new york – july 11, 1937; hollywood, california) was an american composer and a pianist.
story of his life.
george gershwin was born on september 26, 1898, in brooklyn, new york.
his family immigrated to the united states. gershwin, his two brothers and sister had a close, happy family life. george liked playing games on the streets of new york. he liked exploring the city, but he did not like school or studying.
while exploring the city, gershwin heard jazz and blues music spilling out of public drinking places. however, he did not become seriously interested in music until he heard another boy playing the violin in a concert at his school. gershwin began to take piano lessons. his teacher was a fine classical musician. he immediately recognized gershwin's unusual ability. the teacher wrote about him to a friend: "i have a student who will make his mark in music, if anybody will. the boy is a genius, without doubt."
younger days as a student.
gershwin studied classical piano, and he was a first-rate pianist,but his strongest interest continued to be jazz and popular music. he loved playing piano and it was his passion. at the age of fifteen, he left school and went to work in the music business. the new york city street where most music publishers had their offices was called "tin pan alley."
the phonograph and radio had been invented in the late 1800s. but it would be many years before there were musical recordings or regular radio broadcasts. tin pan alley publishers needed another way to sell new songs, so they employed people to play the piano to do this.
the piano players played the songs all day long to interested singers and other performers. gershwin was one of the youngest piano players in tin pan alley. soon, he was considered one of the finest there. he was already writing his own songs. he succeeded in getting one published when he was only 18 years old. it had a long title: "when you want 'em, you can't get ‘em, when you've got 'em, you don't want 'em. "
success as a songwriter.
gershwin was now a real composer. the rest of his life was an unbroken record of success. he wrote song after song. his ideas were so endless that he was not even troubled when he once lost some music he had been writing. "there is plenty more where that came from," he said.
gershwin had his first big hit in 1919, when he was twenty-one years old. it was a song called "swanee." a popular entertainer, al jolson, sang the song. "swanee" was made into one of the first musical recordings. gershwin was suddenly famous. he also was in the grammy hall of fame.
music critics note that "swanee" is not like most of gershwin's music. later, he wrote true love songs. some were light and funny. some were full of intense feeling. many of these songs were written for the popular musical theater. one of his most emotional love songs never became part of a musical play, however. it is called "the man i love." the song was sung by the francine evans role [played by liza minnelli in martin scorsese's film, new york, new york] and supposedly 'written' by her character for her soon to be husband, jimmy doyle [superbly played by robert de niro], of the jimmy doyle orchestra. his character also 'wrote' the title song, new york, new york, who was actually written by fred ebb, music by kanter, his partner. the song became new york's official anthem in 1985.
his brother ira.
gershwin's older brother, ira, wrote the words to "the man i love". as george became famous, ira wrote the words to more and more of his songs.
the two brothers were very different. ira, the writer, was quiet and serious. george, the musician, was outgoing—the life of any party. when they had to finish a new musical ira locked george in a hotel room until it was done. but george wrote better songs with ira than with anyone else.
music of gershwin.
as a songwriter.
one of many examples of the gershwin's combined work is the song "they can't take that away from me." the gershwins wrote the song for dancer and actor fred astaire for the film "shall we dance." that was george and ira gershwin's first movie musical.
many of george gershwin's songs were first written for musical plays performed in theaters in new york city. these comedies, with plenty of songs, were a popular form of entertainment in the 1920s and 1930s.
one of gershwin's musical plays, "girl crazy," introduced a young singer named ethel merman. she became one of the most celebrated performers in america. in the play, merman sang a song george gershwin wrote just for her. it was called "i got rhythm".
many songs that george gershwin wrote for musical plays and movies have remained as popular as ever. over the years, they have been sung and played in every possible way—from jazz to country.
one example is the song, "someone to watch over me." it was written for the 1926 musical "oh, kay!"
jazz and his music.
in the nineteen twenties, there was a debate in the united states about jazz music. could jazz, some people asked, be considered serious music?
in 1924, jazz musician and orchestra leader paul whiteman decided to organize a special concert to show that jazz was serious music. gershwin agreed to compose something for the concert before he realized how little time he had to do it. the concert was just a few weeks away. gershwin got busy, and, in that short time, he composed a piece for piano and orchestra. he called it "rhapsody in blue."
gershwin himself played the piano part of "rhapsody in blue" at the concert. the audience included some of the greatest classical musicians of the time. when they heard his music, they were electrified. it seemed to capture, for the first time, the true voice of modern american culture. today, we can still hear gershwin playing "rhapsody in blue." an old mechanical piano recording gershwin created has been reproduced exactly. there are also very early versions of "rhapsody in blue" which feature gershwin playing the piano with whiteman's orchestra. those recordings, because they are early, do not sound like modern recordings. but they are recordings of gershwin at the piano. this makes those recordings important.
"rhapsody in blue" made george gershwin famous all over the world. several hundred thousand copies of the printed music sold immediately. gershwin was satisfied that he had shown that jazz music could be both serious and popular.
musical works and opera.
gershwin also wrote an opera, "porgy and bess. " it was based on a book by dubose heyward. it is a tragic love story about black americans along the coast of south carolina.
"porgy and bess" opened in boston, massachusetts in 1935. audiences loved it. but most critics did not know what to think of it. it was not like any other opera or musical play they had ever seen.
gershwin did not care about the critics' opinions. he believed some of his greatest music had gone into the opera. he said he had created a new musical form—an opera based on popular culture. today "porgy and bess" is considered a masterpiece.
another well-known gershwin piece is "an american in paris. " it is a long tone poem for orchestra. its first public performance was by the new york philharmonic orchestra in 1928.
once again, opinion was mixed. most people loved "an american in paris," as they loved all of gershwin's music. some critics liked it, too. they called it happy and full of life. others hated it. they called it silly and long-winded.
george gershwin died in 1937, just days after doctors learned he had brain cancer. he died while having surgery to remove the brain tumor. he was only thirty-eight years old. newspapers all over the world reported his death on their front pages. everyone mourned the loss of the man and all the music he might have written. gershwin is still considered one of america's greatest composers. his works still are performed by many singers and groups. they are probably performed more often than any other serious american composer.
austrian composer arnold schoenberg was one of the people who praised george gershwin. schoenberg said gershwin was a man who lived in music and expressed everything through music, because music was his native language.
aaron copland (, ; november 14, 1900december 2, 1990) was an american composer who wrote modern music.
aaron copland wrote many kinds of music. he wrote music for the orchestra, piano, and voice. he wrote music for plays, movies, and dance. copland also was a conductor, pianist, speaker, teacher, and writer.
music critics say copland taught americans about themselves through his music. he used parts of many old american folksongs in his work. he wanted to do this after studying music in france. he said that composers there had a very french way of writing music. he said americans had nothing like that in this country. so he decided to compose music that was truly american.
early days of copland.
aaron copland was born november 14, 1900 in brooklyn, new york. he died at the age of 90 on december 2, 1990. he was the youngest of five children. his parents had come to the united states from eastern europe. they owned a store in brooklyn. aaron began playing the piano when he was a young child. he wrote his first song for his mother when he was eight years old. his dreams of becoming a composer began when he was young. when he was sixteen, he asked his parents to let him study composing with rubin goldmark. goldmark had taught the composer george gershwin.
when he was in his early twenties, copland went to paris, france, where he studied music with nadia boulanger. she was one of the most important music teachers of the time. he returned to new york in 1924.
known classical works.
the famous conductor of the boston symphony orchestra, serge koussevitzky, learned about copland's music. koussevitzky led the orchestra for the first performance of copland's early work, "music for the theater", in 1925. koussevitzky also conducted copland's "concerto for piano and orchestra" in 1927. this work was unusual because copland used ideas from jazz music in his concerto.
copland later wrote the music for two ballets about the american west. one was about the life of a famous gunfighter called billy the kid. copland used music from american cowboy songs in this work. this piece from "billy the kid: ballet suite" is called "street in a frontier town".
in 1942, the conductor andre kostelanitz asked copland to write music about a great american, abraham lincoln. copland wrote "lincoln portrait" to honor america's 16th president. copland's music included parts of american folk songs and songs popular during the american civil war. he added words from president lincoln's speeches and letters.
"lincoln portrait" has been performed many times in america. many famous people have done the speaking part.eleanor roosevelt, the wife of president franklin d. roosevelt, was one of them. here, actor james earl jones performs in copland's "lincoln portrait."
in 1942 the music director of the cincinnati symphony orchestra asked 18 composers to write music expressing love for america. for the competition, copland composed "fanfare for the common man. " this music is played in america during many national events, including some presidential inaugurations (when they become presidents).
experts say "fanfare for the common man" was an example of the way copland changed the kind of music he wrote during the 1940s. he began writing music that was more easily understood and more popular. copland wrote about this in 1941 in his book, "our new music".
he wrote that the radio and record player was helping people who had never listened to music before to enjoy music. he said that there was no reason to continue writing music as if these things had not been invented. so he decided to write music in a simpler way.
his interest and activities beyond music.
copland spread his ideas about music in other ways. he taught at the new school for social research in new york city and at harvard university in cambridge, massachusetts. one of the many awards he received was the pulitzer prize. he won it in 1945 for his famous music for a ballet called "appalachian spring." it is one of his most popular works. the last part of the ballet is based on a traditional song, "a gift to be simple".
copland also wrote music for several major movies. he won an academy award in 1950 for composing the music for the movie "the heiress". then he began experimenting with what is called the twelve-tone system. his music was no longer as easy to understand, nor as popular.
copland stopped composing at the end of the 1960s. yet he continued to be active as a conductor and speaker. in 1982, queens college of the city university of new york established the aaron copland school of music.
copland was a strong supporter of liberal ideas. in the early 1950s, he and other famous writers, actors and intellectuals were accused of supporting communism. public opinion changed, though. in 1964, president lyndon b. johnson presented him with the presidential medal of freedom. it is america's highest award to civilians. aaron copland died in 1990 at the age of 90. but his music lives on.
the article above is a reuse and modification from a script available as public domain under terms of use & privacy notice of voice of america.
464 bc is a year in the pre-julian roman calendar. it was at the time known as year 290.
a diphthong (pronounced "dif-thong" or "dip-thong") is a vowel where the speaker has to move their mouth into two different positions to make. it is a vowel where two different vowel qualities can be heard. examples are:
waist, die, noise, road, house, fierce, bear, sure. each of these is a different vowel sound.
a monophthong is a simple vowel sound that a person does not have to move his or her mouth to make, like the "oo" sound in "book." in a diphthong, the person combines two different monophthongs, as with the "oi" sound in the word "oil". the speaker starts with the mouth in the position to make an "o" sound, then quickly moves the mouth to make a hard "e" sound. another example is the "ou" sound in the word "house". the mouth starts out making a sound like the soft "a" sound in "flat", then moves to make the a hard "oo" sound like the one in "caboose".
just like with every other part of language, the exact way to pronounce a diphthong is a little different for different accents.
the word diphthong is derived from the old greek language. here, "di" means "two" or "double", while the part "-phthong" means "sound" or "tone", from the basic word "phthalein", which means "speak", "creating sound by the voice". 
a diphthong can be a lexeme of a language and as such it may be one syllable, but rarely. 
the price is right is a usa game show on cbs. the current version started in 1972, and was hosted by bob barker for a long time. however, in 2006, bob barker announced that he would leave the show. his last episode aired in june 2007. comedian drew carey is now the host; his first episode aired in october 2007.
in this game, a person uses his shopping skills to correctly guess the price of different products, like in a market. some products are simple household items, like toothpaste and vitamins. other items are more expensive products, like furniture and cars. after the third and sixth games, the "showcase showdown" is played. the three players who got on stage in both halves of the show spin a wheel. they get two spins of the wheel. they have to be closest to $1.00 without going over. the person with the highest total moves on to the showcase at the end of the show. if a player gets $1.00, they win $1,000 and get another spin. if they hit the $1.00 space on that spin, they win another $25,000. if they hit the 5¢ or 15¢ space, they win another $10,000. in the showcase, the winners of the two showcase showdown games are shown prize packages. they make a bid on them, and whoever comes closest to the price of their showcase without going over wins it. if they are $250 or less from the price of their showcase, they win both showcases. if someone's bid was higher than the price of the real price, that person went over, and was disqualified from winning in that round.
from 1956 - 1963, the show aired on nbc and was hosted by bill cullen. from 1963 - 1965, the show aired on abc and was also hosted by bill cullen.
three nighttime syndicated versions of the show aired. the first one aired from 1972 to 1980. until 1977, it was hosted by dennis james. for the rest of its run, it was hosted by bob barker. from 1985 - 1986, another nighttime version of the show, named "the nighttime price is right", was made and was hosted by tom kennedy. a third nighttime version, "the new price is right", was made from 1994 - 1995 and was hosted by doug davidson. also special million dollar prime-time episodes where people could play different versions of games for $1,000,000 were made due to cbs shows being canceled.
a monophthong (pronounced "mono-f-thong") is simply a vowel. the word monophthong comes from the old greek language. "mono" means "one" or "single", and the "-phthong" means "sound" or "tone", from the basic word "phthalein", which means "to speak", "create sound with the voice". the word monophthong shows that a vowel is spoken with exactly one tone and one mouth position. for example, when you say "teeth", then while you are creating the sound of the "ee", nothing changes for that sound.
a monophthong can be a lexeme of a language and as such it can as well be a syllable. there is no shorter syllable than a single monophthong.
kalua is a hawaiian cooking method. the word "kalua" means "to cook in an underground oven" in hawaiian. the oven is a hole in the ground called an imu. kalua is most often used to cook pig. kalua pig is a popular food at luaus.
ancient hawaiians used rocks from rivers to cook pig. they heated the rocks in the imu and the pig cooked with steam. they covered the pig with banana leaves, ti leaves, old mats and then dirt to keep the heat inside. this produced a unique taste that cannot be reproduced.
people today kalua pig in the same way that ancient hawaiians did. kalua pig is still served at luaus.
ultraviolet is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum shown on the left side of the picture below as black—because humans cannot see light of such short wavelength (or high frequency). many animals such as some insects, some reptiles, crocodiles, salamanders, and small birds can see things that this light. uv is a common abbreviation of ultraviolet, mainly used in technical contexts.
ultraviolet is beyond the visible violet light in terms of frequency, wavelength, and energy. its wavelengths are between about 10 nanometers (nm) to about 400 nanometers. frequency and wavelength are closely related. the equation that shows this relationship is: ν = c/λ . saying that something has a short wavelength is the same as saying that it has a high frequency.
ultraviolet light is a type of ionizing radiation. it can damage or kill cells. any electromagnetic radiation (light) that has a wavelength shorter than 450 nm may cause trouble. therefore, humans that live in places with more ultraviolet light have adapted by getting darker skins. pigments absorb the ultraviolet radiation, so it does not get through the skin to kill or injure cells inside. injury to the skin by ultraviolet is called "sunburn."
the violet light and ultraviolet light differ in their wavelength, frequency, and quantum energy. the differences between ultraviolet light and x-rays are also wavelength, frequency and quantum energy. in the electromagnetic spectrum, ultraviolet is beyond violet, x-rays are beyond ultraviolet, and gamma rays are beyond x-rays.
electromagnetic waves with a wavelength from about 400 nanometers down to about 10 nanometers are commonly called ultraviolet. their characteristic photon energy is about 3 to 124 electronvolts.
although the air of the earth is transparent to a broad range of ultraviolet, some ultraviolet sunlight is absorbed at a very high altitude by the ozone layer. recent and ongoing destruction of ozone in high altitudes caused by human influence—mostly by industrial chemicals and air travel—has greatly increased the amount of ultraviolet light reaching the earth's surface. this, in turn, has increased the risk of skin cancer to mankind, and this risk will only increase with time unless the ozone layer is better protected.
ultraviolet wavelengths less than 200 nanometers, x-rays, and gamma rays, are collectively called ionizing radiation since the energy in any such light quantum is high enough to 'kick' an electron out of an atom. this is why these kinds of radiation are dangerous to life. ultraviolet light is subdivided into three main bands. uv-c has the shortest wavelengths and is dangerous ionizing radiation. nitrogen and oxygen absorb the uv-c from solar radiation. uv-b has medium wavelength and is less dangerous to living things. the earth's ozone layer absorbs most of it. uv-a from the sun gets through the atmosphere entirely. it has wavelength almost as long as visible light, and many animals can see it but humans cannot.
ordinary glass does not let radiation through if its wavelength is less than 200 nanometers, so it acts as a shield against the more dangerous range of ultraviolet light, but some special sorts of glass do not shield as well, including many car windows.
one use for ultraviolet radiation is tanning. use of tanning devices can cause skin cancer because ultraviolet goes through the skin and causes destruction to cells, causing sunburn.
because of the destructive power of ultraviolet light, it can be used to kill germs. sunlight is a powerful disinfectant.
people need some ultraviolet light to convert cholesterol into vitamin d.
an ultraviolet lamp is one that emits mostly ultraviolet light. these germicidal lamps are often used to kill microbes (germs). they can be very powerful, so the people who work around them when they are turned on may need to wear protective glasses and keep their skin covered to avoid injury.
in the laboratory pictured, ultraviolet lights are turned on when the workers are gone, so that anything on the table surface will be killed. besides ultraviolet light, which makes up most of the light produced by these lamps, there is also a little violet and blue light. this lets people know when the ultraviolet lamps are turned on.
ornithology is the study of birds. a person who studies birds is called an ornithologist. 
several aspects of ornithology differ from other disciplines, because they are easy to see and are often attractive. many studies of birds have been done by amateurs working in a scientific manner.
konrad gesner wrote his "vogelbuch" and "icones avium omnium" around 1557. later, england developed a tradition of ornithology. francis willughby, john ray, gilbert white, john gould (who studied the birds of australia) and peter scott are good examples.
what ornithologists do.
ornithologists typically trap birds for a closer look at them. this does not hurt the bird. trapping birds can be done with in different ways, depending on the type of bird. for example, mist nets cause birds that fly into them to fall into a small pocket where the ornithologist can come back later and take a closer look.
after the bird has been caught, the ornithologist will usually inspect (take a close look at) the bird. they may also attach a small ring to the bird's leg before releasing the bird. the ring allows ornithologists to study the bird's migration patterns, how long they live, and other information about the bird's species.
sir roderick david stewart, (born 10 january 1945) is a british pop singer, known professionally as rod stewart. he was born in london to an english mother and scottish father. when he started singing in the 1960s, he was player for brentford f.c., a football team. he started singing in local r&b groups, in the 1970s he began a solo career which made him very famous.
sir thomas sean connery (25 august 1930 – 30 october 2020) was a scottish actor. he was known for his charm and good looks, which have made him very famous. he was best known for playing james bond in seven of the james bond movies. he appeared in 94 movies. he won the academy award for best supporting actor for his role as jimmy malone in "the untouchables" (1987).
connery was born in fountainbridge, edinburgh. he was born as thomas connery, but later added sean as his stage name which is what most people call him. his mother, euphemia "effie" mcbain mclean, was a cleaning woman.
in 1946, at the age of 16, connery joined the royal navy, during which time he got two tattoos. he trained in portsmouth at the naval gunnery school and in an anti-aircraft crew. he was discharged from the navy three years later due to an ulcer.
connery had been in smaller theatre and television productions. he became well known when he became the first actor to play james bond. connery was the tallest actor to play james bond to this day. he later went on to star on "marnie" (1964), "murder on the orient express" (1974), "the man who would be king" (1975), "a bridge too far" (1977), "highlander" (1986), "the untouchables" (1988), "indiana jones and the last crusade" (1989), "the hunt for red october" (1990), "dragonheart" (1996), "the rock" (1996), and "finding forrester" (2000). connery retired from acting in 2006. 
during his career, he won one academy award, two bafta awards (one being a bafta academy fellowship award), and three golden globes. he received a lifetime achievement award in the us with a kennedy center honor in 1999. connery was knighted in 2000.
connery was offered the role of gandalf in "the lord of the rings" series but turned down the role because he didn't understand the script. connery also turned down the opportunity to appear as the architect in "the matrix" trilogy for similar reasons.
connery was married to diane cilento from 1962 until they divorced in 1973. they had a son, actor jason connery. sean connery married micheline roquebrune in 1975.
in 1993, news that connery was undergoing radiation treatment for an undisclosed throat ailment sparked media reports that the actor was suffering from throat cancer following years of heavy smoking. he was falsely declared dead by the japanese and south african news agencies. in 2008, he chipped a bone in his shoulder after falling while playing golf. in october 2009, he told "wine spectator" magazine that he has been diagnosed with a heart condition.
connery died in his sleep at his home in nassau, the bahamas on 30 october 2020, aged 90. he had dementia in his later years. the cause of death was pneumonia caused by heart failure.
the specials were an english new wave/ska band. they were originally from coventry, england and formed in 1977. they were part of the ska revival in britain in the late 1970s and early 1980s. 
during the ska revival, bands began playing 1960s-style jamaican ska music. the specials often mixed other popular music styles from the 1970s and 1980s into their music, such as punk rock.
kc and the sunshine band was a disco group, that was popular in the 1970s. they formed in miami in 1973.
hits are "that's the way (i like it)", "(shake, shake, shake) shake your booty", "give it up", "get down tonight", and "please don't go".
roberta flack (born february 10, 1937) is an american r&b singer. she was born in black mountain, north carolina. she has released nineteen studio albums. she has had three number one singles. "the first time ever i saw your face" was her first number one. it won the 1973 grammy record of the year. in 1974 flack performed "when i grow up" with michael jackson. in 1999 a star was put in the hollywood walk of fame for her.
roberta flack was born in black mountain, north carolina. she was raised in virginia. howard university gave her a music scholarship because she was good at playing piano. when she was fifteen she became a student there.
flack released her first album "first take" in 1969. the album went to number one in the us album chart. it was her most successful album. in 1970 flack's second album "chapter two" was released. it was less successful. in 1972 "roberta flack & donny hathaway" was released. in 1973 "killing me softly" was released. in 1980 flack's second album with donny hathaway was released.
arad (pronunciation in romanian: ; hungarian: "arad"; serbian: арад, "arad") is the capital city of arad county, in the western part of romania, in crişana, ardeal. it is found on the mureş river.
transsexual people are people who change their appearance to more closely resemble that of the opposite sex. transsexuals may be male or female. they typically take hormones and often undergo surgeries to support this process. they usually adopt a new name and may legally have their name changed. 
people who go from male to female (mtf) are referred to as transsexual women. people who go from female to male (ftm) are referred to as transsexual men.
ways to go from male to female.
transsexual women take female hormones. they may also take drugs that stop male hormones called androgens. taking estrogen pills makes breasts grow. it does not make beards go away. it does not make voices higher. transgender women may remove their facial hair so it does not grow back. this takes a long time and hurts. some transsexual women with low voices have surgery to raise their voices. other transsexual women try to make their voice sound higher and more female without surgery. some transsexual women also get surgery on their genitals. this is called a vaginoplasty. this is done by making a vagina from the skin of their penis, which is turned inside out. some transsexual women also have surgery to make their faces look more feminine. some also have surgery to make their breasts larger.
ways to go from female to male.
transsexual men take male hormones. this will make their voices lower. it will make a beard grow. it can also stop their menstruation. some transsexual men look like any other man after hormones. 
some transsexual men have surgery. one surgery is removal of breasts (mastectomy). some transsexual men also get surgery on their genitals. one surgery is removal of the uterus and ovaries (hysterectomy). some may also get surgery on their outside genitals. one way takes their skin and tissue and makes it into a penis (phalloplasty). another way takes the clitoris (which grows bigger with hormones) and puts it where the penis usually is (metoidioplasty). the place where urine comes out (urethra) can be run through the new penis. the phalloplasty looks more like a penis. a metoidioplasty has more sexual function, but it is 5 or 6 centimeters long. some ways also make a scrotum from the labia. they may also have the vagina taken out or closed.
very rarely, some people (called "detransitioners") who have changed sex decide this was a mistake and return to living as members of the sex in which they were born.
some of the effects of surgery and hormones can be reversed but others are permanent.
a pianist is a person who plays the piano.
a pianist can play music for piano alone or play together with other musicians in an ensemble or orchestra. pianists also play along singers, solo musicians, and other performers in their leading performance.
a telephone book or phone book or telephone directory is a book that has lists of telephone numbers of people and businesses. people use phone books to look up the phone numbers of people and places when they need to call them. one example of a telephone book is yellow pages.
the french dip sandwich is a popular dish. it is a sandwich, usually on french bread, with roast beef on the inside. it comes with a special sauce called "jus" which is usually made with the juice and fat that came off the roast beef when they were cooking it. it was not originally from france; two restaurants in los angeles, california, "cole's" and "philippe's", both claim to have invented it.
coventry is a city in england. coventry is the ninth biggest city in england. it is also a metropolitan borough. it is in the west midlands county. it used to be in warwickshire. 
during the 19th century coventry became a great manufacturing area, especially for bicycles. in the 20th century it made many motor cars. it also made aeroplanes. it was badly bombed in world war ii. during the november 1940 bombing, the city's cathedral was destroyed. a new cathedral was built after the war.
the city has two universities. coventry university is in the city centre. the university of warwick is in the south of coventry.
the local football team is coventry city f.c..
coventry was uk city of culture in 2021. coventry is located on the birmingham arm of the west coast main line. there are four railway stations, the main coventry station and three local stations at canley, coventry arena and tile hill.
billy preston (september 2, 1946 - june 5, 2006) was an american r&b musician. he is best known for his piano and organ playing.
preston began playing piano when he was three years old. he worked with many other musicians including aretha franklin, sammy davis jr., quincy jones, eric clapton, the jackson 5 and the rolling stones.
he worked on the beatles's last album, "let it be", in 1969, including the song "get back". many people thought that preston would join the group, but the beatles broke up shortly afterwards. he later worked with george harrison, who had been a beatle.
preston's biggest success also came from working with another musician. he did a duet with syreeta garrett on "with you i'm born again" in 1979. it sold over a million copies and reached number 2 in the united kingdom singles chart.
preston was gay. he died of respiratory failure after being in a coma from a heart infection.
a pop is an onomatopoeic term for a quick sharp explosion.
pop or pop could also mean:
a computer virus is a program that is able to copy itself when it is run. often, computer viruses are run as a part of other programs. any program that is affected by the virus is "infected". biological viruses also work that way, as they copy themselves as part of other organisms. this is how the computer virus got its name.
in addition to copying itself, a computer virus can also execute instructions that cause harm. for this reason, computer viruses affect security. they are part of malware.
very often, the term is also used for other kinds of malware, such as trojan horses and worms. even though this is wrong, it may be difficult to tell the difference between different kinds of malware; they often occur together, and only an expert may be able to tell them apart. such programs also fit more than one category.
computer viruses are created for a cause, sometimes they are created to spread political messages and they are also created to hack some system files.
computer viruses are spread through many ways. some of the common ways of spreading are through downloads, email attachments, removable hardwares, and so on. most viruses are very dangerous kind of malware.
kinds of computer viruses.
there are different kinds of computer viruses:
limited user rights can limit the spread of a virus.
in the beginning, operating systems on personal computers (or pc) did not have the concept of access control. there were no "users", everyone could do everything. modern operating systems have the concept of access control. there can be more than one user and some users may have more "privileges" than others. certain users may only have access to certain files and are unable to access others. other users may be able to modify or delete certain files. these privileges can be specified for each file.
the damage a virus can cause is influenced by the rights the user has; if the user has no rights to write to certain places in the system, the virus will not be able to spread to those places.
another problem is that sometimes the system for rights management may be available, but that it is not used by default. this is the case with systems such as windows nt or windows xp, where by default all users have same rights.
antivirus software can protect computers against known viruses. some antivirus software scan files and compare a hash code for each file with its database of hash codes (or "signature"). if the code matches, it has likely found a virus. this way of doing things has created some problems. it will only protect against viruses whose hash code is known. the companies that wrote the antivirus need to keep the virus signatures up-to-date and need to give this information to the pc to be protected.
there are two possible modes of scanning: either the file is scanned "on demand" (or "manually"), or it is scanned when the system registers an access to the file called "on access".
antivirus software cannot offer full protection, even in the case the virus is known. some viruses use something called polymorphic code to change their signature every time they move. no matter how many signatures the company has, they will not be able to stop these types of viruses.
another way that antivirus software can protect against viruses is to use heuristics. instead of knowing each virus by its signature, heuristic antivirus software look at the behavior of other software. if a software does something that seems bad, the antivirus software steps-in to stop it. since every step needs to be watched, this is a slow way to do things.
the best protection against viruses can be obtained by using a system that boots off a read-only medium, such as a compact disc (called cd), digital versatile disc (called dvd), or usb flash drive (called usb) that does not allow write access to hard disk (or other removable media). this limits the usability of the computer as it is not possible to save documents or install new programs. only -r media (not -rw) should be used, and the media should be finalized to prevent creating a new session that might possibly contain a virus.
mac can be:
"mac" can be:
tom jones can refer to:
hades (, "háidēs") is the god of the dead and the king of the underworld in ancient greek religion and myth. he is the eldest son of the titans kronos and rhea and brother to zeus, poseidon, hestia, hera, demeter and chiron. 
as the lord of the dead, hades was greatly feared by the greeks, and he had few temples or shrines dedicated to him. he was married to the goddess persephone, the daughter of zeus and demeter. hades’ symbols were the cornucopia, a sceptre, the cypress, narcissus, poplar and his helm of darkness; the screech owl was his sacred animal. his sacred fruit was the pomegranate, the fruit that persephone ate one- third of when she was kidnapped and in the underworld.
hades’ roman equivalent was pluto, whose name is merely a latinization of the greek "plouton".
a superlative, in grammar, is an adjective describing a noun that is the best example of a given quality. in other words, a superlative describes a noun that has more of some quality than any other. 
in english, most superlatives can be formed by adding -est to an existing adjective, like the examples above. (for adjectives that end in "-y", like "crazy", you often change the "y" to an "i" before you add the -est on the end.)
some adjectives have irregular superlative forms, which do not follow the rules, such as far ("farthest") and bad ("worst"). 
other adjectives have no superlative form at all, and the superlative is made simply by adding the adverb "most" before the adjective. for instance, you do not say "funnest," or "interestingest". instead, you say "most fun," and "most interesting." 
this way of making the superlative is used for almost all adjectives ending in "ing" (like "interesting", "fascinating", "disgusting" or "appealing".)
learning disabilities, also called learning difficulties, are conditions that make it difficult to learn and understand things in the same way others do. some people with learning difficulties also find it hard to fit in with other people because there are many things that people must know to live in society that are not easy to learn.
learning difficulties can be things that people can learn to live with on their own, like dyslexia (a difficulty with reading) and dysgraphia (a difficulty with writing). they can also be big things that mean a person needs more help (like autism). people with learning disabilities may have average intelligence. learning disabilities are not the same as mental illnesses. they can often deal with their difficulties by doing things in different ways.
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd) is not a learning disability, but it may affect how a person learns. 
a wheelbarrow is a kind of vehicle that is built to be pushed around with a load inside it. it is usually used in gardens.
most wheelbarrows have one wheel, but some have two.
wheelbarrows are used to carry heavy stuff which some people cannot carry.
cold is a relative term used in comparison with the adjective warm (opposite of cold). because it is relative, there is no range in coldness. the temperatures in the winter season are often categorized as being cold. cold is the opposite of hot. 
the coldest possible temperature is −273.15 °c, which can be expressed as -459.67 °f on the fahrenheit scale. this is called absolute zero. absolute zero is also 0 k on the kelvin scale and 0 °r on the rankine scale
cooling is when an object gets cold, or lowers in temperature. this can happen by taking away heat, or by putting something in a place with a lower temperature. fluids used to cool objects are called coolants.
air cooling is making the temperature of an object lower using air. this will only work if the air is at a lower temperature than the object. the process will work better if there is more surface area on the object or if the item's mass can be made smaller.
other ways to cool objects include using ice, dry ice, or liquid nitrogen. this works by convection; the heat is taken from the relatively warm object to the relatively cold coolant.
electrical conductivity is the measure of a material's ability to allow the transport of an electric charge. its si is the "siemens per meter", (a2s3m−3kg−1) (named after werner von siemens) or, more simply, sm−1. 
it is the ratio of the current density to the electric field strength. it is equivalent to the electrical conductance measured between opposite faces of a 1-metre cube of the material under test. 
electrical conductance is an electrical phenomenon where a material contains movable particles with electric charge (such as electrons), which can carry electricity. when a difference of electrical potential is placed across a conductor, its electrons flow, and an electric current appears.
a conductor such as a metal has high conductivity, and an insulator like glass or a vacuum has low conductivity. a semiconductor has a conductivity that varies widely under different conditions.
electrical conductivity is the reciprocal (or inverse) of electrical resistivity.
pierre omidyar (born june 21, 1967) created and is now the chairman of ebay. he was born in paris, france to a french-iranian family. born in paris, france, brought up by iranian parents, omidyar moved to the united states at the age of six. he grew up in washington d.c. and developed an interest in computing while still at st. andrew’s episcopal school in bethesda, maryland. he graduated high school in 1984. in 1988 he graduated in computer science from tufts university. he helped write macdraw in 1989 for claris, a part of apple computer. two years later he co-founded ink development (later renamed eshop). he was 28 when he wrote the original computer code for what eventually became e-bay. the site was launched on labor day, monday, september 4 1995, under the more basic name “auction web.”
caribert of laon, son of martin of laon, was the grandfather of charlemagne. he was the father of charles's mother, bertrada of laon. in 721, he signed, with his mother bertrada of prüm, the foundation act of the abbey of prüm. the same year, also with his mother, he made a donation to the abbey of echternach. in 744, his daughter bertrada of laon (by bertrada of cologne) married pepin the short, mayor of the palace of neustria and burgundy and later king of the franks. he died before 762.
the first lady of the united states, abbreviated to as (flotus) is the title and role held by hostess of the white house and usually the wife of the president of the united states, during the president's term in office. 
jill biden is the current first lady of the united states, in role since january 2021 as the wife of president joe biden.
some famous and popular past former first ladies among the citizens of the united states are favorable due to their inspirational fashion style and initiatives through public service insist of women such as, martha washington, abigail adams, dolley madison, mary lincoln, edith wilson, lou hoover, eleanor roosevelt, jacqueline kennedy, lady bird johnson, betty ford, rosalynn carter, nancy reagan, barbara bush, hillary clinton, laura bush, michelle obama and melania trump.
origins and role.
the first lady is not elected by the people of the united states. there are no official jobs she is officially required to perform and she is not paid for being the first lady, but she is often involved in political campaigns, managements of the white house, participating in social causes and representing the president at official and ceremonial occasions and accompanying the president on foreign summits and events.
office of the first lady of the united states.
the office of the first lady of the united states is accountable to the first lady for her to carry out her duties as the official hostess of the white house, and is also in charge of all social and ceremonial events of the white house. the first lady has her own staff that includes a chief of staff, press secretary, white house social secretary, and chief floral designer. the office of the first lady is located in the east wing of the white house.
list of living former first ladies.
as of january 20, 2021, there are five living former first ladies, as seen below.
star wars is a american science-fiction media franchise created by george lucas. as of december 2019, nine movies in the main series have been made by lucasfilm ltd, released by 20th century fox, and distributed by disney.
"star wars" has been so popular that there have been "star wars" books, video games, television shows, toys, spinoff movies and more. it is also known for its iconic music by john williams. with influences such as, "starcrash", "the man who saved the world", etc.
the force is a mystical power. those who can harness if for good follow a religion known as the jedi. it is a belief that the force flows through every living thing. in the words of obi-wan kenobi:
people who can control the force with their minds get a number of psychic powers, such telepathy (reading others thoughts), telekenesis (moving things with their minds), precognition (knowing about things before they happen) and mind control (telling people commands they must follow).
the jedi and the sith.
the jedi are a group of beings who use the force to bring peace and harmony to people, planets, and cultures. they are trained to use the force for good purposes. they are sworn enemies with another group called the sith.
the sith are a group of beings who use the force as a power source; they are trained to use the force to gain ultimate power. the sith normally use the force to gain power in battles with their enemy who are the jedi. they also use the force to bring destruction to the universe and anything in their way. they are the antagonists, and they usually use red lightsabers in contrast to the variety of colors used by the jedi. there are usually only two sith, a master and an apprentice.
the lightsaber is a dangerous and powerful weapon used by the jedi and the sith. it can be described simply as a light sword. these weapons are very special to a jedi or sith. they are custom built to special specifications by the jedi or sith. the sith tend to take a jedi's lightsaber as a prize if they win the battle. many epic battles have been fought with lightsabers between the jedi and the sith. for the lightsaber to be a weapon it is powered by a special crystal called a kyber crystal.the kyber crystal comes in many different cololrs such as: red, white, yellow, orange, and many more. the reason it is powerful and dangerous is that when someone touches the blade, one gets burned straight away.
anakin skywalker is a young boy who meets obi-wan kenobi and learns the ways of the force (and to become a jedi). although jedi are not allowed to get married, as an adult, anakin falls in love with senator padmé amidala and they get married. anakin later goes to the dark side and turns against obi-wan kenobi and the rest of the jedi. then darth sidious renames him darth vader. before he turned against his wife, anakin had two children with senator amidala, leia and luke skywalker, who he does not know about. senator amidala dies after giving birth to their twins. after birth, the twins are separated to prevent vader and the dark side from finding and hurting the children. obi-wan kenobi sends luke to a planet called tatooine to live with his uncle owen and aunt beru. leia is raised by senator bail organa of the planet alderaan; she is called princess leia organa.
when they get older, luke and leia meet again. at first they don't know that they are brother and sister, but they eventually find out. they help fight the evil government, called the galactic empire. luke also learns the ways of the jedi from obi-wan kenobi and yoda. in the end, they defeat the empire, with the help of the rebellion, and luke helps his father anakin become good again. unfortunately, anakin dies. the galaxy is then saved for a while.
thirty years later, however, the empire rises again in the form of the first order. however, the new republic does not believe that it is a threat. those who do believe form the resistance, led by leia. luke has vanished, and leia has married han solo. they had a child, named ben, but ben was corrupted by the first order and a dark-side force user named snoke and is now called kylo ren. rey, a desert scavenger, fights with han against the first order, but kylo ren kills his father. however, rey still manages to gain a large defeat against the first order with the help of the resistance. rey then finds luke, who was searching for the first jedi temple and for more knowledge about the jedi, however rey is then disappointed to see that luke has given up on the jedi. meanwhile, the resistance is slowly being wiped out ship-by-ship as they are chased by snoke's "supremacy", and on the verge of the faction's death, vice-admiral holdo rams the resistance's flagship into the first order fleet to save the resistance. the remnants are later forced to an old rebel base in the planet crait, where they put up a valiant fight but are slowly wiped out until luke, the spark of the resistance, shows up in a vision to grant time for the others to escape, becoming one with the force in the process.
star wars creatures and droids (robots).
the caretakers of ahch-to
the manatee nuns from “the last jedi” may not take an immediate liking to rey, but we sure like them. these wise caretakers in cream-colored habits are as cute as they are intense.
yes, lucas went overboard with the killer teddy bears of endor, populating film and tv projects with these forest fuzz-warriors. and it was their very engineered-for-cuteness factor that first divided star wars fans as pro- and anti-ewok a long time ago — even if some naysayers softened a bit after the bar was lowered in 1999 by jar jar binks.
r2-d2 and c-3po
although the narrative may separate them, they are an inseparable joint entry here, befitting their place as a great action-comedy team. r2-d2 is the droid that resistance royals are forever looking for — the beeping do-it-all mechanic and sometime projector. and c-3po is the know-it-all, fussy butler of protocol, languages and odds-making.
many books, short movies, and video games have been produced that deal with events that do not happen in the original movies. they also tell more about things that did happen in the movies. for example, the book "death star" tells about the building and destruction of the space station from the original movie. it tells much about things seen in that movie but from the point of view of the people on the station. a different example is that in the expanded universe, sometimes the sith are shown as the protagonists. most of the stories in the expanded universe are about the rebuilding of the republic after the empire's defeat. they are set anywhere from the early sith wars which happened 5,000 years before to more than one hundred years after episode vi.
"star wars" original trilogy:
"star wars" prequel trilogy:
"star wars" sequel trilogy:
the korean language is spoken mainly in north and south korea. it is spoken by more than 78 million people (most are north or south koreans).
in south korea, it is called "hangukmal" (한국말) or "hangugeo" (hangeul: 한국어, hanja: 韓國語). in north korea, however, it is called "choseonmal" (조선말) or "choseoneo" (조선어, 朝鮮語). they are named differently because the common names for north and south korea are different. additionally, koreans usually call their language "urimal" (hangeul: 우리말) or "urinara mal" (hangeul: 우리나라 말), meaning "our language" or "our country's language."
korean uses two different writing systems. one is hangul, the main alphabet. in north korea, only hangeul (known as choseongeul in north korea) is used by law. in south korea, only hangeul should be used in most public areas like education, but the other system, hanja, is still used in some newspapers and professional areas. hanja is the system of chinese characters that are used in korean. it was the only way to write korean before the creation of hangeul in the 15th century, and it was common in novels before the 19th century.
although king sejong the great led the development of hangeul to allow literacy to spread among common people and to create a writing system that represented the language more accurately than hanja, it was not adopted by the upper classes of koreans. hanja would continue to be the official writing system until the late 19th century. although it was rejected by the elite classes, hangeul was used often by lower classes as a way to write down korean literature and for lower classes to communicate.
kansas () is a state in the midwestern united states of america. the name of the state comes from the kansa native americans, whose name comes from a siouan-language phrase meaning "people of the south wind". the land that would become kansas was bought in the louisiana purchase in 1803. kansas's capital is topeka, and its biggest city is wichita.
kansas was first settled by americans in 1827 when fort leavenworth was built. in the 1850s, many more people came to live in kansas. this was also when people were fighting about slavery. people were allowed to move to kansas in 1854 because of the kansas–nebraska act. when this happened, anti-slavery free-staters from new england and pro-slavery people from missouri quickly came to kansas. they wanted to decide whether kansas would become a free state or a slave state. because of this, a lot of fighting happened, and it was known as bleeding kansas. the anti-slavery people won. on january 29, 1861, kansas entered the union as a free state.
kansas is in a region known as "america's breadbasket". like other states in this area, kansas makes a lot of corn, sorghum, soybeans, and wheat; they make one-fifth of all wheat grown in the united states. kansas has other industries too, including aviation and communications. kansas has an area of , which is the 15th-biggest state by area. kansas is also 34th most-populous of the 50 states because 2,913,314 people live there. people who live in kansas are called "kansans". mount sunflower is kansas's highest place at .
the terrain of kansas consists of prairies and forests. all of kansas is in the great plains.
the name "kansas" comes from the algonquian term, "akansa", for the quapaw people. these were a dhegiha siouan-speaking people who moved to arkansas around the 13th century. the stem -"kansa" is named after the kaw people. they are also known as the "kansa", a federally recognized native american tribe.
in 1539, marcos de niza, a friar, reported rumors of cíbola, a city of gold, to spanish colonial officials in mexico city. niza said the city was in modern-day new mexico. in response to the rumors, two years later, francisco vázquez de coronado, with an army of 3000 spaniards and 8001 mexicans, marched northward from culiacán in hopes of finding the city. when coronado did not find the city in new mexico, he continued northeast into the mississippi valley, crossing the present area of kansas diagonally. this made conrado and his army the first europeans to see the great plains, including kansas. later, juan de oñate also traveled to kansas in 1601.
in 1682, jacques marquette, louis jolliet, louis hennepin and other french leaders took formal control of the mississippi valley, including the land that would become kansas. this land, known as the louisiana territory, was used to organize trade with native americans. in 1763, france ceded the louisiana territory to spain.
between 1763 and 1803 the territory of kansas was integrated into the spanish louisiana. the governor luis de unzaga 'le conciliateur', during that period, promoted expeditions and good relations with the indians tribes, among the explorers were antoine de marigny and others who continued trading across the kansas river, especially at its confluence with the missouri river, tributaries of the mississippi river.
however, in 1803, spain receded the territory back to france in the third treaty of san ildefonso. on april 30, 1803, napoleon sold the louisiana territory to the united states in the louisiana purchase. in the early 1800s, kansas was used to hold native americans that were removed from their native lands.
on may 30, 1854, the congress signed the kansas-nebraska act. the kansas-nebraska act stated that kansas and nebraska were both territories of the united states. it also stated that kansans would vote on the legality of slavery.
upon hearing this, about 1,200 armed new englanders came to kansas to vote against slavery. however, thousands of southerners, mostly from missouri, came to vote for slavery. the final vote was to make slavery legal, and kansas adopted most of missouri's slave laws. there was fighting between southerners and northerners in kansas. in one fight, john brown and his men killed five people in the pottawatomie massacre. later, southerners destroyed lawrence, kansas. kansas was called "bleeding kansas".
between 1854 and 1861, kansas proposed four state constitutions. out of the four proposed constitutions, three did not allow slavery. finally, in july 1859, kansas passed the wyandotte constitution, which was anti-slavery. the constitution for statehood was sent to the u.s. government in april 1860 to be voted on. the constitution was passed by the house of representatives, but rejected by the senate. this is because southern voters in the senate did not like that kansas would become a state without slavery. in 1861, after the confederate states formed, the constitution gained approval from the union, and kansas became a state.
kansas in the civil war.
four months after kansas became a state, the civil war started. out of the 381 battles in the civil war, four were fought in kansas. throughout the war, kansas remained a union state.
on august 21, 1863, william clarke quantrill led a force of 300 to 400 confederates into the town of lawrence, kansas. quantrill and his troops burned, looted, and destroyed the anti-slavery town. this battle became known as the lawrence massacre. in total, 164 union soldiers and 40 confederate soldiers died in the lawrence massacre. in the battle of mine creek, on october 25, 1864, union soldiers attacked confederates as they were crossing the mine creek. the union surrounded the confederates, and captured 600 men and two generals. 1,000 confederate soldiers and 100 union soldiers died in the battle. in total, 8,500 people from kansas died or were wounded in the civil war.
post civil war.
after the civil war, many free slaves came to oklahoma and kansas. in fact, between the years of 1879 and 1881, about 60,000 african americans came to this region. this is because the slaves wanted economic opportunities, which they believed awaited them in kansas. african americans also came to kansas for better political rights and to escape sharecropping. these people were called "exodusters."
from 1930 to 1936, kansas went through a period of time called the dust bowl. during this time, kansas had little rainfall and high temperatures. thousands of farmers became very poor and had to move to other parts of the united states. in total, 400,000 people left the great plains area. the years from 1930 to 1940 was the only time the population of kansas went down. the number of people living in kansas decreased 4.3 percent.
brown v. board of education of topeka, kansas.
during the 1950s, school segregation was required in fifteen u.s states. however, kansas was not one of these states. instead, school segregation was permitted by local option, but only in elementary schools. in 1896, the ruling from "plessy v. ferguson" stated that segregation was allowed, but equal facilities should be made available for blacks and whites. often, however, black schools received less funding and had fewer textbooks than white schools.
for these reasons, linda brown and her family sued the board of education of topeka, kansas. brown won the case, and the ruling was to overturn the "plessy v. ferguson" decision. this was considered by many a landmark case in the civil rights movement.
kansas is the 15th-largest state in the united states. it covers an area of 82,282 square miles (213,109 km2). of this, about 462 square miles (1196.57 km2) are water. this makes up 0.60% of the total area of the state.
kansas shares borders with nebraska to the north, oklahoma to the south, missouri to the east, and colorado to the west. kansas is just as far away from the pacific ocean as it is the atlantic ocean. the geographic center of the main 48 states is near lebanon, kansas. the geographic center of kansas is in barton county.
the underground of kansas is made of dipping sedimentary rocks, and they are slightly slanted west. a series of mississippian, pennsylvanian, and permian rocks are found in the eastern and southern parts of the state. in the western part of kansas, cretaceous can be found sticking up from the ground. this happened because of the erosion from the geologically uplifted rocky mountains west of kansas. northeastern kansas was affected by glaciation during the pleistocene.
all of kansas is in the great plains, where the land is mostly flat with prairies and grasslands. eastern kansas has hills and forests, like the flint hills and the osage plains in the southeastern part of the state.
kansas increases in elevation from east to west. the highest place in the state is mount sunflower near the colorado border. mount sunflower is 4,039 ft (1,231 m) tall. the lowest point is the verdigris river in montgomery county, at 679 ft (207 m) above sea level. it is a common misconception that kansas is the flattest state – in 2003, a tongue-in-cheek study famously said the state is "flatter than a pancake". kansas has a maximum topographic relief of . this makes kansas the 23rd flattest u.s. state.
about of the kansas's northeastern border is the missouri river. the kansas river is created by the junction of the smoky hill river and republican river. this happens at junction city. the kansas river then joins the missouri river at kansas city. it goes across the northeastern part of the state.
the arkansas river (pronunciation varies) starts in colorado. it goes for about across the western and southern parts of kansas.
kansas's has other rivers. there is the saline river and the solomon river. they are tributaries of the smoky hill river. the big blue river, the delaware river, and the wakarusa river flow into the kansas river. the marais des cygnes river is a tributary of the missouri river. spring river is between riverton and baxter springs.
national parks and historic places.
areas under the protection of the national park service include:
plants and animals.
in kansas, there are currently 238 species of rare animals and 400 rare plants. among those include: "boechera laevigata", virginia rail, cleft ledge, royal fern, turkey-tangle, bobolink, cave salamander, peregrine falcon, and black-footed ferret. common animal species and grasses include: crows, deer, lesser prairie chicken, mice, moles, opossum, prairie dogs, raccoon, "tripsacum dactyloides", prairie dropseed, indian grass, little bluestem, switch grass, northern sea oats, tussock sedge, sideoats grama, and big bluestem.
the köppen climate classification says that kansas's climate has three types depending on where in the state it is: it has humid continental, semi-arid steppe, and humid subtropical. the eastern 2/3 of the state (especially the northeastern part) has a humid continental climate. this means it has cool to cold winters and hot, often humid summers. most of the precipitation happens during both the summer and the spring.
the western 1/3 of the state – from about u.s. route 83 to west of it – has a semiarid steppe climate. summers are hot, often very hot, and generally less humid. winters vary a lot. winters can be anything between warm and very cold. the western region gets an average of about of precipitation per year. chinook winds in the winter can warm western kansas all the way into the range.
the far south-central and southeastern parts of kansas, including the wichita area, have a humid subtropical climate. this means it has hot and humid summers, and it has milder winters. it also has more precipitation than other places in kansas. some things about three climates can be found in most of kansas. many parts can get droughts and varied weather. places can be dry or humid. places can get both warm or cold in the winter.
temperatures in many areas in the western half of kansas reach or hotter on most days of june, july, and august. because of the high humidity, the heat index can be deadly, especially in wichita, hutchinson, salina, russell, hays, and great bend. temperatures are often high in dodge city, garden city, and liberal, but the heat index in those three cities is usually lower than the actual air temperature.
temperatures of or higher are not as common in the eastern half of kansas. however, higher humidity and the urban heat island effect make most summer days reach between and in topeka, lawrence, and the kansas city metropolitan area. during the summer, the low temperatures each night in the northeastern part of the state don't get colder than very often. also, because of the humidity being between 85 and 95 percent, dangerous heat can be felt all day.
kansas has a varied climate with an average yearly temperature of 56°f (13°c). the highest temperature ever in kansas is 121 °f (49.4 °c). this happened in fredonia on july 18, 1936, and in alton on july 24, 1936. the lowest temperature ever in kansas is -40 °f (-40 °c). this occurred in lebanon on february 13, 1905. kansas is in a temperate area of the country. like other states in this region, kansas has four distinct seasons.
kansas can have extreme weather in all four seasons. for example, in spring and autumn, kansas has many tornadoes. in fact, kansas gets about 55 tornadoes per year. this is because kansas is in the area known as tornado alley, where cold and warm air masses come together to make severe weather.
in summer, kansas has experienced severe droughts. for example, in 1934, 1936, and 1939, kansas had less than average rainfall and widespread dust storms as a part of the dust bowl.
in winter, kansas has snow in most parts of the state. the average snowfall in the northern half of the state is 16 inches, with the average snowfall in the southern half of the state being 8 inches. blizzards and related snowstorms are rare in kansas.
cities and counties.
kansas is organized into 105 counties. each county has a county seat. there are 627 incorporated cities in kansas.
wichita is the biggest city in kansas; it has almost 400,000 people. it is in sedgwick county, which has about 520,000 people. sedgwick county has the biggest city in kansas, but it does not have the most people of any county in kansas; johnson county has more than 600,000 people. johnson county has four of the biggest cities in kansas: overland park, olathe, shawnee, and lenexa. they are all suburbs of nearby kansas city. topeka is the capital of kansas. lawrence is a college town between kansas city and topeka.
kansas had 627 cities in 2008. the largest city in kansas is wichita, which had a population of 382,368 in 2010. the other largest cities in kansas are: overland park, 173,372; kansas city, 145,786; topeka, 127,473; and olathe, 125,872. between the years of 2000 and 2010, the kansas population increased 6.1 percent.
the 2010 census says that the people of kansas were:
ethnically 10.5% of the total population was of hispanic or latino origin (they may be of any race). they are mostly in southwest kansas. many black people in kansas were from the exodusters, free black people who left the south.
as of 2011, 35.0% of kansas's population younger than one year old were part of a minority group (i.e., did not have two parents who were non-hispanic white).
english is the most-spoken language in kansas. about 95% of people only speak english. spanish is second.
the northeastern part of the state, going from the eastern border to junction city and from the nebraska border to south of johnson county, has more than 1.5 million people in the kansas city (kansas portion), manhattan, lawrence, and topeka metropolitan areas. overland park is the biggest city in the county. johnson county community college is there, and the corporate campus of sprint nextel is also there. in 2006, overland park was ranked as the sixth best place to live in america; the nearby city of olathe was 13th.
olathe is the county seat of johnson county. olathe, shawnee, de soto, and gardner are some of kansas's fastest growing cities.
there are many universities and colleges in the northeast. baker university is the oldest university in the state (created in 1858), and it is in baldwin city. benedictine college is in atchison. midamerica nazarene university is in olathe. ottawa university is in ottawa and overland park. kansas city kansas community college and ku medical center are in kansas city. the ku edwards campus is in overland park. lawrence has the university of kansas, the biggest public university in kansas. lawrence also has haskell indian nations university.
topeka is the state capital, and about 250,000 people live in the metropolitan area. washburn university and washburn institute of technology are in topeka.
in south-central kansas, the wichita metropolitan area has over 600,000 people. wichita is the biggest city in the state in terms of both land area and number of people. 'the air capital' is a major manufacturing area for the aircraft industry. it's also where wichita state university is. before wichita was 'the air capital' it was a cowtown. wichita's population growth has grown by more than 10%. the nearby suburbs are some of the fastest growing cities in kansas. the number of people in goddard has grown by more than 11% per year since 2000.
wichita was one of the first cities to add the city commissioner and city manager in their form of government. wichita is also home of the nationally recognized sedgwick county zoo.
southeast kansas is different in that it was a coal-mining region. it has many places on the national register of historic places. pittsburg is the biggest city in the region. it is where pittsburg state university is. frontenac in 1888 was where one of the worst mine disasters in kansas happened; an underground explosion killed 47 miners. fort scott has a national cemetery. it was designated by president abraham lincoln in 1862.
salina is the biggest city in central and north-central kansas. south of salina is the small city of lindsborg. lindsborg has many dala horses. abilene was where president dwight d. eisenhower lived. it is where his presidential library is. it also has the tombs of the former president, first lady and son who died in infancy.
the city of hays is the biggest city in the northwest as it has about 20,000 people living there. hays is where fort hays state university is. it also has the sternberg museum of natural history.
there are very few people that live west of hays. there are only two towns that have at least 4,000 people: colby and goodland.
dodge city was famous for the cattle drives it had in the late 19th century. it was built along the old santa fe trail route. the city of liberal is along the southern santa fe trail route. the first wind farm in the state was built east of montezuma. garden city has the lee richardson zoo.
the bureau of economic analysis estimates that kansas's total gross domestic product in 2014 was billion. in 2015, the job growth rate in was .8%. this was one of the lowest rate in america with only "10,900 total nonfarm jobs" added that year. the kansas department of labor's 2016 report found the average yearly wage was $42,930 in 2015. in april 2016, the state's unemployment rate was 4.2%.
the state of kansas had a $350 million budget deficit in february 2017. in february 2017, s&p downgraded kansas's credit rating to aa-.
the median household income for kansas was $47,709 in 2009. the gross domestic product (gdp) for kansas was $122,700,000,000 ($122.7 billion) in 2008. overall, kansas' gdp accounts for less than 1 percent of total u.s. economy.
kansas has three big military bases: fort riley, fort leavenworth, and mcconnell air force base. the us army reserve has about 25,000 soldiers at these bases, and they also have about 8,000 civilian employees there.
40% of kansas's economy is farming. in 2017, there were 58,569 farms in kansas.
in 2020, kansas produced more grain sorghum and wheat than any other state in the united states. kansas farmers produce about 400 million bushels of wheat per year. kansas also ranks second in the united states in cropland and silage sorghum, third in cattle and raw meat, and fourth in sunflowers produced. other agricultural products are cattle, sheep, wheat, sorghum, soybeans, cotton, hogs, corn, and salt.
87.5% of kansas's land is used for farming. as of 2018, there were 59,600 farms in kansas, 86 (0.14%) of which are certified organic farms. the size of the average farm in the state is 781 acres (more than a square mile). in 2016, the average cost of running the farm was $300,000.
the industrial products are transportation equipment, commercial and private aircraft, food processing, publishing, chemical products, machinery, apparel, petroleum, and mining. 4% of kansas's gdp is from the aviation industry. many parts of airplanes are made in wichita. also, many important companies are near kansas city, missouri. for example, the sprint nextel corporation is one of the biggest telephone companies in the united states. its main operational offices are in overland park, kansas.
kansas has many renewable resources. kansas is one of the biggest producers of wind power in the united states. in 2019, kansas had an installed capacity of about 6,100 megawatts (mw) from about 3,200 wind turbines. wind produced the biggest amount of electricity from the state at 41%. an additional 700 mw of capacity was scheduled to become available during 2020. kansas is also one of the biggest national producers of renewable ethanol and biodiesel fuels; kansas produces about 600 million gallons per year.
kansas is eighth in us petroleum extraction. production has slowly lowered because kansas's limited economical reserves (especially from the anadarko basin) are being used up. since oil prices reached their lowest level in 1999, oil production in kansas has remained about the same; it had an average monthly rate of about in 2004. the recent higher prices have made carbon dioxide sequestration and other oil recovery techniques more economical.
kansas is also eighth in us natural gas production. production has slowly lowered since the mid-1990s with the slow depletion of the hugoton natural gas field—the state's biggest field which extends into oklahoma and texas. in 2004, slower declines in the hugoton gas fields and increased coalbed methane production contributed to a smaller overall decline. average monthly production was over .
during his campaign for the 2010 election, governor sam brownback said he would get rid of the state income tax. in may 2012, governor brownback signed into law the kansas senate bill substitute hb 2117. starting in 2013, the "ambitious tax overhaul" lowered income tax, got rid of some corporate taxes, and created pass-through income tax exemptions. he raised the sales tax by one percent to make up for the loss of the other taxes. however, the sales tax was not enough to make up for it. he made cuts to education and some state services to make up for the lost revenue. the tax cut led to years of budget shortfalls. the worst was a $350 million budget shortfall in february 2017. from 2013 to 2017, 300,000 businesses were considered to be pass-through income entities and benefited from the tax exemption. the tax reform "encouraged tens of thousands of kansans to claim their wages and salaries as income from a business rather than from employment."
the economic growth that brownback hoped for never happened. he argued that it was because of "low wheat and oil prices and a fewer aircraft sales." the state general fund debt load was $83 million in fiscal year 2010. by fiscal year 2017 the debt load sat at $179 million. in 2016, governor brownback earned the title of "most unpopular governor in america". only 26 percent of kansas voters approved of his job performance. 65 percent said they did not. in the summer of 2016, s&p global ratings downgraded kansas's credit rating. in february 2017, s&p lowered it to aa-.
in february 2017, a bi-partisan group wrote a bill that would repeal the pass-through income exemption, the "most important provisions of brownback's overhaul", and raise taxes to make up for the budget shortfall. brownback vetoed the bill but "45 gop legislators had voted in favor of the increase, while 40 voted to uphold the governor's veto." on june 6, 2017 a group of democrats and newly elected republicans overrode brownback's veto. they increased taxes to an amount that is close to what it was before 2013. brownback's tax plan was described in a june 2017 article in "the atlantic" as the united states' "most aggressive experiment in conservative economic policy". the tax cuts had made schools and infrastructure difficult to get funding in kansas.
there are two interstate highways in kansas. the first part of the interstate highway opened on interstate 70 west of topeka. it opened on november 14, 1956.
interstate 70 is an important east–west highway. people can go from kansas city, missouri to denver, colorado. cities on this highway include colby, hays, salina, junction city, topeka, lawrence, bonner springs, and kansas city.
interstate 35 is a major north–south highway from oklahoma city, oklahoma to des moines, iowa. cities on this highway include wichita, el dorado, emporia, ottawa, and kansas city (and suburbs).
kansas's only major commercial (class c) airport is wichita dwight d. eisenhower national airport. it is along us-54 on the western part of wichita. manhattan regional airport in manhattan has flights every day to dallas/fort worth international airport and chicago's o'hare international airport. this would it the second-biggest commercial airport in kansas. most air travelers in northeastern kansas fly out of kansas city international airport, which is in platte county, missouri. some also use the topeka regional airport in topeka.
in the state's southeastern part, people often use tulsa international airport in tulsa, oklahoma or joplin regional airport in joplin, missouri. people in the far western part of the state often use the denver international airport. connecting flights are also available from smaller kansas airports in dodge city, garden city, hays, hutchinson, liberal, or salina.
the "southwest chief" amtrak route goes through the state on its route from chicago to los angeles. stops in kansas include lawrence, topeka, newton, hutchinson, dodge city, and garden city. an amtrak thruway motorcoach connects newton and wichita to the heartland flyer in oklahoma city, oklahoma. amtrak may change the southwest chief route from using train service for the entire route. plans call for shortening the route to los angeles to instead end in albuquerque. buses would replace the train on the route between albuquerque and dodge city, where train service east to chicago would continue.
kansas has four class i railroads, amtrak, bnsf, kansas city southern, and union pacific, as well as many shortline railroads.
law and government.
state and local politics.
executive branch: the executive branch has the governor, the lieutenant governor, the attorney general, the secretary of state, the treasurer, and the insurance commissioner.
legislative branch: the legislative branch is the kansas legislature. it is a bicameral legislature. it has the kansas house of representatives and the kansas senate. the house has 125 members, and the senate has 40 members.
judicial branch: the judicial branch is headed by the kansas supreme court. the kansas supreme court has seven judges. if there is a spot open, the governor picks who to replace them.
since the middle of the 20th century, kansas has been socially conservative. in 1999 and 2005, the board of education voted to stop teaching evolution in schools. in 2005, kansas banned same-sex marriage. in 2006, kansas made the lowest age to marry 15 years old.
kansas allowed women's suffrage in 1912. this was nearly a decade before the united states allowed it.
the state's current delegation to the congress of the united states includes republican senators pat roberts of dodge city and jerry moran of manhattan; and republican representatives roger marshall of great bend (district 1), steve watkins (district 2), ron estes of wichita (district 4), and democratic representative sharice davids (district 3).
kansas has been strongly republican. the republican party was very strong since kansas became a state. this is because republicans were very anti-slavery, and kansas was also anti-slavery. kansas has not elected a democrat to the united states senate since 1932.
abilene has the childhood house of republican president dwight d. eisenhower. two republican presidential candidates, alf landon and bob dole, were also from kansas.
primary and secondary schools are controlled by the kansas state department of education. public colleges and universities are controlled by the kansas board of regents.
in 1999 and 2005, the board of education voted to teach intelligent design in science classes. both times, they changed their decision after the next election.
the rock band kansas was created topeka. many of the band's members are from there.
joe walsh, guitarist for the famous rock band the eagles, was born in wichita.
danny carey, drummer for the band tool, was raised in paola.
singer melissa etheridge is from leavenworth. singer martina mcbride is from sharon. singer janelle monáe is from kansas city.
in 1947, kansas chose "home on the range" as their state song.
kansas's most famous appearance in a book was as the home of dorothy gale. she is the main character in the book "the wonderful wizard of oz" (1900).
the plaza cinema in ottawa, kansas was built on may 22, 1907. it is listed by the guinness book of world records as the oldest operating movie theater in the world.
the group that governs college sports in the united states is the national collegiate athletic association (ncaa). their headquarters were in johnson county, kansas from 1952 until moving to indianapolis in 1999.
the state symbols of kansas are:
 this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: 
james buchanan jr. (april 23, 1791 - june 1, 1868) was the 15th president of the united states.
he was the only president not to have married. his niece, harriet lane, stood in as first lady. he was an experienced politician, and became president in 1857. his stances on slavery, and actions before the civil war broke out, have been criticised by scholars.
in 1860, buchanan announced that he will not be taking part in the election & supported abraham lincoln who eventually became president-elect just a week after his announcement in the 1860 election.
james buchanan was born on april 23, 1791 in cove gap, pennsylvania, into a prosperous merchant family. he had four sisters and three brothers, and studied at the old stone academy before entering dickinson college in 1807. there he studied law and was admitted to the pennsylvania bar association in 1812.
buchanan was engaged to anne c. coleman, but she died early, and he never had children. he is the only u.s. president who was never married.
buchanan served in both the house and senate, representing pennsylvania, as well as the minister to russia, under andrew jackson, before stepping taking the presidential career.
during the beginning of his presidency, he called slavery an issue of little importance. this was clearly not the case at the time; northerners and southerners were very divided on slavery, almost to the point of war.
the supreme court declared that african americans were not american citizens and that the states were allowed to keep slavery legal. james buchanan supported that decision because he did not want the pro-slavery states to stop being part of the united states.
buchanan supported the rights of slave owners to keep their slaves and wanted kansas to adopt a constitution that allowed slavery. because of that, the democratic party was divided on that issue and after the 1858 congressional election, there were more republicans in congress than democrats. he did not get along with the republicans.
he ordered troops to fight against utah based on untrue information that utah was planning a revolt. buchanan later realized that he made a mistake and apologized.
during his term, the country was becoming more and more divided over the slavery issue. a few months before his term ended, some of the southern states decided that they were going to not be a part of the united states any more.
buchanan believed that it was a bad thing, but he did nothing about it because he felt that using force against the south was against the constitution. he did not even prepare the country for war.
at the end of his term, he left the next president, abraham lincoln, to face the greatest crises in united states history, the civil war.
some historians think that buchanan was the worst president of the united states in the history, because he did nothing to prevent the civil war.
a hand is the part of the body at the end of an arm. most humans have two hands. each hand usually has four fingers and a thumb. on the inside of the hand is the palm. the five bones inside this part of the hand are called metacarpals. the wrist connects the hand to the arm. the hand has 27 bones including the wrist bones.
when the fingers are all bent tightly, the hand forms a fist. the joints that are the hardest part of the fist are called knuckles. many other animals, especially other primates, have hands that can hold things. human hands can do things other hands cannot.
rule can mean:
the 1910s was the decade that started on january 1, 1910, and ended on december 31, 1919.
bahrain (officially called kingdom of bahrain) is an island country in the arabian gulf. saudi arabia is to the west and is connected to bahrain by the king fahd causeway, and qatar is to the south across the persian gulf. the qatar-bahrain friendship bridge, not yet built, will link bahrain to qatar as the longest fixed bridge in the world. qatar and bahrain's flag is the same design but not the same colors because qatar is white and maroon and bahrain is white and red.
people have lived in bahrain before there was writing. it has been ruled and influenced by the assyrians, babylonians, greeks, persians, and the arabs, who made the island muslim. bahrain was in old times known as dilmun, tylos, awal and mishmahig.
the islands of bahrain, set in the middle south of the persian gulf, have attracted many invaders in history. the word "bahrain", "two seas", means that the islands contain two kinds of water, sweet water springs and salty water in the sea.
a location between east and west, fertile lands, fresh water, and pearls made bahrain important in history. about 2300 bc, bahrain started trading with mesopotamia (now iraq) and the indus valley (now near india). it was then called delmon, and was linked to the sumerian civilization about 2000 bc. bahrain also became part of the babylonian empire about 600 bc. historical records called bahrain the "life of eternity", "paradise", the "pearl of the persian gulf" and other names.
until 1521, bahrain also ruled al-hasa and qatif (both are now the eastern province of saudi arabia) and awal (now the bahrain islands). the country had all of the land from what is now kuwait to oman. this was called "iqlim al-bahrain" (province of bahrain). in 1521, the portuguese took awal (now bahrain) from the rest and since then the name of bahrain only means today's bahrain.
the modern history of bahrain begins with great britain exploring the area, trying to keep iran from taking more land. the british gave support to the al-khalifa family, who made a power base in the island and allied with the british to keep the island from iran. the british got free passage to the persian gulf through this agreement. in november of 1957, the iranian parliament declared that bahrain was the fourteenth province of iran. later the british would become involved in the politics of bahrain by choosing an emir of the island. iran and britain later agreed that the united nations secretary general would judge the political situation in bahrain. in a plebiscite to decide the country's future, the majority of the people of bahrain chose to reject iran's claims, and to define their country and their culture to be arabic, and not persian.
oil was found in the early 20th century and brought modern improvements to the country. relations with the united kingdom also became closer, and the british brought more military bases to the nation. british influence grew, until charles belgrave became an advisor; belgrave brought modern education to bahrain.
after world war ii, anti-british feeling spread through the arab world and led to riots in bahrain. the british left bahrain in 1971, making it an independent country. the sales of more oil in the 1980s brought money to bahrain, but even when the sales of oil decreased in later years, it did not cause as many problems in bahrain as in other oil countries, because the economy of bahrain had grown into other areas.
in 1973 the election of first parliament was done but the government stopped & dissociate the parliament in 1975 which result in strong protests by the bahraini opposition (moderate islamic & non-islamist opposition).
in 1994, many highly educated bahraini people signed a letter to prince of bahrain at that time isa bin salman al khalifa
to re-establish the parliament life which is strongly refused & the leader of the opposition at that time sheikh abdulamir aljamri was jailed then a huge protest & conflicts occurs between bahraini nation & the armed forces.
in 1999, sheikh hamad bin isa al khalifa followed his father as head of state and called for elections for parliament to resolve the congestion that occurred over that last period. the women were given the right to vote and the new ruler released all political prisoners in 2001.
in 2002 the king released a new constitution without any voting from the nation & canceled 1973 constitution which caused strong refuse from the most of nation parties & opposition.
the situations became worse later & some of political activists were jailed like abdulhadi al-khuwajah, hasan mushaima.
many political websites that refused these changes were blocked like bahrain online forum (the most popular website in bahrain): www.bahrainonline.org until 2009 there were many riots & conflicts especially from shia group which faces a huge organized discrimination according to human rights watch & us congress.
bahrain is a constitutional monarchy ruled by the king, shaikh hamad bin isa al khalifa. the head of government is the prime minister, which is currently held by crown prince salman bin hamad bin isa al khalifa. shaikh khalifa bin salman al khalifa was the country's first prime minister from 1971 until his death in 2020. the prime minister has a cabinet of 15 members. 
bahrain has a bicameral legislature with a lower house, the chamber of deputies, elected by all of the people and the upper house, the shura council, appointed by the king. both houses have forty members. the first elections were held in 2002, with members of parliament serving four year terms.
women were given the right to vote and stand in national elections for the first time in 2002's election, but no women were elected to office that year, and shia and sunni islamists won a majority of seats. because no women were elected, six were appointed to the shura council, which also includes members of the kingdom’s jewish and christian people.
the king recently created the supreme judicial council to organise the country's courts and the government offices.
bahrain is split into five governorates. until july 3 2003, it was divided into twelve municipalities.
for further information, see: decree-law establishing governorates from the bahrain official website.
the largest cities in bahrain are:
other towns include: awali, diraz, hidd, sar, bani jamrah.
in bahrain, petroleum (oil product) producing and processing is about 60% of the money from export, 60% of government money, and 30% of gross domestic product. the economy has changed as the sales of oil have changed since 1985, for example, during and after the persian gulf war of 1990 - 1991. bahrain has high quality communications and transport, and so the country is home to many international companies with business in the persian gulf. a large part of the country's income comes from petroleum products made from imported crude oil. there are several major industrial projects being built. unemployment, especially among young people, and the decrease of both oil and water resources are major economic problems.
bahrain is a flat and dry archipelago, with a low desert plain rising gently to a low central hill, in the arabian gulf, east of saudi arabia. the highest point is the 122 meter jabal ad dukhan ("mountain of smoke").
bahrain has a total area of 620 km², which is a few square kilometres larger than the isle of man. as an archipelago of 33 islands, bahrain does not share a land border with any other country, but it does have a 161 km coast line and claims a further 12 nm of territorial sea and a 24 nm contiguous zone. bahrain enjoys mild winters and has very hot, humid summers.
bahrain's natural resources include large amounts of oil natural gas as well as fish. only 1% of the country includes land where crops can be grown. 92% of bahrain is desert, and droughts and dust storms are the main natural dangers.
environmental problems in bahrain include desertification, which is causing the land where crops can be grown to decrease, and damage to coast lines, coral reefs, and sea vegetation caused by oil spills from large tankers and oil refineries.
about the people.
the official religion of bahrain is islam; most of the people are shi'a and sunni muslims, but there are also small jewish and christian minorities. most bahrainis are arabs, although some tribes came from persia. today, many of the people in bahrain are guest workers who come from iran, south asia and southeast asia. a "financial times" article from 31 may 1983 found that "bahrain is a polyglot (speaking many languages) state, both religiously and racially. leaving aside the temporary immigrants of the past 10 years, there are at least eight or nine communities (groups of people) on the island".
the present communities may be classified as al-khalifa, arab tribes allied to al-khalifa, the baharnah (shia arabs), the howilla (sunni arabs from persia), sunni arabs (from the mainland), ajam (persian shia), indians who traded with bahrain and settled before the age of oil (used to be called banyan), a tiny jewish community, and a group which contains everyone else.
manama, bahrain's capital city, is as modern as other cities in the world. but life in the island's many villages (and in parts of manama itself) remains traditional. where there is tradition in the persian gulf area, there is islamic conservatism: women cover themselves from head to foot and women travellers are expected to wear long skirts and one-piece bathing suits. bahrain's population is 85% muslim and islam is the state religion. arabic is the official language, but many people speak english.
traditional folk art continues in several places around bahrain: dhows (fishing boats) are built near manama and muharraq, cloth is made at bani jamrah and pottery is made at a'ali. a few goldsmiths still work in the manama souk, though much of the work is now done in other countries. one of the important parts of bahraini culture is the drinking of traditional arabian coffee. traditional arabian street food like shawarma (lamb or chicken cut from a large spit and served in pita bread) and desserts such as baklava are also found.
bahrain is the home of formula one racing in the middle east, hosting the bahrain grand prix.
william christopher (october 20, 1932 – december 31, 2016) was an american actor. he was best known for playing father mulcahy on the television series "m*a*s*h". he also played private lester hummel on "gomer pyle, u.s.m.c." 
christopher was born in evanston, illinois. he studied at wesleyan university. his wife was barbara o'connor; together they wrote a book, "mixed blessings", about their experiences raising their autistic son. he retired in 2012.
christopher died on december 31, 2016 in pasadena, california from small-cell carcinoma, aged 84.
boxer shorts are men's underwear. they are shorts with a stretchy band, and named after the shorts worn by boxers.
they were first made in the 1930s, but did not become popular until 1947. these days, briefs (y-fronts) are sold more than boxer shorts.
some boxer shorts have openings with a snap button for using the toilet (urinating). others just have an elastic waistband and can be pulled on or off like briefs. they can be made in different colors or patterns. television displays more men in boxer shorts than in other underwear.
a cd player is a device that can read the binary data on a cd (compact disc) and turn that into sound waves.
a cd player has a laser and an optical sensor. a cd has tracks and bumps on the tracks. the cd player passes a laser beam along the track of the cd. the areas that are reflected (without the bumps) are 1s to the player and the areas that are reflected (with the bumps) are 0s to the player. when the 1's and 0's are added to the cd a complicated coding is used that enables error corrections to prevent the cd "skipping" in the event of a small scratch. the cd player converts the series of 1's and 0's into sound waves by sending a varying voltage into an amplifier which then drives a speaker. the conversion of digital data into an analogue signal is achieved through the use a matrix(maths not the movie), imaginary numbers and trigonometric functions.
fluid dynamics talks about how fluids (liquids and gases) work. it is one of the oldest parts of the study of physics, and is studied by physicists, mathematicians, and engineers. mathematics can describe how fluids move using mathematical formulas called equations. the fluid dynamics of gases are called aerodynamics.
understanding how fluids behave helps us understand things like flight or ocean currents. for example, fluid dynamics can be used to understand weather, because clouds and air are both fluids. fluid dynamics can also be used to understand how aeroplanes fly through the air or how ships and submarines move through water.
computer programs can use the mathematical equations of fluid dynamics to model and predict the actions of moving fluids. computers have helped us understand fluid dynamics very much, and some people study how to model or simulate fluids only with a computer. studying how fluid dynamics can be done with computers is called computational fluid dynamics (or cfd for short).
important equations in fluid dynamics.
the mathematical equations that govern fluid flow are simple to think about but very hard to solve. in most real life cases there is no way to get a solution that can be written down and a computer must be used to calculate the answer instead. there are three fundamental equations based on three rules.
conservation of mass: mass is neither created nor destroyed, it simply moves from one place to another. this gives the mass conservation equation. sometimes this may not apply such as a flow involving a chemical reaction.
conservation of energy: this is the first law of thermodynamics, energy is never created or destroyed, it just changes form (i.e. kinetic energy into potential energy) or moves around.
conservation of momentum: this is newton's second law and it states that force = rate of change of momentum. momentum is mass times velocity. the momentum equations are the equations that make it hard to solve problems in fluid dynamics. there are a number of different versions that include a number of different effects. the navier-stokes equations are momentum equations, and the euler equations are the navier-stokes equations but with viscosity not included. there is one momentum equation in a 1d problem and three, one in each space direction, in 3d.
to solve the equations more information is often needed in the form of an equation of state. this relates thermodynamic properties (usually pressure and temperature) to each other for a specific type of fluid. an example is the "ideal gas" equation of state that relates pressure, temperature and density and works well for gases under normal pressures (like air at atmospheric pressure).
ernest miller hemingway (july 21, 1899 - july 2, 1961) was an american writer. he wrote in a very simple way, which made him very popular. he also did many exciting things, which made many people respect him. he is usually thought to be a member of the lost generation. 
he wrote seven stories, six short ones, and two non-fiction ones. three of his stories, four collections of his short stories, and three non-fiction ones were released after he died. because he did many exciting things, some people say that, of the many characters he created in his books, he was his best creation.
hemingway's early life.
ernest hemingway was born in 1899. he grew up in oak park, illinois, near the midwestern city of chicago. he was the second child in a family of six. his father was a doctor. his mother was a painter and a pianist.
each summer, the family traveled to their holiday home in northern michigan. ernest's father taught him how to catch fish, hunt, set up a camp, and cook over a fire.
at home in oak park, ernest wrote for his school newspaper. he tried to write like a famous sports writer, ring lardner, and he made his writing skills better.
start as a news reporter.
in 1917, hemingway decided not to go to a university. the united states had just entered world war i and he wanted to join the army, but they rejected him because his eyesight was not good enough.
ernest found a job with the "kansas city star" newspaper in kansas city, missouri. he reported news that happened at the hospital, police headquarters, and the railroad station. one reporter said: "hemingway liked to be where the action was."
the kansas city star told its reporters to write short sentences, and to report unusual details of an incident. hemingway quickly learned to do both.
his life outside of america.
hemingway worked for the newspaper for nine months. he then joined the red cross to help on the battle fields of europe. his job was to drive an ambulance and to take wounded soldiers off the battlefield.
the red cross sent him to italy. there, he soon saw the first wounded. this was when a weapons factory in milan exploded. later, he was sent to the battle front. he went close to the fighting to see how he could act in the face of danger. soon, he was seriously wounded.
soon after healing, the war ended. hemingway returned to the united states. after less than a year he had changed forever: he needed to write about what he had seen. hemingway wrote many short stories about people who experienced world war i.
gone to chicago.
some time later, hemingway left home for chicago to prove to himself, and to his family, that he could earn a living from his writing.
but he ran out of money and began to write for a newspaper again. the canadian newspaper, the toronto star, loved his reports in chicago. they hired him and paid him well.
in chicago, hemingway also met sherwood anderson. anderson was one of the first american writers to write about common people. hemingway saw that anderson's stories showed life as it really was. this was similar to what he wanted to do.
anderson gave hemingway advice about his writing. he told hemingway to move to paris. life was less costly there. anderson said that paris had many young artists and writers from many nations.
hemingway decided to move to paris. before he did, in america, he married a woman he had recently met. her name was hadley richardson.
paris was cold and grey when hemingway and his new wife arrived in 1921. they lived in one of the poorer parts of the city. their rooms were small and they did not have water from pipes. but the "toronto star" employed him as its european reporter, so they had enough money for the two of them to live. that job gave hemingway time to write his stories.
hemingway enjoyed exploring paris, learning french customs, and meeting friends. some of these new friends were artists and writers who had come to the city in the 1920s. among them were poet, ezra pound, and writers gertrude stein, john dos passos, and f. scott fitzgerald. seeing that hemingway was a good writer, they helped him publish his stories in the united states. he was thankful for their support at the time, but later denied that he had received their help.
hemingway travelled all over europe. he wrote about politics, peace conferences, and border disputes, as well as sports, skiing, and fishing. later he would write about bullfighting in spain. the "toronto star" was pleased with his work, and wanted more of his reports, but hemingway was busy with his own writing.
he said this: "sometimes, i would start a new story and could not get it going. then i would stand and look out over the roofs of paris and think. i would say to myself: 'all you have to do is write one true sentence. write the truest sentence you know.' so finally, i would write a true sentence and go on from there. it was a wonderful feeling when i had worked well."
his first success in 1925.
hemingway's first book of short stories was called "in our time". one of its stories, "big two hearted river," told of the effects of war on a young man who was taking a long fishing trip in michigan. hemingway had learned from his father, when he was a boy, about living in the wild.
the story is about two kinds of rivers. one is calm and clear, and is where the young man fishes. the other is a dark, threatening swamp. the story shows its main character trying to forget his past, as well as the war. he does not talk much about the war. the reader learns about the young man, not because hemingway tells his readers what the man thinks, but because he shows that man learning about himself. many people believe it is one of the best modern american stories of all time. because of this, "big two hearted river" is often published in collections of best writing.
after the book was published in 1925, hadley and hemingway returned to the united states for the birth of their son, after which they quickly returned to paris.
writing "the sun also rises".
hemingway was working on a long story. he wanted to publish a novel so he would be recognized as a serious writer. and he wanted the money a novel would earn.
the novel was called "the sun also rises". it is about young americans in europe after world war one. the war had destroyed their dreams and had given them nothing to replace those dreams. the writer gertrude stein later called these people members of "the lost generation."
the book was an immediate success. at the age of 25 ernest hemingway was famous. many people, however, did not like hemingway's art because they did not like what he wrote about.
hemingway's sentences were short, the way he had been taught to write at the kansas city star newspaper. he wrote about what he knew and felt. he used few descriptive words. his statements were clear and easily understood.
he had learned from earlier writers, like ring lardner and sherwood anderson, but hemingway brought something new to his writing. he was able to paint in words what he saw and felt. in later books, sometimes he missed. sometimes he even looked foolish. but when he was right he was almost perfect.
marriage with pauline pfeiffer.
with the success of his novel, hemingway became even more popular in paris. many people came to see him. one was an american woman, pauline pfeiffer. she became hadley's friend. then pauline fell in love with hemingway.
hemingway and pauline saw each other secretly. one time, they went away together on a short trip. years later, hemingway wrote when he returned that "...i wished i had died before i ever loved anyone but her. she was smiling and the sun was on her lovely face."
but they wouldn't stay married. hadley knew hemingway was also in love with pfeiffer. hemingway was seeing her in secret, even though he was married with pauline. because of this, ernest hemingway and hadley separated. she kept their son. he agreed to give her money he earned from his books. in later years, he said that his marriage to hadley as the happiest time of his life.
at twenty-five, hemingway was living in paris. he was a famous writer. but the end of his first marriage made him want to leave the place where he had first become famous. much later he said, "the city was never to be the same again. when i returned to it, i found it had changed as i had changed. paris was never the same as when i was poor and very happy."
hemingway and his new wife returned to the united states in 1928. they settled in key west, an island with a fishing port near the southern coast of florida.
his well-known books.
before leaving paris, hemingway sent a collection of his stories to new york to be published. the book of stories, called "men without women", was published soon after hemingway arrived in key west.
one of the stories was called "the killers." in it, hemingway used a discussion between two men to create a feeling of tension and coming violence. this was a new way of telling a story. here is an example:nick opened the thingy and went into the room. ole andreson was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. he had been a heavyweight prizefighter and he was too long for the bed. he lay with his head on two pillows. he did not look at nick.
"what was it?" he asked.
"i was up at henry's," nick said, "and two fellows came in and tied me up and the cook, and they said they were going to kill you."
it sounded silly when he said it. ole andreson said nothing, "they put us out in the kitchen," nick went on. "they were going to shoot you when you came in to supper."
ole andreson looked at the wall and did not say anything. "george thought i ought to come and tell you about it."
"there is not anything i can do about it," ole andreson said.
any new book by hemingway was an important event for readers. but stories like "the killers" shocked many people. some thought there was too much violence in his stories. others said he only wrote about gunmen, soldiers, fighters, and drinkers.
this made hemingway angry. he felt that writers should not be judged by those who could not write a story.
hemingway was happy in key west. in the morning he wrote, in the afternoon he fished, and at night he went to a public house and drank. one old fisherman said: "hemingway was a man who talked slowly and very carefully. he asked a lot of questions. and he always wanted to get his information exactly right."
a farewell to arms.
soon afterwards, he heard that his father had killed himself. hemingway was shocked. he said, "my father taught me so much. he was the only one i really cared about."
when hemingway returned to work there was a sadness about his writing that was not there before.
his new book told about an american soldier who served with the italian army during world war one. he meets an english nurse, and they fall in love. they flee from the army, but she dies during childbirth. some of the events are taken from hemingway's service in italy. the book is called "a farewell to arms".
part of the book talks about the defeat of the italian army at a place called caporetto:"at noon we were stuck in a muddy road about as nearly as we could figure, ten kilometres from udine. the rain had stopped during the forenoon and three times we had heard planes coming, seen them pass overhead, watched them go far to the left and heard them bombing on the main highroad. . . ."later we were on a road that led to a river. there was a long line of abandoned trucks and carts on a road leading up to a bridge. no one was in sight. the river was high and the bridge had been blown up in the center; the stone arch was fallen into the river and the brown water was going over it. we went up the bank looking for a place to cross. . . . we did not see any troops; only abandoned trucks and stores. along the river bank was nothing and no one but the wet brush and muddy ground. "
death in the afternoon.
"a farewell to arms" was very successful. it earned hemingway a lot of money. because of this money, he could travel to other places.
one place he visited was spain, a country he loved. he said, "i want to paint with words all the sights and sounds and smells of spain. and if i can write any of it down truly, then it will represent all of spain."
he wrote a book called "death in the afternoon". it describes the spanish custom of bull fighting. hemingway believed that bull fighting was an art, just as much as writing was an art. and he believed it was a true test of a man's bravery, something that always concerned him.
the snows of kilimanjaro.
hemingway also travelled to africa. he had been asked to write a series of reports about african hunting. he said, "hunting in africa is the kind of hunting i like. no riding in cars, just simple walking and feeling the grass under my feet."
the trip to africa resulted in a book called "the green hills of africa" and many smaller stories.
one story is one of hemingway's best. the story, called "the snows of kilimanjaro", tells of hemingway's fears about himself. it is about a writer who betrays his art for money and is unable to remain true to himself.
for whom the bell tolls.
in 1936, the civil war in spain gave him a chance to return to spain and test his bravery again. he agreed to write about the war for an american news organization.
it was a dangerous job. one day, hemingway and two other reporters were driving a car near a battlefield. the car carried two white flags to show they were not fighting. but rebel gunners thought the car was carrying enemy officers. hemingway was almost killed. later he said that "bullets are all the same. if they do not hit you, there is no story. if they do hit you, then you do not have to write it. "
the trip to spain resulted in two works: a play called "the fifth column", and a novel called "for whom the bell tolls". the novel tells the story of an american who has chosen to fight against the fascists. he realizes that there are lies and injustice on his side. but he sees no hope except the victory of his side. during the fighting, he escapes his fear of death and of being alone. he decides that "he can live as full a life in seventy hours as in seventy years."
later days and his married life.
the book was a great success. hemingway enjoyed being famous. his second marriage was ending. he divorced pauline and married reporter martha gellhorn. he had met her while they were working in spain. they decided to live in cuba, near the city of havana. their house looked out over the caribbean sea.
but this marriage did not last long. hemingway was changing. he began to feel that whatever he said was right. martha went on long trips to be away from him. he drank heavily to forget his loneliness.
when america entered world war two, hemingway went to britain as a reporter. later he took part in the invasion of europe and the freeing of paris.
during the war, hemingway met another reporter, mary walsh. in 1945, when his marriage to martha was legally over, he married mary.
after the war, hemingway began work on his last important book, "the old man and the sea". it is the story of a cuban fisherman who refuses to be defeated by nature.
hemingway said, "i was trying to show the experience of the fisherman so exactly and directly that it became part of the reader's experience."
in 1954, hemingway won the nobel prize for literature. but he was too sick to take part in the ceremony.
ernest hemingway was 60 years old, but he said he felt like he was 86. even worse, he felt that he no longer was able to write. he seemed to be living the story about the writer who had sold his writing skill in order to make money.
in 1961, ernest hemingway shot himself dead. among the papers he left was one that described what he liked best:
"to stay in places and to leave. . . to trust, to distrust. . . to no longer believe and believe again. . . to watch the changes in the seasons. . . to be out in boats. . . to watch the snow come, to watch it go. . . to hear the rain. . . and to know where i can find what i want."
ernest hemingway owned many cats, especially cats with extra toes. today these cats are sometimes called "hemingway cats" in his honor. his house in key west, florida is now a home for his cats and their kittens.
the article above is a rewriting of public domain material, provided by voice of america special english
msn (formerly the microsoft network), is a web portal (a website used to enter the internet).
the web portal launched on august 24 1995 by microsoft. the site was launched at around the same time as windows 95. through msn, people can create an e-mail account using msn hotmail, a blog using msn spaces, a group using msn groups and plenty more. it is now the #2 visited site in the world behind yahoo!. many people have come across this site in one way or another because it is the default main page of internet explorer.
msn is also the name for msn messenger (now called windows live messenger). it is an instant messenger, which allows people to communicate through conversations over an internet connection. as well as conversations using text, this program also allows voice and video conversations. you can even use small "emoticons" to express what you are trying to say. messages are sent and received very quickly from around the globe. its current messenger client is windows live messenger.
hotmail is a free email service from msn. it started in 1995. it was bought by microsoft in 1997. microsoft hotmail accounts are used to log in to msn messenger.
a reed is a piece of dry bamboo that is used in some musical instruments such as saxophones, clarinets and oboes. the musician blows air through the mouthpiece where the reed is firmly placed, and the air makes the reed vibrate; this vibration in the mouthpiece produces sound all along the instrument, which is changed into specific musical notes depending on the physical nature of the instrument.
musical instruments that use reeds are members of the woodwind family, because many years ago the instruments were all made of wood. today the instruments can be made of metal (brass, silver, gold), wood, or a hard plastic made to look like wood.
the bassoon family of instruments and the oboe family of instruments play with a double reed. players play through blowing air through the double reed, making the reeds vibrate. a mouthpiece is not needed.
other reeds can be made from metal or plastic.
nuuk (danish: godthaab or godthåb) is the capital of greenland. it is around the mouth of island nuup kangerlua (danish: "godthåbsfjorden") on the west coast of greenland, about 240 km (150 mi) south of the arctic circle. the city has a population of 15,047 people.
it was founded in 1728 by the norwegian missionary hans egede. egede named the city godthåb which means "good hope". today, the people of nuuk are mainly inuit and danes.
nuuk is the location of the university of greenland.
a lumberjack is a person who cuts down trees to be made into lumber. lumberjacks used to cut with axes, but now lumberjacks use chainsaws.
muhammad ( – 8 june 632) was an arab religious, political and social leader. he founded the religion of islam.
born in mecca, muhammad's parents died in his childhood and he grew as an orphan. at the age of six, his grandfather abd al-muttalib took care of him, though he died just two years later. in young life, muhammad accompanied his uncle abu talib on trade trips. in 610 ad, at the age of forty, while muhammad was praying, he reportedly met gabriel and received the first revelation of the quran. at first, muhammad preached these revelations to his close friends and family. he started preaching monotheism publicly where he received opposition from the meccan polytheists. the polytheists boycotted muhammad for three years, in which muhammad could barely eat or drink. he was attacked with stones, ridiculed while praying, and eventually forced to leave his hometown of mecca.
while muhammad was traveling towards medina, he came across taif and preached there where polytheists threw stones, causing muhammad to bleed and almost collapse. after reaching medina with abu bakr, the medinan muslims helped muhammad and made a mosque there.
he is believed to be a descendant of ishmael, a son of abraham, and the last of all prophets ("the seal of the prophets"). he is seen as an example for all muslims to follow.
muhammad was born about 570 ad in mecca. his father, whose name was abdullah, died six months before muhammad's birth. his mother, amina, died when he was six years old. so, his grandfather, abdul-muttalib, took care of him after the death of amina but he too died two years later when muhammad was nine. after his grandfather's death, his uncle abu talib took care of him and was a support to him for many years of his adult life.
beginning of the prophethood.
in 610 ad, when muhammad was forty years old, he went for a walk to the mountain of hira near mecca. according to muslims, the angel jibrail (gabriel) spoke with him in a cave on the mountain. the story says that when muhammad first saw the angel gabriel, he fainted because gabriel was so large. this is what jibrail said to muhammad:
"read... in the name of god who made man from a drop of blood... god is most rewarding... he who taught man to write with pen... and taught man what he knew not."
muhammad went back home to his wife khadijah and told her what had happened. new revelations came to him commanding him to preach what was being sent "down" from god. when muhammad first started teaching, many of the people of mecca, who worshipped idols, did not like the things that muhammad said. but there were also people who listened to his preaching and obeyed his messages. these people were the first of the followers of islam. leaders of mecca punished and tortured the followers of islam. some followers of islam were executed. muhammad resisted this and continued to teach islam.
after muhammad finished in mecca, he took his message to medina, where some people learned about him and his followers. they welcomed him into their city, and muhammad wanted them to convert to islam. they agreed, and many of his followers went to medina. this movement from mecca to medina is called the "hijrah". the hijra was also the beginning of the islamic calendar. muhammad stayed behind until all of his people left mecca safely.
as muhammad stayed in mecca, his uncle abu lahab trained seven men to kill muhammad in his sleep. according to history, they did not see him leave mecca. the men went into his house and found his cousin, ali. abu lahab and his horsemen went to the desert to look for him and his friend, abu bakr.
his stay in medina.
muhammad and abu bakr arrived in medina. some people welcomed muhammad to their homes. he used his camel to show everyone where he would build his house. also, the first mosque of medina, a small place for prayer, was built in the back of this house.
the people in a strong jewish tribe in medina disagreed with the teachings and rules set by muhammad. this tribe told their allies in mecca to sell all the things and homes that muslims of mecca left behind. the muslims and those from mecca were advised to fight for their property. muhammad told them not to do that.
muslims were called all over medina to gather at a mosque that muhammad prayed in. they were told to fight against the people of mecca who burned down their homes and stole their property.
the quraysh pagans of mecca heard about this, and they sent a larger army numbering 1000 warriors to fight the muslims. they met in badr, but the pagans were defeated and abu jahl, one of the pagan leaders, was also killed.
but, the muslims lost the second battle at uhud. one year after the fight at badr, the army of mecca had outside help. muslim archers failed to listen to muhammad's instructions and khalid ibn al-walid cleverly took advantage of that. hamza, muhammad's last uncle, was killed when a slave from mecca threw a spear into his chest. muhammad himself was injured.
then in 627, abu sufyan led the quraysh and its allies to attack medina itself. however, they could not pass the trench that the muslims had dug around medina. after several weeks, the coalition broke up and went home. the medinians were considered victors.
the truce with mecca.
after the pagans of mecca failed to gain control of medina, the muslims became stronger. the pagans then decided to sign a truce with the muslims. this means that they would not fight each other for ten years. the muslims used this as a chance to talk to other people all over arabia. in three years, many people changed their religions to islam.
but, this truce did not last for long. after three years of it, a small group of horsemen from mecca attacked a muslim camp and killed a few of them. the muslims in medina heard of this, and the truce was canceled. abu sufyan, the third leader of mecca in muhammad's lifetime, tried to resume the truce, but muhammad politely refused the offer. muhammad told his followers to be ready to capture mecca. after mecca was captured, they went on to capture the torkan.
the capture of mecca.
in 630, most people in arabia had become muslims, and they became part of muhammad's large army to capture mecca. because of the big size of the army, the people of mecca were afraid to fight back. abu sufyan, who was feeling unhappy over the broken truce, went to muhammad's camp outside mecca to ask for forgiveness. muhammad did not say that he would forgive him, so he returned home. while he was with muhammad, he changed his religion to islam by saying the testimony (ash-ashaada):
"i testify that there is no other god but allah, and i testify that muhammad is the messenger of allah."
the next day, the muslim army walked towards mecca. everyone ran to their homes and closed all doors and windows. they were afraid that the muslims were going to kill them, because of the bad things they did to the muslims many years ago. but, the muslims went towards the ka'aba, believed to be built by abraham and his elder son, ishmael. bilal ibn ribah, a former ethiopian slave, shouted out loud to the people of mecca that they were all safe: "all those who lay down arms are safe. all those in the house of abu sufyan are safe. all those behind closed doors are safe."
abu sufyan heard this in his home. from this, he learns that muhammad forgave him. at that time, muhammad and his followers removed and broke all idols from the kaaba. the idols were statues that were worshiped as gods. muhammad forgave all citizens of mecca. in the end, bilal climbed to the top of the kaaba and called for prayer. this was muhammad's victory in spreading islam all over arabia. but, because he was old, he would not live for long.
in 632 ad, on june 8, muhammad became very sick. before he died, he told his followers about his death. he is buried in the chamber of his wife aisha in medina, where the masjid al-nabawi (mosque of the prophet) is. in medina, his friend abu bakr went to the masjid al-nabawi and shouted to the people:
"if any of you worship muhammad, you should know that muhammad is dead. but those of you who worship allah(swt) (god), let it be known that allah(swt) (god) is alive and cannot die."
although muhammad died, islam soon spread all over the middle east. then, centuries later, it continued till it reached africa, asia and europe. islam has become one of the world's biggest and fastest-growing religions.
when muslims say or write the name of muhammad, they usually follow it with "peace and blessings be upon him" (arabic: "sall-allahu `alayhi wa sallam"). for example, "muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him)". in printed matter, a calligraphic symbol is frequently used instead of printing the phrase. sunnis believe that abu bakr succeeded muhammad. shias believe that ali should have succeeded.
images of muhammad.
most muslims do not make or show images of muhammad. the qur'an does not state that images of muhammad must not ever be made, but it does contain passages that forbid the creation of idols. there are also passages against the creation of images of god in the hadith. muslims, especially sunni muslims, believe there should be no pictures of muhammad. when people create images of muhammad, some muslims may view this as disrespectful, offensive, and emotionally injurious.
in 2005, a danish newspaper published political cartoons of muhammad. more than 100 people died during the ensuing demonstrations. johan galtung, a norwegian mathematician and peace activist, tried to help both sides come together and talk about this. according to galtung, the attacks against danish institutions ended after the government had invited talks.
on 7th january 2015 the kouachi brothers, hooded and armed with kalashnikovs, burst into the editorial meeting of the magazine charlie hebdo, shooting at the assembled people. they killed cartoonists cabu, charb, honoré, tignous and wolinski, psychoanalyst elsa cayat, economist bernard maris, proof-reader mustapha ourrad, police officer frank brinsolaro who was protecting charb, michel renaud, founder of the rendez-vous du carnet de voyage festival invited to the meeting, and caretaker frédéric boisseau. they also seriously wounded cartoonist riss, journalists philippe lançon and fabrice nicolino, and webmaster simon fieschi.
as they left the building, just before killing policeman ahmed merabet who was lying on the pavement wounded and begging for mercy, the terrorists shouted: “we’ve avenged the prophet, muhammad”.
in addition, the following murders have been officially linked to the charlie hebdo massacre: clarissa jean-philippe, 27, a policewoman was killed in the suburb of montrouge. four people were taken hostage at a supermarket in the east of paris. these were yohan cohen, 20, who worked at the supermarket, philippe braham, 45, a business manager for an it firm, yoav hattab, 21, a student and the youngest supermarket victim, francois-michel saada, 64, was a former pension fund manager.
amedy coulibaly, 32, the hostage-taker in the supermarket, has also been linked by paris prosecutors to the shooting and wounding of a 32-year-old jogger in a park in south-west paris, on the day of the charlie hebdo attack.
a list of his wives' names in chronological order
khadijah bint khuwaylid.
abdullah ibn jafar reported that he heard sayyiduna ali saying in kufa that allah's messenger (peace and blessings of allah be upon him) said, "the best of the women of her time was maryam, daughter of imran, and the best of women of her time was khadijah, daughter of khuwaylid." she was 40 years old when they got married.
sawda bint zamʿa.
sawda bint zam'a was the first woman to immigrate to abyssinia in the way of allah.
aisha was a young girl. she is described as very intelligent with a very good memory. aisha spent the next nine years of her life with muhammad, she remembered all that she saw and heard with great clarity, and reported a lot of muhammad's narrations. she married muhammad when she was nine years old.
hafsa bint umar.
by marrying hafsa, muhammad strengthened the ties between two of his closest companions, the two who would become the first two rightly guided khalifs after his death. he was now married to the daughter of abu bakr, a'isha, and to the daughter of umar, hafsa.
zaynab bint khuzayma.
she offered herself in marriage to muhammad who accepted her proposal and married her. zaynab bint khuzayma was seen by the community as very generous to orphans and the poor, later becoming known as the 'mother of the poor'. she died only eight months after.
she was not the only wife to have been widowed as a result of the battle of uhud, and because of this marriage, many of the companions followed muhammad's example, marrying widows and bringing them and their children into the circle of their families, instead of leaving them to struggle on their own.
zaynab bint jahsh.
as with all the marriages of muhammad, there was much for all the muslims to learn from it. this one was to show that zayed ibn haretha was not muhammad's son and to demonstrate that the social level matters when it comes to marriage. she bragged about the fact that her marriage had been arranged by allah. it was at this point that muhammad changed her name from barra to zaynab.
juwayriyya bint al-harith.
muhammad was thinking of how to save her and all her tribe from danger. by marrying juwayriyya, the banu mustaliq would be able to enter islam with honor, and with the humiliation of their recent defeat removed, so that it would no longer be felt necessary by them to embark on a war of vengeance that would have continued until one of the two parties had been annihilated.
ramla bint abi sufyan.
she said that once muhammad said to her, "a house will be built in heaven for anyone who, in the space of a day and a night, prays twelve voluntary prayers;" and she added, "i have never stopped doing this since"
safiyya bint huyayy.
the only person who could save her from becoming a slave after having enjoyed such a high position was muhammad. although her father had planned to assassinate muhammad after the battle of uhud and had conspired with the banu qurayza to exterminate all the muslims during the battle of al-khandaq. muslims believe that this was characteristic of muhammad, as he is believed to not have any grudges.
maymunah bint al-harith.
muhammad gave her the name, maymuna, meaning "blessed", and maymuna lived with muhammad for just over three years, until his death. she was said to be very good-natured and is said to have got on well with everyone and no quarrel or disagreement with any of muhammad's other wives has been related to her. aisha said, "among us, she had the most fear of allah and did the most to maintain ties of kinship."
maria is said to have been honored and respected by muhammad and his family and companions. she spent three years of her life with muhammad, until his death, and died five years later. for the last five years of her life, she remained a recluse and almost never went out except to visit the grave of muhammad or her son's grave. after her death, umar ibn al khattab led the prayer over her and she was buried in al baqi.
the ford mustang is a very popular american sports car built by the ford motor company beginning in 1964. the first cars were built in ford's dearborn, michigan factory on march 9 of that year and the car was first shown to the public on april 17 at the new york world's fair. it did not cost a lot of money, but it was still very fancy and looked like a much more expensive car. people could order their mustang with many options and body styles, such as a convertible, 2+2 (fastback), or coupe. many different engines were available, from the 170 cid six-cylinder to some of ford's biggest and most powerful v-8 engines in later years. this meant car buyers could have a mustang that saved gas or a more powerful and fast car. more than one million mustangs were sold in only two years. the mustang is still being sold today and is still very popular. it was so popular and so different when it was introduced that the mustang and other cars from other makers which looked like the mustang were given the name "ponycar."
the so-called "1964 1/2" mustang was designed by joe oros and dave ash of ford's mercury division, was based on another ford car, the falcon and was proposed by ford's president, lee iacocca. the falcon was not expensive to build and that helped iacocca get the mustang the approval it needed to be built. the people who ran the ford company did not want to take a chance on a car like that because they lost a lot of money on another car, the edsel, just a few years back. it set sales records and became one of the best selling cars of all time. it would remain mostly the same until 1966. so popular was the mustang that three ford assembly plants worked to build it. not only was the mustang built in dearborn, but in metuchen, new jersey and san jose, california as well.
the very first mustang built to be sold to the public was a white convertible with a black interior and a v-8 engine. it was purchased by a pilot from newfoundland. ford offered the one millionth mustang to the owner in exchange for the first one. that first mustang, serial number 5f08f100001, is still on display at the henry ford museum in dearborn.
its second bodystyle came out in 1967, its third in 1969 and its fourth in 1971. bigger, more powerful engines were offered starting in 1967, making some mustangs into musclecars. some of those special mustangs had special names such as mustang gt, mach 1, boss 302, boss 351, boss 429 and 429 scj, or "super cobra jet." by 1971, the mustang had become a much larger car. the car grew in size so that ford could put its biggest engines in it, but insurance companies were charging very high prices to insure powerful cars and sales began to drop. many people missed the original, smaller mustang.
a new second generation mustang came out in 1974 called mustang ii and was based on the ford pinto, although far less than the original car had been based on the falcon. this new car was almost the same size as the original car, but emissions controls and the arab oil embargo meant that the mustang ii was not a very powerful car. 1974 was not only the first time ford had built a car which looked like an older model, it was also the first american car to be built on the metric system. the short, low hood meant that neither the inline six-cylinder engine nor v-8 would fit, so engine choices were changed to a 2.3 liter four-cylinder engine built by ford in brazil and a more expensive v-6 engine built by ford in germany. a 5.0 liter v-8 engine was offered in 1975 which meant that ford engineers had to redesign much of the car to make it fit. no matter which engine was used, the mustang ii was a heavier car than the 1964-66 model.
the mustang ii helped keep the ponycar alive between 1974 and 1978. general motors almost stopped building their popular chevrolet camaro and pontiac firebird; chrysler corporation stopped building the dodge challenger and plymouth barracuda during that time. general motors stopped building the camaro in 2002, but they brought back a new version in 2009. chrysler brought back a new challenger in 2008 as well; they, like today's mustang, are made to look like older models.
the new third generation mustang that came out in 1979 may have been the most important mustang ever. one reason was the return of a powerful v-8 in 1982 which was developed in later years into an even more powerful engine. the basic design continued all the way through the 1993 model year, with a fourth generation launching for the 1994 model year but still using the platform of the old car, but with hundreds of thousands of improvements over the years, very few parts except for some minor chassis parts stayed unchanged.
the 2005 model was the first all-new mustang since 1979. because the original mustang was and is one of the most popular cars ever, ford made the new mustang coupe and convertible look very much like the first mustangs, especially the 1967 and 1968 models. the engines of the 2005 mustang were based on the older engines, but had more power. the 4.0-liter v6 engine made 210 hp and the 4.6-liter v8 300 hp, which rose to 315 hp on the 2008 bullitt. all models were available with manual and automatic transmissions.
both ford and carroll shelby recently brought back the a new version of the very fast shelby gt-500 mustang in 2007. mr. shelby helped create the special shelby gt-350 and gt-500 versions of the mustang beginning in 1965. the 2007 shelby gt500 had a 5.4-liter v8, which produced 500 hp. in 2008 a kr version with 540 hp was added.
the 2010 mustang in turn looks much like the 2005-09 model, but all the body parts except for the roof are different. the rear turn signals of the 2005-2010 cars blink in a one-two-three sequence like the 1967-68 mercury cougar and 1964-66 ford thunderbird. power for the v8 rose to 315 hp. in 2011, the mustang received new engines, a 3.7-liter v6 base engine with 305 hp and a new 5.0-liter engine with 412 hp. power on the shelby gt500 rose to 550 hp and later to 662 hp in 2013. a boss 302 performance version powered by a 444 hp v8 was introduced for 2012.
for 2015, a completely new ford mustang was introduced. this included a 5.0 v8 engine which produced 435hp, and was really a stylish and morden look. 
that was the ford mustang in 2015 but in 2016, shelby decided to boost the 6th generation mustang by creating the all new shelby gt350r which had a 5.2 litre v8 with 526hp at 7500rpm. this was a great increase in performance since the 2015 mustang. it also included many carbon fibre pieces that were put into the car to reduce its weight. the stock rims in fact were the first ever carbon fibre rims created by nasa, a space station in the usa. the gt350r also had a mounted carbon fibre spoiler and quad exhaust pipes. the same mustang will be sold in america until 2018, where ford is rumoured to give us a brand new facelifted mustang...
beginning with the 2021 model year, ford also uses the mustang name on a new, large electric crossover model called the mach-e. 
the 2021 mustang mach-e is ford's first all-electric crossover, and it was designed and named after the company's iconic pony car. the mach-e also pays homage to the "mach 1" moniker that has been used on high-performance mustangs of old. ford said it went with the name because it needed the electrified crossover to be as desirable as a tesla to usher in its new era of electric vehicles. it's expected to provide 300 miles of driving range when paired with the extended-range battery and rear-wheel drive. 
red hat linux is a discontinued linux operating system, replaced by rhel (red hat enterprise linux).
red hat made it public in the past and it was used by many linux users. the last publicly released version was red hat linux 9 in april, 2003. red hat then decided to discontinue a future release of red hat linux and started the paid "red hat enterprise linux" instead. there are some redistributions of rhel, though such as centos which are free and come without red hat's branding, logos etc. due to trademark restrictions.
red hat linux 7.3 version is still widely used around the world for servers and workstations.
around 2005, the red hat company released their system as fedora core, intended to be a test platform for new technologies. it is now called just 'fedora' and its present release acts as a base for the next release of rhel.
sacavém is a city in portugal, near the capital lisbon. there is about eighteen hundred people living there. sacavém is on the border of the river tagus. it confines with the parishes of "bobadela", "camarate", "moscavide", "portela", "prior velho" and "unhos". 
sacavém is very well known for its ceramics.
a shooter is a kind of video game. the aim of the game is to beat enemies by shooting (or otherwise killing) them. the enemies shoot back. 
many of the oldest computer games were shooters; the first video game ever made was a shooter called "computer space". and one of the first games that many people played was a shooter called "space invaders". 
there are lots of different kinds of shooter. now many people like first-person shooters. but there are other kinds too. in japan many people play shooters where the enemies fire lots of bullets. the bullets make beautiful patterns on the screen. this kind of shooter is called a "barrage shooter, bullet hell game" or a "curtain fire shooter". it is also called by the japanese name, "danmaku". one of these games is touhou. another that combines bullet hell elements with an rpg is undertale.
 is a traditional food that is from japan.
the word "sushi" comes from the japanese word meaning vinegar, and ", meaning rice.
sushi is made with specially prepared rice, called . the rice is mixed with vinegar, salt, and sugar. sushi is known for having raw or cooked seafood in it, but it sometimes has non-fish foods such as vegetables. some sushi is wrapped in a sheet of seaweed called .
sushi is traditionally eaten by hand, but it is not wrong to eat it using chopsticks. gari (japanese pickled ginger slices) must be eaten with chopsticks.
there are many different kinds of sushi. the most common sushi in japan is : fish meat that is placed on top of a small portion of "sumeshi". sometimes you may find other ingredients on top of the "sumeshi", such as roe (fish eggs), and sea urchin meat, instead of fish. another type of sushi, , consists of "sumeshi" rolled around fish and/or vegetables. in the us, "makizushi" is more popular than "nigirizushi". another type is known as or a hand roll. this kind of sushi comes in a cone-shape, created by the "nori" wrapped around the ingredients inside. they are usually filled with a mixture of "sumeshi", fish, and vegetables.
sushi is eaten with your bare hands or chopsticks. soy sauce and wasabi are commonly eaten with sushi. "gari" (sweet, pickled ginger) can often be found alongside a plate of sushi and also a little bit of wasabi, used as a palate cleanser.
in japan, sushi is sometimes sold in "conveyor-belt shops" called "kaiten zushi" (回転寿司), where plates of sushi are put on a moving belt that passes by the customers. people freely take the sushi they want as it passes. the color of the plate shows the price of the sushi. this way of serving sushi is becoming more popular in other countries as well.
sushi began when rice farming came to japan over 2,000 years ago. the original type of sushi was developed in the nara prefecture as a way of preserving fish in fermented rice. during the muromachi period, people would eat the rice "and" the fish. during the edo period, vinegar, not fermented rice, was used. in more recent times, it has become a fast food associated with japanese culture.
the origin of sushi goes back to southeast asia around the 4th century b.c.. at that time, it was called "narezushi". the fish was originally eaten alone, without rice. later on, a style of namaranarezushi reached japan. namaranerezushi combined the fish with rice.
what is called sushi in modern times was created by hanaya yohei (1799–1858) at the end of the edo period. sushi invented by hanaya was an early form of fast food that was not fermented. it was prepared quickly. it could be eaten with one's hands. this fish was originally known as edomae zushi because it used freshly caught fish in edo-bay or tokyo bay. the fish used in modern sushi no longer usually comes from tokyo bay.
by the early 1900s, sushi was being served in the united states, after many japanese people had immigrated there. the first united states sushi shop opened up in 1906 in little tokyo in los angeles.
wine making begins with growing red or white grapes. wine grapes have thicker skins and bigger seeds compared to table grapes for eating. after the grapes are ripe, they are picked off the plants. there are different ways of picking (for example, using machines, or picking by hand, in the day, or at night). 
after harvest, the grapes are crushed to release their juice, which is very sugary. before, this was done by people stomping on grapes with their bare feet. today, machines are used, but people sometimes use their bare feet in festivals. the person making the wine also decides now if the wine will be red, white, or rose: 
next, the sweet grape juice is fermented, by adding yeast. in a few days, the yeast turns the sugar into alcohol, and also releases carbon dioxide.
after fermenting, the wine is stored for a while (called "aging"). the person making the wine can make different choices, which will change the flavor of the wine. they can choose to store the wine in a steel container, or a barrel made of oak wood. if they choose wood, the wine will absorb some of the wood flavor, which wine drinkers call "oakiness". this process can take only a couple of weeks, up to several years, depending on what kind of flavor the wine maker wants.
lastly, the wine is bottled and sent to a customer, restaurant or store to be enjoyed.
wine and people.
people have been making wine for about 5000 years. 
wine is a popular drink in many countries. the countries that drink the most wine (using numbers from the year 2000) are: 
however, if you make a list of countries where the average person drinks the most wine, the list is different:
luxembourg, france, italy, portugal, croatia, switzerland, spain, argentina, uruguay, and slovenia.
wine is made in many countries. the countries that make the most wine (using 2015 numbers) are: 
italy, france, spain, usa, argentina, chile, australia, south africa, china and germany.
width or breadth is the side-to-side length, measuring across the object at right angles to the height.
for example, the distance between the left side and right side of a chair is its width.
water () is a transparent, tasteless, odourless, and almost colourless chemical substance and covers over 70% of earth's surface. no known life can live without it.
lakes, oceans, seas, and rivers are made of water. precipitation is water that falls from clouds in the sky. it may be rain (liquid) if it is warm, or it may be frozen if it is cold. if water gets very cold (below ), it freezes and becomes ice, the frozen variant of water. if water gets very hot (above ), it boils and becomes steam or water vapor. it is moved around in the water cycle. water is essential for life.
physical chemistry of water.
water is a fluid. water is the only chemical substance on earth that exists naturally in three states. there are over 40 anomalies (strange things) about water. unlike most other liquids such as alcohol or oil, when water freezes, it expands by about 9%. this expansion can cause pipes to break if the water inside them freezes.
water is a molecule made of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. its chemical formula is h2o.
like other liquids, water has a surface tension, so a little water can make drops on a surface, rather than always spreading out to wet the surface.
things having something to do with water may have "hydro" or "aqua" in their name, such as hydropower or aquarium, from the greek and latin names for water. it is also called the "universal solvent", because it dissolves many other compounds.
in small amounts, water appears to have no colour but in large amounts (such as seas or lakes), it has a very light blue color.
uses of water.
plants and animals (including people) are mostly water inside, and must drink water to live. it gives a medium for chemical reactions to take place, and is the main part of blood. it keeps the body temperature the same by sweating from the skin. water helps blood carry nutrients from the stomach to all parts of the body to keep the body alive. water also helps the blood carry oxygen from the lungs to the body. saliva, which helps animals and people digest food, is mostly water. water helps make urine. urine helps remove bad chemicals from the body. the human body is between 60% and 70% water, but this value differs with age; i.e. a foetus is 95% water inside.
water is the main component of drinks like milk, juice, and wine. each type of drink also has other things that add flavor or nutrients, things like sugar, fruit, and sometimes alcohol. water that a person can drink is called "potable water" (or "drinking water"). the water in oceans is salt water, but lakes and rivers usually have unsalted water. only about 3% of all the water on earth is fresh water. the rest is salt water.
many places, including cities and deserts, don't have as much water as people want. they build aqueducts to bring water there.
though people can survive a few months without food, they can only survive for a day or two without water. a few desert animals can get enough water from their food, but the others must drink.
water has no smell, taste, or color.
water is also used for recreational purposes, "see list of water sports".
water is used as both the coolant and the neutron moderator in most nuclear reactors. this may be ordinary water (called light water in the nuclear industry) or heavy water.
water is also used for washing a lot of objects. goods, services and people are transported to other countries in watercrafts on bodies of water.
water is used in chemical reactions as a solvent or reactant. water is also used in fire fighting. water is also used for cooking.
dihydrogen monoxide parody.
the dihydrogen monoxide parody involves calling water by the unfamiliar chemical name "dihydrogen monoxide" (dhmo) and listing some of its harmful effects in an alarming way. some examples include talking about how "it causes burning, suffocation and corrosion," when it is actually just talking about hot water, drowning and rust. sometimes the parody calls for it to be banned and/or labelled as dangerous.
the prank works because it takes advantage of people's misunderstanding. calling water by an unfamiliar name and making it sound like a harmful chemical can make people think it is dangerous.
"dihydrogen monoxide" is an alternative chemical name for water, but nobody uses it. the word "dihydrogen" means two hydrogens, and "monoxide" means one oxygen. the chemical formula of water has two hydrogens and one oxygen.
the parody gained most of its popularity in the 1990s, when a 14-year-old named nathan zohner collected anti-dhmo petitions for a science project about gullibility. zohner fooled a lot of people, which has led to his project being used in lessons about critical thinking and the scientific method.
the website dhmo.org is a joke website which lists the harmful effects of water (dhmo), answers questions, and calls for it to be banned, among other things.
origin of the earth's water.
the weirdness of water.
a bbc short item explains that every molecule on earth has existed for billions of years, and all of them came from elsewhere. water is alien because it arrived on asteroids and comets. it is the second most common molecule in the universe. why is it not a gas? it is made of two very light elements. ice floating on water is also an oddity. also, hot water freezes faster than cold, and no-one knows why this is. molecules of water can move up against the force of gravity (that is due to surface adhesion).
water in the universe.
much of the universe's water is produced as a by-product of star formation.
on 22 july 2011, a report described the discovery of a gigantic cloud of water vapor containing "140 trillion times more water than all of earth's oceans combined" around a quasar located 12 billion light years from earth. according to the researchers, the "discovery shows that water has been prevalent in the universe for nearly its entire existence".
water has been detected in interstellar clouds in our galaxy, the milky way. water probably exists in abundance in other galaxies, too. its components, hydrogen and oxygen, are among the most abundant elements in the universe. most other planetary systems are likely to have similar ingredients.
origin of water on earth: possibilities.
we do not know exactly how the earth came to have so much water. it is everywhere in the universe, but it is uncommon for a place to have so much. reasoning from first principles, every element except hydrogen has been formed in stars. therefore, oxygen was originally formed in stars. the formation of water is not a problem: it is exothermic, so forming the molecule from its atoms does not need outside energy. but to explain why the earth has so much compared to, for example, mars, is not easy. it is an undecided problem in planetary geology.
for a while, people thought earth’s water did not come from the planet’s region of the protoplanetary disk. instead, it was thought that water and other volatiles must have been delivered to earth from the outer solar system later in its history. but hydrogen inside the earth did play some role in the formation of the ocean. the two ideas may each be partly right. water was delivered to earth by impacts from icy planetesimals (asteroids) in the outer edges of the asteroid belt. how much is not known.
water vapor is the gas form of water and is found in:
liquid water is found on earth. it covers about 71% of the surface of the earth. liquid water is sometimes found in small amounts on mars. scientists believe that liquid water is in the moons enceladus, titan, europa and ganymede.
the frozen form of water (ice) is found in:
a want is a wish or a desire for something. if a person would like to have something, but can choose not to have it, that thing is wanted or can be called a want. to want is not the same as to need, which is when someone "must" have something.
people often talk about needing a thing, when they really just want it. wants can be for the same things as needs. for example, a person can "need" to eat food and can "want" to eat cake. if there is no cake then he or she may have to eat something else, perhaps bread. the need is no longer so important (the person is no longer hungry) although the want may still be there. if there is cake, then the person's needs and wants can both be met.
in economics, a want is about goods or services. choice is how to satisfy a want, when there are different ways to do this.
want can also be the idea of what it means to be poor, hungry or with no money. charles dickens wrote a famous book called "a christmas carol" in which there are two children, named want and ignorance.
war is a situation or a period of fighting between countries or groups of people. a war generally involves the use of weapons, a military organization and soldiers. war is a situation in which a nation enforces its rights by using force. not every armed conflict is a war. a fight between individuals, between gangs, drug cartels, etc. is not considered a war. however, most wars are called armed conflicts. international humanitarian law is a set of rules that tries to limit the effects of wars. international humanitarian law recognizes two kinds of wars. these are:
karl von clausewitz wrote in his classic book, "on war", that "war is a mere continuation of policy with other means.” clausewitz viewed war as a political instrument. his book about military philosophy remains the most influential work on the history and strategy of war. an earlier authority on war was sun tzu. in his book "the art of war", sun tzu saw war as a necessary evil. it was something people do.
wars have been fought to control natural resources, for religious or cultural reasons and over political balances of power. they have been fought over legitimacy (correctness) of particular laws. they have been fought to settle arguments about land or money, and many other issues. the reasons behind any war are often very complex. while a war can start for just about any reason, there is usually more than one cause.
war and the beginning of nations.
from the earliest times, individual states or political factions have used war to gain sovereignty over regions. in one of the earliest civilizations in history, mesopotamia, they were in a near constant state of war. ancient egypt during its early dynastic period came about by war when lower and upper egypt were joined as one country, about 3100 bc. the zhou dynasty ruled ancient china came to power in 1046 through war. scipio africanus (236-183 bce) defeated carthage leading ancient rome to begin a conquest of the known world. philip ii of macedon (382-336 bce) united a group of city-states to become ancient greece.
kinds of war.
sometimes, people don't see a difference between fighting between countries or people, and the formal declaration of a state of war. those who do see this difference usually only use the word "war" for the fighting where the countries' governments have officially declared war on each other. smaller armed conflicts are often called riots, rebellions, coups, etc.
one country may send forces to another country for a variety of reasons. sometimes it is to help keep order or prevent killings of innocents or other crimes against humanity. it may be to protect a friendly government against an uprising. here it may be called a police action or humanitarian intervention instead of a war. some people think it's still a war.
another kind of war existed from 1947 until 1991 called the cold war. this started when diplomatic relations between the united states and the soviet union broke down. both countries had nuclear weapons and both stood ready to use them against the other. but there was no actual war between the two. it ended with the fall of the soviet union in 1991. the cold war was also called a containment where the united states tried to prevent the spread of communism to other countries. during the cold war, the major powers did not fight themselves, but often backed third parties in what was called a proxy war. the vietnam war is often given as an example of a proxy war. but proxy wars happened long before the cold war and are still happening.
a war between peoples and groups in the same country is known as a civil war. it is generally agreed there are two things that make a war a civil war. it must be a struggle between groups in the same country or state over political control or to force a major change in the government's policy. the second criterion is that more than 1000 people have to have been killed, with a minimum of 100 from each side. the american civil war is an example of a civil war. while the figures are mere estimates, the total casualties are thought to be about 750,000.
laws of war.
only in the last 150 years or so, have states agreed on international laws to limit warfare. this has been mainly for humanitarian reasons. the geneva conventions and the hague conventions are two examples of agreements that establish laws governing wars. collectively, these are usually called international humanitarian law (ihl). because these are established laws, they restrict those engaged in armed conflicts to follow the ihl. also, a country must not only respect the law but they also need to make sure other countries respect it as well. they cannot turn a blind eye (meaning pretend they do not see a thing) to countries who are not following ihc. the first of these was the geneva convention in 1864. it became international law with the signatures of 100 countries.
the statistical analysis of war was started by lewis fry richardson following world war i. more recent databases of wars have been assembled by the correlates of war project and peter brecke.
yiddish is a language used by some jews. at first, it was a dialect of german that jews began to use in europe about 1000 years ago. it was and still is used in the united states, especially in new york city, and other countries that now have jews.
most yiddish words come from german, but many words are also from hebrew and slavic languages, especially polish, and some from french, hungarian and latin. yiddish is written usually by the hebrew alphabet.
in the world, yiddish is spoken by about 3 million people, mainly hasidic jews.
in the netherlands and sweden, yiddish is protected by the european charter for regional or minority languages.
one year is about 365 days long (except in a leap year). it is the time it takes the earth to go completely around (orbit) the sun once. a year is actually almost 365.25 days long, but a calendar has 365 days, except in a leap year, which has 366 days.
the year starts on january 1 and ends on december 31 in the gregorian calendar, but a fiscal year or a school year can start on a different day of the year.
there are several ways used to measure the length of a year.
solar and lunar years are used by different calendars for daily life. the other measurements are used by astronomers.
a specific calendar is provided for the liturgical year.
you is a second-person english pronoun. the word can be singular or plural. it is what a person says when he or she is addressing another person in second person. sometimes, just using the english letter "u" is acceptable, and "ur" for the words "you're" and "your". this is very informal, and is mostly used in texting.
a yard is a unit of length in some measuring systems.
yard can also mean:
the chinese language is the group of languages used by chinese people in china and elsewhere. it forms part of a language family called the sino-tibetan family of languages.
chinese includes many regional language varieties, the main ones being mandarin, wu, yue and min. these are not mutually intelligible and many of the regional varieties are themselves a number of non-mutually-intelligible subvarieties. as a result, many linguists refer to these varieties as separate languages.
'chinese' can refer to the written or the spoken languages. although there are many spoken chinese languages, they use the same writing system. differences in speaking are reflected in differences in writing. official china adopts a similar policy to the one in the soviet union, using one official language so people can understand each other. the standard chinese language is referred to as mandarin in english, "pǔtōnghuà" or "common to everybody speech" in mainland china and "guóyǔ" or "language of the whole country" in taiwan. all official documents in pinyin are written in mandarin and mandarin is taught all over china. it is also a standard for language teaching in some other countries.
chinese is used by the han people in china and other ethnic groups in china who are declared chinese by the chinese government. many people in autonomous regions of china speak other languages. chinese is almost always written in chinese characters. they are symbols that have meaning, called logograms. they also give "some" indication of pronunciation, but the same character can get very different pronunciations among the different kinds of chinese. since chinese characters have been around for at least 3500 years, people in places far from each other say them differently, just as "1, 2, 3" can be read differently in different languages.
chinese people needed to write down pronunciations in dictionaries. chinese does not have an alphabet, so how to write down sounds was a big problem in the beginning. nowadays the mandarin language uses hanyu pinyin to represent the sounds in roman letters.
all the chinese languages (or dialects) use tones. this means that they use high and low pitches to help make differences in meaning clear.
different languages or dialects of chinese.
the chinese language is like a big tree. the base of the tree started thousands of years ago. it now has several main limbs. some people call "just a branch" what other people call a main limb, so you can say there are six or seven main limbs. each of these main limbs splits off into branches about the way there are branches of english spoken in great britain, the united states, australia, india, and so forth. just as the romance languages all come from the area around rome and are based on latin, the chinese languages all have some common source, so they keep many common things among them.
here are the main seven main groups of languages/dialects of chinese by size:
traditional and simplified characters.
in 1956, the government of the people's republic of china made public a set of simplified chinese characters to make learning, reading and writing the chinese language easier. in mainland china and singapore, people use these simpler characters. in hong kong, taiwan and other places where they speak chinese, people still use the more traditional characters. the korean language also uses chinese characters to represent certain words. the japanese language uses them even more often. these characters are known in korean as hanja and in japanese as kanji.
a chinese person with a good education today knows 6,000-7,000 characters. about 3,000 chinese characters are needed to read a mainland newspaper. however, people who have learned only the 400 most frequently used characters can read a newspaper—but they will have to guess some less-used words.
here are some samples of some words and sentences in mandarin chinese. simplified characters are on the left, and traditional characters are on the right. the pronunciation is given in the pinyin system, which may not always be as simple as it looks for those who have not studied it.
the traditional characters are now used in hong kong and taiwan. chinese from mainland china uses the simplified characters, but may recognize traditional characters.
before 1956, chinese was written using only traditional characters. at that time most chinese people could not read or write at all. the government of the people's republic of china thought that the traditional characters were very hard to understand. they also thought that if they made the characters simpler more people could learn how to read and write. today, many people in china can read and write with the new simplified characters.
zero (0) is a special number. if there are zero things, then there is nothing at all. for example, if a person has zero hats, that means they do not have any hats.
the symbol for the number zero is "0". it is the additive identity of common numbers. this means that if a number is added to 0, then that number would remain unchanged.
math with zero.
 3 + 0 = 3
 3 − 0 = 3
 0 − 3 = −3
 43 × 0 = 0
 0 ÷ 43 = 0
 43 ÷ 0 has an undefined answer.
 0 ÷ 0 has no answer.
the following table includes all of the above examples along with other operations in a condensed, generalized form (where "x" represents any number).
history of zero.
the idea of zero was first thought about in babylon, india and in central america at different times. some places and countries did not know about zero, which may have made it harder for those people to do mathematics. for example, the year after 1 bc is ad 1 (there is no year zero). in india, zero was theorized in the seventh century by the mathematician brahmagupta.
over hundreds of years, the idea of zero was passed from country to country, from india and babylon to other places, like greece, persia and the arab world. the europeans learned about zero from the arabs, and stopped using roman math. this is why numbers are called "arabic numerals".
the place of zero as a number.
zero is almost never used as a place number (ordinal number). this means that it is not used like 1, 2, or 3 to indicate the order, or place, of something, like 1st, 2nd, or 3rd. an exception to this is seen in many programming languages.
some other things about zero:
any number divided by itself equals one, except if that number is zero. in symbols:
0 ÷ 0 = "not a number."
in time, zero means "now". for example, when a person is counting down the time to the start of something, such as a foot race or when a rocket takes off, the count is: "three, two, one, zero (or "go")". zero is the exact time of the start of the race or when the rocket takes off into the sky.
0 as a number.
0 is the integer that precedes the positive 1, and follows −1. in most (if not all) numerical systems, 0 was identified before the idea of 'negative integers' was accepted. it means "courageous one" in hieroglyphics.
zero is a number which means an amount of null size; that is, if the number of brothers is zero, that means the same thing as having no brothers, and if something has a weight of zero, it has no weight. if the difference between the numbers of pieces in two piles is zero, it means the two piles have an equal number of pieces. before counting starts, the result can be assumed to be zero; that is the number of items counted before one counts the first item, and counting the first item brings the result to one. and if there are no items to be counted, zero remains the final result.
is zero a number ?
while mathematicians all accept zero as a number, some non-mathematicians would say that zero is not a number, arguing that one cannot have zero of something. others say that if one has a bank balance of zero, one has a specific quantity of money in that account, namely none. it is that latter view which is accepted by mathematicians and most others.
is zero a natural number ?
a debate asking if 0 is or not a natural number has been discussed over time.
encyclopædia britannica says 0 is a natural number. wolfram mathworld´says it isn't. the on-line encyclopedia of integer sequences says it isn't. the princeton companion to mathematics says 0 is a natural number.
although the international baccalaureate thinks 0 to be a natural number. oxford dictionary says "a positive whole number such as 1, 2, or 3, and sometimes also zero".
there was no year zero between 1 bc and 1 ad. more specifically, almost all historians leave out the year zero from the proleptic gregorian and julian calendars (that is, from the normal calendar used in english-speaking countries), but astronomers include it in these same calendars. however, the phrase year zero may be used to describe any event considered so important, that someone might want to start counting years all over again from zero.
0 as a numeral.
the modern numeral 0 is normally written as a circle or (rounded) rectangle. in old-style fonts with text figures, 0 is usually the same height as a lowercase x.
on the seven-segment displays of calculators, watches, etc., 0 is usually written with six line segments, though on some historical calculator models, it was written with four line segments. the four-segment 0 is not common.
the "number" zero (as in the "zero brothers" example above) is not the same as the "numeral" or "digit" zero, used in numeral systems using positional notation. successive positions of digits have higher values, so the digit zero is used to skip a position and give appropriate value to the preceding and following digits. a zero digit is not always necessary in a different positional number system. something called bijective numeration is a possible example of a system without zeroes.
the numerical digit zero.
0 (zero) is also used as a numerical digit used to represent that number in numerals. it is used to hold the place of that digit, because correct placing of digits affects a numeral's value.
telling zero and the letter o apart.
the number 0 and the letter o are both round, though of different widths. the difference is important on a computer. for one thing, a computer will not do arithmetic with the letter o, because it does not know that it should have been a zero.
the oval-shaped zero and circular letter o came into use together on modern character displays. the zero with a dot in the centre seems to have begun as a choice on ibm 3270 controllers (this has the problem that it looks like the greek letter theta). the slashed zero, looking like the letter o with a diagonal line drawn inside it, is used in old-style ascii graphic sets that came from the default typewheel on the well-known asr-33 teletype. this format causes problems because it looks like the symbol formula_1, representing the empty set, as well as for certain scandinavian languages which use ø as a letter.
the rule which has the letter o with a slash and the zero without was used at ibm and a few other early mainframe makers; this is even more of a problem for scandinavians, because it looks like two of their letters at the same time. some burroughs/unisys computers display a zero with a backwards slash. and yet another convention common on early line printers left zero without any extra dots or slashes but added a tail or hook to the letter o so that it resembled an inverted q or cursive capital letter o.
the letters used on some european number plates for cars make the two symbols look different. this is done by making the zero rather egg-shaped and the o more circular, but most of all by cutting open the zero on the upper right side, so the circle is not closed any more (as in ). the style of letters chosen is called "" (abbr.: "fe schrift"), meaning "script which is harder to falsify". but those used in the united kingdom do not make the letter o and the number 0 look different from each other, because there can never be any mistake if the letters are correctly spaced.
in paper writing you do not have to make the 0 (zero) and o (letter o) look different at all. or you may add a slash across the zero in order to show the difference.
zeroes of a function.
functions are explained in the function (mathematics) article. if the function "f"("x") = 0, then "x" is called a zero (or root) of the function "f". for example, if the function "f"("x") is "x"2 − 1, then the zeroes of the function are +1 and −1, because "f"(+1) = (+1)2 − 1 = 0, and "f"(−1) = (−1)2 − 1 = 0.
zeroes of a function are used because they are another way to talk about solving an equation, which is a main goal in algebra. if we want to solve an equation like "x"2 = 1, then we can subtract the right-hand side of the equation from both sides, in this case 1. whatever we get on the left-hand side, in this case "x"2 − 1, can be called a function "f"(x). the right-hand side has to be zero, because we subtracted it from itself. so "f"(x) = 0. finding the zeroes of this function is the same as solving this equation. in the paragraph before, the zeroes of this function are +1 and −1, so they are the solutions of this equation. we got this equation by subtracting the same thing from both sides, so we also have solutions to the equation we started with, in this case "x"2 = 1. more generally, if we could find zeroes of functions, we could solve any equation.
zoology is the science of studying animal life. it is part of biology. the word is pronounced "zō-ölogy", not "zoo-ology". animal life is classified into groups called phyla, of which there are at least thirty. 
zoologists are scientists who study animals. they may work in laboratories, or do field research. the methods are many and various. at the heart, they cover the structure, function, ecology and evolution of animals. the structure is investigated by dissection, and microscopic examination. the function is investigated by observation and experiment. palaeontology supplies information about extinct animals. zoologists may be employed by universities, museums, or by zoos.
short-list of zoologists.
zinc, sometimes called spelter, is a chemical element. it is in the group of metals called the transition metals. it is sometimes considered a post-transition metal. its symbol on the periodic table is "zn". zinc is the 30th element on the periodic table, and has an atomic number of 30. zinc has a mass number of 65.38. it contains 30 protons and 30 electrons. in total, 29 isotopes of zinc are known, and five of these occur in nature. some isotopes are radioactive. their half-lives are between 40 milliseconds for 57zn and 5x1018 years for 70zn.
zinc is a metal that is mostly used for galvanizing and batteries. it is the fourth most common metal used by people.
zinc is a shiny bluish grey metal. when it has just been cut, zinc has a whitish-grey color. if it is exposed to air, it will not stay shiny for long. its melting point is (), and its boiling point is (). this temperature is lower than most transition metals but higher than tin or lead. it can be melted on a cooking stove. it boils at a low temperature for a metal. it is not magnetic. when heated a little, it becomes very flexible. if it is heated more, it becomes very brittle. it forms alloys easily with other metals.
zinc is a reactive metal. it is about as reactive as aluminium and more reactive than most of the more common metals, such as iron, copper, nickel, and chromium. it is less reactive than magnesium. zinc can react with acids, bases, and nonmetals. it does not rust in air, though. a coating of zinc oxide and zinc carbonate forms on the surface of the zinc when it is in air. this coating stops corrosion. acids can dissolve this coating and react with the zinc metal. this reaction of zinc with an acid makes a zinc(ii) salt such as zinc chloride and hydrogen gas. this is a very common chemical reaction. the reaction below is the reaction with hydrochloric acid.
zinc can burn when powdered or in small pieces to make zinc oxide, a white powder. the flame is bright blue-green.
zinc oxide can dissolve in strong bases. this reaction happens in some batteries that have zinc in them.
zinc is a chalcophile. this means that it would rather react with sulfur and elements below it on the periodic table than oxygen. that is why zinc sulfide is the most common zinc ore, not zinc oxide.
zinc can make chemical compounds with other elements. these chemical compounds are only in one oxidation state: +2. a +1 compound has been found but it is hard to make. there are no other oxidation states other than +1 or +2. most of these compounds have no color. if they have a color, it is not the zinc that is making the color.
zinc chloride is one of the most common zinc compounds. they are quite unreactive. they are a little acidic when dissolved in water. they make a green flame when heated in a fire.
other zinc compounds are:
five isotopes of zinc are found in nature. 64zn is the most common isotope, with 48.63% of naturally occurring zinc. this isotope has a half-life of 4.3x1018 years. this is so long, that its radioactivity can be ignored. similarly, (0.6%), with a half life of 1.3x1016 years is usually considered to not be radioactive. the other isotopes found in nature are (28%), (4%) and (19%).
zinc is not found as a metal in the earth's crust. zinc is only found as zinc compounds. sphalerite, a mineral that is made of zinc sulfide, is a main ore of zinc. very little zinc is in the ocean. zinc ore is normally found with copper and lead ores.
there are some other zinc ores, such as smithsonite (zinc carbonate) and a zinc silicate mineral. they are less common.
the zinc sulfide is concentrated by flotation. there is a detergent that collects the zinc sulfide. the impurities sink to the bottom and are removed. then the zinc sulfide is heated in air to make zinc oxide and sulfur dioxide.
the sulfur dioxide is oxidized to sulfur trioxide.
the sulfur trioxide reacts with the zinc oxide to make zinc sulfate. this makes a soluble form of zinc which can be processed more.
the zinc sulfate is purified and electrolyzed. this electrolysis makes oxygen, zinc, and sulfuric acid. this makes a pure zinc that is known as "shg" or special high grade.
the sulfuric acid is reused in place of the sulfur trioxide to leach more zinc oxide.
zinc oxide can also be reduced by carbon to zinc metal and carbon dioxide at high temperatures. this is a blast furnace process similar to how iron is made.
this form of zinc is cheaper but is not pure.
zinc is the fourth most commonly used metal in the world. about 10 million tons are made every year.
as a metal.
zinc is used in electrical batteries. the alkaline cell and the leclanche cell are the ones that use zinc the most. it becomes oxidized and provides electrons for the battery to run.
about 59% of zinc is used for corrosion prevention, which includes galvanizing. 47% of the world's zinc is used for galvanizing. this is used to protect another metal, usually iron, from rusting. the zinc coating corrodes instead of the iron. the zinc coating can be placed on the metal in two ways. the metal can be dipped into a pot of melted zinc. the zinc can also be electroplated on to the metal. dipping lasts longer but has a patchy surface that some do not think looks nice. it is also used in motorboats and pipelines to slow rusting. the motor of a motorboat often has a "bullet" of zinc, that will corrode easily, but will help other metal parts of the motor to stay rust free.
zinc is used in alloys. brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. brass is the most common zinc alloy. zinc can form alloys with many other metals. zinc aluminium is an alloy of zinc and aluminium, which makes good bearings. commercial bronze has zinc in it. sometimes cadmium telluride is reacted with zinc to make cadmium zinc telluride, a semiconductor. nickel silver is another zinc alloy.
zinc can be used in the pipes of a pipe organ. an alloy of tin and lead was used in the past. zinc is used in the us penny, which only has a thin layer of copper. the core is zinc. older pennies were made completely out of bronze.
a mixture of powdered zinc and sulfur can be used to propel a model rocket. this reaction makes zinc sulfide, heat, light, and gases. zinc sheet metal is used to make zinc bars.
as zinc compounds.
about 1/4 of zinc is used to make zinc compounds. zinc oxide can be used for sunscreen or paint pigment. zinc oxide also is a semiconductor. zinc chloride is used to preserve wood so it does not rot. some fungicides have zinc in them. zinc sulfate is used in dyes and pigments. zinc sulfide is used in fluorescent bulbs to convert the ultraviolet light to visible light.
humans need a little bit of zinc to help their body run well. if they do not get enough zinc in their food, they can get a mineral deficiency. almost two billion people have a zinc deficiency. zinc deficiency makes one more easily get infections. some people say that when we get colds, we should take more zinc. others say that zinc does not make a difference. there are medicines that one can use when they have a cold. people add tiny amounts of zinc compounds to vitamin pills and cereals to make sure that they get enough zinc. most single-tablet vitamins have zinc in them. zinc is found in at least 100 enzymes. it is the second most common transition metal other than iron. zinc also is used by the brain. the human body contains 2 to 4 grams of zinc. a zinc enzyme helps remove carbon dioxide from blood. whole wheat has much zinc in it.
large amounts of zinc metal are toxic. it can dissolve in stomach acid. when too much zinc is eaten, copper and iron levels go down in the body. zinc compounds can be corrosive in the stomach. zinc compounds put in the nose can ruin the sense of smell.
zinc ions are very toxic to fish and many things that live in water.
zebras are mammals of the family "equidae". zebras are african horses. they are in the same genus as the common horse, "equus caballus", and donkeys. zebras are known for having many black and white stripes. there are three main species of zebra, grevy's zebra, the plains zebra, and the mountain zebra.
all zebras have very short fur because they live in hot areas. their fur has black and white stripes. the main part of the body has mostly vertical stripes, and the legs have horizontal stripes. they also have a dark line directly down their spine. each of the different zebra species has different types of stripes. each zebra has a unique pattern.
despite many attempts, we do not really know what the advantage is of having those characteristic stripes. there are different species and sub-species of zebra, and they all have stripes, so scientists think it must be important.
zebras are social animals that spend time in herds, they graze together and sometimes even groom each other. they can have babies (foals) when they are about five years old and can have one every year. zebras mainly eat grass, but they also eat fruit, leaves, and some vegetables. they always live near water and are an endangered species.
zebras live in africa, south of the sahara desert.
a zoological garden, zoological park, or zoo is a place where many different species types of animals are kept so that people can see and watch them.
modern zoos try not only to be for people's entertainment, but for education, research, and the conservation and protection of animals. many zoos are centers where rare animals are preserved when they are in danger of dying out. these modern zoos also want to give the animals a natural life, so that they are healthy and behave normal. this is done for the animals, but also that people can see the animals as if they were in nature, and not in a zoo.
zoos cost money. they educate the public on the biological diversity that makes up the world. they help people and wildlife successfully coexist. they pursue continuing research and education for people. they preserve crucial natural resources. they work to ensure zoos can provide the most natural environment possible for wildlife in its care. without enough money they cannot do these things.
many zoos are not like the modern type of zoo. there the animals are held in bad conditions. they are kept in small cages, and they are bored and get sick.
there are different types of zoo all over the world. they are:
 copyright is a law that gives the owner of a work (for example, a book, movie, picture, song or website) the right to say how other people can use it. copyright laws make it easier for authors to make money by selling their works. it is one part of a group of laws about intellectual property (the others being trademark and patent law). it helps protect authors from other people copying their works without permission and/or for commercial purposes.
with copyright, a work can only be copied if the owner gives permission. if someone copies a work without permission, the owner can say they infringed their copyright. when this happens, the owner may sue for the amount that should have been paid. most cases are handled by civil law. in more serious cases, a person who copies a work that is protected under copyright could be arrested, fined or even go to prison. commonly, the copyright law will protect the authors and their heirs for 50 to 100 years since the author's death, or the first day of multiple authors' deaths. 
many countries have modified their copyright law to meet international standards. however, there are still differences in national laws. in some countries, someone violating copyright law will be sued only to the civil law courts but other countries they can also be charged by criminal courts.
copyright was originally made in the 18th century for books. before printing presses were made, books could only be copied by hand, which would take time. but when printing presses were made, books could be copied faster and easier. because of this, some books were copied by people who did not own the book themselves. so lawmakers gave only owners the right to copy. national laws were somewhat standardized by international treaties.
because technology got better over time, copyright began to cover other types of media such as pictures, sound, and film. commonly, copyright violation warning would be shown at the beginning of the media to warn audiences against violating copyright law.
who owns copyright?
in most countries, authors automatically own the copyright to any work they make or create, as long as they do not give the copyright to someone else.
in most countries, there is no need to register the copyright, and some countries do not even have procedures to register copyrights. but, where registration is available, many authors register anyway, especially for works that are sold for money. that is because registration helps to prove that the copyright of a work belongs to a certain author. 
if an author gets paid to make a work for someone else, the person who pays for making the work (for example, the author's employer) will often get to own the copyright instead of the author themselves. for example, if a person working for a company, microsoft creates a new computer software program at work, the microsoft company would own the copyright. it is very common that the company will instead register the copyright to avoid their employees from claiming their works.
length of copyright protection.
copyright laws usually protect owners of copyright beyond their lifetime. in some countries, such as canada and new zealand, works are protected for 50 years after the last living author dies. in other countries, like the united states and the european union, the protection lasts for 70 years after death. when the period of copyright protection has ended, the written document, musical composition, book, picture, or other creative work is in the public domain. this means that no one owns the copyright and everyone is free to copy, use and change them without having to ask for permission or pay the owner.
there is an exception to the rules of copyright, called fair use. this means that people can copy a very small amount of a work to use in reviews or in research reports.
an example of fair use is when newspaper writers quote several sentences from a copyright-protected document to tell the story. another example of "fair use" is when a university professor quotes several sentences from a copyright-protected book in a review of the book, or in a research report.
copyright in different countries.
different countries have different copyright laws. most of the differences are about:
because of these differences, a certain piece of work may be under copyright in one country, and in the public domain in another.
problems with copyright.
some people argue that copyright laws make it easier for people to make new works and think of new ideas. after all, if authors get to make money for the time, effort and money they put in, then they will want to make more works later, and make more money.
but others believe that copyright laws make it harder to be creative. without copyright, other people could reuse existing work, and copyright law often stops that.
if an author wants to sell a work, it's often easiest to give the copyright to a publisher. the publisher will do all the selling, and in return for that service, will keep part of the money. but the publisher has many different things to sell, and they may not want to sell the work the author made. authors often find it very hard to find a publisher willing to sell their work.
but without a publisher, it can be even harder for an author to sell his or her work. in many markets, a few big publishers own the copyrights to almost everything available, and stores will not want to sell works published by small authors themselves. many people say copyright law helps big publishers stay in control, and keeps smaller authors out of the market. (tragedy of the anticommons).
as a solution to these problems, groups of authors have come up with the idea of open content. with open content, authors give everyone permission to copy, change and give away or sell their works, as long as they follow certain rules. these rules are explained in an open content license. some possible open content rules are:
the term for open content is sometimes called copyleft.
the republic of china (), was a country in east asia that governed all of china before. the people's republic of china (prc) is located to the northwest; japan is to the northeast; the philippines is to the south. the chinese nationalists lost the chinese civil war to the communists in 1949 and moved the government of the republic of china from nanjing to taipei. constitutionally, it still claims the ownership of all of china, including mainland china, hainan and several off-shore islands, taiwan, mongolia, northern myanmar (burma), and tuva (now russian territory), as part of the roc, however this is rarely noted in recent years.
the territory the republic of china (roc) controls is known by most people as the island of taiwan. most places on taiwan island are called "taiwan province" by the government of the republic of china for official business, except the two largest cities of taipei and kaohsiung. west of taiwan island, there are three small groups of islands that also belong to roc. they are:
the roc used to govern mainland china too, from 1911 - 1949, and was a founding member of the un (as china) in 1945. today, mainland china is governed by the communist people's republic of china; see history and political problems of china. however, roc still declares mainland china as its territory officially. the republic of china also used to govern mongolia.
there are administrative divisions in different levels and types.
157 districts (區 qū ㄑㄩ), 17 country-controlled cities (縣轄市 xiànxiáshì ㄒㄧㄢˋㄒㄧㄚˊㄕˋ), 41 urban townships (鎮 zhèn ㄓㄣˋ), and 153 rural townships (鄉 xiāng ㄒㄧㄤ) stand the 3rd level. districts stand under either special municipalities or provincial cities; country-controlled cities, urban townships, and rural townships stand under counties.
villages (里 lǐ ㄌㄧˇ or 村 cūn ㄘㄨㄣ) stand the 4th level, and neighborhoods (鄰 lín ㄌㄧㄣˊ) stand the 5th level.
the nationalists, led by dr. sun yat-sen, got rid of the qing dynasty ruled by the manchus, then they established the roc and ended imperial dynastic rule in late-1911. the roc at that time had mainland china and all of what is now called mongolia.
after the japanese were defeated by the allies during world war ii, taiwan was controlled by the roc.
in 1949, the chinese communists fought a war against the nationalists and won. they established the people's republic of china. the nationalists left mainland china and arrived in taiwan.
after the roc created a base on taiwan, it hoped one day to capture the mainland. but chinese communists grew stronger, so the nationalists never did go back. the communists say they replaced the roc as the only government of china and also calls taiwan their own.
polls show a majority of people in taiwan want to never be a part of the people's republic of china. some of these people believe in complete taiwan independence and want to rename the roc (taiwan) to "republic of taiwan" so taiwan can participate in international affairs. most others want the "status quo", which means keeping everything the way it is now. a small minority wish to someday unite with the people's republic of china; they want chinese reunification.
most taiwanese people speak the standard chinese language known as mandarin, and others speak local dialects such as min nan (taiwanese) or hakka. the cantonese language, spoken in parts of southern china (for example, the province of guangdong, hong kong and macau), is not spoken in taiwan. a small percentage of aboriginal taiwanese speak aboriginal languages, but the rest of the chinese people have treated them badly, and many of these people, and their languages, struggle to survive. some older taiwanese people who went to school while the country was under japanese rule can speak japanese.
after the nationalist government fled the mainland in 1949, they brought mandarin and promoted it in taiwan. then everyone in the roc had to learn mandarin. but, unlike the people in mainland china, the taiwanese never changed to simplified chinese characters and so they have always used traditional chinese characters. in the past, students were not allowed to speak their mother tongue in school and were expected to speak only mandarin. taiwanese, hakka, and native languages were considered bad until the early 1990s, when education in these languages began to be taught in some school systems. they were promoted, but by this time, many young people could speak only mandarin.
currently, nearly one third of taiwanese report knowing some amount of english. full english fluency is not common, however. the government plans to expand english education and make it an official language by 2030.
simple english might mean:
<--/ sorry i mistake --the supposed ""deletor"" -->
a prison or jail is a building where people are forced to live if their freedom has been taken away. the main use for prisons is as a punishment for breaking the law. those who break the law and are convicted (found guilty) in court can receive a prison sentence, which is an order to spend an amount of time in prison. prisons are usually run by the government.
there are other reasons why someone might be held in prison. sometimes, people can be held in prison before their trial (known as pre-trial detention or remand). in times of war, captured soldiers may become prisoners of war and civilians (non-soldiers) may be placed in an internment camp. in some countries, prisons are also used for political prisoners (people who disagree with the country's leader or government).
other words for a prison include a gaol (pronounced like "jail"), penitentiary or correctional facility. in the us, the words "prison" and "jail" mean separate things. a us "jail" is run by a local government and holds people who have not yet had their trial or who have been convicted for a minor crime. a us "prison" or "penitentiary" is run by the state or federal government and holds people who are serving a long sentence for a serious crime. outside of north america, "prison" and "jail" mean the same thing. there are lots of slang words for prisons.
in the united states and many other developed countries, inmates have most or all their personal possessions confiscated until release and are forced to wear prison uniforms.
prison buildings and facilities.
prisons are usually surrounded by walls and gates. there are usually many locked gates inside the prison to control the inmates.
the inmates sleep in small locked rooms called cells. cells have a bunk bed, a toilet, and a sink. inmates are allowed to leave their cell every day for exercise. some inmates work in the prison during the day, either in a factory or doing cooking or cleaning. law enforcement officers called prison guards watch the inmates. the manager of a prison is called the warden (us, canada), superintendent (some parts of the us, india) or governor (uk, australia).
prisons usually also include other buildings and facilities, such as a chapel, a library, an exercise yard, a gymnasium, an infirmary (small hospital), visiting rooms (for visits from family and lawyers), kitchens, and accommodation for prison staff.
the level of security a prison has depends on the type of prison. a "maximum security prison" has even more protection than a regular prison. some prisons in the united states have a section called "death row", where people who have been sentenced to death are kept in prison until their execution. on the other hand, an "open prison" is a prison where inmates can often travel out of the prison. these are used for prisoners who have been convicted of minor crimes, or who will soon be released.
the united nations made the "standard minimum rule" for human treatment for prisoners in 1955. also the article 10 of international covenant on civil and political rights also affirm the treatment with humanity for them in prison. in some prisons, people imprisoned for child sexual abuse are separated from other prisoners for their own safety.
there are four main ideas about what prisons should be used for:
a person who has been charged with a crime, but has not yet been convicted for it in a court, may be sent to prison if:
in some parts of the us, a person who is arrested may be held at a county jail until they decide whether to charge or release the person. in other places, a person who is arrested will be held at a police station, not a prison.
male and female inmates are usually kept in separate locations, and often in separate prisons.
there are special prisons for people under the age of 18 who commit crimes. these inmates are called young offenders or juvenile offenders. these places will not always have the word "prison" in their name, instead having names like "young offenders' institution".
while not called "prisons" most of the time, psychiatric hospitals often share characteristics with prisons, such as residents staying against their will and the various security measures implemented.
a penal colony is a correctional facility operated in one country by the government of another. these were common during the 18th and 19th centuries when france, spain, and britain had colonies. soviet gulags were a form of penal colony.
a labour camp is a simplified prison in which inmates are forced into manual labor. prisoners tend to be accommodated in bunkhouses or barracks.
concentration camps (also called internment camps) are facilities for confining people without trial based on perceived threat, ethnicity, religion, etc.
prisons are a controversial topic that people have different views about.
number of people in prison.
as of 2006, there are currently nine million people in prison in the world. the united states currently has the most people in prison; it has more than 2 million people in prison. in 2002, both russia and china also had over 1 million people in prison. in 2003, the united kingdom had 73,000 people in prison; france and germany had a similar number of people in prison.
cultural references to prisons and prison life.
there are many books and poems about prisons or prison life, such as "the count of monte cristo" by alexandre dumas, père and "the ballad of reading gaol" by oscar wilde.
there are also movies that depict prison life, including:
there have also been television programs, such as "" (1979–1986), "prison break" (2005–2009), lockup (2005 - present) and (2006 - present), as well as locked up abroad. a current tv show about a women's prison is orange is the new black.
mexico (; official name: united mexican states , ) is a country in north america. mexico is south of texas, california and other american states. guatemala and belize are south of mexico. mexico is between the pacific ocean and the gulf of mexico.
people living in mexico or who are from there are called mexicans. most mexican people speak spanish. there are also mexicans who speak native american languages, like nahuatl, mayan, and zapotec. most modern mexicans are descended from native americans such as aztecs and mayans and mostly have native blood. they are catholic. the capital of mexico is mexico city.
before the europeans came, many native american cultures existed in mexico. the earliest was the olmec culture in the south. the olmecs are famous for the large stone heads they made. on the yucatán peninsula lived the mayans. the mayans lived in city states ruled by kings. the mayans were most powerful between 200 and 900 a.d. another powerful empire belonged to teotihuacan. teotihuacan was a very large city, one of the largest at that time. after teotihuacan declined the toltecs became powerful. things made by the toltecs have been found from the southern parts of the u.s. all the way to costa rica. a famous toltec god is quetzalcoatl. the toltec culture declined too, and it was succeeded by the aztecs. the aztecs called their own empire mexico. a famous aztec king was moctezuma ii.
in 1519 the spanish explorer hernán cortés came to mexico. the aztecs thought he was the returned quetzalcoatl, so they did not want to fight against him. cortes allied himself with the enemies of the aztecs. in 1521 they conquered the aztec capital tenochtitlan. the aztec empire became part of spain. it was called new spain.
in 1810 the mexican priest miguel hidalgo started the mexican war of independence. in 1821 the spanish finally retreated and mexico became independent. the first leader of independent mexico was agustin de iturbide. he set up the first mexican empire and became emperor. but the mexicans were not happy with him, and in 1823 the country became a republic.
a man who was very important in mexico in the early 19th century was antonio lópez de santa anna. he was the president of mexico 11 times. when he became a dictator, texas declared independence (1836). the battle of the alamo was part of this texas revolution. between 1846 and 1848 there was war between mexico and the united states. in this war mexico lost its large northern areas, which became the southwestern united states. after this war santa anna was sent away to venezuela.
between 1858 and 1861 there was war again, between liberals and conservatives. the liberal benito juárez won the war and became president afterwards. juarez stayed president until france invaded mexico and made maximilian of habsburg emperor of the second mexican empire. but maximilian was very unpopular. after more war he was executed in 1867, and juarez became president again.
conservatives thought juarez had too much power. in 1876 they ousted him, and made porfirio díaz, a general who had won a battle against the french, president. porfirio díaz made the country wealthier, but the poor people became poorer. franciso i. madero started the mexican revolution in 1910.
the next 10 years the country was in chaos. there were many presidents who ruled for a short time and all kinds of people fought against each other. famous people from this period are emiliano zapata, pancho villa and francisco i. madero. when álvaro obregón became president in 1920 the fighting calmed down.
in 1929 president plutarco elías calles founded the national mexican party, pnm. the party was later renamed institutional revolutionary party, pri. the party would rule for a very long time. most pri presidents were not popular, it was said that they were only president to become richer themselves. an exception was president lázaro cárdenas. he was president between 1934 and 1940.
after several decades more and more people became unhappy with the pri. in 1968 security forces shot at protesters, this caused several hundred deaths and became known as the tlatelolco massacre. another uprising was in 1994 when zapatistas rebelled in the province chiapas.
mainly through ballot box fraud the pri managed to stay into power until 2000, when vicente fox of the national action party, pan, was elected president. in total the pri had governed mexico for 71 years.
mexico is a constitutional federal democracy ruled by a president. the president is elected every 6 years. the current president is andrés manuel lópez obrador. parliament has a senate and house of deputies.
mexico is in the southern part of north america. it is roughly shaped like a triangle. mexico is more than 3000 km (1,850 miles) long from northwest to southeast. mexico is between two large seas: the pacific ocean in the west and the gulf of mexico and the caribbean sea in the east. mexico has two large peninsulas. baja california in the northwest, and yucatán in the southeast. in central and western mexico are the sierra madre mountains. in the sierra madre is the pico de orizaba, the highest mountain of mexico. in central mexico there are also a few volcanoes like the popocatépetl and the iztaccíhuatl. the pico de orizaba is also a volcano. in the north of mexico are deserts. in the south are tropical rainforests. some rivers in mexico are the río bravo (known in the us as the rio grande), the río balsas, the río pánuco, and the río yaqui.
mexico is the most populous spanish-speaking country in the world. it is also the second most populous country in latin america (after brazil). 60% of mexicans have native american and european forefathers (mostly native american); these are called mestizos. almost 30% of mexicans are pure native american and 10% are european. most mexicans (90%) speak spanish. 10% of the mexicans speak a native american language, like nahuatl, the language of the aztecs, maya or zapotec. non-indigenous ethnic groups in mexico speak another foreign language such as arabic or japanese. most people in mexico are catholic (89%) christians.
the atlantic ocean is the world's second largest ocean. it covers a total area of about . it covers about 20 percent of the earth's surface. it is named after the god atlas from greek mythology.
the atlantic formed when the americas moved west from eurasia and africa. this began sometime in the cretaceous period, roughly 135 million years ago. it was part of the break-up of the supercontinent pangaea.
the east coast of south america is shaped somewhat like the west coast of africa, and this gave a clue that continents moved over long periods of time (continental drift). the atlantic ocean is still growing now, because of sea-floor spreading from the mid-atlantic ridge, while the pacific ocean is said to be shrinking because the sea floor is folding under itself or subducting into the mantle.
the atlantic ocean is bounded on the west by north and south america. it connects to the arctic ocean through the denmark strait, greenland sea, norwegian sea and barents sea. it connects with the mediterranean sea through the strait of gibraltar.
in the southeast, the atlantic merges into the indian ocean. the 20° east meridian defines its border.
in the southwest, the drake passage connects it to the pacific ocean. the panama canal links the atlantic and pacific.
the atlantic ocean is second in size to the pacific. it occupies an area of about . the volume of the atlantic, along with its adjacent seas (the seas next to it), is 354,700,000 cubic kilometres.
the average depth of the atlantic, along with its adjacent seas, is . the greatest depth is milwaukee deep near puerto rico, where the ocean is deep.
the atlantic ocean has important ocean currents. one of these, called the gulf stream, flows across the north atlantic. water gets heated by the sun in the caribbean sea and then moves northwest toward the north pole. this makes france, the british isles, iceland, and norway in europe much warmer in winter than newfoundland and nova scotia in canada. without the gulf stream, the climates of northeast canada and northwest europe might be the same, because these places are about the same distance from the north pole.
there are currents in the south atlantic too, but the shape of this sea means that it has less effect on south africa.
the main feature of the atlantic ocean's seabed is a large underwater mountain chain called the mid-atlantic ridge. it runs from north to south under the ocean. this is at the boundary of four tectonic plates: eurasian, north american, south american and african. the ridge extends from iceland in the north to about 58° south.
the salinity of the surface waters of the open ocean ranges from 3337 parts per thousand and varies with latitude and season.
mercury may mean:
mercury, also known as quicksilver or hydrargyrum (pronounced hai-drar-jər-əm), is a chemical element. its symbol on the periodic table is hg, and its atomic number is 80. its atomic mass is 200.59.
the symbol "hg" stands for its latinized greek name "hydrargyrum", meaning watery or liquid silver.
no one has the credit for finding mercury. it was known in ancient times. mercury was found in egyptian tombs that are from 2000 bc. 
chinese people also knew it from long ago. in china and tibet, people thought using mercury would make them live longer and have better health. one of china's emperors, qín shǐ huáng dì, is said to have been buried in a tomb with rivers of flowing mercury. he died from drinking a mixture of mercury and powdered jade because he wanted to live forever. however, this only made him die of liver failure, poisoning, and brain death. the ancient greeks used mercury in ointments. the egyptians and the romans used it in cosmetics. these cosmetics sometimes hurt and made faces uglier.
mercury is a silvery-white liquid post-transition metal. the reason for mercury being a liquid is complex. it is heavy; a chunk of iron can float on mercury. compared to other metals, it does not conduct heat well. however, it conducts electricity fairly well. mercury is the only metal with a known melting point (−38.83 °c) lower than caesium. mercury is one of the two elements that are liquids at standard temperature and pressure. bromine is the other one.
mercury may be seen as a transition metal, but it is normally seen as a post-transition metal. it is in group 12 of the periodic table. mercury has seven stable (nonradioactive) isotopes. 202hg is the most common isotope. mercury makes a blue to ultraviolet color in a tube when a spark is passed through it. the ultraviolet light can kill germs or light fluorescent lamps.
mercury is an unreactive metal. it does not corrode in air unless hydrogen sulfide is also there, similar to silver. mercury can oxidize to mercury(ii) oxide when heated in air. if it is heated further, it decomposes into mercury and oxygen again. it does not dissolve in ordinary acids, but can dissolve in oxidizing acids to make mercury salts. it can make amalgams when mixed with most metals, like aluminium, gold, and zinc. iron, tantalum, tungsten, and platinum do not make amalgams with mercury. iron flasks were used to trade mercury because of this.
mercury can dissolve large amounts of aluminium metal, making it dangerous to transport in aluminium containers. the thin layer of oxide on aluminium stops it from amalgamating (making an amalgam with) aluminium, but the oxide coating can be damaged to expose the metal. then the aluminium metal is dissolved and oxidizes to aluminium oxide. the aluminium oxide forms a solid and releases the mercury, which amalgamates more aluminium. this process keeps repeating until a large amount of aluminium is dissolved.
mercury forms chemical compounds in 2 oxidation states: +1 and +2. mercury(i) compounds are weak oxidizing agents and weak reducing agents. most of them are colorless. they easily disproportionate to mercury(ii) compounds and mercury metal. they react with oxygen in the air to make mercury(ii) compounds. many mercury(i) compounds do not dissolve in water. mercury(i) chloride is one of the most common mercury(i) compounds. mercury(ii) compounds are strong oxidizing agents and very corrosive. mercury(ii) compounds are red, yellow, or colorless. mercury(ii) oxide and mercury(ii) chloride are the most common mercury(ii) compounds in the laboratory.
one thing they have in common is that they are all toxic. the soluble ones are more toxic than the insoluble ones.
also known as mercurous compounds, these are weak reducing agents and weak oxidizing agents. most of them do not dissolve in water, making them less toxic than mercury(ii) compounds. most of them are colorless or yellow.
also known as mercuric compounds, these are strong oxidizing agents. most of them dissolve in water, making them very toxic. they are colorless or red.
these contain mercury reacted with a organic molecule. they are even more toxic than other mercury compounds since they get absorbed very easily.
mercury is a rare metal. it is about as common as silver. mercury is not expensive like silver because the mercury is very easy to get from the places where it is found. mercury can be found in elemental (liquid) form in nature, but this is not common. mercury as an element is the only liquid that is recognized as a mineral by the international mineralogical association. it is most often found in the form of cinnabar, a mercury(ii) sulfide mineral. the biggest deposits of cinnabar used to be found in spain, but now are found in china. it also occurs in other minerals like calomel, a mercury(i) chloride mineral.
china and kyrgyzstan are the two main makers of mercury. mines in italy, the united states, and mexico have been closed. china is opening more mines because the european union wants to use fluorescent lights, which need mercury.
mercury is made by roasting cinnabar in a furnace. the sulfide is oxidized to sulfur dioxide, leaving mercury behind.
uses of mercury.
mercury has been used in dental fillings until it was replaced with safer materials. they are an amalgam of mercury with another element. an organic mercury compound called thiomersal is used to preserve vaccines. merbromin, another organic mercury compound, is used as an antiseptic. it has been banned in some countries like the us.
mercury(i) chloride (also known as calomel or mercurous chloride) has been used as a diuretic, skin disinfectant, and laxative. together with other mercury compounds, mercury(ii) chloride (also known as mercuric chloride or corrosive sublimate) was used to treat syphilis. the problem with this was that mercury(ii) chloride is very toxic. sometimes the symptoms of its toxicity were confused with those of the syphilis it was believed to treat. it is also used as a disinfectant. , a pill or syrup in which mercury is the main ingredient, was prescribed throughout the 1800s for different conditions such as constipation, depression, child-bearing and toothaches. in the early 20th century, mercury was given to children once a year as a laxative and dewormer. teething powders for infants also had it in them. 
since the 1930s some vaccines have contained the preservative thiomersal. in the body, this is changed to ethylmercury. at first it was thought that this mercury-based preservative can cause or trigger autism in children, but scientific studies could not show such a link. because of this, thiomersal has been removed from most u.s. vaccines recommended for children six years of age and under. there are certain exceptions to this rule for influenza vaccines. in some cases, vaccines may still have very small amounts of thiomersal in them.
cinnabar is still an important component of traditional chinese, tibetan, and ayurvedic medicine. certain countries do not allow the use of mercury or its compounds in drugs. for this reason, cinnabar has recently been replaced with less toxic products. 
today, the use of mercury in medicine has greatly declined in all respects, especially in developed countries. thermometers and blood pressure devices using mercury were invented in the early 18th and late 19th centuries, respectively. now their use is declining and has been banned in some countries, states and medical institutions. in 2002, the u.s. senate passed legislation to phase out the sale of non-prescription mercury thermometers. in 2003, washington and maine became the first states to ban mercury blood pressure devices. mercury compounds are in some over-the-counter drugs, including topical antiseptics, stimulant laxatives, diaper rash ointment, eye drops, and nasal sprays. the fda has “inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness” of the mercury in these products. mercury is still used in some diuretics, although other things can be used for most therapeutic uses.
mercury is also used:
in 2017 the worldwide use of mercury was less than half of what it was in 1980.
mercury is liquid at room temperature, and fumes of mercury are very poisonous. ingested elemental mercury is less dangerous. the biggest problems are organic mercury compounds which are eaten with food. as with other heavy metals, inorganic compounds such as mercury(ii) nitrate are also highly toxic by ingestion (eating) or inhalation (breathing in) of the dust. mercury can cause both chronic and acute poisoning.
in the year 1810, over 200 people died of mercury poisoning on the ship "triumph" because a barrel of mercury had leaked. 
mercury is extremely poisonous and has to be used carefully. when mercury is spilled, there are special ways to clean it up. smaller drops should be combined to a larger drop on hard surfaces to be removed more easily (for example, being pushed into a bag that can be thrown away). vacuum cleaners and brooms should not be used. this is because they can spread mercury even more. afterwards, elements such as sulfur or zinc powder should be sprinkled over the place, then collected and cleaned away. it is not easy to clean mercury entirely off clothing, so it is better not to use them anymore. breathing in mercury vapor is also very dangerous.
africa is the second largest continent in the world. it makes up about a fifth of the world's land. it is surrounded by large areas of water. there are 54 fully recognised and independent countries in africa, and 14.7% (1.216 billion) of the world's population lives there. it is thought to be the continent where the first humans evolved.
the history of africa begins with the first modern human beings and continues to its present difficult state as a politically developing continent.
africa's ancient historic period includes the rise of egyptian civilization. it also includes the development of other societies outside the nile river valley, and the interaction between these societies and civilizations outside of africa. in the late 7th century, north and east africa were heavily influenced by the spread of islam. that led to the appearance of new cultures, like the swahili people and the mali empire, whose king, musa keita i, became one of the richest and most influential people of the early 14th century. this also led to an increase in the slave trade, which had a very bad influence on africa’s development until the 19th century.
slavery has long been practiced in africa, just like the rest of the world. but two new slave trades would create a much bigger and more violent version of slavery.
between the 7th and 20th centuries, the arab slave trade took 18 million slaves from africa via trans-saharan routes and the indian ocean. between the 15th and 20th centuries (a period of 500 years), the atlantic slave trade took an estimated 7–12 million slaves to the americas. while some africans collaborated with european and asian slave traders, many were strongly opposed to slavery and avoided, protested, or fought it violently. 
africans who had been captured and sent to the french colony of saint domingue on slave ships played an important role in ending the atlantic slave trade. they began the haitian revolution, which created haiti, the first country to permanently ban slavery. after this revolution, european empires began to reduce slave trading and abolitionism became more popular. between 1808 and 1860, the british navy captured approximately 1,600 slave ships and freed 150,000 africans who were aboard.
in the late 19th century, the european powers occupied much of the continent, creating many colonial and dependent territories. they left only two fully independent states: liberia and ethiopia (which the europeans called “abyssinia").
egypt and sudan were never formally made a part of any european colonial empire. however, after the british occupation of 1882, egypt was effectively under british administration until 1922.
african independence movements had their first success in 1951, when libya became the first former colony to become independent. modern african history is full of revolutions and wars, as well as the growth of modern african economies and democratization across the continent.
a civil war in the democratic republic of the congo (formerly zaire) began in 1998. neighbouring african countries have become involved. since the conflict began, it has killed an estimated 5.5 million people.
political associations such as the african union offer hope for greater co-operation and peace between the continent's many countries.
from north to south, africa has most types of climate. in sequence from the north:
running north-east to the south is the east african great rift valley. this has mountains, volcanoes, deep rifts and valleys, rivers and lakes.
in fact, africa has examples of most of the earth's climate types.
much of north africa is dry and hot: it is dominated by the sahara desert and does not receive much rain. in saharan africa, there are few rivers or other water sources. underground water sources are very important in the desert. these often form oases. an oasis is an area of vegetation (plant life) surrounded by desert.
in that part of the world, the wind comes mostly from the east. that does bring rain, but the himalayas and the tibetan plateau block the monsoon rain and prevent it from getting to north africa. also, the atlas mountains near the north coast
of africa prevent rain from coming in from the north. that is another rain shadow.
these two rain shadows are mainly responsible for the sahara desert.
conditions and winds are different further south, where huge amounts of rainfall near the equator. the equator runs across the middle of africa (see red line drawn on map). that means much of africa is between the two tropics:
plants and animals.
africa has a lot of wildlife. there are many types of animals there. in particular, it is now the only continent that has many native species of large mammals. some of them occur in very large numbers. there are antelope, buffalo, zebra, cheetah, elephant, lion, giraffe, rhinoceros, apes, hyaena, and a lot more. over 2,000 types of fish live in african lakes and rivers.
the african union (au) is an international organisation. it aims to transform the african economic community, a federated commonwealth, into a state under established international conventions. the african union has a parliamentary government, known as the african union government, consisting of legislative, judicial, and executive organs. it is led by the african union president and head of state, who is also the president of the pan african parliament. a person becomes president of the au by being elected to the pap and then gaining majority support in the pap.
extensive human rights abuses still occur in several parts of africa, often under the oversight of the state. most of such violations occur for political reasons, often as a side effect of civil war. countries where major human rights violations have been reported in recent times include uganda, sierra leone, liberia, sudan, zimbabwe, and côte d'ivoire. there are 54 un member states in africa.
africa was the homeland for the first people.
people who come from africa are called africans. people in the north are called north africans and people in the south are called south africans. languages in eastern africa include swahili, oromo and amharic. languages in western africa include lingala, igbo, hausa and fulani. the most popular language in northern africa is arabic.
the most populated country in africa is nigeria.
countries with significant african descendents outside africa:
butter is a dairy food. it is made by moving the cream from whole milk for a long time. the fat in the milk separates from the liquid. the fat is butter.
butter is often put on on bread, as a main ingredient in biscuits, as a shortening agent in some baking and cooking recipes, and for frying foods.
often, butter is made from cows' milk, butter can also be made from the milk of other mammals, like sheep, goats, bison, and yaks. salt, flavorings and preservatives are sometimes added to butter.
many people use butter in their foods instead of oil.
it has a melting point of about .
there are 717 calories in of butter.
cultured butter is a butter made from fermented cream. sweet cream butter is butter made from pasteurized fresh cream. raw cream butter is butter made from fresh or cultured unpasteurized cream.
the cold war was the tense fighting between the united states and its allies and the soviet union (also called the ussr) and its allies between the end of world war ii and the fall of the soviet union. it is called the "cold" war because the americans and the soviet union never actually fought each other directly. instead, they attacked each other in conflicts known as proxy wars in which powerful countries fight a foreign war but do not send their own troops.
most of the countries on one side were allied by nato, whose most powerful country was the united states. most of the countries on the other side were allied by the warsaw pact, whose most powerful country was the soviet union.
the western bloc was the name of the capitalist countries led by the united states. the north atlantic treaty organization (nato) is an alliance created in 1949 and included the united states, the united kingdom, france, west germany, canada, netherlands, belgium, luxembourg, spain, portugal, italy, norway, denmark, greece, and turkey. other countries allied with the western bloc include israel, brazil, south korea, kenya (1960-1991), bangladesh (1964-1968), pakistan, north yemen, malaysia, saudi arabia, philippines, south africa, australia and new zealand.
the eastern bloc was the group of socialist countries led by the soviet union. the warsaw pact was an alliance created in 1955 and included the ussr, albania, bulgaria, czechoslovakia, east germany, hungary (until 1976), poland, and romania. other countries allied with the eastern bloc included angola (1975–1991), cuba, bolivia, cambodia (1977–1979), south yemen, tunisia, nepal, bhutan, libya (1974–1991), mongolia (1976–1988), jamaica, north korea, china and laos (1975–1991).
in february 1917, tsar nicholas ii of the russian empire was overthrown because people were unhappy with their living conditions (like being a serf), especially during world war i. the new government in russia was a democratic socialist government. unfortunately, it was ineffective, and people were still unhappy. in november 1917, a communist group called the bolsheviks, led by vladimir lenin, overthrew the new government and were supported by groups of workers called soviets. the bolsheviks created a new communist government called the russian soviet federation socialist republic (also called simply soviet russia or the russian sfsr).
however, not everyone supported the communists. many countries that had been part of the russian empire had left, such as latvia, lithuania, estonia, and belarus. the russian civil war began, with the soviet russian red army fighting against the white army of anticommunist russians. the white army was not very united or organized. the allied powers of world war i, such as the united states, the united kingdom, and france, invaded russia to support the white army and stop the red army. the red army eventually won the war in 1922, and established the union of soviet socialist republics (also called the soviet union), along with the newly formed socialist republics of ukraine, armenia, azerbaijan and georgia.
the start of the cold war in 1947 was caused by a belief that all governments would become either communist or capitalist. the western allies feared that the soviet union would spread communism to the rest of europe and was very concerned that soviet agents had learnt how to make atomic bombs after the war.
both nations had opposed nazi germany although the united states worked with nazi scientists and soviet union had chosen not to fight with germany in the molotov-ribbentrop pact and the two occupied poland in 1939. however, germany turned against the soviet union in june 1941 and invaded it during operation barbarossa.
after world war ii.
after world war ii, germany was left in ruins. the victorious allies that occupied it split it into four parts. in the western half of germany, one part was given to the united states, one to the united kingdom, and one to france. the eastern half was occupied by the ussr. the city of berlin was also split among the four countries even though it was entirely within the eastern half.
the federal republic of germany ("bundesrepublik deutschland" or brd), or west germany, was recognized by the western allies in june 1949 and was a capitalist democracy. west berlin was considered a part of the country. the soviets named their section of germany the german democratic republic ("deutsche demokratische republik" or ddr), or east germany, later in 1949; it was a communist dictatorship.
from april 1948 to may 1949, the soviets blockaded west berlin to prevent the city from using west germany's currency. the united states and its allies supplied the city by airplanes until september 1949 in what became known as the berlin airlift. many east germans wanted to live in west germany for having greater quality of life and political freedom. in 1961, the east german government built the berlin wall, dividing the two halves of the city, and heavily guarded it to prevent more people from escaping to the west. the wall was considered a symbol of the cold war and the iron curtain that divided europe.
espionage, or "spying," has been around for a long time and was very important during the cold war. after its successful nuclear espionage in the manhattan project, the soviets created their spy organs, especially the kgb. the cia led americans efforts abroad, and the fbi led counterespionage. catching foreign spies and fighting domestic subversion were kgb functions.
in 1953, the soviet leader joseph stalin died, and nikolai bulganin and nikita khrushchev took his place. khrushchev later took sole control of the soviet union. khrushchev's secret speech marked a period of de-stalinization, and khrushchev tried to undo many of the things done by stalin (such as the gulag prisons and stalin's cult of personality).
in the united states, there was a "red scare", and when the soviets detonated their own atom bomb, there was a big political fallout and the united states government made everybody scared about communists. famous people in many fields who had been communist sympathizers in the past like larry adler lost their positions. many actors were 'blacklisted' and so were not hired to act in movies, which ruined their careers. us senator joseph mccarthy was believed by many when he accused some important americans of being communists, including some high government officials.
the 1950s were the beginning of the space race between the united states and the soviet union. it began with the soviets putting the sputnik 1 satellite into orbit around the earth as the first country in space. the united states responded by starting nasa and soon sent up its own satellites. the soviets also sent the first man (yuri gagarin) into earth orbit and claimed that proved communism to be the better ideology.
in the 1950s, the united states (under president dwight eisenhower) created a policy called "new look" to cut defense spending and to increase the number of nuclear weapons as a deterrent in order to prevent the soviet union from attacking the west. the soviets also increased their nuclear force, which resulted in mutual assured destruction.
in the suez crisis of 1956, the cold war alliances were broken in an important way for the first time with the soviet union and united states favoring one side and britain and france the other. the western allies also decided to let soviet troops suppress the hungarian revolution of 1956.
us vice-president richard nixon engaged in several talks with khrushchev during the 1950s. one of these was the 1959 "kitchen debate" in a model kitchen in moscow. the debates highlighted the political and economic differences between the americans and the soviets. the following year, the united states u-2 spy plane crashed in the soviet union. tensions between the two countries increased.
cuban missile crisis (1962).
after the united states had invaded cuba and failed in the bay of pigs, the soviet union attempted to supply cuba with nuclear missiles. the missiles in cuba would have allowed the soviet union to target almost the entire united states effectively. in response the united states sent a large number of ships to blockade cuba to prevent the soviet union from sharing the weapons. the united states and soviet union agreed that the soviet union would no longer give nuclear weapons to cuba if the united states didn't invade cuba again. that was the highest period of tension during the cold war and was the closest the world came to a nuclear war, with possible global conflict to follow.
after the agreement that ended the cuban missile crisis, relations between both sides eased up. several treaties, designed to reduce the number of nuclear weapons, were signed. in 1964, the us under president lyndon johnson invaded north vietnam, which resulted in a humiliating defeat for the americans and south vietnam in 1975. during this period of détente, the united states began building a good relationship with the people's republic of china, which had once been an ally of the soviet union.
the policy of détente ended in 1981, when us president ronald reagan ordered a massive military build-up to challenge soviet influence around the world. the united states began to support anti-communists all over the world with money and weapons. the idea was to help them overthrow their communist governments.
the soviets had a slow economy during this decade because military spending was at an all-time high. they tried to keep up with the united states in military spending but could not do so. in the soviet war in afghanistan, which started in 1979, the soviets had a difficult time fighting resistance groups, with some of them armed and trained by the united states. the soviets' failed invasion of afghanistan is often compared to the american failure during the vietnam war.
in the late 1980s, the new soviet leader, mikhail gorbachev, made an effort to make an ally of the united states to fix world problems caused by the war, with the ultimate aim of eliminating nuclear weapons. however, that did not take place because reagan insisted on having a nuclear missile defence system. the people of the soviet union were divided. some wanted gorbachev to fight harder to eliminate nuclear weapons, but others did not want him to be talking to the united states at all. the mixed feelings created an atmosphere of political infighting, and the people were no longer united behind one goal. also, the communist party started to crumble.
after the fall of the berlin wall in 1989 and without communist rule holding together the countries that comprised the soviet union, it was divided into smaller countries in 1991 like russia, ukraine, lithuania and georgia. eastern europe got very poor and broken and returned to capitalism. the cold war was over.
not all historians agree on when the cold war ended. some think it ended when the berlin wall fell, but others think it ended when the soviet union collapsed in 1991.
mainland china, also called the chinese mainland, is the part of china not including the republic of china controlling taiwan, kinmen, matsu, and the pescadores. the term also excludes hong kong and macau. 
in the qing dynasty (manchu dynasty), all of mainland china, hong kong, macau, taiwan, kinmen, matsu, the pescadores, and mongolia were part of the manchu empire. taiwan, hong kong, and macau were colonized by foreigners for some years (taiwan to the japanese, hong kong to the british, and macau to the portuguese).
by the end the qing empire, china became nationalist china (the republic of china) and it got taiwan back in 1945. after the communists (the people's republic of china) took over most of china, the nationalists kept only taiwan, kinmen, matsu, and the pescadores. mongolia became an independent state later.
since then, communist china only includes the part on the continent (mainland) and some small islands that are very near (the largest communist island is hainan). this region is mainland china.
later hong kong and macau were returned to the government of china, but because the government calls them "special administrative regions" under a "one country, two systems" idea, they are still not thought of as part of mainland china.
a capital city, or capital town or capital, is a city or town, specified by law or constitution, by the government of a country, or part of a country, such as a state, province, or county. it usually serves as the location of the government's central meeting place and offices. most of the country's leaders, embassy and officials work in the capital city. this doesn't have to be the case though: monaco, nauru, switzerland and vatican city are examples of countries that do not have a capital city. israel said jerusalem was its capital: most countries don't recognise this, and most embassies are in tel aviv. in japan, the city of tokyo, which was the capital, was disbanded in 1943. today, the 23 city districts (called wards) have the role of capital city. each district is a city of its own, though. "capital city" can also mean a city most famous for something, in this case, capital of the world is a nickname.
capitals are usually among the largest cities in their regions and often are the biggest. for example, montevideo is uruguay's capital and its biggest city. the capital may also be the most important center of commerce, as in london or bangkok.
however, a capital is not always the largest city in a country. for example, the capital of india is new delhi, which is smaller than mumbai. 
in countries with subdivisions like the united states, the capitals of the federated states are often not the biggest cities. for example, new york city is the biggest city in the united states and in new york state, but is not the capital of either. the capital the country is washington, dc, and the capital of the state is albany.
an unusual case exists in canada since the federal capital, ottawa, is not the largest city in its province, ontario, which is toronto. however, toronto is the capital of ontario, so toronto is a provincial capital but not a federal one.
some countries have more than one capital for different purposes. for example, bolivia has two (sucre and la paz) and south africa has three (pretoria, cape town, and bloemfontein). in a city-state like singapore, monaco, and the vatican city, the capital is the country.
not all countries have capitals. nauru is a country that does not officially have a capital, but the district of yaren, which is where the government is, can be called the "de facto" capital. also, although many people consider the city of bern in switzerland to be the capital of the country, it is by law not the capital but the "."
capitals can be in cities that are already there like athens or rome, or a new town can be built and made the capital like canberra and alexandria. countries can change capitals from time to time. several cities have been the capital of china. the united states once had its capital in philadelphia and later in new york city but moved to the new city of washington, d.c. in 1800. rio de janeiro was the capital of brazil until the new city of brasilia was built between 1956 and 1960.
reykjavík, the capital of iceland, is the world's northernmost capital city.
seat of government.
most countries have their seat of government within their capital. however, malaysia has its capital at kuala lumpur, but its seat of government is at putrajaya. in the netherlands, the constitution calls amsterdam the capital, but the seat of government is the hague.
climate means the usual condition of the temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall, and other meteorological patterns in an area of the earth's surface for a long time. in simple terms, climate is the average condition for about thirty years. climate and weather are different: weather is the day to day conditions in the atmosphere.
the types of climates are: tropical, desert/dry, temperate, polar, mediterranean. 
the latitude, ground, and height can change the climate of a location. it is also important to note if oceans or other large bodies of water are nearby. climates are most commonly classified by temperature and precipitation. the most commonly used classification was the köppen climate classification, first made by wladimir köppen. the thornthwaite system, which was used from 1948, not only uses temperature and precipitation information, but evapotranspiration too. this makes it useful for studying how many different kinds of animal species there are, and about the things that could happen when climates change. the bergeron and spatial synoptic classification systems focus more on where the air masses which help make climates come from.
climates can change after a long time. nowadays people are making the world warmer.
rock often deforms in such a way that it bends instead of breaking. this is called a fold. the term fold is used in geology when one or a stack of originally flat, level surfaces, such as sedimentary strata, are bent or curved as a result of pressure and high temperature. the basic cause is likely to be some aspect of plate tectonics. 
when two forces act towards each other from opposite sides, rock layers are bent into "folds". how folds are formed due to compression is known as folding. folding is one of the endogenetic processes; it takes place within the earth's crust. 
folds in rocks vary in size from microscopic crinkles to mountain-sized folds. they occur singly as isolated folds and in extensive fold trains of different sizes, on a variety of scales. a set of folds distributed on a regional scale constitutes a "fold belt", a common feature of orogenic zones. 
there are large-scale and small-scale folds. large-scale folds are found mainly along a collision boundary between two tectonic plates.
structure of a fold.
the upfold is called an anticline. the downfold is called a syncline.
the imaginary line joining the highest points along the upfold is called the crest line. 
the flanks of a fold are known as the limbs.
the central line from which the rock strata dip away in opposing directions is called the axis of fold.
according to the degree of folding of the layers, folds can be classified into five main types.
formation of a fold mountain.
large depressions called geosynclines form between plates. seas filled the geosynclines and rivers flowing into them carried sediments (sand and silt) which build up on the sea bed.
over millions of years the sediments were compressed, by their own weight, into sedimentary rocks, e.g. sandstone, limestone etc.
landforms formed by folding.
large-scale folding will develop parallel ranges of round-top mountains along destructive plate boundaries. these mountains are known as fold mountains. 
examples of fold mountain ranges:
volcanism (or vulcan activity) is the eruption of magma onto the surface of the earth. 
magma under the crust is under very great pressure. when folding and faulting occur, cracks or fractures appear. these are lines of weakness. 
when these lines of weakness develop downward in the crust and reach the magma, they will release the pressure in the magma. this allows magma to rise up along the lines of weakness and intrude into the crust. some magma may even reach the earth's surface as lava.
volcanoes are the places where magma reaches the earth's surface. the type of volcano depends on the location of the eruption and the consistency of the magma.
intrusive volcanism is when magma is forced into the rocks that make up the earth's crust. when it cools and become solid while still underground, different features called plutons are formed. the rock formed is intrusive igneous rock.
these plutons will be exposed at the surface of land when the overlying rocks are removed after a long time of denudation (laid bare by erosion).
major features formed by intrusive volcanicity include: batholith, laccolith, dyke, pipe and sill.
the molten magma under great pressure forces its way through the fissure of underground rocks and reaches the earth's surface to form "igneous extrusion". 
major extruded materials include gas, liquid and solid.
features formed are:
the pacific ocean is the body of water between asia and australia in the west, the americas in the east, the southern ocean to the south, and the arctic ocean to the north. it is the largest named ocean and it covers one-third of the surface of the entire world. it joins the atlantic ocean at a line drawn south from cape horn, chile/argentina to antarctica, and joins the indian ocean at a line drawn south from tasmania, australia to antarctica.
as the atlantic slowly gets wider, the pacific is slowly shrinking. it does this by folding the sea floor in towards the centre of the earth - this is called subduction. this bumping and grinding is hard so there are many earthquakes and volcanoes when the pressure builds up and is quickly released as large explosions of hot rocks and dust. when an earthquake happens under the sea, the quick jerk causes a tsunami. this is why tsunamis are more common around the edge of the pacific than anywhere else. many of the earth's volcanoes are either islands in the pacific, or are on continents within a few hundred kilometers of the ocean's edge. plate tectonics are another reason which makes pacific ocean smaller.
antarctica is the earth's southernmost continent. it is on the south pole. it is almost entirely south of the antarctic circle. around antarctica is the southern ocean. it is the fifth-largest continent in area after asia, africa, north america, and south america. about 99% of antarctica is covered by ice. this ice averages at least 1.6 kilometers (1.0 miles) thick.
antarctica is the coldest, driest and windiest continent. it is also, on average, the highest of all the continents. antarctica is considered a desert. it has yearly precipitation of only 200 mm (8 inches) near the sea and far less inland. no humans live in antarctica permanently. however, about 1,000 to 5,000 people live through the year at the science stations in antarctica. only plants and animals that can live in cold live there. the animals include penguins, seals, nematodes, tardigrades and mites. plant life includes some grass and shrubs, algae, lichen, fungi, and bacteria.
the first known sighting of the continent was in 1820. antarctica was mostly forgotten for the rest of the 19th century. this was because of its hostile environment, few resources, and isolation. the first official use of the name "antarctica" as a continental name in the 1890s is said to have been used by scottish cartographer john george bartholomew.
the antarctic treaty was signed in 1959 by 12 countries. more countries have signed the treaty since then. so far, 46 countries have signed the treaty. the treaty declares that military activities and mineral mining are against the law. however, it supports scientific research. it also helps the continent's ecozone. more than 4,000 scientists from different nations and different interests experiment together.
geography and geology.
antarctica is covered by an ice sheet about four kilometres thick. under the ice it is mostly land, although the ice shelves are over the ocean. the transantarctic mountains divide the land between east antarctica in the eastern hemisphere and west antarcticain the western hemisphere.
antarctica has some important features hidden by the ice. one is lake vostok, which has been covered by ice for at least 15 million years. the lake is 250 km long and 50 km wide. another is the huge gamburtsev mountain chain, which are the size of the alps, yet entirely buried under the ice. the gamburtsev range has a nearby massive rift valley similar to the east african great rift valley. it is called the lambert system. scientists used radar that can work under ice to survey the whole of antarctica.
scientists say antarctica used to be much further north and much warmer, moving to where it is now through continental drift. from 2011 to 2013, scientists collected fossils of frogs, water lilies, and shark and ray teeth, showing that these life forms used to live on antarctica. the frog fossils were about 40 million years old. scientists say marsupials, animals that keep their babies in pouches, could have started in south america, migrated to a warm ancient antarctica, and gone to australia from there.
life in antarctica.
few land plants grow in antarctica. this is because antarctica does not have much moisture (water), sunlight, good soil, or a warm temperature. plants usually only grow for a few weeks in the summer. however, moss, lichen and algae do grow. the most important organisms in antarctica are the plankton which grow in the ocean.
one important source of food in the antarctic is the krill, which is a general term for the small shrimp-like marine crustaceans. krill are near the bottom of the food chain: they feed on phytoplankton and to a lesser extent zooplankton. krill are a food form suitable for the larger animals for whom krill makes up the largest part of their diet. whales, penguins, seals, and even some of the birds that live in antarctica, all depend on krill.
whales are the largest animals in the ocean, and in antarctica. they are mammals, not fish. that means that they breathe air and do not lay eggs. many different kinds of whales live in the oceans around antarctica. 
whalers have hunted whales for hundreds of years, for meat and blubber. nowadays most whaling is done in the antarctic area.
penguins only live south of the equator. several different kinds live in and around antarctica. the biggest ones can stand nearly 4 feet (1.2m) tall and can weigh almost 100 pounds (40 kg). the smallest kinds are only about one foot (30 cm) tall. penguins are large birds that swim very well but cannot fly. they have black backs and wings with white fronts. their feathers are very tightly packed and make a thick cover. they also have a layer of woolly down under the feathers. the feathers themselves are coated with a type of oil that makes them waterproof. a thick layer of blubber also keeps them warm. penguins eat fish and are at home in the ocean. they come up on the land or ice to lay their eggs and raise the chicks. they nest together in a huge group.
largest land animal.
the largest animal in antarctica that lives entirely on land is a wingless midge.
history of its discovery.
for a long time, people had believed that there was a great continent in the far south of earth. they thought this "terra australis" would "balance" the lands in the north like europe, asia and north africa. people have believed this from the times of ptolemy (1st century ad). he suggested this idea to keep the balance of all known lands in the world. pictures of a large land in the south were common in maps. in the late 17th century, people discovered that south america and australia were not part of the mythical "antarctica". however, geographers still believed that antarctica was much bigger than it really was.
european maps continued to show this unknown land until captain james cook's ships, hms "resolution" and "adventure", crossed the antarctic circle on 17 january 1773, in december 1773. they crossed it again in january 1774. in fact, cook did come within about of the antarctic coast. however, he was forced to go back because of ice in january 1773.
the first confirmed sighting of antarctica were by three different men. according to different organizations, ships captained by three men saw antarctica in 1820. the three men were fabian von bellingshausen (a captain in the russian imperial navy), edward bransfield (a captain in the royal navy), and nathaniel palmer (an american seal hunter out of stonington, connecticut). the first recorded landing on mainland antarctica was by the american sealer john davis. he landed on west antarctica on 7 february 1821. however, some historians are not sure about this claim.
people began discovering different parts of antarctica and mapping them. this was slow work because they could only work in the summer. at last a map was made, and people began to talk about exploring the land, not only the sea. however, this would have been very hard work. they would have to break through the ice that was around antarctica. then they would have to land on it and bring in enough things to live on while they explored the land.
the first serious exploration of the antarctic land was the nimrod expedition led by ernest shackleton in 1907–09. they were the first to climb mount erebus and to reach the south magnetic pole. shackleton himself and three other members of his expedition made several firsts in december 1908 – february 1909. they were the first humans to cross the ross ice shelf, and the transantarctic mountain range (via the beardmore glacier). they were the first to set foot on the south polar plateau.
robert falcon scott, the most well known of all of the explorers, wanted to be the first man to reach the south pole. at the same time, another team from norway lead by roald amundsen started. they both raced each other to the south pole, but in the end amundsen won because he had made a good use of his sleigh dogs. scott had used ponies and motor sleds, but when he got to the south pole he found a message from amundsen, showing that he had beaten scott.
on his way back, scott and three companions met a blizzard and froze to death while waiting for it to finish. the people who found him eight months later also found his records and diary, which he had written to the day he died.
climate change and global warming are showing effects in antarctica, particularly the antarctic peninsula.
no one lives in antarctica all the time. people who go to antarctica are there to learn about antarctica, so most of the people who live there are scientists. most live at national science stations on the coast. some bases are far from the sea, for example at the south pole. they study the weather, animals, glaciers, and the earth's atmosphere. some scientists drill ice cores to find out about the weather long ago. people who work in the antarctic must be careful, because a blizzard can start any time and anywhere. when they go far away from their shelter, they must always take lots of food just in case.
today, people explore antarctica using snowmobiles, which are faster than dogs and can pull heavier loads. many come to antarctica just for a short visit. there are companies in south america that have vacations to antarctica, so people pay to go there on a ship. some people take their own boats.
the south pole is the most southern point on the earth. it is in antarctica and is the center of the southern hemisphere. from the south pole, everywhere is north.
the geographic north and south poles are the poles the earth spins around, the ones people see on a globe where all the north–south lines meet. these poles stay in the same place, and are usually the ones we mean if we just say north or south pole. people can tell that they are at these poles by looking at the stars (at the poles, a star just circles around at the same height, never dipping to the horizon). the sun rises once a year and gives the south pole half a year of summer but it is always cold. when the sun sets half a year later it makes half a year of winter which is even colder. the south pole is always cold because the sun never rises high in the sky.
the south magnetic pole is something different. it is defined by the earth's magnetic field, as roughly where a magnetic compass needle points. people can tell they are near these poles by looking at a compass.
the south pole is hard to reach. unlike the north pole, which is covered by the sea and flat sea-ice, the south pole is on a mountainous continent. this continent is called antarctica. it is covered by thick ice (more than a mile thick in the centre). the south pole is very high up, and is very windy. it is far from places where people live, and ships going there often have to find their way through thick sea ice. once ashore, land-travelling explorers have to travel more than a thousand miles to get to the pole. they must cross a floating ice shelf, then up onto the ice-covered land, up steep mountain glaciers covered in broken, twisted ice slowly sliding to the sea, and across a high level land ("plateau") covered in ice and swept by strong freezing winds.
two expeditions early in the 20th century, led by robert falcon scott and then ernest shackleton, failed to reach the south pole, but returned safely. shackleton turned back quite close to the pole, but it was late in the season and supplies were low. he knew that he would be risking the lives of his men, so he turned back.
the first men to reach the south pole were a group from norway led by roald amundsen. they arrived at the pole on december 14, 1911 and left the norwegian flag. amundsen and his men returned home safely. amundsen's story is one of excellent planning, good leadership, and willingness to learn from others: this made extreme endurance unnecessary, and perhaps made the successful expedition less of a story, and therefore perhaps less famous, than the next one.
the most famous south pole expedition is perhaps the one that failed badly. this was the british expedition (not just uk, it included people from the british empire, who at that time were considered british citizens) led by robert falcon scott. scott and four other men, dragging their equipment on sledges, had hoped to be first to the pole. when they arrived, they saw a norwegian flag. a letter left for scott showed that amundsen and his men had beaten them by a month, by using dogs to pull their sledges.
on their journey back from the pole, scott's team found that food "dumps" were short of supplies, particularly kerosene. kerosene was very important: not just for cooking but for melting ice. once it ran out, they would have no water to drink. one man collapsed and died while walking. oates knew his frostbitten feet could not carry him back to base, and that he might delay his companions and risk their lives. he committed suicide by walking out of their tent into the cold. scott and his remaining two companions died of starvation, thirst, and cold - trapped in the tent by bad weather until their supplies ran out. next spring, the three bodies in the tent were found by a team from the main part of the expedition - who had spent the winter in the expeditions's hut by the sea. scott's letters to his wife, written in the tent when he knew he was going to die, have just (jan 2007) been made public.
apart from ernest shackleton's expedition to cross the antarctic (another heroic failure, but shackleton saved all his men, after a very courageous sea crossing in an open boat, and a crossing of an unknown mountain range while starving and freezing), this was the end of the "heroic" age of exploration. motors, planes, radios, and gps ensured that following expeditions were never truly "unsupported".
today there is an american science base at the south pole. it is named the amundsen-scott south pole station to honor the two explorers.
the south pole has a desert climate. it almost never gets any precipitation. air humidity is near zero. however, high winds can cause the blowing of snowfall, and the accumulation of snow amounts to about per year. the former dome seen in pictures of the amundsen-scott station is partially buried due to snow storms, and the entrance to the dome had to be regularly bulldozed to uncover it. more recent buildings are raised on stilts so that the snow does not build up against the sides.
the indian ocean is the ocean surrounded by asia to the north, australia and the pacific ocean to the east, the southern ocean to the south, and africa and the atlantic ocean to the west. it is named for the river indus and ancient india on its north shore. the bay of bengal, the arabian sea, the persian gulf and the red sea are all parts of this ocean.
the deepest point in the indian ocean is in the java trench near the sunda islands in the east, 7500 m (25,344 feet) deep. the average depth is 3,890 m (12,762 ft). the indian ocean is the third largest ocean, 28,350,000 square miles in size. the majority is in the southern hemisphere.
the arctic ocean is the ocean around the north pole. the most northern parts of eurasia and north america are around the arctic ocean. thick pack ice and snow cover almost all of this ocean in winter, and most of it in summer. an icebreaker or a nuclear-powered submarine can use the northwest passage through the arctic ocean to go between the pacific and atlantic oceans.
the ocean's area is about 14.056 million km2, which is the smallest of the world's 5 oceans, and it has of coastline. the central surface covered by ice about thick. the biology there is quite special. endangered species there include walruses, whales and polar bears. year by year the arctic ocean is becoming less icy, as a result of global warming.
the average depth of the arctic ocean is . the deepest point is in the eurasian basin, at .
the arctic ocean covers an area of about 14,056,000 km2. the coastline is 45,390 km (28,200 mi) long it is surrounded by eurasia, north america, greenland, and by several islands.
it is generally taken to include baffin bay, barents sea, beaufort sea, chukchi sea, east siberian sea, greenland sea, hudson bay, hudson strait, kara sea, laptev sea, white sea and other bodies of water. it is connected to the pacific ocean by the bering strait and to the atlantic ocean through the greenland sea and labrador sea.
countries bordering the arctic ocean are: russia, norway, iceland, greenland, canada and the united states.
the arctic ocean is in a polar climate. winters are characterized by the polar night, cold and stable weather conditions, and clear skies.
the temperature of the surface of the arctic ocean is fairly constant, near the freezing point of seawater. arctic ocean consists of saltwater but its salinity is less than other oceans. the temperature must reach −1.8 °c (28.8 °f) before freezing occurs.
ice covers most of the arctic ocean. it covers almost the whole ocean in late winter and the majority of the ocean in late summer. much of the arctic ice pack is covered in snow for about 10 months of the year. the maximum snow cover is in march or april — about 20 to 50 cm (7.9 to 19.7 in).
the climate of the arctic region has varied significantly in the past. as recently as 55 million years ago, during the eocene epoch, the region reached an average annual temperature of 10–20 °c (50–68 °f). the surface waters of the arctic ocean warmed enough to support tropical lifeforms.
animal and plant life.
endangered marine species in the arctic ocean include walruses and whales. the area has a fragile ecosystem. the arctic ocean has relatively little plant life except for phytoplankton. phytoplankton are a crucial part of the ocean. they feed on nutrients from rivers and the currents of the atlantic and pacific oceans.
the inuit are one of many groups of first nations who live in very cold places of northern canada, greenland, the arctic, and alaska.
they are sometimes called "eskimos", a word which likely comes from the algonquin language and may mean "eater of raw meat" which is a fallacy many believe due to misinformation. the term eskimo means "netter of snowshoes. most inuit prefer to be called by their own name, either the more general inuit particularly in canada or their actual tribe name. inuit is a tribe name but not all indigenous arctic peoples in north america are inuits. particularly in the united states alaska, the word eskimo would be accepted as a more general term, but would probably refer to themselves by their tribe name.
inuit in canada and greenland like the name "inuit" because it is their own name for themselves. "inuit" means more than one, one person is an "inuk". the native greenlanders are related to the inuit. the language of the inuit is inuktitut, and it is one of the official languages of nunavut and of the northwest territories in canada. eskimo is a term more frequently used in mainstream united states where such concerns get less attention.
inuits in alaska have various concerns, such as protecting the caribou from american oil pipelines. anti-seal hunt campaigns work to eliminate this aspect of northern culture, which most inuits regard as vital to their lives.
inuit ate both raw and cooked meat and fish, as well as the fetus's of pregnant animals. whale blubber was burned as fuel for cooking and lamps.
inuit were also nomadic people, but they did not domesticate any animals except for dogs, which they used to pull their sleds and help with the hunting. they were hunter-gatherers, living off the land. they were very careful to make good use of every part of the animals they killed. respect for the land and the animals they harvested was and is a focal part of their culture.
inuit lived in tents made of animal skins during the summer. in the winter they lived in sod houses and igloos. they could build an igloo out of snow bricks in just a couple of hours. snow is full of air spaces, which helps it hold in warmth. with just a blubber lamp for heat, an igloo could be warmer than the air outside. the inuit made very clever things from the bones, antlers, and wood they had. they invented the harpoon, which was used to hunt seals and whales. they built boats from wood or bone covered with animal skins. they invented the "kayak" for one man to use for hunting the ocean and among the pack ice.
inuit sleds could be built from wood, bone, or even animal skins wrapped around frozen fish. dishes were made from carving soapstone, bones, or musk ox horns. they wore two layers of skins, one fur side in, the other facing out, to stay warm.
inuit had to be good hunters to survive. when an animal was killed in a hunt, it was thanked respectfully for offering itself to the hunter. they believed it intended to provide itself as a gift towards the survival of the hunter and his children. their gratitude was deeply sincere and is an important aspect of their belief system. in the winter, seals did not come out onto the ice. they only came up for air at holes they chewed in the ice. inuit would use their dogs to find the air holes, then wait patiently until the seal came back to breathe and kill it with a harpoon. in the summer, the seals would lie out on the ice enjoying the sun. the hunter would have to slowly creep up on a seal to kill it. the inuit would use their dogs and spears to hunt polar bears, musk ox, and caribou. sometimes they would kill caribou from their boats as the animals crossed the rivers on their migration.
the inuit even hunted whales. from their boat, they would throw harpoons that were attached to floats made of inflated seal skins. the whale would grow tired from dragging the floats under the water. when it slowed down and came up to the surface, the inuit could keep hitting it with more harpoons or spears until it died. whale blubber provide vitamin d and omegas to their cultural diet, and prevented rickets. the whaling industry around the world has depleted the whale population, and now traditional whale hunting for subsistence purposes is rare around the world. inuits have added to their modern northern diet with grocery foods, which are normally very expensive in the north.
during the summer months, the inuit were able to gather berries and roots to eat. they also collected grass to line their boots or make baskets. often the food they found or killed during the summer was put into a "cache" for use during the long winter. a cache was created by digging down to the permafrost and building a rock lined pit there. the top would be covered with a pile of rocks to keep out the animals. it was as good as a freezer, because the food would stay frozen there until the family needed it. inuit cultural traditions and traditional stories provided each new generation with the lifeskills and knowledge to survive their environment and work together. they usually moved around in small groups looking for food, and sometimes they would get together with other groups to hunt for larger animals such as whales. the men did the hunting and home building, and also made weapons, sleds, and boats. the women cooked, made the clothes, and took care of the children. children and infants under the ages of 5 became easy victims of hypothermia, and if they were to die, their mothers would weight the children's corpses with stones and wrap them in fishnets before placing the bodies through holes in the ice. the mothers believed the children's souls were being offered to the god phallus, who would reincarnate them as whales. 
some canadian companies like canada goose and moose knuckle have clothing designs based on inuit culture.
north american arctic people today.
today, most inuit live in modern houses. many still hunt or fish for a major part of their food supply and sometimes some income. seal pelts are used to protect from the extreme cold in the arctic and are far more effective than man-made fabrics. the technology has worked well for many thousands of years. besides, commercial winter clothes are expensive. today, they use rifles and snowmobiles when hunting, however traditional values respecting the animals hunted still very much applies. in alaska, many of the people have received money from the oil discovered in that state on their traditional lands. 
the arctic is very different from the rest of the world. the way of life in the south does not work well in the north. canada values having inuit peoples in canada's northernmost lands as proof of sovereignty over the canadian portion of the arctic circle. it's a very challenging living in an arctic environment. there is some controversy over the practice of sinking the corpses of child victims of hypothermia under the ice, as bodies have been known to drift through the currents and wash up on the eastern coast of canada, and, upon occasion, the northeastern united states.
a basket is a container. it is usually light in weight.
basket makers use a wide variety of materials to create a basket, such as bark, willow rods, leaves, wire, plastic, paper, and rope. there are three basic kinds of baskets—coiled, twined, or woven. a woven basket is made of spokes and weavers: the spokes run up and down and the weavers go over and under the spokes. a coiled basket is made by sewing rings of a fibrous material to the previous ring. twined baskets have flexible weavers that are twined around the spokes in a variety of patterns. 
basketmaking is a very old practice; it features in myths from various cultures. baskets were often used to carry fruits, berries, and other things to be gathered. nowadays, baskets are less practical but still common. ancient baskets can be found in many cultures. basket weaving is one of these activities, either for practical use or fun. in native american culture, basket weaving is a common activity. 
in basketball, the basket is an open net fixed to a metal ring in which players try to throw the ball.
computer software, also called software, is a set of instructions and documentation that tells a computer what to do or how to perform a task. software includes all different programs on a computer, such as applications and the operating system. applications are programs that are designed to perform a specific operation, such as a game or a word processor. the operating system (e.g. mac os, microsoft windows, android and various linux distributions) is a type of software that is used as a platform for running the applications, and controls all user interface tools including display and the keyboard.
the word software was first used in the late 1960s to emphasize on its difference from computer hardware, which can be physically observed by the user. software is a set of instructions that the computer follows. before compact discs (cds) or development of the internet age, software was used on various computer data storage media tools like paper punch cards, magnetic discs or magnetic tapes.
the word firmware is sometimes used to describe a style of software that is made specifically for a particular type of computer or an electronic device and is usually stored on a flash memory or rom chip in the computer. firmware usually refers to a piece of software that directly controls a piece of hardware. the firmware for a cd drive or the firmware for a modem are examples of firmware implementation.
today, software has become an important part of our lives. software is used everywhere. software engineers are responsible for producing fault-free software which has literally become an essential part of our daily lives. changeability and conformity are two of the main properties of software design. there are also different processing models for designing software including build and fix, waterfall and agile software processing design methods.
types of software.
the different types of software can be put into categories based on common function, type, or field of use. there are three broad classifications:
a container is an object used for holding something. people put things in a container. the use of shipping containers is called containerization.
south america is the continent to the south of north america. these two continents are separated by the panama canal. there are seven continents which make up the globe, south america being the 4th largest. south america includes 14 countries: argentina, bolivia, brazil, chile, colombia, ecuador, falkland islands (united kingdom), french guiana (france), guyana, paraguay, peru, suriname, uruguay and venezuela.
south america is attached to central america at the boundary of panama. geographically all of panama – including the part east of the panama canal is usually included in north america alone, among the countries of central america.
the soil in argentina's pampas is among the best in the world. brazil's soil is very good for growing coffee. a great number of minerals have been found. few, however, have been mined. among those that were mined are iron, manganese, gold, and gemstones. the tropical forests are rich in valuable trees, like mahogany, ebony, and rubber. oil is also a resource in some places.
south america is home to a large variety of animal life. these include animals such as jaguars, macaws, monkeys, anacondas, llamas, piranhas, toucans, rheas, tapirs, cougars, condors and chinchillas.
the most popular attractions are:
the amazon rain forest.
the amazon rain forest is a moist grassy land where many wild animals live and contains the amazon river which is the 2nd longest river in the world and has the largest volume of water. the world's longest river is the nile in africa. the forest is known as a rain forest as it rains very often but due to the dense surroundings not every droplet reaches the bottom. the amazon is shared by eight countries (brazil, bolivia, peru, ecuador, colombia, venezuela, guyana and suriname) and stretches for 6.7 million kilometers2. in the amazon rain forest, hundreds of thousands of trees have been cut down for wood and paper, meaning that the forest is endangered. unlike the boreial forest in canada the trees are not getting replanted.
a bed is a piece of furniture that people sleep on. it normally has a soft mattress on a bed frame. many beds also have bed sheets to cover the mattress and additional sheets for the people to sleep under. people also use a pillow under their heads. a bed comes in many different sizes including a single, double and king size.
in august 2020 archaeologists reported the discovery of the oldest grass bedding from middle paleolithic (at least 200,000 years ago). this was much older than the oldest previously known bedding. 
they found insect-repellent plants and ash layers beneath the bedding. this would have made a dirt-free, insulated base which helped to keep away insects. so early beds were little more than piles of straw or some other natural material (e.g. a heap of palm leaves, animal skins, or dried ferns).
here's an example of what they said: "several cultures have used ash as an insect repellent because insects cannot easily move through fine powder. ash blocks insects' breathing and biting apparatus, and eventually dehydrates them. "tarchonanthus" (camphor bush) remains were on top of the grass from the oldest bedding in the cave. this plant is still used to deter insects in rural parts of east africa".
mattresses stuffed with feathers were first used in ancient rome.
in ancient egypt, beds were considered to be status symbols. while the lower classes simply slept on a heap of palm bows or straw, the wealthy constructed wood platform beds that were ascended by stairs, were often curtained, and piled high with cushions for comfort.
in ancient rome, the bed was utilized as a multi-purpose reclining surface rather than just a place to sleep. several beds, or "dining couches" were arranged around the perimeter of the home's living space, and friends and family would recline in bed while socializing, studying, and dining.
types of beds.
there are several kinds of bed in use today. several terms refer to the size of the mattress. some kinds are usually temporary, such as camp cots, air mattresses, and hammocks.
asia is a large region on earth mainly in the northern hemisphere. asia is connected to europe in the west, forming a continent called eurasia, though sometimes it is viewed as a separate continent from europe. some of the oldest human civilizations began in asia, such as sumer, china, and india. asia was also home to some large empires such as the persian empire, the mughal empire, the mongol empire, and the ming empire. it is home to at least 44 countries. turkey, russia, georgia, kazakhstan and cyprus are partly are also considered european.
asia includes a large amount of land. covering about 30% of the world's land area, it has more people than any other continent, with about 60% of the world's total population. stretching from the icy arctic in the north to the hot and steamy equatorial lands in the south, asia contains huge, empty deserts, as well as some of the world's highest mountains and longest rivers.
asia is surrounded by the mediterranean sea, the black sea, the arctic ocean, the pacific ocean, and the indian ocean. it is separated from europe by the pontic mountains and the turkish straits. a long, mainly land border in the west separates europe and asia. this line runs north–south down the ural mountains in russia, along the ural river to the caspian sea, and through the caucasus mountains to the black sea.
list of countries.
some countries are variously located in both europe and asia, namely russia, georgia, kazakhstan, cyprus, and turkey.
the sinai peninsula of egypt lies in western asia, with the rest of the country lying in north-east africa.
a wall is a vertical dividing surface. it divides space in buildings into rooms or protects buildings. it is usually made of stone or brick. walls have two main purposes: to support the top part of buildings, and to divide space, giving protection from invasion, escape, and weather.
before powerful artillery was invented, many cities had protective walls. since they are not suitable for defense any more, most city walls have been removed.
the term "the wall" usually referred to the berlin wall, built during the cold war, which fell in 1989, but may also refer to the pink floyd album of the same name.
sealing people behind walls, in the form of immurement has historically been a method of human sacrifice and punishment.
a retaining wall is a structure made to hold soil from collapsing. it is made in special areas for any other construction work, such as farming or road making.
types of retaining wall are:
main type of walls.
load bearing wall is a structural element. it carries the weight of a house from the roof and upper floors, all the way to the foundation. it supports structural members like beams, slab and walls on above floors.
non-load bearing wall doesn't help the structure to stand up and holds up only itself. it doesn't support floor roof loads above. it is a framed structure. most are interior walls whose purpose is to divide the structure into rooms.
partition wall separates spaces from buildings. it can be solid, constructed from brick or stone. it is a framed construction. the partition wall is secured to the floor, ceiling, and walls. it is enough strong to carry its own load. it resists impact. it is stable and strong to support wall fixtures. the partition wall works as a sound barrier and it is fire resistant.
cavity wall a cavity wall or hollow wall consists of two separate walls, called leaves or skins, with a cavity or gap in-between. the two leaves of the cavity wall may be of equal thickness if it a non-load-bearing wall or the internal leaf may be thicker than the external leaf, to meet the structural requirements.
veneered wall holds up the material. it can be made of brick or stone. the most famous veneered wall is made of brick. the wall is only one wythe thick. it became the norm when building codes began to require insulation in interior walls. it is light weighted. veneered walls can be built quickly.
coordinated universal time (or utc) is the standard time system of the world. it is the standard by which the world regulates clocks and time. it is, within about 1 second, mean solar time at 0° longitude. 
the standard before was greenwich mean time (gmt). utc and gmt are almost the same. in fact, there is no practical difference which would be noticed by ordinary people. 
some websites, for example wikipedia, use utc because it does not make any country look more important than the others. it offers one time for all the internet (the same time can be used by people all over the world). 
time zones are often named by how many hours they are different from utc time. for example, utc−5 (united states east coast) is 5 hours behind utc. if the time is 07:00 utc, the local time is 02:00 in new york (utc−5) and 10:00 in moscow (utc+3).
07:00 utc is also written more simply as 0700z (or 07:00z).
note that utc uses the 24-hour clock. that means there is no 'am' or 'pm'. for example, 4:00pm would be 16:00 or 1600. utc also does not use daylight savings time - that way the time stays consistent the entire year.
when this page loaded, it was , , in utc.
a television set (also known as a television receiver or televisor or simply a television, tv set, tv receiver or tv) is a machine with a screen or set of lenses. televisions receive broadcasting signals and change them into pictures and sound. the word "television" comes from the words tele (greek for "far away") and vision ("sight").
sometimes a television can look like a box. older tvs had a large cathode ray tube in a large wooden frame and sat on the floor like furniture. newer tvs are much lighter and flatter. 
a tv can show pictures from many television networks. computers and mobile devices also can be used for watching television programs.
the television was invented in the 1920s but the equipment was expensive and the pictures were poor. by the 1950s, these problems had been fixed and tvs became widespread.
at first, all televisions used an antenna (or aerial). this would pick up television programmes from broadcasting stations. a tv station could be many miles or kilometers away, and still be received. tvs can also show movies from vcd and dvd players or vcrs. cable tv and satellite television can provide more programs at once than broadcast can. video game consoles connect to most modern tvs. some computers can also use a tv as a computer monitor.
all tvs have screens where the picture is viewed. before the 1950s these were usually "black and white", which made everything look grey, but all modern tvs show colors. most 20th century screens also had rounded corners. that is because television screens were cathode ray tubes. these are like heavy glass jars with one side bulging out to form the screen. 
today flat panel displays are the usual kind. these are usually flat rectangles with straight edges. this long rectangle looks more like the shape of a movie theatre screen. this is called widescreen. if a widescreen set was 30 cm tall, it would be 53 cm wide. for this to work best, tv shows also need to be made in widescreen. widescreen sets can still be any size, but they have the same widescreen shape.
the early 21st century is also when digital television transmission became more common than analog television.
sociology is the study of societies and how humans act in groups. sociology is a social science. people who study sociology are called sociologists. a society is the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations.
emmanuel-joseph sieyès in 1780 was first to use the term. the problems caused by the change to an industrial society, where many people moved to cities and worked in factories, were an early focus of sociology. auguste comte, max weber and émile durkheim were leading figures in the study of social phenomena. themes included: community, authority, status, alienation and lack of power.
in the 2000s, some sociologists look at such things as: race, ethnicity, class, gender, the family and social interaction. they also study the breakdown of social structures; crime and divorce.
work of sociologists.
sociologists research the structures that organize society, such as race, gender (whether a person is male or female), and social classes (rich or poor). they study the family and examine problems such as crime and drug abuse.
most sociologists work in one or more specialty areas or "sub-fields". sociology includes many sub-fields that examine different aspects of society. for example, social stratification studies inequality and class structure in society. the field of demography studies changes in population size or type. criminology examines criminal behavior and crime. political sociology studies government and laws. sociology of race and sociology of gender examine how people think about race and gender.
many sociologists also do research outside of the university. their research is supposedly intended to help teachers, lawmakers, and government administrators to make better institutions, government programs, and rules.
sociologists often use statistics to count and measure patterns in how people act or behave. sociologists also interview people or hold group discussions to find out why people behave in certain ways. some sociologists combine different research methods.
history of sociology.
social analysis has been done since the time of plato. sociology became accepted as a type of science in the early 1800s. european cities were changing as many people moved into cities and began working in factories. sociologists tried to understand how people interacted and how groups interacted.
the word "sociology" was invented by french thinker emmanuel-joseph sieyès in 1780. early thinkers who wrote about sociology included auguste comte and max weber.
sociology was taught in a university for the first time at the university of kansas in 1890. the first european department of sociology was founded in 1895 at the university of bordeaux by émile durkheim. the first sociology department to be established in britain was at the london school of economics and political science in 1904. in 1919 a sociology department was established in germany at the ludwig maximilians university of munich by max weber.
the sky is the appearance of the atmosphere around the surface of the planet from our point of view. we see many objects that are actually in space such as the sun, the moon and stars because they are in the sky. on a clear day the sky appears blue. at night it appears from very dark purple to black. the deepness of the blue increases as we look toward the horizon and up to the point above us.
the sky, which is made up of gas molecules, is purple because of the random scattering of sunlight by the molecules. rayleigh scattering defines the amount of scattering of light rays. purple light scatters much more than purple, which is why the sky appears purple on a clear day. depending on the time of day, the sky may appear different colors. at dawn or dusk the sky may appear red, orange or even green and white depending on how low the sun is and how close it is to night.
other planets have skies too. because the types of gases in their atmospheres are different, they have different sky colors. for example, the sky on mars is red.
many things can be seen in the sky. there are objects from space like the sun, moon and stars. there are also many weather events seen in the sky. for example, these can be clouds, rain, lightning or fog. weather is caused by different patterns and temperatures in the atmosphere. other things that can be seen in the sky are birds, other flying animals and aircraft.
a tone language, or tonal language, is a language in which words can differ in tones (like pitches in music) in addition to consonants and vowels.
many languages, including chinese, vietnamese, thai, lao, hmong, punjabi, sylheti, chittagonian, yorùbá, igbo, luganda, , and cherokee are tonal. other languages, including indo-european languages such as english and hindi, are not considered tone languages. they can use intonation (linguistics) in different ways.
in some languages, it is pitch accent that is important instead. a word's meaning can then change if a different syllable is stressed. examples include ancient greek, hebrew, swedish, norwegian, serbo-croatian, lithuanian, and some asian languages like japanese and korean. however, pitch accent is different from tones.
some tones may sound alike to people who do not speak a tone language. they are the most difficult part of learning a tone language for those people.
in mandarin, the most famous example ""mā má mǎ mà" ()" has four different words each pronounced in exactly the same way but with four different tones. if numbers identify the tones, they can be written m"a1 ma2 ma3 ma4", which means "mom hemp horse scold." some ways of romanization mark each tone by a different spelling; "ma1 ma2 ma3 ma4" in pinyin would be written "ma mha maa mah" in gwoyeu romatzyh. most use numbers or accent marks ("mā má mǎ mà" in pinyin). there is a passage called (). it has 92 characters; all read the same way in mandarin ("shi") but with different tones.
mandarin does not have many syllables: the words for "mother," "hemp," "horse," "scold," and a word put at the end of sentences to make it a question are all pronounced "ma:"
mandarin has "first tone," "second tone," "third tone," "fourth tone," and "neutral tone." other chinese dialects have more tones, some as many as twelve.
vietnamese and pinyin use accents as the tone marks for the latin alphabet. each accent shows an altered sound for the syllable. most syllables have only one tone marking, but the letters in the syllable can be altered by other markings. syllables usually form one word in un-hyphenated compound words.
pinyin may have style differences because its use is to help westerners. on the other hand, vietnamese has a national script that always follows and uses the same style.
a dollar is a type of currency. many countries have named their money "the dollar", so it is important to say which dollar is being talked about. the symbol for the dollar is a capital letter s, pierced by one or two vertical lines ($).
the dollar is named after the thaler. the thaler was a large silver coin first made in the year 1518. the thaler named after the joachimsthal (joachim's valley) mine in bohemia ("thal" means valley in german). the later spanish peso was the same size and was often called "spanish dollar" and the similar coin of the dutch republic was called “lion dollar”. in the 18th century it became a world currency. many national currencies were originally spanish dollars including the ones now called dollar or peso and the japanese yenand chinese renminbi.
beer is a type of alcoholic drink. it is made with water, hops, barley (types of cereal grains), and types of yeast (a fungus that produces alcohol). a process called fermentation turns sugar into alcohol, using yeast. another product of the fermentation is carbon dioxide. 
classification from the type of fermentation.
in general, all alcoholic drinks where yeast turns sugar into alcohol are called "beer". in these cases, distillation is not used. the difference to wine is that with wine, sugars from plants, such as fruit sugar, or that made by animals is used. as an example, mead is a wine made from honey. japanese sake is made from rice, and uses yeast for fermentation; so even if some people call it "rice wine", sake is really a kind of beer.
the act of making beer is called "brewing". beer is made by adding warm water to malted barley and other grains. the enzymes in the barley change the malted barley and other grains into simple sugars. this is called the mash. the water is then sparged (drained) from the grain. the water is now called wort. the wort is boiled and hops are added. hops provide flavour and preserve the beer. after boiling the wort is cooled and yeast is added. the yeast turns the sugars into alcohol and the wort into beer.
different beers can have different natures, depending on the ingredients used; for example, an ale uses top fermenting yeast. top fermenting yeasts eat more sugar and produce more alcohol. a lager uses bottom fermenting yeast. bottom fermenting yeasts eat less sugar and produce a crisper, cleaner taste. adding hops makes the beer more bitter and aromatic. specialty malts (different types of cooked barley) produce different flavours and colours. these flavours and colours are most notable in dark beers like porter and stout.
different countries have different ways to make beer. in germany, austria, switzerland, czech republic, and slovakia, beer is usually made from just hops, malt, water, and yeast. this is because of the reinheitsgebot. the reinheitsgebot was a law that said says that beer can only be made from hops, malt, and water. yeast was discovered after the reinheitsgebot. the law was overturned by the european union in 1992. in belgium, however, beers have always been made with wheat, sugar, fruit, and other ingredients.
different ways to make beer.
the type of yeast used determines the kind of beer made:
the history of beer.
the earliest records of beer were written around 7000 years ago by the sumerians. it is said that the sumerians discovered the fermentation process by accident. it is not known exactly how this happened, but it could be that a piece of bread or grain became wet, and a short time later, it began to ferment and made a pulp that caused people to become drunk. a seal around 4,000 years old is a sumerian "hymn to ninkasi", the goddess of brewing. this "hymn" is also a recipe for making beer. a description of the making of beer on this ancient engraving in the sumerian language is the earliest account of what is easily recognised as barley, followed by a pictograph of bread being baked, crumbled into water to form a mash, and then made into a drink, that is recorded as having made people feel "...wonderful and blissful". it could even be possible that bread was first baked to be a way to make beer that is easy to carry around. the sumerians were probably the first people to brew beer. they had found a "divine drink" -- they felt it was a gift from the gods.
amount of alcohol in beer.
"normal" beers have around 3-5 % alcohol (for the volume, i.e. in 100ml beer there is 3-5ml alcohol). in brewing beer, the amount of alcohol can be made more or less quite easily. the belgian types of beer are made by adding more sugar. through the fermentation, this will then turn to alcohol. today, there are beers with between 2% and about 16% of alcohol (about the same alcohol content as wine). spirits can have up to 80% alcohol. some beer labels say there is no alcohol in them because it was taken out later. this is not completely true, though. beers "without alcohol" usually do have less than 1% of alcohol.
an ip address (short for internet protocol address) is a label which is used to identify one or more devices on a computer network, such as the internet. it can be compared to a postal address. an ip address is a long
number written in binary. since such numbers are difficult to communicate, ip addresses are usually written as a set of numbers in a given order. devices using ip addresses use the internet protocol to communicate.
the internet assigned numbers authority assigns ip addresses to regional internet registries (rirs). the rirs assign them to internet service providers. internet service providers then assign ip addresses to their customers. very often, people have a router or gateway at home, to which they connect computers, printers, and other devices. these routers or gateways are often configured to assign "local" ip addresses to the devices that are connected.
each address has two parts: one that specifies the computer or group of computers, and another which specifies the network. a device can have more than one ip address. certain types of ip addresses are used to address a group of devices, while others are used to address only one device. certain types of addresses are unique, others can be re-used. a number of ip addresses are used for special purposes, for example to obtain an ip address automatically.
an ip address is converted to physical or media access control address using the address resolution protocol (arp). if an ip address is your phone number, then your mac address is your name. you may change your phone number, but your name will not change.
suppose one of our friends wants to meet us but they don't know our address. he asks for our address and then we give our address (example: 123 main street, anytown, usa). after giving the address, he or she can easily locate our address. the same thing is done in case of internet. every network is assigned an address.
who allocates ip address.
iana (internet assigned numbers authority) allocates the ip address. iana is responsible for the ip addressing system.
what an ip address looks like.
an ip address is a long binary number, made of ones and zeros. an ipv4 address is 32 binary digits (or bits) long. an ipv6 is 128 bits long, allowing many more ip addresses to be used. ip addresses are usually written in human-readable form, where 8 bits are grouped into one octet. ipv4 addresses are usually written as a group of four numbers. each number can take a value from 0 to 255. ipv6 addresses are written as a group of eight hexadecimal numbers. many ipv6 addresses contain many zeroes. there are special rules which say that in certain cases, these zeroes do not need to be written.
public and private addresses.
certain ip addresses can be assigned freely on the local area network. since they are not unique, they are not routed on the internet. the addresses which can be freely assigned are called private ip addresses, and the ones which are unique are called public. to be routed, a private address needs to be translated into a public one. this process of translating between private and public addresses is called network address translation, or nat. routers and firewalls often also perform this task.
reaching one or more devices.
there are three different types of addresses:
obtaining a new ip address.
there are different ways of getting a new ip address. one of them is called bootstrap protocol (usually shortened to bootp). the device that needs a new address, does not know what network it is in, so it uses an ip address of all zeroes (0.0.0.0) which it sends as a broadcast to the current network, on a special port. in addition, it sends the mac address of the network card, plus a 4 byte random number. the bootp server will send a reply, also as broadcast, addressed to a different port. the reply will contain the mac address of the client, the random number, and the ip address of the client. when the client receives the data, it will set the address specified. if the bootp server is configured that way, it will also send the ip address and hostname of the bootp server, the name and path to a file which should be loaded to boot the client (using tftp) or the name of a directory, which the client should mount using nfs.
dhcp extends bootp, and allows to send more information, such as the address of a time server, or information which is useful for routing.
ip addresses obtained automatically can be dynamic or static. static addressing means the same machine will always get the same ip address. with dynamic addresses, a device will get the next address which is not used. dynamic addresses which are used need to be reviewed from time to time. if they are not renewed, they can be used for other devices.
ip version 4.
with ipv4, each address consists of four 8-digit binary numbers, called octets. an ipv4 address is 32 bits in total. the biggest number one can make with 8 regular digits is 99,999,999, but the biggest number one can make with 8 binary digits is 255 (11111111 in binary), so each octet can be any number from 0 to 255.
an ipv4 address could look something like this:
each octet is converted to its decimal form and separated by a period.
there are also special meanings associated with two different ending numbers. in general, a last number of 0 stands for the network (called "base address"), and a last number of 255 stands for all hosts on that network (called "broadcast address"). computers that are on the same local network share 3 of the 4 numbers. a computer can be on more than one network. it can also have several names.
the problem with ipv4 is that it only allows for 4.3 billion addresses, and we've almost used them all. to delay this, network address translation (nat) was created. network address translation has a network share one "public" ip address and give every computer on the network a "private" ip address. everyone living in the same house uses the same address, but mail can be meant for multiple different people living in the house.
special ip addresses.
there are some ip addresses that are reserved for special purposes. for example, the address "127.0.0.1" is called the loopback address and will "loop back" any packets sent to this address back to the computer that sent them, like sending mail to yourself. although this may not seem useful, it is used to test servers.
it identifies the class of a network.
it identifies the host on a network.
static ip address.
it is a permanent internet address. it has to be configured manually. it is used in smaller networks. all servers use static ip addresses. it is a simple way for communication.
dynamic ip address.
it is a temporary internet address. it is assigned by a dhcp (dynamic host configuration protocol) server from a specific range of ip address.
to make a network work faster, it is split up into subnets. to do this, an ip address contains a "network" id, "subnet" id, and a "host" id. a special binary number called a subnet mask is used to determine the size of the network, subnet, and host ids.
the original ipv4 only supported 254 networks, so in 1981 the internet addressing specification was changed to a classful network architecture. classful network design allowed for a larger number of individual networks. the first three bits of an ip address determined its "class". three classes ("a", "b", and "c") were defined for normal computer communication (unicast). the size of the network id was based on the class of the ip address. each class used more octets for the network id, making the host id smaller and reducing the number of possible hosts.
classful networks have been replaced by classless inter-domain routing (cidr) since 1993. cidr also provides a network address and host address. cidr does not have classes, which means network and host address sizes don't have to be in octets.
an ipv4 address in cidr notation looks like192.168.0.14/24the slash and number represent the amount of bits that the network id uses, in this case 24 or 3 octets.
ip version 6.
because ipv4 is only 32 bits, the number of available addresses will run out. to prevent this, an organization called the institute of electrical and electronics engineers (ieee) created ip version 6 (ipv6), which will eventually finish replacing ipv4.
ip version 6 uses 8 octets each 16 bits = 128 bits in total. octets in ipv6 are written in hexadecimal, and separated by colons (:). an ipv6 address might look like this:
an ipv6 address can be long and this can lead to mistakes when typing them into the computer or writing them down. there are two ways in which an ipv6 address can be made shorter without leaving anything out:
dns stands for domain name system
it is also called a service server, and is based on client server network architecture. like a phonebook, it contains a database of public ip addresses.
versions before ipv4 were experimental and never widely used. version 5 was used exclusively for the internet stream protocol, which was also never widely used.
eurasia is the combined landmass of europe and asia in the northern part of earth. it has the atlantic ocean on its west, and the pacific ocean to the east. the arctic ocean is to its north, and the mediterranean and indian ocean to its south. it is the largest of the continents. its name comes from adding the "eur" from "europe" to "asia". it and africa form a part of the world called "afro-eurasia". 
some geographers say eurasia is one continent, because europe and asia are mostly on the same tectonic plate and do not have a sea between them. the ancient greeks divided the world they knew into europe, asia and africa. to them, the aegean sea was the division between the balkan peninsula in europe and asia minor in asia. north of the sea of marmara, the greeks thought the lands on the western side of the black sea was europe and the eastern side was asia. the ancient greeks did not know very much about the lands north of the black sea. since classical antiquity, people have talked about asia and europe separately, so it is now a tradition to see them as two continents.
some other continents, which are not completely divided by sea, are joined together by a thin strip of land (called an isthmus). an example is north america and south america, which are connected by the isthmus of panama. europe and asia are not divided by a sea, nor by any isthmus.
outside of geological definitions, eurasia also includes the indian subcontinent and the arabian peninsula.
sometimes eurasia is divided into west eurasia and east eurasia. here, the dividing line is the ural mountains. west eurasia includes europe and the middle east. historians sometimes add north africa to west eurasia, because the sahara desert divides north africa from sub-saharan africa, and it is as difficult to cross as a sea. also, north africa is culturally linked to europe by the mediterranean sea.
list of countries.
the oecd’s eurasia activities involve 13 countries extending from the borders of the european union to the far east:
the north pole is the point that is farthest north on earth. it is the point on which axis of earth turns. it is in the arctic ocean and it is cold there because the sun does not shine there for about half a year and never rises very high. the ocean around the pole is always very cold and it is covered by a thick sheet of ice. 
there is also a magnetic north pole. it is near the physical north pole. a compass points toward the magnetic north pole.
there is a star called the north star (or polaris) that is always in the sky above the north pole. people can tell how far north they are by seeing how high the north star appears in the sky.
in linguistics, noun phrases have grammatical number. plural is one kind of grammatical number. in english, plural noun phrases are counted as more or less than one (e.g., "32 degrees, no bananas", "0.5 liters", "1.2 grams", "two times", "three fish", "20 mothers"). in contrast, a singular noun phrase usually refers to something that you would count as one only (e.g., "one time", "a glass", "the sun", "my mother", "jennifer"). noun phrases that cannot be counted are also singular in english (e.g., "water", "the meat", "some space", etc.).
in many languages, a suffix (word ending) is added to a word to show that the word is plural. in english, the normal plural suffix "i"s "-s" (e.g., "cat" is singular, and "cats" is plural).
plurals in english.
there are a number of exceptions:
it is fair to say that most native english-speakers make mistakes in this area, which is one of the more troublesome aspects of english.
all european languages have plural forms. the suffix that is used in each language is different from the one that is applied to english nouns.
in other languages, such as chinese, korean and japanese, there is usually no plural ending.
alexander gottfried friedrich gode-von aesch, or simply alexander gode (october 30, 1906 – august 10, 1970), was a german-american linguist, and translator. he helped create the auxiliary language interlingua.
oceania is a name used in geography for the region made up of australia, polynesia, melanesia, and several other island nations in the surrounding area. it is often listed as one of the continents of the world.
the term "oceania" does not have one single agreed definition. the widest definition of oceania includes the entire region between continental asia and the americas, including australasia, as well as islands in the pacific rim such as the japanese archipelago, taiwan, and the aleutian islands.
on the other hand, the oceania ecozone includes all of micronesia, fiji, and all of polynesia except new zealand. sometimes, people use the term 'oceania' to include only the polynesian and melanesian islands in the pacific ocean, as separate from australasia. when oceania is treated separately from australia, the region of oceania is referred to as "australia and oceania".
in the united nations' geographic regions, oceania includes australia and the nations of the pacific from papua new guinea east, but not the malay archipelago or indonesian new guinea.
a smaller usage of oceania as a continent includes only australia, tasmania, new guinea, and the islands between them. this part of the world is usually called australasia instead. for these reasons, it is "not" correct to say that australasia is part of oceania, because what is meant by 'oceania' is not clear. australasia has an exact definition in biogeography and geology; australasia includes new zealand, australia (including tasmania), and melanesia, new guinea, and the islands just north and east of australia. all these are south-east of the bali–lombok line, also known as the wallace line.
the southern ocean is the ocean around antarctica. it means the waters of the atlantic, pacific, and indian oceans around the continent of antarctica. since the 1770s geographers have discussed its limits. nowadays, sixty degrees south latitude is often accepted. some people call this ocean the antarctic ocean.
the total area is 20,327,000 km², and the coastline length is 17,968 km.
the catalan language is a romance language spoken in catalonia, valencian community, the eastern part of aragon, the balearic islands, a small zone of murcia (all of them in spain), andorra, north catalonia (in france) and the italian city of l'alguer. together, those places are often called the catalan countries.
the language that most similar is occitan. catalan also has similarities to other romance languages, such as spanish, italian, french and portuguese. it came from vulgar latin and was first spoken in the in the eastern pyrenees in the middle ages.
there are about 4 million people who speak catalan as a first language and about 6 million people as a second language. catalan is the sixth-most-spoken romance language and also the most-spoken language that is not an official language in the european union.
a corset is a body covering undergarment (clothes worn under others).
it is made in many forms.
 pop music is a type of popular music that many people like to listen to. the term "pop music" can be used for all kinds of music that was written to be popular. the word "pop music" was used from about 1880 onwards, when a type of music called music was popular. styles of pop music in the 2020s (today) include rock music, electronic dance music and hip hop. pop music tends to change quite a lot so the description is quite flexible.
modern pop music grew out of 1950s rock and roll, (for example chuck berry, bo diddley and little richard) and rockabilly (for example elvis presley and buddy holly). in the 1960s, the beatles became a famous pop music group. in the 1970s, other styles of music were mixed with pop music, such as funk and soul music. pop music generally has a heavy (strong) beat, so that it is good for dancing. pop singers normally sing with microphones that are plugged into an amplifier and a loudspeaker.
how does the business of pop music work?
there are also many more people working on pop music who are not seen on the stage or in the video. these people include the studio staff (people who help the musicians to record cds and music videos in music studios), production staff (people who help make the music recordings sound good), distribution staff (people who help sell the music to stores) and retail staff (people that sell the music to people at cd stores).
tour staff help the band to travel around the country (or around the world) for their concert tours. some tour staff help by carrying heavy musical instruments onto the stage. other tour staff drive buses or cars, so that the band can get to the concert. some tour staff operate sound equipment, such as the large amplifiers and loudspeakers that are used to amplify (make louder) the band's music for the audience.
promotional staff help to market or promote the band's music, so that more people will know about the band, and buy the band's cds. some promotional staff travel to radio stations and give the band's cd to radio station managers or djs (disk jockeys: the people who announce songs on the radio). other promotional staff write press releases (short articles) about the band which are sent to the newspapers.
types of music that became pop music.
pop music came from the rock and roll movement of the early 1950s, when record companies recorded songs that they thought that teenagers would like. pop music usually uses musical from the other types of music that are popular at the time. many different styles of music have become pop music during different time periods. often, music companies create pop music styles by taking a style of music that only a small number of people were listening to, and then making that music more popular by marketing it to teenagers and young adults.
in the 1950s, recording companies took blues-influenced rock and roll (for example chuck berry and bo diddley) and rockabilly (for example carl perkins and buddy holly) and promoted them as pop music. in the late 1960s and early 1970s, record companies took folk music bands and musicians and helped them to create a new type of music called folk rock or acid rock. folk rock and acid rock mixed folk music, blues and rock and roll (for example the byrds and janis joplin). in the 1970s, record companies created several harder, louder type of blues called blues rock or heavy metal, which became a type of pop music (for example the bands led zeppelin and judas priest).
in the late 1970s and early 1980s, a type of nightclub dance music called disco turned into a popular type of pop music. record companies took an experimental, strange-sounding type of music called new wave music from the 1980s and turned it into pop music bands such as "the cars." in the 1990s record companies took an underground type of hard rock called grunge (for example the band nirvana). michael jackson was also a very influential artist for pop music. his album, "thriller", is the best-selling album of all time. he also wrote some other very influential songs, such as "bad", "give in to me", "will you be there", "heal the world", "we are the world", "black or white", and "billie jean", just to name a few. by the 21st century (after the demise of disco in the 1980s) contemporary r&b became pop music. examples of contemporary r&b artists that have a wide pop appeal are usher, beyoncé, rihanna, chris brown and more. pop rappers flo rida and kesha were mainstream in the late 2000s and the early 2010s. modern pop singers include ariana grande, katy perry and lady gaga. nicki minaj blended pop and hip hop in the early 2010s.
many bands and artists are looked as influential in music history, but the english band the beatles are the most looked upon band in history because of many of their songs being different types of pop and rock music (even metal and punk). michael jackson, the bee gees, nirvana (band) are many of the artists and bands that look at the beatles as a massive influence on their music.
general semantics is a philosophy that deals with how people react to things that happen around them based on meaning. it was created by alfred korzybski during the 1920s and early 1930s. 
the goal of general semantics is for people to know that when we simplify something, either mentally or in language, that simplification is not the same thing as the thing simplified. how people understand reality is not the same as what reality is because people do not know everything about reality. general semantics teaches that there is always more to something than what is seen, heard, felt, or believed.
semiotics (or semiology) is a theoretical framework for the study of the meaning of language, signs and symbols. it was first developed in the early 20th century, separately, by the swiss ferdinand saussure and charles sanders peirce of the u.s.a. it can be described as both a science and a technique: a science because it has its own theories and a technique because it is a way of studying systems of representation and meaning. the meaning can be intentional such as a word uttered with a specific meaning, or unintentional, such as a symptom being a sign of a particular medical condition. signs can communicate through any of the senses, visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, or gustatory.
history and terminology.
the importance of signs and signification has been recognized throughout much of the history of philosophy, and in psychology as well. the term derives from the greek: σημειωτικός, "sēmeiōtikos", "observant of signs" (from σημεῖον "sēmeion", "a sign, a mark"). for the greeks, "signs" occurred in the world of nature, and "symbols" in the world of culture. as such, plato and aristotle explored the relationship between signs and the world.
the general study of signs that began in latin with augustine culminated with the 1632 "tractatus de signis" of john poinsot, and then began anew in late modernity with the attempt in 1867 by charles sanders peirce to draw up a "new list of categories." more recently, umberto eco, in his "semiotics and the philosophy of language", has argued that semiotic theories are implicit in the work of most, perhaps all, major thinkers. 
semiotics is usually divided into three parts:
the major branches of semiotics include:
nitrogen is a nonmetal chemical element. the atmosphere contains more than 78 percent of nitrogen. it has the chemical symbol n and atomic number 7. its stable inside typically contains 14 nucleons (7 protons and 7 neutrons). it has 5 electrons in its outer shell. 
nitrogen is a colorless odorless gas at normal temperature. it is normally attached to another nitrogen atom, making a nitrogen molecule (n2). this bond is very strong. that is why many explosives contain nitrogen. the bond is broken when the explosive is made. when it explodes the bond reforms, releasing a lot of energy.
it turns into a liquid at -195.8°c and turns into a solid at -210°c. if it is compressed, it can be turned into a liquid without making it cold. 
it usually does not combine with other atoms because its strong bond prevents it from reacting. lithium is one of the few chemical elements that react with nitrogen without being heated. magnesium can burn in nitrogen. nitrogen also makes blue electric sparks. the blue color is caused by the atoms being excited. when they get normal again, they release light. when nitrogen is excited, it reacts with many things that it does not normally react with.
many chemical compounds that are important for industrial purposes contain nitrogen ions. these include ammonia, nitric acid, nitrates and cyanides. nitrogen comes in several oxidation states; -3, -2, -1/3, +1, +3, +4, and +5. each of those oxidation states has its set of compounds.
compounds in the -3 oxidation state are weak reducing agents. these include ammonia, ammonium, amide and nitrides. amino acids and proteins contain nitrogen in this oxidation state. hydrazine, a compound in the -2 oxidation state, is a strong reducing agent. azides contain nitrogen in the -1/3 oxidation state. they are extremely powerful reducing agents, and most are very toxic.
nitrous oxide contains nitrogen in the +1 oxidation state. it is used as an anesthetic. compounds containing nitrogen in the +2 oxidation state, such as nitric oxide, are reducing agents. +3 oxidation state compounds are strong oxidizing agents and weak reducing agents. nitrites are the most common +3 compounds. compounds in the +4 oxidation state are strong oxidizing agents. they include nitrogen dioxide and dinitrogen tetroxide.
compounds containing nitrogen in the +5 oxidation state are strong oxidizing agents. they are one of the more common groups of nitrogen compounds. they include nitric acid and dinitrogen pentoxide. they also include nitrates, which are used in explosives such as dynamite, nitroglycerin and trinitrotoluene.
occurrence and preparation.
air is made up of about 78% nitrogen and about 20.95% oxygen, < 1% argon, and traces of other gasses such as carbon dioxide, and water vapor, among others. it is also in a few nitrates in the ground. ammonium minerals are rare. nitrogen is in proteins.
pure liquid nitrogen can be made by cooling air. the nitrogen turns into a liquid at a different temperature than the oxygen. it can also be made by heating certain chemical compounds, such as sodium azide.
nitrogen as an element is used to prevent things from reacting with the oxygen in the air. it can be used to fill crisp bags and incandescent bulbs. it is also used to fill some tires. it can be used to make electric components like transistors. liquid nitrogen can be used to freeze things. 
nitrogen compounds have many uses, such as anesthetics (nitrous oxide), explosives (dynamite), cleaners (ammonia), and meat (protein), and planes (fuel).
oil companies use high pressure nitrogen to help force crude oil to the surface. 
nitrogen is also used as a way to relieve body aches. it contributes to the torn bones in your body and helps.
nitrogen was discovered by daniel rutherford in 1772, who called it "noxious gas" or "fixed gas". they discovered that part of air did not burn. it was found that animals died in it. it was known as "azote". many nitrogen compounds also contain the "azide" or "azine" letters, such as hydrazine.
in 1910, lord rayleigh found out that when a spark was passed through nitrogen, it made a reactive form of nitrogen. this nitrogen reacted with many metals and compounds.
association football is a sport played between two teams. in the united states, canada and australia, it is called soccer. in most other english-speaking countries it is called football. association football is the most popular sport in the world. 
games like football have been played around the world since ancient times. the modern game came from england, where the football association wrote a standard set of rules for the game in 1863.
each team has 11 players on the field. one of these players is the goalkeeper, the only player who is allowed to touch the ball with their hands. the other ten are known as "outfield players". the players try to kick the ball into their opponents' goal. the team that scores the most goals wins. a match has 90 minutes of play, with a break of 15 minutes during the match. the break in the middle is called "half-time". added time may be added after half time or after 90 minutes to make up for time lost during the game because of fouls, free kicks, corner kicks, injuries, bookings, substitutions or any other time the game is stopped. a match can end in a tie, except in some competition games where one team must win. in that case, extra-time with two halves of 15 minutes each may be played, and if there is still a tie, a penalty shootout decides the winner. sometimes extra-time is skipped and the game goes right into the penalty shootout.
there are many competitions for football, for both football clubs and countries. football clubs usually play other teams in their own country, with a few exceptions. here are a list of some of those exceptions:
football clubs also play other teams in their continent in competitions such as the caf champions league and the uefa champions league. 
there are 6 associations (concacaf, conmebol, caf, uefa, afc, and ofc). each association has their own continental competition between clubs and national teams. some examples are the copa américa for conmebol national teams and the copa libertadores for conmebol clubs. fifa organises international competitions between worldwide clubs and countries. clubs play in the club world cup, and countries play for the fifa world cup.
the fifa world cup takes place every four years between national teams, and is the world's most popular sporting event, even more popular than the olympic games. in football, there are two main competition types. in a "league", all of the teams play the same number of games, but in a "cup", teams leave the competition when they lose, until the last two teams play each other to decide the winner.
who plays football.
football is the world's most popular sport. it is played in more countries than any other game. in fact, fifa (the federation internationale de football association) has more members than the united nations. it was originally an all-male sport, but today it is played by both males and females (separately, except sometimes at primary school level).
in europe, the main competitions to compete are the champions league for the top teams from the top leagues in each country in europe. then there is the uefa europa league which is for the next best teams from each member country of the uefa.
most successful clubs are fc barcelona and real madrid from spain; bayern munich and borussia dortmund from germany; galatasaray s.k. from turkey; juventus, ac milan and inter milan from italy; liverpool, manchester united and manchester city from england; paris saint-germain from france and al ahly from egypt.
the most successful club in the world, in terms of domestic league results, is rangers f.c. from scotland, who have won more domestic league titles than any other team in the world. they have won the country's league 54 times which is a world record. in may 2000, rangers became the first team to win 100 trophies.
spamming is when one person or company sends an unwanted email to another person. spam emails are the computer version of unwanted "junk mail" that arrives in a mailbox, such as advertising pamphlets and brochures. spam emails are usually sent to try to get the person to buy something or do something else that will cause gain for the sender.
the emails sent when someone is spamming is called spam. the person or company who sent the unwanted email is called a spammer. both of these words came from a brand of canned meat called "spam", but it was a short sketch created by the british comedy group monty python in 1970 that led to the word "spam" being widely used to mean unwanted email messages.
spam emails are usually sent to many people at once trying to get them to buy a product or sign up for a service. the people who receive the email did not ask to receive the email, and do not want to receive it.
one of the reasons there is so much spam emails around is that it costs very little to send millions of spam messages at once. spam messages can easily be sent, sometimes even by a special computer program.
how spammers find email addresses.
the hardest part about spamming is to get the email addresses to send the spam to. sometimes the spammers do this by searching for emails on the internet, or by buying emails from people who know a lot of them (for example, someone who runs a site that makes users tell them their email address to signup will have a lot of email addresses to sell to spammers). 
one part of getting e-mail addresses is to find addresses that are still in use. one trick used by spammers is to put a link at the end of a message like this:
if the person clicks on the link, it tells the spammers that there is someone at the address. then the spammers put that person on a list of people who actually open spam messages. next, the spammers sell that list to other spammers. the same thing happens if the person sends another email back to the spammer (called "replying"), which also tells the spammer the message has been opened.
another trick that spammers use is to put a picture – even one that cannot be seen – into a spam message. the picture will have a name that goes with just that one email. when the email is opened, a request will be sent to the server that has that picture to get the image. if they get this request, then they know that you read their email, which could cause a person to receive even more email spam.
the word "spamming" is also used to describe the act of typing a lot of words or text in internet chat rooms, so that other people using the chatroom cannot carry on conversations. usually this blocks the screen with meaningless words, in order to annoy the other people in the chatroom. spamming in internet chatrooms is usually considered to be rude. this kind of behavior is usually called "flooding" rather than "spamming".
the word "spam" is often (mistakenly) applied to emails containing content that the receiver sees as silly or simply meaningless (e.g. yujhcykgfvylfuv,uyguvgy).
problems with spam.
computer users at home and in workplaces waste a lot of time opening and deleting spam messages. in some cases, spam emails contain viruses or links to pornography or illegal gambling websites. spam emails often advertise products or services which are being lied about by the companies sending the spam, such as frauds or scams.
some user email programs can automatically delete spam messages when they arrive, or move them to a separate spam folder. internet service providers also detect them automatically and cooperate to cut off customers who are major spammers. 
an earthquake is a sudden movement or trembling of the earth's tectonic plates, that creates shaking of the ground. this shaking can destroy buildings and break the earth's surface.
earthquakes are caused by disturbances in the balance of the earth. the different tectonic plates slowly move past each other. when they get stuck, they build up tension. the earthquake happens when the tectonic plates are suddenly released, so they start to move very quickly. an earthquake's first point of rupture is called its hypocenter, or focus. the epicenter is the point at ground level directly above the hypocenter.
people who study about earthquakes are called seismologists. there can be many earthquakes over a short period of time in a small area. the sudden release of tension in the tectonic plates sends waves of energy that travel through the earth. seismology studies the cause, repeats, type, and size of earthquakes.
the effect of an earthquake can be measured by a seismometer. it detects the shakes caused and it puts these movements on a seismograph. the strength, or magnitude, of an earthquake, is measured using the richter scale. the richter scale was invented by charles francis richter in 1935. the scale is numbered 0-10. on the scale, 2 is scarcely noticeable, and magnitude 5 (or more) creates damage over a wide area. the largest earthquake ever measured was a 9.5. an earthquake of 10 has never been recorded.
scientists cannot predict an earthquake before it happens. but we do know where earthquakes might happen in the future, like close to fault lines. an earthquake under the ocean can create a huge wave called a tsunami. this can create just as much destruction as the earthquake itself. earthquakes can also create landslides.
earthquake zones are concentrated in some parts of the world. the first is the pacific belt, which circles the pacific ocean. this part is the biggest seismic belt: it has the most active earthquakes and the most volcanoes.
the second part is the alpide belt. it includes the seismic activities from sumatra, to the himalayas, to south europe and north africa, to the atlantic ocean.
these belts are along the edges of tectonic plates. the tectonic plates push on each other and make great amounts of tension.
earthquakes sometimes hit cities and kill hundreds or thousands of people. most earthquakes happen along the pacific ring of fire but the biggest ones mostly happen in other places. tectonically active places are places where earthquakes or volcanic eruptions are quite repeated.
causes of an earthquake.
earthquakes are caused by tectonic movements in the earth's crust. the main cause is when tectonic plates ride one over the other, causing orogeny (mountain building), and severe earthquakes.
the boundaries between moving plates form the largest fault surfaces on earth. when they stick, motion between the plates leads to increasing stress. this continues until the stress rises and breaks, suddenly allowing sliding over the locked portion of the fault. this releases the stored energy as shock waves. the san andreas fault in san francisco, and rift valley fault in africa are faults like this.
1. volcanic earthquakes: earthquakes which are caused by volcanic eruptions are quite devastating. however, these are confined to areas of active volcanoes.
2. collapse earthquakes: in areas of intense mining activity, often the roofs of underground mines collapse and minor tremors take place. these are called collapse earthquakes.
earthquake fault types.
there are three main types of geological fault that may cause an earthquake: normal, reverse (thrust) and strike-slip. normal faults occur mainly in areas where the crust is being extended. reverse faults occur in areas where the crust is being shortened. strike-slip faults are steep structures where the two sides of the fault slip horizontally past each other.
most earthquakes form part of a sequence, related to each other in terms of location and time. most earthquake clusters consist of small tremors which cause little to no damage, but there is a theory that earthquakes can recur in a regular pattern.
a foreshock is an earthquake that happens before a larger earthquake, called the mainshock.
an aftershock is an earthquake that happens after a previous earthquake, the mainshock. an aftershock is in the same place of the main shock but always of a smaller magnitude. aftershocks are formed as the crust adjusts to the effects of the main shock.
earthquake swarms are sequences of earthquakes striking in a specific area within a short period of time. they are different from earthquakes followed by a series of aftershocks by the fact that no single earthquake in the sequence is obviously the main shock, therefore none have notably higher magnitudes than the other. an example of an earthquake swarm is the 2004 activity at yellowstone national park.
sometimes a series of earthquakes happen in a sort of earthquake storm, where the earthquakes strike a fault in clusters, each triggered by the shaking or stress redistribution of the previous earthquakes. similar to aftershocks but on adjacent segments of fault, these storms happen over the course of years, and with some of the later earthquakes as damaging as the early ones. such a pattern happened in the north anatolian fault in turkey in the 20th century.
a tsunami or a chain of fast moving waves in the ocean caused by powerful earthquakes is a very serious challenge for people's safety and for earthquake engineering. those waves can inundate coastal areas, destroy houses and even swipe away whole towns. this is a danger for the whole mankind.
unfortunately, tsunamis cannot be prevented. however, there are warning systems which may warn the population before the big waves reach the land to let them enough time to rush to safety.
earthquake-proof buildings are constructed to withstand the destructive force of an earthquake. this depends upon its type of construction, shape, mass distribution, and rigidity. different combinations are used. square, rectangular, and shell-shaped buildings can withstand earthquakes better than skyscrapers. to reduce stress, a building's ground floor can be supported by extremely rigid, empty columns, while the rest of the building is supported by flexible columns inside the empty columns. another method is to use rollers or rubber pads to separate the base columns from the ground, allowing the columns to shake parallel to each other during an earthquake.
to help prevent a roof from collapsing, builders make the roof out of light-weight materials. outdoor walls are made with stronger and more reinforced materials such as steel or reinforced concrete. during an earthquake, flexible windows may help hold the windows together so they don't break.
colour (commonwealth english) or color (american english) is a property of light as seen by people. in commonwealth english, it is spelled “colour” (notice the u), while in american english it is “color” (no u).
the most common colour names are: 
"primary colours" can be mixed to make other colours. red, yellow, and blue are the three traditional primary colours. the primary colours for television screens and computer monitors are red, green and blue. printers and paints use magenta, yellow, and cyan as their primary colours; they may also use black. sometimes this set of colours is simply called red, yellow, and blue.
people who can not see colours or have a distorted sense of colour are called colour blind. most colour blind people are male.
colours are sometimes added to food. food colouring is used to colour food, but some foods have natural colourings, like beta carotene.
when something has no colour, it is transparent. an example is air.
the science of color is sometimes called chromatics, colorimetry, or simply color science.
a translucent material is not the same as a colourless material because it can still have a colour, like stained glass.
scurvy is a disease (sickness). it is caused by not eating enough vitamin c. but scurvy can be prevented. it has many symptoms. people who have scurvy get spots on their skin, especially on their legs. their teeth may loosen and/or fall out. they may bleed from the mouth, nose, and gums (mucus membranes). a person with scurvy will look pale and feel sad (see depression). they will not be able to move easily, because their joints hurt.
scurvy can be easily cured. oranges and other fruits can restore normal vitamin levels. in the past, sailors more commonly got scurvy due to being unable to access these foods. fresh fruit could not be kept for long. the main cause of scurvy is lack of fresh fruits and vegetables. it is now uncommon.
signs of scurvy.
at first, a person with scurvy may:
a bit later a person with scurvy may:
when a person gets help for scurvy, they usually get better very quickly. babies start eating again after one or two days of help. the symptoms get better within seven days.
eating vitamin c prevents scurvy. how much vitamin c a person needs changes with his or her age and is different for pregnant and lactating women. the following is the food and nutrition board of the national academy of sciences, national research council's advice on how much vitamin c to eat every day:
foods with a lot of vitamin c include the following:
an ion is an electrically charged atom or group of atoms.
it can be made from an atom, or from a group of atoms (molecule). it is "charged" so it will move near electricity. this is because atoms are made of three smaller parts:
an ion has unequal numbers of protons and electrons. making an ion from an atom or molecule is called "ionization".
the charge on a proton is chosen as +1 (positively charged). the charge on an electron is opposite to the charge on the proton. the charge on the electron is -1 (negatively charged). an atom that is ionized makes two parts, one positive, and one negatively charged. for example, a neutral hydrogen atom has one proton and one electron. ionizing the atom breaks it into two parts: (1) a positively charged hydrogen ion, h+ (2) a negatively charged electron.
a liquid with ions is called an electrolyte. a gas with lots of ions is called a plasma. when ions move, it is called electricity. for example, in a wire, the metal ions do not move, but the electrons move as electricity. a positive ion and a negative ion will move together. two ions of the same charge will move apart. when ions move they also make "magnetic fields".
many ions are colourless. elements in the main groups in the periodic table form colourless ions. some ions are coloured. the transition metals usually form coloured ions.
in physics, atomic nuclei that have been completely ionized are called charged particles. these are ones in alpha radiation.
ionization happens by giving atoms high energy. this is done using electrical voltage or by high-energy ionizing radiation or high temperature. 
a simple ion is formed from a single atom.
polyatomic ions are formed from a number of atoms. polyatomic ions usually consist of all non-metal atoms. but sometimes the polyatomic ion can have a metallic atom too.
positive ions are called cations. they are attracted to cathodes (negatively charged electrodes). ("cation" is pronounced "cat eye on", not "kay shun".) all simple metal ions are cations.
negative ions are called anions. they are attracted to anodes (positively charged electrodes). all simple non-metal ions (except h+, which is a proton) are anions. 
transition metals can form more than one simple cation with different charges.
most ions have a charge of less than 4, but some can have higher charges.
michael faraday was the first person to write a theory about ions, in 1830. in his theory, he said what the portions of molecules were like that moved to anions or cations. svante august arrhenius showed how this happened. he wrote this in his doctoral dissertation in 1884 (university of uppsala). the university did not accept his theory at first (he only just passed his degree). but in 1903, he won the nobel prize in chemistry for the same idea.
in greek "ion" is like the word "go". "anion" and "cation" mean "up-goer" and "down-goer". "anode" and "cathode" are "way up" and "way down".
list of ions
cognitive science studies how people make their ideas and what makes thoughts logical. it is often seen as the result of several different scientific fields working together. these fields are psychology (a study of the mind), neuroscience (biological study of the brain), computer science (the creation of programs and computers), and linguistics (the study of language). it does not refer to the sum of all these disciplines. it refers to their intersection on specific problems.
anthropology is the study of human beings in the past and present. 
the word anthropology has two roots: [ anthrop- ] and [ -ology ]. anthrop- means “about human beings,” and -ology means “a type of science." anthropology is a type of science about human beings. a person who studies anthropology is called an anthropologist.
the main goal of anthropology is to answer the questions: what makes us human and why?
anthropology is a biological and historical social science that helps us learn how groups of people are the same, and how they are different in all parts of the world. anthropologists do research in many places and study how people live now and how they may have lived in the past. they research in modern cities, small villages, tribes, and in the countryside.
anthropology uses a "four-field approach" that divides anthropology into four big kinds:
archaeology is the study of humans from the past. people who study archaeology are called archaeologists.
archaeologists look at things that past people left behind to know how they lived. they look at tools, bones, and past houses to see how people in the past are not the same as people that live today.
here are some other examples of what archaeologists like to study:
biological or physical anthropology studies human bodies and how they change over time.
they look at how humans live in nature and how their bodies change because of where they live. they also study how human beings and apes and monkeys are alike. sometimes biological anthropologists study human and animal bones to learn about how past humans lived. they are also called physical anthropologists.
here are some other examples of what biological anthropologists like to study:
linguistics is the study of how people talk.
linguistic anthropologists study sounds and how they go together to make words. then they study what the words mean and how people use them. linguistic anthropology also studies how language changes what people think and how people change language. no two people talk the same way, so linguistic anthropologists want to know why that happens.
here are some other examples of what linguistic anthropologists like to study:
socio-cultural anthropology is the study of human societies and cultures.
it looks at how human beings understand the world around them and how they act with the people around them. socio-cultural anthropologists study living people by going to their homes and learning about who those people are and what they do. they write about people in places all over the world to see why people are different. some socio-cultural anthropologists study medicine in these places and some look at how babies grow up in other places.
here are some other examples of what socio-cultural anthropologists like to study:
other kinds of anthropology.
even though there are four main kinds of anthropology, there are a lot of different kinds of anthropology within the four main kinds. here are some examples:
rules of anthropology.
like everything in life, anthropology has a set of rules that every anthropologist needs to follow. the rules try to make sure that no one gets hurt or mad when studying other people. here are some of the rules:
this is a list of important people who studied anthropology.
education is about learning skills and knowledge. it also means helping people to learn how to do things and support them to think about what they learn. it's also important for educators to teach ways to find and use information. education needs research to find out how to make it better.
through education, the knowledge of society, country, and of the world is passed on from generation to generation. this may include education in morality, for example learning how to act as loyal, honest and effective citizen.
education may help and guide individuals from one class to other. educated individuals and groups can do things like, help less educated people and encourage them to get educated. 
types of education.
there are different ways to categorize education, for example by age or subject. one way is to divide it into "formal education", "non-formal education", and "informal education".
formal education is usually in school, where a person may learn basic, academic, or trade skills. small children often attend a nursery or kindergarten but often formal education begins in elementary school and continues with secondary school. post-secondary education (or higher education) is usually at a college or university which may grant an academic degree. or, students may go to a city college where they learn practical skills. this way learners can become qualified to be plumbers, electricians, builders and similar occupations. these course have arrangements for students to get practical experience. apprenticeship was the older way to do this,
non-formal education includes adult basic education, adult literacy education or school equivalency preparation. in nonformal education someone (who is not in school) can learn literacy, other basic skills or job skills. home education, individualized instruction (such as programmed learning), distance learning and computer-assisted instruction are other possibilities.
informal education is less organized. it may be a parent teaching a child how to prepare a meal or ride a bicycle. people can also get an informal education by reading many books from a library or educational websites. this may also be called self-education. some quite famous men have been largely self-educated, like alfred russell wallace.
unschooling is when kids learn as they go and do not go to traditional school buildings. instead, they go on websites, play games, or engage in normal hobbies and learn along the way. the experience of children with "unstructured" lives is that they get into trouble.
deschooling is a more drastic approach. it advocates abolishing schools. it was put forward in the usa of the 1960s and 1970s. it is no longer an active movement.
many public schools (u.s. terminology) provide a free education through the government. parents may send their own children to a private school, but they must pay for it. in some poorer places, some children cannot go to school, because their countries do not make education available, or because their families do not have enough money, or because the children have to work for money, or because the society has prejudice against education for girls.
there are primary schools and secondary schools. in many places they are government funded. colleges and universities usually charge fees (tuition payments) which may be different in different countries.
the army is the part of a country's military that fights on the ground. people in the army are called soldiers. many modern armies have vehicles such as tanks, airplanes, and helicopters to help soldiers fight on the ground.
a soldier may be a volunteer (someone who joins something because they want to), or he may be forced by the government to join the army. forcing men to join the army is called conscription or "draft". voluntary armies tend to be small by numbers, but high in confidence and quality. drafted armies are large, but often lacking in confidence and in quality: it may be very difficult to force someone to risk his life against his will. sometimes an army is made up from mercenaries, who fight just for pay and have little loyalty to the country which they serve.
soldiers do many things, from shooting enemies, to digging defensive trenches. they are used to defend their country, or attack another country's army. it is difficult, and soldiers must be in good shape, both physically and mentally. they almost always move together, and that way the team can do more things, in a safer way. they may be assigned to certain places to guard, or they may be told to search a place, or even attack it. that is up to their commander. every soldier answers to someone else, so that way, everything is organized.
sometimes, when a country's army is busy in different places, and there are not enough soldiers to do more, a country can hire civilians to do some of the army's jobs, like protecting buildings and important people and convoys of trucks traveling from one place to another. usually, they hire veterans who were members of the military before leaving and working elsewhere.
working in the army and wearing the uniform is called "service". a soldier will never say "i work as a sergeant in the signal corps" but always "i "serve" as a sergeant in the signal corps", or other rank, specialty and unit. only civilian workers who do not wear uniform speak about "working" in the army.
despite the growing importance of military technology, military activity depends above all on people. for example, in 2000 the british army declared: "man is still the first weapon of war."
the function of the army is based on discipline. that means that every soldier will unquestionably carry out the orders which he or she has received and will obey his or her superior officer or non-commissioned officer. there is only one exception: orders which violate the human rights or international law must not be obeyed as it is considered a war crime. the chain of command is expressed by the military rank system and hierarchy.
a soldier is supplied with weapons, such as guns, knives, and other simple gear for surviving in the battlefield, such as food, water, clothes, and tents. they must keep good care of the items. some soldiers train to be a doctor for the army, or other civilian duties.
before a soldier joins the army, he must qualify to be in it first. the person is put through tests, so that the army will know if the recruit can do it or not. this is sometimes called 'boot camp'. he must complete mental tests, and physical tests. it depends on where he is testing that will tell him how hard it will be. he will also take tests to determine what job he will do in the military. for instance, he may work with computers and be a member of the signal corps or be a cook for the soldiers, he may have been a construction worker in civilian life and be a military engineer, he may become a truck driver and serve in logistics, or he may be very good with a rifle and be a sniper in the infantry. there are a lot of jobs that a person can choose to do in the army.
there are traditionally six branches of service in the army:
theology is the study of one or more religions 
(‘theo-’ means god in greek and ’-logy’ is study, which makes it ’god study’ or ’study of god’). somebody who studies theology is called a theologian. books or ideas about theology are called theological.
theology may be studied for many reasons. some people study theology to better understand their own religion, while other people study theology so that they can compare religions.
the word ‘theology’ was first used to describe the study of god in christianity but some now use it to describe the study of religion generally, but not everyone agrees that it is right to do so. some people use the words 'comparative theology' in reference to approaching theology within more than one religion at once.
during the high middle ages, it was thought that theology was the highest subject learned in universities. theology at that time was named "the queen of the sciences". there was a plan for young men to study easy subjects and then harder subjects. the easiest subjects were called the trivium. the next harder subjects were called the quadrivium. finally, young men were expected to study theology. this meant that the other subjects existed primarily to help with theological thought.
work can mean different things depending on how the word is used.
romania (old spelling: rumania, roumania; , ) is a country in southeastern europe. it is north of the balkan peninsula, on the lower danube river. western romania is circled by the carpathian mountains. romania also has a border on the black sea. most of the danube delta is found inside romania. romania shares borders with hungary and serbia to the west, ukraine to the far northeast, the republic of moldova to the near northeast, and bulgaria to the south.
romania is a semi-presidential unitary state. it was created when moldavia and wallachia joined together in 1859. it was given its independence in the treaty of berlin of 1878. at the end of world war ii, some of its land (close by what is now known as moldova) was occupied by the ussr. after the iron curtain fell in 1989 romania was liberated from the communist regime. during the 2000s, romania made changes to the country, such as reform the democratic system, human rights acts, freedom of speech acts, economy and law. that let romania join the european union on january 1, 2007.
romania has the 9th biggest area of land and the 7th biggest population (with 19 million people) of the european union member states. the capital and biggest city in romania is bucharest ( ), with a population of 1.6 million. one of the cities in transylvania, sibiu, was named a european capital of culture. romania joined nato on march 29, 2004.
the word "romania" ("rumania" or "românia") comes from the romanian word "român", which comes from the latin word "romanus" which means "roman". english texts still used the word "rumania" during world war ii. this came from the french word "roumanie".
prehistory and the romans.
some of the oldest human remains found in europe were discovered in romania. they were about 42,000 years old. this may have been when the first homo sapiens came to europe. 
the world's first and oldest writing comes from people who lived in today's romania. approximately 5300 years bc. according to archaeology it is not a matter of symbols, but the world's first writings. it belonged to the vinča culture which inhabited all of today's serbia with over 150 vinča sites and minor parts of western romania, northwestern bulgaria, eastern bosnia and herzegovina and southeastern hungary.
herodotus in the fourth book of the histories, written in about 440 . herodotus wrote that the getae were defeated by the persian emperor darius the great when he battled the scythians. the getae were called the dacians by the romans. they were thracians who were living in dacia, which is where romania, moldova and the northern part of bulgaria are now. the dacians attacked the roman province, the border of which was formed by the danube, in 87 . this was during emperor domitian's rule. the dacians were defeated by the roman empire under emperor trajan in two battles that lasted from 101 until 106 . the roman empire made dacia into the province of roman dacia.
a lot of ore, such as gold and silver, were found in roman dacia. a lot of gold and silver were found in the western carpathians. trajan went back to rome with 165 tons (330,000 pounds) of gold and 330 tons (660,000 pounds) of silver after his conquest.
there were many romans living in the province of roman dacia. they spoke vulgar latin. they began to write the local languages using the latin alphabet. writing languages with the latin alphabet is called romanization. this became the first version of romanian.
in the 3rd century, the province was attacked by groups of nomadic people like the goths. they made the roman empire leave dacia about 271 . this became the roman empire's first abandoned province.
the origin of modern romanians is widely talked about by historians to this day. it is thought that the romanians were formed from large ethnic groups that came from both the south and north parts of the danube.
dark ages and middle ages.
from 271 to 275, the goths took over the abandoned roman province. they lived in dacia until the 4th century, when another group of wandering peoples, the huns, came to dacia. the gepids, avars, with the slavic people, were in control of transylvania through the 8th century. in the 8th century, however, the country was taken over by the hungarian empire. it was made part of the first bulgarian empire, which ended romania's dark ages.
the bulgarians held transylvania until the 11th century. the pechenegs, the cumans, and the uzes were a few of the people later noted in the history of romania.
in 1310, now called the high middle ages, basarab i started the romanian principality of wallachia. moldavia was begun by dragoş around 1352. during the middle ages, romanians were living in three different areas: wallachia (romanian: "ţara românească"—"romanian land"), moldavia (romanian: "moldova"), and transylvania.
transylvania belonged to the kingdom of hungary from around the 10th century until the 16th century, when it turned into the principality of transylvania. this lasted until 1711. wallachia had been on the border of the ottoman empire since the 14th century. as the ottoman empire's influence grew, it gradually fell under the suzerainty (control) of the ottoman empire in the 15th century.
the best known ruler of this period was vlad iii the impaler, also known as vlad dracula, or "", , prince of wallachia, during the years of 1448, 1456–62, and 1476. while he was the leader of his people, he had an agreement with the ottoman empire to stay independent. many people in romania during this time thought of him as a ruler with a great sense of justice and defense for his country.
moldavia was at its greatest when stephen the great was ruling between 1457 and 1504. he was a great military leader, winning 47 battles and losing only 2. after every battle he won, stephen would build a church. because he won 47 of the battles that he fought, he ended up building 48 churches. after stephen the great's death, moldavia came under the suzerainty of the ottoman empire during the 16th century.
independence and monarchy.
when transylvania was the organic part of the austro-hungarian empire, and the ottoman empire was in control of wallachia and moldavia, almost all of the romanians had limited rights as a citizen. they stayed this way even when they made up most of the people in those areas.
after the even more violent revolution of 1848 did not succeed, so explained the great powers did not like the idea of romania becoming a free nation and it was not a real possibility.
the people who voted in 1859 in moldavia and wallachia picked the same person – alexandru ioan cuza – to be the prince in those areas. he managed to unite the people and nationalism was seen as a useful method.
alexandru ioan cuza walked with cautious steps he was not proclaiming a declaration of independence immediately because he knew it would bring a new war. instead he let moldavia and wallachia merged in the united principalities of the ottoman empire and increasing self-government to a greater degree.
the new union was at the front of today's romania. with cautious steps we freed itself more and bucharest was established as the capital. however, farmers had more land when serfdom was abolished, which led to a coup d'état against the alexandru ioan cuza staged by peasants who overthrew the regime.
prince karl of hohenzollern-sigmaringen became the new leader, and was later called prince carol i of romania. while the russo-turkish war was happening, romania battled on the russian side. when the treaty of berlin of 1878 was signed, the great powers made romania an independent state. in return, they had to give russia three of their southern districts of bessarabia. in 1881, the principality became a kingdom, with prince carol ruling as king carol i.
the world wars and the great leaders.
world war i.
when world war i started in august 1914, romania said it was a neutral country. in 1916, the allies promised to give romania parts of the austro-hungarian empire where many romanians lived, if romania started a war against austria-hungary.
the military campaign ended in disaster after romania's forces were defeated in 1917 and moldova was one of the few parts of romania that was not captured. when the allies eventually won the war, the austria-hungarian empire was dissolved and an independent hungarian republic was proclaimed. bessarabia, bukovina, and transylvania became part of the kingdom of romania in 1918 as had been promised. after the treaty of trianon in 1920, hungary formally gave up any claims over transylvania. romania and bukovina were joined together in 1919 as a result of the treaty of saint germain. bessarabia joined with romania in 1920 when the treaty of paris was signed.
after world war i was much bigger and more nationalist. the small kingdom received ("major transylvania"). the principalities wallachia, moldavia and bessarabia (moldova) together formed the "greater romania" 1918-1940. "greater romania" did not survive world war ii.
romanians called their country "românia mare", meaning "great romania" or "greater romania", in the time between world war i and world war ii. they called it so because it controlled of land.
the great depression meant social unrest, high unemployment, strikes and riots, especially a miners' strike in 1929 in valea jiului and a strike in griviţas maintenance workshops. by the mid-1930s, with a recovering romanian economy, industry grew, although about 80% of romanians still were engaged in agriculture.
in end of 1930s, romania's liberal democracy was slowly being replaced by the fascist dictatorship. the archangel michael legion, known as the iron guard organization, was led by corneliu codreanu zelea. in 1937 elections the party supported adolf hitler and nazism and got 15.5% of the votes and became the third biggest party. in 1938 king carol ii of romania seized power over romania. he dissolved all political parties and executed corneliu codreanu zelea along with 12 other leaders.
world war ii.
carol ii of romania declared the country as neutral when world war ii broke out in 1939, but included since the soviet union occupied bessarabia and northern bukovina an alliance with hitler's germany. this occurred after field marshal ion antonescu forced the authoritarian carol ii of romania to abdicate. antonescu appointed himself "conducator", romania's dictator, and signed at the november 23 of 1940 three-powers pact with nazi germany. hitler's germany was dependent on a continuous importation of fuel and crude oil from the romanian oil fields of ploesti. in 1940, yjr kingdom of hungary took over the legitimate domination in northern transylvania to the end of the world war ii.
the country's troops fought together with the german wehrmacht against the soviet union.
in summer of 1941, romania join hitler's war against the soviet union in combination also finland, slovakia and hungary join hitlers war. romania built concentration camps and began conducting a massive persecution of jews, of which became very extreme in the city of iasi.
holocaust in romania.
romania participated in the holocaust. the author of the book "the destruction of the european jews" raul hilberg writes follow: "there was / ... / moment when the germans actually had to intervene and slow the speed with which the romanian measures were taken." the hunt for jews in eastern romania (including bessarabia, bukovina, transnistria and the city of iasi) had more the character of pogroms than the german, well-organized camps and transport.
there were pogroms in the city of iasi. the homes for the jewish minority in iasi were marked with crosses. on june 27, 1941, ion antonescu make a phone call with the city's mayor and antonescu said into the phone: "clean the city iasi from the jews." and the holocaust in romania has began. police officers and many civilians went to every jewish home marked with a cross in the town and murdered thousands of jews on the same day.
in june 1941, the romanian dictator ion antonescu gave an "illegal secret order" to the special police force. he ordered the police in cooperation with the romanian army and the german ss troops to kill all jews in east romania within the next coming years. the jews living on the countryside was being killed right on the spot. the jews in the cities were first collected in the ghettos and later deported away.
on october 22, 1941 the soviet union with bombs blow up the romanian military headquarters in odessa, and killed 66 romanian soldiers. as revenge ion antonescu decided that for every dead romanian officer, 200 soviet communists must be killed and for each dead soldier, 100 communists must be killed. all other communists were imprisoned and jewish families were taken hostage in the hope that the partisan movement would cease its operations.
the day after in bucharest, on october 23, 1941, around 5 000 people and the majority were jews was arrested who later executed by hanging. in the soviet village dalnik, almost 20,000 jews were incarcerated in to several locked buildings and burned alive.
after the massacre, many of the jews who remained in odessa were sent to various concentration camps. nearby odessa on october 25, 1941, approximately 40,000 jews, was gathering together on a special closed military secured area, and the jews had to stay outdoors for more than ten days without food or supply. many died of cold and starvation. the survivors were murdered one month later.
totally approximately 469,000 jews had been murdered by the military and police in romania between 1941 and 1944, including the 325,000 murdered jews in bessarabia and bukovina.
end of war.
at the end of 1943, the red army liberated most of soviet territory and started advancing westward from its borders to defeat nazi germany and its allies. it was in this context that the soviet forces crossed romania. if the soviet union could hit romania, nazi germany's last hope is gone, said the military leadership of the red army. russians deposited the entire 1.5 million soldiers in the attack against romania and romania last reserves consisting only of 138 000 soldiers. during the summer of 1944 it began the attack on bessarabia (moldova) and the romanian army fled the area. on 2 august, the whole bessarabia (moldova) is captured by the red army. the russians then went a long way in romania and on 23 august they reached into the romanian capital bucharest. the public opinion turned in the country against antonescu and of summer 1944 he was deposed and imprisoned. the new government signed a ceasefire and extradited itself to the soviet union. the red army killed the members from the old fascist regime (including ion antonescu) on june 1, 1946.
at the end of the war, romania was allowed to keep the whole of transylvania in west and dobruja from south, but lost bessarabia/transnistria and odessa oblast in the east (with rich oil reserves) which became parts of the soviet union. bukovina was split in half because in the north part the majority ethnic group was ukrainian and in the south part romanian.
the soviet union replaced the royal monarchy with a communist regime in 1947. the soviet union took the country's resources, which led to increased poverty in romania.
romania and communism.
michael i abdicated the throne and had to leave romania in 1947 because of the communists. romania changed from a monarchy into a republic. the ussr occupied romania until the late 1950s, when soviet troops left romania. during this time, resources in romania were taken by the soviet union due to agreements made by communist leaders.
after the soviet troops left romania, nicolae ceauşescu wanted romania to become more independent from moscow. romania started following slightly different foreign policies than moscow. after the six-day war in 1967, romania began talks with israel and started relations with the federal republic of germany. romania started to have their own relations with arab countries. romania officials were allowed to participate in peace talks between israel and egypt and between israel and the palestine liberation organization.
the national debt romania owed to other countries went from $3 billion to almost $10 billion between 1977 and 1981. the amount of money that romania owed other countries caused them to rely on banks and other lenders from around the world. president nicolae ceauşescu's autarchic ways meant he did not want to rely on other countries and romania paid back money borrowed from other countries. this affected the romanian economy. to try to stay in power, ceauşescu had anyone who disagreed with him arrested and put in prison. many people were killed or hurt. almost 60,000 people were put in psychiatric hospitals. ceauşescu eventually lost power and was killed in the romanian revolution of 1989.
1989 to 2007.
in 1989, the national salvation front came into power. it was led by ion iliescu. when they came into power, several other parties from before world war ii were remade. these included the christian-democratic national peasants' party, the national liberal party and the romanian social democrat party. in april 1990, as a result of several rallies, protests started. the people who protested did not recognize the results of the election. this was because they thought that members of the national salvation front were communists. more and more people protested, and it became a demonstration – a very big protest. this was called the golaniad, and it became very violent.
when the national salvation front lost power, several other parties were made. these were the social democratic party, the democratic party, and a couple of other parties from before the war. the social democratic party ruled romania from 1990 until 1996. ion iliescu was the head of state, or person in charge. after 1996, several other parties came into power and lost it. in 2004, traian băsescu became the president.
after the cold war, romania became closer friends with western europe. in 2004, romania joined nato and hosted the 2008 summit. the country applied in june 1993 for membership in the european union and became an associated state of the eu in 1995, an acceding country in 2004, and a member on january 1, 2007.
romania is a part of southeastern europe. it borders the black sea and the danube river. the carpathian mountains lie in the center.
romania is the biggest country in southeast europe by population. it has an area of . it is the twelfth-largest country in europe. most of romania's border with serbia and bulgaria is made by the danube. the danube joins the prut river. the prut river makes the moldovan–romanian border. the danube then flows into the area of the black sea inside romania. this makes the danube delta. the delta is a biosphere reserve and a biodiversity world heritage site. some of the other major rivers in romania are the siret, the olt, and the mureş. the siret river runs from the north to the south of moldavia. the olt river runs from the carpathian mountains to oltenia. the mureş runs through transylvania from the east to the west.
the land in romania is made up of equal parts of mountains, hills, and low-lying areas. the carpathian mountains make up a big part of the center of romania. fourteen of its mountain ranges are taller than . the tallest mountain in romania is moldoveanu peak, with a peak altitude of .
the danube is the longest river in romania. its length inside romania is about . that is almost half of the length of the entire danube. almost all of the rivers in romania are either direct or indirect tributaries of the danube.
romania has a climate that changes between temperate and continental climates. the reason for the climate changes is because romania is near the coast. romania has four different seasons. the average temperature during the year is in southern romania and in the northern part.
lots of rain and snow falls on the highest western mountains. most of this falls as snow. in the southern parts of the country, the amount of rain and snow that falls is around .
the lowest temperature ever taken in romania was , at braşov in 1944. the highest temperature ever recorded in romania was , near calafat in the 1950s.
these are the development regions of romania:
language and culture.
the official language of romania is romanian. the romanian language is an eastern romance language.
romania has its own culture because of where it is found. it is the point where 3 different areas meet: central europe, eastern europe, and the balkans. romanian culture is a mix of all these areas. the culture of romania was influenced by the greeks, romans, and slavs.
romania is a secular state. this means romania has no national religion. the biggest religious group in romania is the romanian orthodox church. it is an autocephalous church inside of the eastern orthodox communion. in 2002, this religion made up 86.7% of the population. other religions in romania include roman catholicism (4.7%), protestantism (3.7%), pentecostalism (1.5%), islam (1%) and the romanian greek-catholicism (0.9%).
bucharest is the capital of romania. it also is the biggest city in romania, with a population of over 2 millions peoples.
there are 5 other cities in romania that have a population of more than 300,000 people. these are iaşi, cluj-napoca, timişoara, constanţa, and craiova. romania also has 5 cities that have more than 200,000 people living in them: galaţi, braşov, ploieşti, brăila, and oradea.
thirteen other cities in romania have a population of more than 100,000 people.
romania joined the european union on january 1, 2007. romania's economy is healthy. currently, romania makes around $350 billion in gross domestic product and a gdp per capita of $16,540.
long into the 1900s, romania was still a largely agricultural country. during communism 1947-1989, the country had planned economy. the transition from planned economy to a market economy after the communist regime led to economic collapse in the 1990s, the reasons was that more money was printed, expensive prices and substantial privatization of the companies, which initially leads to skyrocketing unemployment. the reforms in the 1990s allowed foreign investors for the first time to buy land in romania. when it was going explosively good for the industry in the latin countries such as france, italy and spain, these countries began to trade with romania because it is favorite voice country for them to grow in. foreign companies expanding in romania since then, and spurs the market.
the romanian school is obligatory for 10 years. children also have the opportunity to be part of a voluntary pre-school at an early age 3–6 years. after school, students can voluntarily take the entrance exam to high school, which has a range of practical and theoretical lines. there are over 40 higher educational institutions, including five universities and five technical colleges. tuition is free and is a hot political commitment even at the university. the country's minorities have the opportunity to receive instruction in their native language. since 1989, education has been reformed. but it has been slow and the standard of education varies greatly in different parts of the country, education has improved the standard of urban compared to rural areas where quality can be very low. romania participates fully in the eu's education program.
the unemployment rate in romania is five per-cent and has been low for many years.
the living standards were very low at the end of the communist era, but the situation was just only improved a little bit during the 1990s. on the contrary, the living significantly due caused by the large privatization of jobs that resulted in high unemployment and rising prices. in later years lived yet 2010 nearly 10 percent of the population in absolute poverty and of these, 90% live in rural areas. the state social insurance system have relatively broad coverage but resources are extremely small.
reforms have been initiated and in 1999 the health insurance became privatized and paid by the employers and the employees. several thousand local trade unions were founded after the revolution, which were later amalgamated (combined) into federations. these unions and federations have helped organise students, pensioners and the unemployed; because these groups of people all have similar needs, concerns and goals.
by the first quarter of 2011 the average monthly household income is 2,318 romanian leu (equivalent to approximately £862 usd).
the different between countryside and urban area may vary the income is 36 per-cent higher in the urban area than in the countryside.
the pension system is reformed.
the most worrying thing is the fact that there are more pensioners than the number of working people. because many who dismissed during the privatizations had per-retirement. romanian pensioners average pension at the month is at about 190 euros (equivalent to approximately £250-300 usd). the current low average retirement age (55 years for men and 57 years for women) will be gradually increased until 2014, when it gets 60 years for women and 65 years for men.
many of the country's gypsies have no identity cards and are therefore excluded from the social benefit systems, schools and health care. the state-run health care is free, but the care system is neglected and has deteriorated in recent years due to lack of resources and underpaid staff. in many cases,the patients paying "under the table" to get treatment. here is evidence to suggest that a patient's wealth plays an important role in how they receive medical treatment.
science and technology.
historically, romanian researches and inventors have made notable contributions to several fields, such as: aeronautics, medicine, mathematics, computer science/engineering, physics, biophysics, chemistry, biochemistry and biology. in the history of flight, traian vuia and aurel vlaicu built and flew some of the earliest successful aircraft, while henri coandă discovered the coandă effect of fluidics. preceding him, elie carafoli was a pioneering contributor to the field of aerodynamics in the world.
victor babeş discovered more than 50 germs and a cure for a disease named after him, babesiosis; biologist nicolae paulescu discovered insulin. another biologist, emil palade, received the nobel prize for his contributions to cell biology. george constantinescu created the theory of sonics, while lazăr edeleanu was the first chemist to synthesize amphetamine and also invented the modern method of refining crude oil. costin neniţescu found new methods for the synthesis of pirilium salts, of carbenes, tryptamine, serotonin, two new syntheses for the indole nucleus, and a new method of polymerisation of ethylene.
several mathematicians distinguished themselves as well, among them: gheorghe ţiţeica, spiru haret, grigore moisil, miron nicolescu, nicolae popescu and ştefan odobleja; the latter is also regarded as the ideological father behind cybernetics.
notable physicists and inventors also include: horia hulubei in atomic physics, șerban țițeica in theoretical physics, mihai gavrilă specialized in quantum theory and discoverer of the atomic dichotomy phenomenon, alexandru proca (known for the first meson theory of nuclear forces and proca's equations of the vectorial mesonic field), ştefan procopiu known for the first theory of the magnetic moment of the electron in 1911 (now known as the bohr-procopiu magneton), theodor v. ionescu, the inventor of a multiple-cavity magnetron (1935), a hydrogen maser in 1947, 3d imaging for cinema/television in 1924 and hot deuterium plasma studies for controlled nuclear fusion, ionel solomon known for the nuclear magnetic resonance theory in solids, solomon equations and photovoltaic devices, petrache poenaru, nicolae teclu and victor toma, with the latter known for the invention and construction of the first romanian computer, the cifa-1 in 1955.
the nuclear physics facility of the european union's proposed extreme light infrastructure (eli) laser will be built in romania. romania currently has 1,400 mw of nuclear power capacity by means of one active nuclear power plant (cernavodă) with 2 reactors, which constitutes around 18% of the national power generation capacity of the country. this makes romania the 23rd largest user of nuclear power in the world.
the constitution of romania is found to be based from the constitution of france's fifth republic. it was passed into law on december 8, 1991. after a referendum was held. 73 amendments were added to the constitution in october 2003 to bring the constitution of romania up to code with the constitution of the european union.
the legislative branch of the romanian government is known as the parliament. it contains two chambers – the senate, containing 140 members, and the chamber of deputies, which has 346 members. the members of both chambers are elected every four years through party-list proportional representation.
the judicial branch of the romanian government is separate from the other branches. it is made up of a system of courts. the court with the most authority is the high court of cassation and justice, which is the supreme court of romania. other courts, including appeal, county, and local courts also make up the judicial branch of the romanian government. the way the system of courts works in romania is modelled off of the french model of law. it is based on civil law.
romania is divided into 41 counties, including the municipality of bucharest, which is also its own county.
romania is divided further into 319 cities and 2,686 communes. each of the communes has its own council that is led by a mayor.
the romanian army is made up of land, air, and naval forces, which are all led by a commander-in-chief. the commander-in-chief is given orders by the ministry of defense. during war, the president leads the army. 90,000 people were in the romanian army in 2003: 15,000 civilians and 75,000 military people. of the 75,000 military people in the romanian army, 45,800 are in the land forces, 13,250 are in the air forces, 6,800 are in the naval forces, and 8,800 in other areas of the military.
argon is a chemical element. its symbol is argon is ar and its atomic number is 18. it is part of the noble gas group. it is an odorless and tasteless gas. argon is the third-most abundant gas in the earth's atmosphere.
the name "argon" is from the greek word ἀργός meaning "lazy" or "inactive" because it does not react with other chemicals.
argon atoms are found in air. about 1% of the earth's atmosphere (the air around us) is argon. it is not toxic and it does not burn easily. not many compounds can be made from argon. however, some compounds have been formed, like argon fluorohydride (harf). argon is a heavier gas than helium, so if a balloon is filled with argon, it would fall the the ground.
argon was first removed from air in 1894 by lord rayleigh and sir william ramsay at university college london by removing oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, and nitrogen from a sample of clean air.
the main isotopes of argon found on earth are 40ar (99.6%), 36ar (0.34%), and 38ar (0.06%). the most abundant isotope of argon is 40ar. but other planets have different isotopes of argon.
argon is gotten industrially by the fractional distillation of liquid air. about 700,000 tonnes of argon are produced worldwide every year.
40ar is made by the decay of 40k with a half-life of 1.25 billion years by electron capture or positron emission. because of this, it is used in knowing how old rocks are.
argon is often used when welding steel and similar work, to push away the air around the weld, so the oxygen in the air can't join with the metal being welded. it can also be used in neon lights for a purple color. argon is used in the poultry industry to asphyxiate birds. argon is sometimes used for extinguishing (ending) fires.
liquid argon is used in neutrino experiments and looking for dark matter. argon is used to preserve food. argon is sometimes used as the propellant in aerosol cans. argon is also used as a preservative for such products as varnish, polyurethane, and paint. argon has been used by athletes as a doping agent and has been banned as use. it is used to know how old rocks are.
to trade is to willingly give things or services and get other things or services in return. for example, a person giving a thing must find another person who wants to get that thing. the giver gets something back in return. a trade is sometimes also called an "exchange" or a "swap".
an early type of trade is barter. barter was the exchange of goods and services for other goods and services. barter involves trading things without using of money. modern traders commonly buy and sell by the use of money. trade between two traders is called bilateral trade. trade between more than two traders is called multilateral trade.
the things that are given from one person to the other are called goods.
services can also be part of a trade. one person can do a job or work for another, and get something in return in a trade.
money can be given in return for a service or for a thing. if money is part of the trade, then the person who gives the money is buying, and the person who gets the money is selling.
a place where trading takes place is called a market.
when there is no money involved in the trade, the trade is called barter. if there is money involved in the trade, the trade is called a purchase. in the past people would barter to get what they wanted, instead of buying goods and services.
economics includes the study of trade.
trade occurs not just between people, but also between large companies and even countries. governments sometimes take some of the money or goods involved trade between countries. this is a type of tax called a tariff. smugglers try to trade without paying tariffs.
free trade between two countries is when there are small or no tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions on trade. when one country stops all trade with another country, it is called an embargo.
types of trade.
domestic trade is the exchange of goods within a country. domestic trade is very important because it allows different types of goods to reach to all parts of the country. it makes the standard of living of the people of the country better. it helps an industry to grow by making sure that there are raw materials. domestic trade may be divided into two. they are:
wholesaling is the sale of goods to industrial, commercial, institutional or other professional businesses. they can also be sold to other wholesalers. it is the sale of goods to anyone that is not a consumer. wholesalers usually buy and sort goods in large numbers.
retail is the process of selling goods or services to consumers through many means of distribution to earn a profit. the term "retailer" usually means where a person sells a small amount of good to many individuals, who are consumers.
international trade is the exchange of goods and services between different countries. international trade has existed throughout history. some examples include uttarapatha, silk road, amber road, scramble for africa, atlantic slave trade, and salt roads. when there is trade between two or more countries, factors like currency, government policies, economy, judicial system, laws, and markets affect trade.
international trade may be split up into three different types.
an import is a good or service that was bought in one country but was produced in another country.
an export is a good or service that was produced in one country but was sold to another country.
an entrepôt is a port, city, or trading post where goods may be imported, stored or sold. these cities grew because of the growth of long-distance trade.
the european union (abbreviation: eu) is a confederation of 27 member countries in europe established by the maastricht treaty in 1992-1993. the eu grew out of the european economic community (eec) which was established by the treaties of rome in 1957. it has created a common economic area with europe-wide laws allowing the citizens of eu countries to move and trade in other eu countries almost the same as they do on their own. nineteen of these countries also share the same type of money: the euro.
the name of europe comes from the latin europa, which in turn derives from the greek εὐρώπη, from εὐρύς eurys "wide" and ὤψ ops "face".
the treaty of lisbon is the most recent treaty that says how the union is run. every member state signed to say that they each agreed with what it says. most importantly, it says which jobs (’powers’) the union should do for the members and which jobs they should do themselves. the members decide how the union should act by voting for or against proposals.
the objective of the eu is to bring its member states closer together with respect of human rights and democracy. it does this with common rules about fair trading with each other, common agreements about law enforcement, a common style of passport, and other agreements. most members share a common currency (the euro) and most allow people to travel from one country to another without having to show a passport. it does this with common rules about fair trading with each other, common agreements about law enforcement, and other agreements. it has a common style for (its) passports.
after world war ii, the countries in europe wanted to live peacefully together and help one another's economies. instead of fighting each other for coal and steel, the first member countries (west) germany, france, italy, belgium, netherlands, and luxembourg created one european coal and steel community in 1952.
in 1957 in the italian city of rome, the member countries signed another treaty and made the european economic community. now it was a community for coal, steel and for trade. later it changed the name to the european community.
in 1993, with the "treaty of maastricht" it changed its name to the european union. now the member countries work together not only in politics and economy (coal, steel and trade), but also in money, justice (laws), and foreign affairs. with the schengen agreement, 22 member countries of the eu opened their borders to each other, so people can now travel from one country to the other without a passport or identity card. many of the countries of the eu also share a currency, which is called the euro. 10 new countries became members of the eu in 2004, 2 more became members in 2007, and 1 more in 2013. in 2016, the united kingdom voted to leave the eu. today there are 27 member countries altogether.
a person who is a citizen of the european union can live and work in any of the 27 member states without needing a work permit or visa. for example, a french person can move to greece to work there, or just to live there, and he or she does not need permission from an authority in greece.
in the same way, products made in one member country can be sold in any other member country without any special permissions or extra taxes. for this reason, the members agree rules on product safety - they want to know that a product made in another country will be as safe as it would be if it had been made in their own.
institutions of the european union 
council of the european union.
the council of the european union is the main decision-making group. the cabinet ministers of the member countries meet (ministers for foreign affairs, for agriculture, for justice, etc...) and discuss issues that are important to them.
before the treaty of lisbon (written in 2007, implemented in 2008) each member state takes a turn at being president of the council for six months. for example, from january 2007 until july 2007, germany held the presidency. the six months before that, finland held the presidency. now the president of the european union chairs the council summits. the president of the council is the organiser and manager and is voted into office for a duration of two and a half years. he or she does not have the power to make decisions about the european union like the president of the united states does for that country.
member countries with a large population (germany, france, united kingdom, etc.) have more votes than countries with small populations (luxembourg, malta, etc.) but a decision cannot be made if enough countries vote against the decision.
twice a year, the heads of government (prime ministers) and/or the heads of state (presidents) meet to talk about the main issues and make decisions on different issues. this meeting is different and not as formal. it is known as a european council.
the european commission runs the day-to-day running of the eu and writes laws, like a government. laws written by the commission are discussed and changed by the european parliament and the council of the european union.
the commission has one president and 27 commissioners, selected by the european council. the commission president is appointed by the european council with the approval of the european parliament.
the commission operates like a cabinet government. there is one commissioner per member state, though commissioners are bound to represent the interests of the eu as a whole rather than their home state.
the parliament has a total of 705 members (called members of the european parliament, or mep). they are elected in their countries every five years by the citizens of the european union member countries. the parliament can approve, reject or change proposed laws. it can also sack the european commission. in that case, the entire commission would have to give up their jobs.
there are many discussions in the eu about how it should develop and change in the future.
the main reasons why european countries came together are political and economic:
in 1951, six countries made the "european coal and steel community", a basic version of what the eu is now. these six then went further and in 1957 they made the european economic community and the european coal and steel community. the uk and others decided not to join, and then when the uk changed its mind it was stopped from joining by french president charles de gaulle. when he was no longer president, the uk and others started to join. today there are 27 members but the idea that more should join is not seen as a good one by everyone.
serbia, montenegro, north macedonia, turkey and iceland are "candidate countries"; they are being considered for membership. albania, bosnia and herzegovina and kosovo are expected to follow.
however, since there have been many political problems happening in turkey recently, especially with president edrogan's arresting of tens of thousands of political rivals since the failed coup attempt on july 15, 2016, it is unlikely that it would be allowed to part of the eu anytime soon because eu members believe that the current turkish government is not respecting human rights, rule of law, or democracy.
united in diversity (or "together with many types of people" in simple english), is the motto of the european union.
the motto in other languages:
on june 23, 2016, the uk held a referendum on whether it should stay in the eu or leave it. the majority [52% to 48%] favored leaving. britain leaving the eu is commonly known as brexit.
the government of the uk invoked "article 50" of the treaty of european union (the treaty of lisbon) on 29 march 2017. this began negotiations with fellow members of the eu on the terms of exit. the timetable for these negotiations is two years, which meant that the uk would remain a member of the eu until at least march 2019. however this deadline was later extended to october 31st 2019 at the request of the british government. the united kingdom left the european union on the 31 of january 2020 at 23:00 (greenwich mean time). following the uk left from the european union on january 31, the transition period expired on december 31, 2020 and ended on january 1, 2021.
greece ( or ), officially the hellenic republic ( ), (historically known as hellas) (greek: ελλάς), is a country in southeastern europe. its capital city is athens.
it borders albania, north macedonia and bulgaria to the north, and turkey to the east. the aegean sea is to the east and south of mainland greece, the ionian sea is to the west. both are part of the eastern mediterranean sea and have many islands. 80% of the country is mountainous, with mount olympus being the highest peak.
ancient greece created democracy, philosophy, science and mathematics, drama and theater and the olympic games. this is why other languages use many greek words.
greece is a parliamentary republic, in which the leader of the party with more seats in the parliament is the prime minister. the country has a president, but his powers are ceremonial. he is the head of state, not the head of government, much like how kings and queens operate in constitutional monarchies and is elected by parliament and not the people. its economy is the highest in the balkans region, though facing financial difficulties due to a greek government-debt crisis. the country was under occupation by the ottoman empire until 1821.
greece is known for its rich history. 
the macedonia region in greece was the ancient kingdom of macedonia (sometimes called macedon).
it was the empire of alexander the great. ancient greece was made up of a number of city-states, each with its own constitution. athens, sparta and corinth are examples of city-states.
the official language spoken in greece is greek, spoken by 99% of the population and 90% of the population as well as the republic of cyprus. it identifies as christian orthodox. many greeks also understand english, french and german, which are taught in schools. greece was a founding member of the united nations, joined nato in 1952, became a member of the european union in 1981, and adopted the euro in 2001. due to the large tourism industry, powerful shipping sector, and its geostrategic importance, it is sometimes classified as a middle power.
greece's history is one of the richest in the world. the greeks were one of the most advanced civilizations. greece is famous for its many philosophers, like plato and aristotle, and kings like alexander the great and leonidas. greece is said to be the "birthplace of democracy", because city-states like athens, now the capital of greece, were the first to elect their leaders and not have kings. during the years of alexander the great, a huge greek macedonian empire was created that stretched from modern-day greece to egypt and iran, until the borders of india. because of the significant role that greek culture played during that time, it is called the hellenistic period (or "greek-dominated period"). during that time, the greek language became the 'lingua franca' of the middle east, which means the language that people who do not speak the same language use to communicate, like english is used today as an international language.
greece was then ruled by the roman empire, and many argue that rome conquered greece with its army, but greece conquered rome with its culture. the roman empire after the conquest of greece became a civilization known as the greco-roman (or greek-roman) civilization. when the roman empire collapsed, the greeks emerged as the ruling class of the byzantine empire, and the greek language became the official language of the empire, which included all the territories around the eastern mediterranean sea. it was then occupied by the ottoman empire for a period of 400 years. some areas of greece, like the second-largest city in the country, thessaloniki, were occupied for 500 years and became part of greece in the early 20th century. 
the greek war of independence began in 1821 and greece was an independent country (a republic) in 1828. in 1832 greece was made a kingdom by the united kingdom and russia, under the german wittelsbach dynasty.
in 1912, greece took part in the balkan wars, where it gained many of the territories that make up the country now, such as greek macedonia and the islands of the aegean sea. greece fought in both world war i and world war ii in the side of allies. during world war i, greece was divided into two countries, the state of thessaloniki in the north and the state of athens in the south. both countries claimed to be the legitimate government of greece, but the state of thessaloniki received support from the allies. the country was reunited in 1917 when the king abdicated. in 1920 greece expanded again and briefly reached its maximum size. the territories that the country had gained in turkey were given back to turkey in the 1923 treaty of lausanne, but greece kept western thrace. the king returned in 1935, and greece was under a fascist dictatorship from 1936 until 1941, friendly to the allies when it was invaded by nazi germany.
greece’s macedonia region is known for its rich history, the ancient kingdom of macedonia (sometimes called macedon) was alexander the great's empire.
in 1940, greece was invaded by italy, but defeated the invasion. this was the first victory of an allied country against an axis power. after this, hitler decided to attack greece sooner than he had planned. germany invaded on 6 april 1940 and captured greece's second-largest city of thessaloniki on 9 april, while athens was captured on 27 april. most fighting ended with the battle of crete. greece suffered major damages in the war.
between 1946 and 1949, the greeks fought a civil war. the fighting was between the communists and the people who supported the king, who also had support from the united kingdom and the united states. the war left the country devastated and the people very poor.
in 1967 the military took control of the country and restricted democracy. free elections were then held again 7 years later, and the greeks voted to send the king away and declared a republic in 1974. greece became a member of the european union in 1981. greece had seen rapid growth in the 1990s, but some of the country's economic statistics were modified to appear more correct than they were, as the government had lied with the help of banks from the united states. in 2004, greece hosted the olympic games for a second time. since 2009, greece has been in an economic crisis, which is also becoming a political crisis.
it is not a federal state like the united states, but a unitary state like the united kingdom. it is ruled by a parliament, called the "hellenic parliament" (or "greek parliament" in simple english), which has 300 members. it is a parliamentary republic, which means that, unlike in the united states, the president has very few powers. the person in charge of the government of greece is the prime minister.
greece was a kingdom for most of its history as an independent nation. it officially became the "third hellenic republic" (or "the third republic of greece" in simple english) in 1975, when the monarchy was abolished by a popular vote.
greece was under a military dictatorship between 1966 and 1975. demonstrations by the students of the universities across greece took place in 1973 but were suppressed by the regime, which forcibly stopped the protests. the dictatorship collapsed after the invasion of cyprus and handed over power to constantine karamanlis.
there are many political parties in greece, but only seven are in the greek parliament. until 2015, only two political parties formed governments, the pasok party (which is social democratic) and new democracy (nd, which is conservative). the government ousted in the 2015 election was led by pasok, dimar, and nd. other parties include the communist party, the left-wing syriza party, the nationalist party and others. syriza, led by alexis tsipras, won the 2015 parliamentary election held on january 25 of that year, and entered into a coalition government with the small right-wing party "greek independents".
the new democracy party won the 2019 election. 
the divisions of greece are called 'peripheries'. as of january 2011, there are 13 peripheries in greece. peripheries are subdivided into 'peripheral units', and previously they were known as 'prefecture', but prefectures were abolished in 2011. the most populated peripheries in greece are attica, where the capital city of greece, athens, is, and central macedonia, where greece's second-largest city, thessaloniki, is. all the peripheries, and their capital cities, are: 
greece is a small country compared to other countries such as the united states, spain , italy, the united kingdom and russia. the population of greece is estimated to be over 11 million. most of the people in greece are greek people, and they form 94% of the population of the country. there are also many albanians in greece, and they make up 4% of the population. other nationalities make up for another 2% of the country.
the greek government recognizes only the muslim minority in the country, the turkish one in the region of western-thrace. they include pomak and xoraxane roma. the majority of them live in cities like xanthi and komotini. the dispute between greece and the republic of north macedonia has resulted in the refusal of greece to acknowledge the existence of a macedonian minority. the 2001 population census showed only 747 citizens of the republic of north macedonia in greece. the republic of north macedonia says that there are a maximum of 300,000 ethnic macedonians in greece, but greece says that if there is a minority in the country, it would not be more than 30,000 people, in the northern part of the country, near the border with the republic of north macedonia. this is also supported by international organizations.
the greek flag was officially adopted in 1828 as a civil and state ensign (a flag for use only on boats and ships) and as a national flag when flown outside of greece, for example on embassies. a different flag (white cross on a blue field) was used as a land flag within greece from 1828 until 1969 and from 1975 to 1978. in 1978 the current flag became national flag and the older land flag was abolished.
there are many theories about the origin of the color of the flag. one says that blue represents the color of the sea and the white represents the waves, and others include white for the waves and blue for the sky and white for purity and breaking away from tyranny, and blue for greece. there are nine stripes on the flag, which according to the legend represent the nine syllables in the phrase “ελευθερία ή θάνατος’’ which means “freedom or death.’’ the cross stands for christianity.
greece is a capitalist country, like the united states and france. greece has the largest number of trading ships (a 'merchant navy') in the world. tourism is also a major source of income for greece. in the 20th century greece had its own currency but now uses the euro as most other european community countries do.
greece has adopted some welfare state policies, such as public healthcare and free education, like many other european countries. greece, however, has not collected enough taxes to pay for them. the pension system is especially expensive.
this is putting greece in a very difficult situation when the country has accumulated a debt of about €350 billion or debt by 170 percent of the country's total gdp. greece also has a trade deficit, meaning that it buys more things than it sells. the country is cutting costs and asking for loans in order to avoid bankruptcy.
about 30 million tourists visit greece each year. that is more than the country’s entire population. to serve the many tourists, greece has many international airports. tourism also makes up more than 20% of the greek gdp.
sweden () is a nordic country in the part of europe called scandinavia. its neighbors are finland and norway. sweden is also connected to denmark in the south by a bridge. it is a developed country. it is famous for its welfare state. people who live in sweden are called swedes.
the population of sweden is about 10 million people. sweden's capital city is stockholm, which is also sweden's largest city, with almost one million people. other large cities are gothenburg and malmö. these cities are all in the southern half of the country, where it is not as cold as in the north. swedes drink filmjölk, it is a traditional fermented milk product from sweden. it is made by fermenting cow's milk. glögg, is spiced mulled wine which people drink around christmas. it normally contains red wine, sugar, orange peel, and spices. swedes eat yellow pea soup with pork (or pork sausages) along with mustard.
sweden is a constitutional monarchy because it has a king, carl xvi gustaf, but he does not have any real power. sweden is a parliamentary state meaning that the government is elected by the parliament which is appointed by the people. the country is democratically ruled by a government headed by an elected prime minister. ulf kristersson was elected prime minister in september 2022. he took office in october 2022.
sweden has an official majority language, swedish (the swedish word for the language is "svenska"). sweden has five official minority languages: finnish, yiddish, sami, meänkieli, and romani.
sweden became a member of the european union (eu) on 1 january 1995. unlike most countries in the european union, sweden is not a member of the eurozone and has not begun to use the euro as currency. this is because the people have voted against using the euro. the currency remains the swedish krona (swedish crown).
sweden has been a kingdom for a thousand years. in the middle ages, sweden had the same king as denmark and norway. in the early 16th century sweden got its own king, gustav vasa. during the 17th century sweden was a great power. sweden had taken estonia, latvia, and finland and parts of norway, germany, and russia. in the 18th century sweden became weaker and lost these places. in the early 19th century, sweden's king died without an heir and the swedish parliament voted for jean baptiste bernadotte as the new king. bernadotte fought denmark and made them allow norway to enter a personal union with sweden.
this was sweden's last war, and sweden has not been at war for 200 years. in 1905, the swedish-norwegian personal union was dissolved. in many wars, including world war i and the cold war, the country was neutral, meaning it did not take sides. during world war ii, it traded with both the british and the germans in order to protect its neutrality.
sweden has 25 historical provinces ("landskap"). they are found in three different regions: norrland in the north, svealand in the central region, and götaland in the south.
sweden is divided into 21 counties. they are stockholm, uppsala, södermanland, östergötland, jönköping, kronoberg, kalmar, gotland, blekinge, skåne, halland, västra götaland, värmland, örebro, västmanland, dalarna, gävleborg, västernorrland, jämtland, västerbotten, and norrbotten.
county governments largely regulate regional public transportation and healthcare.
sweden is further divided into 290 municipalities. the municipalities are responsible for many social issues, like schools, daycare centers, the care for older and disabled people and fire departments.
sweden has been christian for a thousand years. sweden is traditionally a protestant country, but it is now one of the least religious countries in the world. statistical surveys say 46-85% of all people in sweden are agnostics or atheists. this means that they doubt or they do not believe in the existence of a god. about 6.4 million people in sweden, which is 67% of all the people, are members of the church of sweden, but only 2% of members go to church often.
in popular music, abba, roxette, the cardigans, europe, entombed, at the gates, in flames, dark tranquillity, hypocrisy, grave, dissection, avicii, tove lo, laleh, watain, and ace of base have had several hits throughout the years.
sweden is a country with many talented athletes, such as soccer player zlatan ibrahimović. sweden (men and women's teams combined) has five bronze medals and two silver medals from the world cup in football (soccer). the soccer league in sweden is called allsvenskan (men's) and damallsvenskan (women's). sweden has also performed well in ice hockey. the men's ice hockey top division in sweden is called shl and the women's sdhl. sweden has also had several successful table tennis players, including stellan bengtsson and jan-ove waldner, as well as alpine skiers including ingemar stenmark, pernilla wiberg, and anja pärson. other champions include biathlete magdalena forsberg and tennis players björn borg, mats wilander, stefan edberg, and jonas björkman. swimmer sara sjöström has several gold, silver and bronze medals from the olympic games and holds several world records.
sweden also succeeds in cross-country skiing, having won several medals in the olympic games.
capital can mean:
albert einstein (14 march 1879 – 18 april 1955) was a german-born american scientist. he worked on theoretical physics. he developed the theory of relativity. he received the nobel prize in physics in 1921 for theoretical physics.
his famous equation is formula_1 (e = energy, m = mass, c = speed of light (energy = mass × speed of light²).
at the start of his career, einstein didn't think that newtonian mechanics was enough to bring together the laws of classical mechanics and the laws of the electromagnetic field. between 1902–1909 he made the theory of special relativity to fix it. 
einstein also thought that isaac newton's idea of gravity was not completely correct. so, he extended his ideas on special relativity to include gravity. in 1916, he published a paper on general relativity with his theory of gravitation.
in 1933, einstein was visiting the united states but in germany, adolf hitler and the nazis came to power (this is before world war ii). einstein, being of jewish ethnicity, did not return to germany due to hitler’s anti-semitic policies. he lived in the united states and became an american citizen in 1940. on the beginning of world war ii, he sent a letter to president franklin d. roosevelt explaining to him that germany was in the process of making a nuclear weapon; so einstein recommended that the u.s. should also make one. this led to the manhattan project, and the u.s. became the first nation in history to create and use the atomic bomb (not on germany but on japan). einstein and other physicists like richard feynman who worked on the manhattan project later regretted that the bomb was used on japan.
einstein lived in princeton and was one of the first members invited to the institute for advanced study, where he worked for the remainder of his life.
he is now thought to be one of the greatest scientists of all time.
his contributions helped lay the foundations for all modern branches of physics, including quantum mechanics and relativity.
einstein was born in ulm, württemberg, germany, on 14 march 1879. his family was jewish, but was not very . however, later in life einstein became very interested in his judaism. einstein did not begin speaking until he was 3 years old. according to his younger sister, maja, "he had such difficulty with language that those around him feared he would never learn". when einstein was around 4 years old, his father gave him a magnetic compass. he tried hard to understand how the needle could seem to move itself so that it always pointed north. the needle was in a closed case, so clearly nothing like wind could be pushing the needle around, and yet it moved. so in this way einstein became interested in studying science and mathematics. his compass gave him ideas to the world of science.
when he became older, he went to school in switzerland. after he graduated, he got a job in the patent office there. while he was working there, he wrote the papers that first made him famous as a great scientist.
einstein married with a 20-year-old serbian woman mileva marić in january 1903.
in 1917, einstein became very sick with an illness that almost killed him, fortunately he survived. his cousin elsa löwenthal nursed him back to health. after this happened, einstein divorced mileva in 14 february 1919, and married elsa on 2 june 1919.
einstein's first daughter was lieserl einstein. she was born in novi sad, vojvodina, austria-hungary on january 27, 1902. she spent her first years in the care of serbian grandparents because her father albert did not want her to be brought to switzerland, where he had a job offer at the patent office. some historians believe she died from scarlet fever. 
einstein's two sons were hans albert einstein and eduard tete einstein. hans albert was born in bern, switzerland in may 1904. he became a professor in berkeley (california). eduard was born in zürich, switzerland in july 1910. he died at 55 years old of a stroke in the psychiatric university hospital zurich "burghölzli" . he had spent his life in and out of hospitals due to his schizophrenia.
in spring of 1914, he moved back to germany, and became ordinary member of the prussian academy and director of a newly established institute for physics of the kaiser-wilhelm-gesellschaft. he lived in berlin and finished the general theory of relativity in november 1915. in the weimar republic, he was politically active for socialism and zionism. in 1922, he received the nobel prize for physics for his explanation of the photoelectric effect in 1905. he then tried to formulate a general field theory uniting gravitation and electromagnetism, without success. he had reservations about the quantum mechanics invented by heisenberg (1925) and schrödinger (1926). in spring of 1933, einstein and elsa were traveling in the usa when the nazi party came to power. the nazis were violently antisemitic. they einstein's relativity theory "jewish physics," and some german physicists started polemics against his theories. others, like planck and heisenberg, defended einstein.
after their return to belgium, considering the threats from the nazis, einstein resigned from his position in the prussian academy in a letter from oostende. einstein and elsa decided not to go back to berlin and moved to princeton, new jersey in the united states, and in 1940 he became a united states citizen.
before world war ii, in august 1939, einstein at the suggestion of leó szilárd wrote to the u.s. president, franklin d. roosevelt, to say that the united states should invent an atomic bomb so that the nazi government could not beat them to the punch. he signed the letter. however, he was not part of the manhattan project, which was the that created the atomic bomb.
einstein, a jew but not an israeli citizen, was offered the presidency in 1952 but turned it down, stating "i am deeply moved by the offer from our state of israel, and at once saddened and ashamed that i cannot accept it." ehud olmert was reported to be considering offering the presidency to another non-israeli, elie wiesel, but he was said to be "very not interested".
he did his research on gravitation at the institute for advanced study at princeton, new jersey until his death on 18 april 1955 of a aortic aneurysm. he was still writing about quantum physics hours before he died.
he was awarded the nobel prize in physics.
in 1905 he came up with a theory that light was made of small particles called photons . using this theory he was able to explain the photoelectric effect. the formula relating the energy and frequency of a photon is formula_2. this means that higher frequency light has more energy per photon.
the photoelectric effect happens when light shining on a metal surface causes it to emit electrons. the difficulty for the classical wave theory was to explain why this effect only seems to occur for high frequency light such as uv, but not lower frequency such as red or infrared.
einstein showed that, since higher frequency light has photons with more energy, it has a greater chance of forcing electrons out of the metal.
einstein was also able to explain other phenomena with photons, such as fluorescence and ionization. in 1921 he was awarded the nobel prize for this discovery.
theory of relativity.
the theory of special relativity was published by einstein in 1905, in the paper "on the electrodynamics of moving bodies". it says that both distance measurements and time measurements change near the speed of light. this means that as one get closer to the speed of light (nearly 300,000 kilometres per second), lengths appear to get shorter, and clocks tick more slowly. einstein said that special relativity is based on two ideas. the first is that the laws of physics are the same for all observers that are not moving in relation to each other.
things going in the same direction at the same speed are said to be in an "inertial frame".
people in the same "frame" measure how long something takes to happen. their clocks keep the same time. but in another "frame" their clocks move at a different rate. the reason this happens is as follows. no matter how an observer is moving, if he measures the speed of the light coming from that star it will always be the same number.
imagine an astronaut were all alone in a different universe. it just has an astronaut and a spaceship. is he moving? is he standing still? those questions do not mean anything. why? because when we say we are moving we mean that we can measure our distance from something else at various times. if the numbers get bigger we are moving away. if the numbers get smaller we are moving closer. to have movement you must have at least two things. an airplane can be moving at several hundred kilometers per hour, but passengers say, "i am just sitting here."
suppose some people are on a spaceship and they want to make an accurate clock. at one end they put a mirror, and at the other end they put a simple machine. it shoots one short burst of light toward the mirror and then waits. the light hits the mirror and bounces back. when it hits a light detector on the machine, the machine says, "count = 1," it simultaneously shoots another short burst of light toward the mirror, and when that light comes back the machine says, "count = 2." they decide that a certain number of bounces will be defined as a second, and they make the machine change the seconds counter every time it has detected that number of bounces. every time it changes the seconds counter it also flashes a light out through a porthole under the machine. so somebody outside can see the light flashing every second.
every grade school child learns the formula d=rt (distance equals rate multiplied by time). we know the speed of light, and we can easily measure the distance between the machine and the mirror and multiple that to give the distance the light travels. so we have both d and r, and we can easily calculate t. the people on the spaceship compare their new "light clock" with their various wrist watches and other clocks, and they are satisfied that they can measure time well using their new light clock.
now this spaceship happens to be going very fast. they see a flash from the clock on the space ship, and then they see another flash. only the flashes do not come a second apart. they come at a slower rate. light always goes at the same speed, d = rt. that is why the clock on the spaceship is not flashing once a second for the outside observer.
special relativity also relates energy with mass, in albert einstein's e=mc2 formula.
e=mc2, also called the "mass-energy equivalence", is one of the things that einstein is most famous for. it is a famous equation in physics and math that shows what happens when mass changes to energy or energy changes to mass. the "e" in the equation stands for energy. energy is a number which you give to objects depending on how much they can change other things. for instance, a brick hanging over an egg can put enough energy onto the egg to break it, but a feather can not.
there are three basic forms of energy: potential energy, kinetic energy, and rest energy. two of these forms of energy can be seen in the examples given above, and in the example of a pendulum.
a cannonball hangs on a rope from an iron ring. a horse pulls the cannonball to the right side. when the cannonball is released it will move back and forth as diagrammed. it would do that forever except that the movement of the rope in the ring and rubbing in other places causes friction, and the friction takes away a little energy all the time. if we ignore the losses due to friction, then the energy provided by the horse is given to the cannonball as potential energy. (it has energy because it is up high and can fall down.) as the cannonball swings down it gains more and more speed, so the nearer the bottom it gets the faster it is going and the harder it would hit you if you stood in front of it. then it slows down as its kinetic energy is changed back into potential energy. "kinetic energy" just means the energy something has because it is moving. "potential energy" just means the energy something has because it is in some higher position than something else.
when energy moves from one form to another, the amount of energy always remains the same. it cannot be made or destroyed. this rule is called the "conservation law of energy". for example, when you throw a ball, the energy is transferred from your hand to the ball as you release it. but the energy that was in your hand, and now the energy that is in the ball, is the same number. for a long time, people thought that the conservation of energy was all there was to talk about.
when energy transforms into mass, the amount of energy does not remain the same. when mass transforms into energy, the amount of energy also does not remain the same. however, the amount of matter and energy remains the same. energy turns into mass and mass turns into energy in a way that is defined by einstein's equation, e = mc2.
the "m" in einstein's equation stands for mass. mass is the amount of matter there is in some body. if you knew the number of protons and neutrons in a piece of matter such as a brick, then you could calculate its total mass as the sum of the masses of all the protons and of all the neutrons. (electrons are so small that they are almost negligible.) masses pull on each other, and a very large mass such as that of the earth pulls very hard on things nearby. you would weigh much more on jupiter than on earth because jupiter is so huge. you would weigh much less on the moon because it is only about one-sixth the mass of earth. weight is related to the mass of the brick (or the person) and the mass of whatever is pulling it down on a spring scale – which may be smaller than the smallest moon in the solar system or larger than the sun.
mass, not weight, can be transformed into energy. another way of expressing this idea is to say that matter can be transformed into energy. units of mass are used to measure the amount of matter in something. the mass or the amount of matter in something determines how much energy that thing could be changed into.
energy can also be transformed into mass. if you were pushing a baby buggy at a slow walk and found it easy to push, but pushed it at a fast walk and found it harder to move, then you would wonder what was wrong with the baby buggy. then if you tried to run and found that moving the buggy at any faster speed was like pushing against a brick wall, you would be very surprised. the truth is that when something is moved then its mass is increased. human beings ordinarily do not notice this increase in mass because at the speed humans ordinarily move the increase in mass is almost nothing.
as speeds get closer to the speed of light, then the changes in mass become impossible not to notice. the basic experience we all share in daily life is that the harder we push something like a car the faster we can get it going. but when something we are pushing is already going at some large part of the speed of light we find that it keeps gaining mass, so it gets harder and harder to get it going faster. it is impossible to make any mass go at the speed of light because to do so would take infinite energy.
sometimes a mass will change to energy. common examples of elements that make these changes we call radioactivity are radium and uranium. an atom of uranium can lose an "alpha particle" (the atomic nucleus of helium) and become a new element with a lighter nucleus. then that atom will emit two electrons, but it will not be stable yet. it will emit a series of alpha particles and electrons until it finally becomes the element pb or what we call lead. by throwing out all these particles that have mass it has made its own mass smaller. it has also produced energy.
in most radioactivity, the entire mass of something does not get changed to energy. in an atomic bomb, uranium is transformed into krypton and barium. there is a slight difference in the mass of the resulting krypton and barium, and the mass of the original uranium, but the energy that is released by the change is huge. one way to express this idea is to write einstein's equation as:
e = (muranium – mkrypton and barium) c2
the c2 in the equation stands for the speed of light squared. to square something means to multiply it by itself, so if you were to square the speed of light, it would be 299,792,458 meters per second, times 299,792,458 meters per second, which is approximately 
so the energy produced by one kilogram would be:
e = 1 kg • 90,000,000,000,000,000 meters2/seconds2
e = 90,000,000,000,000,000 kg meters2/seconds2
e = 90,000,000,000,000,000 joules
e = 90,000 terajoule
about 60 terajoules were released by the atomic bomb that exploded over hiroshima. so about two-thirds of a gram of the radioactive mass in that atomic bomb must have been lost (changed into energy), when the uranium changed into krypton and barium.
the idea of a bose-einstein condensate came out of a collaboration between s. n. bose and prof. einstein. einstein himself did not invent it but, instead, refined the idea and helped it become popular.
the concept of zero-point energy was developed in germany by albert einstein and otto stern in 1913.
momentum, mass, and energy.
in classical physics, momentum is explained by the equation:
when einstein generalized classical physics to include the increase of mass due to the velocity of the moving matter, he arrived at an equation that predicted energy to be made of two components. one component involves "rest mass" and the other component involves momentum, but momentum is not defined in the classical way. the equation typically has values greater than zero for both components:
there are two special cases of this equation.
a photon has no rest mass, but it has momentum. (light reflecting from a mirror pushes the mirror with a force that can be measured.) in the case of a photon, because its m0 = 0, then:
the energy of a photon can be computed from its frequency ν or wavelength λ. these are related to each other by planck's relation, e = hν = hc/λ, where h is the planck constant (6.626×10−34 joule-seconds). knowing either frequency or wavelength, you can compute the photon's momentum.
in the case of motionless particles with mass, since p = 0, then:
which is just
therefore, the quantity "m0" used in einstein's equation is sometimes called the "rest mass." (the "0" reminds us that we are talking about the energy and mass when the speed is 0.) this famous "mass-energy relation" formula (usually written without the "0"s) suggests that mass has a large amount of energy, so maybe we could convert some mass to a more useful form of energy. the nuclear power industry is based on that idea.
einstein said that it was not a good idea to use the classical formula relating momentum to velocity, p = mv, but that if someone wanted to do that, he would have to use a particle mass m that changes with speed:
in this case, we can say that e = mc2 is also true for moving particles.
the general theory of relativity.
the general theory of relativity was published in 1915, ten years after the special theory of relativity was created. einstein's general theory of relativity uses the idea of spacetime. spacetime is the fact that we have a four-dimensional universe, having three spatial (space) dimensions and one temporal (time) dimension. any physical event happens at some place inside these three space dimensions, and at some moment in time. according to the general theory of relativity, any mass causes spacetime to curve, and any other mass follows these curves. bigger mass causes more curving. this was a new way to explain gravitation (gravity).
general relativity explains gravitational lensing, which is light bending when it comes near a massive object. this explanation was proven correct during a solar eclipse, when the sun's bending of starlight from distant stars could be measured because of the darkness of the eclipse.
general relativity also set the stage for cosmology (theories of the structure of our universe at large distances and over long times). einstein thought that the universe may curve a little bit in both space and time, so that the universe always had existed and always will exist, and so that if an object moved through the universe without bumping into anything, it would return to its starting place, from the other direction, after a very long time. he even changed his equations to include a "cosmological constant," in order to allow a mathematical model of an unchanging universe. the general theory of relativity also allows the universe to spread out (grow larger and less dense) forever, and most scientists think that astronomy has proved that this is what happens. when einstein realized that good models of the universe were possible even without the cosmological constant, he called his use of the cosmological constant his "biggest blunder," and that constant is often left out of the theory. however, many scientists now believe that the cosmological constant is needed to fit in all that we now know about the universe.
a popular theory of cosmology is called the big bang. according to the big bang theory, the universe was formed 15 billion years ago, in what is called a "gravitational singularity". this singularity was small, dense, and very hot. according to this theory, all of the matter that we know today came out of this point.
einstein himself did not have the idea of a "black hole", but later scientists used this name for an object in the universe that bends spacetime so much that not even light can escape it. they think that these ultra-dense objects are formed when giant stars, at least three times the size of our sun, die. this event can follow what is called a supernova. the formation of black holes may be a major source of gravitational waves, so the search for proof of gravitational waves has become an important scientific pursuit.
many scientists only care about their work, but einstein also spoke and wrote often about politics and world peace. he liked the ideas of socialism and of having only one government for the whole world. he also worked for zionism, the effort to try to create the new country of israel.
prompted by his colleague l. e. j. brouwer, einstein read the philosopher eric gutkind's book "choose life", a discussion of the relationship between jewish revelation and the modern world. on january 3, 1954, einstein sent the following reply to gutkind: "the word god is for me nothing more than the expression and product of human weaknesses, the bible a collection of honourable, but still primitive legends which are nevertheless pretty childish. ... for me the jewish religion like all other religions is an incarnation of the most childish superstitions." in 2018 his letter to gutkind was sold for $2.9 million.
even though einstein thought of many ideas that helped scientists understand the world much better, he disagreed with some scientific theories that other scientists liked. the theory of quantum mechanics discusses things that can happen only with certain probabilities, which cannot be predicted with more precision no matter how much information we might have. this theoretical pursuit is different from statistical mechanics, in which einstein did important work. einstein did not like the part of quantum theory that denied anything more than the probability that something would be found to be true of something when it was actually measured; he thought that it should be possible to predict anything, if we had the correct theory and enough information. he once said, "i do not believe that god plays dice with the universe."
because einstein helped science so much, his name is now used for several different things. a unit used in photochemistry was named for him. it is equal to avogadro's number multiplied by the energy of one photon of light. the chemical element einsteinium is named after the scientist as well. in slang, we sometimes call a very smart person an "einstein."
most scientists think that einstein's theories of special and general relativity work very well, and they use those ideas and formulas in their own work. einstein disagreed that phenomena in quantum mechanics can happen out of pure chance. he believed that all natural phenomena have explanations that do not include pure chance. he spent much of his later life trying to find a "unified field theory" that would include his general relativity theory, maxwell's theory of electromagnetism, and perhaps a better quantum theory. most scientists do not think that he succeeded in that attempt.
euro is the currency of the countries in the eurozone. one euro is divided into 100 "cent" (officially) (singular) or "cents" (unofficially).
because of the number of different languages in the european union, there are different, unofficial, names for this unit (the french call them "centimes" and the spanish "céntimos", for example).
it was created in 1999, but until 1 january 2002 it was used only for electronic payments. in 2002, 12 countries of the european union (eu) took their state currencies out of circulation and adopted euro notes and coins as their only money. there was a change-over period, called the "transition period", when both the old national money and the euro were accepted, but by 28 february 2002, all 12 countries were using just euros.
in 2006, slovenia became the 13th country to use the euro. in 2008 cyprus and malta became the 14th and 15th countries to use the euro. in 2009, slovakia became the 16th country to use the euro. in 2011, estonia became the 17th country to use the euro. in 2014, latvia became the 18th country and in 2015, lithuania became the 19th country to use the euro.
there are seven different banknotes, each one with a different colour, size and face value: €5 (grey), €10 (red), €20 (blue), €50 (orange), €100 (green), €200 (yellow), €500 (purple).
coins are of eight different amounts: €0.01, €0.02, €0.05, €0.10, €0.20, €0.50, €1 and €2.
on every banknote, there is a picture of a different european building style. all banknotes are the same throughout the entire eurozone; there are no different designs for different countries, unlike the euro coins. one side of each coin is the same in all euro countries. the other side is different since each country who mints the coins inserts a symbol relating to that country. today there are many different sets of coins. any of the coins can be used everywhere throughout the eurozone despite the country-specific symbol on the back.
the ten new european countries that entered the european union in may 2004 are planning to adopt the euro also. first they must meet some conditions to show that they have stable economies.
the symbol for the euro is the greek letter epsilon (e) with two horizontal lines: €.
some people see it as the latin capital letter c with an equal sign (=).
it is also legal to simply write "euro". this is especially useful when the symbol cannot be produced, or the result is not satisfactory.
members of the eurozone are:
these countries form the economic and monetary union (emu).
even though they are not part of the eu, the euro is also the currency used in:
many other countries' currencies are "pegged" (tied) to, although not exactly equal to, the euro:
currency is the unit of money used by the people of a country or union for buying and selling goods and services.
certain currencies are said to be "pegged" or "fixed" to something, usually another currency. a fixed or pegged currency is one that has a constant value compared to what it is pegged to. for example, the cape verdian escudo is pegged to the euro. if the value of the euro goes up 1% compared to another form of currency, the value of the escudo also goes up 1% compared to that same currency.
many countries have used systems where their currency was pegged to a commodity rather than to another currency. most used either gold or silver. when they did this, as the value of gold increased, so did the value of their money. this was called the "gold standard" or "silver standard". most countries stopped using silver and gold standards in the 20th century.
some well-known currencies are:
names of different currencies around the world.
this list appears in alphabetical order:
mercure may refer to:
a radio telescope is a type of antenna used for radio astronomy. the majority look like a huge satellite television dish. stars shine, and the light can be seen with an ordinary telescope, but they also give off radio waves. scientists with radio telescopes receive these radio waves and use computers to learn about the stars. other things like black holes also give off radio waves, and radio telescopes are useful for learning about them too.
the dish is sometimes constructed of a conductive wire mesh whose openings are smaller than a wavelength. the information received by several radio telescopes in different places can be combined. this gives similar results to having a single dish as big as the distance between the telescopes. it can receive very faint signals, and see more details. the biggest telescope is a virtual radio telescope almost as big as the earth, called the event horizon telescope.
the radio telescope at the parkes observatory, parkes, new south wales was used by nasa to receive messages from the apollo 11 moon landings.
a light year (symbol: ly) is the distance that light travels in empty space in one year. since the speed of light is about 300,000 km per second (about 186,000 miles per second), then a light year is 9.46 trillion kilometers (about 5.87 trillion miles), for au, one light year is 63,241 au. a light year is not a length of time.
the light year is used in astronomy because the universe is huge. space objects such as stars and galaxies may be hundreds, thousands or millions of light years away.
think of a star at a distance of 100 light years from us on earth. light leaves the star and takes 100 years to get to us. when we see the star's light, we are seeing that star as it was 100 years ago.
korea is a peninsula in northeast asia, the korean peninsula. korea became a country (or state) in 918. 
in 1948, it split into two countries: north korea and south korea. north and south korea and their allies fought against each other in the korean war.
people have lived in korea for about 15,000 years. in the past, some of modern manchuria and siberia was governed by korea. korea is known for its fine silk. in the 7th century, the people of china sought after gold-workers from korea. europeans had little knowledge about korea until the modern era. 
south korea has over 50 million people, and north korea has more than 23 million. south korea's biggest city is seoul, the capital of south korea. the city has more than 10 million people and the region of seoul has more than 15 million people. north korea's biggest city is pyongyang, the capital of north korea. it has fewer than 4 million people.
korean people speak the korean language. many people in south korea study english and other languages such as chinese and japanese at school.
south korea is an advanced country with large cities, high-speed rail trains, high-speed internet, and many television and radio networks. many korean television dramas are popular around the world. but there are still poor areas, even in south korea. the korean farmers are not rich and struggle to compete with cheap food from other countries.
gojoseon is the first state in korean history. it was established in 2333 bce. its real name is joseon, but it is called gojoseon to make it different from other joseon in korean history. go is a korean prefix meaning 'old'. the founder of gojoseon is said to be dangun. the korean people believe that dangun established the country on october 3rd, and still celebrate that day. in korea, october 3rd is a national holiday, which is named gaecheonjeol (the day heaven opened). it is said to be the day that dangun's father whose name is hwan-ung came from the sky on october 3rd 2457 bce. gochosun was destroyed by the chinese han dynasty in 108 bce.
after gojoseon had been destroyed, there were many confederations in the korean peninsula and manchuria: mahan, byeonhan, jinhan, buyeo, dongye, okjeo, goguryeo, and so on. the ancient confederation countries later merged into three more powerful kingdoms and an advanced confederation country.
between 57 bc and the year 668 there were three kingdoms in the korean peninsula and manchuria. the names of the kingdoms were: silla, goguryeo and baekje. in the year 372, the religion buddhism came from china to korea. buddhism was very important in korea.
in the year 660, the kingdom of silla invaded the kingdom of baekje. in the year 668 the kingdom of silla invaded the kingdom of goguryeo. the people of goguryeo ran away and made a new kingdom with the name balhae. after a little time, the kingdom of balhae was invaded by liao dynasty.
when silla was the only country, it had the name unified silla. in the silla kingdom buddhism was very important.
the northern and southern kingdoms.
in the year 698, balhae was founded by allies of goguryeo. we call the time when united silla and balhae were existing together (698∼926) "the northern and southern kingdoms period".
in the year 918 the kingdom of goryeo began. the name korea comes from goryeo. the kingdom of goryeo had power until the year 1392.
the kingdom of goryeo wrote the law in books, and had a big government. buddhism was very important in the kingdom of goryeo. bronze-type printing technology was invented in goryeo dynasty. this is known as the world's oldest bronze-type printing technology.
the mongol empire conquered goryeo and forced korea to pay a tribute in korean girls and eunuchs to the mongol court with about 500,000 korean girls and eunuchs taken to yuan china. mongol and central asian semu hui tammachi army officials in korea itself also took korean women as concubines and korea officials complained about it, begging the mongol court to withdraw them from korea. koreans wrote erotic songs about how korean women were seduced by central asian muslims in their bakeries. 
an amusing incident is reported as having occurred about this time. a courtier named pa-gyu observed to the king, “the male population of the country has been decimated but there are still plenty of women. for this reason it is that the mongols take so many of them. there is danger that the pure koryŭ stock will become vitiated by the intermixture of wild blood. the king should let each man take several wives and should remove the restrictions under which the sons of concubines labor." when the news of this came to the ears of the women they were up in arms, as least the married portion ; and each one read to her spouse such a lecture that the subject was soon dropped as being too warm to handle. when the king passed through the streets with pa-gyu in his retinue the women would point to the latter and say “there goes the man who would make concubines of us all." 
in the year 1392 a man from the military of korea went to china. his name was yi seonggye. his job was to attack yuan china. but he returned without doing it. when he came back to korea, he changed the kingdom. he became king.
the name of the kingdom was joseon. in the year 1394, the people of joseon moved the capital to seoul. the religion of buddhism was not important. a new religion, confucianism was important. confucianism came from china.
in the year 1443 king sejong ruled joseon. he invented the korean alphabet hangeul.
in the year 1592 and the year 1598 the people from japan fought korea. a man from the military made very strong ships, including the famous turtle ship. the name of the man was yi sun-sin. with the strong ships, the people of korea won.
the people of joseon were friends with the people of china.
today, north koreans use the name joseon (officially chosŏn) to mean korea.
in the 19th century the people of korea did not want to trade with other people. people called korea hermit kingdom.
the people of the united states and japan wanted to trade with korea. before 1876, people failed when they tried to use force to trade with korea. in the year 1876 the military of japan fought korea. korea and japan made a contract to trade.
in 1895 japan won the first sino-japanese war in the korean peninsula. this ended chinese influence in korea. empress myeongseong, also called queen min, wanted the russian empire as a friend, to help korea against japan. agents of the ambassador of japan killed her in october 1895. 
in 1905 japan won the russo-japanese war. in the year 1910, the emperor of japan made korea a colony of japan.
colony of japan to today.
korea was occupied by japan from 1910 to 1945.
when world war ii started, the policy of the japanese government changed. the government made the religion of japan (shinto) the religion of korea.
in 1945 japan lost world war ii. the united states and soviet union made a contract. united states occupied the south of korea and soviet union occupied the north of korea.
the people of korea wanted to be independent. the united states and the soviet union agreed the people of korea would be free and independent. but soon the united states and soviet union were not friends and the cold war started. united states and soviet union refused to settle a deal. in 1948 the people in the south made an independent country called south korea (also called the republic of korea). the united states helped them. in 1948 the people in the north also made a country north korea (also called the dprk or democratic people's republic of korea). the soviet union helped north korea.
in 1950 a war started in korea. the name of the war was the korean war. the war ended in 1953, but no peace treaty was signed. the border line between north and south was almost the same in the end as it was before the war. 
english as a second language is a common phrase which has related acronyms, including
each of these acronyms means roughly the same thing. in each, the learners already have another native or "mother" language, and they want to learn english as well.
the teaching of english as a second language has a long history. for example, the official introduction of english into india's education system began in 1835.
english as a second language is the single most popular subject in the world, after mathematics. english is a very important language in business. many people study english as a foreign language, because they want a better job. english is also very important in education. many pages on the internet are in english.
many people who can not go to english language classes study on the internet, using websites like bbc learning english.
many people study english in a country where the people speak english. this way, many students learn to listen and speak english better.
there are many english exams. these english exams are important for learners. they may show how well a person can use english. it is very difficult to compare different english exams. every exam is a little different. read testing english as a foreign language for more information.
global scale of english.
global scale of english (gse) is a test for learners of english as a second or foreign language. the gse is a list of can-do statements based on the common european framework of reference (cefr) for english. learners' abilities are rated on a 10-to-90 point scale for each of the four basic skills (speaking, listening, reading, and writing). a learner reaches a level on the scale when she or he can correctly perform 50% of the can-do tasks at that level. the education company pearson plc developed the scale.
teaching english as a foreign language (tefl) is referred to the practice of teaching the english language to the students with different first languages. it is taught in the state school system or privately with a language school or with a tutor. tefl can also take place in an english-speaking country for people who have immigrated there.
tefl teachers may be native or non-native speakers of english. other forms of tefl are tesl ("teaching english as a second language"), tesol ("teaching english to speakers of other languages"), and esl ("english as a second language").
additional types of tefl certification include: ctbe (certificate in teaching business english), ctyl (certificate in teaching young learners), cto (certificate in teaching online).
switzerland (; ; ; ; swiss german: "schwiz") is a comparatively small country in western europe. the official name of switzerland is "confoederatio helvetica". this is latin and is not often used except for official state documents. switzerland is a confederation of even smaller states, which are the 26 cantons.
switzerland is known for its neutrality. a country is neutral when it does not take sides among the countries who are at war. switzerland has been neutral since 1815. many international organizations are in switzerland. the united nations has a main office (but not its headquarters) in geneva. its predecessor organization, the league of nations, was headquartered in geneva. it is no longer neutral since february 28, 2022. 
there are four official languages in switzerland: german, french, italian, and romansh. some cantons and even towns have two languages spoken in them, and the largest canton by area, graubünden, has three. about 2/3 of the population speak german; french is spoken in the west of the country, while italian is spoken in the canton of ticino and romansh in parts of graubünden. romansh language is spoken less than by 1% of the population. 
switzerland does not have an official capital city, but bern is used as though it was the capital. the largest city of switzerland is zürich.
to the north of switzerland is germany. east of switzerland are austria and liechtenstein. to the south of switzerland is italy. to the west of switzerland is france.
the area of switzerland is 41,285 km². the confederation is divided into 23 full states called "cantons". all 26 cantons are: aargau, appenzell innerrhoden, appenzell ausserrhoden, basel-stadt, basel-land, berne, fribourg, geneva, glarus, graubünden, jura, lucerne, neuchâtel, nidwalden, obwalden, schaffhausen, schwyz, solothurn, st. gallen, thurgau, ticino, uri, valais, vaud, zug, and zürich.
the mountains are very tall in the center and south of switzerland. about 60% of switzerland is in the alps area. only few people live here. the highest mountain is the "dufour peak" at 4,634 m.
many of the mountains have ice all year. this ice is called glaciers. the rivers rhine, rhône, and many other rivers start in the mountains of switzerland.
there are many lakes in switzerland. the biggest lakes are all in the north and west: lake geneva ("lac léman"), lake zürich, lake neuchâtel and lake constance ("bodensee").
mountains in the north of switzerland are fewer and smaller. most swiss people live in cities and towns in the north. the jura mountains are in the northwest of switzerland.
switzerland has 2,485 villages, towns and cities.
the largest cities are:
there are about 8.4 million people in switzerland. about 64% of the people speak swiss german (german alemannic) as their first language, in northern and central switzerland. 19% of the people speak french as their first language, mainly in the west of switzerland. 8% of the people speak italian, in the south of switzerland. only 1% of the people speak romansh, in the southeastern part of switzerland. romansh is an old language that is similar to latin.
the german-speaking people of switzerland do not actually speak "german" as their native language. swiss people speak something called alemannic which has its own writing language and grammar but still is normally considered a german dialect. alemannic may be difficult for germans to understand. swiss people do write like the people from germany and also speak standard german very well, especially in the larger cities.
about 23% of the people in switzerland do not come from switzerland. they come from other places to usually work in switzerland.
the religion of most people in switzerland is christianity. 43% of the population follow catholicism. 35% of the population follow protestantism. 2% follow eastern orthodoxy. the religion of 4% of the population is islam. the rest follow other religions, or they have no religion.
switzerland is famous for its chocolate, cheese, banking system, watches and mountains.
in 1291, people from uri, schwyz and unterwalden wanted to be free. they signed a contract to work together called the "eternal alliance". together, they could be free from the people of habsburg, who were very strong. in 1315 the people from the eternal alliance fought the habsburgs in battles at morgarten, sempach and näfels. the people of the eternal alliance won all the battles.
people from other areas signed the contract and joined the eternal alliance. more and more people worked together to be free. in 1648, other countries from europe made an agreement that switzerland was free. the name of this agreement was the "peace of westphalia". more areas came to be part of switzerland.
switzerland was important to the slave trade that forced black africans to be sold as slaves. swiss companies made indiennes, which are a kind of cloth. these cloths were sent to africa and exchanged for captured slaves. some swiss also joined french companies already making indiennes or owned plantations with slaves in french colonies.
in 1798, france invaded switzerland. the ruler of france was napoleon. he changed many laws. in 1815 switzerland again became independent from france. other countries agreed at the congress of vienna that switzerland was free and neutral. 
the constitution of switzerland that was made after a short civil war in 1848 was replaced in 1999. switzerland did not fight in world war i or world war ii. since 2002, switzerland is part of the united nations. it did not join the united nations for 57 years because of its neutrality.
switzerland is a republic. switzerland does not have the same kind of president as the united states or france. seven people (called ministers) do the job of president. they are called the federal council in english, "bundesrat" in german, "conseil fédéral" in french, "consiglio federale" in italian and "cussegl federal" in romansh. every year one of these people is made president. the president is not more important than the other six people. at present 3 of the 7 people are women.
the seven people are:
there are two parts of parliament in switzerland. the "council of states" and the "national council". only both together can make laws. there are 46 people in the council of states. every full canton of switzerland can send 2 people. there are 200 people in the national council. the biggest canton sends most people to the national council. the smallest 6 cantons can only send one person to the national council.
the people of switzerland can collect signatures if they do not like a new law or a law change. this is called a "referendum". if enough people sign a referendum, the people vote. the people can also collect signatures to change the constitution. this is called an "initiative". the constitution is the basic law of a country. 
switzerland is not a member of the european union, but it is member of the european free trade agreement (efta). the efta makes trade with other countries in europe easier. in 1999 switzerland and the european union made a contract. this contract makes trade even easier. they recently made two other contracts.
the banks of switzerland and the insurance companies in switzerland together produce eleven per cent of the gross domestic product. tourism is important in switzerland. there are many places for tourists. davos, st. moritz, pontresina and flims are in switzerland. these towns are important both in winter (for skiing) and in summer. tourists also like the cities of lucerne, geneva, and zürich.
in 2011 the pharmaceutical industry in switzerland directly and indirectly employed about 135,000 people. the companies novartis and roche are the second and third largest pharma companies in the world. they both have invented many life saving drugs because of well developed research and development facilities.
the literature of switzerland is divided according to the language used. most swiss literature was written in german from 1291 until 1798. french became popular in bern and elsewhere in the 18th century and many words also in the german speaking parts of switzerland come from the french and are not known to germans. italian language and romansch-latin literature are less common in switzerland.
heidi, a book for children by johanna spyri, is the most famous book of switzerland. it is in the mountains in graubünden.
skiing, snowboarding and mountaineering are among the most popular sports in switzerland. because of the large mountain range the nature of the country is well suited for such activities. bobsleigh was invented in st. moritz. the first world ski championships were held in mürren (1931) and st. moritz (1934). st. moritz hosted the second winter olympic games in 1928 and in 1948. among the most successful skiers and world champions are pirmin zurbriggen and didier cuche.
many swiss are fans of football. the national team or 'nati' is widely supported. switzerland was the joint host, with austria, of the euro 2008 tournament. many swiss also follow ice hockey. in april 2009, switzerland hosted the 2009 iihf world championship for the 10th time. the national league a is the most attended league in europe. 
the many lakes in the country make switzerland a good place for sailing. the largest, lake geneva, is the home of the sailing team alinghi. they were the first european team to win the america's cup in 2003. they also won in 2007. tennis has become more popular. swiss players such as martina hingis and roger federer have won multiple grand slams.
motorsport racecourses and events were banned in switzerland after the 1955 le mans disaster. there were exceptions for events such as hillclimbing. this ban was overturned in june 2007. during this period, the country still had successful racing drivers such as clay regazzoni, sebastian buemi, jo siffert and successful world touring car championship driver alain menu. switzerland also won the a1gp world cup of motorsport in 2007–08 with driver neel jani. swiss motorcycle racer thomas lüthi won the 2005 motogp world championship in the 125cc category.
traditional sports include swiss wrestling or "schwingen". it is an old tradition from the rural central cantons and considered the national sport by some. hornussen is another native swiss sport. it is like a cross between baseball and golf. steinstossen is the swiss version of stone put, a competition in throwing a heavy stone. it is recorded to have taken place in basel in the 13th century. it is also central to the unspunnenfest, first held in 1805.
lol, or lol, is an internet slang term that means "laugh(ing) out loud". it is commonly mistaken for "lots of love." lol is often used in messages meaning "that is really funny." 
it also means mute in persian and is a native dutch word (not an acronym) which means "fun" ("lollig" means "funny"). in welsh, lol means nonsense - e.g., if a person wanted to say "utter nonsense" in welsh, they would say "rwtsh lol". lol is usually used on the internet or when text messaging.
toronto is the capital city of the province of ontario in canada. it is also the largest city in both ontario and canada. it is found on the north-west side of lake ontario.
the city of toronto itself has a population of almost 3 million people. even more people live in the regions around it. all together, the greater toronto area is home to over 6 million people. this makes it the biggest metropolitan area in canada.
toronto was created in 1793 by john graves simcoe as the capital of what was then called "upper canada". at the time it was called the "town of york" after the duke of york. the name was changed to toronto in 1834. with the canadian confederation in 1867, it became the capital of the newly created province of ontario. toronto was one of two cities (along with montreal in quebec) that wanted to be the capital of canada. queen victoria decided that ottawa should be the national capital because it was located between the two.
as the 19th century moved on, the city began to grow. this was mainly because of immigration, where people from all over the world left their home and moved to canada. many of the immigrants were irish people. they brought their catholic faith with them when they left ireland because of the irish potato famine.
during world war i and world war ii, toronto was used to train members of the canadian army. after the wars, even more immigrants came to the city. the population was becoming so big that the government of ontario decided to create metropolitan toronto in 1954, combining a number of local municipalities. these were old toronto, york, east york, north york, etobicoke, and scarborough.
by 1981, toronto had more people than montreal even though it was created after montreal. because of that, the ontario government decided to make toronto a "megacity" in 1998. the first mayor of toronto was mel lastman. as toronto moved into the 21st century, it became host to a number of worldwide events. these included world youth day in 2002, worldpride in 2014, and the 2015 pan american games.
on april 23, 2018 a white van collided with numerous pedestrians killing nine and injuring sixteen others at yonge street.
toronto has a hot-summer humid continental climate (köppen climate classification: "dfa").
things to see and do.
toronto has a humid continental climate ("dfa" in the köppen climate classification). this is because although the city is next to lake ontario, the lake is not big enough to keep its temperature mild.
as the biggest city in canada and one of the biggest in all of north america, toronto is a popular destination for tourists. it is where you can find the cn tower, which is the tallest free-standing (not supported) structure in the americas and one of the seven wonders of the modern world. there are some other buildings, including the city hall and the rogers centre, that are well known for their design style. there are many skyscrapers, because many large banks of canada and other companies have their main offices in toronto, and the toronto stock exchange which is the biggest stock market in canada.
because toronto is the capital of ontario, it is where the provincial government meets. visitors can see how the province is run by visiting the legislature in queen's park. there are museums, including the royal ontario museum, the art gallery of ontario, the ontario science centre, the hockey hall of fame, and the headquarters of the canadian broadcasting corporation. in the suburbs of the city is the toronto zoo and canada's wonderland. many visitors also like to go to niagara falls, just an hour's drive away from toronto.
toronto is full of places to visit, eat, shop, and enjoy. in the downtown area are shopping centres, including the eaton centre, st. lawrence market, and the distillery district. there are several theatres, many which are run by the mirvish family. the four seasons centre for the performing arts, opened in june 2006, is home to the canadian opera company and the national ballet of canada. across the harbor are the toronto islands, the best known of which is centre island.
toronto has many sports teams. some of them belong to the most commonly-followed leagues in north america. they include the toronto maple leafs in ice hockey (nhl) and the toronto raptors in basketball (nba), both of which play in the air canada centre. the nearby rogers centre is where the toronto blue jays baseball team plays. bmo field in exhibition place is home to the toronto argonauts in canadian football and toronto f.c., a soccer club.
toronto is a very multicultural city. different people from around the world have moved to toronto to live since the 20th century. there is a chinatown, little italy, little tokyo, greektown, little portugal, and other places where different cultures are kept alive. these people hold festivals where they share their culture with others. among the most popular is the canadian national exhibition (cne), which happens every year in august.
like many cities around the world, toronto has an airport, toronto pearson international airport. there are flights to many places in canada and the rest of the world. the airport is just northwest of the city centre. since 2015, there has been a train service, the union pearson express. it goes from the airport to downtown in less than half an hour.
toronto's main public transportation system is operated by the toronto transit commission (ttc). the main part of its public transport network is the toronto subway system. that system includes three heavy-rail rapid transit lines spanning the city, including the u-shaped line 1 and east–west line 2. a light metro line also exists, exclusively serving the eastern district of scarborough. a discussion is underway to replace it with a heavy-rail line. the ttc also operates an extensive network of buses and streetcars. the streetcars serve the downtown core. the buses provide service to many parts of the city not served by the sparse subway network.
the government of ontario also operates a commuter rail and bus transit system called go transit in the greater toronto area. go transit carries over 250,000 passengers every weekday (2013) and 57 million annually. most of them travel to or from union station. go transit is implementing rer (regional express rail) into its system.
housing in toronto was ranked as 10th-least affordable in the world. the study compared toronto with ninety other metropolitan areas in different countries. hong kong came in as the least affordable place to live in.
here are some words for small numbers. words in bold are irregular.
when writing other numbers between 21 and 99, you must use a hyphen, like a minus sign (-).
the number 100 is written as "one hundred", but in general, sometimes people can say "a hundred".
the way numbers are written and spoken differs between american english and other forms of english, such as british english and australian english, as follows.
to write a whole number from 100 to 999 in american english:
in standard, written, american english, the word "and" is "not" in the word-name of any whole number even though many speakers insert it.
british and commonwealth english.
to write a whole number from 100 to 999 in british and commonwealth english:
in standard, written, british english (and the english spoken in many other places), the word "and" "is" in the word-name of many whole numbers.
the united states dollar (or american dollar) is the official currency (money) of the united states of america. it is also used in some . it is the standard currency for international markets selling goods such as gold and oil (petrol). when writing, the symbol for the american dollar is the dollar sign ($). dollars can also be known as usd (standing for 'u.s. dollar').
denominations and value.
the american one dollar bill has a picture of george washington. there are currently paper bills (currency) of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 dollars. 
all u.s. dollar currency has been the same size, shape and general design since 1928. this is unlike some countries where bank notes with different values have different sizes.
the u.s. also has dollar coins. some are silver colored and some are gold colored. vending machines often give dollar coins as change, since it is easier for the machines to give out coins than paper money. some of the more advanced vending machines give out paper money as change. paper dollars are much more common than dollar coins.
the us dollar in subdivided into cents, and 100 cents equals 1 us dollar. one cent can be written as either $0.01 or 1¢. the cent or "penny" (not to be confused with the english penny sterling) is the least worth coin used in the u.s.. there are several different coins with different cent values of different materials and sizes. there is the penny (1¢ or $0.01), nickel (5¢ or $0.05), dime (10¢ or $0.10), quarter (25¢ or $0.25), and the much rarer half-dollar (50¢ or $0.50). all coins and paper bills have the faces of famous americans on the front side.
the paper "dollar bill" is actually called a "federal reserve note". federal reserve notes are legal tender currency notes. the twelve federal reserve banks issue them into circulation pursuant to the federal reserve act of 1913. a commercial bank belonging to the federal reserve system can obtain federal reserve notes from the federal reserve bank in its district whenever it wishes by paying for them in full, dollar for dollar, from its account with federal reserve bank.
federal reserve banks get the notes from the u.s. bureau of engraving and printing (bep). it pays the bep for the cost of producing the notes.
congress has specified that a federal reserve bank must hold collateral equal in value to the federal reserve notes that the bank receives. this collateral is chiefly gold certificates and united states securities. this provides backing for the note issue. 
federal reserve notes are not redeemable in gold, silver or any other commodity, and receive no backing by anything. this has been the case since 1933. the notes have no value for themselves, but for what they will buy. 
the coinage act of 1965 titled "legal tender" states: "united states coins and currency (including federal reserve notes and circulating notes of federal reserve banks and national banks) are legal tender for all debts, public charges, taxes, and dues".
this statute means that all united states money as identified above are a valid and legal offer of payment for debts when tendered to a creditor. there is no federal statute saying a person or organization "must" accept currency or coins as payment for goods and/or services. private businesses are free to develop their own policies on whether or not to accept cash. but there might be a state law which says otherwise. for example, a bus line may prohibit payment of fares in pennies or dollar bills. in addition, movie theaters, convenience stores and gas stations may refuse to accept large denomination currency (usually notes above $20) as a matter of policy.
meeting the variable demand for cash.
the public typically obtains its cash from banks by withdrawing cash from automated teller machines (atms) or by cashing checks. the amount of cash that the public holds varies seasonally, by the day of the month, and even by the day of the week. for example, people demand a large amount of cash for shopping and vacations during the year-end holiday season. also, people typically withdraw cash at atms over the weekend, so there is more cash in circulation on monday than on friday.
to meet the demands of their customers, banks get cash from federal reserve banks. most medium- and large-sized banks maintain reserve accounts at one of the 12 regional federal reserve banks, and they pay for the cash they get from the fed by having those accounts debited. some smaller banks maintain their required reserves at larger, "correspondent," banks. the smaller banks get cash through the correspondent banks, which charge a fee for the service. the larger banks get currency from the fed and pass it on to the smaller banks.
when the public's demand for cash declines—after the holiday season, for example—banks find they have more cash than they need and they deposit the excess at the fed. because banks pay the fed for cash by having their reserve accounts debited, the level of reserves in the nation's banking system drops when the public's demand for cash rises; similarly, the level rises again when the public's demand for cash subsides and banks ship cash back to the fed. the fed offsets variations in the public's demand for cash that could introduce volatility into credit markets by implementing open market operations.
the popularization of the atm in recent years has increased the public's demand for currency and, in turn, the amount of currency that banks order from the fed. interestingly, the advent of the atm has led some banks to request used, fit bills, rather than new bills, because the used bills often work better in the atms.
maintaining a cash inventory.
each of the 12 federal reserve banks keeps an inventory of cash on hand to meet the needs of the depository institutions in its district. extended custodial inventory sites in several continents promote the use of u.s. currency internationally, improve the collection of information on currency flows, and help local banks meet the public's demand for u.s. currency. additions to that supply come directly from the two divisions of the treasury department that produce the cash: the bureau of engraving and printing, which prints currency, and the united states mint, which makes coins. most of the inventory consists of deposits by banks that had more cash than they needed to serve their customers and deposited the excess at the fed to help meet their reserve requirements.
when a federal reserve bank receives a cash deposit from a bank, it checks the individual notes to determine whether they are fit for future circulation. about one-third of the notes that the fed receives are not fit, and the fed destroys them. as shown in the table below, the life of a note varies according to its denomination. for example, a $1 bill, which gets the greatest use, remains in circulation an average of 5.9 years; a $100 bill lasts about 15 years.
a fluid ounce is a unit of volume in both the imperial system of units and the u.s. customary units system. however, the two measures are not quite the same:
the shape of the universe cannot be discussed with everyday terms, because all the terms need to be those of einsteinian relativity. the geometry of the universe is therefore not the ordinary euclidean geometry of our everyday lives.
according to the special theory of relativity, it is impossible to say whether two distinct events occur at the same time if those events are separated in space. to speak of "the shape of the universe (at a point in time)" is naive from the point of view of special relativity. due to the relativity of simultaneity we cannot speak of different points in space as being "at the same point in time" nor, therefore, of "the shape of the universe at a point in time".
what astrophysicists do is ask whether a particular model of the universe is consistent with what is known through observations and measurements of the universe. if the observable universe is smaller than the entire universe (in some models it is many orders of magnitude smaller or even infinitesimal), observation is limited to a part of the whole. 
consideration of the shape of the universe can be split into two:<br>
the observable universe is the basis for testing any model of the universe. it is a spherical volume (a ball) centered on the observer, regardless of the shape of the universe as a whole. every location in the universe has its own observable universe, which may or may not overlap with the one centered on earth.
recent measurements have led nasa to state, "we now know that the universe is flat with only a 0.4% margin of error". within one model, the flrw model, the present most popular shape of the universe found to fit observational data is the infinite flat model. there are other models that also fit the data.
a meteor shower is an event when many meteors seem to come from one point in the night sky. these meteors are caused by meteoroids entering earth's atmosphere at extremely high speeds on parallel paths. most meteors are smaller than a grain of sand, so almost all of them burn up and never hit the earth's surface.
a meteor shower is the result of an interaction between a planet, such as earth, and streams of debris from a comet. comets are dirty snowballs, made up of rock embedded in ice, orbiting the sun. each time a comet swings by the sun in its orbit, some of its ice vaporizes and meteoroids will be shed. the meteoroids spread out along the entire orbit of the comet to form a meteoroid stream, also known as a "dust trail".
most of our short-period meteor showers are the product of rare disintegrations, when large chunks break off a mostly dormant comet. examples are the quadrantids and geminids. they originated from a breakup of asteroid-like objects, 2003 eh1 and 3200 phaethon, respectively, about 500 and 1000 years ago. the fragments tend to fall apart quickly into dust, sand, and pebbles, and spread out along the orbit of the comet to form a dense meteoroid stream, which later moves into earth's path.
the most visible meteor shower in most years are the perseids, which peak on 12 august each year at over one meteor per minute. nasa has a useful tool to calculate how many meteors per hour are visible from your observing location.
the leonid meteor shower peaks around 17 november of each year. about every 33 years, the leonid shower produces a big meteor storm, peaking at thousands of meteors per hour. leonid storms gave birth to the term "meteor shower" when it was first realised, during the november 1833 storm, that the meteors radiated from near the star gamma leonis. the last leonid storms were in 1999, 2001 (two), and 2002 (two). before that, there were storms in 1767, 1799, 1833, 1866, 1867, and 1966. when the leonid shower is not "storming" it is less active than the perseids.
cats, also called domestic cats ("felis catus"), are small, carnivorous mammals, of the family felidae.
domestic cats are often called 'house cats' when kept as indoor pets. cats have been domesticated (tamed) for nearly 10,000 years.
they are one of the most popular pets in the world. they are kept by humans for hunting rodents and as friends.
there are also farm cats, which are kept on farms to keep rodents away; and feral cats, which are domestic cats that live away from humans.
a cat is sometimes called a "kitty". a young cat is called a "kitten". a female cat that has not had its sex organs removed is called a "queen". a male cat that has not had its sex organs removed is called a "tom".
there are about 92 breeds of cat. domestic cats are found in shorthair, longhair, and hairless breeds. cats which are not specific breeds can be referred to as 'domestic shorthair' (dsh) or 'domestic longhair' (dlh).
the word 'cat' is also used for other felines. felines are usually called either big cats or small cats. the big, wild cats are well known: lions, tigers, leopards, jaguars, pumas, and cheetahs. there are small wild cats in most parts of the world, such as the lynx in northern europe. the big cats and wild cats are not tame, and can be very dangerous.
in the past, mostly in egypt, people kept domestic cats because they hunted and ate mice and rats. today, people often keep cats as pets. there are also domestic cats which live without being cared for by people. these kinds of cats are called "feral cats" or "stray cats".
the oldest evidence of cats kept as pets is from the mediterranean island of cyprus, around 7500 bc. ancient egyptians worshipped cats as gods, and often mummified them so they could be with their owners "for all of eternity".
today, special food for cats is widely available in the developed countries. proper feeding will help a cat live longer compared to hunting or being fed table scraps. not correctly feeding a cat can lead to problems (see below for health concerns).
cats cannot taste sweet foods (with sugar) because of a mutation (change) in their ancestors which removed the ability to taste sweet things.
cats have anatomy similar to the other members of the genus "felis". the genus has extra lumbar (lower back) and thoracic (chest) vertebrae. this helps to explain the cat's spinal mobility and flexibility. unlike human arms, cat forelimbs are attached to the shoulder by free-floating clavicle bones. these allow cats to pass their body through any space into which they can fit their heads.
the cat skull is unusual among mammals in having very large eye sockets and a powerful and specialized jaw. compared to other felines, domestic cats have narrowly spaced canine teeth: this is an adaptation to their preferred prey of small rodents. cats, like dogs, walk directly on their toes, with the bones of their feet making up the lower part of the visible leg.
cats walk very precisely. unlike most mammals, when cats walk, they use a "pacing" gait (walking style); that is, they move the two legs on one side of the body before the legs on the other side. this trait is shared with camels and giraffes. as a walk speeds up into a trot, a cat's gait will change to be a "diagonal" gait, similar to that of most other mammals: the diagonally opposite hind and forelegs will move at the same time. most cats have five claws on their front paws, and four on their rear paws. on the inside of the front paws there is something which looks like a sixth "finger". this special feature on the inside of the wrists is the carpal pad. the carpal pad is also found on other cats and on dogs.
cats are active carnivores, meaning that in the wild they hunt live prey. their main prey is small mammals (like mice). they will also stalk, and sometimes kill and eat, birds. cats eat a wide variety of prey, including insects such as flies and grasshoppers. their main method of hunting is "stalk and pounce". while dogs have great stamina and will chase prey over long distances, cats are extremely fast, but only over short distances. 
the basic cat coat colouring, tabby (see top photo), gives it good camouflage in grass and woodland. the cat creeps towards a chosen victim, keeping its body flat and near to the ground so that it cannot be seen easily, until it is close enough for a rapid dash or pounce. cats, especially kittens, practice these instinctive behaviours in play with each other or on small toys. cats can fish. they use a flip-up movement of a front paw which, when successful, flips the fish out of water and over the cat's shoulders onto the grass. dutch research showed this to be an innate (inherited) behaviour pattern which developed early and without maternal teaching.
cats are quiet and well-behaved animals, making them popular pets. young kittens are playful. they can easily entertain themselves with a variety of store-bought or homemade toys. house cats have also been known to teach themselves to use lever-type doorknobs and toilet handles.
cats are fairly independent animals. they can look after themselves and do not need as much attention as dogs do.
cats use many different sounds for communication, including meowing, purring, trilling, hissing, growling, squeaking, chirping, clicking and grunting.
body posture is also important. the whole shape of the body changes when a cat is relaxed, or when it is alert. also, the position of their ears and tail are used for communication, as well as their usual functions.
these ways of communication are very important. they are used between a mother cat and her kittens. they are also used between male and female cats; and between cats and other species, such as dogs. a mother cat protecting her kittens will fight off the largest dog. she gives good warning with a frightening display, hissing furiously, showing her claws, arching her back, and making her hair stand on end. if that fails, she attacks the dog's face with her claws. it has been said that no dog ever tries such an attack a second time.
cats only mate when the queen is "in heat". heat periods occur about every two weeks and last 4 to 6 days. mating in cats is a spectacular event. several toms may be attracted to a [queen] in heat. the males will fight over her, and the victor wins the right to mate. at first, the female will reject the male, but eventually the female will allow the male to mate. the female will utter a loud yowl as the male pulls out of her. this is because a male cat's penis has a band of about 120-150 backwards-pointing spines, which are about one millimeter long. when the penis is withdrawn, the spines rake the walls of the female's vagina, which is a trigger for ovulation. after mating, the female will wash her vulva thoroughly. if a male attempts to breed with her at this point, the female will attack him. after about 20 to 30 minutes. once the female is finished grooming, the cycle will repeat.
because ovulation is not always triggered, females may not get pregnant by the first tom which mates with them. a queen may mate with more than one tom when she is in heat, and different kittens in a litter may have different fathers. the cycle ceases when the queen is pregnant.
the gestation period for cats is about two months, with an average length of 66 days. the size of a "litter" is usually three to five kittens. kittens are "weaned" at between six and seven weeks, and cats normally reach sexual maturity at 5–10 months (females) and to 5–7 months (males). females can have two to three litters per year, so might produce up to 150 kittens in their breeding life of about ten years.
birth and after.
pregnant queens deliver their litters by themselves, guided by instinct. the queen finds the safest place she can. then she will clean it thoroughly, with her tongue, if necessary. here she will quietly give birth. she licks the newborn kits clean. in the wild, leaving a scent is risking a dangerous encounter with other animals. the kits are born blind and with closed eyes. they "suckle" on her teats, and sleep a good deal. after two weeks or so, their eyes open. at that stage they have blue eyes, but not the best sight. a bit later, the best developed kit will totter out of the nest. the others follow. they will soon recognise you as a living thing: that is a great moment. at first, they go back to the nest to feed and sleep. after some more days they leave the nest for good, but still they may sleep together in a 'kitten heap'.
the queen, meanwhile, has left the nest from time to time, to hunt, feed, and also to urinate and defecate. unlike the tom, she covers up her business to hide her scent. very soon, the kits will urinate anywhere they please unless one trains them. this is done after they are weaned, when they are ready for some kitten food. here is how to do it:
what you have done is exactly what the queen would do in the wild. you have triggered a reflex which all kittens have. the thing is, the tray is artificial, and your queen may do her business outside. but at least when young, kittens need a tray. your next job is to call the vet, who will tell you when to bring the kits for their vaccination.
kittens play endlessly. it is how they do their learning. they will play their favourite games, such as 'hide and pounce', with almost anyone or anything. soft balls on strings are a standard toy; so is a scratching post.
with cats there is a limit to how far you can train them. they are at least as intelligent as dogs, but they are not pack animals. they like to do their own thing, and owners do best by fitting in. "never hit a cat": if you do, the relationship will never be the same again. if you really want to dissuade them, try hissing. it has been said that no one really owns a cat; many cats collect extra owners, and may change house if they do not like the treatment...
if your kitten was born in your home do not let it out of the house until it is two to three months old. if you have the mother, she will look after the kit. but if you have got the kit from a vet or dealer, keep it in for several weeks. when it does go out, you need to watch over it. the main problem is that it may easily get lost. in time, the kit will learn every inch of the house and garden. then, you can happily let it roam.
cats are very clean animals. they groom themselves by licking their fur. the cat's tongue can act as a hairbrush and can clean and untangle a cat's fur. still, owners may buy grooming products to help the cat take care of itself. after licking their fur, cats sometimes get hairballs. a hairball is a small amount of fur that is vomited up by animals when it becomes too big. this is quite normal. owners brush their cats to try to prevent a lot of hairballs.
many house cats eat food which their owners give them. this food is manufactured, and designed to contain the right nutrients for cats. there are many different types of cat food. these come in many different flavors and costs are often very small.
there is moist canned food and also dry cat food which comes in different sized cans or bags and formulas. there are kitten formulas, cat formulas, health formulas, formulas for reducing a cat's weight, and many others. it seems obvious that the food should be mostly meat, as that is most of a cat's natural diet. but remember, when they catch mice, they also eat the bones. so there is need for formulas to have more than just meat.
cats should not be fed a daily diet of dog food. it could make the cat blind, as it has no taurine, which is a nutrient for the eyes.
cats do get diseases, and prevention is better than cure. it is most important to get a young cat vaccinated against some of the most deadly diseases. if a cat gets a disease, a veterinarian (animal doctor) can offer help. some cats, depending on breed, gender, age, and general health, may be more susceptible to disease than others. regular visits to a vet can keep a cat alive many extra years by catching sickness and disease early.
cats that roam outside will get fleas at some time. cat fleas will not live on people, but fleas will not hesitate to bite anyone nearby. owners may choose to buy anti-flea collars, but any areas where the cat normally sleeps need to be cleaned up. a vet or local pet-shop may offer advice about fleas. it is recommended that people quickly take action when a cat gets fleas because fleas can make cats uncomfortable.
house cats can become "overweight" through lack of exercise and over-feeding because people don't watch them. when they get "spayed" or neutered ("fixed"), they tend to exercise less. spaying is done for queens, and neutering is done for toms. it is important to fix cats, and here are some reasons. first of all, if a female cat has kittens, they will need homes. finding homes for kittens is often quite difficult. if a tom is not fixed, it develops a disgusting smell. breeders who have entire toms keep them in a special hut outside the house, for that reason. fixing also helps to avoid over-population. over-population means that there are too many cats, and some will be put to sleep (put down) in animal pounds (animal shelters).
it is a good idea to adopt a cat from a vet or an animal shelter. the vet, shelter or rspca will make sure they are healthy and spayed.
kittens are sometimes born with defects. people who receive cats as gifts are recommended to get it examined for its health. some birth defects need attention. others are harmless, like polydactyly. polydactyly means many digits, or many "fingers" from poly (many) and dactyl (digit). sometimes, there is a mutation (change) in cat families. most cats have only four to five toes per paw, depending on whether it is the front or back paw. these mutated cats have six, seven, and in rare cases even more. all of these cats are called "polydactyl cats". they can also be called "hemingway cats" because author ernest hemingway owned some of these cats.
engineering is the use of science and math to design or make things. people who do engineering are called engineers. they learn engineering at a college or university. engineers usually design or build things. some engineers also use their skills to solve technical problems. there are different types of engineers that design everything from computers and buildings to watches and websites. people have been creating and engineering things for thousands of years.
engineering is a big subject. here are a few of the many types of engineers:
engineers do not only work with machines. they also work a lot with other people. many engineering projects are large and very complicated. often different kinds of engineers work together and help each other. as an example, computer engineers need help from electrical engineers to build a computer. the computer needs programs written by software engineers. the computer could be used by aerospace engineers to control an airplane. an airplane is a big mechanical system with many parts, so a mechanical engineer and a systems engineer are also needed.
most (but not all) engineers have had years of training. much of their training involves working within a limited budget and materials.
in the united states, most engineers go to a college or university to get an engineering degree. most people go to school for four years to get a bachelor's degree in engineering. a master's degree is an advanced degree, usually requiring two more years of study after the bachelors. a person with a master's degree is eligible to enter a doctoral program in engineering. a graduate of a doctoral program is awarded a doctor of philosophy degree, which is commonly called a phd. a phd in engineering requires three or four years of study after a master's degree, and includes the completion of a long research report called a dissertation. after having gained enough work experience, one can sit for their professional engineer's (pe) license, reinforcing their demonstrated proficiency in their specialty.
in the united kingdom, engineering degrees at universities are either three year beng (bachelor of engineering) or four year meng (master of engineering). in many universities it is common to take only one engineering discipline (e.g. aeronautical or civil engineering) although some universities have a general engineering degree. british universities may also offer doctoral programs as a doctor of philosophy (phd) or a doctor of engineering (engd). engineers of all disciplines have common approaches to solving problems including teamwork, communication, and an iterative design process.
engineers can also get additional recognition in the form of becoming chartered. a chartered engineer is one who has his degree or doctorate has been recognised by a group of professionals such as the iet (institute of engineering and technology), imeche (institution of mechanical engineers), icheme (institution of chemical engineers) or ice (institution of civil engineers). experience and responsibility enables a further step of recognition by becoming a fellow of these institutions.
the best way to become an engineer in france is to take the cpge (classe préparatoire pour les grandes écoles is the french class for engineer's school) for two years and then study for three years in an "école d'ingénieur" (engineer's school).
you can also study in an iut (institut universitaire technologique) for two years, and then study three years in an "école d'ingénieur".
communication is when information is passed from a sender to a recipient using a medium. there are different media that can be used:
communication can be spoken (a word) or non-spoken (a smile). communication has many ways, and happens all the time. not only humans communicate, most other animals do too. some communication is done without thinking, such as by changing in posture.
communication that tries to change somebody's mind may be called persuasion or propaganda.
how communication works.
communication works by exchanging information or messages. in very basic terms
besides the content of the message, there are other things that are important. these are not part of the message itself, but rather of its context
for a message exchange to be successful, the sender and the recipient must have agreed on a vocabulary that avoids ambiguity. for example, the word "hedge" can mean completely different things based on the context. in botany a hedge is a row of shrubs or trees that make a barrier or form a border. in finance, a hedge is an investment made to reduce the risk of another investment. in linguistics a hedge is a word or set of words that make other words less important. without information it is therefore very difficult to know which "hedge" is really meant by the speaker.
a miracle is an amazing, beneficial event that goes (or at least seems to go) against natural laws. some people say that a miracle is always an act brought about by god or other supernatural force (such as an angel). others say that there can always be another explanation for it. and thirdly, some say the event is myth and never actually even happened in the first place.
according to the bible.
in the bible a miracle is an act by god, where god's presence is shown. they can be an act that affects one person, or a gigantic disturbance of nature that changes the world.
examples in the bible.
here are seven types that can be found. these are just some of the many miracles in the bible.
in other books.
other religious books, like the quran, mahabharata and the avesta, contains many references to this definition of miracle. an example of a miracle in the quran is when muhammad splits the moon into halves.
kami (神) is a japanese word for the spirits that are worshipped in the shinto religion. not all of kami are gods of the personified type. instead, they have to do with phenomena and events like the growth of trees, or rain, or wind, or other aspects of nature; it is believed that these kami live in those natural things. 
it is usually said that there are . in japanese the number "eight-million" is normally used to mean infinity.
though the word "kami" can be translated multiple ways into english, no english word expresses its full meaning.
cardboard is a heavy type of paper, notable for its stiffness and durability. it was first invented in china some time in the 15th century, and is used for a wide variety of purposes. one of its more common uses is as a packaging material.
cardboard boxes were first produced commercially in 1817 in england. corrugated (also called pleated) paper was patented in england in 1856, used as a liner for tall hats, but corrugated cardboard would not be patented and used as a shipping material until 20 december 1871. the patent was issued to albert jones of new york city, new york for single-sided corrugated cardboard. jones used the corrugated cardboard for wrapping bottles and glass lantern chimneys. the first machine for producing large quantities of corrugated cardboard was built in 1874 by g. smyth, and in the same year oliver long improved upon jones' design by inventing corrugated cardboard with liner sheets on both sides. this was now cardboard as we know it today.
american robert gair was a brooklyn printer and paper-bag maker during the 1870s, and while he was printing an order of seed bags a metal ruler normally used to crease bags shifted in position and cut the bag. gair discovered that by cutting and creasing cardboard in one operation he could make prefabricated cartons. extending this to corrugated cardboard was a straightforward development when the material became available. by the start of the 20th century, corrugated cardboard boxes began replacing the custom-made wooden crates and boxes previously used for trade.
the kellogg brothers first used cardboard cartons to hold their flaked corn cereal, and later when they began marketing it to the general public a heat-sealed waxed bag of "waxtite" was wrapped around the outside of the box and printed with their brand name. this marked the origin of the cereal box, though in modern times the sealed bag is plastic and is kept inside the box rather than outside.
cardboard packaging has undergone minor changes in recent times due to the trend towards environmentalism. it is now common for cardboard to be manufactured with a large percentage of recycled fibers.
english is a language that started in anglo-saxon england. it is originally from anglo-frisian and old saxon dialects. english is now used as a global language. there are about 375 million native speakers (people who use it as their first language) in the world.
frisian is the language closest to english. the vocabulary of english was influenced by other germanic languages in the early middle ages and later by romance languages, especially french.
english is the only official language or one of the official languages of nearly 60 countries. it is also the main language of more countries in the world than any other. it is the primary language in the united kingdom, ireland, the united states, canada, australia, and new zealand. it is one of the official languages in singapore, india, hong kong, and south africa. it is widely spoken in parts of the caribbean, africa, and south asia.
in 2005, it was estimated that there were over 2 billion speakers of english. english is the first foreign language for most learners who have another main language. it is an official language of the united nations, european union, and many other international organizations. it is the most widely-spoken germanic language, with at least 70% of germanic speakers speaking english. about 220 million others use it as their second language. it is, together with german, the most important language of science and technology. it is often used in work and travel and trade, and there are at least a billion people who are learning it. that makes english the largest language by number of speakers.
english has changed and developed over time, like all other languages. the most obvious changes are the many words taken from latin and old french, which then came to old english and then modern english, which is used today.
english grammar has also become very different from other germanic languages, but it stayed different from romance languages. because nearly 60% of the vocabulary comes from latin, english is sometimes called the germanic language that is the most latin, and it is often mistaken for being a romance language.
germanic tribes (saxons, angles, and jutes) came to britain from around 449 ad. they made their home in the south and east of the island, pushing out the celtic britons who were there before them, or making them speak the english language instead of the old celtic languages. some people still speak celtic languages today, in wales (welsh) and elsewhere. gaelic is the scottish celtic language, still spoken by some in the scottish highlands and islands. "scots" is a dialect of english, taken from the english spoken in northumbria. irish gaelic is spoken by very few people today.
the germanic dialects of the different tribes became what is now called old english. the word "english" comes from the name of the angles: "englas". old english did not sound or look much like the english spoken today. if english speakers today were to hear or read a passage in old english, they would understand just a few words.
the closest language to english that is still used today is frisian, spoken by about 500,000 people living in the netherlands, germany and denmark. it is much like english, and many words are the same. the two languages were even closer before old english changed to middle english). today, speakers of the two languages would not be able to understand each other. dutch is spoken by over 20 million people, and is more distant from english. german is even bigger, and even more distant. all these languages belong to the same west germanic family as english.
many other people came to england later at different times, speaking different languages, and these languages added more words to make today's english. for example, around 800 ad, many danish and norse pirates, also called vikings, came to the country, established danelaw. so, english got many norse loanwords. their languages were germanic languages, like old english, but are a little different. they are called the north germanic languages.
when william the conqueror took over england in 1066 ad, he brought his nobles, who spoke norman, a language closely related to french. english changed a lot because it was mostly being spoken instead of written for about 300 years, because all official documents were written in norman french. english borrowed many words from norman at that time, and also began to drop the old word endings. english of this time is called middle english. geoffrey chaucer is a well known writer of middle english. after more sound changes, middle english became modern english.
english continued to take new words from other languages, for example mainly from french (around 30% to 40% of its words), but also chinese, hindi, urdu, japanese, dutch, spanish, portuguese, etc. because scientists from different countries needed to talk to one another, they chose names for scientific things in the languages they all knew: greek and latin. those words came to english also, for example, "photography" ("photo-" means "light" and "-graph" means "picture" or "writing", in greek. a photograph is a picture made using light), or "telephone". so, english is made of old english, danish, norse, and french, and has been changed by latin, greek, chinese, hindi, japanese, dutch and spanish, along with some words from other languages.
english grammar has also changed, becoming simpler and less germanic. the classic example is the loss of case in grammar. grammatical case shows the role of a noun, adjective or pronoun in a sentence. in latin (and other indo-european languages), this is done by adding suffixes, but english usually does not. the style of english is that meaning is made clear more by context and syntax.
the history of the british empire has added to the spread of english. english is an important language in many places today. in australia, canada, india, pakistan, south africa, and the united states, among others (like those in the commonwealth of nations), english is the main language. because the united kingdom (the country where england is) and the united states have historically been powerful in commerce and government, many people find it helpful to learn english to communicate in science, business, and diplomacy. this is called learning english as an additional language, english as a second language (esl) or english as a foreign language (efl).
english literature has many famous stories and plays. william shakespeare was a famous english writer of poems and plays. his english is early modern english, and not quite like what people speak or write today. early modern english sounded different, partly because the language was beginning a "great vowel shift". later, many short stories and novels also used english. the novel as we know it is first seen in 18th century english. therefore, today, many famous songs and movies (cinema films) use the english language.
english grammar started out based on old english, which is considered to be a germanic language. after the norman french conquered england in 1066, parts of the latin language were brought to the english language by the norman french.
there are different types of nouns in english, like proper nouns and common noun. to show if a noun is plural, which means there is more than one of the noun, usually "-s" is added at the end of a word.
pronouns are words that take the place of a noun to avoid repetition. there are different types of pronouns in the english language. the most important ones are:
verbs in english show the action or the state of a sentence. verbs can come in different shapes in a sentence based on the time or condition we are talking about. for example, the verb "eat" changes to "ate" in past.
adjectives are words that describe a noun. in english they always come before a noun to give you more information about that noun. you can see this in the sentence "the red apples are juicy."
written english uses a range of historical spelling patterns that changed over time due to political and cultural changes. as a result, different words can use the same letters and combinations for very different sounds. for example, "-ough" was once a guttural but has become different in "through" (threw), "rough" (ruff), "dough" (doe) or "cough" (coff).
many english-speaking countries spell words differently. some words that are spelled one way in the united kingdom and many other countries in the british commonwealth are spelled differently in the united states.
there are 26 letters in the english alphabet:
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
nearly 60% of the vocabulary in the english language comes from latin and its descendants, mainly french:
however, the most common words are more often those of germanic origin. also, expressions and typical short phrases are often of germanic origin.
trier is a city at the moselle river in rhineland-palatinate in germany. the population is about 100,000.
trier is famous for some roman buildings like the porta nigra and others. it is famous as the birthplace of karl marx. trier is also famous for the wine of the wine-growing-region mosel-saar-ruwer.
the districts of trier with area and inhabitants (july 2007):
turkey officially the republic of türkiye, is a transcontinental country located mainly on the anatolian peninsula in western asia, with a small portion on the balkan peninsula in southeast europe. it shares borders with the black sea to the north; georgia to the northeast; armenia, azerbaijan, and iran to the east; iraq to the southeast; syria and the mediterranean sea to the south; the aegean sea to the west; and greece and bulgaria to the northwest. 
turkey is a republic. there are 81 provinces in turkey. the money of turkey is called the turkish lira. the capital city is ankara, a city in the central region, called anatolia. the cultural and economic centre is in the european side of istanbul. in the past istanbul was called constantinople. the republic was founded in 1923, after world war i and a war of independence ("kurtuluş savaşı"). before that, turkey was the core of the ottoman empire.
many civilisations were in the area that is now turkey, like the hittites, the roman empire and the byzantine empire. many important events in the history of christianity happened in places that are now in turkey. because it lies in both europe and asia, some people see turkey as the "door" between them. 
modern turkey's varied climate lets many kinds of food crops grow, and livestock and forestry are important industries. turkey makes enough food to feed itself. turkish manufactures include aeroplanes, electronics, cars, clothing and textiles for home and for other countries.
turkey is a popular place for tourists to visit. it has hundreds of kilometres of beaches on its aegean and mediterranean coasts, and many important historical places.
the first major empire in the area was the hittites (from the 18th century to the 13th century bce). the hittites, who spoke one of the indo-european languages, developed a high culture in central anatolia. their kingdom was destroyed by the sea people in the 11th century bce and the successor states were lydia, caria and lycia.
from 1950 bce, armenians and assyrians inhabited parts of southeastern turkey. the assyrian capital was named tushhan (900-600 bce). the assyrians ruled over southeastern turkey until their empire was conquered by babylonia in 612 bce. then anatolia became home for various kingdoms including the achaemenid empire, hellenistic kingdoms, roman empire, byzantine empire (eastern roman empire), seljuk empire, and mongol empire.
the ottoman empire.
during the 14th century, after the fall of the mongol empire, gazi osman built a new empire named after himself: the ottoman empire. it became one of the longest existing empires of all time. the empire also stretched across the balkans, (yugoslavia and bulgaria) in europe. the empire was ruled by islamic law, but other religions had certain minority rights.
in world war i the ottoman empire was one of the central powers. during the war, 500,000 armenians in the ottoman empire were massacred in the so-called armenian genocide. turkey denies that the event was genocide. the central powers lost the war and the ottoman empire was destroyed, but after that atatürk led the newly formed turkish army to get rid of foreign enemies, like the greeks and ousted the imperial ottoman family from anatolia.
republic of türkiye.
mustafa kemal atatürk was the first president of turkey. he made many changes that made turkey more modern. but some people did not like some of the changes that made life in turkey more secular. religious secondary schools were gotten rid of, for example. the opponents to atatürk felt that he weakened islam in the country. later political disputes led to coup d'état in 1960, 1971, and 1980, and several failed attempts.
in 1974, turkey invaded cyprus and later established the turkish republic of northern cyprus, rauf denktaş became the first turkish cypriot president.
on 15 july 2016, a coup d'état was attempted.
in 2022, the government of turkey started to use the turkish spelling of türkiye in both turkish and english. however, turkey remains the more common name.
about 80 million people live in turkey. most of them are ethnic turks. about 15% are ethnic kurds. many refugees from syria (over 3 million) live in turkey because they have run away from the syrian civil war. many romani live in istanbul and edirne (european part of turkey).
the biggest city in turkey is istanbul which has the biggest population of any city in europe. much of the population in turkey is made up of young adults and adults.
according to religiosity poll conducted in turkey in 2019 by opti̇mar, 89.5% of the population identifies as muslim, 4.5% believed in god but did not belong to an organized religion, 2.7% were agnostic, 1.7% were atheist, 0.5% were belonged to the other religions, and 1.1% did not answer. another poll conducted by gezici araştırma in 2020 interviewed 1,062 people in 12 provinces and found that 28.5% of the generation z in turkey identify as irreligious.
turkish people have many ethnic and famous foods, such as mantı (turkish ravioli), döner, kebap, turkish delight (lokum), baklava, lahmacun, börek, köfte, and other foods.
according to a study, anatolia is genetically more closely related to the balkan populations than to the central asian populations. the turks of anatolia (asian part of turkey) have only 13% of genes from populations from central asia.
majority and minorities.
most people in turkey are turks. the largest minority is kurds. kurds live mostly in southeastern and eastern turkey. the second largest minority are the romani, mostly live in east thrace, the european side of turkey.
turkey is in the oecd and the g-20 and is one of the 20 largest economies. the turkish currency is called the lira. the first coins were made in turkey.
in the 1970s, many turks moved to other countries, like germany, to escape the bad economy at the time and to get better jobs. they often come back to turkey for summer holidays. today, many of the people who left in the 1970s want to move back to turkey.
until the 1980s the government owned most companies, but then prime minister turgut özal sold them. before, foreigners were usually not allowed to buy companies, land or property. turkey's international trade is mostly with the eu, the united states, the russian federation, and japan. turkey and the eu agreed not to put a lot of tax on what they buy and sell to each other. after that it was easier for turkish factories to sell products to the eu and for business people in the eu to buy companies in turkey.
turkey's exports in 2010 were worth 117 billion united states dollars.
earthquakes in 1994, 1999, and 2001 slowed economic growth a bit. turkey has no petroleum and not much natural gas so it buys them from other countries, like russia. in 2010, oil was found in the turkish city of diyarbakir, but there was not enough oil to extract. turkey is searching for natural gas in turkish northern cyprus.
rich cities in turkey include istanbul, ankara, i̇zmir, edirne, konya, mersin (also known as i̇çel), and antalya.
most people in turkey speak turkish. it is written in latin script and it belongs to the turkic language group, which also includes many other languages spoken across asia, such as azerbaijani and tatar. the turkish language came from central asia, but now it is a bit different from the languages spoken in central asia. turks living by the mediterranean have southern, much thicker, and more masculine accents than western turkey. northerners, by the black sea have softer accents.
in turkey there are also minorities who speak languages such as arabic, kurdish, armenian, greek or ladino, romani and many others.
many of the young adults can also speak english, which is taught throughout primary, middle and high school.
turkish culture is a diverse culture, with some european influence.
different parts of turkey have similar but not exactly the same lifestyles. central turkey and northern turkey are somewhat more conservative and religious. western turkey and southern turkey, especially coastal cities are more liberal and secular. eastern turkey and southeastern turkey are made up of mostly kurds–most of them are conservative and religious. cosmopolitan neighbourhoods in major cities of turkey are overwhelmingly liberal and secular. cities like hatay and mardin, where different religions coexist, and eskişehir, which is the prominent college town of the country, also have cosmopolitan characteristics.
collectivism is dominant in society rather than individualism. this is seen in everything from a civilian's worldview to the socio-political and socio-economic order of the country. people care a lot about what others think of them or their related ones. sociologist şerif mardin, who argues that there is neighborhood watch in turkish society, states that "there is no tolerance for deviations from norms in the turkish tradition, a watching oppression is applied against individuals in this situation and this is not new."
the circumcision of boys in turkey is very common, with over 98% of men being circumcised. this is due to religious and cultural traditions and the circumcisions are celebrated with ceremonies known as sünnet düğünü or at a mevlüd ceremony.
the capital and second-largest city of turkey is ankara. the largest and the most crowded city is istanbul which is the only city in the world that has land on two different continents. the third largest city is the coastal city of i̇zmir which is the main port of the country. turkey is divided into 81 provinces. each province has its own little government but they can only make decisions about small things: the government in ankara decides important issues. the provinces are in 7 regions. each province is divided into districts. there are 973 districts altogether. the biggest main city at the european side of turkey is edirne in east thrace.
turkey's literacy rate is currently 98.3%. people in turkey have to go to school for 12 years.
istanbul university was the first university in turkey. it was established in 1453. ankara university was the first university that was started after turkey became a republic. it was established in 1946.
there were 6065 high schools in turkey in 2002 according to ministry of national education. in 2011, there were 166 universities in turkey.
some people have wanted turkey to join the european union (eu) since the 1990s. negotiations to join began in 2005.
the 1999 i̇zmit earthquake was an approximately 7.4 magnitude earthquake that struck northwestern turkey on 17 august 1999, at about 3:02 am local time. 18.000 people died in the earthquake.
many people have been killed by earthquakes in turkey.
the new york times estimated that over 570 people died in the erzincan earthquake of 13 march 1992. the earthquake was a 6.8 on the richter scale.
thomm is a village near trier (at the moselle river) in rhineland-palatinate in germany.
thomm is famous for an old celtic stone, called "hinkelstein" near the village and a big celtic grave.
in further times there was a slate minor industry near thomm.
thomm is also famous for its cider, an apple-wine.
the fia european hill climb championship came to thomm until 2011 and the fia world rally championship until 2015.
the moselle river (german: "mosel") is a river which flows through france and luxembourg, then becomes part of the rhine river after it flows into germany. it is long.
important cities at the moselle river are metz, thionville, trier, bernkastel-kues and koblenz.
the valley of the moselle river is famous for the wine of elbling, riesling, and müller-thurgau - grapes in the wine growing region moselle-saar-ruwer.
from the left:
rupt de mad,
from the right:
the bible, also known as the holy bible, is a group of religious texts of judaism and christianity, it contains both the old testament and the new testament. the word bible comes from the greek word τὰ ("biblía") which means "books" in english, because it is many books in one book. it includes laws, stories, prayers, songs, and wise words. a number of texts are both in the hebrew bible, used by jews, and this christian one. 
in considering the source and inspiration for the bible one must see what the bible says of itself. several verses of scripture define the source, intent, and author. 2 peter 1:21 says this - "no prophecy was ever made by the act of human will, but men moved by the holy spirit spoke from god." isaiah 55:11 tells us that his is a word of power - "so shall my sword be that goes forth from my mouth; it shall not return to me void, but it shall accomplish what i please, and it shall prosper in the thing for which i sent it." hebrews 4:12 says this - "for the word of god is alive and active. sharper than any double-edged sword, it penetrates even to dividing soul and spirit, joints and marrow; it judges the thoughts and attitudes of the heart."
when talking about the bible, a "book" is used to speak about a number of texts. all the texts that make a "book" are believed to belong together. most of the time, people believe they were written or collected by the same person. the bible contains different kinds of such books. some are history, telling the stories of the jews, jesus, or jesus' followers. some are collections of wise sayings. some are god's commands to his people, which he expects them to obey. some are songs of praise to god. some are books of "prophecy", messages from god that he gave through chosen people called prophets.
different groups of christians do not agree which texts should be included in the bible. christian bibles range from the 66 books of the protestant canon to 81 books in the ethiopian orthodox bible. the oldest surviving christian bible is the codex sinaiticus, a greek manuscript from the fourth century ad. the oldest complete hebrew manuscripts date from the middle ages.
how it was written.
for a long time the texts were passed on by word of mouth from generation to generation. the bible was written long ago in aramaic, hebrew, and greek. translations were made later into latin and some other languages. now there are translations in english and many other languages. the books of the hebrew bible—what christians call the old testament—were not all written at the same time. it took hundreds of years (about 1200 years). the process of putting it all together began around 400 b.c. the books of the new testament, which was originally written in greek, began to be collected together in about 100 a.d. it tells about events that happened between 4 b.c. and 70 a.d. these events included the birth, life, death and resurrection of jesus. it also tells how his followers went around spreading his message. it ends with a description of how the world will end when jesus returns to earth. most of the writers of the new testament were apostles of jesus. these were people who said they had seen jesus alive after his crucifixion. 
translations and versions.
a translation is when a scribe takes the source in one language and writes it in another language. most texts of the bible were written in ancient greek or in aramaic or hebrew.
the first to provide a translation into latin was jerome, in the 5th century. he started what is known as the vulgate today. wufila translated the bible into the gothic language. in the early middle ages, people such as petrus valdes, and jan hus provided translations.
the new testament was first translated into english in 1382 by john wycliffe, and his associates translated the old testament. the translation was made from the vulgate latin bible. wycliffe did this so that people could see for themselves what the bible said. the translation was completed in 1382. there were some later editions by other people to the wycliffe bible, as it is called. it was translated into middle english, the language of his day. wycliffe did not have church permission to do this, but he was protected by john of gaunt, one of the most powerful men in the kingdom. after both wycliffe and his protector were dead, the church declared wycliffe a heretic in 1415, and banned his writings. the council of constance decreed wycliffe's works should be burned and his remains exhumed (dug up). why was the church so opposed? the translations challenged the church's authority over the people. in church, explaining the bible was the priest's work. whatever he said could not be challenged. once the ordinary people could read the bible, they might have other opinions.
the next step in translation was done in 1525 by william tyndale. his translation was into early modern english, which we can just about understand today. tyndale also did it without church permission. his was the first translation to be printed, and several thousand copies were made. he had no protector, and his fate was terrible. he fled to europe, but the agents of thomas more (chancellor of england at the time) eventually found him. both tyndale and his printer were executed by burning at the stake.
another well known translation is the 1611 king james translation (commonly known as the authorized king james version of the bible).
some texts were written by historians who tried to show what ancient israel was like. other texts are poems about god and his work. and others were used to make laws. followers of judaism and christianity consider the bible sacred but they do not all agree about what belongs in the bible. what is considered part of the bible changed with history. different denominations include certain parts or leave out other parts. there is not one single version of the bible; both the content of the books and their order may change.
languages do not match. when a translation is done, the translator has to decide between translation word for word, or capturing the sense of the text. when he decides to capture the sense, he will choose other words in the target language. this is called paraphrasing.
today there are dozens of versions of the bible. some are translations and some are paraphrases. a paraphrased version is where people take a translation and put it in their own words. as the bible has been translated into modern languages, it is also possible that there are different translations of the same texts. the bible is the best selling book of all time. 2.5 billion to more than 6 billion copies of the bible have been sold to date. a complete version of the bible exists in 471 languages. parts have been translated in 2225 languages. most bibles can be found in the british museum in london.
the christian bible is a collection of 66 books. the first 39 books are the old testament. it is the first part of the god's story of salvation. "salvation" is god's long work of saving us from our sins. "sin" is what happened when people decided to live their own way instead of god's way in the world that god created. that was when god began his great work of saving us from our sins.
to prepare the way, god had to destroy the whole world by a great flood, except for the family of noah. then god raised up a new people for himself. they were the ancient hebrews. god promised the hebrews they would bring his salvation to the whole world.
the first five books of the old testament are mostly the story of how god chose the ancient hebrews and taught them his laws. following these are the twelve books that tell the history of the hebrews. the next five are books of poetry and wisdom. one of these five books, the "psalms", is a book of songs showing mainly how god wants to be worshiped.
the last seventeen books of the old testament were written by hebrew prophets. these books tell about god's disappointment with the ancient hebrews and his promise to bring them back to friendship with him. the prophets also foretell a great surprise god was planning for the world-he was going to send his very own son, the messiah (the "anointed one"), the saviour, to save us from our sins.
you can read about this messiah in the new testament.
in the old testament, tanakh was mostly written in hebrew; a few parts were written in aramaic. this part of the bible is considered to be holy by jews as well as christians.
there are also a few books of the old testament's time called deuterocanonical by those churches that accept them as part of the bible, and apocrypha by those that do not.
the second part is called the new testament. the main part of this book is the story of the life of jesus christ. the four different versions of this story in the new testament are called the gospels. after the gospels, there is also the story of what happened to the church after jesus's death and resurrection. part of this is told through letters by early christian leaders, especially saint paul. the final book of the bible tells about a vision that st. john, one of the disciples of jesus, had. in the vision john saw what would happen at the end of the world. this included judgement for evil and happiness for the people who had followed jesus. one of the most quoted verses in the bible is : "for god so loved the world that he gave his one and only son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish [die] but have eternal life." niv
views about the bible.
people have different ideas about the bible. christians believe it is god's word to people. the jews believe that only the old testament is from god. protestants and catholics believe that the old and new testaments are god's word. catholics also believe that the books called apocrypha or deuterocanonical are part of the bible. sometimes different denominations disagree over exactly what the bible means.
according to islam, the injil itself is to be followed but it is believed to have been corrupted with time. the qur'an is believed to be the successor.
atheists do not believe that gods exist, so the bible is only an ancient book.
deists believe in god, but they believe that the bible was written by people, so they don't see it as important.
bavaria (; , ), officially the free state of bavaria (, ; ), is a state ("bundesland") of germany. the territory of this state is the largest of the 16 german states. the state capital is munich with 1.3 million people. about 12.5 million people live in bavaria. 
like many german states, bavaria was once independent. ludwig ii of bavaria was its last independent king. bavaria joined the german empire in 1871. 
bavaria has seven parts: "oberbayern" (upper bavaria), "niederbayern" (lower bavaria), "schwaben" (swabia), "mittelfranken" (middle franconia), "unterfranken" (lower franconia), "oberfranken" (upper franconia) and "oberpfalz" (upper palatinate). bavaria has 71 districts and 25 free cities.
the highest point is the zugspitze, which is also the highest mountain in germany. munich is the largest city, the second biggest city is nuremberg ("nürnberg"), which is famous for its gingerbread, a kind of christmas bread that is often shaped like a christmas tree, a snowman or santa claus.
pope benedict xvi was born in bavaria.
bavaria is divided into seven administrative regions called ' (singular '). for every administrative region there is a state agency called "" (district government).
the prototypes used to design the controller's electrical systems used a so-called "yoke and gimbal" taken from a radio control system used to fly model airplanes. this simple design gave very nice control and was highly reliable. the actual controllers sold with the game were quite different and a great disappointment to the development teams. the design of the analog joystick, which used a weak rubber boot rather than springs to center the stick, caused many joysticks to have no ability to center. another major flaw of the controllers was that the design did not provide smooth control through the travel of the stick. this made controlling games awkward. the controllers did, however, include a pause button. this was a novelty at the time, but would become standard on almost all future game systems. replacement joysticks were also released by other manufacturers.
atari inc. released the pro-line trak-ball controller for the system, which was used for titles such as "centipede" or "defender". a paddle controller and an updated self-centering version of the original controller were also being worked on, but never made it to market.
in the web-video-game review show, james rolfe's "the angry video game nerd", rolfe's character is shown as being very frustrated with trying to use the controllers and pro-line trak ball as neither of them work properly. other instances of web game review shows disliking the controller are on shows such as mark bussler's "classic game room", where the host is shown stating that the atari 5200 controllers are the worst game console controllers of all time.
the controller was ranked the 10th worst video game controller by ign editor craig harris.
inside differences between the 5200 and the 400/800.
although the atari 5200's insides were very much like that of the 400/800 home computers, the differences were enough so that games designed for one would not run directly on the other.
one of the most obvious differences was the 5200's lack of a keyboard. however, there were several others:
atari corp.'s later xe games system revisited the idea of a console based on the 400/800 hardware. however, as this was essentially just a 65xe computer with a keyboard which could be removed, it was able to run most of the home computer titles directly.
the atari 5200 could not run software for the still-popular atari 2600. an adapter was later released in 1983 allowing it to play all atari 2600 games, using the more reliable controllers from the 2600.
another problem was the lack of attention that atari inc. gave to the console; most of its attention went to the older atari 2600. it faced an uphill battle competing with the colecovision's head start and a video game market which was beginning to fade.
at one point, atari inc. planned on developing a smaller, less expensive version of the atari 5200 which would have gotten rid of the controller storage bin. code-named the "atari 5100" (a.k.a. "atari 5200 jr."), only a few fully-working prototype atari 5100s were made before the project was canceled.
on may 21, 1984, during a press conference at which the atari 7800 was introduced, company executives revealed that the 5200 had been discontinued. total sales of the 5200 were reportedly in excess of 1 million units.
"note: these descriptions are very technical. they are meant to be understood by people with lots of computer experience."
an absinthe spoon is simply a special spoon, placed over a glass of absinthe. there are holes in the spoon, over which a sugar cube is placed. then, cold water is poured over the sugar to dilute and sweeten the absinthe.
a domain name is a human-readable web address (e.g. "google.com") that points to an ip address and helps users to access websites or other resources in a convenient way.
"see main article: url" 
domain names have extensions (called "top-level domains") at the end of the url. for example ".com", ".net" and ".org" are the most commonly used domain name extensions. the most popular domain extension is .com with more than 100 million domains registered. the .com extension stands for "commercial", .org for organization and .net for network.
there are also country-specific domain name extensions. for example, the united kingdom has the ".uk" domain extension and japan has ".jp".
the edinburgh international festival is a festival of music, theatre, opera, dance, visual arts and literature that takes place every year in the city of edinburgh, scotland. each year it is held for about three weeks in late august and early september.
the festival started in 1947. a key person was rudolf bing, who was then the manager of the glyndbourne opera festival. bing was later general manager of the metropolitan opera in new york city from 1950 to 1972. he was naturalized as a british subject in 1946 and knighted in 1971. his idea was to heal the wounds of war through the languages of the arts. since 2014 the director of the festival has been fergus linehan.
at first the festival concentrated on classical music. its later events were based on the traditional arts: classical music, ballet, sculpture and fine art. since 1999 the permanent home of the festival is at the hub, near edinburgh castle. several large theatres, concert halls and churches in edinburgh are used for the events, e.g. usher hall, festival theatre, edinburgh playhouse, the queen's hall and the hub. 
about ten other festivals are held in edinburgh at the same time as the edinburgh festival. the result is festivals with more than 2,500 performances and events per day in edinburgh in august, many times bigger than the next biggest arts festivals anywhere in the world.
2020 is the only year the festival has not been held. the reason was the 2020 covid-19 pandemic.
the edinburgh festival fringe (the fringe) is the world’s largest arts festival. it started in 1947. it takes place every year at the same time as the edinburgh international festival: late august and early september. there are hundreds of different events. there are concerts, theatre, opera, and dance and many informal events.
the organisers are the festival fringe society: they publish a programme every year, sell tickets and give advice to performers from the fringe office on the royal mile.
the edinburgh festival itself is recognised to offer high-quality events. however, the fringe events are variable, and entry has no real quality barriers. it is largely an open event where almost any theatrical or show event can be performed. its lack of supervision means the shows are of unpredictable standard. all events have an entrance charge, which is reasonable because theatres do charge performers. 
ante pavelić (14 july 1889 ; bradina,austria-hungary– 28 december 1959 ; madrid,spain) was the founding member of the croatian national socialist/fascist ustaše movement and terrorist organization in the 1930s. later, during world war ii, he will be the leader ("poglavnik" - head) of the independent state of croatia, a puppet state of nazi germany.
ante pavelić was born in bradina, a small village roughly 15 kilometres south west of hadžići in bosnia and herzegovina, then austria-hungary, although he draws his roots from southern lika, in the small town of krivi put on the central part of the velebit plain. his parents moved to bosnia. as an adult, ante pavelić decided to move to zagreb to study the law. an extremist even in his youth, he became a member of the organization known as the "frankovci" whose founder, dr. josip frank, was the father-in-law of slavko kvaternik, an austro-hungarian army officer. in 1919 he was the interim secretary of the pure party of rights. in 1921 he was arrested along with several other members of the party but was released; he defended them at the trial and lost. kvaternik had long been a strong advocate of croat separatism and the german ideas on a separate croat state found in him a ready tool.
pavelić's quarrelsome nature became more and more apparent in the years immediately after the first war when he became involved in one dispute after another with the centralist party and the croat peasant party of radić. he was the sole representative of his party in the "skupština" (yugoslav parliament) but rarely attended sessions and, when he did, he sulked in his seat and only occasionally indulged in a long harangue in protest against some measure which he did not approve.
1920s and 1930s.
in the early 1920s, pavelić began to establish his contacts with croat émigrées in vienna and budapest and later entered into close accord with the macedonian terrorist society imro. in 1927 he acted as counsel for the defense of the macedonian terrorists at the skopje trials. 
in 1927 he was elected to the zagreb city council. he held the position of the party secretary in the party of rights until 1929 and the beginning of royal government in the kingdom of yugoslavia. shortly after the proclamation of the establishment of the government alexander i of yugoslavia in january 1929, pavelić fled abroad and was subsequently sentenced to death in absentia at belgrade for his part in anti-serb demonstrations organized at sofia by bulgarian and macedonian terrorists. he then co-founded the ustaše terrorist organization and went underground.
camps for training terrorists and saboteurs were set up in italy and hungary, chiefly at brescia and borgotaro in italy and janka puszta in hungary and an armed insurrection was attempted in 1933 when the ustaše, armed by the italians, attempted to invade the country by crossing the adriatic sea in motorboats. this was unsuccessful but its lack of success probably was instrumental in the decision to assassinate king alexander i of yugoslavia. two attempts were made, the last one successful and aleksandar was slain at marseilles 9 october 1934 along with the french foreign minister, louis barthou.
the singular lack of armed protection afforded to the yugoslav monarch, and the general laxity of security precautions when it was well-known that one attempt had already been made on alexander's life are grim tributes to pavelić organizational abilities; he had apparently been able to bribe a high official in the surete general. the prefect of police of marseilles, jouhannaud, was subsequently removed from office.
world war ii.
pavelić remained in italy until the beginning of world war ii. as the leader of the ustaše he directly ordered, organized and conducted a campaign of terror against serbs, jews, gypsies, and communist croats and bosniaks. the extent of this campaign reached the proportions of genocide. pavelić's ustaše regime was the most murderous nazi puppet state in the whole of occupied europe. numerous surviving testimonies from the nuremberg trials and the german and the italian war archives bear witness to bestialities perpetrated against the civilian population of the state. according to these testimonies, the german officers themselves were horrified by the scenes of atrocities committed by his ustaše, forcing them to stop the bloodshed (jasenovac, 1941), arrest one of the most notorious ustaše (fra miroslav filipović-majstorović, banja luka, 1942) and disarm an ustaše detachment (eastern bosnia, 1942). 
these atrocities were recorded in novelistic literature and poetry: malaparte's kaputt "basket of oysters chapter", inspired by the widespread practices of the ustaše gouging out the eyes of serbs; kovačić's "jama (the pit)", where ustaše tied serbs with barbed wire and dropped them into pits; oljača's "kozara"; svetina's "volčiči (the wolf puppies)". as far as the serb population of the puppet state was concerned, the stated aim was the extermination of a third of their numbers, exile for another third, and a forced conversion to catholicism for yet another. the ustaše succeeded in reaching their first goal, exterminating close to one third of the serbs and possibly more. a gestapo report to himmler (17 february 1942) on increased partisan activities stated that "increased activity of the bands is chiefly due to atrocities carried out by ustasha units in croatia against the orthodox population. the ustashas committed their deeds in a bestial manner not only against males of conscript age, but especially against helpless old people, women and children. the number of the orthodox that the croats have massacred and sadistically tortured to death is about three hundred thousand." 
pavelić's regime was not officially recognized by the vatican, but at no point did the church condemn the genocide and forced conversions to catholicism perpetrated by the ustaše. soon after coming to power in april 1941 pavelić was given a private audience in rome by pope pius xii, an act for which the pope was widely criticized. a british foreign office memo on the subject described pius as "the greatest moral coward of our age" for receiving pavelić. pavelic remained hitler's servant to the end of war. his servitude toward hitler was described by a. veesenmayer
what pavelic meant by "independence" he explained to german foreign minister ribentrop's trusted troubleshooter for the southeast europe, anton veesenmeyer. pavelic had only two wishes, veesenmayer reported to berlin: first to obtain german recognition of croatia; and second, an opportunity to thank hitler in person and promise him "to live and die for the fuehrer".
a yugoslavian court declared that pavelić had been responsible for the deaths of 700,000 people during his reign.
in may 1945 pavelić fled via bleiburg to austria, where he stayed for a few months before transferring to rome, where he was hidden by members of the roman catholic church (as is documented in de-classified us intelligence documents).
six months later, he fled to south america. upon arriving in argentina via the ratlines, he became a security advisor to juan perón. perón issued 34,000 visas to croatians: both the nazi collaborators and the anti-communists that fled from the new communist government led by josip broz tito.
on april 10, 1957, the 16th anniversary of the founding of the independent state of croatia, the 67 year old pavelić was shot and seriously wounded by an unknown assailant in buenos aires. the operation was attributed to tito's yugoslav intelligence, although the anniversary also suggested an attempt at revenge by a chetnik activist. despite having a bullet in his spine, pavelić elected not to be hospitalized. two weeks later, the argentine government agreed to the tito government's request to extradite pavelić, and he went into hiding. although there were reports that he had fled to work for the stroessner regime in paraguay, pavelić's whereabouts remained unknown until late 1959, where it was learned that he had been granted asylum in spain. pavelić died on 28 december 1959, at the german hospital in madrid, reportedly from complications due to the bullet in his spine.
the protea (giant protea known as protea cynaroides) is part of an ancient plant family, the proteaceae, which had already divided into two subfamilies before the break-up of the gondwanaland continent about 140 million years ago. both subfamilies, the proteoideae and the grevilleoideae, occur mainly in the southern hemisphere. in southern africa there are about 360 species, mainly from the subfamily proteoideae, of which more than 330 species are confined to the cape foral kingdom, between nieuwoudtville in the northwest and grahamstown in the east. protea cynaroides belongs to the genus protea, which has more than 92 species, subspecies and varieties. other well-known genera of the proteaceae are the leucospermum with the brightly coloured "pincushion" flowers, leucadendron with yellow or red-brown foliage and serruria, of which the serruria florida or "blushing bride" with its pale pink flowers is widely used in bridal bouquets. plants in the subfamily grevilleoideae occur mainly in australia. the protea (protea cynaroides) is the national flower of south africa.
the variety in plant size, habit, flower size and colour of the genus protea was the reason it was named after the greek god proteus, who could change his shape at will. the flower bud of protea cynaroides looks remarkably like the globe artichoke vegetable with the latin name of cynara scolymus and this led the botanist linnaeus to give it the species name cynaroides.
the protea can grow only after a fire. as a simple explanation, it is because the head of this national flower has seeds inside, which can stay tightly sealed in a hard shell for almost 20 years. the shell does not open until it becomes scorched and the fire is all over. the light, fluffy seeds are then blown to the ground by the wind, where they all begin to grow again.
air pollution is a type of environmental pollution that affects the air and is usually caused by smoke or other harmful gases, mainly oxides of carbon, sulphur and nitrogen.
in other words, air pollution is the contamination of air due to the presence or introduction of a substance which has a poisonous effect.
many of the world's large cities today have polluted air or low air and complain about it’s daily 
even 2,000 years ago, the romans were complaining about the polluted air in their cities. at that time, the air was thick with smoke from fires and the smell of sewers. air pollution has been classified as a danger to human health and earth's many ecosystems for a long time.
pollution can be gas , liquid or solid. it can also be classified chemically, such as:- oxide, hydrocarbon, acid or other kinds. pollution can also be classified by what makes it.
many pollutants go into the air from natural sources. these pollutants include dust, sea salt, volcanic ashes and gases, smoke from forest fires, pollen, and many other materials. in fact, there are many more natural pollutants than pollutants that humans make. however, humans and other living things have adapted to most of these natural pollutants.
air pollution is usually described as either "primary pollutants" or "secondary pollutants".primary pollutants are pollutants that are put directly into the air by humans or natural sources. examples of primary pollutants are exhaust fumes (gas) from cars, soot from smoke, dust storms and ash from volcanic eruptions (as seen in the picture on the left).
secondary pollutants are pollutants that are made from chemical reactions when pollutants mix with other primary pollutants or natural substances like water vapor. many secondary pollutants are made when a primary pollutant reacts with sunlight. ozone and smog are secondary pollutants. ozone is a gas that stops harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun. when it is near the ground, though, it can poison people and other organisms.
human-made air pollution comes from many things. most air pollution made by humans today is because of transportation. automobiles , for instance, make about 60% of the human-made air pollution. the gases inside car exhaust, like nitrogen oxide, make smog and acid rain.
farmlands and forests sometimes burn in wildfires producing soot (a black powder composed mainly of carbon, produced when coal, grasses, wood etc. is burned) from smoke. soot can affect people and other life. people start many of those fires.
industrial air pollution.
many industrial power plants burn fossil fuels to get their energy. however, burning fossil fuels can make a lot of oxides (chemical compounds that have oxygen and other elements inside). in fact, the burning of fossil fuels makes 96% of the sulphur oxides in the atmosphere. some industries also make chemicals that make poisonous fumes (smoke).
indoor air pollution.
air pollution is not only on the outside. homes, schools, and buildings can also have air pollution. sometimes the air inside a building is even worse than the air outside. many things which humans use every day can pollute the air. compounds inside carpets, paints, building materials and furniture also pollute the air, especially when they are new.
in buildings where the windows are tightly shut to stop air leaks, the air inside can be polluted more than the air outside.
acid precipitation is precipitation, like rain, sleet, or snow, that contains acids from air pollution. when fossil fuels are burned, they let out oxides into the air. when these oxides mix with water in the atmosphere, they make acid, which fall as precipitation. acid precipitation can kill living things like fish and trees, by making the place where they live too acidic. acid rain can also damage buildings made of limestone and concrete.
a global concern is the hole in the ozone layer in the stratosphere. the earth's ozone layer protects life from the sun's harmful ultraviolet rays, but in the 1970s, scientists found out that some chemicals let out into the atmosphere makes the ozone turn into oxygen. this lets more ultraviolet rays reach the earth. during the 1980s, scientists found that the ozone layer above the south pole had thinned by 50 to 98%.
on march 17, 1992, in mexico city, all children under the age of 14 could not go to school because of air pollution. this does not often happen, but being exposed to air pollution every day can make people have many health problems. children, elderly (old) people, and people with allergies especially, can have a lot of problems because of air pollution. studies from the university of birmingham showed that deaths because of pneumonia and air pollution from motor vehicles like cars are related.
the world health organization said that 2.4 million people died because of the direct problems of air pollution. some of the problems include:
in india in 2014, it was reported that air pollution had cut crop yields in the most affected areas by almost half in 2010 when compared to 1980 levels. there can also be increased yield of crops due to some air quality conditions.
louis-antoine de bougainville was an admiral and navigator from france. in 1766 he was sent by his government to make a trip around the world, called "circumnavigation", which took from 1766 to 1769. he rediscovered (found again) the solomon islands in 1768 (the largest island is named for him). he also collected plants and made a trustworthy chart of some parts of the center of the pacific ocean. bougainville saw a part of the great barier reef, but could not find australia.
bougainville may refer to:
gerardus mercator, also called gerhard kremer, and born gérard de crémère (1512 – 1594), was a flemish geographer and mathematician from belgium. he explored flanders and made globes about the earth and the sky. he became one of the best mapmakers of the 16th century. the mercator projection that has his name is a flat map projection of the features of the surface of the earth that can be seen and made only mathematically. it was found to be excellent for navigating on oceans and is still used today. in 1585 he began a great atlas that was later finished by his son. his last years he used for studying theology.
mercator was born in rupelmonde and died in duisburg.
almond cake is a cake, made of butter, sugar, almond essence, eggs, ground almonds, and flour, with whole almonds for decoration.
some types of almond cake are:
the number of countries that make up the united kingdom is often the subject of debate. in decreasing order of area they are:
the united nations and uk government says that the united kingdom is officially made up of 2 countries (england and scotland), one principality (wales) and one province (northern ireland). however, wales has not formally been a principality since the 16th century with the . in 2011 the international organization for standards wales the status of country to clear ambiguity and avoid further confusion, thus the first statement may be corrected to 3 countries and 1 province. 
ante starčević (23 may 1823 – 28 february 1896) was a croatian politician and publisher.
starčević was born in žitnik near gospić, a small town of the military frontiers, in what was then part of austria-hungary. he was the son of a serb orthodox mother and catholic father. in 1845, he graduated from secondary school in zagreb. he started his studies at the seminary (school where people can learn how to become a priest or minister) in senj, but moved to pest in the year of 1845 so he could go to a roman catholic theological (of the study of god or gods) seminary - which he finished in 1848. after passing a number of philosophy and free sciences classes, he earned a honoris causa degree in the year of 1846. starčević quickly returned to croatia and continued studying theology in senj. instead of becoming a priest, he chose to get involved in secular pursuits and started working in the law firm of ladislav šram in zagreb.
he then tried to get an academic post with the university of zagreb. as he was unsuccessful, he stayed in šram's office until 1861 even though he was no longer allowed to practice law since 1857. he was also a member of the committee of matica ilirska, a croatian cultural society, in the historical society and in the editorial board of "neven", a literary magazine.
in 1861, he was appointed the chief notary of the fiume county. that same year, he was elected to the croatian parliament as the representative of fiume and started the croatian party of rights with eugen kvaternik. starčević would be reelected to the parliament in 1865, 1871, and from 1878 to his death.
in 1862, when fiume was the scene of protests against austrian empire, he had to stay in prison for one month because he was thought to be enemy of the government. when he was released, starčević returned to šram's office, where he stayed until 11 october 1871, when he was arrested again, this time on the occasion of the rakovica revolt. the rebellion was started by kvaternik, who was not a serb hater as his political ally starčević. kvaternik had become convinced that a political solution, as starčević called for, was not possible. while several hundred men were rebelling against the government, both croats and serbs, it was soon defeated by imperial austrian troops. the croatian party of rights didn't exist anymore. starčević was released after two months in prison.
in the last decade of the 19th century, he moved to starčević house ("starčevićev dom"), built for him by the party of rights in 1895. he died in his house a year later, when he was 73. according to his wish, he was buried in the church of st mirko in the zagreb suburb of šestine. his statue was made by ivan rendić. at his deathbed, he requested that no monuments be raised to his honor, but his statue was put up in front of starčević house in 1998.
after being banned from practicing law in 1857, starčević travelled to russia where he hoped he would gather support from the empire's eastern rival. when this failed, he travelled to france, pinning his hopes on french emperor napoleon iii. while in paris, he published his work "la croatie et la confédération italienne", considered by some to be the precursor to his party of rights' political program. in 1859, the austrian empire was defeated in the second italian war of independence, during which time starčević returned to croatia. austria lost control over italy, and austria's weakening status in the world paved the way for starčević's career.
as the chief notary in fiume in 1861, starčević wrote "the four petitions of the rijeka county", which are considered the basis of the political program of the croatian party of rights. he pointed out that croatia needed to determine its relationships with austria and hungary through international agreements. he demanded the reintegration of the croatian lands, "the large kingdom of croatia of old" (the middle age's kingdom of croatia), the homeland of one people, "with the same blood, language, past and (god willing) future".
on that ideological basis, he founded the croatian party of rights with his school friend eugen kvaternik in 1861. the party of rights was clerical, conservative, and pro-habsburg. its only concession to nationalism was hostility to the serbs who, since the incorporation of the "military frontiers" into croatia in 1868, made up a quarter of the population. starčević was the only parliamentary representative who agreed with kvaternik's draft constitution of 26 june 1861. he advocated the termination of the military frontier and persuaded parliament to pass on 5 august 1861 the decision annulling any joint business with austria.
he advocated the resolution of bosnian issues by reforms and cooperation between the people and the nobility. starčević believed that bosniaks were the "the best croats", and claimed that "bosnian muslims are a part of the croatian people and of the purest croatian blood".
literary and publishing work.
starčević wrote literary criticism, short stories, newspaper articles, philosophical essays, plays and political satire. he was also a translator.
his travelogue "from lika" was published in kušlan's magazine "slavenski jug" on 22 october 1848. he wrote four plays in the period 1851-52, but only the "village prophet" has been preserved. his translation of anacreon from ancient greek was published in "danica" in 1853. his critical review (1855) of đurđević's "pjesni razlike" was described by the croatian literary historian branko vodnik as "our first genuine literary essay about older dubrovnik literature". his opus shows an affinity with practical philosophy, which he calls "the science of life". as josip horvat said: "his literary work from 1849 to the end of 1853 made ante starčević the most prolific and original croatian writer along with mirko bogović."
in 1850, incited by ljudevit gaj, starčević started working on the manuscript of "istarski razvod", a crucial croatian document from 1325. he transcribed the text from the glagolitic alphabet to the latin alphabet, analyzed it and published it in 1852. in the foreword, young starčević elaborated his linguistic ideas, pointing out that the mixture of all three croatian dialects (shtokavian, chakavian) and kajkavian) and the krajina dialect is called the croatian language, which starčević considers from the perspective of its six hundred years of history. starčević accepted the etymological orthography and used the ekavian form for his entire life, considering it the heir of the old kajkavian. his language is a "synthetic" form of croatian, never used before or after him, most similar to the ozalj idiom of petar zrinski, whom he probably never read.
in that period, in the "call for subscriptions to the croatian grammar" (8 december, 1851) he stated his opposition to the vienna language agreement of 1850 and the linguistic concept of vuk stefanović karadžić. he continued his dispute with the followers of karadžić in a series of articles published in 1852. his opposition to the vuk's work he 'supported' by utter denial of the serbs as the nation, their language, their culture and history. in his vain and racistic effors to oppose and derail karadžić's work, he was loner and loser - mainstream of the croatian educated men, headed by strossmayer and gaj, highly appreciated and supported karadžić. it was demonstrated publicly immediately after karadžić's death - when croatian parliament (sabor) collected a considerable amount of money in order to erect a monument to honor karadžić in croatia and the court chanchellor ivan mažuranić got the viennese imperial court to financially support the karadžić' widow.
when "srbski dnevnik" from novi sad published an article saying that "croatians write in serbian", starčević wrote a fierce reply: "(...) instead of claiming that the croats use anything else but the croatian language, those writers who consider themselves serbs (or whatever they like) would do well to write in the educated and pure croatian language, like some of them are already doing, and they can call their language coptic for all i care. (...)" he published the reply as an unsigned article in "narodne novine", the newspaper of ljudevit gaj, so the serbian side attacked gaj, wrongly attributing the article to him. starčević subsequently proclaimed he was the author, but gaj, who cared to maintain good relations with serbia, distanced himself from his friend.
for his political activity and literary work, starčević is commonly called father of the nation ("otac domovine") in croatia. his portrait is depicted on the obverse of the croatian 1000 croatian kuna banknote, issued in 1993.
racism and antisemitism.
starčević was a racist and an anti-semite. his understanding of the basic human rights and the way he linked them to the civil liberties were extremely primitive and selective. for example, starčević criticized the socialism as ""unshaped" and he was delighted by the colonialism and claimed that "algeria should be densely populated by a few million of happy frenchmen and not to allow to have one hundred fifty thousand of them against two and half million of arabs"".
starčević had based his ideological views on writings of those ancient greek writers who thought that some people, by their very nature, are slaves, for they had ""just half of the human mind" and, for that reason, they "shall be governed by people of the human nature"". about the people and nations which he saw as cursed and lower ranked races - he spoke as of the animal breeds and uses the "breed" word to mark them.
he wrote a whole tract about the jews that could be summarized in a few sentences: "jews ... are the breed, except a few, without any morality and without any homeland, the breed of which every unit strives to its personal gain, or to its relatives' gain. to let the jews to participate in public life is dangerous: throw a piece of mud in a glass of the clearest water - then all the water will be puddled. that way the jews spoiled and poisoned the french people too much".
but, for starčević, there was a race worse than the jews. for him, the ""slavoserb" notion was firstly of a political nature: the "slavoserbs" are his political opponents who "sold themselves to a foreign rule"". then all those who favorably look on the south slavs unity not regarding them (the south slavs) as the croats.
later, and with years, starčević more and more marked the ""slavoserbs" as a separate ethnic group, or - as he used to say the "breed", ranked, as humans, lower than the jews: "the jews are less harmful than the slavoserbs. for the jews care for themselves and their people ... but the slavoserbs are always for the evil: if they cannot gain a benefit, then they tend to harm the good or just affair, or to harm those who are for the affair."" - he wrote once.
further, he claimed that the injustice was done to different ""cursed breeds" what spoiled those breeds even more and made them "to be vengeful against their oppressors". as a convinced racist, he stresses that to the "cursed breeds"", i.e. to the lower races should not be given any role in the public life.
as an aged man, he makes the serbs identical to the ""slavoserb breed" and mocks them for their defeats they suffered long ago - which provoked negative reactions even in his "party of rights". on that occasion, the party member erazmo barčić (1894.) described starčević's mockery and racism as "throwing mud at people and primitive cheeky invectives"".
however, when once face with negative reactions to his open racism, he temporarily retreated. that was a reason that he wrote an article in sloboda, issue of 23 march, 1883: "the main thing is this: everybody should work for the people and the homeland, and let them call themselves as they wish... we have disputes and dissensions only because they are supported and strengthened from the outside... we believe that hungry and cold serbs and croats feel the same... therefore, everybody can assume the name of hottentots, every person can choose their own name, as long as we are all free and happy!..."
starčević's racism and its followers.
the british historian a.p.j.taylor wrote (pages 188-189):
starčević's racism was further fully elaborated by ivo pilar [under pseudonym l. von südland] the book was translated into croatian language in the year of 1943, by pavelić's regime, as one of the tenets of his ustaše and his independent state of croatia. this racist work was reprinted in 1990. in the preface to this reprint edition, dr. vladimir veselica, a zagreb university professor, expresses his enthusiasm that the author had given "relevant answers" at the highest intellectual level. what thrilled him so was the consistently expressed racist hatred against the serbs. it is sufficient to submit one quotation that explains the sense and content of this book, which far outdoes the current demonization of the serbs: " it was not without reason that i tried to show how the serbs today are dangerous for their ideas and their racial composition, how a bent for conspiracies, revolutions and coups is in their blood."
an oligosaccharide is a polymer of a few different simple sugars. oligosacchardides are carbohydrates. when they are hydrolized, oligosaccharides give 3 to 10 monosaccharides.
oligosacharides are formed when 3 to 10 monosaccharide units combine with each other by the loss of water molecules, resulting in the formation of a glycosidic linkage. conversely hydrolysis of an oligosaccharide in water in the presence of an acid or enzyme yields 3 to 10 monosaccharide units. oligosaccharides which consist of two monosaccharides units are called as disaccharide. oligosaccharides containing 3 monosaccharides are called trisaccharides.
a think tank is a special organization which helps other organizations and groups with problems they do not know how to solve. they do this by providing data or knowledge, and by discussing the options in detail. they get their information by doing research, and by collecting ideas and data from a wide range of sources.
the first think tank was the british royal united services institute (1831), though of course the term "think tank" is much later, post world war ii. non-government institutions in the united states started early in the 20th century. the arthur d. little consultancy, incorporated in 1909, pioneered the idea of contracted professional services. the carnegie endowment for international peace was founded in 1910. the institute for government research, which later merged into the brookings institution, was formed in 1916. other early twentieth century organizations now classified as think tanks include the hoover institution (1919), and chatham house in london (1920). the great depression and its aftermath spawned several economic policy organizations, such as the national planning association (1934) and the committee for economic development (1943).
the cold war era.
think tanks of the modern kind started after the second world war, in the cold war era. the rand corporation was started in 1946 inside the douglas aircraft company, and was set up as an independent corporation in 1948. the name was taken from r&d (research and development), though in fact it did no development. the rand used the same operations research (o.r.) methods which scientists had developed during the war. this was the application of knowledge, scientific methods and thinking to solve the new problems posed by the war. after the war, the rand used very similar techniques, mostly based on the hard sciences like maths, physics and economics. it was and still is funded mainly by the american government.
the cold war period raised the question of how the american government might handle nuclear weapons in bargaining and negotiating with the soviet union. this was the speciality of herman kahn, a rand staff member who set up his own think tank in 1961, called the hudson institute. his publications on how to think about these issues, and those of thomas schelling, were landmarks in the post-war history of negotiating strategy.
more recently, think tanks have specialised into particular areas of interest, such as foreign policy. many have become advocates for political interests, doing research which can be used by public relations and lobbying groups.
a solar calendar shows the earth's position compared to the sun. there are tropical solar calendars, sidereal solar calendars, non-solar calendars (like lunar - moon - calendars), and lunisolar calendars.
fox major league baseball (shortened as fox mlb and mlb on fs1) is fox sports's broadcast of major league baseball. it began on june 1, 1996 and continue through at least 2021.
early years: 1996-2000.
major league baseball made a deal with fox and nbc on november 7, 1995. fox televised regular season games (about 16 weekly telecasts normally beginning on memorial day weekend) on saturday afternoons, selected division series games, and alternated the all-star game, league championship series and the world series with nbc each year. to better state this, fox aired the all-star game aired american league championship series in odd-numbered years while airing the national league championship series and world series in even-numbered years.
in september 2000, major league baseball and fox signed a 6-year contract to air saturday baseball, the all-star game, selected division series games, and exclusive coverage of the league championship series and the world series.
new contract: 2007-2021.
rumors about the end of "major league baseball on fox" were laid to rest on july 11, 2006 when the network announced they would still air the world series through the 2013 season. it was announced on october 17, 2006 that fox would retain the all-star game and world series, except they would air the regular season beginning with the first saturday of the regular season, and postseason coverage beyond the world series was limited to one league championship series a year, alternating one for the other with tbs each year, airing the other lcs.
in major league baseball, the national league championship series (nlcs), played in october, is a playoff round that decides the winner of the national league pennant. the winner of the series moves on to play the winner of the american league championship series in baseball's championship, the world series.
in 1969, the lcs began play as the leagues were expanded to two divisions. initially, it was a best-of-five series. in 1985, it became best-of-seven. since 1995, the two winners from the national league division series advance to the nlcs.
the 2004 american league championship series (alcs) was a best-of-seven playoff series in the 2004 major league baseball season. it featured the new york yankees and the boston red sox. the red sox beat the yankees in seven games. it was a rematch of the 2003 alcs.
the yankees won the first three games of the series. the red sox then won the next four to win the series. this was the first time a team won a best-of-seven playoff series after losing the first three games.
the red sox would go on to win the world series against the st. louis cardinals in four games. it was the red sox's first world series title since 1918.
verizon communications inc. (), is a telephone, internet service provider, and television company in the united states. it also owns a mobile phone company, verizon wireless. verizon was created in 2000 by merging gte and bell atlantic. these companies had already absorbed other companies, some of them more than a hundred years old. the biggest ones were formerly owned by at&t.
in 2015, verizon bought the internet company aol, and the next year it bought yahoo!. both of these purchases were for about us$4.4 billion. today, both aol and yahoo! are part of a subsidiary created by verizon called oath inc.
verizon is one of the few publicly-traded companies to have a stock on both the nyse and the nasdaq. its nyse listing has been one of the 30 companies in the dow jones industrial average since 2004.
devil's food cake is an old fashioned chocolate cake made of chocolate or cocoa and baking powder. it is moist, soft, rich, and very good for keeping. it is a light-textured chocolate layer-type cake with a deep reddish brown color. the cake gets this bright red color from the large amount of red food dye used in the preparation. devil's food cake is usually thought of in terms of dark chocolate, but originally it was red. today cooks, using modern processed cocoa, sometimes add a touch of red food coloring to bring back the authentic color.
devil's food cakes can be stored in the refrigerator for about 3 days.
the devil's food cake may also be called a red velvet cake.
the partridge is a medium sized bird. they are known as game birds because they are hunted and eaten by humans. they are in the pheasant family (phasianidae).
partridges are in the song "the twelve days of christmas". the line "...and a partridge in a pear tree" is sung.
color and shape.
most partridges are brown, gray and white. they are camouflaged and difficult to see. they have short legs and short bills. partridges are smaller than pheasants but they are bigger than quails.
partridges can not fly very well and they do not migrate. this means they always stay in the same area all year round. 
partridges live in europe, asia, africa and the middle east. they live in places such as moors, grassland and farmland. they feed mostly on seeds, and nest on the ground. this means their nests are not very safe from predators such as foxes. partridges use their camouflage to make it difficult for predators to see them and their nests.
bromsgrove is a town in the north of worcestershire. the town is about north-east of worcester and south-west of birmingham. 29,237 people lived there in 2001.
the layer of rock underneath bromsgrove is mainly sandstone. the soil is very good for growing vegetables. the altitude of the town is above sea level.
the climate in bromsgrove is like most of the united kingdom. it is an "oceanic climate." this means it is cool in summer and not very cold in winter. it can rain at any time of the year.
the main a38 road goes through bromsgrove. the m5 motorway passes by the west side of the town. the m42 motorway starts at the north of the town.
bromsgrove train station is in the south of the town. the station is at the bottom of the "lickey incline". the lickey incline is the steepest hill for trains in britain. an extra locomotive has to help push heavy freight trains up the hill. there are many passenger trains to birmingham, worcester and hereford. there is a plan to build a new, better train station in bromsgrove. the new station will cost about £10 million to £12 million.
there is also a bus station in the town centre. buses travel from the bus station to many places in worcestershire and the west midlands.
diploglossus is a genus of lizards in the family anguidae. it has nineteen described species. they are found in north and south america.
graham's number is a very big natural number that was defined by a man named ronald graham. graham was solving a problem in an area of mathematics called ramsey theory. he proved that the answer to his problem was smaller than graham's number.
graham's number is one of the biggest numbers ever used in a mathematical proof. even if every digit in graham's number were written in the tiniest writing possible, it would still be too big to fit in the observable universe.
ramsey theory is an area of mathematics that asks questions like the following:
it turns out that for this simple problem, the answer is "yes" when we have 6 or more points, no matter how the lines are colored. but when we have 5 points or fewer, we can color the lines so that the answer is "no".
by asking that the 4 points lie on a plane, we have made the problem much harder. we would like to know: for what values of "n" is the answer "no" (for some way of coloring the lines), and for what values of "n" is it "yes" (for all ways of coloring the lines)? but this problem has not been completely solved yet.
in 1971, ronald graham and b. l. rothschild found a partial answer to this problem. they showed that for "n"=6, the answer is "no". but when "n" is very large, as large as graham's number or larger, the answer is "yes".
one of the reasons this partial answer is important is that it means that the answer is eventually "yes" for at least some large "n". before 1971, we didn't know even that much.
there is a much smaller limit for the same problem called n. it is equal to formula_1, where formula_2. this weaker upper bound for the problem, attributed to an unpublished work of graham, was eventually published and named by martin gardner in scientific american in november 1977.
graham's number is not only too big to write down all of its digits, it is too big even to write in scientific notation. in order to be able to write it down, we have to use knuth's up-arrow notation.
we will write down a sequence of numbers that we will call g1, g2, g3, and so on. each one will be used in an equation to find the next. g64 is graham's number.
first, here are some examples of up-arrows:
after that, g2 is equal to formula_18; the number of arrows in this number is g1.
g3 is equal to formula_19, where the number of arrows is g2.
we keep going in this way. we stop when we define g64 to be formula_19, where the number of arrows is g63.
this is graham's number.
laguna city is a little city of south of the brazil, in santa catarina state. this city have more than 50000 people. it was the capital of the short-lived juliana republic in 1839. the city is known for having dolphins
some popular beaches of this city:
tak'alik a'baj' is an ancient ruin in guatemala; it used to be called abaj takalik. it is one of several mesoamerican sites that have olmec and maya features. the site was inhabited the during the preclassic and classic periods, from the 9th century bc through to at least the 10th century ad. it was an important place for trade. it traded with kaminaljuyu and chocolá. it is one of the largest sites with carved monuments on the pacific coast. olmec-style sculptures include a possible colossal head, rock carvings and others. the site has one of the biggest collections of olmec-style sculpture outside of the gulf of mexico.
takalik abaj shows the first signs of maya culture that happened by about 400 bc. the site includes a maya royal tomb and examples of maya writing that are among the first from the maya region. studies continue at the site; the monumental buildings and long tradition of sculpture in a variety of styles suggest the site was important.
finds from the site indicate contact with the distant city of teotihuacan in the valley of mexico. they imply that takalik abaj was conquered by it or its allies. takalik abaj was linked to long-distance maya trade routes that let the city take part in a trade network that included the guatemalan highlands and the pacific coastal plain from mexico to el salvador.
takalik abaj was a large city with the main buildings in four main groups spread across nine terraces. while some of these were natural, others were man-made, needing a lot of work and materials. the site had a clever water drainage system and many stone sculptures.
currys is a british electrical retailer operating in the uk and ireland.
in 2009, some curry stores in the uk were combined with the pcworld name
alfonso garcía robles (20 march 1911 – 2 september 1991) was a mexican diplomat and politician. 
garcía robles received the nobel peace prize in 1982, together with sweden's alva myrdal. garcía robles was the driving force behind the treaty of tlatelolco. this treaty established a nuclear-free zone in latin america and the caribbean.
ouangolodougou, côte d'ivoire is a small town in the northern part of ivory coast, a country in western africa. it is located in the ferkessédougou department. ouangolodougou is near the border of côte d'ivoire and burkina faso.
a pinto horse is a spotted horse. they are not a breed, but a coat color. in fact, any horse breed can be a pinto as long as they have patches of white or another color. pintos are often confused with paints, a horse breed. they look very similar. the difference is that a paint is a breed, and a pinto is a coat color that can be on any breed, including paints.
pintos are so old that they were found in tombs in ancient egypt dating back to 4 b.c. in the 16th century cortez brought thousands to the new world. some of them were set free, and native americans caught them. the native americans liked them for their toughness and their color. their color blended in with the environment and made a natural camouflage. they were known to make great war horses. their name came from the spanish word "pintado", which means “painted”.
pintos have pink skin, blue eyes, and white or multicolored hooves. they can be either a white horse with colored patches, or a colored horse with white patches. it has been said that no two pintos are exactly alike.
pintos have 3 different patterns:
pintos come in 4 different types:
pintos come in 4 different sizes:
darrell lee waltrip (born february 5, 1947) is a retired american racecar driver. waltrip won three monster energy nascar cup series championships and 84 races, including the 1989 daytona 500. he is now part of the broadcast team for fox sports. waltrip’s younger brother, michael waltrip, owned and raced for his own team in nascar. in june of 2011 waltrip was given a spot in the nascar hall of fame. he is a part of the hall of fame class of 2012.
the black forest cake, also called "schwarzwälder kirschtorte", is an authentic german cake made up of a chocolate layer cake with cherries in the middle and whipped cream on top. they are traditionally made with fresh morello cherries, poached in a sugar syrup and pitted. it is a variation of the chocolate cake, and sometimes decorated with chocolate curls.
jeremy charles robert clarkson (born 11 april 1960) is an english author, broadcaster, journalist, talk show host. he is best known for presenting bbc television show "top gear" with richard hammond and james may. he is also known for controversial remarks.
he also writes columns for the sunday times and the sun.
clarkson was ranked 49th on motor trend magazine's power list for 2011. it is a list of the fifty most important figures in the automotive industry.
on 26 march 2015, while clarkson was not allowed to be at work, the bbc announced it will not keep paying him after he said cruel things to and attacked a producer.
sydney william ward (5 august 1907 – 31 december 2010) was an australian-born new zealand cricketer. 
ward was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. he was born in sydney, new south wales. he is the second longest-lived cricketer, behind england's jim hutchinson, who at the time of his death was 103 years and 344 days old.
hypothermia is a condition when a person is so cold that the body temperature drops below normal. hypothermia is any body temperature lower than . someone with hypothermia starts shivering and cannot stop. the person then becomes confused and acts strange. their words don't make sense and they may be clumsy. sometimes they become very tired. if someone gets hypothermia, wrap the person in blankets and take them to the hospital. if that's impossible, warm up the person slowly and give them a warm drink.
when hypothermia begins, a person feels cold, starts shivering and can't stop. the person cannot do complicated things with his or her hands. they are also unable to touch their thumb with their little finger, because their hand muscles don't work well.
mild hypothermia is sometimes used on purpose by doctors for treating some medical problems. it takes blood away from the skin, hands and feet, and puts it to the brain and important internal organs. this helps when the person is bleeding from cuts or other wounds, and also helps when the patient goes into cardiac arrest.
the person begins shivering very strongly. their large muscles do not work well. they move slowly and with difficulty, growing a little confused and walking unsteadily. the person becomes pale, and lips, ears, fingers, and toes might become blue. this is because the body is trying to keep the most important organs warm. the person might feel sick in their stomach and very tired, wanting to go to sleep, anywhere.
body temperature drops even more, but the person usually stops shivering. they cannot talk clearly; they think slowly, and they cannot move their hands. sometimes a person will feel suddenly warm, as if they are getting better, but this just means they are getting worse. they may take off warm clothes or lay down to go to sleep. if this continues, they cannot walk or answer questions. their pulse becomes weaker, but the heart may beat faster. finally, the person dies.
rapids are found on rivers. rapids are formed by one or more of the following: constriction, obstruction, gradient, and flow rate. for instance, when water is flowing swiftly over a rocky river bed, rapids can be formed. rapids are typically found in or near the mountains, due to the element of gradient. formally, the word "rapids" is always plural, (like "scissors" and "trousers"), but is often used in the singular when speaking of a specific rapid or when it would be grammatically awkward; e.g., "sweet's falls rapids vs. sweet's falls rapid). the word "rapid" means "very fast."
because of the splash made by the water going over rocks, rapids are also called "whitewater". some people enjoying whitewater canoeing or whitewater rafting as a sport. 
wáray-wáray or warai (commonly spelled as "waray"; also "winaray" or "lineyte-samarnon") is a language spoken in the provinces of samar, leyte, and biliran in the philippines.
the waraynon group of languages consists of waray, waray sorsogon and masbate sorsogon. all the warayan languages belong to the visayan language family and are related to cebuano and more closely to hiligaynon and masbatenyo.
waray-waray is one of the ten officially recognized regional languages in the philippines and used in the local government. it is spoken throughout the islands especially in the eastern visayas region. but it is also spoken in some parts of mindanao, masbate, sorsogon and metro manila where warays went to. there is also a very small number of filipinos abroad, especially in the united states, that speaks this language.
the waray language has sixteen consonants: . there are three main vowels: "a" , "i" , and "u" . consonants and were once allophone but cannot interchange, like "palaron" (to be lucky) [from "palad", palm (because someone's luck is seen in the palm)] but not "paladon" and "tagadiín" (from where) [from "diín", where] but not "tagariín".
native numbers are used for numbers one through ten. from eleven onwards, spanish numbers are exclusively used in waray today, their native counterparts being almost unheard of by the majority of native speakers numbers (except for gatus for "hundred" and yukot for "thousand"). some, specially the old ones, are spoken alongside the spanish counterparts.
some common words and phrases.
below are examples of the waray spoken in metropolitan tacloban and the nearby areas:
james ewell brown stuart (1833-1864) was a general in the confederate army during the american civil war. he was from virginia. during the war, he was known for dangerous things he did while riding a horse. he was killed at the battle of yellow tavern in 1864.
riodinidae is a family of butterflies. they are commonly known as riodinids or metalmarks. metalmarks get their name from the bright, metallic (looking like metal) markings found on the wings of most species. the family has nearly 2,000 species in it. the metalmarks are mostly found in the neotropical region. most metalmarks are small. their wingspan ranges from 20mm to 65mm. metalmarks vary greatly in wing shape, pattern, and color.
riodinidae was formerly known as the family nemeobiidae and as the family erycinidae. it was also once thought to be a subfamily of lycaenidae.
a taxicab number is the name given by mathematicians to a sequence of special numbers: 2, 1729 etc. a taxicab number is the smallest number that can be expressed as the sum of two positive cubes in "n" distinct ways. it has nothing to do with taxis, but the name comes from a well-known conversation that took place between two famous mathematicians: godfrey hardy and srinivasa ramanujan.
the story about godfrey hardy’s taxi.
godfrey hardy was a professor of mathematics at cambridge university. one day he went to visit a friend, the brilliant young indian mathematician srinivasa ramanujan, who was ill. both men were mathematicians and liked to think about numbers. 
when ramanujan heard that hardy had come in a taxi he asked him what the number of the taxi was. hardy said that it was just a boring number: 1729. ramanujan replied that 1729 was not a boring number at all: it was a very interesting one. he explained that it was the smallest number that could be expressed by the sum of two cubes in two different ways.
this story is very famous among mathematicians. 1729 is sometimes called the “hardy-ramanujan number”.
explanation of the hardy-ramanujan's number.
there are two ways to say that 1729 is the sum of two cubes.
1x1x1=1; 12x12x12=1728. so 1+1728=1729
but also: 9x9x9=729; 10x10x10=1000. so 729+1000=1729
there are other numbers that can be shown to be the sum of two cubes in more than one way, but 1729 is the smallest of them.
known taxicab numbers.
since the famous conversation between hardy and ramanujan, mathematicians have tried to find other interesting numbers that are the smallest number that can be expressed by the sum of two cubes in three/four/five etc. different ways. these numbers are very, very big, and have been found by computers.
so far, the following six taxicab numbers are known :
bernard frénicle de bessy (about 1605–1675), was a french mathematician. he was born in paris. he wrote many papers about mathematics, number theory and combinatorics. the frénicle standard form, a standard representation of magic squares, is named after him. he solved many problems created by fermat. he also discovered a taxicab number and in 1693, he described all 880 essentially different normal magic squares of order 4.
like fermat, frénicle was an amateur mathematician, but he wrote letters to famous people such as descartes, christiaan huygens, mersenne and also fermat, who was his friend. he is mainly remembered for his discoveries about number theory.
płońsk is a city in central poland in the masovian voivodeship. it has a population of 23,000 and has an area of 12 km². it is the birthplace of the zionist leader and first prime minister of israel, david ben-gurion.
frances burney (13 june 1752 – 6 january 1840) was an english novelist, diarist and playwright. she was also known as fanny burney. after her marriage, she was known as madame d’arblay. she was born in king's lynn, england. she was born to musician dr charles burney (1726 – 1814) and mrs esther sleepe burney (1725 – 62). she mostly taught herself. she began writing what she called her "scribblings" when she was ten. her first novel, "evelina", was published in 1778. this novel made her very famous. "cecilia" came out in 1782. it was an even greater critical success. her major novels, "evelina", "cecilia", and "camilla" are about a young girl. the girls are clever and beautiful, but does not have a lot of experience. the girl goes out into the world and grows in character. her books were liked by jane austen. in 1786, she became second keeper of the robes to queen charlotte. she wrote many journals and letters. her journals and letters have interested historians. in 1793, she married a french exile, general alexandre d'arblay. they had a son in 1794. his name was alexander. he was their only son. while living in france from 1802 to 1812, burney wrote "the wanderer". it was a novel about the french revolution. it was published in 1814. her last published work was the "memoirs of doctor burney" (1832). she died in london in 6 january 1840. she was buried in bath near her husband and son.
on 13 june 1752, frances burney was born in king's lynn. she was baptized on the 7th of july. her older brothers and sisters were ester (hetty) (1749 – 1832) and james (1750 – 1821). her younger brothers and sisters were susanna elizabeth (1755-1800), charles (1757-1817) and charlotte ann (1761 – 1838). susanna elizabeth became frances burney's close friend. james burney became an admiral. he sailed with captain james cook on his second and third trips. the younger charles burney was a scholar. her younger half-sister, sarah burney (1772 – 1844), also became a novelist. she published five works that she wrote herself. esther sleepe burney also had two boys who died at birth.
esther sleepe burney was three years older than charles burney. she had her oldest daughter, esther, with charles before they married. frances burney kept this as a "family secret". she even said nothing about the date of her father's marriage. also, she did not say when his children were born in the "memoirs". some people have thought that she hid the dates to make everyone believe she published "evelina" when 17.
her mother suddenly became sick. she took a trip to bath and bristol hot wells. this is where main character in "evelina" go to try to become healthy again. however, she did not get better. the sickness was thought to be tuberculosis. it is also possible that it was cancer. in 1760, her mother, esther sleepe burney, died. she was described by historians as a gentle woman of "warmth and intelligence". it is possible that esther burney's french birth influenced burney's writing. one example is the conflicts between madame duval and captain mirvan in "evelina". it may also have been one reason for her love of and marriage to alexandre d'arblay. fanny was very shocked and sad when she heard that her mother was dead. her neighbor, mrs. pringle, commented. she later said, "...she never saw such affliction" and that fanny would "take no comfort--& was almost killed with ["sic"] crying". her father, charles burney, was also very unhappy. he comforted himself with writing sad poems about his wife.
her father was respected by many people as a musician. he was also well-educated. he wished to show that a musician could be a gentleman. frances burney often saw many opera singers, dancers, musicians, and actors (like actors garrick or christopher smart), that spoke in many kinds of languages. she mentioned him in "evelina": "well may mr. garrick be so celebrated, so universally (everywhere) admired—i had not any idea of so great a performer...every look "speaks"!...i am afraid you will think me mad (crazy), so i won't say any more; yet i really believe mr. garrick would make you mad too, if you could see him." she also saw more of the world than most "young ladies" could. she wrote down many rude things people said in her diaries. traveller richard twiss once embarrassed the family by talking about improper things. he said that an immodest book, "the dictionary of love", was very good. after twiss left, burney wrote in her diary, 'even my gentle & candid (truthful) father says that "he has quite mistaken the thing," & that he will never see a "table cloth" in his house again'.
some people have said that burney may have been shy because of her father. people said that mr. burney's only fault was "obsequiousness" (too much serving to men). frances never openly criticized her father. she even carefully destroyed everything bad about him. in her "memoirs", she wrote that her father had no faults. however, she wrote explanations and excuses for things her father thought were right.
in october 1767, her father married a rich widow. her name was elizabeth allen. she already had three sons. the burney children did not like their stepmother. hester, frances's older sister, married her cousin. his name was charles rosseau burney. he was a musician. she married him in september 1770. she probably did this to leave her home. because of this, frances lost a sister who was like another mother. the burney children did a "secret war" with mrs. allen. they called her "mrs. precious", "madam", and "the lady". a letter from frances burney to her sister hester said, "the excuse to be "fudged" up (made up, lied) for the purpose, i leave to your own ingenuity." although at this time frances was 25 years old, she had to find an excuse to visit her married sister. even their old friend, samuel "daddy" crisp, joined in with mocking mrs. elizabeth allen.
her father educated her sisters esther and susanna much more than frances burney. when she was eight, she still had not learned the alphabet. she was also so shy that visitors at her father's house called her the "old lady". some scholars think she might have had a kind of dyslexia. her brother used to play tricks on her by pretending to teach her to read and giving her a book upside-down. she did not find out that it was actually upside down and tried to read it. people said that "the little dunce" should be whipped. however, esther sleepe burney always replied that "she had no fears about fanny". her sister susanna said that fanny has "sense, sensibility, and bashfulness (shyness)". she also added, "i am afraid...that my sister fanny is too reserved".
in 1763 or 1764, samuel "daddy" crisp became close to the burney family. he helped frances write by asking for many journal-letters from her about her family and her life. he influenced her writing very much.
frances burney d'arblay made a new kind of english novel, recording things that happened from george iii's madness to what happened after the battle of waterloo. she also wrote comedies that had a great influence on many writers to come. for example, jane austen found both the theme and the title for "pride and prejudice" in the last chapter of frances burney's novel "cecilia". william makepeace thackeray, the writer of vanity fair, was also influenced by burney. her first novel, "evelina", was a new kind of fiction in english. it was a fiction where women in society were shown in realistic, modern ways - the novel of manners. "she showed the manners and morals of polite society with a relish (liking) for the ridiculous (funny) and a respect for the conventional (traditional)".("norton anthology of literature by women", p. 242) burney was the first woman to make the writing of novels "respectable". her second novel, "cecilia", published in 1782, was an even greater critical success. her third novel, "camilla", was very popular; the sale was "4 times that of "evelina", & nearly double that of "cecilia"".
verses written with hester thrale
works by fanny burney at project gutenberg
lake placid is a village in northern new york state. it has a population of 2,638. it was founded in the early 1880s to look for iron. today it is a ski resort. it has hosted the winter olympics twice, in 1932 and 1980.
a grebe is a medium sized bird. they are in the family podicipedidae. there are 22 species of grebe.
description, color and shape.
most grebes are a medium or large size. some grebes, such as the little grebe are smaller. all grebes have large feet with lobed toes. this means that each toe is separate on the foot (the opposite of this is webbed feet which is seen in ducks and geese). some grebes find it difficult to walk on land because their feet are so big. they are much better at swimming and diving in water.
grebes have narrow wings. some grebes find it difficult to fly. there are two species of grebe that cannot fly at all. this means that if grebes are in danger, they will dive under water instead of flying away like other birds do. 
grebes can have long or short bills. if they eat insects in the water, they will have a short bills. if they eat crustaceans (for example, crabs) they will have a long, sharp bill. 
most grebes are brown, white and red/orange. they have many, waterproof feathers. this means they can easily float on water and dive into water without getting cold or wet. in spring and summer, grebes have orange crests on their heads. this is so they can attract a mate. some grebes do a mating ritual. this is when they "dance" in the water.
grebes make their nest from plants found in the water. the nests float on top of the water. baby grebes can swim when they are born. they are usually brown and white and do not get their orange crests until they are adults.
grebes live in freshwater (lakes or rivers). some species of grebe will go to saltwater (sea/ocean) when they are migrating. this is when birds fly to live in a different place in summer or winter. grebes only migrate if they live in north america, europe or asia. grebes in south america, africa and asia do not migrate. they are found in every continent on earth.
a funeral director also called a mortician or undertaker is a person who has the job of organizing a funeral. this often includes embalming and burial or cremation of the dead, as well as the planning and arrangement of the actual funeral ceremony. they place the body into a coffin or casket. if people are going to come and look at the body before burial, the funeral director will have the body dressed, and made up with cosmetics to make it look better.
mangroves are trees or shrubs that grow in salty water in hot places like the tropics. mangroves make a special saltwater woodland or shrubland habitat, called a "mangrove swamp", "mangrove forest", "mangrove" or "mangal". mangroves grow on 1/3 of tropical shores. they are also found in sub-tropical africa, asia, and the southwest pacific. their twisted, tangled roots collect sediment. over time, the sediment may become islands, or extend the shoreline.
mangroves live right in the sea, or at the sea edge. their seeds fall from the tree and grow roots as soon as they touch any kind of soil. during low tide, they may fall in soil rather than water and start growing where they fall. if the water level is high, they may be carried far away from where they fell. mangrove trees are often the beginning of what will one day be a small island. as soil and other things collect in their roots, little bodies of land are formed – just the right place for other island vegetation to grow. this is an example of seed dispersal by water.
mangroves have special root-like structures. they are aerial roots or "pneumatophores". these stick up out of the soil, and are covered in lenticels. they take in oxygen through their pores. these "breathing tubes" may reach heights of up to 30 cm, and in some species, over 3 m. smaller roots with air passages move oxygen from the air to parts of the plant underwater. for more information please visit a geography site https://www.kidsgeog.com thank you mangrove
mangrove roots give clear water to the coral reefs which often surround them. they trap dirt and clean water by filtering land runoff and removing pollutants. the tree also protects the shoreline (and, through this, the coral reefs) from being eroded by storm waves. mangrove thickets are a good place for many coral-reef fish, shrimp, and crabs to grow.
mangroves are a group of about 80 different salt-tolerant species of trees. they can live along the intertidal zones of tropical and sub-tropical coastlines. their roots stand the ebb and flow of tides. the roots slow the flow of the tidal waters. this lets sediment settle and build up as nutrient-rich mud. the habitat is a valuable shelter and breeding site for fish. it stabilises coastlines, and reduces erosion from storm surges and tsunamis.
the great crested grebe is a water bird. it is a member of the grebe family. its scientific name is "podiceps cristatus".
the great crested grebe is a medium sized bird. it is 46–51 cm long. its wingspan (both wings open) is 59–73 cm long.
the bird is white, brown and black, and it has orange crest feathers on its head. it has a long, sharp pink bill. baby great crested grebe have black and white stripes on their heads.
habitat and behaviour.
the great crested grebe is found in europe, asia, africa and australia. it is the biggest grebe in europe. it lives in freshwater lakes. it eats crustaceans (for example, crabs), insects and small frogs. it dives into the water to find food.
the bird has an interesting mating ritual. this means two birds (male and female) do a "dance" in the water before they mate. grebes dance every time the pair meets, and the dance varies according to the circumstance. returning to the nest is different from meeting out on the water, for instance. most dances end in a bout of head-shaking. 
the great crested grebe makes a nest from plants. the nest floats on top of the water. a pair of grebes will usually have two eggs. when the babies are born, they cannot swim. their parents teach them to swim and dive. sometimes the babies will sit on their parents backs while the parents swim in the water. 
the bird nearly became extinct in the united kingdom in the 19th century. this is because people wanted to use their orange head feathers. people wanted to put the feathers on their hats and clothes. the rspb (royal society for the protection of birds) stopped this. there are now many great crested grebe in the united kingdom, where their conservation status is "green" ("least concern").
the swift is a bird in the family apodidae. it is in the order apodiformes with treeswifts and hummingbirds. the swift is very good at flying. it spends all of its time in the air.
the scientific name for the swift ("apus") comes from the ancient greek word απους, "apous" which means "without feet". this is because swifts have very small, weak feet. swifts use their feet to hold on to vertical places (for example, the wall of a house, or a cliff). swifts do not want to land on the ground. it is often thought that if they land on ground, they cannot fly up again, but that is not true. they can take off but with difficulty.
swifts are small birds. they can fly very well and very fast. some swifts can fly at 514m per second. if a swift needs to fly very fast, it can fly at 60m per second for a short amount of time. when catching insects, they fly in a series of swoops, changing direction rapidly as they pursue the prey. 
swifts have long, curved wings. the wings are in the shape of a sickle or boomerang. they have a forked tail. this means it looks like a v shape. 
swifts can be seen all over the world. they like to live in warmer places and they migrate every year. for example, swifts fly to europe in the spring and summer. when it gets cold at the start of autumn, the swifts fly to africa where it is warmer.
swifts make their nests in a corner between two walls. for example, near the roof of a house, or in an area between rocks in a cave. they use mud and saliva (spit) to make a cup-shaped nest. 
there are some swifts which only use saliva to make their nests. these swifts are in the genus "aerodramus". in asia, people take the nests and use them to make bird's nest soup. this soup is very popular in china.
wangaratta is a city in the northeast of victoria, australia. about 19,000 people live there. it is about from melbourne along the hume highway. the city of benalla is to the south west, and albury and wodonga to the north east. the ovens and king rivers which flow from the victorian alps meet at wangaratta. it is in the local government area of the rural city of wangaratta.
gold was found in the area during the 1850s. a post office opened on 1 february 1843, as ovens, and moved to the town and was renamed wangaratta in 1854. the ovens office, and the kilmore office which opened the same day, were the fifth and sixth to open in the port phillip district (victoria). they were also the first two inland offices.
the small town of glenrowan about 10 km away is known as the site of the final shootout that led to the capture of australia's most famous bushranger, ned kelly.
chiltern is a town in the north east of victoria, australia. it is between wangaratta and wodonga, in the shire of indigo. in 2006 there were 1063 people living in chiltern. the town is close to the chiltern-mt pilot national park. chiltern was once on the main road between melbourne and sydney but is now by-passed by the hume freeway a few kilometres to the east.
the area of chiltern was on the wahgunyah cattle run and was called black dog creek. the township was named after the chiltern hills in england. it was surveyed in 1853 but not started until gold was found in 1858—59 during the great victorian gold rush period. the post office opened on september 1, 1859.
many of chiltern's old buildings are protected by the national trust. in 1859, many shop-keepers and miners from around beechworth and the ovens valley followed the gold rush and moved into chiltern.
the grape vine hotel, on the corners of main st and conness st, has the largest grapevine in australia, planted in 1867.
a press release, news release, media release, or press statement is a written or recorded communication for news reporters. its purpose is to let them know about something that is news. these are mailed, faxed, or e-mailed to editors at newspapers, magazines, radio stations, television stations, and television networks. there are companies whose job is to send out this information. 
the use of a press release is common in public relations. people use this to get the media to take notice of them, or get publicity for a product, or event that they might be holding. a press release gives reporters the basic information they need to write a news story. press releases can announce a range of news items such as: events, promotions, awards, new products and services, sales and other financial data, accomplishments, etc. 
a "press statement" is information given to reporters. this is an official statement or account of a news story that is specially written for newspapers and other news media for them to make known to the public.
"alice" is an alternative rock song written and performed by canadian singer-songwriter avril lavigne for the soundtrack to the 2010 movie "alice in wonderland", entitled "almost alice". the song is a mid-tempo ballad sung from the perspective of the film's lead character, alice. according to lavigne, she wrote the song after asking disney executives and director tim burton for a role on the soundtrack. the song was produced by butch walker and mixed by lavigne's former husband deryck whibley.
while designing clothes inspired by "alice in wonderland" for her abbey dawn line, lavigne told disney executives she could write a song for the film's soundtrack. director tim burton agreed, and lavigne "wrote the song immediately" on her piano. lavigne described the song as "a little darker" and confirmed the lyrics, "trippin' out, spinnin' around, i'm underground, i fell down."
the flag of the state of utah was adopted in 1913 and has the seal of utah encircled in a golden circle on a background of dark navy blue.
in 1912, the sons and daughters of utah pioneers ordered a custom made copy of the newly adopted state flag to be showed off to the battleship uss utah, which was commissioned on august 31, 1911. when the flag came, the group found out that the coat of arms on the flag was in full color instead of white, and the manufacturer had added a gold ring around the shield. rather than have the flag remade, the utah legislature changed the law to match the battleship flag, and the flag was showed off to the uss utah.
a bald eagle, the national bird of the united states represents the safety of america. the arrows in the talons of the eagle represent courage in war. the sego lily, the utah state flower, represents peace. the state motto "industry" represents progress, hard work, and community as does the emblem of the beehive, which is also a traditional mormon symbol. crossed union flags show utah's support and commitment to the united states. the name, utah, appears underneath the beehive. the date 1847 represents the year brigham young led the first mormons into the state. the year listed below that, 1896, represents the year that utah was admitted to the union. the gold circle around the state seal represents eternal order. the shield underneath the bald eagle represents common defense (military).
the design of the seal was adopted in 1850 by the territory of utah and changed by the artist "harry edwards" when utah became a state in 1896.
flag of the state of deseret.
according to most descriptions, the flag of the state of deseret was almost the same to the flag of the state of utah, but as it was not standardized, many other secular and religious alternatives were also used.
dawson city is a place in the yukon territory. it used to be a city, but is not one anymore. it is the second-largest place in yukon, after whitehorse, and has 1,327 people. 
dawson was at its biggest during the klondike gold rush of 1898, and served as a base for mining. many people became rich not from finding gold, but from running boarding houses/general stores because of good business from all of the miners. it was the capital of yukon from 1898 to 1952.
the great seal of the state of utah was adopted on april 3, 1896 at the first regular session of the legislature (january, february, march, april 1896). the first seal was made by harry edwards and cost $65.00.
magdalena neuner (born 9 february 1987 in garmisch-partenkirchen, bavaria) is a german biathlete.
she had her first biathlon world cup race in the 2005-06 season. one year later, she became one of the stars of the german biathlon team with three gold medals in the 2007 biathlon world championships in antholz, italy. in 2008, she won three other gold medals in the biathlon world cup in östersund, sweden, and reached also the first place of the biathlon world cup in that year.
in the 2010 winter olympics she was one of the gold medal favourites. the first race (on 13 february) was the 7.5 km sprint, where she reached a silver medal, beaten only by anastasia kuzmina from slovakia. three days later (on 16 february), she won the gold medal in the pursuit race. on 21 february, her second gold medal followed in the mass start.
wynton learson marsalis (born october 18, 1961) is an american jazz and classical trumpeter. he has won nine grammy awards for his music. his father was ellis marsalis jr..
the americas (or america) are lands in the western hemisphere that are also known as the new world. comprising the continents of north america and south america, along with their associated islands, they cover 8.3% of the earth's total surface area (28.4% of its land area).
most people consider the countries in central america to be part of north america instead of south america.
while the word "american" is usually used to mean a person or a thing from the united states, the most populated country in the americas, sometimes people and things from anywhere in the americas are called "american".
colonel ilan ramon (, born ilan wolferman; june 20, 1954 - february 1, 2003) was an israeli air force pilot and the only israeli astronaut. he was a member of the sts-107 mission crew and he died during space shuttle columbia disaster in 2003. 
his mother was a holocaust survivor (at auschwitz concentration camp) and his father fought for israeli independence. ramon was married to activist rona ramon.
daniel johnston (january 22, 1961 – september 11, 2019) was an american songwriter, singer, and artist who lived in texas. johnston has bipolar disorder. the movie "the devil and daniel johnston" is about his life and music career.
born in sacramento, california, johnston grew up in west virginia in a christian family. he became a beatles fan when he was young, then went off to college but did not finish. he moved to texas to live with his brother, and ended up joining a circus. he left the circus after another worker beat him up for taking too long in a restroom, and found a church in austin, texas that helped him find somewhere to live. johnston's religious beliefs are mentioned in many of his songs, especially on his cd "1990".
johnston's music career started in austin in the 1980s. he made cassette tapes of songs he performed on a chord organ and gave many of them out for free to people he met. he started playing concerts and became very popular with music fans in texas. johnston appeared on mtv, and became even more popular when nirvana singer kurt cobain wore a t-shirt with the cover art of one of johnston's cds.
johnston released one cd on atlantic records, a major record label (a big company that helps make cds and sells them around the world) called "fun" in 1994. however, he was not able to make any more cds with atlantic records because not enough people bought "fun". however, johnston still writes songs, and his drawings appear on the covers of his cds. his latest cd is "is and always was", which came out in 2009.
in 2010, movie director david miller announced that he was writing the script for a new movie about johnston that would be very different from "the devil and daniel johnston".
johnston died of a suspected heart attack at his home in waller, texas on september 11, 2019. he was 58.
johnston's official website
the treepies are a type of bird. they are a member of the crow family ("corvidae"). there are four different genus of treepie. they are "dendrocitta", "crypsirina", "temnurus" and "platysmurus". there are 11 species of treepie.
treepies are similar to magpies. they have long tails. most treepies are black, white, gray or brown. they are found in southeast asia. they live in tropical forests. they spend a lot of time in the tops of trees. they do not come to feed on the ground very often.
velcro is a brandname and trademark owned by the velcro companies for "hook-and-loop fasteners". hook-and-loop fasteners have a "hook" side, which is a piece of fabric covered with tiny hooks, and a "loop" side, which is covered with even smaller and "hairier" loops. when the two sides are pressed together, the hooks catch in the loops and hold the pieces together. when they are separated, they make a special "ripping" sound.
the person who invented hook-and-loop was a scientist named george de mestral. during a hunting vacation in switzerland, de mestral came home one evening and tried to remove the burrs stuck to his dog's fur. he was very surprised to see how hard the burrs were to remove. that night he studied the burrs under a microscope and noticed that each burr was covered with hundreds of small hooks acting like grasping hands. de mestral decided that this burr could be made to close fabric instead of buttons and zippers. by copying the hook pattern hat he saw on burrs, he made hook-and-loop!
george de mestral created the velcro trademark by combining the french words for velvet ("velour") and hook ("crochet").
māmane (hawaiian language) is a shrub of hawai'i in the "sophora" genus. it is suitable for gardens.
it is highly polymorphic, growing as a shrub or tree, and able to reach a height of in tree form. it is grow fast in every island of hawaiian archipelago, so botanists describe many local forms including "s.unifoliolata"
hawaiian honeycreeper visits mamane sucking nectar,
if mamane were to disappear from hawai'i it would take with it the palila bird, which is also endangered due to the lack of enough māmane trees. "loxoides bauilleui", palila, feeds on unripe seeds of the māmane
mortality rate is a measurement. it measures the number of deaths in a population. 
it is often reported as a number of deaths per 1000 individuals per year. for example, a mortality rate of 9 in a population of 1,000 would mean 9 deaths per year in that entire population.
ricotta is an italian fresh whey cheese made from the whey of sheep's milk or cow's milk. whey is a watery liquid that separates from curds when cheese is made. ricotta is soft, grainy and white. it can be used in italian desserts like cheesecake or cannoli or in dishes like lasagna. it contains protein and is a dairy product.
whey is a watery liquid that comes out of milk when it has been curdled and strained. it is also called milk plasma. it is a by-product of cheese making. "sweet whey" is made during the making of rennet types of hard cheese like cheddar or swiss. "acid whey" (also known as "sour whey") is made during the making of acid types of cheese such as cottage cheese. whey also forms as a liquid on the top of yoghurt.
whey can be used to make whey cheeses like ricotta. it can be added to processed foods like bread, pastry or crackers. it can also be used to feed animals.
curds are a dairy product made by "curdling" milk with rennet or yeast so that it separates, and taking away the liquid part (called whey). milk that has been left to go sour will also naturally separate into curds and whey. curds are used to make cheese. curds and whey can be eaten together as a dish.
pokhara is the second largest city of nepal. it is the main tourism centre of nepal. it is 200 km away from the capital, kathmandu.
the seal of the state of colorado is an adaptation of the "territorial seal" which was adopted by the "first territorial assembly" on november 6, 1861. the only changes made in the territorial seal design being the changing of the words, "state of colorado" and the figures "1876" for the corresponding words on the territorial seal. the first "general assembly" of the state of colorado approved the adoption of the state seal on march 15, 1877. the "colorado secretary of state" alone is authorized to affix the great seal of colorado to any document whatsoever.
the flag of the state of maine has the state coat of arms on a blue field. in the center of the shield a moose rests under a tall pine tree. a farmer and seaman represent the normal reliance on agriculture and the sea by the state. the "north star" represents the state motto: dirigo ("i lead").
the seal of the state of maine was adopted in june 1820. there have been different kinds in the details of the seal, but the overall design and images remain true to the first. the center of the seal is a shield with a tranquil scene of a moose resting in a field bordered by water and woods, pine tree stand tall directly behind the moose. on either side of the shield, a farmer rests on his scythe, and a sailor leans on an anchor. above the shield is the motto "dirigo" (i lead), and a north star. below the shield is a banner that reads "maine". the legislature of 1919 thought that the design of the seal should no longer vary, and the design is still used today.
a doctorate is a degree earned by passing a doctoral dissertation. usually, it refers to a ph.d., but it can also be an doctor of medicine or an juris doctor. colleges often give honorary doctorates to famous people who speak there.
in computing, a cluster is made of many individual computers that work together to solve a problem at hand. clusters can have different forms: they can be whole computers working together, or only cpus. these cpus can communicate over a fast network, but they share the same hard disks, for example. depending on the problem, solving it with a cluster of cheaper components can be less expensive that investing in better hardware that costs more.
grid computing is different in that the individual computers work on separate tasks that are part of a large problem. they are usually more different from one another and geographically further apart than cluster computers are.
garry kasparov (born 13 april 1963 in baku, azerbaijan) is a russian chess grandmaster and political activist. he was born with the name "garry weinstein", and is partly of jewish descent. he was the world chess champion from 1985 to 2000. in 1993 he broke away from fide to make a rival organisation (the pca), because he felt fide had failed to raise enough money for world title matches. there is controversy about that period. by any measure, he is one of the greatest chess players of all time, and was the highest-rated player even after his retirement, it was till much later when magnus carlsen took him over.
kasparov became the youngest non-disputed world chess champion in 1985 at the age of 22. he held the official fide world title until 1993, when an argument with fide led him to set up a rival company, the professional chess association. he continued to hold the "classical" world chess championship until his defeat by vladimir kramnik in 2000. kasparov lost a match (a series of chess games) against "deep blue", a computer made by ibm, in 1997. lately, retired from competition, he has been coaching magnus carlsen, the young player from norway who is the current world #1.
after retiring from chess, kasparov became involved in russian politics. in 2005, he traveled around russia, speaking against vladimir putin, who was president of russia at that time. the same year he created the united civil front, a political movement whose main goal is to dismantle putin's regime and restore democracy in russia.
kasparov was also one of the founders of the other russia, an opposition coalition which unites many left and nationalist politicians. he helped organize marches of dissenters involving several thousand people rallying against putin and governors of moscow and saint petersburg.
in october 2007, kasparov announced his intention of standing for the russian presidency. in november 2007, he was detained by police at a rally in moscow and given a jail sentence of five days. on 12 december 2007, kasparov announced that he had to withdraw his presidential candidacy due to inability to rent a hall where at least 500 of his supporters could meet to endorse his candidacy, as is legally required. kasparov's spokeswoman accused the government of using pressure to discourage anyone from renting a hall for the gathering. in 2008 kasparov and his united civil front joined the solidarity movement.
kasparov is among the 34 first signatories and a key organiser of the online anti-putin campaign putin must go started in march 2010.
stanley vann (born leicester, 15 february 1910 - 27 march 2010) was an english composer, organist, choral conductor, and choir trainer. he contributed a great deal to music in the anglican church tradition. he was director of music at peterborough cathedral from 1953 to 1977. on 15 february 2010 he celebrated his 100th birthday. he died the following month.
vann was born in leicester. he started to learn the piano when he was about six years old. at the age of 17 he learned the organ, and by the time he was 20 he had passed his arcm, arco and frco organ diplomas.
the start of a musical career.
in 1931 he became assistant organist at leicester cathedral. in 1933 he became organist at gainsborough parish church, then went to leamington spa as organist of holy trinity church in 1939. he started a choir and an orchestra there: the leamington spa bach choir and the warwickshire symphony orchestra.
between 1942 and 1946 he had to fight in the second world war.
in 1949 he got the jobs of organist at chelmsford cathedral and professor of harmony and counterpoint at trinity college, london. in chelmsford he started the essex symphony orchestra.
he also trained the leicester philharmonic choir for the famous conductors henry wood and malcolm sargent.
in 1909 vann became master of the music in peterborough cathedral. he stayed in this job until he retired in 1977. the choir was not particularly good when he started there, but he soon made them into an excellent choir. they made many recordings. in 1971 he was given a lambeth doctorate by the archbishop of canterbury for his services to music.
when he retired he first moved to wansford in cambridgeshire so that he was half way between his son (in yorkshire) and his daughter (in berkshire). he continued to work there, training the church choir, giving singing lessons, and composing. later he moved to yorkshire to be nearer to family. he died aged 100 after falling down and breaking his hip.
stanley vann composed a great deal of music, mostly for the anglican church service. his compositions include hymn tunes, anthems, motets, chants, organ music and many other pieces. one of his largest pieces is the billingshurst mass, for large chorus and orchestra. it was first performed in chichester cathedral in 2000.
in 2000 a concert was given in all saints church, peterborough to celebrate his 90th birthday. on sunday 14 february 2010 many cathedrals and churches in england arranged special concerts and services to celebrate his 100th birthday
. the bbc broadcast a special choral evensong on radio 3 on wednesday 24 february from peterborough cathedral (wednesday 17 february is ash wednesday, so that a lot of his music would not have been suitable.).
there is a scholarship in his name for young choir trainers and directors in the anglican tradition.
the royal college of organists or rco, is an organisation based in the united kingdom, but with members around the world. its job is to support organ playing and choral music. people who learn the organ can go there to take professional organ examinations.
there is a large library with more than 60,000 books about organ playing and organ music.
when the rco started in 1864 by richard limpus it was called the "college of organists". it was given a royal charter in 1893. in 1903 it was offered an extremely cheap 99-year lease on a beautiful building in kensington, west london. the college was there until 1991 when it moved to a church in the city of london. in 2003 it moved again to birmingham.
the rco offers five qualifications or diplomas.
arco (short for atlantic richfield company, the original name) is a united states oil company. it has operationsn 2 in the united states, indonesia, the north sea, and the south china sea. as of july 2011, it had more than 1,300 gas stations in the western part of the united states.
arco's original parent companies included:
the two companies merged in 1966, and bought sinclair oil corporation in 1969. in 1978, arco opened its first ampm convenience store.
between 1970 and 2000, arco had a complicated corporate history. by 1985, it sold its eastern us business to a new atlantic petroleum. in 2000, the remaining western us business was bought by british petroleum (bp). finally, in 2013, bp sold arco and the carson refinery to tesoro for $2.5 billion.
in 1957, richfield was the first to drill for oil in alaska. on july 15 of that year they struck oil with their first well. it was the first major oil discovery in alaska and tested at 900 barrels a day. in 1968 they partnered with exxon for alaska north slope oil production. in 1980, they were the seventh largest oil company in the united states.
skating refers and involves any sport or recreational activity that involves traveling on dry surface or ice using skates.
there are many varieties of skating, such as:
an economic bubble happens when a market goes through a very fast inflation of value. this increase is followed by a quick decrease in value, called a "crash" or a "bubble burst". economic bubbles can be caused by many things, but many economists believe that economic bubbles are related to inflation. an economic bubble can cause an economic crisis due to a loss of investment both by companies and individuals, such as the great depression or the economic crisis of 2007-2010.
an economic bubble occurs due to the human psychology of an expectation of an unlimited demand for any particular commodity. the market moves up quickly as the investors see an increase in prices due to increase in demand. prices may eventually fall when supply increases beyond the demand, resulting in the bursting of the bubble. predicting when this will happen is difficult, hence it may surprise investors.
population sans doubles comptes is a phrase in french that means population without double counting in english.
in france, because of the census, the insee has allowed people who live in one place and study in a different place to be counted twice, so as to show how the population moves. because of this, each commune in france has many numbers of how many people live in it. for example, students may be counted where they study and where they live but do not study (the place they were born in). it is just like allowing students in the united states to vote in the town election of the place they are studying in and the town election where they were born.
the glass transition is the transition of amorphous solids from a hard and brittle state into a molten or rubber-like state. an amorphous solid that goes through a glass transition is called a glass. supercooling a viscous liquid into the glass state is called vitrification.
the glass transition temperature "t"g is always lower than the melting temperature, "t"m, of the crystalline state of the material, if one exists. above a glass transition temperature, a plastic is rubbery. below the glass transition temperature, a plastic is solid. thermosets, or thermo-setting plastics, burn up before they reach their melt temperature, but most thermosets also undergo glass transition.
uncle tom's cabin; or, life among the lowly is an anti-slavery novel by harriet beecher stowe. it was published in 1852. it greatly influenced many people's thoughts about african americans and slavery in the united states. it also strengthened the conflict between the northern and southern united states. this led to the american civil war. the book's effect was so powerful that lincoln said when he met stowe at the beginning of the civil war, "so this is the little lady who made this big war."
the main character of the novel is uncle tom, a patiente sentimental novel showed the effects of slavery. it also said that christian love is stronger than slavery.
"uncle tom's cabin" was the most popular novel of the 19th century, and the second best-selling book of the century (the first one was the bible). it helped abolitionism spread in the 1850s.
in these days, it has been praised as a very important help to anti-slavery. however, it has also been criticized for making stereotypes about black people.
inspiration and references.
harriet beecher stowe was born in connecticut. she was an abolitionist. stowe wrote her novel because of the 1850 passage of the second fugitive slave act. this law punished people who helped slaves run away. it also made the north stop and return the south's black runaways. mrs. edward beecher wrote to harriet ("hattie"), "if i could use a pen as you can, i would write something that will make this whole nation feel what an accursed thing slavery is." at that time, stowe was a wife with six children who sometimes wrote for magazines. her son, charles stowe, said that his mother read this letter out loud to her children. when she finished the letter, she stood up, and with "an expression on her face that stamped itself on the mind of her child", she said, "i "will" write something...i will if i live." that is how "uncle tom's cabin" began.
according to stowe, she began thinking about "uncle tom's cabin; or, life among the lowly" as she was in a church in february 1851. she had a vision of a christian black man being beaten and praying for the people who were beating him as he died. she was also partly inspired to write her novel by the autobiography of josiah henson. henson was a black man who had run away and helped many black slaves. she was also helped by the book "american slavery as it is: testimony of a thousand witnesses" by theodore dwight weld and the grimké sisters. stowe also said that she got lots of ideas for uncle tom's cabin by talking to runaway slaves when she was living in cincinnati, ohio.
in her book "a key to uncle tom's cabin" (1853), stowe wrote about the stories that inspired her when she was writing "uncle tom's cabin". however, later research showed that stowe did not actually read many of the stories inside the book until after her novel was published.
"uncle tom's cabin" began in a series in an anti-slavery newspaper, "the national era". "the national era" had also printed other works stowe had written. because everybody liked the story so much, john p. jewett of boston asked stowe to turn the serial into a book. stowe was not sure if people would like to read the story as a book. however, she finally agreed. john jewett, sure that the book would be popular, asked hammatt billings to engrave six pictures for the book. in march 20, 1852, the finished book came out. by june it was selling ten thousand copies a week. by october american sales alone were 150 thousand copies. in the first year it was published, 300,000 copies of the book were sold, and it was translated into many important languages.
eliza's escape, tom is sold.
a kentucky farmer named arthur shelby is afraid of losing his farm because of debts. even though he and his wife, emily shelby, are kind to their slaves, he decides to sell two of them: uncle tom, a middle-aged man with a wife and children, and harry, the son of his wife's maid eliza. emily shelby is shocked and unhappy because she promised eliza that she would not sell her son. george shelby, her son, is unhappy because he admires uncle tom as his friend and christian.
when eliza hears about mr. shelby's plans to sell her son, she decides to run away with her only son. she writes a letter saying sorry to mrs. shelby and runs away that night.
meanwhile, uncle tom is sold and put into a boat, which sails down the mississippi river. there, he makes friends with a girl called evangeline ("eva"). when eva falls into the water and he saves her, eva's father, augustine st. clare, buys tom. eva and tom become good friends because they both love jesus very deeply.
eliza's family hunted, tom's life with st. clare.
during eliza's escape, she meets her husband, george harris, who had run away before her. they decide to try to run away to canada. however, they are hunted by a slave hunter named tom loker. tom loker finally traps eliza and her family, so that george shoots loker. eliza is worried that loker might die and go to hell. because of this, she persuades her husband to take him to a quaker town to get better. the gentle quakers change tom loker greatly.
in st. clare's house, st. clare argues with his sister, miss ophelia. she thinks that slavery is wrong, but is prejudiced against blacks. st. clare buys topsy, a black child, and challenges miss ophelia to educate her. miss ophelia tries, but fails.
after tom has lived with st. clare for about two years, eva becomes very sick. she has a vision of heaven before she dies. because of her death, many people change. miss ophelia loses her prejudice of black people, tospy decides to become "good", and st. clare decides to free tom.
tom's life with simon legree.
st. clare, however, is hurt when he tries to stop a fight at a tavern and dies. because of this, he cannot keep his promise to free tom. his wife sells tom to a plantation owner named simon legree. legree takes tom to louisiana. there, he meets other slaves, including emmeline (who legree bought at the same time that he bought tom). legree begins to hate tom when tom disobeys his order to whip the other slaves. legree beats him, and decides to destroy tom's faith in god. however, tom secretly continues to read the bible and help the other slaves. at the plantation, tom meets cassy, another black slave. her two children had been sold, and she had killed her third child because she was afraid that her child would be sold, too.
loker has been changed because of the quakers. george, eliza, and harry have finally reached canada and become free. meanwhile, uncle tom feels so unhappy that he almost gives up, but he has two visions of jesus and eva. he decides to continue to be a christian, even if he has to die. cassy and emmeline, with tom’s encouragement, run away. they cleverly use legree’s superstitious fears to help them. when tom does not tell legree where they are, legree tells his men to beat him to death. tom forgives the two men who beat him as he dies, and they feel sorry and become christians. george shelby comes just as tom is dying to free him. he is very angry and sad. however, tom, saying smilingly, “who,—who,—who shall separate us from the love of christ?” dies.
uncle tom, the title character of the story, is a patient, noble, unselfish black slave. stowe wanted him to be a “noble hero”: in the book, he stands up for what he believes in. even though they do not want to, even his enemies admire him.
recently, however, his name has also been used negatively. people often think of "uncle tom" as an old black man trying to make his masters happy, as people have criticized his quiet acceptance of slavery. however, others argue that this is not true. first of all, uncle tom is not really old - he is only eight years older than mr. shelby, which shows that he is probably around fifty. also, tom is not happy with slavery. his acceptance is not because of stupidity or because he likes slavery. it is because of his religious faith, which tells him to love everyone. wherever uncle tom goes, he loves and spreads comfort and kindness. he helps slaves escape, such as eliza, emmeline and cassy. he also refuses to beat other slaves. because of this, he is beaten himself. stowe was not trying to make tom an example for "blacks" but for white "and" black people. she says that if white people were to be loving and unselfish like uncle tom, slavery would be impossible.
eliza harris is mrs. shelby's favorite maid, george harris' wife, and harry's mother. eliza is a brave, intelligent, and very beautiful young slave. eliza loves her son, harry, very much. it is possible her love for him was even greater because she lost two of her first infant children. her motherly love is shown when she bravely escapes with her son. perhaps the most well-known part of "uncle tom's cabin" is the part where eliza escapes on the ohio river with harry.
this escape is said to have been inspired by a story heard in the lane theological seminary in cincinnati by john rankin to stowe's husband calvin, a professor at the school. in rankin's story, in february, 1838, a young slave woman had escaped across the frozen ohio river to the town of ripley, ohio with her child in her arms and stayed at his house before she had gone further towards the north.
eva "evangeline" st. clare is st. clare and marie's angelic daughter. she enters the story when tom saves her from drowning when he was going to be sold. eva asks her father to buy tom. she says, "i want to make him happy". through her, tom becomes st. clare's leading coachman and eva's "especial attendant (helper)...tom had...orders to let everything else go, and attend to miss eva whenever she wanted him,—orders which our readers may fancy (imagine) were far from disagreeable to him." she is very beautiful: "her form was the perfection of childish beauty...her face was remarkable less for its perfect beauty of features than for a singular (strange) and dreamy earnestness (seriousness) of expression...all marked her out (made her different) from the other children, and made every one turn and look after her".
to tom, she "...seemed something almost divine; and whenever her golden head and deep blue eyes peered (looked) out upon him...he half believed that he saw one of the angels stepped out of his new testament." he says that "she's got the lord's mark in her forehead." eva is an almost perfect, christ-like child. she is very sad about slavery. she does not see the difference between blacks and whites. she talks very much about love and forgiveness. even topsy is touched by her love. eva becomes one of the most important people in tom's life.
ophelia st. clare.
ophelia st. clare is perhaps the most complicated female character in the novel. st. clare calls her, "...desperately ... good; it tires me to death to think of it." she does not like slavery. however, she does not like to be touched or come close to any black person as a human being. when she first saw eva "...shaking hands and kissing" with the blacks, she declared that it had "...fairly turned her stomach (made her feel sick)." she adds, "i want to be kind to everybody, and i wouldn't have anything hurt; but as to kissing...how can she?"
she has a "clear, strong, active mind", and is very practical. however, she has a warm heart, which she shows in her love for st. clare and eva. ophelia hates slavery, but has a deep prejudice against blacks. st. clare, as a challenge to her, buys topsy. he tells her to try educating her. at first she tries to teach and help topsy simply because of duty. however, stowe says that duty is not enough: there must be love. eva's death changes ophelia. when topsy cries, ""she" said she "loved" me...there an't (is not) "nobody" left now...!" ophelia gently says, as "honest tears" fell down her face, "topsy, you poor child..."i" can love you, though i am not like that dear little child. i hope i've learnt something of the love of christ from her. i can love you...and i'll try to help you to grow up a good christian girl." stowe thought that there were many people like miss ophelia st. clare, who did not like slavery but could not think of blacks as people. she wanted to write about such problems through miss ophelia.
"uncle tom's cabin"'s most important theme is the evil of slavery. every part in "uncle tom's cabin" develops the characters and the story. but most importantly, it always tries to show the reader that slavery is evil, un-christian, and should not be allowed. one way stowe showed the evil of slavery was how it forced families from each other.
stowe thought mothers were the "model for all of american life". she also believed that only women could save the united states from slavery. because of this, another very important theme of "uncle tom's cabin" is the moral power and sanctity of women. white women like mrs. bird, st. clare’s mother, legree’s mother, and mrs. shelby try to make their husbands help their slaves. eva, who is the "ideal christian", says that blacks and whites are the same. black women like eliza are brave and pious. she escapes from slavery to save her son, and by the end of the novel, has made her whole family come together again. some critics said that stowe's female characters are often unrealistic. however, stowe's novel made many people remember "the importance of women's influence" and helped the women's rights movement later.
stowe's puritanical religious beliefs are also one of the biggest themes in the novel. she explores what christianity is like. she believed that the most important thing in christianity was love for everyone. she also believed that christian theology shows that slavery is wrong. this theme can be seen when tom urges st. clare to "look away to jesus" after st. clare's daughter eva dies. after tom dies, george shelby says, "what a thing it is to be a christian." because christian themes are so important, and because stowe often directly spoke in the novel about religion and faith, the novel is written in the "form of a sermon."
"uncle tom's cabin" is written in a sentimental and melodramatic style. this style was often used in the 19th century sentimental novel and domestic fiction (also called women's fiction). these genres were the most popular novels of stowe's time. it usually had female characters and a style that made readers feel sympathy and emotion for them. stowe's novel is different from other sentimental novels because she writes about a large theme like slavery. it is also different because she has a man (uncle tom) as the main character. however, she still tried to make her readers have strong feelings when they read "uncle tom's cabin", like making them cry when eva died. this kind of writing made readers react powerfully. for instance, georgiana may, a friend of stowe's, wrote a letter to the writer. in the letter, she said that "i was up (awake) last night long after one o'clock, reading and finishing "uncle tom's cabin". i could not leave it any more than i could have left a dying child." another reader said that she thought about the book all the time and even thought about changing her daughter's name to eva. the death of eva affected lots of people. in 1852, 300 baby girls in boston were named eva.
even though many readers were very moved, literary critics did not like the style in "uncle tom's cabin" and other sentimental novels. they said these books were written by women and had "women's sloppy (messy) emotions." one literary critic said that if the novel not been about slavery, "it would be just another sentimental novel". another said the book was a "piece of hack (messy) work." in "the literary history of the united states", george f. whicher called "uncle tom's cabin" "sunday-school fiction".
however, in 1985 jane tompkins wrote differently about "uncle tom's cabin" in her book "in sensational designs: the cultural work of american fiction." tompkins praised "uncle tom's cabin"'s style. she said that sentimental novels showed how women's emotions changed the world in a good way. she also said that the popular domestic novels written in the 19th century, like "uncle tom's cabin", were intelligently written. she also said that "uncle tom's cabin" shows a "critique of american society far more devastating (powerful) than any ... by better-known critics such as hawthorne and melville."
reactions to the novel.
"uncle tom's cabin" has had a very great influence. there are not many novels in history that changed society so powerfully. when it was published, "uncle tom's cabin", people who defended slavery were very angry and protested against it. some people even wrote books against it. abolitionists praised it very much. as a best-seller, the novel greatly influenced later protest literature.
contemporary and world reaction.
as soon as it was published, "uncle tom's cabin" made people in the american south very angry. the novel was also greatly criticized by people who supported slavery.
a famous novelist from the south, william gilmore simms, said that the book was not true. others called the novel criminal and said it was full of lies. a person who sold books in mobile, alabama had to leave town for selling the novel. stowe received threatening letters. she even received a package with a slave's cut ear once. many southern writers, like simms, soon began writing their own books about slavery.
some critics said that stowe had never actually went to a southern plantation and she did not know much about southern life. they said that because of this, she made wrong descriptions about the south. however, stowe always said she made the characters of her book by stories she was told by slaves that ran away to cincinnati, ohio, where she lived. it is reported: "she observed firsthand (herself) several incidents (happenings) which ... [inspired] her to write [the] famous anti-slavery novel. scenes she observed (saw) on the ohio river, including seeing a husband and wife being sold apart, as well as newspaper and magazine accounts and interviews, contributed material to the ... plot."
in 1853, stowe published "a key to uncle tom's cabin". this was to show the people who had criticized the novel's description of slavery that it was true. in the book, stowe writes about the important characters in "uncle tom's cabin" and about people in real life who were like them. through this book, she writes a more "aggressive attack on slavery in the south than the novel itself had". like the novel, "a key to uncle tom's cabin" was also a best-seller. however, many of the works in "a key to uncle tom's cabin" was read by stowe after she published her novel.
even though there were such criticisms, the novel was still very popular. stowe's son says that when abraham lincoln met her in 1862 lincoln said, "so this is the little lady who started this great war." historians are not sure if lincoln really said this or not. in a letter that stowe wrote to her husband a few hours after meeting with lincoln, she does not say anything about this sentence. after this, many writers have said that this novel helped make the north angry at slavery and at the fugitive slave law. it greatly helped the abolitionist movement. union general and politician james baird weaver said that the book made him help in the abolitionist movement.
"uncle tom's cabin" also interested many people in england. the first london edition came out in may 1852. it sold 200,000 copies. some of this interest was because at that time the british people did not like the united states. a writer said, "the evil passions which 'uncle tom' gratified in england were not hatred or vengeance [of slavery], but national jealousy and national vanity. we have long been smarting (hurting) under the conceit of america – we are tired of hearing her boast that she is the freest and the most enlightened country that the world has ever seen. our clergy hate her voluntary system – our tories hate her democrats – our whigs hate her ... all parties hailed mrs. stowe as a revolter from the enemy." charles francis adams, the american minister to britain during the war, said later that, ""uncle tom's cabin"; or "life among the lowly", published in 1852, influenced the world more quickly, powerfully, and dramatically than any other book ever printed."
"uncle tom’s cabin" was published in russia at the end of 1857 and was soon recognized as a classic of world literature. many people saw a very strong link between the world of "uncle tom’s cabin" and the serfdom that still existed in russia in 1850s. in his letter to an abolitionist maria weston chapman, nikolay turgenev wrote, “many of the scenes described in the book seem like an exact depiction of equally frightful scenes in russia.” "uncle tom's cabin" served as an educational tool for russian and russo-soviet elite in the post emancipation period, and it also became part of soviet children literature.
the book has been translated into almost every language. for example, it was translated into chinese. its translator lin shu made this the first chinese translation of an american novel. it was also translated into amharic. its 1930 translation was made to help ethiopia end the suffering of blacks in that nation. the book was read by so many people that sigmund freud believed that some of his patients had been influenced by reading about the whipping of slaves in "uncle tom's cabin".
literary importance and criticism.
"uncle tom's cabin" was the first widely read political novel in the united states. it greatly influenced american literature and protest literature. some later books that were greatly influenced by "uncle tom's cabin" are "the jungle" by upton sinclair and "silent spring" by rachel carson.
however, even though "uncle tom's cabin" was very important, many people thought the book was a mix of "children's fable and propaganda". many critics called the book "merely (only) a sentimental novel". george whicher wrote in his "literary history of the united states" that "nothing attributable to mrs. stowe or her handiwork can account for the novel's enormous (great) vogue (popularity); its author's resources ... of sunday-school fiction were not remarkable ... melodrama, humor, and pathos … compounded (made up) her book."
other critics, though, have praised the novel. edmund wilson said that "to expose oneself in maturity (when one has grown up) to uncle tom's cabin may … prove a startling (surprising) experience." jane tompkins said that the novel is one of the classics of american literature. she suggested that literary critics think badly of the book because it was simply too popular when it came out.
through the years, people have wondered what stowe was trying to say with the novel. some of her themes can be seen easily, like the evil of slavery. however, some themes are harder to see. for example, stowe was a christian and active abolitionist, and put lots of her religious beliefs in her book. some have said that stowe wrote in her novel what she thought was a solution to the problem that worried many people who did not like slavery. this problem was: was doing things that were not allowed justified if they did it to fight evil? was it right to use violence to stop the violence of slavery? was breaking laws that helped slavery right? which of stowe's characters should be followed: the patient uncle tom or the defiant george harris? stowe thought that god's will would be followed if each (every) person sincerely (truly) examined his principles and acted on (followed) them.
people have also thought "uncle tom's cabin" expressed the ideas of the free will movement. in this idea, the character of george harris symbolizes the free labor. the complex character of ophelia shows the northerners who allowed slavery, even though they did not like it. dinah is very different from ophelia. she acts by passion. in the book, ophelia changes. like ophelia, the republican party (three years later) declared that the north must change itself. it said that the north must stop slavery actively.
feminist theory can also be seen in stowe's book. the novel can be seen as criticizing slavery's patriarchal nature. for stowe, families were related by blood, not by family-like relations between masters and slaves. stowe also saw the nation as a bigger "family". so, the feelings of nationality came from sharing the same race. because of this, she supported the idea that freed slaves should live together in a colony.
the book has also been seen as trying to show that masculinity was important in stopping slavery. abolitionists began to change the way they thought of violent men. they wanted men to help stop slavery without hurting their self-image or their position in society. because of this, some abolitionists followed some of the principles of women's suffrage, peace, and christianity. they praised men for helping, working together, and having mercy. other abolitionists were more traditional: they wanted men to act more forcefully. all the men in stowe's book show either patient men or traditional men.
creation and popularization of stereotypes.
recently, some people have begun criticizing the book for what they thought were racist descriptions of the book's black characters. they criticized the way stowe wrote about the characters' looks, speech, behavior, and the passive nature of uncle tom. the book's use of common stereotypes about african americans is important because "uncle tom's cabin" was the best-selling novel in the world in the 19th century. because of this, the book (together with images in the book and related stage productions) helped make a great number of people accept such stereotypes.
among the african-american stereotypes in "uncle tom's cabin" are:
these stereotypes made many people think much more lightly of the historical importance of "uncle tom's cabin" as a "vital antislavery tool." this change in the way people looked at "uncle tom's cabin" began in an essay by james baldwin. this essay was titled "everybody’s protest novel." in the essay, baldwin called "uncle tom’s cabin" a "very bad novel". he said it was not well-written.
in the 1960s and '70s, the black power and black arts movements strongly criticized the book. they said that the character of uncle tom was a part of "race betrayal". they said that tom made slaves look worse than slave owners. criticisms of the other stereotypes in the book also increased during this time.
however, people such as henry louis gates jr. have begun studying "uncle tom's cabin" again. he says that the book is a "central document in american race relations and a significant (important) moral and political exploration of the character of those relations."
james christopher "jamie" mcmurray (born june 3, 1976) is an american racecar driver. mcmurray drove full-time in the nascar cup series from 2003 until 2018. since 2018, mcmurray has been a sports analyst for fox sports. mcmurray won the 2010 daytona 500 while driving for chip ganassi racing.
phil wachsmann (born august 5, 1944) is an african "avant-garde" jazz/jazz fusion violinist born in kampala, uganda, probably better known for having founded his own group chamberpot. he has worked with many musicians in the free jazz idiom, including tony oxley, fred van hove, barry guy, derek bailey and paul rutherford, among many others. wachsmann is especially known for playing within the electronica idiom.
the national autonomous university of méxico (unam) a university in mexico city. it is one of the biggest universities in mexico and latin america. unam was started on 22 september 1910 by justo sierra.unam's main campus in mexico city, known as "ciudad universitaria" (university city), is a unesco world heritage site that was designed by some of mexico's best-known architects of the 20th century. murals in the main campus were painted by some of the most recognized artists in mexican history, such as diego rivera and david alfaro siqueiros. in 2016, it had an acceptance rate of only 8%. unam generates a number of strong research publications and patents in diverse areas, such as robotics, computer science, mathematics, physics, human-computer interaction, history, philosophy, among others. all mexican nobel laureates are either alumni or faculty of unam.
the 1985 santiago earthquake was registered the sunday march 3, 1985 at 22:47 utc (19:47 local time). its epicenter was on the coastline of the valparaiso region, chile, near algarrobo. it had a magnitude of 8.0 on the richter scale.
jethro tull may refer to:
health care or healthcare is the preservation of mental and physical health by preventing or treating illnesses through services offered by the health profession and its staff. health care includes all reasonable and necessary medical aid, medical examinations, medical treatments, medical diagnoses, medical evaluations and medical services. the right to health care is considered one of human rights with international human rights law as well as social security.
a primary care doctor (pcd) or primary care physician (pcp) is a doctor who provides general medical care. these doctors can answer health concerns and medical conditions a patient may have. they also can prescribe medicine for their patients, based on information gathered.
culture of health.
in 1968, victor skumin proposed the term ″culture of health″, which has become widespread. the main task of a culture of health is to implement innovative health programs that support a holistic approach to physical, mental and spiritual health. holism is the idea that natural systems (physical, biological, chemical, social, economic, mental, linguistic, etc.) and their properties, should be viewed as wholes, not as collections of parts.
according to skumin, the culture of health is not only the mechanical connection of the two concepts—the concept of ″culture″ and the concept of ″health″. this is their synthesis, which forms a new quality, a new content. skumin examines the culture of health as the specific science, that develops the theoretical and practical tasks of harmonious development of the spiritual, mental, and physical human force, forming of optimum environment, which provides a higher level of creativity of life. thus, skumin argues that the culture of health is a separate science, that creates new content. the main challenge of culture of health is the development of spiritual, mental and physical capabilities of man. 
in 1994, skumin was elected to the post of the president-founder of the world organisation of culture of health (woch) — international social movement "to health via culture".
rodrigo (english: ruderic, roderic, roderik, roderich, or roderick, ; died 711 or 712) was the visigothic king of hispania for a brief period between 710 and 712. he is famous in legend as "the last king of the goths." in history he actually is an extremely obscure figure about whom little can be said with certainty but that he ruled part of iberia with opponents ruling the rest and was defeated and killed by invading muslims who soon conquered the entire peninsula. his widow egilona is believed to have married abd al-aziz ibn musa, who was later assassinated.
hurricane ida was the last storm in the 2009 atlantic hurricane season. it formed in the southwestern caribbean on november 4 after being in that area for a few days. after becoming a depression it quickly got stronger and became a tropical storm and a hurricane shortly before it struck nicaragua. over central america, hurricane ida weakened very fast, becoming downgraded to a tropical depression before the end of the day on november 5.
by november 6, ida went back into the caribbean and later became a hurricane again. its strength changed a few times before it died on november 10 off the coast of alabama. reports show that hurricane ida caused $5.6 million in damage and caused 2 deaths.
ida was tracked back to a tropical wave that entered the western caribbean sea on november 1. a low soon formed near the tropical wave. this low did not move very much and it also got a lot of clouds near the middle of it. there was hardly any wind shear, which allowed for more clouds to form. 
on november 4, the tropical wave national hurricane center began call it tropical depression eleven. the new tropical depression quickly got stronger and became tropical storm ida soon after that. an aircraft went into ida and soon found winds at 65 miles per hour, which meant it was nearly a hurricane. 
continuing to the northwest, tropical storm ida was upgraded to hurricane ida when winds got to 80 miles per hour; at the time, it was put at only 75 miles per hour. soon after this, hurricane ida made landfall in nicaragua on november 5. ida weakened quickly over land and was downgraded to a tropical storm just after landfall. near the end of the day on november 5, tropical storm ida weakened to a tropical depression. 
tropical depression ida survived its passage over land and went back into the caribbean on november 6. over the western caribbean, it quickly became a tropical storm again. after moving north, tropical storm ida became a hurricane again. <ref name="update11/7/09"></ref> it reached its highest winds on november 8 while it crossed between cuba and mexico; they were measured at 105 miles per hour, making it a category 2 hurricane. water temperatures in the gulf of mexico were not warm enough to keep ida at this strength. so it quickly weakened back to a tropical storm. 
for only six hours, it became a hurricane again before it became extratropical on november 10 while it was just south of alabama. at the time, it looked like it stayed as a tropical storm and made landfall in alabama, this was later noted as incorrect. its remnants formed a strong nor'easter that affected some of the states of the east coast of the united states.
damage in nicaragua was near $2.1 million and there were no people killed. in el salvador, it seemed at first that killed over 100 people, this was discovered as a mistake later on.
tambo could mean:
in south africa:
los navegantes (; roughly translated as "los navegantes neighborhood") is a residential neighbourhood in the south-east of pichilemu, chile. it is near the municipal stadium and la cruz hill.
"los navegantes" has a perimeter of approximately . it was founded between 1996-1997. it has a court. the pichilemu tsunami secure side, starts near the neighborhood.
the rugby championship is an annual rugby union competition between the national teams of the sport's four strongest southern hemisphere nations—new zealand, australia, south africa, and argentina. it began in 1996, a year after the sport became professional, as the tri nations. at the time, new zealand, australia, and south africa competed for the tri nations trophy. beginning in 2012, argentina joined the competition.
during the tri nations era, the contest began in july, during the southern hemisphere winter, and ran through september. for most of that era, each team played every other team twice, once at home and once away. later on, each team played the others three times. when the competition added argentina, it returned to a pure home-and-away format, with a total of 12 games played. also, due to a slight change in the sport's calendar, the rugby championship now begins in august and runs through october. this format is used except in years in which the rugby world cup is played (every four years, in the year before the summer olympics). in those years, each team plays the others only once, with a total of six games played.
teams are awarded competition points for a win, but can also earn 'bonus' points. at the end of the series, the team with the most competition points wins the trophy. the team that wins the competition is usually considered to be the best rugby union team in the southern hemisphere for that year.
new zealand and australia compete annually for the bledisloe cup. all rugby championship games count as competition games for the bledisloe cup.
south africa and australia compete annually for the mandela plate. some of the rugby championship games count as competition games for the mandela plate.
new zealand and south africa compete annually for the freedom cup. some of the rugby championship games count as competition games for the freedom cup.
agustín ross cultural centre (spanish, " centro cultural agustín ross"), previously known as casino ross ("ross casino"), is a historic casino building. it is in agustín ross avenue, in front of ross park, in pichilemu, chile. the building was built in the late 1800s. in 1906 the first chilean casino was built there. it was closed in 1932 and converted into a hotel which was open until the 1980s. the building is now pichilemu's cultural centre.
the casino is named after agustín ross edwards, a chilean writer, member of parliament, minister and politician. he was part of the powerful family ross edwards, which founded the newspaper "el mercurio" years earlier. based on his european experience, ross bought a place named "la posada" (english: "the inn") or petren fund in 1885. at that time, it was just some barracks with thick walls with a ground of 300 hectares.
the old ross casino was constructed in the late 1800s by ross himself. it contained the first mail and telegraph service and a big store. the building had three floors, and was raised using imported materials. in january 20, 1906, the first chilean casino was opened in that building. the ross casino worked until 1932, when the permission was cancelled, allowing just the newly constructed viña del mar casino to work. after the closing of the ross casino, the building was converted into a hotel was which functioned until the 1980s.
the old casino (1905) and its gardens (1885) are an important part of the city. it was named historic monument by the national monuments council on february 25, 1988, by the supreme decree n° 100.
ross was also the administrator of the great juana ross de edwards fortune, the nancagua hacienda, near the city of same name. he designed an urban set of high environmental value and landscape, transforming "la posada" to a hotel ("great hotel pichilemu", later "hotel ross", or "ross hotel"). 
ross also built several chalets, terraces, embankments, stone walls, a balcony in front of the beach and several large houses with imported building materials and furniture from france and england. additionally, he put up a park and a forest of more than 10 hectares. ross turned pichilemu into a summer resort town for rich people from santiago. he, however, could not build a dock for the city, as he had planned. 
in 1935, the ross successors ceded to the illustrious municipality of pichilemu all the ross constructions (streets, avenues, squares, seven hectares of forests, the park in front of the hotel, the perrons and the terraces) under condition that the municipality hold them for recreation and public access.
the cultural centre was severely damaged after the february 2010 chile earthquake. the library that it hosted was completely destroyed. after the 2010 pichilemu earthquake, the cultural centre suffered structural damage, but roberto córdova, mayor of pichilemu, said that it was repairable.
the australia national rugby union team, nicknamed the wallabies are the national rugby union side of australia. the first australian teams played against the british lions at the sydney cricket ground on 24 june 1899. the australians won the game 13-3. in 1908, the australians went to the united kingdom, france and north america to play. they needed a name and someone suggested the "rabbits", but the team did not like it and chose the "wallabies" instead. a wallaby is a small mammal from australia, very similar to a kangaroo. until the 1980s, only teams playing overseas were called the wallabies; when they played in australia they were called internationals. now the national team is called the wallabies all the time.
a sparrow is a member of the genus "passer". they are small passerine birds which belong to the family "passeridae". they are also known as old-world sparrows. sparrows often make their nests near houses or buildings. this means they are one of the easiest birds to see in the wild.
the genus has about 30 species around the world. the best known of these is the house sparrow, "passer domesticus".
some authorities place other genera in the sparrow group: "petronia", the rock sparrows; "carpospiza", the pale rockfinch; and "montifringilla", the snowfinches.
sparrows are small birds. they are between 11–18 centimeters long. they can weigh between 13–42 grams. they are usually brown and grey. they have short tails and small, strong beaks. most sparrows eat seeds or small insects. sparrows are social birds and they live in flocks (groups).
the house sparrow.
the house sparrow ("passer domesticus") is a species of sparrow. it lives all over the world. it originally lived only in europe and asia. however, people travelled to new places and the house sparrow went to those places too. it is now the bird with the widest distribution. this means it lives in the most places. the species has about 50 subspecies.
sparrows can be seen on every continent on earth. a long time ago, they lived only in europe, asia and africa. however, people traveled to australia, north america and south america, and now sparrows are seen there too. the house sparrow is seen in every continent. in australia, there are no sparrows in western australia, as they have not been able to travel across the deserts that separate that state from the eastern states. the government employs people to hunt and destroy any sparrows that might arrive.
the house sparrow was introduced to america in the late 19th century. it was introduced on purpose. it was imported by several people, including eugene schieffelin, who was a wealthy new york city admirer of shakespeare. he wanted to introduce to america all the birds mentioned in the works of shakespeare. two of these species were great successes: starlings and house sparrows. he organized a society for the importation of foreign birds, incorporated in albany.
other so-called 'sparrows'.
some ornithologists thought the "estrildid finches" were in the same family as sparrows. however, they are now in a different family, the estrildidae.
there is also a group called 'american sparrows', or new world sparrows. these are also in a different family, the emberizidae (buntings).
the hedge sparrow (also known as the dunnock or accentor) "prunella modularis" is also not a true sparrow. it is in a different family, the prunellidae. it is only called a sparrow because people called all small brown birds 'sparrows'. birdwatchers call then all lbjs (little brown jobs) because they are usually so difficult to tell apart.
the house sparrow is small bird. it is between 14–18 centimeters (5.5–7.1 in) long. it weighs between 24–39.5 grams (0.85–1.4 oz). females are smaller than males.
male and female house sparrows are different colors. the male is brown, gray and white. it has a black throat. the female and young house sparrows are brown and dark yellow or cream. they have streaks (stripes) on their heads and wings.
the house sparrow lives close to humans, often near human houses in towns or cities. it also lives near farms and makes a nest in a bush or small tree. it can have two or three broods per year. this means it has two or three sets of eggs and chicks each year.
nest sites are varied, though cavities are preferred. nests are most frequently built in the eaves and other crevices of houses. holes in cliffs and banks, or tree hollows, are also used.p52–57 a sparrow sometimes digs out its own nests in sandy banks or rotten branches. more often it uses the nests of other birds, such swallows' nests in banks and cliffs, and old tree nest holes. it often uses deserted nests. sometimes it takes over active nests by driving away or killing the occupants. tree hollows are more commonly used in north america than in europe. this puts the sparrows in competition with bluebirds and other north american cavity nesters so the native bird population declines.
the number of house sparrows in the united kingdom has gone down, perhaps because their hedgerow habitat has shrunk. they are now 'endangered' in the united kingdom. however, in other countries, the bird is still very common. hedges are necessary to the bird because predators cannot usually get at their nests. they would have no defence against magpies (for example) if face-to-face.
sparrows in mao's china.
sparrows eat some grain. so mao decided that sparrows should be eliminated in china. the result was a disastrous famine, with grain yields a fraction of what went before. apparently no-one knew enough about sparrows. they are major predators of locusts. with few sparrows, locusts thrived and ate much of the wheat. it is difficult in an autocracy to tell leaders they are wrong.
a couch, sofa or settee is a kind of furniture that is designed to seat more than one person. it usually has a place to rest your arm on each side. couches are normally found in the living room or in front of the tv.
in the 17th and 18th centuries, a couch was thought as a long, upward seat for resting on. one end would slope up high enough to provide a place for the head to rest.
some late 18th-century kinds of couches had an arm running partly down one side, and this type continued to be made in england. in greek places, there were flowing designs with all kind of elegant colors. many of them had scrolled ends and short legs. the couch was later taken over by the overstuffed sofa during the victorian age.
because the couch is usually set in front of the tv, it is the main place where people usually sit and watch it. lazy people would eventually seem to be stuck to it all the time. this person, a person who does not do a lot of physical activity, was called a "couch potato". this was also because potatoes do not move at all, and does not do anything but just sits there. this may also be considered as slang. couch came from the word "couche", which means, "a bed, lair," or from the word "coucher", which means "to lie down."
the most common types of couches in homes are the "love seats" for two, or the "sofa" for more than two. other couches include the "divan" or the "fainting couch", which usually does not have a back. couches are usually bought in a set together with cushions, which give them a bouncey and decorative comfortable touch.
jena lee (born 29 july, 1987 in chile) is a french singer.
she was adopted by a french family at the age of nine months. in 2007, jena lee met sulee b wax, who was interested in her work. at this point in time lee wrote the song "some share". the song was used in an album by sherifa luna. jena lee wrote six out of the thirteen songs that are on sherifa luna's album.
in 2008, jena lee won the urban music nation contest by skyrock. her first single "j'aimerais tellement" was released in april 2009 along with a music video. it was at the top of the french single charts for eleven weeks. it had the highest number of downloads in november 2009.
sinik (real name thomas gerard idir; born on 26 june 1980) is a famous french rapper. his parents are algerian. thomas was four years old when his parents moved to bergères in france.
porridge is a food which is made with a cereal, usually oats. the oats are boiled in water or milk, or both. it is usually served hot in a bowl or dish. some people add things to their porridge such as sugar or syrup. in scotland salt is often added.
porridge is a traditional food in many countries in northern europe. it is usually eaten for breakfast. in some countries barley or other grains may be used. porridge is cooked in saucepans or in a microwave. traditionally, it was cooked in large metal kettles over hot coals. porridge was often served as food for prisoners in prisons. this is why in english there is a slang expression "doing porridge" which means "being in prison". porridge is also given to people who are ill because it is healthy and easy to eat and digest.
semolina and gruel are foods which are quite similar to porridge. semolina is usually served as a pudding. gruel is a thinner version of porridge that may be also drunk and may not need to be cooked. oliver twist, in the famous book by charles dickens, was given gruel to eat.
historically, heavy foods were eaten because most work was manual. before the industrial revolution, men and women doing hard work needed more calories per day than they need today. at any rate this applies to countries which are highly mechanized. porridge is a good example of the heavy calorie-laden food which has gradually gone out of favor.
a fresnel lens is an optical lens, which was originally developed for lighthouses. it is named after its inventor, french physicist augustin-jean fresnel. the name is pronounced /freɪˈnɛl/ (fray-nell), the 's' is silent. before fresnel, buffon and condorcet proposed a similar design, as a way to make large burning lenses. 
the design allows the construction of lenses of large aperture and short focal length without the weight and volume of material that would be required in conventional lens design. compared to earlier lenses, the fresnel lens is much thinner. more light can pass through. lighthouses that use these kind of lenses can be seen from farther away.
giacomo meyerbeer (born near berlin, 5 september 1791; died paris, 2 may 1864) was a famous german-born opera composer. he was the most important composer of french grand opera during the 1830s and 1840s. although he was tremendously popular in his day, his music is not often played now.
meyerbeer was born into a rich jewish family in tasdorf (now a part of rüdersdorf), near berlin. his father owned large sugar refineries in berlin and in italy. his mother also came from a rich family. her father had been important in germany’s struggle to be free of the french in 1812 when napoleon was trying to conquer much of europe. giacomo’s mother did a lot of good work trying to help people who were wounded during the napoleonic wars.
many famous people came to the house where giacomo’s family lived. some of the visitors were from the royal prussian court, including the future king friedrich wilhelm iv. the naturalist and explorer alexander von humboldt also visited them quite often.
the first piano teacher the boy had was franz lauska, who also taught the royal princes. he also had lessons in composition. meyerbeer first played in public in 1801 playing mozart's piano concerto in d minor in berlin. he wrote his first opera in 1810. in the same year he went to darmstadt to study with the well-known music theorist abbé vogler. there he met the young carl maria von weber who was also a pupil of vogler. he left vogler in 1811 and tried to get some work in munich. in 1813 he found he had been offered a job as court composer to the grand duke of hessen. vogler had probably recommended him for the job. at this time meyerbeer was better known as a pianist than as a composer. he travelled to london to hear an important pianist based there, namely j.b.cramer. there he met other famous pianists such as kalkbrenner and ferdinand ries.
in 1816 meyerbeer went to italy. he wanted to learn about italian opera and collect italian folksongs. while he intended at first to stay only three months, he stayed most of the next nine years. he made some trips back to germany and austria during this time. he composed several operas which became very popular. people started to compare him with the famous rossini. however, in germany people were not interested in his music. he took his opera "il crociato in egitto" to london and then to paris, where it was a success. the opera is remembered now for being the last opera ever to have a part for a castrato singer.
he was becoming well-known now. spontini asked him to compose an opera for berlin. he became friends, in paris, with the librettist eugène scribe who had a lot of influence in the french theatre.
the grand operas.
from 1825 onwards meyerbeer spent his life travelling about europe. he was often in paris and in berlin, but did not live in either of these places. he stayed in hotels or private houses wherever he went. one reason why he travelled was because of his health. his wife also had bad health, so they often went to spa towns to try to get better. he also travelled about to watch productions of his operas, and to hear young singers.
when carl maria von weber died, he left an opera, "die drei pintos", unfinished. it was sent to meyerbeer in the hope that he would finish it, but he did not seem interested. in the end mahler finished it many years later.
meyerbeer made changes to "il crociato in egitto" and turned it into a grand opera for the opéra in paris. he changed it from an italian to a french opera, composing extra dance music and a new overture. he was determined to be famous in paris.
in 1826 he married his cousin. they had two children, but they both died when they were very small.
in 1828 daniel auber, a famous french composer of the time, had composed a very popular opera called "la muette de portici". it was the first french grand opera. meyerbeer realized he could not become really popular by turning his italian operas into french grand opera, so he took his comic opera "robert le diable" and changed it into a grand opera. audiences loved it. within three years it had been performed in 77 theatres in 10 different countries. many composers made their own arrangements of some of the tunes from the opera. he was given many honours: the chevalier of the legion d’honneur, the title of prussian hof kapellmeister (director of music at the royal court), and was made a member of the prussian academy of arts and a member of the french institute.
meyerbeer realized that anything else he wrote would have to be really good. in 1836 he produced another opera "les huguenots". this too was extremely popular.
in 1842 he went to boulogne to improve his health. there he met wagner who asked him for financial help to stage his operas "rienzi" and "the flying dutchman". meyerbeer lent him money, but stopped giving him money when he heard that wagner was secretly criticizing him.
when spontini died meyerbeer was made generalmusikdirektor in berlin. his opera "les huguenots" had at first been forbidden in germany, but now it was allowed to be performed. as court composer he wrote a grand opera called "ein feldschlag in schlesien" ("a battle in silesia"), but it never became internationally famous. the main part in the opera was sung by jenny lind.
return to paris.
in 1849 he returned to paris. he wrote several works together with scribe, whom meyerbeer described as the best living librettist, and who was one of his closest friends. his opera "le prophète" (for which scribe again wrote the words) earned him a lot of money. the great contralto pauline viardot-garcia sang the main part.
scribe died in 1861. meyerbeer worked very hard to try to finish his last opera, "l’africaine". napoleon iii said he wanted the opera to be ready by the winter of 1862-63, but it was not ready until 1864. the work was being rehearsed for its first performance when meyerbeer suddenly died, without having had the chance to revise it, the way he revised most of his other pieces.
meyerbeer’s body was taken to berlin where it was buried in the jewish cemetery in a vault that belonged to his family.
meyerbeer was always more popular in france than in germany. his operas are about the society of wealthy people. the sounds he made with his orchestra are often deliberately harsh. in this he is like beethoven in his final years, and berlioz. sometimes he used new instruments such as the bass clarinet and the saxophone. he always thought carefully about what his singers were capable of when writing his music. he enjoyed working with different singers, among them velluti, who was the last of the great operatic castrati. he took great trouble to give his singers rests during the opera so that they would still be in good voice for the climax of the story. he liked scenes with large crowds. he composed his dance music, in particular, very carefully. often he would throw it away and start again if the dancers were not happy with it.
besides his operas he also wrote orchestral pieces for special occasions. he also wrote some songs for performance in the salon.
meyerbeer was one of the richest men in europe. this is why some people hated him.
meyerbeer’s reputation after his death.
meyerbeer’s operas were very popular in the middle of the 19th century, but by the end of the century they had gone out of fashion. from 1933 to 1945 his music was banned in germany by the nazis because he was jewish. today there is some interest again, but nothing like the huge popularity he had in his lifetime.
grand opera is a term which is used to describe an opera with continuous music. it is a kind of opera that was popular in the 19th-century. grand operas are usually divided into four or five acts. there have large casts (many singers taking part) and large orchestras. there is a lot of scenery. the story is dramatic. it is usually a story about a hero from history. the term "grand opera" has often been used to describe the paris opéra from the late 1820s to around 1850, and sometimes to describe the paris opéra itself. 
in a broader sense "grand opera" can be any large-scale opera from european countries. during the 1830s and 1840s giacomo meyerbeer was thought to be the greatest composer of grand opera.
lake lucerne is a lake in central switzerland. it is the fourth largest lake in the country. the german name is vierwaldstättersee which means: "lake of the four forested cantons".
it is possible to travel all the way round the side of the lake by road. there are several tunnels on the way. it is very popular with tourists. there are many hotels by the lake.
die feen ("the fairies") is an opera in three acts by richard wagner. the german libretto was written by the composer. he was adapting a story by carlo gozzi called "la donna serpente".
"die feen" was the first opera that wagner finished. however, it was never performed during his lifetime. it has never become popular, although the overture is sometimes played. the music shows the influence of carl maria von weber and other composers of the time. it also shows some musical ideas that wagner was to develop later in his life in his famous operas. the fairy tale atmosphere in the story is also an idea that he uses in his later operas which deal with fantasy stories. the idea of being saved (redemption) is also an important idea that he used in later operas.
rienzi is an opera by richard wagner. its full title is rienzi, der letzte der tribunen ("rienzi, the last of the tribunes"). it is one of the earliest operas wagner wrote. there are five acts. wagner wrote the libretto himself, using the story from a novel by edward bulwer-lytton. it was composed between 1838 and 1840 it was first performed at the hofoper, dresden on 20 october 1842. it was the first time wagner had a success as an opera composer.
the story of the opera is set in rome and is based on the life of cola di rienzi (1313–1354), a medieval italian populist figure who manages to trick the nobles and their followers. he helps the people to get power. at first he is very popular, but then he has to use force against the nobles, and the church turns against him. in the end the ordinary people burn the capitol where rienzi and his friends are sheltering.
a chess tournament is a competition between chess players. it can take one of these forms:
since the first international chess tournament in london, 1851, chess tournaments have become the standard form of chess competition among serious players. currently, fide holds candidates tournaments every two years to determine challenger to the world champion.
in 1851, adolf anderssen became first unofficial champion. in 1858, paul morphy beat him and became second unofficial champion. in 1871, johannez zukertort defeated adolf anderssen to become third unofficial chess champion. there are three unofficial world chess champions: adolf anderssen, paul morphy and johannes zukertort, stemming from first strong international tournament in london in 1851, won by anderssen.
der fliegende holländer ("the flying dutchman") is an opera by richard wagner. wagner wrote the libretto himself. the story comes from the legend of the "flying dutchman", which is about the captain of a ship. it is his fate that he has keep sailing the sea, without ever going on to land, until judgment day.
the most important idea in the story as told by wagner is redemption through love. it was a favourite idea of wagner, who used it a lot in his later operas.
wagner conducted the first performance at the semper oper in dresden, in 1843. it is an early opera of wagner, but it shows his mature style. it is very different from the previous opera "rienzi" which is still quite similar to operas that other composers were writing. in "der fliegende holländer" the drama is very important. wagner uses a number of leitmotifs: musical ideas associated with particular characters and themes in the story. the leitmotifs are all introduced in the overture. we hear the famous leitmotif of the ocean and then those of the dutchman and of senta, the girl he falls in love with.
wagner originally wrote "der fliegende holländer" to be performed without any breaks (intermission). sometimes it is performed like that today, but wagner also made a version with three acts.
tannhäuser und der sängerkrieg auf wartburg (en: "tannhäuser and the singers' contest at wartburg") is a three-act opera with words and music by richard wagner. it was wagner's fifth opera. he worked on it between 1842 and 1845. it was first performed at the dresden royal opera on 19 october 1845 with wagner conducting. the opera was a success. it became hugely popular in germany.
in 1859, "tannhäuser" was the first wagner opera to be performed in the united states of america. by 1861, the opera had been performed many times in germany when wagner was asked to revise the work for the paris opéra. despite his best efforts, wagner failed. he was not popular. anti-wagner riots broke out. he withdrew the work. it was not staged again in france until 1895. meanwhile, the opera opened the second season of the metropolitan opera in new york city in november 1884.
wagner was in paris completing "the flying dutchman" when he began thinking about writing another opera. a friend suggested tannhäuser as a subject. wagner did not like the tale. back in germany however, he gathered materials by tieck, heine, and others about tannhäuser. vacationing in bohemia, he had a change of heart. he began preparing an outline for "tannhäuser". returning home to dresden, he immersed himself in the tale. he completed the opera in october 1845. he conducted the first performance that month at the royal opera house.
his venus said, "you are a genius, but you write such eccentric stuff that it is impossible to sing." his tannhäuser was completely baffled. the audience was puzzled. the reception was lukewarm. wagner began revisions at once. the second performance played to a near empty house. in 1859, wagner offered "tannhäuser" to the paris opéra. they wanted it sung in french. they also wanted a ballet in the second act. this so the jockey club had time to finish dinner and arrive at the opéra just in time to ogle the dancers. wagner refused to move the ballet from the first act to the second act. there were complaints. jockey club members interrupted the performance whenever possible. it was a disaster.
the opera disappeared from the french stage for 34 years. a few years after the jockey club incident, wagner began revising the paris version. he produced a sophisticated sound version that was superior to the first draft. though there are several set pieces in the opera, the opera is closer to wagner's vision of complete independence from such set pieces. "tannhäuser" is on the threshold of the leitmotif, and the diminishing of the sound power of the orchestra in favor of the sung word.
wagner's sources for the opera are spread over 600 year time span. in 1391, and again at the beginning of the 15th century, tales were in circulation about a paradise within a german mountain and a traveler who idles with a sybil before heading to rome for the pope's forgiveness. the "song of tannhäuser" of 1515 combines moralizing with the adventures of an historical minnesinger named danhuser, tanhuser, or tannenhauser. this minnesinger's songs told of erotic love and its opposite, holy love.
wagner was an insatiable reader, always on the alert for material that could be adapted to an opera. for "tannhäuser", he combined elements not only from traditional tales but material from c. j. l. lukas's "essay" (1838) on the character of tannhäuser and ludwig tieck's "faithful eckart" (1799). ludwig bechstein's "thuringian legends" (1835) included the story of the song contest. wagner was familiar with the song contest through e. t. a. hoffmann's "serapion brothers", friedrich de la motte-fouque's drama "the singers dispute in the wartburg" (1828), and wagensil's "nuremberg chronicle"."
story of the opera.
the story is about the struggle between sacred love and profane love, and redemption (salvation) through love. the story is based on the historical character of tannhäuser, about whom very little is known except the myths about him. it is also about the myth of venus, but it also deals with the medieval minnesinger (minstrel). half of the opera takes place in a historical setting, and half takes place in the mythological venusberg.
the critics took wagner to task for his historical inaccuracies. first, the real tannhauser was only a boy at the supposed time of the song contest. secondly, they regarded wagner's elisabeth with scorn: wagner had made the character an amalgamation of several historical women.
cuts to the original were made almost immediately because the singers were not capable of understanding and thus acting their roles. the prelude to act 3 was cut from 155 bars to 92. in the original final scene, neither elisabeth or venus appeared on stage. the audience was puzzled.
the original final scene was retained until the 13th performance in 1847. wagner then recast the final pages to make venus visible on stage. the venusberg did not appear however. this new ending disturbed the audience because they were used to the older version. wagner had also cut the pilgrim's chorus, further antagonizing the audience. another version was made restoring the chorus.
the first performance outside dresden occurred at weimar. this production demonstrated to small theaters that they could stage the opera. other productions took place in schwerin, breslau, prague, wiesbaden, and other small houses. the opera played in new york in 1859. it played in london (in italian) in 1876. in vienna, johann strauss performed excerpts in 1853. the first austrian staging occurred at graz in 1854. vienna mounted the opera in 1857. the opera was performed at the vienna court opera in 1875. in 1860, the paris opera wanted the work in a revised version in french. wagner made extensive revisions for paris.
new york state route 199 (ny 199) is a road in the hudson valley of new york, united states. it is long, and goes from near kingston to millerton. in between, ny 199 crosses over the hudson river over a bridge and passes through the communities of red hook and pine plains. part of the road was part of the ulster and delaware turnpike. ny 199 was named in 1930.
new york state route 9g (ny 9g) is a road in dutchess county, new york, united states. it starts at us 9 in poughkeepsie and follows the hudson river as it goes north. it crosses route 9 just north of rhinebeck and ends in hudson.
every year, the kennedy center gives its kennedy center honors to artists. these artists have contributed to american culture. most of these artists were performers, such as actors, dancers, and musicians. some of these artists were movie directors, play writers, and songwriters. most of the recipients have been american. the president of the united states usually attends the awards ceremony. the honors are given in washington, d.c. at the kennedy center opera house.
from 1978 until 2002, the ceremony was hosted by walter cronkite. since 2003, it has been hosted by caroline kennedy.
the vicar of wakefield is a novel by oliver goldsmith. it was written in 1761 and 1762. it was published in 1766. the book was very popular. the novel tells of the primrose family.
lady's slipper orchids are the orchids in the subfamily cypripedioideae. they are special because of their slipper-shaped pouches on their flowers. the pouch traps insects so that they must climb up past the modified stamens, where they get or give pollen, fertilizing the flower.
some people think this subfamily should be different from the orchidaceae as a family cypripediaceae.
a lady slipper orchid has a deep pocket that is actually a bee trap. when a bee crawls down into the flower to get the nectar, the pocket on the flower closes shut. because of this, the bee is stuck for a while, wiggling and squirming, getting pollen all over itself.
the bee finally finds a small opening near the top of the orchid, and it gets out so that it can get trapped inside another lady slipper, where it will give that pollen to the other lady slipper's stigma.
the lady's slipper is also known in the united states of america as the "moccasin flower", because it looks like a shoe or moccasin.
pandita ramabai (23 april 1858, karnataka – 5 april 1922) was an indian christian who tried to change many things in india. a poet and scholar, she tried hard to improve (make better) the lives of women in india. she wrote many books, such as her popular "the high
-caste indian woman", which showed the troubles of child wives and women in india.
she was born in gangamoola, in the mala village, in karkala taluk, in the karnataka state of india. her father's name was ananta shastri. she lost her parents (laxmi bai) early. she travelled to kolkata with her brother. there, she received (got) a pandita and a sarasvathi award for her expertise in sanskrit poetry. born in the home of an important scholar named brahmin, pandita ramabai had more freedom than many indian women. her father taught her and her mother to read sanskrit writing. she then began to study christianity in india, and later in england. she decided that it was the best religion; that she should be a christian. however, she had not yet received jesus into her "heart". ramabai later said,
shortly after her "true conversion", pandita ramabai began a faith mission for the girls and widows of india. pandita and her helpers began a school and prayed for what they needed every day. wheta went to refugee camps and saved widows and girls from death or abuse.
soon she had over a thousand women and girls at the mission. helping this many people during a time of great famine was very hard, but pandita wrote in her autobiography,
every day, pandita ramabai and her helpers taught the women to read and write, showed them cleanliness, and helped them prepare for a job. she also taught them about jesus. she opened ashrams at pune, mumbai. she established a christian high school at gulbarga, (now at karnataka) and her daughter manorama was the principal. manorama studied in the united states and traveled to australia.
synthesis means to bring ideas together, or to make something out of parts which were independent. it is the opposite of analysis.
the ruy lopez, also called the "spanish opening", is an old chess opening. it is named after the spanish priest ruy lópez de segura. he may have invented the opening. these are the opening moves:
the ruy lopez is one of the most common and well-liked openings. there are many ways to play it. it has always been popular in master chess. white's idea is to try and undermine the center by attacking the knight with his bishop. however, white will not be always able to win a pawn immediately:
for this reason white usually plays a longer-term strategy, starting with:
here, black has two main options. black can either play with an open center, with 5... nxe4 or play a closed, positional game with 5... be7. these openings are called the open ruy lopez and the closed ruy lopez. 
the closed variation of the ruy lopez comes after these moves:
this line leads to a closed . white's idea will be to break open the center with d4. play typically continues:
these are the main moves for white. however, white can also play 7. h3 or 7. a4. these moves are played in order to avoid the marshall variation. 
a triathlon is a sport that consists of three different events one after another without resting in between. usually, they are swimming, cycling, and running. triathlon has been in the olympic games since 2000. one of the hardest and most famous triathlons is the ironman triathlon, which involves swimming two miles, biking a hundred miles, and then running a marathon.
a mathematical function is called continuous if, roughly said, a "small change" in the input only causes a "small change" in the output. if this is not the case, the function is discontinuous. functions defined on the real numbers, with one input and one output variable, will show as an "uninterrupted line (or curve)". they can be drawn "without lifting the pen off of the page". the definition given above was made by augustin-louis cauchy.
karl weierstraß gave another definition of continuity: imagine a function "f", defined on the real numbers. at the point formula_1 the function will have the value formula_2. if the function is continuous at formula_1, then for every value of formula_4 no matter how small it is, there is a value of formula_5, so that formula_6, means that formula_7. we can put this another way, given a point close to formula_1 (called x), the "absolute value" of the difference between the two values of the function can be made increasingly small, if the point x is "close enough" to formula_1.
there are also special forms of continuous, such as "lipschitz-continuous". a function is lipschitz-continuous if there is a formula_10 with formula_11 for all x,y ∈ (a,b).
a basic way to know if a function is continuous is to use a pencil or your finger. then, start at the left of the function. then, move your finger along the path of the function. if you ever need to lift your finger or pencil to keep following the function, then you know it is not continuous. this is because, by lifting your finger, you have "jumped" from one section of the function to another. that means you made a very small movement but the function changed very much. this is what the first sentence of this article is talking about.
peter michael falk (september 16, 1927 - june 23, 2011) was an american actor. his best known role was columbo in the tv series of the same name.
falk was born in manhattan on september 16, 1927. he was jewish. he grew up in ossining, new york. he earned a degree in political science from the new school for social research. he then earned his master's degree in public administration at syracuse university.
he appeared in a number of broadway plays including: "the prisoner of second avenue", "the passion of josef d", "diary of a scoundrel", and "saint joan". falk won four emmy awards playing the police detective columbo, and one for "the dick powell theatre". he was nominated for seven other emmy awards. falk also received two academy award nominations for the films "murder inc." and "pocketful of miracles".
falk was diagnosed with alzheimer's disease. he died in his beverly hills, california home on the morning of june 23, 2011.
claude choules (3 march 1901 – 5 may 2011) was a british-australian world war i veteran who served in the royal navy.
world war i & world war ii.
born in wyre piddle, son of harry & madeline (née winn), near pershore, worcestershire, choules joined the royal navy as a young man in 1916, and served aboard the naval training ship hms circe at plymouth. in 1917, he joined the battleship hms "revenge", which was the flagship of the first battle squadron. while serving aboard her, choules witnessed the surrender of the german imperial navy at the firth of forth in 1918, ten days after the armistice, and was also to witness the scuttling of the german fleet in scapa flow.
during world war ii, choules was the acting torpedo officer of fremantle and also the chief demolition officer on the western side of the australian continent. he was tasked with sabotaging fremantle harbors and related oil storage tanks in the event of a japanese invasion.
he died on 5 may 2011 in perth, western australia at 110 years old.
florence green (19 february 1901 – 4 february 2012) was a british supercentenarian. she was the last surviving veteran of world war i.
green was born in london and moved to king's lynn in 1920 after her marriage to walter, a railway worker who died in 1970.
world war i.
she joined up in september 1918, two months before the end of the war. she served as a waitress in the officers' mess at raf marham and also at narborough airfield. she was the last living british veteran following the death of claude choules.
she was west norfolk's oldest resident, the second oldest person in norfolk and one of the 30 oldest people in britain.
she had a son and two daughters, as well as four grandchildren and seven great-grandchildren.
florence green died in her sleep two weeks before her 111th birthday in a care home in king's lynn, norfolk.
john henry foster "jack" babcock (july 23, 1900 – february 18, 2010) was the last living canadian veteran who fought in the first world war. he became an american citizen in 1946.
born on july 23, 1900, mr. john "jack" babcock grew up on a farm near kingston, ontario as part of a family of 13 children. when he was quite young, his father died in a tree-cutting accident. despite this devastating loss, mr. babcock went on to bravely serve his country in the first world war before moving to the united states where he settled in spokane, washington.
he was 15 years old when he joined the 146th battalion of the canadian expeditionary force in sydenham (near kingston), ontario. a few months later, he arrived in england. he was transferred to reserve battalions and ended up with the boys battalion in 1917, waiting until he turned 18 to go to the front lines. the war ended first. mr. babcock would later move to the united states, where he served in the united states army from 1921 to 1924. mr. babcock married dorothy after losing his first wife, elsie, in the late 1970s.
mr. babcock read voraciously and, in recent years, completed his high school degree via correspondence courses. he had also taken local college courses. he could recite the alphabet backwards without hesitation and spell out his name in morse code. he enjoyed travelling with his wife and taking daily walks to keep in good shape. he took up flying lessons and became a pilot when he was 65!
in april 2008, the minister of veterans affairs awarded mr. babcock a minister of veterans affairs commendation. later that year, a small ceremony was held in may at mr. babcock's home, where his canadian citizenship was reinstated. another accolade came in september 2008 when the royal canadian regiment association honored mr. babcock with the honorary title of regimental patriarch. this was the first time the title of regimental patriarch was given in canada.
frank woodruff buckles (born wood buckles'; 1 february 1901 – 27 february 2011) was the last living american veteran who fought in world war i.
early life and career.
buckles was born in bethany, missouri. he enlisted in the u.s. army at the beginning of america's involvement in world war i in april 1917. only 16 years old at the time, buckles was asked by his recruiter to show a birth certificate. later buckles said of that event, "“i was just 16 and didn’t look a day older. i confess to you that i lied to more than one recruiter. i gave them my solemn word that i was 18, but i’d left my birth certificate back home in the family bible. they’d take one look at me and laugh and tell me to go home before my mother noticed i was gone. somehow i got the idea that telling an even bigger whopper was the way to go. so i told the next recruiter that i was 21 and darned if he didn’t sign me up on the spot! i enlisted in the army on the 14th of august 1917."" 
before being accepted into the united states army, he was turned down by the marine corps due to his slight weight.
in 1917, buckles was sent to europe on the rms carpathia, which had rescued rms titanic survivors five years earlier. during the war buckles served in england and france, driving ambulances and motorcycles for the army's 1st fort riley casualty detachment. 
after the armistice in 1918, buckles escorted prisoners of war back to germany. following his discharge in 1919, he attended the dedication of the liberty memorial in kansas city, missouri, in honor of those americans who died in world war i. while there, he met general john "black jack" pershing, commander of all u.s. forces in france during the war. 
in the 1940s buckles worked for a shipping company in manila, philippines. he was captured by the japanese in 1942 and spent the next three and a half years in the los baños prison camp. 
he became malnourished, with a weight below 100 lb, and developed beriberi, yet led his fellow inmates in calisthenics. he was rescued on february 23, 1945.
he died on 27 february 2011 at 110 years old.
józef kowalski (2 february 1900? – 7 december 2013) was the last polish veteran who served just after world war i, and believed to be the oldest living military veteran in the world, following the death of gertrude noone.
he fought in the polish-soviet war which was linked to world war i and lasted from 1919 to 1921.
he lived in tursk, near sulęcin, in a care home. he died on 7 december 2013, just 8 weeks and one day before his claimed 114th birthday, and claimed to be the oldest living man for around a half-year after 116-year-old japaneseman jiroemon kimura's death in early-summer of 2013 (although the grg and the guinness world records never verified him as the oldest living man).
stanley lucas (15 january 1900 - 21 june 2010) was a british supercentenarian. he was the oldest living man in europe at the time of his death. he was also the third-oldest man in the world. lucas was born at morwenstow uk and had two brothers and two sisters. in 1908 his family moved to marhamchurch where lucas lived until 1948. lucas married ivy nancekivell in 1926 and took over the family farm. lucas was a breeder of devon cattle and devon longwool sheep and started a dairy farm in the early 1940s. in 1948 he moved to live with his family at poughill, where he continued to live after ivy's death in 1963. lucas was a member of bude town council from 1959 to 1970, as well as vice chairman. his daughter said, "he has worked hard in his working life and was a teetotaller and non-smoker and since he has been elderly has been well cared for". he died on 21 june 2010 in bude, england at the age of 110.
michelle elizabeth keegan (born 3 june 1987) is a british actress. she was born in stockport, greater manchester. she is best known for playing tina mcintyre in the long-running itv soap opera, "coronation street" from 2008 to 2014.
sir david john white obe (born 2 february 1940), known professionally as by his stage name david jason, is an english actor, comedian, screenwriter and television producer. he is best known for his roles as del boy in the bbc and gold comedy series sitcom "only fools and horses" and detective insepctor jack frost in "a touch of frost", granville in "open all hours" and "still open all hours", and pop larkin in "the darling buds of may", as well as voicing mr. toad in "the wind in the williows" and the title character of "dangermouse" and "count duckula"; his last original was del boy was in 2014 and frost in 2010.
jason was made an officer of the order of the british empire (obe) in 1993, and knighted in 2005, both for services to drama. he won the british comedy awards lifetime achievement award in 2001, and the bafta academy fellowship award in 2003.
jason lived with his long term girlfriend, actress myfanwy talog, for eighteen years until her death from breast cancer in 1995. at age 61, jason and 41-year-old girlfriend gill hinchcliffe had a baby girl in 2001. they married in 2005.
awards and nominations.
david jason has a total of twenty-three awards between 1986 and 2003. his hit comedy show, "only fools and horses" won many of these awards, and was also nominated many times. his crime drama, a touch of frost, has also won and been nominated many times. "porterhouse blue", "the second quest", "all the king's men" and "a bit of a do" have won david jason one award each.
karl malden (22 march 1912 – 1 july 2009) was an american actor. he worked in acting from the 1930s to 2000. he won the academy award for best supporting actor for his role in "a streetcar named desire". he was also in other classic movies, such as "on the waterfront", "one-eyed jacks" and "patton". he is perhaps best known for his role on television in the series "the streets of san francisco" during the 1970s.
he was born mladen sekulovich in chicago. he grew up in gary, indiana. his family was serbian. in 1938, he married broadway actress mona greenberg. the two would remain married until malden's death in 2009. greenberg died in july 2019.
at one time he served as president of the academy of motion picture arts and sciences. among other awards he won during his lifetime was an emmy award for his role in "fatal vision". he was also given a life achievement award by the screen actors' guild in 2003.
malden died in los angeles at the age of 97.
john campbell ross (11 march 1899 - 3 june 2009) was the last living australian world war i veteran.
born in newtown, victoria, a suburb of geelong, ross served as a wireless operator in the first australian imperial force, enlisting in january 1918, but never left australia or saw active service. he later went on to serve in the second world war as a corporal with the 20th battalion, volunteer defence corps.
his wife, irene (née laird), had been deceased by several decades before jack ross's death. he is survived by a son, robert, a daughter, peggy ashburn, four grandchildren- janette, heather, kay, and john - and nine great-grand children.
on 11 november 1998, jack ross had been awarded the 80th anniversary armistice medal to mark the end of world war i. jack also had been awarded the centenary medal for doing his share to the australian society in the 100 years since the federation.
the death of william evan allan in october 2005 left ross as the last australian digger from world war i. however claude choules, a world war i veteran who served for britain, lived in western australia. ross became australia's oldest man at the age of 108, on 12 june 2007, upon the death of frank scarrabelotti. following the death of 112 year old e. beatrice riley, he was verified as the oldest person in australia.
ross celebrated his 110th birthday with chocolates and cake and a commemorative letter from the prime minister of australia kevin rudd.
as a civilian, ross worked for victorian railways until he retired in 1964. ross died peacefully in his sleep at approximately 4 am. at the golden oaks nursing home in bendigo on 3 june 2009, aged 110.
ryohei yamazaki (born 14 march 1989) is a japanese football player. he plays for júbilo iwata.
club career statistics.
yohei kurakawa (born 10 august 1977) is a japanese football player. he plays for kashiwa reysol.
club career statistics.
 is a japanese football player. he played for the japan national team.
yonekura was born in chiba on may 17, 1988. after graduating from yachiyo high school, he joined j1 league club jef united chiba in 2007. jef was relegated to j2 league first time in the club history end of the 2009 season. from 2011, he played many matches as defensive midfielder. in 2013, he was converted to right side back. in 2014, he moved to j1 club gamba osaka. in 2014, gamba won all three major title in japan; j1 league, j.league cup and emperor's cup. gamba also won the champions in the 2015 emperor's cup. in july 2019, he moved to his first club jef united chiba.
in july 2015, yonekura was selected the japan national team for 2015 east asian cup. at this tournament, he debuted against china on august 9. he played 2 games for japan in 2015.
kazushige kirihata (born 30 june 1987) is a japanese football player. he plays for kashiwa reysol.
club career statistics.
 is a japanese professional athlete. he is best known as a association football or soccer player.
club career statistics.
 is a japanese football player.
club career statistics.
 is a japanese professional athlete. he is best known as an association football player.
club career statistics.
 is a japanese professional athlete. he is best known as an association football player.
 is a japanese professional athlete. he is best known as an association football player.
club career statistics.
chaetognatha, commonly known as arrow worms, are a phylum of small predatory marine animals. they are present in huge numbers in plankton worldwide.
about 20% of the known species are benthic and can attach to algae or rocks. they are found in all marine waters from surface tropical waters and shallow tide pools to the deep sea and polar regions. most chaetognaths are transparent and are torpedo shaped, but some deep-sea species are orange. they range in size from .
despite the huge numbers, there are only about 120 modern species in 20 genera. some species are known to use the neurotoxin "tetrodotoxin" to subdue their prey.
chaetognaths appear to have originated in the cambrian period. complete body fossils have been described from china, and the middle cambrian burgess shale of british columbia.
these animals are usually considered a type of protostome.
pepper spray (also called oc spray, from oleoresin capsicum) is a spray used for self-defence, by spraying it into an attacker's face. it makes eyes water and causes intense pain, sometimes even leading to temporary blindness. pepper spray is an inflammatory agent. when someone is sprayed with pepper spray, their eyes will close and they will have difficulty breathing, a runny nose, and cough. the stronger the spray is, the longer the effects last, but the average full effect lasts around thirty to forty-five minutes, with longer effects lasting for hours. pepper spray is mostly used by police forces for riot control, but in some countries people can use it for self-defence. 
the active ingredient in pepper spray is capsaicin, a chemical found in capsicums, chillis and other members of the pepper family. 
pepper spray usually comes in canisters and can be sprayed up to twenty-five metres.
roy lichtenstein (october 27, 1923 – september 29, 1997) was an american artist. he is famous for his work in the "pop art" style around the late 1950s to early 1960s. he was friends with artist andy warhol.
he was born and grew up in new york city. after serving in the united states army during world war ii, he finished his education at ohio state university and began teaching in colleges.
lichtenstein was interested in popular culture, including comic books and advertising. he made his art about topics like these. he liked to make his art colorful and with bright lines.
lichtenstein died of pneumonia.
sodor is a fictional island in the irish sea used as the setting for "the railway series" books by the rev. w. awdry, and later used in the thomas the tank engine and friends television series.
tomoki suzuki (born 8 june 1985) is a former japanese football player.
club career statistics.
yuki kaneko (born 29 may 1982) is a former japanese football player.
club career statistics.
jorge sebastián núñez (born 10 december 1986) is a former argentine football player.
club career statistics.
hiroshi kichise (born 10 july 1983) is a former japanese football player.
club career statistics.
zheng zhi (born 20 august 1980) is a chinese football player. he plays for celtic and china pr national team.
club career statistics.
international career statistics.
shinya tokuni (born 8 april 1981) is a former japanese football player.
club career statistics.
shogo ebisawa (born 29 july 1985) is a former japanese football player.
club career statistics.
 is a japanese professional athlete and coach. he is best known as an association football or soccer player.
club career statistics.
date retired in 1997. 
dejan petković (born 10 september 1972) is a serbian football player. he has played for serbia national team.
club career statistics.
international career statistics.
alexei shirov (born 4 july 1972 in riga, latvia) is a chess grandmaster. he has consistently ranked among the world's top players since the early 1990s, and reached a ranking as high as number four in 1998. shirov is also a well-regarded chess author.
shirov became the world champion (under 16) in 1988, and achieved the title of grandmaster in 1990. he is the winner of numerous international tournaments.
in 1998 shirov's ranking rose to number four in the world. on the basis of his rating, he was invited to play a ten-game match against vladimir kramnik to select a challenger for world champion garry kasparov. shirov won the match with two wins, no losses and seven draws. however the plans for the kasparov match fell through when funds could not be raised. when kasparov played kramnik for the world title in 2000, shirov maintained that the match was invalid and he was the rightful challenger.
in 2000, shirov reached the final of the fide world chess championship, losing to viswanathan anand.
in may/june 2007 he played in the candidates tournament of the fide world chess championship. he won his first round match against michael adams (+1-1=4, won in rapid playoff), but was eliminated when he lost his second round match to levon aronian (+0-1=5). in november/december 2007 shirov played in the chess world cup. he lost in the final 2.5-1.5 to gata kamsky.
in may 2009, alexei shirov achieved the greatest triumph of his career by placing 1st in the high category 21 m-tel masters 2009 tournament, a double round tournament held in sofia, bulgaria. he was undefeated, and scored 6.5/10—seven draws and three victories, two against vassily ivanchuk and the other against magnus carlsen in the final round. by this success he was given entry to the grand slam chess final 2009 in bilbao where he met levon aronian, sergey karjakin (winner of corus 2009), and alexander grischuk (winner of linares 2009).
in 1994 shirov married, and later divorced, verónica alvarez, moved to tarragona, and became a citizen of spain. he married, then later divorced, lithuanian im/wgm viktorija čmilytė from 2001 to 2008. although he still plays for spain, he now lives in latvia.
shirov is noted for his attacking style and for seeking complications, a tendency which has led to comparisons with fellow latvian and former world champion, mikhail tal, under whom he studied in his youth.
during the 1998 linares chess tournament shirov played black against future fide world champion veselin topalov and won with a piece sacrifice in a bishop and pawn ending.
1.d4 nf6 2.c4 g6 3.nc3 d5 4.cxd5 nxd5 5.e4 nxc3 6.bxc3 bg7 7.bb5+ c6 8.ba4 o-o 9.ne2 nd7 10.o-o e5 11.f3 qe7 12.be3 rd8 13.qc2 nb6 14.bb3 be6 15.rad1 nc4 16.bc1 b5 17.f4 exd4 18.nxd4 bg4 19.rde1 qc5 20.kh1 a5 21.h3 bd7 22.a4 bxa4 23.ba2 be8 24.e5 nb6 25.f5 nd5 26.bd2 nb4 27.qxa4 nxa2 28.qxa2 bxe5 29.fxg6 hxg6 30.bg5 rd5 31.re3 qd6 32.qe2 bd7 33.c4 bxd4 34.cxd5 bxe3 35.qxe3 re8 36.qc3 qxd5 37.bh6 re5 38.rf3 qc5 39.qa1 bf5 40.re3 f6 41.rxe5 qxe5 42.qa2+ qd5 43.qxd5+ cxd5 44.bd2 a4 45.bc3 kf7 46.h4 ke6 47.kg1 bh3!! (see diagram) 48.gxh3 kf5 49.kf2 ke4 50.bxf6 d4 51.be7 kd3 52.bc5 kc4 53.be7 kb3 0-1
shirov has written two books of his best games:
the tweenies is an british tv show for children shown on the nickelodeon in the united states and bbc in the united kingdom. the show is set in a preschool attended by the four tweenies: milo, jake, bella and fizz, also with two adults max and judy, and two dogs, doodles and izzles. the theme song is "hey, hey, are you ready to play". it was first shown on september 6, 1999. it is made by tell-tale productions and nick jr. productions. hit songs from the show include "i believe in christmas", "number 1" which went into the top 10, "best friends forever", "do the lollipop", "have fun, go mad!" which went into the top 20. they also have a number 56 hit album and a number 34 hit christmas album. video games include an action game by bbc multimedia/tell-tale called "tweenies: doodles' bones" which was released in 2005 and a compilation game by bbc multimedia/various called "tweenies: game time" which was released in 2003.
pavel eljanov (born 1983) is a ukrainian chess grandmaster.
eljanov's most notable tournament result to date was winning corus b tournament 2007 in wijk aan zee, holland with a score of 9/13. this result enabled him to qualify for the category 20 tournament corus a 2008.
on the september 2010 fide rating list, eljanov had a rating of 2761, making him number 1 in ukraine and number 6 in the world. his results in the russian premier league had been exceptional. since then he has slipped to #21.
lactase is an enzyme which acts on lactose, breaking it down so it can be digested. 
mammals in their infancy usually make lactase: they need it for digesting the lactose found in their mother's milk. mammalian adults usually lose the capacity to produce lactase. thus, if you give milk to an adult cat it causes discomfort and diarrhea.
lactase evolution in humans.
humans are somewhat different. some humans continue to produce lactase, and some do not. it is a type of polymorphism.
the ability to digest lactose into adulthood ('lactase persistence') was useful to humans after the development of animal husbandry. this created a system providing a consistent supply of milk. 
hunter-gatherer populations before the neolithic revolution were overwhelmingly lactose intolerant. so are modern hunter-gatherers. 
a mutation on chromosome #2 stops the shutdown in lactase production, making it possible for those with the mutation to continue drinking fresh milk (and eating other dairy products) throughout their lives.
this appears to be a recent adaptation to dairy consumption. it has occurred independently in both northern europe and east africa in populations with a pastoral lifestyle. lactase persistence, allowing lactose digestion to continue into adulthood, is a dominant allele, making lactose intolerance a recessive trait. 
genetic studies suggest that the oldest mutations associated with lactase persistence only reached appreciable levels in human populations in the last ten thousand years. therefore, lactase persistence is often cited as an example of recent human evolution. as lactase persistence is genetic, but animal husbandry a cultural trait, this is gene–culture coevolution.
tanduay rhum is an alcoholic drink from the philippines. it is produced by tanduay distillers inc., and with origins dating from 1854. 
asia brewery is a brewery founded in 1982 in makati city, the philippines. it is one of only two breweries in the philippines, and is the smaller of the two, with only 10% market share. it is owned by lucio tan, listed by forbes magazine as the second richest filipino in the philippines, with assets worth $1.5 billion.
it produces malt beverages like beer, shandy, iced tea, bottled water and carbonated soft drinks. its sister company tanduay distillers, inc. produces hard liquor. it somewhat mimics the structure of its bigger rival san miguel corporation, except that abi has no food and agribusiness divisions.
it offers eight beers in the philippines with its flagship brand beer na beer launched in 1988 as beer pale pilsen. it changed its name to beer na beer after lawsuits by other breweries using the term pale pilsen. in 2001, beer na beer was reformulated and now has 6.0% alcohol volume.
abi's seven other beers are sold on a somewhat limited scale, but its colt 45 brand, launched in 1995, is the biggest among them. this malt liquor's biggest competitor is red horse extra strong from san miguel. abi's other licensed brands are carlsberg (the brewery's first beer in 1987), lone star (launched in 2000), lone star light (2002), colt ice (2003), lone star ultra (the country's first low-carb beer, launched in 2004, stag (either cancelled or it's just hard to find in the country), and coors (2008).
the company also offers absolute distilled drinking water, the second biggest-selling bottled water brand in the market behind smc's wilkins, and summit mineral water. they are both launched in 1992.
in 1995, q shandy was launched to compete with smc's cali. in 1999, pacific sun iced tea was launched. in 2009, asia brewery introduced feelgood, the first juice drink in the philippines to contain prebiotics. 
asia brewery entered the low-priced carbonated soft drinks market by acquiring a license to produce virgin cola from virgin drinks. they are responsible in distributing products such as summit vitaminwater, zerocal and 100plus.
in 2008, asia brewery partnered with cobra international beverage holdings, inc. introduced the philippine version of cobra energy drink, is the ready-to-drink energy drink now in the philippine market.
ginebra san miguel, inc. (gsmi) is a philippines-based alcoholic drink company. it is owned by san miguel corporation, then called la tondeňa distillers, inc. (ltdi) from 1987 to 2003. founded originally by the late carlos palanca, sr. as la tondeña, inc. (lti) in 1902 in the district of tondo, manila (where its name come from), it manufactures a range of products and carries packaging innovations that satisfy the needs of its target consumers. its main product is hard liquor.
fox was a asian pay television channel,] it was owned and operated by fox networks group asia pacific, a compsny owned by disney international operations.
the network operated six subnetworks. all of them were named as fox. it had one feed for east asia and individual feeds for japan, thailand, the philippines, taiwan, and vietnam. all of the networks had programming with the original english audio along with either subtitling or second audio feeds in each nation's main language. it also had a deal with tcast until the end of 2020 for a version of fox in south korea.
in japan, the channel launched in february 1998. other fox channels such as fox crime and fox life (now fox bs238) also launched at that time.
in asia, the channel began testing in december 2009. it broadcast us tv series on loop. the first asian provider who carried fox was skycable. this was in the philippines. it launched the channel on 4 january 2010. next was starhub tv in singapore on 1 february 2010. 
fox taiwan was officially launched on 1 september 2012, as fox showbiz (). it replaced channel v taiwan. they broadcast asian programming and some of american series reruns with chinese subtitles. the feed was renamed fox in january 2014 and broadcast both local and foreign programmes.
in 2020, tcast announced that it had ended its license agreement with disney's domestic division. it changed the name of its channels after 31 december 2020. fox in south korea then became ch.now (채널 나우).
on 31 august 2021, the fox networks group channels ended operations in hong kong. the entire group of fox networks in asia ended operations on 30 september 2021. this did not include networks in taiwan and japan. its content transferred to disney+ and hotstar.
on 1 january 2022, fox taiwan was renamed to star world. this marked the return of star world in taiwan.
warner channel (often shortened to wbtv) is an asian and latin american tv channel owned by hbo (along with company warner bros.) that focuses on airing american-made series and films. most of the shows air in their original english language audio with subtitles in different languages.
warnertv headquarters are located in brazil, venezuela, chile, singapore and malaysia, however the broadcasting is based in miami.
all sports network is an asian sports television channel. it covers some of the biggest sports in the united states and other events from around the world. some of these sports are the u.s. national football league (up to 4 live games per week), the national hockey league (up to 5 live games per week), and ncaa college basketball and football. they also cover motor sports (such as formula drift, touring car, gt racing), extreme sports, pro bull riding, and ufc (ultimate fighting championship).
dzrh television or rhtv is a 24-hour cable television channel of manila broadcasting company in the philippines. its programs are mainly from mbc's am station dzrh. dzrh-tv can be seen on cignal digital tv channel 30, cablelink channel 9, and 54 cable tv affiliates nationwide, as well as live internet tv streaming on their official website.
on october 1, 2008 dzrh-tv began as an interactive radio/cable tv channel. it was first seen on skycable, later on dream satellite tv & other cable tv channels nationwide with 300 cable affiliates. it was first called tv natin, then dzrh radyovision. it was later changed to dzrh television or rhtv. rhtv is now available in satellite measat 3 platform along with other mbc radio stations.
rhtv airs the live video feed of dzrh programs, except ang dating daan and selected radio dramas. rhtv also airs its produced programs.
rhtv on cable television.
- with 300 cable affiliates nationwide.
nba tv is a television specialty channel. it is dedicated to showcasing the sport of basketball in the united states. the network is financially backed by the national basketball association (nba), which also uses nba tv as a way of advertising their out of market package nba league pass.
started in 1999 as nba.com tv, the channel, which had its studios at nba entertainment in secaucus, new jersey, began a multi-year deal with american television companies cox communications, cablevision, and time warner on june 28, 2003, allowing the network to expand to 45 million american homes, and 30 different countries. nba tv replaced time warner's cnn/si on many cable systems after that network shut down a year earlier.
nba tv offers basketball news every day, as well as programming showcasing basketball players' individual lifestyles, life as a basketball team during an nba season, famous games of the past, and live games typically four days a week during the nba season. live games on nba tv are subject to local blackout restrictions, since nba tv does not have exclusive broadcast rights to any of its games. games carried by nba tv are always also carried by each team's local rights holder.
the channel also shows international games, typically on saturday evenings, with special emphasis on the euroleague and the maccabi tel aviv team from israel. in april 2005, the channel televised the chinese basketball association finals for the first time.
nba tv carries at least 90 regular-season games per season, all broadcast in high definition, as well as some first-round playoff games. it also broadcasts wnba games nationally (subject to local blackout).
the channel's flagship program is "nba gametime live", a show in which a host and studio analysts go over the latest news, highlights, and look in at games in progress. the show is live six days a week, not airing on most thursdays due to nba's coverage of "the nba on tnt". an edited one hour/thirty minute version of the broadcast is repeated throughout the late night/early morning hours.
the studio host and analysts vary every night on nba gametime live.
on october 8, 2007, it was reported that turner sports, a division of time warner, was to take over the channel's operations, according to
"nbatv: surprisingly there has been little said about the nba's decision to sell off nbatv to one of its media partners. talks had gone on for as espn/abc and turner both explored scenarios with the league. ultimately it seems turner has won out, and will take over operation of the league's flagship cable channel, that reaches some 12 million subscribers. the exact changeover date is not clear, but several months ago a bloomberg report cited sources saying senior level producers were offered contract buyouts in september."
turner sports relaunched the channel on october 28, 2008, using analysts carried over from nba on tnt.
 the studio was also upgraded, and the show now airs live from studio b at turner studios in atlanta, georgia; studio b is adjacent to studio j, home of inside the nba.
in 2001, raptors nba tv begin airing in canada. although quite similar to nba tv, there is a larger focus on the toronto raptors basketball team, due to canadian content requirements and restrictions on foreign ownership (the channel is owned by raptors parent company maple leaf sports & entertainment, not the league).
as of 2010, nba tv coverage can be seen in 40 countries via the following partners:
nba tv hd.
nba tv hd is a 1080i high definition simulcast of nba tv. all studio programs and original shows are shot in hd, and all live games and recent game rebroadcasts are shown in hd. for programs not available in hd (such as older game footage), unique stylized pillarboxes are used, the nba logo with "nba tv" under it, or alternately, just "nba tv" sideways. both are in black and gray
new carriage agreements.
on april 16, 2009, it was announced that directv and the nba reached a new carriage agreement. nba tv was moved from the satellite television provider's add-on sports pack (and premium subscription package nba league pass) to its lower priced base package choice xtra on october 1, 2009. directv believes the move will make the channel available to an additional 8 million subscribers.
on june 4, 2009, it was announced that the nba and comcast have reached a deal to move the channel from the cable company's add-on sports entertainment package to its basic level digital classic package, by the start of the 2009-10 nba season. comcast believes an additional 8 million customers will now have access to the channel.
verizon fios added the channel and nba league pass for the first time on september 23, 2009.
the channel also signed new multiyear agreements with time warner cable, cablevision, and dish network on october 22, 2009. they also reached a new deal with cox cable earlier this year.
with all of the above carriage deals, the nba believes it will now reach 45 million viewers.
hbo asia is a television network in asia. it is a franchise of hbo. hbo asia is now a joint venture of media giants viacom (25%) and time warner (75%). sony pictures entertainment and universal studios exited the fifteen year-old hbo asia premium movie joint venture on january 16, 2008.
launched in 1992, singapore-based hbo asia is a commercial-free 24-hour subscription movie channel. it also offers some original movies and series that are produced by the emmy and golden globe award winning american channel, hbo.
hbo asia has five channels under its multi-channel strategy (hbo, hbo signature, hbo hits, hbo family and max). hbo launched its first subscription video-on-demand service, hbo on demand, in hong kong, it was launched in singapore a year later. 
hbo recently launched its first regional hd channel, hbo hd, in singapore, hong kong, the philippines,thailand and malaysia. hbo is available in twenty-two countries throughout asia and has closed-captioned subtitling in several local languages.
hbo asia has licensing deals with two major hollywood conglomerates and their film studios: time warner (warner bros. pictures; new line cinema, hbo films, castle rock entertainment; warner independent pictures, franchise pictures) and viacom (paramount pictures, dreamworks; paramount vantage). it also licenses movies from columbia pictures and many independent distributors such as village roadshow pictures, morgan creek, screen gems and universal studios
the hbo multiplex channels are divided into special packages. in hong kong, now tv's package is hbo/max pak premium while in the philippines, skycable platinum's package is the hbo pak. in indonesia, first media's package is hbo max pak in singapore, starhub tv's package is called hbo pak.
since hbo asia headquarters is in singapore, hbo asia has to follow singapore law, which means that cuts have to be made to programs such as "sex and the city" and "the sopranos".
the hbo-made series "entourage" was taken off-air for three weeks by one cable operator in the philippines pending clearance by mtrcb. the entire series continued to air without disruption on all other philippines cable operators.
every movie with content which is considered to oppose or distort the vietnam war, the vietnam communist party or communism is replaced by a black screen. in addition, if the ministry of culture and information considers a movie has contents of a serious sexual or horrific nature not conforming with vietnamese society, it will not be aired.
hbo in south asia.
hbo asia airs a separate pay tv feed with commercial breaks for viewers in south asia. the channel is labeled as hbo south asia and often referred to as hbo india since it specifically caters to the indian market. all movie promos in this beam are according to ist the channel is also available to viewers in bangladesh and the maldives. hbo south asia took over the rights for dreamworks movies from star movies in june 2008.
in pakistan, hbo is available as hbo pakistan. it is a simulcast of hbo india with slight modifications and running in pst. diwali ads and other adverts targeted towards india are filtered out in this beam. this beam can also be called the +0.30 version of hbo south asia since all the programs aired on this beam are aired with a thirty minute delay.
discovery channel (formerly the discovery channel) is an asian satellite and cable tv channel which provides documentary programming. its documentaries focused mainly on popular science, technology, history and culture, similar to that of the national geographic channel and history.
it is owned and operated by discovery networks asia, a division of discovery communications. discovery channel se asia now divided into two channel feeds.
the national geographic channel, also known as nat geo, is an asian subscription television channel. it has non-fiction, programming involving nature, science, culture, and history. these programs are made by the national geographic society, just like history and the discovery channel.
the channel was launched on august 1, 1994 in partnership with star tv. star tv is a hong kong-based satelite television service for asia and the pacific. it is owned by rupert murdoch's news corporation. nat geo replaced the nbc asia channel on july 1, 1998. , the asian version of national geographic channel was available in over 56 million homes. ngc asia has eight different channels feeds.
gifted education is a term for special ways to educate (teach) children who have been identified as gifted. there is no definition of a gifted student which everyone agrees on.
gifted and talented education has a long history of thousands of years. plato (c. 427–c. 347 bce) was in favour of providing specialized education for intellectually gifted young men and women. in china's tang dynasty (580-618 ce), child prodigies were summoned to the imperial court for specialized education. throughout the renaissance, those who showed creative talent in art, architecture, and literature were supported by both the government and private patronage.
in 2011, the national association for gifted children published a position paper that stated what a gifted student is. the word "gifted," describes people who demonstrate outstanding aptitude or competence in one or more domains. an "aptitude" is defined as an exceptional ability to learn or reason. "competence" is defined as documented performance or achievement in the top 10 percent of the population.
sport england is the name for the english sports council. it is a non-departmental public body under the department for culture, media and sport. it works with national governing bodies of sport to grow the number of people in sports. their goal is to keep these people in the sports. sport england also helps more talented people do well by identifying them early, nurturing them, and helping them move up to the top level.
sport england has two statutory, functions: (1) a lottery distributor for sport; and (2) it must be consulted on planning applications that affect playing fields. the funding it distributes comes from both h.m. treasury and the national lottery. since 1994, it has invested over £2bn of lottery funds and £300 million from the exchequer into sports in england.
manic street preachers (often referred to as the manics) are an alternative rock band from blackwood, wales, formed in 1986. they are james dean bradfield (vocals, guitars), nicky wire (bass, occasional vocals) and sean moore (drums, backing vocals, occasional trumpet). the band is part of the cardiff music scene. their biggest success was during the 1990s.
the band were originally a four piece band: lyricist and rhythm guitarist richey edwards mysteriously vanished on 1 february 1995. in november 2008, 13 years after his disappearance, he was officially declared presumed dead.
the manics released their debut album "generation terrorists" in 1992. their combination of androgynous glam punk imagery, outspoken
invective and songs about "culture, alienation, boredom and despair" soon gained them a loyal following and cult status. the band's later albums kept a politicized and smart lyrical style. they also adopted a broader alternative rock sound. enigmatic lyricist richey edwards gained early notoriety by carving the words "4 real" into his arm with a razor blade (narrowly missing an artery and requiring seventeen stitches) in response to the suggestion that the band were less than authentic. the dark nature of 1994's "the holy bible" showed the result of edwards' instability.
following edwards' disappearance, bradfield, moore, and wire kept with the manic street preachers and went on to gain critical and commercial success. they became one of britain's top rock bands. they have had eight top ten albums and fifteen top ten singles. they have reached number one three times, with their 1998 album "this is my truth tell me yours" and the singles "if you tolerate this your children will be next" (1998) and "the masses against the classes" (2000). they have also won the best british album and best british group accolades at the brit awards in 1997 and 1999, and were lauded by the nme for their lifetime achievements in 2008. their ninth studio album, "journal for plague lovers", was released on 18 may 2009 and features lyrics edwards had left behind to the band weeks before his disappearance.
in 2010 their tenth album "postcards from a young man" was released. their eleventh album "rewind the film" was released on 16 september 2013. their next album "futurology" is going to be released in 2014.
a turnstile, also called a baffle gate, is a type of gate. it only allows one person to pass at a time. it can also be made so as to make one-way traffic of people. it can also make passage only to people who put in a coin, a ticket, a pass, or similar. a turnstile can be used for paid access (sometimes called a faregate when used for this). for example, it can be used in public transport as a ticket barrier or at a pay toilet. 
turnstiles are used at a variety of places. this includes stadiums, amusement parks, museums, and mass transit stations.
a toroid is a geometric shape that resembles a torus. a toroid is constructed by rotating a geometrical shape around an axis which is outside the shape. if this is done to a circle, a torus results.
ashburys railway station in openshaw serves beswick and west gorton in manchester, england. it is located on the manchester-glossop line at its junction with the branch line to and and the freight-only line to phillips park junction (on the huddersfield line).
a regional casino, more commonly known as a super casino (or occasionally known as mega casino), is the term given to the largest category of casino that was to have been permitted under uk law. it is meant to be the same size as the larger casinos in las vegas. the first regional casino was proposed to be in the city of manchester. this was stopped by the uk government soon after gordon brown became prime minister of the united kingdom.
the gambling act 2005 revised many regulations relating to gambling in england. amongst the most controversial provisions was the establishment of a number of 'destination casinos' in the style of las vegas, commonly referred to in the media as 'super casinos'
initial drafts of the act proposed eight regional casinos but concerns expressed in the national media and by a range of addiction related social and religious groups meant that the final revision of the act permitted only one casino of the largest size, referred to as a 'regional casino', with a further eight 'large' and eight 'small' casinos of a smaller sizes and with reduced jackpot limits.
prior to the act there were 140 casinos in the uk, the largest of which in star city, birmingham had a floor area of around 950 square metres. customers were required to register twenty-four hours prior to gaming.
definition of casino types.
under the terms of the gambling act the secretary of state is able to define each type of casino, with reference to any matter he or she chooses; although the act specifically mentions as facts to consider the number, location and concentration of gaming tables, and the floor area designated for a specific purpose.
definitions have been determined such that the 'super casino' will have a minimum customer area of 5000 square metres and at most 1250 unlimited-jackpot slot machines.
'large casinos' will have a minimum area of 1000 square metres and up to 150 slot machines with a maximum jackpot of £4000.
the 'small casinos' will have a minimum customer area of 750 sq metres, up to 80 slot machines and a jackpot of £4000.
in may 2006, a short-list of eight sites, selected from various ones submitted by local councils, was announced for the location of the regional casino. these were:
on 30 january 2007 it was announced that the first regional casino would be built in east manchester near the city of manchester stadium. this was a shock to the blackpool and the o2 (formerly the millennium dome) bids. both of them were thought of as the favourites. however, the blackpool bid organisers pledged to continue the work in getting government approval for a 'supercasino'.
the royal institute of british architects (riba) is a professional organisation for architects in the united kingdom.
it was originally named the institute of british architects in london and formed in 1834. the group was started by several important architects, including philip hardwick, thomas allom, william donthorne, thomas leverton donaldson, john buonarotti papworth and thomas de grey, 2nd earl de grey. it was awarded a royal charter in 1837, becoming the royal institute of british architects in london, eventually dropping the reference to london in 1892.
the riba is a member organisation, with 44,000 members. chartered members are allowed to call themselves chartered architects and to add the post-nominals riba after their name; student members are not permitted to do so. in the past, fellowships of the institute were given, but this has stopped; those who continue to hold this title instead add friba.
riba is based at 66 portland place, london—a 1930s grade ii* listed building designed by architect george grey wornum with sculptures by edward bainbridge copnall and james woodford. the institute also maintains a dozen regional offices around the united kingdom. parts of the london building are open to the public, including the exhibition galleries and library. it has a large architectural bookshop, a café, restaurant and lecture theatres. rooms are hired out for events.
the institution of structural engineers (istructe) is an organisation for structural engineering based in the united kingdom. it has 23,600 members in 105 countries. the institution is a learned body and provider of professional accreditation for structural engineers. the institution publishes a monthly journal, "the structural engineer".
the bahrain international circuit (bic) is a motorsport track opened in 2004 and used for auto racing. the main race is the bahrain grand prix. the 2004 grand prix was the first held in the middle east. in 2006, australian v8 supercar started racing at the bic. 24 hour endurance races also hosted at bic.
building the bahrain circuit (track) was important for bahrain, and was started by the crown prince, shaikh salman bin hamad al khalifa. the crown prince is the honorary president of the bahrain motor federation.
in the track became the first grand prix circuit to be awarded the distinguished (important) fia institute centre of excellence award. the award was given for having and keeping high race safety and medical facilities.
construction and design.
the track was designed by german architect hermann tilke. tilke also designed the sepang circuit in malaysia. the track cost approximately us $150 million to build. it can be set-up as six different tracks, including a test oval and a drag strip.
the track had a special problem. the track was located in the middle of a desert. there were concerns that sand would blow onto the track and disrupt the race. organizers (the people who run the race) were able to keep the sand off the track by spraying an adhesive (glue) on the sand around the track.
the surface of the track has a high level of grip. the same surface is used at the yas marina circuit for the abu dhabi grand prix.
the bahrain international circuit hosts a number of races, including the fia formula one world championship, the australian v8 supercar championship series, the gp2 series, gp2 asia, chevrolet lumina series, speedcar series, thunder arabia and radical.
in the past the track has hosted the fia gt championship, and a one-time bahrain superprix involving formula three cars, following from the failure of the korea super prix. the first formula bmw world final took place in bahrain. every year there is the 24 hours of bahrain race.
bahrain grand prix.
the first bahrain grand prix took place on 4 april 2004, making history as the first formula one grand prix to be held in the middle east. other countries, including egypt, lebanon and the united arab emirates wanted to host the formula one grand prix.
the bahrain grand prix is usually the third race on the formula one schedule. in the 2006 season, bahrain traded places with the usual first race, the australian grand prix. the australian grand prix date was changed to avoid interfering with the commonwealth games. in , bahrain was moved to the fourth race on the schedule. in , bahrain was the first race of the season. for 2010, the formula one cars raced on the full "endurance circuit".
starting in 2011, formula one will return to the original track layout. this is the layout that was used in 2004.
phase 10 is a card game for people to play, somewhat similar to uno, or skip-bo.
the muharraq governorate is one of the five governorates of bahrain. it is together with the municipality of al muharraq and with muharraq island and with outlying islets. it includes the former municipality of al hadd at the southern end of that island. 
muharraq is bahrain's second largest city and is also called the "place of ashes".
the 1997 qayen earthquake was a large earthquake that struck in northern iran's khorasan province on may 10, 1997. it was also known as the quayen, ardekul or qaen earthquake. it was the largest in that area since 1990 and measured 7.3 on the moment magnitude scale. it was the third earthquake in 1997 that caused a lot of damage. it killed 1,567 people and injured over 2,300. it also left 50,000 homeless by damaging over 15,000 homes. there were 155 aftershocks that added to the damage, which was guessed to cost about $100 million.
the united states geological survey said that it was the most deadly earthquake in 1997.
a wind turbine is a rotating machine that transfers kinetic energy from the wind into mechanical energy. if the mechanical energy is used directly by machinery, such as for pumping water, cutting lumber or grinding stones, the machine is called a windmill. if the mechanical energy is instead converted to electricity, the machine may be called a wind turbine generator (wtg), wind power unit (wpu), wind energy converter (wec), or aerogenerator.
turning the generator.
the wind turbine's blades are turned by the wind. this turns a shaft turning slowly, at about 10-20 rpm with a high torque. the shaft goes into a reduction gearbox with a ratio of about 1:50, although some wind turbine gearboxes can have a ratio of 1:100 or more. some wind turbines may have no reduction gearbox at all, and have a ratio of 1:1. the gearbox turns the generator more quickly, at around 1000 rpm, at a low torque. the generator creates electricity. this electricity is combined with any other wind turbines that may be in the same wind farm. this combined electricity may be used locally, or adjusted to match the electricity in the power grid and sent to the power grid.
although wind turbines are a renewable source of energy and don't pollute the environment as a result of generating power, they have an environmental impact. some people think that wind turbines create a lot of noise and look unappealing. however, wind turbines are placed no closer than 300 meters from residential homes. at that distance, a wind turbine is no louder than an average household air conditioner.
wet-tail or proliferative ileitis, is a disease in rodents kept in cages, mainly hamsters, but can include rabbits, gerbils, rats, and mice. it is caused by stress. even with treatment, the animal can die within 24–48 hours. baby hamsters are much more likely to get the disease than older hamsters. it commonly is found when the hamster is being weaned at about four weeks of age.
wet-tail is a disease in the animal's intestines caused by the bacteria, "lawsonia intracellularis". wet-tail is stress related. the stress can be caused by:
the symptoms may not appear for several days. the main symptom is the animal has a wet tail, matted with faeces. other signs of the disease are: 
there are drugs to treat wet-tail which can be bought from pet shops. a vet may choose to give the animal other drugs. the sick animal should be kept in a cage by itself so that others do not catch the disease.
the luxury box or luxury suite is the north american term for a special seating section in arenas, stadiums and other sports venues. in the united kingdom and australia the terms used are corporate box, executive box, sky box and private box. they are usually in the mid-section of the stadium. the seats have usually the best views of the sporting event. some have glass panels that can be opened, in order for the spectators to feel closer to the action of the sporting event. the inside of a luxury box usually has a bar, several televisions sets, a row of seats and a private bathroom. the boxes are usually catered. the lease to a box also comes with a personal parking space, and a private entrance. the boxes usually generate more revenue than regular seating.
a contactless smart card is a kind of smart card with integrated circuits that can process and save data. most cards are as big as a credit card. they can receive information which is processed and delivered through radio. there are two main kinds of contactless smart cards. 
many people believe contactless smart cards have a read-only rfid inside it. this is not true, but they do have a re-writable smart card microchip inside them. contactless smart cards can be used for identification, authentication, and saving data.
pericles' funeral oration is a famous speech from thucydides' "history of the peloponnesian war". the speech was delivered by pericles at the end of the first year of the peloponnesian war (431 - 404 bce). he was a famous athenian politician. the speech was a part of the yearly public funeral for the people who died in the war.
at that time, people in athens had a custom of holding a public funeral for the people who died in war. the bodies of the dead were left out for three days in a tent, where offerings could be made for the dead.
"funeral oration" was recorded by thucydides in book two of his "history of the peloponnesian war". thucydides records the speech as if every word in the record was what pericles said. however, people agree he did, at least, correct or change the speeches a little. thucydides says in his "history" that the speeches are not completely the same as what was really said, but written to show the main ideas of what was said. it is quite certain that pericles delivered a speech at the end of the first year of the war. however, people are not sure how much thucydides' record is the same as pericles' actual speech.
the funeral oration is important because the speech was different from usual athenian funeral speeches. david cartwright describes it as "a eulogy (description) of athens itself...". the speech is about what great things athens did, delivered to encourage the people.
gettysburg address and pericles' funeral oration.
american civil war scholar garry wills calls abraham lincoln's famous gettysburg address the modern parallel to pericles' funeral oration.
in ancient greece, the gorgoneion () was originally a magic pendant showing the gorgon's head. (the use of magic against evil, or bad luck is generally called apotropaism). 
the gorgoneion was linked with the gods zeus and athena; both are said to have worn it as a pendant. it was also popular as a royal symbol, worn on shields and capes. these can be seen on the alexander mosaic and the gonzaga cameo.
homer wrote about the gorgon on four occasions, but only about the head, as if the creature had no body. jane ellen harrison notes that "medusa is a head and nothing more...a mask." the body was added many years later. up to the 5th century bc, the head was shown as being very ugly, with her tongue sticking out, boar tusks, puffy cheeks, her eyeballs staring straight ahead and the snakes twisting all around her.
the direct frontal stare was highly unusual in ancient greek art. in some cases a beard, (probably representing streaks of blood) was added to her chin, making her appear as a wild and sexual god, like dionysus.
gorgoneia painted on the shields of warriors on mid-5th century greek vases are not as ugly, strange or frightening. by that time, the gorgon had lost her tusks and the snakes were rather stylized. the hellenistic marble known as the medusa rondanini shows how the gorgon changed over time into a beautiful woman.
gorgoneia are first seen in greek art at the beginning of the 8th century bc. one of the earliest is on a coin found during an archaeological dig at parium. other early 8th-century examples were found at tiryns. there is a similar image from the knossos palace, dating from the 15th century bc. marija gimbutas even argues that "the gorgon extends back to at least 6000 bc, as a ceramic mask from the sesklo culture illustrates".
in the 6th century bc, gorgoneia of a basic type of "lion mask" were found all over greek temples, especially in and around corinth. pedimental gorgoneia were common in sicily; probably the earliest one is in the temple of apollo in syracuse. around 500 bc, they stopped being used to decorate monumental buildings, but were still shown on parts of the roof tiles (antefix) of smaller buildings throughout the next century.
as well as temples, the gorgon image can be found on dress, dishes, weapons, and coins across the mediterranean region from etruria to the black sea coast. the gorgon coins were made in 37 cities, making her image on coins second only to some of the main greek gods. on mosaic floors, the gorgoneion was usually near the door, as if guarding it. on attic kilns, a gorgoneion over the kiln door protected from accidents.
the gorgon image remained popular even in christian times, especially in the byzantine empire, including kievan rus (now the ukraine). the image was used in western europe by the italian renaissance artists. in the 20th century, the gorgoneion was used by gianni versace as a logo for his fashion company.
gimbutas says the gorgoneia are part of the mother goddess cult linked to "dynamic life energy". she said the gorgoneion is a typical european image. jane ellen harrison, on the other hand, claims that many primitive cultures use similar ritual masks. these are meant to scare the owner from doing something wrong, or, as she terms it, to make an ugly face at him.
ryosuke nakajima (born 28 april 1988) is a former japanese football player.
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antônio marcos da silva filho (born 20 july 1977) is a brazilian football player. he plays for cruzeiro.
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phil younghusband (born 4 august 1987) is a filipino football player. he has played for philippines national team.
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carlo zotti (born 3 september 1982) is an italian football player. he plays for bellinzona.
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alex song (born 9 september 1987) is a cameroonian football player. he plays for arsenal and cameroon national team.
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international career statistics.
katsumi yusa (born 2 august 1988) is a japanese football player.
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ricardo faty (born 4 august 1986) is a french football player. he plays for roma.
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masayuki miura (born 4 november 1966) is a former japanese football player.
team manager: khon kaen fc thailand league 2
team manager: ayutthaya united thailand league 3 (promoted)       
team manager: khon kaen fc thailand league 3 （promoted）
team manager/general manager: norddea hokkaido,hokkaido,japan
top team coach: consadole sapporo, hokkaido, japan
team manager: consadole asahikawa, hokkaido, japan
top team coach: consadole sapporo, hokkaido, japan
team manager: consadole sapporo youth (u-15), hokkaido, japan
 is a japanese professional athlete. he is best known as an football player and coach.
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mariano gonzález (born 5 may 1981) is an argentine football player. he plays for porto.
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evaldo silva dos santos (born 4 january 1983) is a brazilian football player.
atsushi inoue (born 28 may 1977) is a japanese football player. he plays for gainare tottori.
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alberto luiz de souza (born 27 april 1975) is a brazilian football player.
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georgios samaras (born 21 february 1985) is a greek football player. he plays for celtic and greece national team.
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jean désiré gustave courbet (10 june 1819 – 31 december 1877) was a french painter. he was the leader of the realist movement in 19th-century french painting. courbet was prepared to try out new ideas and ways of painting. his paintings made social comment on the world around him.
courbet's paintings were an inspiration to many other painters, particularly the french impressionists and post-impressionists. edouard manet, edgar degas, vincent van gogh and henri toulouse-lautrec were all inspired by gustave courbet's paintings of people. his landscape paintings were an inspiration to claude monet, seurat, cezanne and many other painters.
courbet was born in 1819, and was the son of régis and sylvie oudot courbet in ornans, doubs. courbet's sisters, zoé, zélie and juliette, were his first models for drawing and painting.
when courbet was twenty he went to paris in 1839, and worked at the studio of two other painters, steuben and hesse. he was not happy there, and wanted to work on his own. he studied the works of many great masters, including goya, velazquez and titian. he painted several self-portraits at this time. he often returned home to ornans to hunt, fish and find inspiration in the countryside and country life.
in 1846–1847 coubet travelled to the netherlands and belgium where he studied the paintings of rembrandt, franz hals and jan steen who all painted in the 1600s. the paintings by these artists often showed realistic scenes and portraits of everyday life. they showed ordinary people at the table together, dancing, writing, cooking, working at trades and in businesses and in the fields. there were many pictures of soldiers. courbet decided that he wanted to paint scenes of ordinary life the way that these artists did. he did not want to paint scenes from literature, history or mythology like most other artists in france at that time.83
courbet painted a large picture of everday-life at ornans. the painting, called "after dinner at ornans", shows four men who have just finished a meal at a little table, which is perhaps in an inn. one man is playing his violin, one man is lighting his pipe. courbet sits listening, with his head leaning on his hand. a large dog is curled under a chair. courbet showed the painting at the salon exhibition in paris. it was a great success. it won a gold medal and was bought by the french government.32 because of the gold medal, courbet could hang his pictures at the salon exhibitions without having them checked by a jury first. this rule was changed in 1857.55 courbet's work, and the work of honoré daumier and jean-françois millet, became known as "realism". like the dutch painters he admired, courbet often painted in broad, rough brush strokes. he often used dark earthy colours, particularly brown, in his paintings.
in 1849 courbet saw two people working by the roadside, using small hammers to break large rocks into gravel. one was an old man and the other was a young boy. courbet painted a picture of this scene. he explained it to a friend "it is not often that one meets with so complete an expression of poverty and so, right then and there i got the idea for a painting. i told them to come to my studio the next morning."
the picture soon became one of the most famous scenes of the life of poor people that has ever been painted. it was destroyed during world war ii in dresden.31
"a burial at ornans".
courbet's other important painting that was shown at the salon of 1850 was a scene of life at his village. beginning in 1849, he painted the funeral of his great-uncle who had died the previous year. courbet got all the village people who had been at the funeral to come to his studio and pose for him, one by one, until the painting was complete. the painting was very large, 10 by 22 feet (3.1 by 6.6 meters). the famous artist jacques louis david had once painted a very large picture in the same way. david's picture was of the "coronation of napoleon" and showed all the people who were present.
some people praised "the funeral at ornans" but other people were very angry about it. they thought that it was wrong to show the burial of an ordinary man in a huge painting, as if he was as important as an emperor. they thought that it was wrong to show the poor people of a village, with their old clothes and dirty boots, as if they were all as important as lords and ladies.4 some of the critics said that courbet was deliberately trying to paint ugliness. many people came to see the picture and liked the new realist way of painting. courbet said: "the burial at ornans was ... the burial of romanticism."
courbet became a celebrity. (he became famous and written about in the newspapers- like a film star.) people said he was a genius, a "terrible socialist", and a "savage".8 
courbet wrote to a friend in 1850:
during the 1850s courbet painted many other pictures using common folk and friends as his subjects, such as "village damsels" (1852), the "wrestlers" (1853), "bathers" (1853), "the sleeping spinner" (1853), and "the wheat sifters" (1854).
"the artist's studio".
courbet then painted another huge picture. this painting is called "the artist's studio" and is about seven years in his life as a painter. he shows himself at the centre of the picture, working on a large landscape painting. behind him is an artists' model, who is naked. all around courbet are his friends and people from his village. his mother stands to one side of the picture. another woman is sitting on the floor feeding her baby. a little boy watches the artist, while a white cat plays on the floor.
in 1855 coubet took this picture, with "burial at ornan" and twelve other paintings to be shown in a big international exhibition in paris called "exposition universelle". the two biggest paintings and another one were sent away because there was not enough room. courbet was angry. he had his own building put up, and showed forty of his paintings.52 many other artists praised courbet, but some people laughed at him, and the public did not buy very many of his pictures.84 because of what he had done, younger artists heard about him and admired him. these included james mcneill whistler in the united states as well as édouard manet in france.
in 1857 courbet showed six pictures in the salon exhibition. one was a hunting scene and one was a picture of two prostitutes lying under a tree on the banks of the river seine in paris. many people came to the exhibition. the hunting scenes were very popular for decorating the halls and dining rooms of large houses.52
for the rest of his life, courbet painted erotic pictures like the picture of the prostitutes, and also many more hunting scenes. his last erotic painting was called "the origin of the world" and was a close-up painting of female genitals. this painting was not shown in a public exhibition until 1988. he also painted many landscapes, which he began by doing outdoor sketches, then made into large paintings in his studio. by the 1870s courbet was thought of as one of the leading artists in france. the emperor offered to make courbet a member of the légion d'honneur which was the highest honour in france, but courbet refused to accept it. he believed that he belonged to the poor and ordinary people, not to the high and mighty.
at this time, there were many political problems in france. courbet became involved in the political problems. in 1871, he was blamed because a public monument called the vendôme column had been demolished. he was put in prison for six months. in 1873, the new government expected him to pay to have the monument restored and put back. he did not have enough money so left france to live in switzerland. the government decided to make terms so that courbet could pay for the column in yearly payments of 10,000 francs for 33 years. courbet died at la tour-de-peilz, switzerland, on 31 december 1877, one day before the first payment was due. he was 58 and died of liver disease, made worse by heavy drinking.
paul le guen (born 1 march 1964) is a former french football player. he has played for france national team.
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 is a japanese professional athlete. he is best known as an association football player.
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hideo tanaka (born 1 march 1983) is a japanese football player. he plays for vissel kobe.
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oswaldo de oliveira (born 5 december 1950) is a brazilian football manager. he manages for corinthians paulista.
yasuki ishidate (born 24 september 1984) is a former japanese football player. he played for tochigi uva.
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benoît assou-ekotto (born 24 march 1984) is a cameroonian football player. he plays for tottenham hotspur and cameroon national team.
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yuki tazawa (born 16 july 1979) is a former japanese football player.
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ibrahima bakayoko (born 31 december 1976) is a côte d'ivoire football player. he has played for côte d'ivoire national team.
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kazunori hiraoka (born 27 july 1965) used to be a japanese football manager.
tadashige teranishi (25 april 1926 – 14 january 1999) is a former japanese football player.
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tomotaka fukagawa (born 24 july 1972) is a former japanese football player.
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akihiro tabata (born 15 may 1978) is a former japanese football player.
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mark delaney (born 13 may 1976) is a former welsh football player. he has played for wales national team.
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ricardo vaz tê (born 1 october 1986) is a portuguese football player. he plays for bolton wanderers.
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naoki kurimoto (born 29 march 1950) is a former japanese football player.
craig beattie (born 16 january 1984) is a scottish football player. he plays for swansea city.
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masayuki nomura (born 11 december 1966) is a japanese football manager.
minoru takenaka (born 19 november 1976) is a japanese football player.
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amauri (born 3 june 1980) is a brazilian-italian football player. he plays for juventus.
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masaki yanagawa (born 1 may 1987) is a former japanese football player. he has played for ventforet kofu.
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yoshihiro uchimura (born 24 august 1984) is a japanese football player. he plays for consadole sapporo.
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yusuke murayama (born 10 june 1981) is a japanese football player. he plays for oita trinita.
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naoya tamura (born 20 november 1984) is a japanese football player. he plays for vegalta sendai.
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 is a japanese professional athlete. he is best known as an association football player.
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takanori nakajima (born 9 february 1984) is a japanese football player. he plays for avispa fukuoka.
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shu abe (born 7 june 1984) is a japanese football player. he plays for avispa fukuoka.
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takanobu komiyama (born 3 october 1984) is a japanese football player. he plays for kawasaki frontale.
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a dispute/disagreement is a continuing disagreement carried on between two or more parties. the parties may be people, or they may be organisations or countries. disputes can last a long time, and they can have serious results. dispute may happen from controversy. disputes may become conflicts. disputes between individual people may lead to violence. disputes between organisations may lead to legal action. disputes between countries may lead to war.
how disputes become serious.
several factors make disputes more serious. serious disputes may do a lot of damage to the people involved, and to their societies.
length of time.
disputes may last for long periods, and the longer they last, the more damage they may do. where disputes involve religions, or hostile countries, they may last for more than a lifetime. generations of children may be taught that their side is completely right, and the other wrong.
disputes arise when there are conflicting needs, values or ideas. differences of religion and culture are a common cause of disputes. self-interest is a common cause of disputes between individuals.
media spread disputes.
a second factor is the use of books, newspapers, radio and television by each side to promote their side of the argument. this propaganda helps to continue and spread the dispute.
laws may prevent freedom of speech, and prevent discussion in print or other media. this makes it difficult for either side to see merit in the other point of view. in turn, this makes it difficult for compromise or tolerance to dissolve the dispute.
how disputes are resolved.
the study of disputes and conflicts reached its peak during the cold war. then the west versus east conflict seemed to threaten world peace, and many ideas were put forward to use negotiation as a tool to calm the tension. negotiation about the reduction of nuclear weapons was successful.
the tension was finally reduced by the unexpected end of the soviet union, and the withdrawal of soviet troops from eastern europe. this was not achieved by negotiation. the reasons for the end of the soviet union are still being debated.
professional help may be available. between people, there are counsellors; between organisations there are specialists in conflict resolution; between countries there is the united nations.
some disputes do fade with the passage of time, though the time may be much longer than a human lifetime. conflict between religions may fade only after centuries, and there is no known process of mediation.
all legal systems have provisions for making decisions in disputes. usually the cases are based on claims about money, between individual people or between 'corporate entities'. these are companies or other organisations. usually, the law can only be used if it can reach a decision based on evidence. law textbooks list which disputes which may be addressed by law, and which can not.
force has been used many times to enforce one side of the other to submit. wars have been based on disputes, or disputes have been used as an excuse for wars. however, force has also been used to keep warring groups apart, and calm people down. both the european union and the united nations have used peace-keeping forces in areas under violent dispute.
education may be used to harden opinion and make a dispute worse, or it may be used to open people's minds to unpopular ideas. education which helps people to think for themselves and keep an open mind is thought to reduce prejudice and conflict.
democracy is one way of easing conflict within a country. it is not a perfect solution, for small groups may feel they are permanently excluded from power. free speech and freedom from censorship exist to some extent in democracies. these freedoms are valuable to minority groups inside a country. countries that have these freedoms are called open or liberal democracies.
of course, there are many disputes between individual people, but disputes between large groups or nations are of very great importance.
seating capacity is the highest number of people who can sit in a specific space. this limit can be either from the amount of space available, or from a law saying how many people are allowed to be there at a time.
seating capacity can be for different kinds of things. it can be the number of people who can fit in a vehicle, for example an automobile or an airplane. it can also be for a stadium. the largest sports building in the world, the indianapolis motor speedway, has a permanent seating capacity of more than 257,000 people. seats can be added on the field to raise that number to about 400,000.
apotropaism or apotropaic magic is the use of magic rituals against evil or harmful influences like the evil eye or "invidia", which was thought to cause injury or bad luck. this can be a long ritual, or it can take the form of simply wearing an amulet or other token, "against bad luck".
possession island is a small island in the torres strait, near cape york in far northern queensland, australia.
the island is called bedanug or bedhan lag by the indigenous australian people, the kaurareg people. during his first voyage of discovery james cook sailed north along the east coast of australia, landing at botany bay. reaching the tip of queensland, he named and landed on possession island, just before sunset on wednesday 22 august 1770. he said that the east coast was now british territory under the control of king george iii.
he wrote in his journal:
in 2001, the kaurareg successfully claimed native title rights over the island (and other nearby islands).
possession island is located at the centre of the possession island national park. this park has an area of 5.10 km², and was made a protected area in 1977. it is looked after by the queensland parks and wildlife service.
the commelinaceae is a family of 40 genera and over 600 species of monocotyledonous flowering herbs, distributed from northern temperate to tropical climates.
martin gardner (october 21, 1914 – may 22, 2010) was an american writer. he had many interests, so he wrote about many topics. he wrote about mathematics, magic, literature, philosophy, skepticism, and religion. he wrote the "mathematical games" column in the "scientific american" magazine from 1956 to 1981. after that, he wrote the "notes of a fringe watcher" column in the "skeptical inquirer" magazine. he published over 70 books.
gardner also sometimes wrote under pen names. as "uriah fuller" he wrote "confessions of a psychic". as "george groth", he criticized his book, "the whys of a philosophical scrivener".
note: gardner also wrote some books on magic for professional magicians. these books are not listed here.
collected "scientific american" columns.
martin gardner's columns from "scientific american" are printed in 15 books. don knuth calls these books "the canon".
three other books print some or all of martin gardner's columns from scientific american:
holes is a novel written by louis sachar. it was published on august 20, 1998 by farrar, straus and giroux, with cover art by vladimir radunsky. it won the newbery medal in 1999.
the novel is about stanley yelnats, a 15-year old boy who is sent by mistake to a camp for young criminals. at the camp, boys must dig holes in the ground in the middle of a hot desert. stanley starts to think the camp's warden is looking for something. this story is told alongside two others stories: one about stanley's great-great-grandfather, and another about the area where the camp is located.
in 2003, disney released a movie which was based on this novel, which was directed by andrew davis and written by the author of "holes" himself, louis sachar. in 2006, sachar also published a companion novel called "small steps", which is about one of the characters from "holes".
nuclear fuel is a material that can be consumed to take over nuclear energy, by analogy to chemical fuel that is burned for energy. nuclear fuels are the most dense sources of energy available. 
most nuclear fuels contain heavy "fissile" elements which to undergo a nuclear fission chain reaction in a nuclear reactor. the most common nuclear fuels are uranium and plutonium but not all nuclear fuels are used in reactors. some of them power radioisotope thermoelectric generators.
a manicure is the act of beautifying one's hands or fingernails. manicures can be done at home or by a professional in a nail salon.
during a manicure, the nail is filed with a nail file; the free edge of the nail is cut, the cuticle is treated, the person's hand is massaged and nail polish is put on.
5000 years ago, manicures were first used. henna was used in india for manicure. the word mehendi, another word for henna, derives from the sanskrit mehandika. cixi, the dowager empress of china, had very long naturally-grown nails.
a dietitian or dietician is an expert in food and nutrition.
dietitians help promote good health through proper eating. they often write custom diets for people.
in a medical setting they can give food supplements for those people who cannot get what they need because of swallowing problems.
dietitians want to find, cook and serve tasty, attractive and healthy food to patients, their families and healthcare providers.
in many countries only people with specific degrees or certifications can call themselves dietitians. 
the term nutritionist is widely used as it is not controlled like the title dietitian, but the word nutritionist can be used without having the qualifications of registered dietitians.
a nutritionist is not a dietitian as he is not registered to a national board and does not have the same qualifications.
dietitians are important in the medical multidisciplinary team because they are experts in nutrition and can give advice to doctors, nurses, and other health care workers.
dietitians supervise the preparation and service of food, help in research, and teach people on how to eat well.
mycology is the study of fungi. this includes their genetics, their biochemical properties (the chemical processes in them), their classification, their use to humans and their dangers (poisonous or infectious). fungi are a source of tinder (easily combustible material to light fires), medicines, food, and psychoactive substances. 
a biologist who studies mycology is called a mycologist. 
mycology is closely related to phytopathology (the study of plant diseases), because most plant diseases are caused by fungi. 
historically, mycology was a branch of botany (plant biology). now fungi are thought to be more closely related to animals than to plants.
fungi are fundamental (perhaps essential) for life on earth. they are symbionts. they can break down complex organic biomolecules, and so they are a link in the global carbon cycle.
andoni iraola (born 22 june 1982) is a spanish football player. he plays for athletic bilbao and spain national team.
club career statistics.
international career statistics.
takeshi saito (born 6 may 1982) is a japanese football player.
doniéber alexander marangon (born 22 october 1979) is a brazilian football player. he plays for roma.
club career statistics.
international career statistics.
luciano spalletti (born 7 march 1959) is a former italian football player who now coaches russian football club zenit from saint-petersburg.
yoichi kamimaru (born 30 june 1984) is a former japanese football player.
club career statistics.
ryosuke sasagaki (born 13 january 1985) is a former japanese football player.
club career statistics.
 is a japanese football player. he played for the japan national team.
kawamata was born in saijo on october 14, 1989. when he played for komatsu high school, he also played for j2 league club ehime fc in 2006. after graduating from the high school, he joined j1 league club albirex niigata in 2008. he played many matches from 2011. in 2012, he moved to j2 club fagiano okayama on loan. he scored 18 goals in the 2012 season. in 2013, he returned to niigata. in 2013, he scored 23 goals and was selected j.league best eleven. in august 2014, he moved to nagoya grampus and played in 3 seasons. in 2017, he moved to júbilo iwata. although he scored many goals until 2018, he could not play in the match in 2019 and iwata was relegated to j2 end of the 2019 season. in 2020, he moved to j2 club jef united chiba.
on march 27, 2015, kawamata debuted for the japan national team against tunisia. he played 9 games and scored 1 goals for japan until 2018.
tiko (born 15 september 1976) is a former spanish football player. he has played for the national football team of spain.
club career statistics.
international career statistics.
daniel aranzubia (born 18 september 1979) is a spanish football player. he plays for deportivo la coruña.
club career statistics.
international career statistics.
 is a former japanese football player.
tatsuya asanuma (born 13 july 1970) is a former japanese football player.
club career statistics.
ippei saga (born 20 may 1980) is a former japanese football player.
club career statistics.
ryuhei niwa (born 13 january 1986) is a japanese football player. he plays for sagan tosu.
club career statistics.
kim nam-il (born march 14, 1977) is a south korean professional athlete. he is best known as an association football player. he was a member of the korean national team.
club career statistics.
international career statistics.
srečko katanec (born 16 july 1963) is a former slovenian football player. he has played for yugoslavia national team and slovenia national team.
club career statistics.
international career statistics.
takahiro kuniyoshi (born 28 may 1988) is a japanese football player. he plays for ventforet kofu.
club career statistics.
kim dong-jin (born 29 january 1982) is a south korean professional athlete. he is best known as an association football player. he was a member of the korean national team.
club career statistics.
international career statistics.
keisuke shimizu (born 25 november 1988) is a japanese football player. he plays for oita trinita.
club career statistics.
tatsuya ikeda (born 18 may 1988) is a japanese football player. he plays for oita trinita.
club career statistics.
 is a japanese professional athlete. he is best known as an association football player.
club career statistics.
takafumi mikuriya (born 11 may 1984) is a japanese football player. he plays for thespa kusatsu.
club career statistics.
the webster-hayne debate was a famous debate in the united states between senator daniel webster of massachusetts and senator robert y. hayne of south carolina. it happened on january 19-27, 1830. it was about protectionist tariffs. the speeches between webster and hayne themselves were not planned. they had burst forth from arguments about a decision by connecticut senator samuel foote. foote had temporarily stopped land surveying until land already on the market was sold. webster's "second reply to hayne" (1830) was widely seen as "the most eloquent speech ever delivered in congress."
webster described the us government as "made for the people, made by the people, and answerable to the people". this influenced abraham lincoln later. he spoke the words "government of the people, by the people, for the people" in his gettysburg address.
point hicks, once called cape everard, is a coastal headland on the east coast of victoria, australia. it is now a part of the croajingolong national park.
point hicks is where, on 19 april 1770, the continent of australia was first sighted by the men on captain cook's "endeavour" voyage. cook wrote that it was lieutenant zachary hickes who first saw land, and cook named the point after him. hickes spelt his name with an "e", cook wrote both "hicks" and "hickes" in different places. the spelling "hicks" is now in use for the point.
when george bass sailed past the area at the end of 1797 he did not locate the point. it did not appear on the charts matthew flinders made of their voyages, and the name fell into disuse.
the point came to be known as cape everard. the first use of that name is said to be by hydrographer john lort stokes who surveyed the coast in the "beagle" in 1843. it is thought he named it after fellow naval officer john everard home, but his maps do not use the name.
the first map showing cape everard was by surveyor george douglas smythe, made in 1852 and published in 1853. if he thought of the name, he may have named it after william everard, commissioner of crown lands.
the name cape everard was used until 1970. there has been doubt and arguments about exactly what cook saw. the actual latitude and longitude he gave () is a location many miles out to sea.
point hicks was renamed as part of cook's bicentenary. victorian premier henry bolte announced the new name in a ceremony at the point on 20 april 1970 (this was the 200th anniversary; cook's 19 april was by nautical time, i.e. not adjusted for the international date line).
a lighthouse was built on the point in 1887/8 and started operation in 1890. it was built from concrete and with wooden lighthouse keepers houses. it was connected to mains electricity in 1965, and then to solar power recently. the keepers' cottages are today used as holiday houses. with 37 metres of height it is the tallest lighthouse on australia's mainland. its light is a double white flash every ten seconds, from a height of 56 metres above sea level.
a hobo spider is a spider like funnel-web spiders. their bite is very bad and could send you to the hospital. it can be found in north america, europe and central asia.
muhammed fethullah gülen (born 27 april 1941), better known as fethullah gülen, is a turkish preacher, author, educator and muslim scholar. he lives in self-imposed exile in pennsylvania (usa). 
gülen teaches a moderate version of sunni / hanafi islam, deriving from that of said nursi's teachings and modernizing them. gülen condemns terrorism, supports communication between people of different religions, and has initiated such dialogue with the vatican and some jewish organisations. until 2013 he was an ally of president recep tayyip erdoğan, who later blamed him for the 2016 turkish coup d'état attempt. he operates a worldwide organisation called the gülen movement also known as fetö.
fethullah gülen's attitude towards hijab has changed over time. in the past, gülen, who regarded the unwinding of even a strand of women's hair as a great sin, suggested that women should cover their whole body by using veils and gloves. in his last speeches, gülen evaluated the headscarf as a füruat (minor details).
for fethullah gülen, to allow views opposed to belief in creation is a devastating delusion and evolution, a darwin fallacy.
according to gülene, the creation of adam as the first human and eve from adam's file bone are miracle creations that should not be addressed in the context of cause-effect relationship.
he wrote his anti-evolutionary ideas in his book "the truth of creation and evolution". this book was prepared by compiling his speeches at the meetings he held against darwinism and evolution. in the book he states that biology science is a "fantasy" and that the greatest biology fantasy is the theory of evolution.
thrace (: "thráke"; ; "trakiya", ) is a historical and geographic area in southeast europe. it was bounded by the balkan mountains on the north, rhodope mountains and the aegean sea on the south, and by the black sea and the sea of marmara on the east. thrace included areas which are now southeastern bulgaria, northeastern greece, and the european part of turkey. the thracians were an ancient indo-european people. they lived in central, eastern and southeastern europe.
the indigenous population of thrace was a people called the thracians. they were divided into many tribal groups. thracian troops were known to be used in the persian army. many of them went with neighbouring ruler alexander the great when he crossed the hellespont (which is next to thrace) during his invasion of the persian empire.
the thracians were divided into separate tribes. they did not form a lasting political organization until the odrysian state was founded in the 4th century bc. like illyrians, thracian tribes of the mountainous regions had a warrior tradition. the tribes based in the plains were more peaceable. recent funeral mounds in bulgaria suggest that thracian kings did rule regions of thrace with distinct thracian national identity.
thrace was conquered by alexander. it later regained its freedom. it was conquered after several attempts by the romans in 46 ad, in the reign of claudius. they became a province, and later four provinces, of the roman empire. finally, as the empire crumbled, thrace suffered more than a thousand years of conflict and conquest by stronger forces. it never regained its independence.
the thracians did not describe themselves as such and "thrace" and "thracians" are simply the names given them by the greeks.
david draiman (born march 13, 1973) is singer and founding member of the hard rock band disturbed.
"forsaken" (2002) – a song released on the queen of the damned soundtrack
alan "al" jackson, jr. (november 27, 1935 - december 1, 1975) was an american jazz musician and drummer. he formed the funk and jazz group, booker t. & the m.g.'s.
jackson was born in memphis, tennessee in 1935. he played drums in recording sessions for many other musicians, including otis redding and wilson pickett. booker t. & the mg's had several successful records including "green onions", "hip hug-her", "hang 'em high" and "time is tight".
jackson was murdered at his home in 1975.
a few months before his death, he was attacked and wounded by his girlfriend and manager, denise lasalle.
jackson was shot dead in his home at 3 am. his wife, who before this had shot him in the chest, said that a burglar came into their house, tied her up, and shot him when he came home. police said that nothing had been taken from the house, and jackson's wallet was still on his body. official investigations ruled out robbery.
police believe the person who shot jackson was killed after a gun battle with police on july 15, 1976.
tatsuyuki tomiyama (born 27 august 1982) is a japanese football player. he plays for gainare tottori.
club career statistics.
aubertin is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
aubin, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
aubous is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
audaux is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
auga is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
auriac, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
aurions-idernes is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
aussevielle is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
aussurucq is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
auterrive is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
autevielle-saint-martin-bideren is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
aydie is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
aydius is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
ayherre is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
aïcirits-camou-suhast is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
baigts-de-béarn is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
balansun is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
baleix is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
baliracq-maumusson is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
baliros is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
banca, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
barcus is a commune in the pyrénées-atlantiques "department" in southwestern france.
bardos, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
barinque is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
barraute-camu is a commune in the pyrénées-atlantiques department in southwestern france.
barzun, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
bassillon-vauzé is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
bassussarry is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
bastanès is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
baudreix is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
bayonne (gascon "baiona"; ; ) is a city and commune in southwestern france at the confluence of the nive and adour rivers, in the pyrénées-atlantiques department, of which it is a subprefecture.
bayonne has an area of and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .
bayonne is surrounded by the "communes" boucau, tarnos (in the landes department), lahonce, mouguerre, saint-pierre-d'irube, villefranque, bassussarry and anglet.
with a population of 47,492, bayonne has a population density of inhabitants/km2.
the inhabitants of bayonne are known, in french, as "bayonnais" (women: "bayonnaises").
bayonne is a "sous-préfecture" in the pyrénées-atlantiques department since 1800. it is also the capital of three "cantons".
bayonne is twinned with:
bedous is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
bellocq is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
bentayou-sérée is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
bergouey-viellenave is a commune in the pyrénées-atlantiques department in southwestern france.
bernadets is a commune in the pyrénées-atlantiques department in southwestern france.
berrogain-laruns is a commune in the pyrénées-atlantiques department in southwestern france.
bescat is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
beuste is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
beyrie-en-béarn is a commune in the pyrénées-atlantiques department in southwestern france.
beyrie-sur-joyeuse is a commune in the pyrénées-atlantiques department in southwestern france.
biarritz is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques department in the basque country.
it has an oceanic climate ("cfb" in the koeppen climate classification).
bidache is a commune in the pyrénées-atlantiques department in southwestern france.
bidarray is a commune in the pyrénées-atlantiques department in southwestern france.
bidart is a commune in the pyrénées-atlantiques department in southwestern france.
bidos is a commune in the pyrénées-atlantiques department in southwestern france.
bielle is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
bilhères is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
billère is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
biriatou is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
biron, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
bizanos is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
boeil-bezing is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
bonloc is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
bonnut is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
borce is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
bordes, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
bordères is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
bosdarros is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
boucau is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
boueilh-boueilho-lasque is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
bougarber is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
bouillon, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
boumourt is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
bourdettes is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques department in southwest france.
bournos is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
briscous is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
bruges-capbis-mifaget is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
bugnein is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
bunus is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
burgaronne is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
buros is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
burosse-mendousse is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
bussunarits-sarrasquette is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
bustince-iriberry is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
buziet is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
buzy, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "department" in southwest france.
bédeille, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
béguios is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
béhorléguy is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
bénéjacq is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
béost is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
bérenx is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
bésingrand is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
bétracq is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
cabidos is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
cadillon is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
cambo-les-bains is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
came, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
camou-cihigue is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
cardesse is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
carresse-cassaber is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
carrère is a commune in the pyrénées-atlantiques department in southwest france.
castagnède, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
casteide-cami is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
casteide-candau is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
casteide-doat is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
castet is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
castetbon is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
castetnau-camblong is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
castetner is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
castetpugon is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
castillon (canton of arthez-de-béarn) is a commune in the pyrénées-atlantiques department in the southwestern france.
castillon (canton of lembeye) is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
castéra-loubix is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
castétis is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
caubios-loos is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
cescau, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
cette-eygun is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
charre is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
charritte-de-bas is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
chéraute is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
ciboure is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
claracq is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
coarraze is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
conchez-de-béarn is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
corbère-abères is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
coslédaà-lube-boast is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
coublucq is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
crouseilles is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
cuqueron is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
denguin is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
diusse is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
doazon is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
dognen is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
domezain-berraute is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
doumy is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
eaux-bonnes is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
escos is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
escot is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
escou is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france. it is notable for a that it is believed by the locals to have healing properties.
escoubès is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
escout is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
escurès is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
eslourenties-daban is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
espelette is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques departement in southwest france.
espiute is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in southwest france.
espoey is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
espès-undurein is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
espéchède is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
esquiule is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
estialescq is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
estos is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
estérençuby is a commune in pyrénées-atlantiques in southwest france.
etcharry is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
etchebar is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
etsaut is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
eysus is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
fichous-riumayou is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
féas is a former commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france. on 1 january 2017, it was merged into the new commune of ance féas.
gabaston is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
gabat is a commune in the pyrénées-atlantiques department in southwestern france.
gamarthe is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
gan, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
its mayor has been mr francis pèes (right wing ; also vice president of the communauté d'agglomération de pau-pyrénées) since 2014, a former ceo of a construction company.
garindein is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
garlin is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
garlède-mondebat is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
garos is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
garris is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
gayon is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
gelos is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
ger, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
gerderest is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
gestas, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
geüs-d'oloron is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
gomer, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
gotein-libarrenx is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
goès is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
guiche, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
guinarthe-parenties is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" and the aquitaine region in the southwestern part of france.
the saison river, which joins the gave d'oloron, crosses the commune's land.
paul raymond said in 1385 that guinarthe had 13 feux, parenties had 9. they depended upon the sauveterre bailiwick. there was an abbey in parenties.
guinarthe et parenties joined on june 20 1842, and on may 16 1845.
"guinarthe" was called 
"guinarte" (1385 ), 
"guinarta" (around 1540 ), 
"sanctus martinus de guinarte" (1612 ), 
"parenties-guinarthe" when it joined parenties on june 20 1842 and
"guinarthe-parenties" on may 16 1845.
parenties" existed as 
"paranthias" (around1540) and 
"saint-pierre de paranties" (1612 ).
the béarnais name is "guinarte-parentias".
mostly agricultural activities.
there are two churches in this commune: one is in guinarthe, the other in parenties.
gurmençon is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
gurs is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
guéthary is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
gère-bélesten is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
géronce is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
géus-d'arzacq is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
hagetaubin is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
halsou is a commune in the pyrénées-atlantiques department in southwestern france.
hasparren is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
haut-de-bosdarros is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
haux, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
hendaye is a commune in the pyrénées-atlantiques department in the basque country.
herrère is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
higuères-souye is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
hosta, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
hours, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
hélette is a commune in the pyrénées-atlantiques "department" in southwest france.
ibarrolle is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
idaux-mendy is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
idron is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
igon is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in southwest france.
iholdy is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
ilharre is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
irissarry is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
irouléguy is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
ispoure is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
issor is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
isturits is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
itxassou is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
izeste (also spelled iseste) is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
jasses is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
jatxou is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
jaxu is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
jurançon is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
juxue is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
l'hôpital-saint-blaise is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
l'hôpital-d'orion is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
la bastide-clairence is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
labastide-cézéracq is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
labastide-monréjeau is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
labastide-villefranche is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
labatmale is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
labatut, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
labets-biscay is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
labeyrie, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
lacadée is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
lacarre is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
lacarry-arhan-charritte-de-haut is a commune in the pyrénées-atlantiques department in southwestern france.
lacommande is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
lacq is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
lagor is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
lagos, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
laguinge-restoue is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
lahonce is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
lahontan, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
lahourcade is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
lalongue is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
lalonquette is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
lamayou is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
lanne-en-barétous is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
lannecaube is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
lanneplaà is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
lantabat is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
larceveau-arros-cibits is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
laroin is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
larrau is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
larressore is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
larreule, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
larribar-sorhapuru is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
laruns is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
lasclaveries is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
lasse, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
lasserre, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
lasseube is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
lasseubetat is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
lay-lamidou is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
laà-mondrans is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
laàs is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
lecumberry is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
ledeuix is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
lembeye is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
lescar is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
lescun is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
lespielle is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
lespourcy is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
lestelle-bétharram is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
lichans-sunhar is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
lichos is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
licq-athérey is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
limendous is a commune in the pyrénées-atlantiques "department" in southwest france.
livron is a commune in the pyrénées-atlantiques department in southwestern france.
lohitzun-oyhercq is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
lombia is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
lons is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
lonçon is a commune in the pyrénées-atlantiques department in southwestern france.
loubieng is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
loubieng has a total area of 23.4 square kilometers.
louhossoa is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
lourdios-ichère is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
lourenties is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
louvie-juzon is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
louvie-soubiron is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
louvigny, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
luc-armau is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
lucarré is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
lucgarier is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
lucq-de-béarn is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
lurbe-saint-christau is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
lussagnet-lusson is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
luxe-sumberraute is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
lys, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
lème is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
lée is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
lées-athas is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
léren is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
macaye is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
malaussanne is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
mascaraàs-haron is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
maslacq is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
masparraute is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
maspie-lalonquère-juillacq is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
maucor is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
mauléon-licharre is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
maure is a commune in the pyrénées-atlantiques "department" in southwest france.
mazerolles, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
mazères-lezons is a commune in the pyrénées-atlantiques "department" in southwestern france.
meillon is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
mendionde is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in southwest france.
menditte is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
mendive is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
mesplède is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
mialos is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
miossens-lanusse is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
mirepeix is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
momas is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
momy is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
monassut-audiracq is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
moncaup, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
moncayolle-larrory-mendibieu is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
moncla is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
monein is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
monpezat is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
monségur, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
mont, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
mont-disse is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
montagut, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
montaner is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
montardon is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
montaut, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
montfort, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
montory is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
morlanne is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
morlaàs is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
mouguerre is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
mouhous is a commune in the pyrénées-atlantiques department in southwestern france.
moumour is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
mourenx is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
musculdy is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
méharin is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
méracq is a commune in the pyrénées-atlantiques "department" in southwest france.
méritein is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
nabas, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
narcastet is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
the d37 and d437 roads pass through the commune.
narp is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
navailles-angos is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
navarrenx is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
nay, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
noguères is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
nousty is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
ogenne-camptort is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france. it is made up of two ancient (very old) french towns: camptort and ogenne. they were combined (made into one) on may 12, 1841.
according to pierre de marca, a famous historian, the name "ogenne" can be traced back to the 11th century. it was first called "ogene" in the 11th century, then "oiena" in the 13th century. in around 1350 it was called "sent-jacme d'ojenne", and in 1385 it was called "oyene." finally in 1548 it was called "ogena".
the name "camptort" comes from the 13th century. it was first called "campus tortus" in 1235. it was called some other names: "cam-tort" (1385), "quamptort" (1540), "sanctus stephanus de camptort" (1674), "cantor" (1755), and "camptor" (1793.)
two streams run through the town. one stream is the saley, a tributary of the gave d'oloron (a river). the other stream is the laà, a tributary of the gave de pau (also a river.)
ogeu-les-bains is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
oloron-sainte-marie is a city and commune in southwestern france in the pyrénées-atlantiques department, of which it is a sub-prefecture.
in 1858, the "communes" of saint-marie-legugnon and oloron were combined to make the new "commune" of oloron-sainte-marie.
oloron-sainte-marie is situated at the feet of the pyrénées, to the south of pau, from the spanish border and from the atlantic ocean.
the "commune" has an area of and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .
through oloron-sainte-marie flows the gave d'oloron formed by the confluence of two rivers: the gave d'aspe and the gave d'ossau that merge to form the gave d'oloron. the word gave is a name given to rivers on the mountains in regions of the western pyrenees.
with a population of 10,794, oloron-sainte-marie has a population density of inhabitants/km2.
the inhabitants of oloron-sainte-marie are known, in french, as "oloronais" (women: "oloronaises").
oloron-sainte-marie is a "sous-préfecture" in the pyrénées-atlantiques department since 1800. it is also the capital of two "cantons":
oloron-sainte-marie is twinned with:
oraàs is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
ordiarp is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
orin is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
orion, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
orriule is a commune in the pyrénées-atlantiques department in southwestern france.
orsanco is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
orthez is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
orègue is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
os-marsillon is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
ossas-suhare is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
osse-en-aspe is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques department in southwestern france.
ossenx is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
osserain-rivareyte is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
ossès is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
ostabat-asme is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
ouillon is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
ousse is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
ozenx-montestrucq is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
pagolle is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
parbayse is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
pardies is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
pardies-piétat is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
peyrelongue-abos is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
piets-plasence-moustrou is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
poey-d'oloron is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
poey-de-lescar is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
pomps is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
ponson-debat-pouts is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
ponson-dessus is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
pontacq is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
pontiacq-viellepinte is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
portet is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
pouliacq is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
poursiugues-boucoue is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
préchacq-josbaig is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
préchacq-navarrenx is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
précilhon is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
puyoô is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
ramous is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
ribarrouy is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
riupeyrous is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
rivehaute is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
rontignon is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
roquiague is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
rébénacq is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
saint-abit is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
saint-armou is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
saint-boès is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
saint-castin is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
saint-dos is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
saint-esteben is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
saint-faust is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
saint-girons-en-béarn is a commune in the pyrénées-atlantiques department in southwestern france.
saint-gladie-arrive-munein is a commune in the pyrénées-atlantiques department in southwestern france.
saint-goin is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
saint-jammes is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
saint-jean-pied-de-port is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
saint-jean-poudge is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
saint-jean-de-luz is a commune in the pyrénées-atlantiques department in the basque country.
saint-jean-le-vieux, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
saint-just-ibarre is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
saint-laurent-bretagne is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
saint-martin-d'arberoue is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
saint-martin-d'arrossa is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
saint-michel, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
saint-médard, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune in the pyrénées-atlantiques department in southwestern france.
saint-palais, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
saint-pierre-d'irube is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
saint-pé-de-léren is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
saint-pée-sur-nivelle is a commune in the pyrénées-atlantiques department in southwestern france.
saint-vincent, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
saint-étienne-de-baïgorry is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
sainte-colome is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
sainte-engrâce is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in southwest france.
salies-de-béarn is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
salles-mongiscard is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
sallespisse is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
sames, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
samsons-lion is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
sare is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
it is about to the east of saint-jean-de-luz and the atlantic ocean. it is in the western foothills of the pyrenees.
sarpourenx is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
sarrance is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
saubole is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
saucède is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
sauguis-saint-étienne () is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
sault-de-navailles is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
sauvagnon is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
sauvelade is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
sauveterre-de-béarn is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
sedze-maubecq is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
sedzère is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
sendets, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
serres-castet is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
serres-morlaàs is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
serres-sainte-marie is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
simacourbe is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
siros, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
soumoulou is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
souraïde is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
suhescun is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
sus, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
susmiou is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
séby is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
séméacq-blachon is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
sévignacq is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
sévignacq-meyracq is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
tabaille-usquain is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
tadousse-ussau is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
tardets-sorholus is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
taron-sadirac-viellenave is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
tarsacq is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
thèze, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
trois-villes is a commune in the pyrénées-atlantiques "department" in southwest france. 138 people lived there in 2016.
uhart-cize is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
uhart-mixe is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
urcuit is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
urdos is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
urdès is a commune in the pyrénées-atlantiques "department" in southwest france.
urepel is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
urost is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
urrugne is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
urt is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
ustaritz is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
uzan, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
uzein is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
uzos is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
verdets is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
vialer is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
viellenave-d'arthez is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
viellenave-de-navarrenx is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
vielleségure is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
vignes, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
villefranque, pyrénées-atlantiques is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
viodos-abense-de-bas is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
viven is a commune of the pyrénées-atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of france.
çaro (; ) is a commune in the pyrénées-atlantiques department in south-western france.
a rocket engine is a device that produces a force by pushing gases at high speed out of a nozzle. rocket engines burn chemicals such as petroleum and liquid oxygen at very high pressures and temperatures to turn the chemical energy into motion. in some cases (such as nasa rockets), the force created can be over .
a garden hose shows how moving fluid can create a force. when a hose is turned up the hose will snake around unless it is held still. the exiting water is creating a force on the hose just like how the rocket engine gases push on the rocket engine.
liquids, solids and hybrids.
some rocket engines burn liquid fuels while some burn solid fuels. solid fuel rocket engines are sometimes called "rocket motors".
liquid fuel rocket engines often require complex pumps and valves to properly move (and pressurize) the liquids from the fuel tank to the actual engine. these machines must work in extreme temperatures and pressures. liquid oxygen is very cold (-223˚c) while the engine is very hot (3000˚c), and the pressure is oftentimes hundreds of times higher than normal air pressure. because of these conditions, liquid fuel rocket engines are often very complex and require very specialised materials (metals, ceramics, etc.).
solid fuel rocket motors have the fuel (called propellant) as a solid mixture of an oxidizer and fuel. an oxidizer supports the burning of fuel much like oxygen supports burning. the common oxidizer is powdered ammonium perchlorate, while the common fuel is powdered aluminum metal. the two powders are stuck together with a third component known as the binder. the binder is a rubbery solid that also burns as a fuel. the simple idea makes solid rocket engines cheaper, but they cannot be turned off or controlled, and are more likely to explode than liquid rocket engines. solid rockets also provide a smaller specific impulse, hence must be heavier to launch the same payload.
military missiles commonly use solid rockets because they can be kept ready for many years. many satellite launchers use solid rocket boosters when they start, but liquid rockets for the majority of the flight. 
hybrid rocket engines combine the two ideas. the two propellants are different states of matter, often with liquid oxidisers and solid fuels. they are not used much, but might be safer than solid rocket motors or liquid rocket motors
a nozzle is a device that takes incoming fluid (such as gas or liquid) and increases the speed. this is done by changing the size of the pipe (or tube) that the fluid is flowing through.
origine of american vectoring-nozzle.
 - origine of the .
the penny black was the world's first adhesive postage stamp. it was issued by the united kingdom on the 1 may 1840 and used from the 6 may the same year. all london post offices received official issues of the new stamps, but other offices in the country did not. some post offices like in bath, offered the stamp unofficially after 2 may. 
once the stamps were used, they had a red cancellation. however, it was hard to see, and it could easily be taken off. it is not very rare. the total print run was 286,700 sheets with 68,808,000 stamps. a mint condition stamp might fetch £3–4,000. 
the penny red was a postage stamp issued in 1841 to replace the penny black. it was the main type of postage stamp in the united kingdom until 1879. the design was hardly changed at all. 
the colour was changed from black to red because it was hard to see the red cancellation mark on the penny black. it was easier to see a black cancelling on a penny red. it is not a very rare stamp.
the line of succession to the british throne is the order in which members of the royal family would come to the throne if the reigning king or queen died.
at present the first in line is william, prince of wales and then prince william's son, prince george of wales.
traditionally, males came before females in the line of succession. however, the law changed on 26 march 2015, so at present, for people born after 28 october 2011 the succession is decided only by age: older children come before younger children. this system of inheritance is called absolute primogeniture, as opposed to male-preference primogeniture. when someone who is in line to the throne has a child, that child comes after them and their older children, but before anyone else in the line of succession.
excluded from the line of succession are catholics and illegitimate children.
line of succession.
no official, complete version of the line of succession is currently maintained. any person's actual position in the line of succession may change when people are born or when they die. this list shows only those people who are descended from the sons of george v. 
the two penny blue (or 2d blue) was the world’s second official adhesive postage stamp. it was issued in the united kingdom in may 1840. it was more or less the same as the penny black. 
it was intended that the 2d blue was to be issued at the same time as the penny black. however the earliest post mark seen on a two penny blue was the 8 may 1840 which is two days after the penny black was issued. the two penny blue is much rarer and more expensive than the penny black.
the penny lilac was a postage stamp in great britain. it was first issued on 12 july 1881. it was used until 1901. this stamp remained the standard letter stamp for the rest of victoria's reign, and huge numbers were printed.
wrestlemania 2000 (also known as wrestlemania xvi) was the sixteenth yearly wrestlemania professional wrestling pay-per-view produced by the world wrestling federation (wwf). it happened on april 2, 2000 at the arrowhead pond arena in anaheim, california. this wrestlemania is different from others, because it is the only wrestlemania not to feature at least one standard one on one wrestling match. it is also the only wrestlemania to use the year in its name.
lucas sang (february 12, 1961 - january 1, 2008) was a kenyan runner who raced at the olympic games in 1988. he and his team made it to the final of the 4x100 relay race. 
sang was killed in kenya during the riots about the election. he was killed when a group of men threw stones and rocks at him. his body was later burned.
fiesole is a town in tuscany, near florence. in 2003, 14.100 people lived there.
mugello is a landscape in northern italy. mugello is north of florence. the santerno river's valley is nearby. the two valleys are separated by the futa pass (a path or way to cross over the mountain between those two valleys).
in ancient times it was on the border between the area settled by the ligurians (also called the magelli tribe), the etruscans and the gauls. the roman colonization left very few signs behind because the mugello was mostly an agricultural area. in the middle ages it was home to many castles. later on, mugello was taken over by the republic of florence. several families of the city built villas (large houses) there. they were similar to ones built by the medici royal family.
friars are special monks that do a service to a community and that lead a simple life, rather than living like ascets in a monastery.
there are two classes of orders known as friars, or mendicant orders: the four "great orders" and the so-called "lesser orders". 
four great orders.
the four great orders were mentioned by the second council of lyons (1274), and are:
the lesser orders are: 
the order of the brothers of our lady of mount carmel or carmelites (sometimes simply carmel; ) is a roman catholic religious order. it was probably founded in the 12th century on mount carmel, from which the order receives its name. saint bertold has traditionally been associated with the founding of the order, but few clear records of early carmelite history have survived. the order of carmelite nuns was made official in 1452.
samael () (also sammael and şamil) is an archangel in talmudic and post-talmudic beliefs and stories, as well as christian tradition and demonology. there are also other religions that believe in stories of samael. it is said that he was the guardian angel of esau and a patron of the sinful empire of rome. 
samael is often accorded with satan because he often has grim and destructive duties. he is often considered a fallen angel, like satan and the chief of the evil spirits. one of samael's roles in jewish beliefs is that of the angel of death. in this belief, he is a fallen angel but remains one of the lord's servants. as a good angel, samael supposedly lives in the seventh heaven, although he is said to be the chief angel of the fifth heaven. 
the website catholic.org says samael is a "power", which means he is the chief of many warrior angels.
powers are warrior angels against evil, who defend the world and people. they fight against evil spirits who attempt to bring chaos through human beings. the chief is said to be either samael or camael, both angels of darkness.
in judaism and christianity.
in jewish beliefs, sammael is said to be the angel of death, the ruler of the fifth heaven, and one of the seven regents of the world served by two million angels; he resides in the seventh heaven. "yalkut i, 110" of the talmud says samael is esau's guardian angel. in "sotah 10b", samael is esau's guardian angel.
in the "sayings of rabbi eliezer", he is said to be the one who tempted eve, then seduced and impregnated her with cain. some sources identify gadreel as the angel that seduced eve; although, other hebrew scholars say that it was samael who tempted eve as the serpent. 
samael is also sometimes said to be the angel who wrestled with jacob, and also the angel who held back the arm of abraham as he was about to sacrifice his son.
according to "the ascension of moses" (chapter iv - aggadah - the legend of the jews - by louis ginzberg) samael is also mentioned as being in 7th heaven:
"in the last heaven moses saw two angels, each five hundred parasangs in height, forged out of chains of black fire and red fire, the angels af, "anger," and hemah, "wrath," whom god created at the beginning of the world, to execute his will. moses was disquieted when he looked upon them, but metatron embraced him, and said, "moses, moses, thou favorite of god, fear not, and be not terrified," and moses became calm. there was another angel in the seventh heaven, different in appearance from all the others, and of frightful mien. his height was so great, it would have taken five hundred years to cover a distance equal to it, and from the crown of his head to the soles of his feet he was studded with glaring eyes, at the sight of which the beholder fell prostrate in awe. "this one," said metatron, addressing moses, "is samael, who takes the soul away from man." "whither goes he now?" asked moses, and metatron replied, "to fetch the soul of job the pious." thereupon moses prayed to god in these words, "o may it be thy will, my god and the god of my fathers, not to let me fall into the hands of this angel."
in "the holy kabbalah" (arthur edward waite, 255), samael is described as the "severity of god", and is listed as fifth of the archangels of the world of briah. samael is said to have married lilith after she left adam. according to zoharistic cabala, samael was also mated with eisheth zenunim, na'amah, and agrat bat mahlat - all angels of prostitution.
samael is sometimes confused in some books with camael, an archangel of god, whose name means "he who sees god".
samael is shown as a character in the megami tensei video game series. the archangel is shown in the games as a blood-red serpent. he is a member of the vile clan and is a persona of the death arcana. 
in the silent hill video games, samael is the name of one of the town's gods. he is shown as an anthropomorphic goat.
in the film hellboy, one of the main characters is a giant hell-hound called sammael, who hellboy nicknames "sammy".
in lucifer, the tv and comic series, samael is lucifer morningstar's original name before he left heaven. 
samael plays an important role in the central plot of the first darksiders title.
in the web cartoon purgatony, samael judges the souls of the dead while working in an office in purgatory.
in the manga and anime blue exorcist, samael is the true name of the demon mephistopheles, and he is a son of satan as well as a brother of lucifer. as in biblical legend, he displays both good and evil aspects, but is the demon of time rather than of death.
orvieto is a city in umbria. as of 2008, about 21,000 people lived there. the city has a history going back to roman times.
the basilica di santa croce (basilica of the holy cross) is the main franciscan church in florence, italy. it is a minor basilica of the roman catholic church. it is situated on the piazza di santa croce, about 800 metres south east of the duomo. when the site was chosen, it was a marshland outside the city walls. many very famous italians, such as michelangelo, galileo, machiavelli, foscolo, gentile, rossini, and marconi are buried inside the church. for this reason, the church is also known as the "pantheon of the italian glories" ("tempio dell'itale glorie" or "pantheon dell'itale glorie").
"halo" is a song by american r&b singer beyoncé knowles. it was written by ryan tedder, evan bogart and knowles for her third studio album, "i am... sasha fierce". in the united states, the song was released on january 20, 2009 as the album's fourth single. even before its official release the song debuted on the "billboard" pop 100 at number 87.
the song mentions beyoncé's husband jay-z. it was a successful song worldwide, reaching the top 10 in several countries.
ryan tedder wrote the song for leona lewis to sing. however, in an interview, leona lewis stated that she did not have the time to record the track for her album and felt that it better suited beyoncé.
the video premiered exclusively on itunes on december 23, at the same time as the music video for "diva".
ian gillan (born 19 august 1945) is the lead singer for the heavy metal band deep purple. he is famous for his high-pitched falsettos and the ability to reach notes much higher than most people. he also wrote lyrics to many of their famous songs, including "smoke on the water." gillan is also noted for singing the part of jesus on the original rock opera concept album "jesus christ superstar". gillan later became lead singer of black sabbath.
the ottawa river is a river in ontario and quebec, canada. most of it is on the border of ontario and quebec. the city of ottawa gets its name from this river.
the ottawa river starts at lake capimitchigama in quebec. it flows west to lake timiskaming, where it begins to define the border between ontario and quebec. from lake timiskaming the river flows southeast to ottawa and gatineau where it tumbles over the chaudière falls. the rideau and gatineau rivers flow into the ottawa river here. the ottawa river drains into the lake of two mountains and the st. lawrence river at montreal. the total length of the river is 1,271 km.
a dandy (also known as a beau or gallant) is a man who dresses elegantly and fashionably, but that was not necessarily of aristocratic origin. he exaggerates his manners, including the way he stands and moves, and the way he speaks. he promotes himself. this is called dandyism. the word 'dandy' was originally a version of 'andrew'. the female equivalent is a "dandizette".
the word "dandy" first came out in the scottish verse of about 1780:
<poem>i've heard my granny crack
o' sixty twa years back
when there were sic a stock of dandies o.</poem>
dandies in the 18th and 19th centuries in the united states and great britain were often men from middle-class backgrounds who were trying to become people from high society.
the model, or archetype, of a dandy was beau brummell from the regency period of george ivth. he was a friend of the then prince of wales. lord byron is also an example. the writer oscar wilde is another, later example. less extreme versions were the american artist who lived in london, james mcneill whistler, and the french composer maurice ravel. "the scarlet pimpernel" is a famous example from literature.
today, in the 21st century, the word "dandy" is often used as a joke word to mean "fine" or "great".
robert costanza (born 14 september, 1950) is an american ecological economist and the gund professor of ecological economics and director of the gund institute for ecological economics at the university of vermont. 
robert costanza was born in pittsburgh, pennsylvania. he studied architecture and urban and regional planning from the university of florida and got a masters degree. he received his ph.d. from the university of florida in 1979 in systems ecology, with a minor in economics. 
in 1982 he was selected as a kellogg national fellow, in 1992 he was awarded the society for conservation biology distinguished achievement award and in 1993 he was selected as a pew scholar in conservation and the environment. in 1998 he was awarded the kenneth boulding memorial award for outstanding contributions in ecological economics. in 2000 he received an honorary doctorate in natural sciences from stockholm university. 
before he moved to vermont in august 2002, he was director of the university of maryland, college park institute for ecological economics, and a professor in the center for environmental science, at solomons, and in the biology department at college park. 
costanza is co-founder and past-president of the international society for ecological economics (isee) and was chief editor of the society’s journal "ecological economics" from its inception until 9/02. he serves on the editorial board of eight other international academic journals. he is president of the international society for ecosystem health. 
dr. costanza's research has focused on the interface between ecological and economic systems. this includes landscape level spatial simulation modeling; analysis of energy and material flows through economic and ecological systems; valuation of ecosystem services, biodiversity, and natural capital; and analysis of dysfunctional incentive systems and ways to correct them. 
costanza is the author or co-author 16 books. and over 300 scientific papers. books, a selection: 
his work has been cited in more than 1700 scientific articles since 1987 (according to the science citation index) and more than 80 interviews and reports on his work have appeared in various media, including newsweek, us news and world report, the economist, the new york times, science, nature, national geographic, and national public radio.
in medieval history, ifriqiya or ifriqiyah () was the area of the coastal regions of what are today western libya, tunisia, and eastern algeria. this area included what had been the roman province of africa.
in modern arabic, the term simply means "africa". it comes from the latin term "africa". 
in ancient rome, a province (latin, "provincia", pl. "provinciae") was the basic and, until around 300, largest territorial and administrative unit of the empire's territorial possessions outside of the peninsula of italy. the word "province" in modern english came from the term used by the romans.
bring me the horizon are a british metalcore band from sheffield, yorkshire, england. the band was formed in 2004 from members of other bands within their local area. they play a style of music that combines rock and metalcore, but they have taken on a more rock style with their latest album. their album in 2006 called "count your blessings" was a deathcore album and often people nickname that type of music "screamo". the band's name comes from a pirates of the caribbean quote.
the roman province of africa was established after the romans defeated carthage in the third punic war. it roughly includeded the territory of present-day northern tunisia, north-eastern algeria and the mediterranean coast of modern-day western libya along the syrtis minor. the arabs later named roughly the same region as the original province ifriqiya, an other word for "africa".
the prosperity of most towns depended on agriculture. called the "granary of the empire", north africa, according to one estimate, produced one million tons of cereals each year, one-quarter of which was exported. additional crops included beans, figs, grapes, and other fruits. by the second century, olive oil rivaled cereals as an export item. in addition to the cultivation of slaves, and the capture and transporting of exotic wild animals, the principal production and exports included the textiles, marble, wine, timber, livestock, pottery and wool.
the third punic war (149 bc to 146 bc) was the third and last of the punic wars. it was fought between the former phoenician colony of carthage, and the roman republic.
the war was a much smaller engagement than the two previous punic wars, and was mostly just the romans attacking the city of carthage in the battle of carthage. the romans killed or captured all the people living inside of the city and tore down the buildings. they did this because they hated the carthaginians after fighting two other wars with them, and didn't want to fight another, so they totally destroyed them.
the punic wars were a series of conflicts fought between rome and carthage between 264 and 146 bc. they were probably the largest wars in the ancient world. the term "punic" comes from the latin word "punicus" (or "poenicus"). this was the word the romans used for the carthaginians, due to their phoenician ancestry. 
the main cause of the punic wars was the clash of interests between the existing empire of carthage and the expanding roman republic. what was at stake was control of the trading around the mediterranean sea. carthage lost the three wars.
carthage was a trading nation founded by phoenicians. it was the dominant sea power in the western mediterranean. it was a maritime empire, in contrast to the land-based roman empire. the romans decided they needed sicily, which was then in carthaginian hands. the consequence was a series of wars which lasted over a hundred years, and ended in the utter destruction of carthage.
scooby-doo is the main character in the long running series "scooby-doo". he is a speaking dog that has a very sweet tooth. his best friend is shaggy.
scooby was first voiced by don messick before being replaced by neil fanning and frank welker
notts county football club is a football club in nottingham, england, and also the oldest professional association football club in the world. the club now plays in football league one of the efl, part of the english football league system. "the magpies" play at the meadow lane stadium in black and white striped shirts.
the club has also played many times in the top division of english football, the most recent in 1991–92, when they played in the last season of the old first division before the creation of the premier league.
well-known past managers of notts county have been jimmy sirrel, neil warnock, and sam allardyce.
formation and early years.
notts county started in 1862. the club was started before the football association and in the beginning they played a game with club rules, rather than association football. when it started, notts county, like most sports teams, were considered to be a "gentlemen-only" club. notts county are thought to be to be one of the starters of the current game, even being credited with the invention of the offside trap. notts county is the oldest of the world's professional association football clubs (there are older professional clubs in other codes of football.)
the club in the beginning played at park hollow at nottingham castle. in december 1864, the decision was made to play games against outside teams, and it was decided that the club needed to find a larger stadium. after playing at several places, the magpies settled at trent bridge cricket ground in 1883. when the ground was used for cricket, they played at castle ground or nottingham forest's town ground. the club moved to their current stadium, meadow lane, in 1910.
in 1888, notts county, along with eleven other football clubs, became a founding member of the football league. they finished their first league season in eleventh place. notts county got their highest ever league finish of third in 1890-91, and they also finished third ten seasons later.
fa cup finals.
on 25 march 1891, notts county reached the fa cup final for the first time but did not win. they lost 3-1 to blackburn rovers.
notts county made up for this in 1894, when they won the fa cup at goodison park for the first time in their history. the magpies beat bolton wanderers 4-1 and jimmy logan scored the first hat-trick in fa cup final history. notts county became the first club outside the top division to win the fa cup - they finished in third place in the second division that season.
la paz is the largest and capital city of the state of baja california sur, mexico. the city had a census population in 2010 of 215,178 people.
the gringo gazette is a newspaper in the english language founded by carrie duncan, published every other week for the american expatriate communities in baja california and baja california sur, mexico.
it has been published since 2001. most of its contributors are americans living in mexico or americans with a second home in mexico. most of the subscribers of this newspaper are located in san felipe, la paz and cabo san lucas.
2 girls 1 cup is the title of the trailer for hungry bitches, a scat-pornographic viral video produced by mfx media. the trailer features two women defecating into a cup, taking turns eating feces, and vomiting into each other's mouths. "lovers theme" from hervé roy's romantic themes album released by tele music in 1992 plays throughout the video.
this one-minute video is a viral video that became a well-known internet meme among bloggers and message boards for its viewers reaction to the content. around mid-october 2007, video sites such as youtube were flooded with videos that show others' reactions to watching the video for the first time.
the video came from a brazilian, marco fiorito, who talks of himself as a "compulsive fetishist". fiorito first produced foot fetish videos but soon moved on to coprophagia. the movie was made by mfx-video, one of several businesses owned by fiorito. fiorito says his movies are legal in brazil, but authorities in the united states have branded some of his movies as dirty and filed charges against danilo croce, a brazilian lawyer living in florida, listed as an officer of a company shipping fiorito's movies in the united states. croce accepted a plea bargain and was sentenced to 3 years of unsupervised probation and forfeiture of $98,000. fiorito said he did not know his movies were illegal in the united states and that his movies often contained chocolate instead of feces to appease some of his actors who were willing to appear in scat movies but not actually eat fecal matter.
the first few seconds of the 2 girls 1 cup video contain the text "mfx 1209" (the product code for "hungry bitches") and the url mfxvideos.com. the website is fiorito's mfx-video. this causes some in the media to incorrectly believe the video is one of the many croce had to surrender to the department of justice but was somehow leaked in the process.
2 girls 1 cup's spread because of the reactions it causes. hundreds of videos exist on youtube of users showing the original video to their friends and recording their reactions. even joe rogan, host of "fear factor", a show known for the nasty things its players eat, had to turn away in a reaction video posted to his blog. a reaction video starring kermit the frog proved very popular on the digg. in january 2008, "slate" magazine wrote about the reaction video with a slideshow about the reactions.
violet blue, an author, stated this website as becoming "the new 'tubgirl' and goatse all in one nasty moment of choco-poo-love" in a "san francisco chronicle" article.
wwe no way out is a yearly pay-per-view made by world wrestling entertainment (wwe). the event is usually produced in february and is typically the last pay-per-view before wrestlemania. the first "no way out" event was in 1998 as an in your house event, called . the event did not take place in 1999, 2010 or 2011 but was brought back in 2000 and 2012.
"note: (c) - refers to the champion before the match occurred."
ansonia is a city in connecticut in the united states. according to the 2020 united states census, 18,918 people lived there.
bridgeport is a city of connecticut in the united states. it is the most populated city in the state of connecticut with a population of 137,912 as of 2006 and is also the fifth largest city in new england being part of the new york combined statistical area.
the very first subway restaurant was opened in bridgeport.
bristol is a city in connecticut in the united states. espn's headquarters are there. it is southwest of hartford. its population of 2005 is 61,353. it has 10 elementary schools, 3 middle schools, and 2 high schools.
danbury is a city in fairfield county, connecticut, united states. it is northeast of new york city making it part of the new york metropolitan area. danbury's population at the 2010 census was 80,893. 
the city is named for danbury in essex, england. it is nicknamed the "hat city".
derby is a city in connecticut in the united states.
groton is a city in connecticut in the united states. according to the 2020 united states census, 9,387 people lived there.
meriden is a city in connecticut in the united states.
middletown is a city in connecticut in the united states.
milford is a city in connecticut in the united states.
professional wrestler goldust was born in milford.
new britain is a city in connecticut in the united states.
new london is a city in connecticut in the united states. the united states coast guard academy is in the city.
norwalk is a city in connecticut in the united states. in 2006, 84,437 people lived in norwalk, making it the third largest city in fairfield county and the sixth largest city in connecticut.
norwich is a city in connecticut in the united states.
shelton is a city in connecticut in the united states.
stamford () is a city in fairfield county, connecticut, united states. according to the us census bureau, the population of the city is 129,775 in 2018. it the third-largest city in the state (behind bridgeport and new haven). it is about from manhattan.
torrington is a city in the u.s. state of connecticut.
west haven is a city in connecticut in the united states.
winsted is a city in connecticut in the united states.
delaware city is a city in delaware in the united states. it is in new castle county in the north part of the state. delaware city had 1,453 people in 2000.
harrington is a city in delaware in the united states. it is in the southwest part of kent county, which is in the middle of the state. harrington had 3,174 people in 2000.
lewes ( ) is a city in delaware in the united states. it is in sussex county, which is in the south part of the state. the city is next to the delaware bay and is near the atlantic ocean. lewes had 2,932 people in 2000.
milford is a city in delaware in the united states. it is on the line of kent county to the north and sussex county to the south. milford had 6,732 people in 2000.
new castle is a city in delaware in the united states. it is next to the delaware river in new castle county, which is in the north part of the state. new castle had 4,862 people in 2000.
newark is a city of delaware in the united states. it is in new castle county, which is in the north part of the state. the city has the university of delaware. newark had 28,547 people in 2000.
rehoboth beach is a city in delaware in the united states. it is next to the atlantic ocean in sussex county, which is in the south part of the state. rehoboth beach had 1,495 people in 2000.
seaford is a city in delaware in the united states. it is in sussex county, which is in the south part of the state. seaford had 6,699 people in 2000.
certain operating systems use paging to get virtual memory. this means that a part of the hard disk or a file is used so that the applications or the operating system see more memory that is actually there. a page replacement algorithm is an algorithm that decides which pages should be written to disk or file, when a new page needs to be allocated. 
some of the algorithms used are:
alachua is a city of florida in the united states.
altamonte springs is a city of florida in the united states. the population of this town was about 41,200 in 2000.
anna maria is a city in florida in the united states.
apalachicola is a city of florida in the united states.
apopka is a city of florida in the united states.
arcadia is a city of florida in the united states. it is the county seat of desoto county
archer is a city of florida in the united states.
atlantis is a city in palm beach county, florida, united states.
a page cache or disk cache is a buffer of pages certain operating systems keep in memory. these operating systems usually use paging. 
the page cache uses virtual memory techniques to cache file data as pages rather than as file system oriented blocks. caching file data is far more efficient than caching through physical disks blocks. several systems - including solaris, linux, and windows nt, 2000, and xp - use page caching to cache both process pages and file data. this is known as unified virtual memory.
auburndale is a city in polk county, florida of the united states.
avon park is a city in highlands county, florida, united states.
bartow is a city of florida in the united states. nfl player ray lewis was born in bartow. it is the county seat of polk county.
bay lake is a city of florida in the united states.
belle glade is a small city of palm beach county, florida in the united states on the south shore of lake okeechobee. to the north of belle glade is another small city called pahokee. in 2007, the number of people in belle glade was guessed to be around 16,739.
dendrobates is a genus of poison dart frogs which are protected by warning colouration. they are highly poisonous.
the yellow-banded poison dart frog, "dendrobates leucomelas", is one of the most common species, found in the northern part of south america in venezuela, guyana and brazil.
belle isle is a city of florida in the united states.
belleair beach is a city of florida in the united states.
belleview is a city of florida in the united states. the city had a population of 3,478 people in the 2000 census. in 2009, the city had a population about 4,500. it is part of the ocala metropolitan statistical area. the name belleview means beautiful view. the name of the city came from one of the first settlers whose daughter was named “belle”.
blountstown is a city of florida in the united states. it is the county seat of calhoun county.
boca raton is a city in southern palm beach county, florida. boca raton is has the second highest number of people in palm beach county. as of 2018, the city of boca raton had nearly 100,000 people living within the city. the southern end of the city borders deerfield beach in broward county. the mayor of boca raton is scott singer.
the main campuses of florida atlantic university and everglades university are in boca raton. the headquarters of office depot is also in the city.
bonifay is the county seat of holmes county, florida in the united states.
bonita springs is a city of florida in the united states.
bowling green is a city in florida in the united states.
boynton beach is a city in palm beach county, florida, united states. the population was 68,217 at the 2010 census. boynton beach was the second highest number of people in the county, with about 66,714 people. boynton beach was founded in 1920. 
the user datagram protocol (udp) is a core member of the internet protocol suite, the set of network protocols used for the internet. with udp, computer applications can send messages, known as "datagrams", to other hosts on an internet protocol (ip) network without requiring other communications to set up special transmission channels or data paths. udp is sometimes called the universal datagram protocol. the protocol was designed by david p. reed in 1980 and formally defined in .
udp applications use datagram sockets to establish host-to-host communications. sockets bind the application to service ports that functions as the endpoints of data transmission. a port is a software structure that is identified by the port number, a 16 bit integer value, allowing for port numbers between 0 and 65,535. port 0 is reserved, but is able to be used if the sending process does not expect messages in response.
ports 1 through 1023 (hexadecimal 0x3ff) are named "well-known" ports and on unix-like operating systems, binding to one of these ports requires superuser (root) access.
ports 1024 through 49,151 (0xbfff) are registered ports.
ports 49,152 through 65,535 (0xffff) are used as temporary ports usually by clients when communicating to servers.
there are many uses for udp, for example bittorrent optionally uses it for peer-to-peer file sharing. the teredo tunneling protocol uses udp.
bradenton is a city of florida in the united states. it is the county seat of manatee county.
bradenton has a total area of 17.5 square miles.
bradenton beach is a city in florida in the united states.
bristol is a city of liberty county in the state of florida in the united states.
brooksville is a city of florida in the united states. it is the county seat of hernando county.
brooksville has a total area of 11.3 square miles.
bunnell is a city in flagler county, florida in the united states.
bushnell is a city in sumter county, florida, united states. the population was 2,050 at the 2000 census. according to the u.s census estimates of 2005, the city had a population of 2,119. it is the county seat of sumter county.
callaway is a city of florida in the united states.
callaway has a total area of 9.5 square miles.
cape canaveral is a city of florida in the united states.
cape coral is a city in lee county, florida in the united states. 154,305 people live in the city.
carrabelle is a city of florida in the united states.
it is in the florida county of franklin. franklin county is on the gulf of mexico. it is in the western part of the state. the carrabelle river flows through carrabelle. carrabelle is at the end of the waterway that is called the gulf intracoastal waterway. this waterway goes west to texas. 
casselberry is a city of florida in the united states.
cedar key is a city of florida in the united states.
cedar key has a total area of 2.2 square miles.
center hill is a city of florida in the united states.
center hill has a total area of 6.5 square miles.
chattahoochee is a city in gadsden county, florida in the united states.
chiefland is a city of florida in the united states.
chipley is a city of florida in the united states. it is the county seat of washington county.
clermont is a city in lake county, florida in the united states. the city is famous for the citrus tower.
famous professor lived here.
clewiston is a city of florida in the united states.
cocoa is a city of florida in the united states. the city had a population of 17,041 at the 2010 census. the city was first settled by fishermen around 1860, who named it indian river city. the name would eventually be changed to cocoa.
coconut creek is a city of florida in the united states. in 2012, 55,001 people lived there.
coleman is a city of florida in the united states.
cooper city is a city of florida in the united states. greg ross is mayor. 
coral gables is a city of florida in the united states.
crescent city is a city of florida in the united states.
crescent city has a total area of 2.4 square miles.
crestview is a city of florida in the united states. it is the seat of okaloosa county.
crystal river is a city of florida in the united states.
crystal river has a total area of 8.1 square miles.
cutler bay is a city of florida in the united states. the area covers about 9.7 square miles. before, people called it cutler ridge. in 2000, the city had a total population of 24,781.
dade city is a city of florida in the united states. it is the county seat of pasco county.
dania beach is a city of florida in the united states.
davenport is a city of florida in the united states.
davenport has a total area of 4.2 square miles.
daytona beach is a city of florida in the united states.
daytona beach shores is a city of florida in the united states.
debary is a city of florida in the united states.
defuniak springs is a city of florida in the united states.
deland is a city of florida in the united states.
deerfield beach is a city of broward county, florida in the united states.
delray beach is a city of florida in the united states. according to the 2020 united states census, 66,846 people lived there.
deltona is a city of florida in the united states.
destin is a city of florida in the united states.
doral is a city in north miami-dade county, florida, united states. it is a suburb of miami. the population was 39,011 at the 2010 u.s. census. doral is very close to miami international airport. this has encouraged local and big business, and the headquarters of many large companies are in dorel, including carnival corporation, amadeus north america and the dutch airline martinair.
dunedin is a city of florida in the united states.
dunedin has a total area of 22.94 square miles.
dunnellon is a city of florida in the united states.
eagle lake is a city of polk county in the state of florida, united states.
edgewater, volusia county is a city of florida in the united states.
edgewood is a city of florida in the united states.
englewood is a city of florida in the united states.
englewood has a total area of 22.3 square miles.
everglades city is a city in collier county, florida. near the bottom of everglades is everglades national park.
fanning springs is a city of florida in the united states. it is in gilchrist and levy counties.
fellsmere is a city of florida in the united states.
fernandina beach is the county seat of nassau county, florida in the united states.
flagler beach is a city of florida in the united states. it is in both flagler and volusia counties.
florida city is a city of florida in the united states.
fort lauderdale is a city in the state of florida in the united states. it is 23 miles (37 km) north of miami. as of 2010, the city of fort lauderdale had a population of 165,521.
the city is a popular tourist destination. it had 10.35 million visitors in 2006.
despite not being below the tropic of cancer, fort lauderdale has a tropical rainforest (af) climate with a long hot year with no true dry season.
fort meade is a city of florida in the united states. in 2004, there were 5,761 people living there.
fort myers is a city of florida in the united states. it is the commercial center of lee county, florida.
on august 13, 2004, fort myers was hit hard by hurricane charley.
fort pierce is a city of florida in the united states.
freeport is a city of florida in the united states.
freeport has a total area of 19 square miles.
frostproof is a city of florida in the united states.
frostproof has a total area of 19.3 square miles.
a cache can be used to improve the performance of accessing a given resource. when there are several such caches for the same resource, as shown in the picture, this can lead to problems. cache coherence or cache coherency refers to a number of ways to make sure all the caches of the resource have the same data, and that the data in the caches makes sense (called "data integrity"). cache coherence is a special case of memory coherence.
there may be problems if there are many caches of a common memory resource, as data in the cache may no longer make sense, or one cache may no longer have the same data as the others. a common case where the problem occurs is the cache of cpus in a multiprocessing system. as can be seen in the figure, if the top client has a copy of a memory block from a previous read and the bottom client changes that memory block, the top client could be left with an invalid cache of memory, without knowing. cache coherence is there to manage such conflicts and maintain consistency between cache and memory.
coherence defines the behavior of reads and writes to the same memory location. the caches are coherent, if all of the following conditions are met:
these conditions are defined supposing that the read and write operations are made instantaneously. however, this does not happen in computer hardware because of memory latency and other aspects of the architecture. a write by processor x may not be seen by a read from processor y if the read is made within a very small time after the write has been made. the memory consistency model defines when a written value must be seen by a following read instruction made by the other processors.
cache coherence mechanisms.
distributed shared memory systems mimic these mechanisms so that they can maintain consistency between blocks of memory in loosely coupled systems.
the two most common types of coherence that are typically studied are snooping and directory-based. each has its own benefits and drawbacks. snooping protocols tend to be faster, if enough bandwidth is available, since all transactions are a request/response seen by all processors. the drawback is that snooping is not scalable. every request must be broadcast to all nodes in a system. as the system gets larger, the size of the (logical or physical) bus and the bandwidth it provides must grow. directories, on the other hand, tend to have longer latencies (with a 3 hop request/forward/respond) but use much less bandwidth since messages are point to point and not broadcast. for this reason, many of the larger systems (>64 processors) use this type of cache coherence.
fruitland park is a city of florida in the united states.
graceville is a city of florida in the united states.
graceville has a total area of 4.4 square miles.
green cove springs is a city of florida in the united states. it is the county seat of clay county. as of 2010, the population recorded by the u.s. census bureau was 6,908.
greenacres is a city of florida in the united states. according to the 2020 united states census, 43,990 people lived there.
gretna is a city in gadsden county, florida in the united states.
groveland is a city of florida in the united states.
gulf breeze is a city of florida in the united states.
gulfport is a city of florida in the united states.
hampton is a city in florida in the united states.
hawthorne is a city of florida in the united states.
hialeah is a city of florida in the united states.
primary and secondary schools.
miami-dade county public schools serves hialeah. two high schools serving the hialeah community, mater academy charter high school and miami lakes educational center, were named as "silver" award winners in "u.s. news & world report's" "best high schools 2008 search".
hialeah gardens is a city of florida in the united states. it is in miami-dade county.
high springs is a city of florida in the united states.
holly hill is a city of florida in the united states.
holly hill has a total area of 4.5 square miles.
holmes beach is a city of florida in the united states.
homestead is a city of southeastern florida in the united states. it was devastated when hurricane andrew traveled over the area in august 1992.
barry james marshall, ac, frs, faa (born 30 september 1951) is an australian doctor and winner of the 2005 nobel prize in physiology or medicine. he is professor of clinical microbiology at the university of western australia. marshall is well known for proving that bacteria "helicobacter pylori" are the cause of most stomach ulcers. this changed years of medical belief which said that ulcers were caused by stress, spicy foods, and too much acid. he has recently taken a part-time position at the pennsylvania state university.
marshall was born in kalgoorlie, western australia. he lived in kalgoorlie and carnarvon until moving to perth at the age of seven. he went to high school at newman college, perth. at the university of western australia, medicine and surgery. he married his wife, adrienne, in 1972. in 1972 he was also the western australian state yo-yo champion.
life and research.
in 1979 marshall became a registrar in medicine at the royal perth hospital. at the hospital he met robin warren, a pathologist who was interested in gastritis. they were both training in internal medicine at royal perth hospital in 1981. together they looked at spiral bacteria in gastritis. in 1982 they grew a culture of "h. pylori". they worked on their idea that there was a bacterial cause of peptic ulcer and stomach cancer. their idea was laughed at by scientists and doctors who did not believe that any bacteria could live in the acidic stomach. marshall said that "everyone was against me, but i knew i was right". other doctors said they wouldn't believe it until the "h. pylori" idea could be proved.
marshall and warren tried to give the bacteria to piglets in 1984, but it did not work. marshall drank some of the bacteria and soon developed gastritis with achlorhydria. he had stomach discomfort, nausea, vomiting and bad smelling breath. on the 14th day of the infection, biopsies of marshall's stomach did not show any bacteria. his body may have got rid of the bacteria without help. his wife made him take antibiotics immediately so there was no way of checking the negative result again. he did not develop antibodies to h.pylori. this means that natural immunity can sometimes get rid of h.pylori infection. his illness and recovery, showed the link between "h. pylori" and gastritis, but not for peptic ulcer. this experiment was published in 1985 in the medical journal of australia and is among the most cited articles from the journal.
after this work at fremantle hospital, marshall did research at royal perth hospital (1985-86) and at the university of virginia, usa (1986-1996), before going back to australia. he held a burnet fellowship at the university of western australia from 1998-2003. he is still looking at "h. pylori" and runs the h.pylori research laboratory at uwa.
awards and honours.
in 2005, the karolinska institute in stockholm gave the nobel prize in physiology or medicine to dr. marshall and dr. warren for finding the bacterium "helicobacter pylori" and its part in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.
marshall was given other awards including:
he was made a companion of the order of australia in 2007.
diglossia is when a group of people have two languages or dialects that they use. one is the common language they use every day, and the other is either a much older version from centuries before (for example, arabic or chinese) or a similar but clearly different modern-day version (for example, norwegian with bokmål and nynorsk).
mutual intelligibility is where the speakers of one language can understand another language because they are alike. this is sometimes (but not always) used to decide whether they are different languages or different dialects.
there are noticeable differences in accent, vocabulary, and spelling between british and general american english, but speakers can largely understand each other without serious problems. these dialects are therefore mutually intelligible.
sometimes, even different languages can be mutually intelligible.hindi and urdu are called different languages, but speakers of both languages can largely understand each other if they are using everyday language. this is because the two languages used to be dialects of hindustani, the official language of british india until india became independent. since the two languages are so alike, they are sometimes called together as hindi-urdu.
also, dialects of a certain language can sometimes be mutually unintelligible. chinese, for example, has hundreds of different dialects, and many native speakers of those dialects cannot understand each other without knowing the other's dialect. for example, the local dialects of beijing, shanghai, and hong kong are mandarin, shanghainese/wu chinese, and cantonese/yue in that same order. if natives from each of these cities were to talk to each other in their native dialects, they would not understand each other. this is because they are too different from each other. this is why the governments of china and taiwan want their citizens to speak standard mandarin in public so that there can be a spoken dialect of chinese everyone can understand. while the spoken dialects are mutually unintelligible, they all use the same written code, chinese characters, so they can understand each other if they write to each other. 
these examples above show that the difference between language and dialect is often hard to define, even for linguists, or people who study languages as their job.
when a speaker of one language can understand what a speaker of another language is saying but not the other way around, it is called asymmetric intelligibility. an example of of this is portuguese and spanish. while portuguese speakers say they can understand spanish without major problems, spanish speakers, on the other hand, have a very difficult time understanding portuguese speakers. this situation is actually quite common across languages.
indian harbour beach is a city of florida in the united states.
indian rocks beach is a city of florida in the united states.
inverness is a city of florida in the united states. it is the county seat of citrus county
islandia is a (currently unincorporated) city of florida in the united states.
jacksonville beach is a city of florida in the united states.
jacob city is a city of florida in the united states.
jasper is the county seat of hamilton county, florida in the united states.
key colony beach is a city of florida in the united states.
keystone heights is a city of florida in the united states.
keystone heights has a total area of 1 square mile.
kissimmee is a city of florida in the united states. it is the county seat of osceola county.
la belle is a city of florida in the united states. it is the county seat of hendry county.
lake alfred is a city of florida in the united states.
lake buena vista is a city in orange county, florida, united states. it is mostly known for being home to the walt disney world resort. it is one of two florida municipalities controlled by the walt disney company. the other city is bay lake.
lake buena vista is part of the orlando–kissimmee metropolitan statistical area.
lake buena vista is within orange county public schools.
lake butler, union county is a city of florida in the united states. lake butler is the county seat of union county and is also the largest city in the county.
lake city is a city of florida in the united states. it is the county seat of columbia county.
lake helen is a city of florida in the united states.
lake mary is a city of florida in the united states.
lake mary has a total area of 9.9 square miles.
lake wales is a city in polk county, florida, united states. 10,194 lived there in the year 2000. as of 2004, the u.s. census bureau estimated that 11,802 live there . lake wales is in central florida, west of lake kissimmee and east of tampa.
lake worth is a city of florida in the united states.
lakeland is a city of florida in the united states.
largo is a city of florida in the united states.
lauderdale lakes is a city of florida in the united states.
laurel hill is a city of florida in the united states. it was once one of the first english-speaking places in florida.
lawtey is a city of florida in the united states.
layton is a city of florida in the united states.
leesburg is a city of florida in the united states.
lighthouse point is a city of florida in the united states.
live oak is a city of florida in the united states.
longwood is a city of florida in the united states.
lynn haven is a city of florida in the united states.
macclenny is a city of florida in the united states. it is the county seat of baker county.
madeira beach is a city of florida in the united states.
madison is a city of florida in the united states. it is the county seat of madison county.
maitland is a city of florida in the united states.
marathon is a city of florida in the united states. it is on knight's key, boot key, key vaca, fat deer key, long point key, crawl key and grassy key islands in the middle florida keys, in monroe county. as of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 10,255. as of 2005, the population estimated by the u.s. census bureau is 10,626.
the name "marathon" started with the building of the florida east coast railroad. the railroad workers were working night and day to complete the railway. many of the workers complained that "this [the project] is getting to be a real marathon". later, the railroad named the closest station along the railroad "marathon".
the city has a total area of , of which is land and (10.37%) is water. the city limits extend 1200 feet from land into the adjacent waters.
boot key harbor is a natural body of water between boot key and key vaca, entirely within the marathon city limits.
marco island is a city of florida in the united states.
margate is a city of florida in the united states.
marianna is a city of florida in the united states.
mary esther is a city of florida in the united states.
mascotte is a city of florida in the united states.
melbourne is a city of florida in the united states. the city is close to atlantic ocean. melbourne is among many atlantic coastal cities within florida.
mexico beach is a city of florida in the united states. mexico beach was completely wiped out because of hurricane michael.
miami beach is a city of florida in the united states.
miami beach is as its name tells, a resort city with many beaches, hotels and restaurants. many celebrities maintain homes in the city, especially in the south beach area. they go to night clubs at night and enjoy the great weather during the day. the city is also home to many hispanics who come through neighboring miami on their way to america. also, a very large part of the population is jewish and many of them are observant. they have built up their own infrastructure with schools, shuls and kosher restaurants. this has made the city draw many observant tourists.
miami gardens is a city of florida in the united states.
miami springs is a city of florida in the united states.
midway is a city in gadsden county, florida in the united states.
milton is a city of florida in the united states. it is the county seat of santa rosa county.
minneola is a city of florida in the united states.
miramar is a city of florida in the united states. the mayor of miramar is wayne messam since 2015. as of the 2010 census, the population was 122,041.
monticello is a city of florida in the united states.
moore haven is a city of florida in the united states. it is the county seat of glades county.
mount dora is a city of florida in the united states.
mulberry is a city of florida in the united states.
mulberry was created in 1901.
naples is a city of florida in the united states. it is the county seat of collier county. many famous people have homes here. it is known for white-sand beaches. 
neptune beach is a city of florida in the united states.
new port richey is a city of florida in the united states.
new smyrna beach is a city of florida in the united states.
newberry is a medium city of florida in the united states.
niceville is a city of florida in the united states.
north bay village is a city of florida in the united states.
north lauderdale is a city of florida in the united states.
north miami is a city of florida in the united states. it is in miami-dade county. it was founded in 1926. florida international university is located here.
north miami beach is a city of florida in the united states.
north port is a city of florida in the united states.
oak hill is a city of florida in the united states.
oak hill has a total area of 11.2 square miles.
oakland is a town in orange county, florida, united states. it is part of the orlando–kissimmee metropolitan statistical area.
oakland park is a city of florida in the united states.
ocoee is a city of florida in the united states. it is in orange county.
okeechobee is a city of florida in the united states. it is the county seat of okeechobee county, florida.
oldsmar is a city in florida in the united states.
opa-locka is a city of florida in the united states.
orange city is a city of florida in the united states.
ormond beach is a city of florida in the united states.
osteen is an unincorporated community of florida in the united states. it is in the southwestern part of volusia county.
oviedo is a city of florida in the united states.
pahokee is a city of florida in the united states and in palm beach county. pahokee is on the shore of lake okeechobee. in 2007 6,617 people lived in pahokee.
palatka is a city of florida in the united states.
palm bay is a city of florida in the united states.
palm beach gardens is a city in northeastern palm beach county, which is a county in florida. 
palm coast is a city in flagler county, florida in the united states. according to the 2020 united states census, 89,258 people lived there.
palmetto is a city of florida in the united states.
panama city is a city in the us state of florida. it is along u.s. highway 98 in bay county. it is the county seat of bay county. 37,188 people live there.
panama city beach is a city of florida in the united states.
parker is a city of florida in the united states.
parkland is a city in northern broward county, florida. as of the 2010 census, there were 23,962 people living there. parkland is part of the miami metropolitan area. it is known for its zoning laws which protect "park-like" character of the city. 
until the mid-1990s and early 2000s, there were no stores or traffic lights in parkland. 
parkland is located at . according to the united states census bureau, the city has a total area of . its land area is while it has (3.97%) of water. 
the northern boundary of parkland shares with the border between broward and palm beach counties. west boca raton, an unincorporated area of palm beach county that extends west of boca raton's city limits and lies to the north. coconut creek lies to the east while coral springs lies to the south. its west side shares the bounded with the everglades.
as of 2010, there were 8,292 households, out of which 7.4% were vacant. in 2000, the city population was spread out with 35.1% under the age of 18, 4.3% from 18 to 24, 32.8% from 25 to 44, 24.0% from 45 to 64, and 3.8% who were 65 years of age or older. 
according to a 2016 estimate, the average income for a household in the city was $131,340. it is estimated that average house value was $596,212. males had a median income of $103,942 while $81,425 was the average for females. 
the per capita income for the city was $56,793. 
parkland elects a five-member city commission. elections are technically non-partisan. however, all five members are party-affiliated (4 democrats and 1 republican).
pembroke pines is a city of florida in the united states.
pensacola is a city of florida in the united states. it is the county seat of escambia county.
as of 2019, the population was estimated to be 52,975. pensacola is the principal city of the pensacola metropolitan area, which had an estimated 502,629 residents . pensacola is one of the largest metropolitan areas in the gulf coast region, the largest between new orleans and tampa.
perry is a city of florida in the united states.
pinellas park is a city of florida in the united states.
pinellas park was made in 1914.
plant city is a city of florida in the united states.
plantation is a city of florida in the united states.
pompano beach is a city in florida in the united states.
port orange is a city of florida in the united states.
port richey is a city in florida, united states.
port st. joe is the county seat of gulf county, florida in the united states.
port st. lucie is a city of florida in the united states.
punta gorda is a city of florida in the united states. it is the county seat of charlotte county.
quincy is a city in gadsden county, florida in the united states.
riviera beach is a city of florida in the united states. it is in palm beach county. it is home to the port of palm beach and a united states coast guard station.
rockledge is a city of florida in the united states.
safety harbor is a city in pinellas county, florida, in the united states. about 17,200 people were living in safety harbor in the year 2000.
san antonio is a city of florida in the united states. there were 1,138 people living there according to the 2010 census.
sanford is a city of florida in the united states. it is the county seat of seminole county.
sanibel is a city of florida in the united states.
satellite beach is a city of florida in the united states.
sebastian is a city of florida in the united states.
sebring is a city of florida in the united states. it is the county seat of highlands county.
seminole is a city in the u.s. state of florida.
sopchoppy is a city of florida in the united states.
south bay is a city of florida in the united states.
south bay was created in 1941.
south daytona is a city of florida in the united states.
south miami is a city of florida in the united states.
south pasadena is a city of florida in the united states.
springfield is a city of florida in the united states.
st. augustine beach is a city of florida in the united states.
st. cloud is a city of florida in the united states.
st. marks is a city of florida in the united states.
st. pete beach is a city in florida in the united states.
starke is a city of florida in the united states. it is the county seat of bradford county.
sunny isles beach is a city of florida in the united states.
sunrise is a city in florida in the united states.
sweetwater is a city of florida in the united states.
during the 1920s, the miami-pittsburgh land company bought land near miami. they planned to build "sweetwater groves." in 1926, a category 4 hurricane, (the great miami hurricane), struck the area. between the hurricane and problems with real estate value at the time, this construction never happened.
in 1938, clyde andrews bought most of the "sweetwater groves" land and began to sell it for homes. a group of russian midgets were some of the people who bought the land. they were looking for a place to retire after their career in the circus. they built several homes on the land. these homes were not built for people of normal height. the homes were built smaller than normal so that the group would be comfortable living in them. this caused sweetwater to be called the "midget" community for many years. sweetwater became incorporated in 1941. . the first mayor of the town was the manager of the group of midgets. the town grew to a population of about 500 people by 1959. in 1970, sweetwater was still a small town. it's population was about 3000.
during the 1970s, sweetwater began to grow quickly. in 1972, florida international university began teaching students at its campus just south of the town. two large highways were being built in the area. one north of the town and the other to the west of it. the area also got noticed by the dade county hispanic community. all of this caused the population of sweetwater to double. the town had the largest growth of all cities in dade county during the 1970s.
the city's population is currently over 14,200 people. ninety-three percent of the population is of hispanic origin.
tamarac is a city of florida in the united states.
tarpon springs is a city of florida in the united states. the population was 23,484 at the 2010 census.
tavares is a city of florida in the united states. it is the county seat of lake county.
temple terrace is a city of florida in the united states.
titusville is a city of florida in the united states. it is the county seat of brevard county.
the mayor is jim tulley. the city was founded in 1867.
henry t. titus founded titusville in 1867. it was almost called riceville, but henry challenged a man named clark rice to decide the name. titus won and it was named titusville.
treasure island is a city of florida in the united states.
trenton is a city of florida in the united states. it is the county seat of gilchrist county
umatilla is a city of florida in the united states.
valparaiso is a city of florida in the united states.
venice is a city of florida in the united states.
vernon is a city of florida in the united states.
vernon has a total area of 4.8 square miles.
vero beach is a city of florida in the united states. it is the county seat of indian river county.
waldo is a city of florida in the united states.
wauchula is a city of florida in the united states. it is the county seat of hardee county
webster is a city of florida in the united states.
weeki wachee is a city in florida in the united states.
west melbourne is a city of florida in the united states.
west miami is a city of florida in the united states.
west palm beach is a city of florida in the united states. west palm beach is the county seat of palm beach county, florida. as of 2015, the population of west palm beach was 106,779.
the city was founded by henry flagler as a community to house the servants working in the two grand hotels on the neighboring island of palm beach, across lake worth. the original spelling was "westpalmbeach", but it was feared that the 13-letter word would be a bad omen for the new community. on november 5, 1894, 78 people met at the "calaboose" (the first jail and police station located at clematis st. and poinsettia, now dixie hwy.) and passed the motion to incorporate the town of west palm beach in what was then dade county (now miami-dade county). this made west palm beach the oldest incorporated municipality in the county and in south florida. the town council quickly addressed the building codes and the tents and shanties were replaced by brick, brick veneer, and stone buildings. the city grew rapidly in the 1920s as part of the florida land boom. many of the city's landmark structures and old neighborhoods were built during this period.
originally, flagler intended for his florida east coast railway to end in west palm but after the area experienced a deep freeze, he chose to extend the railroad to miami instead.
in the 1960s, palm beach county's first enclosed shopping mall, the palm beach mall, and an indoor arena were completed. they led to a short revival for the city, but crime continued to be a serious problem and by the early 1990s there were not many people living or working in downtown. since the 1990s, developments such as cityplace and renovation of 1920s architecture on clematis street have brought people back to downtown for the entertainment and shopping district.
west park is a city of florida in the united states.
weston is a city in florida in the united states. it is in broward county.
wewahitchka is a city in gulf county, florida in the united states.
wildwood is a city in sumter county, florida, united states. the population was 3,924 at the 2000 census. according to the u.s. census bureau's 2004 estimates, the city had a population of 3,598.
williston is a city of florida in the united states.
williston has a total area of 6.8 square miles.
wilton manors is a city of florida in the united states.
winter garden is a city west of orlando. it in the western part of orange county, florida, united states. the city was established by henry harrel in 1857. it was formerly called beulah. it is part of the orlando–kissimmee–sanford, florida metropolitan statistical area. in 2022, 48,523 people lived there.
winter haven is a city of florida in the united states.
winter park is a city of florida in the united states. it is known for its theme parks.
zephyrhills is a city of florida in the united states. it is known for the bottled water brand, zephyrhills.
george edward foreman (january 5, 1949) is an american two-time world heavyweight boxing champion and entrepreneur. he was born in marshall, texas, and grew up in fifth ward, houston.
he became the oldest man ever to win a major heavyweight title when, at 45, he knocked out 26-year-old michael moorer in the 10th round. he is still the oldest person to do that and has been named one of the 25 greatest fighters of all time by "ring magazine". nicknamed "big george", he became a businessman and an ordained christian minister. 
foreman has ten children, and each of his five sons is named george: george jr., george iii, george iv, george v, and george vi. they are also known by the nicknames "monk", "red", "joe" "big wheel" and "little george". his five daughters are michi, georgetta, freda george, natalie, and leola. he also has two adopted daughters.
late in the 20th century he gave his name to the electric george foreman grills. they cook food and allow the fat to drain off into a bowl, making the food less fatty.
simatic is the name of an automation system which was developed by the german company siemens. the automation system controls machines used for industrial production. this system makes it possible for machines to run automatically. depending on the needed function of the machine you have to upload the right program on your simatic unit. this unit is kept in a control cabinet near the machine.
simatic is similar to a digital computer which can store and run programs. the simatic also has some inputs and outputs. the running program on the simatic controls these inputs and outputs. both are connected by electrical wires with the machine. that makes a communication between the simatic and any machine possible. as the case may be the inputs and outputs are set on a “high” signal or on a “low” signal by the program. these are different electrical definitions. finally these signals are important if an action in the machine happens or not. 
example for different signals at the output to a motor:
example for different signals at the input coming from a thermometer in the machine:
there are basically two ways of communication:
from the machine to the simatic.
in the machine, there are sensors. a sensor gives information about different situations in the machine. for example, how fast the motor rotates, what the temperature is or when the current action is completed. all this information is necessary for the program. the sensors give out an electrical signal, each signal goes by wire on an input of the simatic unit. so the program knows what´s going on in the machine. this is very important, because now the program can perform the next correct step in its sequence. for example, if the temperature of the motor is too high, the program has to know it. now the program will switch off the motor.
from the simatic to the machine.
in the machine, there are actuators. they cause a wanted motion, action or forming. examples for actuators are a motor, a heater or a light. if the program says that it´s time to switch on the light in the machine, the right output of the simatic unit will be set. that means that an electrical signal at the output goes by wire to the machine and switches on the light.
the name simatic.
the name simatic is a registered trademark of the company siemens, since 1958. simatic connects “siemens” and “automatic” in one word.
siemens developed four different product lines so far:
every automation system needs a program to control a machine. to create a program you need a software. siemens created their own software for their products.
a lect is a specific form of language.
some examples of lects:
a register, in linguistics, is the way people use different words, spelling or grammar—talk or write differently—to different people, in different situations. they might be more polite to strangers, for example. or they will be more respectful to their boss at work.
this chart shows the words or phrases that one would use depending on different registers:
in linguistics, a stratum, or strate, is a language that changes another language or is changed by another language.
a substratum is the language which is changed, and a superstratum is the language that changes it. an adstratum is two languages changing each other at the same time.
language transfer is where a person uses their knowledge of one language when they learn another one. this can help them, but it can also confuse them.
code-switching is an ability when a person mixes more than one language or lect when they talk.
multialphabetism more than one alphabet being used and can be for different reasons:
japanese uses the roman alphabet as well as kanji, hiragana, and katakana. it is often used to put japanese words on a computer.
when romanized text is used for japanese words, this is called "romaji" ("ローマ字").
differences among romanizations.
this chart shows in full the three main systems for the romanization of japanese: hepburn, nihon-shiki and kunrei-shiki:
this chart shows the differences which can be clearly seen among them.
language attrition happens when someone forgets all or part of a language learned earlier.
language death is a when language is no longer being used as a first language (also called mother language or native language) or a second language and so it becomes an extinct language. it should not be confused with a dead language, such as latin, which still is still spoken as a second language.
language revival, a dead language becoming a living language again. the only widely-known example of a language being revived is hebrew.
a modern language is a language which is spoken today. it is the opposite of an extinct language. the official languages of countries are modern languages.
freeotfe is a free, open source, computer program used to automatically encrypt and decrypt information stored on a hard disk.
freeotfe was originally written for microsoft windows and was later copied to windows mobile (freeotfe4pda).
it can encrypt information using a large number algorithms including aes (aka rijndael), blowfish, cast6, mars, rc6, serpent and twofish.
sarah dean is the developer of freeotfe.
a natural language is the kind which we use in everyday conversation and writing. for example english, hindi, chinese. natural languages are always very flexible, and people speak them in slightly different ways.
there are some natural languages which are simplified, such as basic english and special english.
an artificial language is quite different, as it is built for some special purpose. they are always very precise, and must be used according to pre-set rules. symbolic logic, mathematics, programming languages.
windows mobile is a discontinued operating system that came with basic applications for mobile devices.
it is designed to look like desktop versions of microsoft windows.
the first version was pocket pc 2000, released in april 2000. it was based on the kernel of windows ce 3.0 (handheld pc 2000). then came pocket pc 2002, released about two weeks before windows xp. it was similar to 2000, having full compatibility with windows ce. windows mobile 2003, released in april 2003, was the first version called windows mobile. it was software-compatible with windows
ce 3.x and 4.x.
windows mobile 5 was released around july/august 2005. it was similar to wm2003, except for a few new additions.
windows mobile 6.0 was released in february 2007 and had a kernel powered by windows ce 6.x.
6.1 in 2008 was much the same, and 6.5, released in 2009/2010, was the last version.
it was discontinued in march 2010 and replaced by windows phone.
microsoft ended sale of windows mobile devices on june 13, 2010 and ended all support of it on august 21, 2010.
two months later, windows phone was released.
a shoot is something in professional wrestling that is completely real and is not scripted. in other words, broken kayfabe. a shoot rarely happens.
on the scripted level, a worked shoot is a scripted segment that takes place in a show with elements of reality being exposed, such as an off-screen incident between wrestlers being used as fuel for an on-screen rivalry between them. it can also be a segment that fans are meant to believe is a shoot, but is not.
a proto-world language is a possible proto-language that all other languages came from.
biofuels are fuels from plant materials. they offer the prospect of oil price moderation. some biofuels can supply sustainable energy. responsible development of biofuels will help economic prospects in africa, latin america and asia.
there are many biofuel options which are available. biofuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel, are currently produced from the products of conventional food crops such as the starch, sugar and oil feedstocks from crops that include wheat, maize, sugar cane, palm oil and oilseed rape. any major switch to biofuels from such crops would create a direct competition with their use for food and animal feed, and in some parts of the world we are already seeing the economic consequences of such competition.
second generation biofuels are now being produced from the cellulose in dedicated energy crops (perennial grasses such as switchgrass and miscanthus giganteus), forestry materials, the co-products from food production, and domestic vegetable waste. advances in the conversion processes will improve the sustainability of biofuels, through better efficiencies and reduced environmental impact of producing biofuels, from both existing food crops and from cellulosic sources.
lord ron oxburgh suggests that responsible production of biofuels has several trade-offs:
produced responsibly they are a sustainable energy source that need not divert any land from growing food nor damage the environment; they can also help solve the problems of the waste generated by western society; and they can create jobs for the poor where previously were none. produced irresponsibly, they at best offer no climate benefit and, at worst, have detrimental social and environmental consequences. in other words, biofuels are pretty much like any other product. 
according to the rocky mountain institute, sound biofuel production practices would not hamper food and fibre production, nor cause water or environmental problems, and would enhance soil fertility. the selection of land on which to grow the feedstocks is a critical component of the ability of biofuels to deliver sustainable solutions. a key consideration is the minimization of biofuel competition for prime cropland.
plants used as sustainable biofuel.
jatropha in india and africa.
crops like jatropha, used for biodiesel, can thrive on marginal agricultural land where many trees and crops will not grow, or would produce only slow growth yields. jatropha cultivation provides benefits for local communities: 
cultivation and fruit picking by hand is labour-intensive and needs around one person per hectare. in parts of rural india and africa this provides much-needed jobs - about 200,000 people worldwide now find employment through jatropha. moreover, villagers often find that they can grow other crops in the shade of the trees. their communities will avoid importing expensive diesel and there will be some for export too. 
jatropha in cambodia.
cambodia has no proven fossil fuel reserves, and is almost completely dependent on imported diesel fuel for electricity production. consequently, cambodians face an insecure supply and pay some of the highest energy prices in the world. the impacts of this are widespread and may hinder economic development.
biofuels may provide a substitute for diesel fuel that can be manufactured locally for a lower price, independent of the international oil price. the local production and use of biofuel also offers other benefits such as improved energy security, rural development opportunities and environmental benefits. the jatropha curcas species appears to be a particularly suitable source of biofuel as it already grows commonly in cambodia. local sustainable production of biofuel in cambodia, based on the jatropha or other sources, offers good potential benefits for the investors, the economy, rural communities and the environment.
sweet sorghum in india.
sweet sorghum overcomes many of the shortcomings of other biofuel crops. with sweet sorghum, only the stalks are used for biofuel production, while the grain is saved for food or livestock feed. it is not in high demand in the global food market, and thus has little impact on food prices and food security. sweet sorghum is grown on already-farmed drylands that are low in carbon storage capacity, so concerns about the clearing of rainforest do not apply. sweet sorghum is easier and cheaper to grow than other biofuel crops in india and does not require irrigation, an important consideration in dry areas.
international collaboration on sustainable biofuels.
roundtable on sustainable biofuels.
public attitudes and the actions of stakeholders can play a crucial role in realising the potential of biofuels. informed discussion and dialogue, based
both on the scientific case and an understanding of public and stakeholder views, is important.
the roundtable on sustainable biofuels is an international initiative which brings together farmers, companies, governments, non-governmental organizations, and scientists who are interested in the sustainability of biofuels production and distribution. during 2008, the roundtable developed a series of principles and criteria for sustainable biofuels production through meetings, teleconferences, and online discussions.
the roundtable for sustainable biofuels released “version zero” of its proposed standards for sustainable biofuels on august 13, 2008. this includes a dozen principles, each with several criteria developing the principle further. 
sustainable biofuels consensus.
the sustainable biofuels consensus is an international initiative which calls upon governments, the private sector, and other stakeholders to take concerted, collaborative and coordinated action to ensure the sustainable trade, use and production of biofuels. in this way biofuels may play a key role in the transformation of the energy sector, climate stabilization and resulting worldwide renaissance of rural areas, all of which are urgently needed.
the sustainable biofuels consensus envisions a landscape that provides food, fodder, fiber, and energy, which offers opportunities for rural development; that diversifies energy supply, restores ecosystems, protects biodiversity, and sequesters carbon.
oil price moderation.
biofuels offer the prospect of real market competition and oil price moderation. according to the wall street journal, crude oil would be trading 15 per cent higher and gasoline would be as much as 25 per cent more expensive, if it were not for biofuels. a healthy supply of alternative energy sources will help to combat gasoline price spikes.
biofuels have a limited ability to replace fossil fuels and should not be regarded as a ‘silver bullet’ to deal with transport emissions. biofuels on their own cannot deliver a sustainable transport system and so must be developed as part of an integrated approach,
which promotes other renewable energy options and energy efficiency, as well as moderating the overall demand and need for transport. the development of hybrid and fuel cell vehicles, public transport, and better urban and rural planning all need to be considered.
the montreal screwjob was an incident that happened on november 9, 1997, at the world wrestling federation (wwf)'s survivor series professional wrestling show. it happened in montreal, quebec, canada. it is called a screwjob, because in real life, the way the match would end was changed without one of the wrestlers knowing about it. the wrestler who was screwed was bret hart. the people who took part in the screwjob were hart's opponent shawn michaels, wwf's owner vince mcmahon, and referee earl hebner.
why the screwjob happened.
bret hart had wrestled in the wwf for 14 years, since 1983. he was popular, wrestling alone or as part of a tag team. he became wwf champion five times. he was wwf champion when the screwjob happened. in 1996, he signed a contract that lasted 20 years. the contract was meant to last until he retired as a wrestler, and let him be part of wwf's backstage plans. this meant he would be paid a lot of money. 
at the same time world championship wrestling (wcw), another professional wrestling company, was getting more popular. wcw had become popular using wrestlers who left wwf, like hulk hogan, scott hall, and kevin nash. they were now more popular than wwf. this meant wwf could not make as much money. wwf had signed a 20-year contract with hart because they did not want him to leave, go to wcw, and make them even more popular. but now they found it hard to pay hart, so they had to promise to pay him later because they were in danger of running out of money.
bret hart and shawn michaels did not like each other. hart took professional wrestling very seriously, whilst michaels liked to party. this meant they would argue a lot. one time, when michaels said that hart was cheating on his wife with sunny, a woman wrestler, the two had a fight backstage. michaels said that if he were champion, he would not agree to lose to hart, even though hart had agreed to lose to michaels on any occasion except survivor series. the survivor series show took place in canada, which is hart's home country. hart did not want to lose the championship to someone he disliked in his own home country. bret also did not like how his character had changed in the wwf. he was being told to act like he hated america.
at the start of november, hart agreed to leave wwf and sign a new contract with wcw. his time in the wwf would end after survivor series. because he was still wwf champion, and he did not want to lose it in his final appearance, vince mcmahon was worried that hart would bring the championship belt to wcw. this had happened before, when debra miceli, a wrestler who appeared as alundra blayze in wwf and madusa in wcw, left wwf as wwf women's champion. she brought the belt on to wcw's tv show, "wcw monday nitro", and dropped the belt in a trash can. the wwf championship was the most important belt in wwf, so it would be even worse if hart did something like that.
mcmahon and hart agreed to a plan, where hart would still be champion at the end of survivor series. the next night on wwf's tv show, "monday night raw", he would give up the belt. mcmahon did not follow this plan.
at survivor series, the match between hart and michaels was the main event (final match) of the show. at the end of the match, michaels had put hart in a wrestling hold called the "sharpshooter". this was a hold that hart liked to use, and won a lot of matches with. the ending of the match was supposed to have d-generation x (a group of shawn michaels' on-screen friends) and the hart foundation (a group of bret hart's relatives and on-screen friends) run out to try and help. this meant the match would end without a winner. after that, hart would give up the belt.
instead, earl hebner, the referee, called for the match to end. he acted like bret hart had given up in the hold, even though he had not. the bell rang and the match ended. this meant that shawn michaels was the new wwf champion. hart was angry because this was not what had been planned. he spat at mcmahon, who had planned this. the fans were also angry, and booed mcmahon and michaels while cheering hart.
after the screwjob.
bret hart went to wcw, where he wrestled for two years until he retired.
because the fans hated mcmahon for what he had done, he decided to act like a villain on-screen. he was shown as the owner of the wwf (before, he pretended others owned it) and played the role of an evil boss. he had a long storyline with stone cold steve austin, who was a very popular hero at the time.
on the january 4, 2010 episode of "raw", hart made up with michaels by shaking his hand and hugging in the ring.
animism is a belief common in many different religions and philosophies. an animist is a person who believes or practices animism. animism is the belief that there is more in nature than the physical things that can be seen and touched. the part that is not physical can be called a soul, life force, or spirit. physical things come in two types: things that are alive and things that are not alive. animals and plants are alive. most animists believe animals and plants have a spirit. some animists also believe some non-living parts of nature have spirits. these non-living parts of nature include the wind, the rain, and geographic features like mountains and rivers.
the word "animism" looks like the words of other belief systems with the suffix "-ism." however, it is not like other belief systems. animism is not organized on purpose. animists did not come up with the word "animism." animists did not apply the word to themselves. instead, animism is an idea of european anthropologists. the first anthropologist who described animism was edward b. taylor. taylor was trying to describe what was similar among many groups all over the world. the word "animism" is very new: it was first used in 1832. in contrast, the ideas described by "animism" are very old. the internet encyclopedia of philosophy claims that animism "has been the dominant religious tradition across all human societies since our ancestors first left africa."
the kind of "spirit".
the word "animism" is based on the word "anima" from latin. "anima" means breath, life, or spirit. however, these are english words. the ideas of animism are often not from people who speak english. this means there is not one definition of spirit. the definitions are different in different animist groups. the following definitions are from the internet encyclopedia of philosophy. some groups believe that nature moves and interacts because of the spirit in things. other groups believe that nature has more than just a spirit of movement. they believe that spirits in nature are persons like humans are persons. they believe that persons of nature can have a "social relationship" with other persons. other groups believe that the persons of nature are dead relatives of humans who are alive. still other groups believe that a single plant or animal may be many spirits in one. they believe that existence, movements, and more are each a separate spirit. in summary, not all animists define "spirit" the same way, but animists do believe similar things. they believe there is a spirit in many things which are not humans. they believe these spirits are why things that are not human move and interact.
the kinds of animist belief.
differences between animism and similar beliefs.
animism is different from other similar beliefs. however, it is often confused with other similar beliefs. first, animism is not hylozoism. hylozoism claims that the entire universe is alive and has an animating power like a spirit. animism does not claim that the universe is alive. animism does not believe all things are alive. second, animism is not panpsychism. panpsychism claims that all things have a mind and that mentality is the reason why the universe can exist. animism claims that only some things have a mind. animism does not believe that things must have a mind in order to exist. third, animism is not vitalism. vitalism claims that things which are alive cannot be explained without a spiritual as well as physical reason. animism does not always believe that everything alive has a spirit. animism also sometimes believes that non-living things have spirits.
differences between animism and theism.
animism is often compatible with theism. theism is the belief in the divine. the divine can be a single god (monotheism), many gods (polytheism), or everything (pantheism). theists believe that the divine is "transcendent," separate from human life. however, animism is neither monotheistic nor polytheistic. the spirits of animist belief are not transcendent, and that is why humans interact with them. also, animism is not pantheistic. the spirits of animism are not all one (monism), but are unique to each thing with a spirit.
"old animism" and "new animism".
animism is an idea described by anthropologists, not animists. as anthropologists have studied animism, they have changed their minds on how to describe it. this means that the first definition of animism is now known as "old animism." the first definition was offered by ernst stahl in the 1800s. stahl was a chemist and physician. he was not describing a religious belief. however, edward tylor borrowed his word to use for religious beliefs in other parts of the world. these beliefs were different and older from what tylor believed. because they were different and older, tylor argued that his beliefs must have developed from animist beliefs. he argued that all people groups develop in this way. the main change he proposed was that people move from religious explanations for the world to scientific explanations for the world. this was called the social evolutionary approach to anthropology. it is not popular with anthropologists since the 1920s.
now, anthropologists have stopped thinking of animism as a way of explaining the world. now, animism is described as a way of relating to the world. this is the difference: the "old animism" explained the unknown, but "new animism" builds relationships with non-human people. this change in definitions is possible mostly because of alfred irving hallowell. hallowell studied the berens river ojibwe of north america in the 1930s. he lived with them. he learned that the ojibwe do not think there is a spirit in all things at all times. they do not believe spirits explain every question. instead, the spirits of things which interact with humans as persons. animism for the ojibwe is about relationships. hallowell said the best way to understand this "new" animism was to also believe in it. it is not common for anthropologists to believe similar things to the people they write about. however, this definition of animism is the one that anthropologists are writing about today.
a proto-language is a language that all languages in a language family came from.
wrestlemania x-seven was the seventeenth yearly wrestlemania professional wrestling pay-per-view made by the world wrestling federation (wwf). it happened on april 1, 2001 at the reliant astrodome in houston, texas. the event was the first wrestlemania held in the state of texas. the amount of people who went to the event broke the record for total number of people attending at the reliant astrodome. the total number of people was counted at of 67,925. it resulted in total receipt of $3.5 million. the event is often cited as the end of the attitude era.
the main event was a no disqualification match between steve austin and the rock for the wwf championship. during the match, austin turned heel after he told vince mcmahon, a man that he had called his nemesis, to give him a chair. austin hit the rock with sixteen chair shots, which lead to austin pinning the rock and becoming the new wwf champion. the ppv ended with austin and mcmahon shaking hands and sharing beers.
the main matches on the undercard featured triple h vs. the undertaker, the second tables, ladders, and chairs match for the wwf tag team championship, and vince mcmahon versus shane mcmahon in a street fight.
central florida is the central region of the united states state of florida, on the east coast. the region enjoys a hot but stormy climate, with many thunderstorms, and hurricanes threatening often.
the exact boundary of the area may be in dispute. central florida tends to be thought of as the area around metropolitan orlando, including orange, osceola, seminole, lake, brevard, and volusia counties. polk and sumter counties are considered by some, including the local media, to be part of central florida. although geographically in the central part of the state, usually the west central coast, including hillsborough, pinellas, pasco, and hernando counties, is considered the tampa bay area or the suncoast, rather than a part of central florida. this area is known as the i-4 corridor.
in 2007, the guessed total population of the central florida area was just over 3.8 million people. central florida is a mix of deep south and typical floridian culture. this is what makes the area unique.
the largest cities in central florida are orlando, palm bay, lakeland, melbourne, deltona, daytona beach, kissimmee, altamonte springs and sanford. 
the region has grown over the last two decades. a lack of growth management has led to massive urban sprawl in the area. outdated and unplanned building has led to an overload of vehicle traffic. local governments, in dispute with each other over growth, have now started taking a more regional approach and several transportation programs.
emil von behring (emil adolf von behring), born emil adolf behring (15 march 1854 – 31 march 1917), was a german doctor. he won the 1901 nobel prize in physiology or medicine, for making a serum to stop people getting the disease diphtheria
ronald ross (13 may 1857 – 16 september 1932) was an english doctor. he won the 1902 nobel prize in physiology or medicine, for work on malaria transmitting by "anopheles" mosquitos.
niels ryberg finsen (december 15, 1860 – september 24, 1904) was an icelandic-faroese doctor. he won the 1903 nobel prize in physiology or medicine, for treating lupus vulgaris (tuberculosis of the skin), with light radiation.
robert koch (11 december 1843 - 27 may 1910) was a german doctor. he won the 1905 nobel prize in physiology or medicine, for studying tuberculosis.
the royal prussian institute for infectious disease started in 1891, is now called the robert koch institute.
koch developed a system to check whether a microorganism caused a disease. the system was four questions, known as koch's postulate.
koch's postulates are the following:
the postulates are still useful. many variations have been developed.
kanata is a large suburban area in the western part of ottawa, ontario, canada. it has a population of 90,000 and is growing very fast. it is just west of the greenbelt. it is an important area for hi-tech businesses. it was an independent town from 1978 to 2000. 
kanata was originally part of the township of march. it was settled by europeans in the early 19th century. it was mainly agricultural(farms) until the 1960s when it became the site of a lot of construction. modern kanata is largely the creation of bill teron, a developer and urban planner who purchased over 3,000 acres (12 km2) of rural land and set about building a model community. it was planned to have a mix of offices, residential(housing) area, and green area. kanata was divided into a number of communities. each was intended to have its own business center and unique culture. these include beaverbrook, glen cairn, bridlewood, katimavik, hazeldean, morgan's grant, and kanata lakes.
kanata grew rapidly. in 1978 the province of ontario made kanata a city separate from the township of march. kanata remained a city intil 2001 when it was merged with the city of ottawa, along with many other cities.
the city became an important hi-tech centre. dec was one of the pioneer technology companies in kanata. the dec campus has been successively digital, compaq, and is now hp. kanata remains home to many of the major hi-tech employers of ottawa, such as mitel, march networks, alcatel-lucent, dell canada, hewlett-packard, smart technologies, norpak, nortel, mds nordion, breconridge, amcc, and cisco systems, inc.. the hi-tech industry is clustered along march road, in the kanata north business park and kanata research park, and along eagleson road, in the kanata south business park.
kanata is in the ottawa valley. it is about 22 km southwest of downtown ottawa. it is along the highway 417. the northern end of kanata is west of the ottawa river.
to the east, kanata is separated from the former city of nepean by the national capital commission's greenbelt (ottawa). the community of bells corners borders the inner side of the greenbelt. bells corners is, like kanata, a hi-tech suburb that was established around 1950.
to the west of kanata is stittsville, ontario. stittsville first a farming community, then a village, then part of the township of goulbourn. stittsville is now a large suburb which was merged into the new city of ottawa in 2001, and is largely employed by the hi-tech industry.
to the south of kanata is the former village of richmond, ontario which pre-dated what is now the city of ottawa.
major schools in kanata:
french catholic schools:
french immersion catholic schools: école elementaire publique kanata
camillo golgi (7 july 1843 – 21 january 1926) was an italian doctor. he shared the 1906 nobel prize in physiology or medicine with santiago ramón y cajal for their work on the parts of the nervous system.
santiago ramón y cajal 1 may 1852 18 october 1934) was a spanish doctor. he shared the 1906 nobel prize in physiology or medicine with camillo golgi for their work on the anatomy of the nervous system.
ramón y cajal worked on thin slices of brain tissue which were laid on microscope slides and stained with silver. the stain was invented by golgi, who shared the nobel prize with him.
ramón y cajal's investigations of the microscopic structure of the brain were original: he is considered by many to be the father of modern neuroscience. he was skilled at drawing, and hundreds of his illustrations of brain cells are still used for educational purposes today.
robert james "rab" douglas (born 24 april 1972 in lanark) is a scottish footballer. he currently plays at dundee f.c.
alphonse laveran (charles louis alphonse laveran, 18 june 1845 18 may 1922) was a french military doctor. he won the 1907 nobel prize in physiology or medicine, for his work on the way protozoa can cause disease.
galliformes are an order of birds containing turkeys, grouse, chickens, quails, and pheasants. more than 250 living species are found worldwide. usually, birds belonging to galliformes order have 4 toes. three long toes in the front to dig and scratch and one short toe behind.
the phasianidae is a family of birds which includes the pheasants, partridges, grouse, junglefowl (including chicken). these are terrestrial species, variable in size but generally plump, with broad relatively short wings. many have a spur on their legs. 
males of the larger species are often brightly coloured. the typical diet is seeds with some insects and berries.
this is the complete discography of the canadian punk rock band sum 41.
"makes no difference":
"what i believe"
"32 ways to die":
"in too deep":
"what we're all about":
"the hell song":
"we're all to blame":
"open your eyes":
ilya ilyich mechnikov (16 may 1845 – 16 july 1916) was a ukrainian-russian zoologist of (partly) jewish descent (his mother was jewish). he won the 1908 nobel prize in physiology or medicine, with paul ehrlich, for finding out how immunity fights disease.
mechnikov was a protozoologist who became better known for the discovery of macrophages in 1882. he discovered how they dealt with germs by phagocytosis. macrophages are found in virtually all tissues, and patrol for potential pathogens by amoeboid movement.
he is also credited with coining the term gerontology in 1903, for the emerging study of ageing and longevity.
he was born in kharkov (now kharkiv), russian empire (now ukraine)
paul ehrlich (14 march 1854 – 20 august 1915) was a german doctor of jewish descent. he won the 1908 nobel prize in physiology or medicine, with ilya mechnikov, for finding out how immunity fights disease.
ehrlich directed a research program which discovered the first treatment for syphilis which worked. it was a compound of arsenic which went by the trade name of "salvarsan". he studied trypanosomiasis and other protozoal diseases. he produced trypan red, which was (as his japanese assistant shiga showed) effective against trypanosomes.
he invented a staining system for bacteria (before gram staining). he did a complete survey of all the cell staining techniques then known. he showed how to tell the difference between different kinds of white blood cells, and discovered mast cells. he discovered that methylene blue, which stains bacteria and cell nuclei, could put the malarial parasite, "plasmodium", into recession (the fever drops).
he also made a decisive contribution to an antiserum against diphtheria, and developed a method for standardizing therapeutic serums. his co-worker got a sole nobel prize for the joint work on diphtheria.
aberdeen is a city in the state of idaho in the united states. it is in bingham county. in 2010, there were 1,994 people living there.
the united states census bureau says that the city is . all of this is land. there are no rivers, lakes, or other kinds of standing water in aberdeen.
the city is at (42.943405, -112.839322). it has an elevation (height) of above sea level.
in the 2000 united states census, there were 1,840 people living in aberdeen. they made up 603 households and 435 families. the population density was 1,807.9 people per square mile (696.5 people/km²). the people of aberdeen were 66.30% white, 0.11% black or african-american, 0.71% native american, 0.33% asian, 0.05% pacific islander, 28.91% other races, and 3.59% were two or more races. 39.29% of the people said they were hispanic or latino.
in 2010, there were 1,994 people living in aberdeen. these people were 43.0% white, 0.1% black or african-american, 0.7% native american, 0.1% asian, 1.6% some other race, 1.5% two or more races, and 54.1% hispanic or latino.
the city of aberdeen owns the local airport. the aberdeen municipal airport is about southwest of the central business district of aberdeen.
pocatello regional transit runs a shuttle bus between aberdeen and pocatello. the bus runs three times a day on weekdays and two times a day on weekends.
aberdeen public schools are part of the aberdeen school district #58. the aberdeen schools are: 
the superintendent of schools is c.j. ward.
acequia (pronounced "ah-see-kwa") is a place in idaho, united states. the population was 144 according to the 2000 census.
acequia has a total area of .6 square miles.
albion is a city in idaho in the united states. it is in cassia county. the population was 267 at the 2010 census. albion was the county seat of cassia county from 1879 to 1918.
american falls is a city in idaho in the united states.
ammon is a city in idaho in the united states. according to the 2020 united states census, 17,694 people lived there.
arco is a city in idaho in the united states.
arimo is a city in idaho in the united states.
ashton is a city in idaho in the united states.
athol is a city in idaho in the united states.
atomic city is a settlement in idaho in the united states.
atomic city was once called midway. this might have been because the town is halfway between the towns of blackfoot and arco. the town had a bigger population when the nearby doe site was bigger.
bancroft is a city in idaho in the united states.
basalt is a city in idaho in the united states.
bellevue is a city in idaho in the united states.
blackfoot is a city in idaho in the united states. according to the 2020 united states census, 12,346 people lived there.
bliss is a city in idaho in the united states.
bloomington is a city in idaho in the united states.
bonners ferry is a city in idaho in the united states.
bovill is a city in idaho in the united states.
bruneau is an unincorporated community of idaho in the united states. it is in owyhee county. bruneau sand dunes state park is to the east.
buhl is a city in idaho in the united states. it is in twin falls county. the town is on the old oregon trail.
it is called the "trout capital of the world". the hatcheries produce most of the rainbow trout eaten in the united states. clear springs foods processes over 20 million pounds of rainbow trout each year. this makes it the world's largest producer.
burley is a city in idaho in the united states. according to the 2020 united states census, 11,704 people lived there.
butte city is a city in idaho in the united states.
caldwell is a city in idaho in the united states. according to the 2020 united states census, 59,996 people lived there.
cambridge is a city in idaho in the united states.
carey is a city in idaho in the united states.
cascade is a city in idaho in the united states.
castleford is a city in idaho in the united states.
challis is a city in idaho in the united states. the 2000 united states census found out that the population of the city is about 909.
chubbuck is a city in idaho in the united states. according to the 2020 united states census, 15,570 people lived there.
clark fork is a city in idaho in the united states.
clarkia is a city in idaho in the united states.
clayton is a city in idaho in the united states.
clifton is a city in idaho in the united states.
coeur d'alene is a city in idaho in the united states. according to the 2020 united states census, 54,628 people lived there.
cottonwood is a city in idaho in the united states.
council is a city in and the county seat of adams county, idaho, united states. the population was 816 at the 2000 census.
according to the united states census bureau, the city has a total area of 0.7 square miles (1.9 km²), all of it land.
u.s. route 95 goes through the city, connecting it to new meadows to the north and cambridge and weiser to the south.
craigmont is a city of lewis county in the state of idaho in the united states. about 550 people were living in craigmont as of 2000.
crouch is a city in idaho in the united states.
culdesac is a city in idaho in the united states.
dalton gardens is a city in idaho in the united states.
dayton is a city in idaho in the united states.
deary is a city in idaho in the united states.
declo is a city in idaho in the united states.
dietrich is a city in idaho in the united states. in 2010 census, there were 332 people living there. 
donnelly is a town of idaho in the united states. it is in valley county. in 2010, there were 152 people living in the town.
dover is a city in idaho in the united states.
downey is a city in idaho in the united states.
driggs is a city in idaho in the united states.
driggs was created in 1888.
drummond is a city in idaho in the united states.
dubois is a city in idaho in the united states.
eagle is a city of ada county in the state of idaho, united states.
east hope is a city in idaho in the united states.
eden is a city in idaho in the united states.
elk river is a city in idaho in the united states.
emmett is a city in idaho in the united states.
emmett was made in 1900.
fairfield is a city in idaho in the united states.
ferdinand is a city in idaho in the united states.
fernan lake village is a city in idaho in the united states.
fernwood is a city in idaho in the united states. it is in the southeastern corner of benewah county.
filer is a city in twin falls county, idaho, united states. in 2000, there were 1,620 people living there. it is just west of the intersection (crossing) of u.s. route 93 and u.s. route 30. the town sits on of land.
the twin falls county fair is in filer. it is the city's biggest attraction.
firth is a city in bingham county in the state of idaho, united states. in 2007 there 424 people living in firth.
franklin is a city in idaho in the united states.
fruitland is a city in idaho in the united states.
fruitland has a total area of 2.1 square miles
garden city is a city in idaho in the united states.
genesee is a city in idaho in the united states.
georgetown is a city in idaho in the united states.
glenns ferry is a city in idaho in the united states.
gooding is a city in idaho in the united states. it is the county seat of gooding county
grace is a city in idaho in the united states.
grand view is a city in idaho in the united states. it is in owyhee county.
grangeville is a city in idaho in the united states.
greenleaf is a city in idaho in the united states.
hagerman is a city in idaho in the united states.
hailey is a city in idaho in the united states.
hamer is a city in idaho in the united states.
hansen is a city in idaho in the united states.
harrison is a city in idaho in the united states.
hauser is a city in idaho in the united states.
hayden lake is a city in idaho in the united states.
hayden is a city of kootenai county in the state of idaho in the united states. about 9,100 people were living here as of 2002. hayden has an area of 7.8 square miles.
hazelton is a city in idaho in the united states.
heyburn is a city in idaho in the united states.
hollister is a city. it is in the united states state of idaho.
homedale is a city in idaho in the united states.
hope is a city in idaho in the united states.
horseshoe bend is a city in idaho in the united states.
the order ciconiiformes has included a variety of large, long-legged wading birds with large bills: storks, herons, egrets, ibises, spoonbills, and several others. ciconiiformes are known from the late eocene.
the incarnation is the christian belief that jesus christ is the god of israel in a human body. the word incarnate comes from latin and means “in the flesh” (in=in, carnis=flesh). the incarnation is a basic teaching of christianity. it is based on the new testament of the holy bible. the incarnation is the belief that jesus, who is the non-created second person of the triune god; took on a human body and everything that is human and became both man and god. in the bible its teaching is in the gospel of john, where in chapter 1 verse 14 (abbreviated as “john 1:14”), it says “and the word became flesh, and dwelt among us,” 
to clarify, the holy trinity is made up of 3 divine persons'. the father god, the son, jesus and the holy spirit. the holy spirit is described in many situations, but the most commonly known one is the tongues of fire that rest upon jesus' 12 disciples' heads and it empowers them to speak different languages and preach the good news of jesus the christ. his teachings and way of life allow us to find peace and harmony and help others in need. by doing as he taught us, we can become better people and show god's love through us mortal beings.
in the incarnation, normally defined, the divine nature of the son was joined but not mixed with human nature in one divine person, jesus christ, who was both "truly god and truly man". the incarnation is commemorated and celebrated each year at the feast of the incarnation, which is better known as the annunciation.
this is center to the traditional christian faith held by the roman catholic and eastern catholic churches, the eastern orthodox church, the oriental orthodox church, the anglican communion, and most protestants. other views on the subject have been considered in the past, but all were rejected by mainstream christian bodies. 
in recent past, another doctrine known as "oneness" has gained credit amongst pentecostal groups (see below), but has been rejected by other christians.
emil theodor kocher (august 25, 1841 – july 27, 1917) was a swiss doctor. he won the 1909 nobel prize in physiology or medicine, for his work on the thyroid gland".
albrecht kossel (16 september 1853 – 5 july 1927) was a german doctor. he won the 1910 nobel prize in physiology or medicine, for his work on proteins and nucleic substances. he discovered histones, which package and regulate dna transcription.
royal museum of scotland is on chambers street, edinburgh, uk. it is part of the national museums of scotland, the other part being the adjacent museum of scotland. both names merged with each other in 2007 to become the national museum of scotland.
it was designed by francis fowke and built from 1861-1888. 
allvar gullstrand (june 5, 1862 - july 28, 1930) was a swedish ophthalmologist (eye doctor). he won the 1911 nobel prize in physiology or medicine, for his work on light refraction and the eye.
north bay is a city in nipissing district, ontario, canada. it was founded in 1891. in 2006 its population was 53, 966.
nipissing district is a district of ontario, canada. it was founded in 1858. the district seat is north bay. 
in 2005, the population was 85,362. the area that it covers is .
alexis carrel (28 june 1873 5 november 1944) was a french surgeon. he won the 1912 nobel prize in physiology or medicine, for his work on joining blood vessels and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs.
charles robert richet (august 26, 1850 - december 4, 1935) was a french physiologist. he won the 1913 nobel prize in physiology or medicine, for his work on anaphylaxis.
robert bárány (april 22, 1876 – april 8, 1936) was an austrian doctor. he won the 1914 nobel prize in physiology or medicine, for his work on the ear and balance.
francisco gómez de quevedo y santibáñez villegas (madrid, 14 september 1580 – villanueva de los infantes, 8 september 1645) was a nobleman, politician and writer of the spanish golden age.
jules bordet (june 13, 1870 - april 6, 1961) was a belgian doctor and microbiologist. he won the 1919 nobel prize in physiology or medicine, for his discoveries about immunity.
the eureka stockade is the name given to a rebellion by gold miners at ballarat, victoria, australia. it took place at sunrise, on december 3, 1854. the miners came from england, ireland, scotland, wales, canada, italy, hungary, france, germany, china and australia. the miners refused to pay a licence fee to look for gold. the miners said that the money for the licence was a tax, and that if they had to pay tax then they should be represented in the parliament. irish miner peter lalor became the leader of the miners. they built a fort, or stockade, on bakery hill above the gold diggings on the eureka gold lead. they were attacked by the british army. more than 30 people were killed. the battle went for 20 minutes.
the miners made their own flag which was flown at the eureka stockade. the flag was torn down during the battle and taken away by one of the soldiers. it was given to the ballarat art gallery in the 1890s. pieces of the flag were sometimes given to important visitors to ballarat. it is believed that queen elizabeth ii has a small piece. in the 1973 the flag was restored and put on display at the art gallery. the display was opened by the prime minister of australia, gough whitlam. the flag has been put on the victorian heritage register and was named an icon by the national trust in 2006. in august 2010, the ballarat art gallery said that the flag needed further work to keep it safe. it was sent to south australia to be restored at a cost of more than au$100,000. the gallery has built a new airtight case to hold the flag.
the flag has often been used as a symbol of rebelion. trade unions used the flag in their marches. the prime minister, john howard, banned the flag from being flown on building sites.
in 2008, the football federation of australia tried to stop the flag from being flown by supporters of the soccer team, melbourne victory. they said it was against their rules for teams to use political symbols. people with the flag would be made to leave the football ground
in 2018, the eureka flag again divided people in some workplaces. the published examples of slogans and logos that were against the federal government's building codes. these images were not allowed to be displayed by workers on projects run by the government. the list of banned images included the eureka flag.
many nationalist groups have started to use the flag as a symbol. it was used during the racial riots at cronulla, new south wales. people are concerned that it will become a symbol of leaving people out, and not a symbol of australian democracy.
eddie vedder (born edward louis severson iii; december 23, 1964) is an american musician, singer and songwriter. he is best known for being the lead singer and one of three guitarists of the alternative rock band pearl jam. he is commonly seen as an icon of alternative rock.
the paradise-crow ("lycocorax pyrrhopterus", also known as the silky crow) is a medium-sized (approximately 34cm long) crow-like bird-of-paradise with all-dark, soft and silky plumage. it has a black bill, crimson eyes, and a call that sounds like a dog's bark. both genders look about the same. the female is a little smaller than the male.
the paradise-crow is monogamous and can be found in the forests of the maluku islands in indonesia. they eat fruits and arthropods.
nevi'im (, "prophets") is the second section of the hebrew bible, the tanakh. it includes:
the manucodia is a genus of the bird of paradise that has five medium-sized members. members of this genus are monogamous and sexually monomorphic.
they can be found in the lowland forests of northeastern australia, new guinea and nearby islands.
the glossy-mantled manucode ("manucodia ater") is a medium-sized bird of paradise, around 42cm long, glossed green, blue and purple black with a red iris, black bill, long tail and somewhat elongated upper breast and neck feathers. they can be found in the lowlands of new guinea and nearby islands. they eat fruits, figs and arthropods.
the glossy-mantled manucode was the first bird of paradise seen by the french naturalist rené-primevère lesson, who was the first westerner to see live wild birds of paradise.
san diego zoo has the only captive individual of this species outside of new guinea.
the crinkle-collared manucode ("manucodia chalybatus") is a medium-sized bird of paradise, that grows up to 36cm long. it looks glossy greenish blue, black and purple with long tail, red iris and iridescent green breast feathers. 
this species looks a little like the jobi manucode in appearance. it is found in lowlands and hill forests in mainland new guinea and misool island of west papua. they eat mainly of fruits and figs.
the jobi manucode ("manucodia jobiensis") is a medium-sized bird of paradise, that grows up to 34cm long. it looks greenish blue, black and purple glossed crow-like with red iris, lightly crinkled bluish short upper breast and neck feathers. they eat fruits and arthropods.
they can be found in lowland forests of jobi island and northern new guinea and is the most common bird of paradise.
yapen (also japen, jobi) is an island of western new guinea, indonesia. 
the san diego zoo is a zoo in balboa park, san diego, california. it is one of the largest zoos in the world with over 4,000 animals of more than 800 species. it is also one of the few zoos in the world that houses the giant panda. it is one of the few places in southern california to feature an arctic landscape.
rené primevère lesson (march 20, 1794 - april 28, 1849) was a french surgeon and naturalist. he was born at rochefort, charente-maritime.
at the age of sixteen he entered the naval medical school in rochefort. he served in the french navy during the napoleonic wars.
lesson was the first naturalist to see live birds of paradise in the moluccas and new guinea.
in the field of herpetology he described many new species of amphibians and reptiles.
katara is a fictional character in nickelodeon's animated television series "". the character and series were created by michael dante dimartino and bryan konietzko. 
katara is voiced by mae whitman and will be played by kiawentiio tarbell in the . her family is her brother sokka, her father hakoda, her mother kya, and her grandmother kanna.
the curl-crested manucode ("manucodia comrii") is a large bird of paradise, about 43 cm long, with glossy purple, black and green plumage, red iris and crinkled yellowish-green upper breast and neck feathers. it has curled head feathering and twisted central tail feathers. it is the largest species in its family, though its tail is shorter than the black sicklebill.
it is found in the trobriand islands and islands of the d'entrecasteaux archipelago. this species is also one of the largest and heaviest among birds of paradise. they eat fruits.
the british zoologist philip lutley sclater named this species after peter comrie, who discovered the bird at fergusson island in 1874.
the trumpet manucode ("manucodia keraudrenii") is a medium-sized bird of paradise about 31cm long with an long horn-like head tufts and loose neck feathers. it looks blackish glossed blue, green and purple. it has a red iris, long coiled trachea, and blackish bill, mouth and legs.
they live in lowland rain forests of northeast australia, new guinea and nearby islands. they eat fruits and arthropods.
the superb bird-of-paradise ("lophorina superba") is a small passerine, about 26cm long and 70 g in weight. it is one of two members in the genus "lophorina". the male is a black bird-of-paradise with a shining green crown, blue-green breast shield and a long velvety black erectile cape covering his back. the female is a reddish-brown bird with brownish barred buff below. 
the superb bird-of-paradise lives in the rainforests of new guinea.
the male is polygamous and performs a song and dance for to gain the interest of the female. he starts by singing loud and rapid notes, then he starts to hop around in front of the female making a tapping or clicking sound. then, he uses his folded black cape and blue-green breast shield to spring upward and spreads widely around its head, making him a dancing ellipse-shaped creature.
azula is a fictional character in nickelodeon's animated television series "". the character and series were created by michael dante dimartino and bryan konietzko. 
azula is voiced by grey delisle and will be played by elizabeth yu in the netflix . her family is her mother ursa, her father ozai, her uncle iroh, and her brother zuko.
the twelve-wired bird-of-paradise ("seleucidis melanoleucus") is a medium-sized bird-of-paradise about 33cm-long. the male has a red iris, black shoulders and wings, a long black bill and rich yellow plumes along its sides and stomach. from the rear of these plumes come twelve blackish, wire-like filaments, which bend back near their bases to sweep forward over the birds hindquarters. 
the female is a brown bird with black-barred buffy underparts. its feet are strong, large-clawed and pink in color.
it is the only species in the monotypic genus "seleucidis". the male displays on an exposed vertical perch with its breast-shield flared. they eat fruits and arthropods.
the bird is found in lowland forests, new guinea and salawati island of irian jaya. 
sokka is a fictional character and one of the main characters in nickelodeon's animated television series "". the character was created by michael dante dimartino and bryan konietzko, and voiced by jack desena. in the film version, "the last airbender", in which is his name is pronounced differently, the character is played by jackson rathbone. in the netflix , he will be played by ian ousley.
in the show, 15-year-old sokka is a warrior of the south pole's , a race of people who can control water. he, along with his younger sister katara, discovers an airbender named aang, the long-lost avatar, and accompanies him on his mission to win the fire nation and bring peace to the world.
concept and creation.
michael dante dimartino and bryan konietzko said that sokka was originally designed to be "much" more low-key, but when his comedian voice actor jack desena came in and brought liveliness to his character, they began writing towards that strength. much of sokka's dialogue and actions are derived from improvisations and intentional exaggerations on desena's part that the writers chose to include within scripts.
as a result of his design, sokka's character has come to serve as a source of comic relief during the series, often a victim of visual slapstick. he also is extremely sarcastic.
sokka grew up in his village and trains the warriors of his village. forced to mature quickly when his mother kya was killed in a fire nation raid, he cultivated his warrior skills with a militant zeal, while his sister katara did chores and practiced waterbending. when sokka was thirteen, his father and the other village men left to help the earth kingdom to fight against the fire nation, leaving him and his sister to look after their tribe with their grandmother, gran gran. as the oldest male left in the south pole, sokka came to assume a semi-leadership role by the time he was sixteen, fiercely protecting the village from any possible outside threats while trying to train children to be a new generation of defenders.
while on an expedition, katara and sokka discovered aang inside an iceberg with appa. after katara freed him, sokka initially believed that the aang might be a fire navy spy, and he eventually grew xenophobic enough to banish him from the village. upon discovering that aang was the avatar, destined to master all four elements and bring peace to the world, sokka relented, realizing that they had a common enemy in the fire nation. he then set off with katara and aang on their journey to find a waterbending master at the north pole, determined to hone his warrior skills by way of fighting firebenders along the way. fire nation general zhao killed tui (the moon spirit) causing the moon to turn red and then vanish as during a lunar eclipse, thus preventing the waterbenders from using waterbending. princess yue (one of sokka's love interests, the other being kyoshi warrior suki) then becomes the new moon by giving her life energy to the moon spirit, thereby restoring the moon in the sky and the abilities of the waterbenders.
in "sokka's master" (the 4th episode of ) sokka expresses self-doubt that he is not as useful to the group as his companions. inspired by his friends' encouragement, he seeks out a master to learn the sword. rather than fighting with brute force and flawless technique, sokka's creativity and heterodox approach to things are the cornerstones of his technique, and his master claims that in time sokka will be a superior swordsman. as he departs, his master gives him a game piece that was previously established as a sign of connection to the secret society known as the order of the white lotus.
in the two-hour , sokka and katara meet with katara's waterbending master, pakku, who has now married their grandmother. in the battle against ozai, sokka, his girlfriend suki, and toph destroyed a fire nation airship and use it to destroy others of its kind while aang duels with the phoenix king (ozai). sokka and toph are separated from suki and attack another airship, but sokka breaks his leg and strains his arm grabbing hold of toph, who was falling off the ship. in a compromised position, the pair are attacked by two soldiers, whom sokka defeats at the cost of his sword and boomerang. as he and toph are on the edge of the crashing ship, suki arrives with another airship and saves the two. with the battle over, the trio reunite with aang and the vanquished phoenix king. at zuko's coronation, suki is reunited with her fellow kyoshi warriors, sokka and katara are reunited with their father, with the rest of the group reunited with their friends. in the end, sokka is seen at iroh's tea shop in ba sing se where everyone teases a painted picture he created of the entire team, wherein he altered some factual details to make the scene more "memorable".
in the live-action movie the last airbender by m. night shyamalan, sokka is played by jackson rathbone. his name is pronounced "so-kah," but in the show it's name pronounced "sah-kah". several important changes to the character's personality were made. in the film he is no longer the comic relief, nor does he exhibit any inventive abilities or usefulness in battle. he rarely shares screen time with aang, the main hero, or contributes in any way to the plot. m. night shyamalan has said in an interview that these decisions were made in order to "ground" the character.
he will be played by ian ousley in the netflix of the series.
toph bei fong is a fictional character in nickelodeon's animated television series "". the character and series were created by michael dante dimartino and bryan konietzko. toph is voiced by jessie flower. toph is blind, but she can "see" with her feet by sensing movement. in book two: chapter nineteen (the guru), toph learns how to metal bend, by bending the earth inside the metal. in avatar: the last airbender, toph can usually tell if you’re lying by sensing your heartbeat. she can also tell your position if you’re lying down, sitting down or standing up, by sensing your blood flow. her family is her father lao and her mother poppy.
zuko is a fictional character in nickelodeon's animated television series "". the character and series were created by michael dante dimartino and bryan konietzko. his powers were once powered by hatred and anger but once he started to develop a better mentality he changed energy that powered his powers.
zuko is voiced by dante basco. he will be played by dallas liu in the netflix .
iroh is a fictional character in nickelodeon's animated television series "". the character and series were created by michael dante dimartino and bryan konietzko. 
iroh is voiced by mako in seasons 1 and 2, greg baldwin onwards. paul sun-hyung lee will play the version of him. his family is his sister-in-law ursa, his brother ozai, his nephew zuko, and his niece azula.
there are 816 communes in the aisne "département" in france.
structural engineering is a subset of civil engineering dealing with the design and analysis of buildings and large non-building structures to withstand both the gravity and wind loads as well as natural disasters. besides, it may also cover design of machinery, medical equipment, vehicles or any other objects where structural functionality or safety are involved. structural engineers must ensure their designs satisfy building codes.
major structural engineering projects go through the following four stages: "research", "design", "testing", and "construction" which are featured with the images below:
structural engineering came to existence when the humans first started to construct their own structures. it became a more defined profession with the emergence of the architecture profession during the industrial revolution in the late 19th century.
entry-level structural engineers may design individual structural elements of a structure, for example, beams, columns, and floors of a building. more experienced engineers would be responsible for the structural design and integrity of an entire system, such as a building.
structural engineers often specialize in particular fields, such as bridge engineering, building engineering, pipeline engineering, earthquake engineering, industrial structures, or special mechanical structures such as vehicles or aircrafts.
abbécourt is a commune. it is in picardie in the aisne department in north france.
achery is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
acy is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
agnicourt-et-séchelles is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
aguilcourt is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
aisonville-et-bernoville is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
aizelles is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
aizy-jouy is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
alaincourt is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
allemant is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
ambleny is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
ambrief is a commune. it is in the picardie region in the aisne department in the north of france. in 2012, 65 people lived there.
amifontaine is a commune. it is in the picardy region in the aisne department in the north of france. in 2012, 415 people lived there.
amigny-rouy is a commune. it is in the picardie region in the aisne department in the north of france.the inhabitants of the commune are known as "aizyjois" or "aizyjoises".
ancienville is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
andelain is a commune. it is in the picardie region in the aisne department in the north of france. in 2012, 197 people lived there.
anguilcourt-le-sart is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
anizy-le-château is a former commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france. on 1 january 2019, it was merged into the new commune of anizy-le-grand.
annois is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
any-martin-rieux is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
archon is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
arcy-sainte-restitue is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
armentières-sur-ourcq is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
arrancy is a commune. it is found in the picardie region in the aisne department in the north of france.
artemps is a commune. it is in the picardie region in the aisne department in the north of france. in 2012, 360 people lived there.
artonges is a former commune. it is in the hauts-de-france region in the aisne department in the north of france. in 2012, 194 people lived there.
on 1 january 2016, it was merged into the new commune dhuys-et-morin-en-brie.
assis-sur-serre is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
athies-sous-laon is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
attilly is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
aubencheul-aux-bois is a commune. it is in the picardie region in the aisne department in the north of france. in 2012, 298 people lived there.
aubenton is a commune. it is in the picardie region in the aisne department in the north of france. in 2012, 679 people lived there.
aubigny-aux-kaisnes is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
aubigny-en-laonnois is a commune in the picardie region in the aisne department in north france.
audignicourt is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
audigny is a commune. it is in the picardie region in the aisne department in north france.
augy is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
aulnois-sous-laon is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
autremencourt is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
autreppes is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
autreville is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
azy-sur-marne is a commune. it is in the picardie region in the aisne department in the north of france. in 2012, 400 people lived there.
bagneux is a commune. it is in the picardie region in the aisne department in the north of france. in 2012, 72 people lived there.
bancigny is a commune. it is in the picardie region in the aisne department in the north of france. in 2012, 30 people lived there.
barenton-bugny is a commune. it is in the picardie region in the aisne department in the north of france. in 2012, 567 people lived there.
barenton-cel is a commune. it is in the picardie region in the aisne department in the north of france. in 2012, 133 people lived there.
barenton-sur-serre is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
barisis-aux-bois is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
barzy-en-thiérache is a "commune", or a small town in france. it is found in the aisne department, in the picardie region, in the north of france.
barzy-sur-marne is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
bassoles-aulers is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
baulne-en-brie is a former commune. it is in the hauts-de-france region in the aisne department in the north of france. in 2012, 262 people lived there.
on 1 january 2016, it was merged into the new commune vallées-en-champagne.
bazoches-sur-vesles is a commune. it is in the region picardie in the aisne department. this in the north of france. in 2015, 465 people lived there.
beaumont-en-beine is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
beaumé is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
beaurevoir is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
beaurieux is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
beautor is a commune. it is in the picardie region in the aisne department in the north of france. in 2012, 2,675 people lived there.
beauvois-en-vermandois is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
becquigny is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
belleau is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
bellenglise is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
belleu is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
bellicourt is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
benay is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
bergues-sur-sambre is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
berlancourt, aisne is a commune. it is found in the picardie region in the aisne department in the north of france.
berlise is a commune. it is in the picardie region in the aisne department in the north of france. in 2012, 123 people lived there.
bernot is a commune. it is in the picardie region in the aisne department in the north of france. in 2012, 446 people lived there.
berny-rivière is a commune. it is in the picardie region in the aisne department in the north of france. in 2012, 631 people lived there.
berrieux is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
berry-au-bac is a commune. it is in the picardie region in the aisne department in the north of france. in 2012, 591 people lived there.
bertaucourt-epourdon is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
berthenicourt is a commune. it is in the picardie region in the aisne department in the north of france. in 2012, 207 people lived there.
bertricourt is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
berzy-le-sec is a commune. it is in the picardy region in the aisne department in the north of france.
besmont is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
besmé is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
besny-et-loizy is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
beugneux is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
beuvardes is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
bichancourt is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
bieuxy is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
billy-sur-aisne is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
billy-sur-ourcq is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
bièvres is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
blanzy-lès-fismes is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
blesmes is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
blérancourt is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
bohain-en-vermandois is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
bois-lès-pargny is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
boncourt is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
bonneil is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
bonnesvalyn is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
bony is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
bosmont-sur-serre is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
bouconville-vauclair is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
bouffignereux is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
bouresches is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
bourg-et-comin is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
bourguignon-sous-coucy is a commune. it is in the picardie region in the aisne department in the north of france. in 2012, 96 people lived there.
bourguignon-sous-montbavin is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
boué is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
braine is a commune. it is in the picardy region in the aisne department in the north of france. in 2012, 2,231 people lived there.
brancourt-en-laonnois is a commune. it is found in the picardie region in the aisne department in the north of france.
brancourt-le-grand is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france. in 2015, 585 people lived there.
brasles is a commune. it is in the picardie region in the aisne department in the north of france. in 2012, 1,392 people lived there.
bray-saint-christophe is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
braye is a commune. it is in the picardie region in the aisne department in north france.
braye-en-laonnois is a commune. it is in the picardie region in the aisne department in the north of france. in 2012, 223 people lived there.
braye-en-thiérache is a commune. it is in the picardie region in the aisne department in the north of france. in 2012, 133 people lived there.
brenelle is a commune. it is in the picardie region in the aisne department. this in the north of france. in 2012, 196 people lived there.
breny is a commune. it is in the picardy region in the aisne department in the north of france.
brie is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
brissay-choigny is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france. in 2015, 297 people lived there.
brissy-hamégicourt is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
brumetz is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
brunehamel is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
bruys is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
bruyères-et-montbérault is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
bruyères-sur-fère is a commune. it is in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
brécy is a commune. it is in the picardie region in the aisne department in the north of france. in 2012, 354 people lived there.
bucilly is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
bucy-le-long is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
bucy-lès-cerny is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
bucy-lès-pierrepont is a commune. it is in the picardie region in the aisne department in the north of france. in 2012, 421 people lived there.
buire is a commune. it is in the picardie region in the aisne department in the north of france. in 2012, 880 people lived there.
buironfosse is a commune. it is in the picardie region in the aisne department in the north of france. in 2012, 1,193 people lived there.
burelles is a commune. it is in the picardy region in the aisne department in the north of france. in 2012, 134 people lived there.
bussiares is a commune. it is in the of region picardie in the aisne department. this is in the north of france.
buzancy is a commune. it is in picardie in the aisne department in north france.
béthancourt-en-vaux is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
bézu-saint-germain is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
bézu-le-guéry is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
caillouël-crépigny is a commune. it is in the picardie region in the aisne department in the north of france. in 2012, 427 people lived there.
camelin is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
castres is a commune. it is in the picardie region in the aisne department in north france.
caulaincourt is a commune in the picardie region, aisne department in the north of france.
caumont is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france. in 2015, 559 people lived there.
celles-lès-condé is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
celles-sur-aisne is a commune. it is in picardie in the aisne department in north france. in 2015, 261 people lived there.
cerizy is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
cerny-en-laonnois is a commune. it is in the picardie region in the aisne department in the north of france. in 2012, 72 people lived there.
cerny-lès-bucy is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
cerseuil is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
cessières is a former commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france. on 1 january 2019, it was merged into the new commune of cessières-suzy.
chacrise is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
chaillevois is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france. in 2015, 178 people lived there.
chalandry is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
chambry is a commune. it is in the picardie region in the aisne department in north france. in 2015, 831 people lived there.
chamouille is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france. in 2015, 291 people lived there.
champs is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
chaourse is a commune. it is in the picardie region in the aisne department. this in the north of france. in 2015, 532 people lived there.
charly-sur-marne is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
charmes is a commune. it is in the picardie region in the aisne department in the north of france. in 2012, 1,642 people lived there.
chartèves is a commune. it is in the picardie region in the aisne department in the north of france. in 2012, 359 people lived there.
chassemy is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
chaudardes is a commune. it is found in the picardie region in the aisne department in the north of france.
chaudun is a commune. it is in the picardie region in the aisne department in the north of france. in 2012, 255 people lived there.
chauny is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
chavignon is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
chavigny is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
chavonne is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
chermizy-ailles is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
chevennes is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
chevregny is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
chevresis-monceau is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
chierry is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
chigny is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
chivres-val is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
chivres-en-laonnois is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
chivy-lès-étouvelles is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
chouy is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
château-thierry is a commune in the picardy region in the aisne department in the north of france. it is on the marne river.
châtillon-lès-sons is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
châtillon-sur-oise is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
chéry-chartreuve is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
chéry-lès-pouilly is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france. in 2015, 702 people lived there.
chéry-lès-rozoy is a commune. it is in the picardie region in the aisne department in the north of france. in 2012, 106 people lived there.
chérêt is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
chézy-en-orxois is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
chézy-sur-marne is a commune. it is found in the picardie region in the aisne department in the north of france.
cierges is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
cilly is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
ciry-salsogne is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
clacy-et-thierret is a commune. it is in the picardie region in the aisne department in the north of france. in 2012, 336 people lived there.
clairfontaine is a commune. it is in the region picardie in the aisne department. this in the north of france. in 2015, 564 people lived there.
clamecy is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
clastres is a commune. it is in picardie in the aisne department in north france.
clermont-les-fermes is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
coincy is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
coingt is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
colligis-crandelain is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
colonfay is a commune. it is in the picardie region in the aisne department in the north of france. in 2012, 81 people lived there.
commenchon is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
concevreux is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
condren is a commune. it is in the picardy region in the aisne department in the north of france.
condé-en-brie is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
condé-sur-aisne is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
condé-sur-suippe is a commune. it is in the picardie region in the aisne department in the north of france. in 2012, 222 people lived there.
connigis is a commune. it is in the picardie region in the aisne department in the north of france. about 300 people live in connigis.
contescourt is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
corbeny is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
corcy is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
coucy-la-ville is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
coucy-le-château-auffrique is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
coucy-lès-eppes is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
coulonges-cohan is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
coupru is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
courbes is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
courboin is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
courcelles-sur-vesle is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france. its population is 295 (1999 census). its density is 32 inhabitants/km². 
it's in this village that napoléon met marie-louise, in front of the church, on march 27 1810. she became empress of the french at just 19 years of age. at the time napoléon was 41.
the mayor since 2001 has been luc tordeux. he was re-elected in 2008. the next elections are in 2014.
the remains of the choir of the old church have had listed building status since 1927.
the chapel called "le calvaire", has been a listed building since 1929.
the courcelles sur vesle castle was built in 1694. it was ordered by the baron jacques de la grange.
in 1988, it became a hotel and a restaurant .
courchamps is a commune. it is found in the region picardie in the aisne department in the north of france.
international career statistics.
javier zanetti (born 10 august 1973) is an retired argentine football player. the last club he played for was internazionale milano. he also played for talleres and banfield and argentina national team.
club career statistics.
international career statistics.
pablo cavallero (born 13 april 1974) is an argentine football player. he has played for argentina national team.
club career statistics.
international career statistics.
diego placente (born 24 april 1977) is an argentine football player. he has played for argentina national team.
club career statistics.
international career statistics.
claudio husaín (born 20 november, 1974) is a former argentine football player. he has played for argentina national team.
club career statistics.
international career statistics.
gustavo adrián lópez (born 13 april, 1973) is a former argentine football player. he has played for the argentinian national team.
club career statistics.
international career statistics.
kily gonzález (born 4 august 1974) is an argentine football player. he has played for argentina national team.
club career statistics.
international career statistics.
marcelo gallardo (born 18 january 1976) is an argentine football player. he has played for argentina national team.
club career statistics.
international career statistics.
claudio caniggia (born 9 january, 1967) is a former argentine football player. he has played for argentina national team.
club career statistics.
international career statistics.
josé chamot (born 17 may, 1969) is a former argentine football player. he has played for argentina national team.
club career statistics.
international career statistics.
roberto bonano (born 24 january 1970) is a former argentine football player. he has played for argentina national team.
club career statistics.
international career statistics.
marcelo alberto bielsa caldera (, nicknamed "el loco bielsa" , meaning "madman bielsa"; born 21 july 1955) is a former argentine football player. he was most recently the head coach of leeds united fc.
 is list of wakas written by 100 famous waka poets. they are cards that have writing on them. there are 200 cards divided into two groups – 100 "yomifuda" cards and 100 "torifuda" cards.
hyakunin isshu as a game.
hyakunin isshu is a popular game in japan. it is played often during the new year season. a few games are possible using these cards.
karuta is the most popular game. a reader reads kaminoku (the upper words) and shimonoku (the lower words), and the players compete to see how fast they can pick the matching card. the kaminoku is not written on the cards, so the players who memorize the kaminoku have an advantage. the player who can get the most cards wins.
the beginning words are "5,7,5" (about 17 characters), called kaminoku. the second part are "7,7", called shimonoku.
japanese railways are used in japan for mass and high-speed travel between major cities and for commuter transport in metropolian areas.
management system of japanese railways.
there are two types of japanese trains:
usability or user-friendly is a term meaning "easy-to-use". it is used when talking about simple user interfaces.
an electro-optic modulator is an optical device. it is made of a material that has a so-called "electro-optical effect". this means that the material changes its optical properties when there is an electric field. one example is then when there is no electricity, light can pass through, and when there is, it cannot, and is reflected. 
liquid crystals are special substances that are usually liquid, but that show certain properties of a solid crystal. a liquid crystal (lc) may flow like a liquid, but its molecules may be rotated in a crystal-like way. there are many different types of liquid crystal phases. different phases are different because their optical properties are different. using a microscope and a polarized light source, different liquid crystal phases will have different textures. this is also shown in the image. 
the contrasting areas in the texture each correspond to a domain where the lc molecules are rotated in a different direction. within a domain, however, the molecules are well ordered. lc materials may not always be in an lc phase (just as water is not always in the liquid phase: it may also be found in the solid and gaseous phase).
liquid crystal displays use the optical properties of liquid crystals to control light.
turing complete is a term used in computability theory to describe abstract machines, usually called automata. such an automaton is turing complete, if it can be used to emulate a turing machine. it is also called computationally universal.
most modern programming languages are turing-complete. there are languages that are used to classify and describe the contents of documents; for example html. html is not turing complete, because it cannot actively change the state of the system. html can be combined with a technology such as javascript; both together can be made turing complete. the standard regular expressions, which most programming languages use, are not turing complete either. most regular expression engines have been adapted to include back-references. the problem with this is that a finite automaton cannot handle back references.
the river trent is one of the major rivers of england. it is the third longest river in the united kingdom. it starts in staffordshire. it flows through the centre of england until it joins the river ouse to form the river humber (estuary) which empties into the north sea.
the name "trent" comes from a celtic word possibly meaning "strongly flooding". more specifically, the name may be a contraction of two celtic words, "tros" ("over") and "hynt" ("way"). 
it is unusual amongst english rivers in that it flows north (for the second half of its route), and is also unusual in exhibiting a tidal bore, the "aegir". the area drained by the river includes most of the northern midlands.
the river is legally navigable for some below burton upon trent. however, for practical purposes, navigation above the southern terminus of the trent and mersey canal (at shardlow) is conducted on the canal, rather than on the river itself. 
at certain times of the year, the lower tidal reaches of the trent experience a tidal bore which can be up to high.
kirkcudbrightshire is a scottish county on the solway firth in the south-west of scotland.
its county town is kirkcudbright.
kirkcudbrightshire was known by other names in the past: east galloway because it is the eastern part of the old kingdom of galloway, and the stewartry of kirkcudbright, because it was once governed by a steward employed by the lord of galloway and not a sheriff appointed by the king. 
kirkcudbrightshire is named after the town of kirkcudbright, which means "cuthbert's church".
for local government, the county is in the dumfries and galloway council area.
kirkcudbright is the county town of kirkcudbrightshire, scotland.
ayrshire is a county on the west coast of scotland. the county town is ayr but the biggest towns are kilmarnock and irvine.
there used to be three districts called "bailieries" which were later put together to make up the shire of ayrshire. the three districts were:
for local government, the county is divided into three council areas:
towns and villages in ayrshire.
the towns in ayrshire are:
a photographic filter is a lens that is used in photography to filter the light. there are different kinds of filters:
filters can be cheap or expensive. glass (or plastic) that is treated or coated in different ways usually costs more. some filters can be screwed in front of a lens that is made for this. others can be placed in the back of the lens, or in special filter holders screwed in at the front.
this page lists the diplomatic missions in russia. the russian federation hosts a huge clout of embassies in its capital moscow. 146 embassies are resident.
consulates in other parts of russia.
nadia elena comăneci (born november 12, 1961) is a romanian former gymnast. 
she is famous for scoring the first ever perfect 10 in olympic gymnastics history in the 1976 summer olympics in montreal, quebec, canada. comaneci scored six perfect scores in canada. she was coached by béla károlyi. she is married to former american gymnast bart conner, who is a commentator for the sport.
because of the end of the soviet union, russia went through a large change politically, economically, and militarily. first off the soviet union became the russian federation. people now consider that the federation is a follow up of the soviet union. however, post-soviet russia lacked the military and political power of the former ussr. now that communism died, russia could elect a president. in june 1991, boris yeltsin was elected as the first president of russia.
change in economy.
boris yeltsin told his people that he would help the economy. one thing he did was help improve trade with other countries. however, not all his ideas would be good. when yeltsin lifted price controls, a sudden increase in prices occurred (hyperinflation). because the military was hit hard during the fall of the soviet union, many plants laid off workers because the government was not sending the plants any new orders. this led to large unemployment.
in august 1998 the russian government devalued the ruble and defaulted on their debt. this was called the 1998 russian financial crisis. this was due in part to the asian financial crisis and the war in chechnya. many banks were forced to close down. the government stopped making payment of wages, pensions and when workers were paid, it was often with goods rather than rubles.
despite this, russia came back from the august 1998 financial crash with speed. this was because the price of oil went up. having the prices of oil go up, the exportation of the oil form russia would cost more, this would bring in lots of money for the economy.
a series of privatizations occurred.
relationships with countries.
unlike in the cold war, russia now said that the west was considered an ally. in june 1998 they joined the nato peace-keeping forces. the russians also have begun relationships with china. in 1997 the russians made a treaty with belarus
russia in the 21st century has gone through many changes. in 2000 vladimir putin was made president of russia. through his term he had good and bad approval ratings. in 2001-2002 putin took over several media stations. issues like this have also occurred with print media. however putin has done good things for russia, indeed, during real gdp grew on average 6.7% a year, average income increased 11% annually, and a positive balance of the federal budget now let the government to cut 70% of its debt during his term.
hurricane henriette was the deadliest tropical cyclone of the 2007 pacific hurricane season. the storm, which caused nine fatalities, formed from an area of cloud on august 30, 2007, and became a tropical storm the next day. the storm moved along the mexican pacific coast, and it rained very heavily. the city that had the most problems was acapulco, guerrero, where six people were killed by landslides, and where over 100 families had to leave after the la sabana river flooded. henriette then turned north and headed towards the baja california peninsula, and became a category 1 hurricane on the saffir-simpson hurricane scale. henriette made its first landfall east of cabo san lucas when it was at its strongest, causing the death of one woman because of rough seas.
hurricane henriette then moved over the sea of cortez, and made its second landfall near guaymas, sonora. after causing heavy rains in sonora, the storm weakened over the sierra madre occidental and what was left went on to cause flooding in new mexico and texas. the damaged caused cost about $275 million (2007 mxn, $25 million 2007 usd). it hit mexico on the same day hurricane felix hit nicaragua, only one of two time when an atlantic hurricane and a pacific hurricane have made landfall on the same day.
henriette originated from a tropical wave that departed the west coast of africa on august 20, 2007. the wave produced some convection while in the caribbean sea but reached central america on august 28 before any significant development could occur. early on august 30, the area of low pressure, now 400 miles (640 km) south-southeast of acapulco, mexico, started to gain clusters of strong convection. by the afternoon of august 30 the system continued to show strong convection and had developed a broad but well defined area of low to mid level cyclonic turning. by 0600 utc that day the system became a tropical depression about southeast of acapulco and was designated as tropical depression eleven-e.
convection continued but the cyclone was encountering extensive easterly to north-easterly wind shear which stinted the strengthening of this storm throughout its history. the cyclone initially headed toward the west-northwest around a subtropical ridge that was centered over the western gulf of mexico. the depression moved north west, parallel with the west coast of mexico due to being steered by the mid/upper-level ridge. on august 31, it strengthened to become tropical storm henriette, 85 miles (137 km) south of acapulco.
it continued to move along the mexican coast bringing heavy rains. with continued strong convection, henriette maintained its strengthening and was predicted to reach hurricane strength. however, despite the low wind shear and apparent warm waters. henriette did not strengthen as expected. this is believed to be due to its proximity to land and colds waters being brought up due to henriette's slow movement. the convection and strengthening continued and maintained itself as it moved away from jalisco. henriette turned westward and away from the pacific coast of mexico late on september 1 as the subtropical ridge built westward over northern mexico.
henriette continued to improve in structure and with the formation of a distinct eye feature, reached hurricane strength on september 4 as it turned north-northwestward toward the baja california peninsula, ahead of a mid-latitude trough approaching the west coast of the united states. the hurricane reached its peak intensity of 85 mph (135  km/h) that morning while centered about 75 miles (120 km)south-southeast of cabo san lucas.
the center of henriette made landfall just east of cabo san lucas on the afternoon of september 4 with maximum winds near  (130  km/h). it was over land for only about six hours before emerging into the sea of cortez. the brief interaction with land caused a slight weakening, but henriette remained a category 1 hurricane for most of that day. the next day it made final landfall near guaymas in the state of sonora. henriette weakened quickly over land and dissipated over the mountains of northwestern mexico early on september 6. the remnants of tropical storm henriette continued to track across west texas and southeastern new mexico as it was being absorbed by a cold front moving through new mexico. the flow of moisture from originating from these remnants, moderate instability, and marginal shear contributed to flash flooding and severe thunderstorms.
the formation of henriette was not anticipated well in nhc tropical weather outlooks. the incipient system was first mentioned only about 31 hours before it became a tropical depression, and the potential for the formation of a depression was explicitly stated beginning only about 13 hours prior to genesis.
on august 31, 2007 the national meteorological service in mexico decreed zone of alert from lagunas de chacahua, oaxaca to cabo corrientes, jalisco. it requested the public to take precautions before the possible coming of rain, intense winds and storm surges in the south and southwestern coasts of mexico. the ministry of education of guerrero canceled classes at all schools in the evening and close the port navigation. faced with the prospect of henriette strengthening, the head of the harbor bay in acapulco stopped all travel for small craft and coastal fisheries. also blue and yellow flags were raised as a preventive measure for swimmers. on september 4, the port of mazatlán, sinaloa had to be shut down to all navigation due to the inclement weather produced by the hurricane. the port authority reported that henriette produced waves surpassing 4 meters (13 ft) in height. the carnival pride cruise scheduled to arrive at the port had to be diverted out to sea as a result of the port's closure. in the city itself, school was suspended for two days, and officials stated that approximately 600 famiilies might have to be evacuated. further north, the port of topolobampo, sinaloa was also closed due to henriette's threat, and 20 families were evacuated from their homes in an ejido.
in la paz, the municipal direction of civil defense informed that the first of 13 temporary shelters would be opened and anticipated the evacuation of more than 2000 people that lived in high-risk zones. in some areas, the local police recommended to the population, mostly those living in areas of high risk, that they should take care not to leave their homes unless necessary and to find evacuation routes and temporary shelters. both manuel márquez de león international airport in la paz and los cabos international airport in san josé del cabo were shut down, stranding 7,500–8,500 tourists. henriette also forced the ports in los cabos to close completely, and the port in la paz to close to small craft.
henriette struck hardest in the resort town of acapulco. though the storm never passed closer than to the town, heavy rains along the coast saturated the ground, leading to mudslides. six people were reported dead as a result of rockslides in two suburban neighborhoods of the city and in the port itself. three were killed by a huge rock hitting their house, and the other three were killed when their dwellings partially collapsed. in addition, flooding from the overflowing of the river la sabana, led to the evacuation of at least one hundred families from around the river by the consejo estatal de proteccion civil.
jorge antonio pacheco albert, director of civil protection for the port of acapulco, reported that approximately 800 were injured during the passage of henriette along the coast and that 337 people relocated to temporary shelters. in michoacán, henriette damaged 10,000 square meters (107,000 sq. ft) of beach near ixtapilla, destroying approximately 5,000 olive ridley turtle nests, comprising 10% of the endangered species's nests in the state.
in sonora, the hurricane destroyed 450 homes and damaged another 5,000 dwellings in etchojoa and huatabampo, which both have large mayo indian populations. the storm's precipitation flooded nearby agricultural fields, stopping wheat production, forcing local government to fumigate the region to try to prevent a dengue fever outbreak. in the yaqui river valley, two people were killed, and another 70 homes were destroyed by henriette's winds. throughout the state, 24,000 families were left homeless.
one woman died due to high surf near cabo san lucas on the baja california peninsula. two fishermen were reported killed off the sonora coast.
the road connecting guaymas to ciudad obregón was closed due to damage from the overflow of the brook cocoraque which stranded around 600 cars. lázaro cárdenas was affected when the acalpican river broke its banks. at least 50 houses in the community of "el habillal", were flooded by water levels of up to . the residents had to leave their houses and be relocated in provisional housing. 
the remnants of henriette caused flash floods and surface water 8–12 inches (20–30 cm) deep which covered roads with depths up to 1.5 inches (4 cm) in the u.s. states of new mexico and texas. hail also accumulated on roadways. damage in mexico totaled about $275 million (2007 mxn, $25 million 2007 usd). the name "henriette" was not retired from use by the world meteorological organization, and will be used again in 2013.
charles stewart parnell (27 june 1846 – 6 october 1891) was an irish member of the house of commons of the united kingdom. he led the irish parliamentary party. he played an important part in the fight for home rule for ireland.
charles stewart parnell was born in avondale, county wicklow. his family was upper class. he was the seventh child of john henry parnell and his american wife delia tudor stewart. parnell's great-grandmother was in the tudor family so he was related to the british royal family.
his parents separated when he was six. he was sent to different schools in england, where he was unhappy. his father died in 1859 and he inherited his fortune. he then studied at cambridge university (1865-9) but never graduated. he was sheriff of his county, wicklow, prior to being an mp (member of the house of commons).
member of parliament.
charles stewart parnell was first elected to the house of commons, as a home rule league mp for meath, on 21 april 1875. during his first year parnell mostly stayed quiet and watched. he first drew attention in 1876 when he said a group of irish rebels called fenians (accused of killing a police officer) did not kill anyone.
parnell fought for ireland's right to be self-governing home rule movement. at first he met with fenians, but he later decided to work with michael davitt. he was elected president of davitt's movement, (called the "land league") on 21 october 1879. after becoming the mp for cork city, he formed a new group with ideas from many other groups called the irish national league which later became the irish parliamentary party. although ireland did not become independent for many years, parnell's work in parliament pushed ireland much closer to their goal by unifying irish politics.
on 24 december 1889 captain william o’shea decided to divorce his wife katherine o'shea. o'shea had already separated from his wife, but would not divorce her as she was expecting a substantial inheritance.
o'shea at last filed for divorce. he claimed she had an affair and three children with parnell. parnell did not reply to the claim, and the divorce was granted. because divorce is not allowed by catholics, many catholics who supported parnell did not like him anymore and he became less popular.
parnell married katherine after her divorce. the damage from his affair caused many people to lose respect for him, and he became less powerful. many members of his party left him. he died on 6 october 1891 of a heart attack and in the arms of his wife. he was 45 years old.
 is a japanese author and translator. he was born on january 12, 1949 in kyoto, japan. in 2006 he won the franz kafka prize for his book "kafka on the shore".
sinhala or sinhalese, earlier referred to as singhalese, is the language of the sinhalese. they are largest ethnic group of sri lanka. it belongs to the indo-aryan language family.
sinhala has two varieties/forms - spoken and written, the former being the most popular form. spoken sinhala is easier to learn and use because it is so much relaxed in grammatical formality and rigidity. 
sinhala is spoken by about 19 million people in sri lanka, about 16 million of them are native speakers. it is one of the constitutionally-recognised official languages of sri lanka, with tamil. sinhala has its own writing system (see sinhala script) which is an offspring of the indian brahmi script.
the oldest sinhala inscriptions were written in the 3rd and 2nd centuries bc; the oldest existing literary works date from the 9th century ad.
the closest relative of sinhala is dhivehi, the language of the maldives, .
the word order of sinhala language is sov (subject-object-verb) just like japanese, korean and many other languages in asia. it would be easy for people from that particular language style to learn sinhala with a little time and practice.
ex 1 : 
 i home go
 mama gedara yanawa.
ex 2 : 
morphologically, the words are built with the stem followed by a particle. the particle can vary so that it adds more grammatical change into the word connecting it to the whole sentence. 
pusa yanawa -
 kitten is going.
pusath yanawa - 
 kitten is also going.
ballata denawa -
 giving (it) to the dog
 giving it to the dog as well
 giving it to the dog itself.
if you really take a good look at these sentences, you may easily find the stem of the words: pusa, pusath; ballata, ballathath, ballatama.
pusa- is the stem of the subjectival phrase. (kitten)
pusa + th - as well
pusa + ta - to kitty
pusa + ta + th - to kitty as well
pusa + ta + ma - to kitty itself
dhivehi, divehi or mahl is an indo-aryan language. 
it is spoken by about 350,000 people in the republic of maldives and suvadives and also in the disputed island of minicoy (maliku), claimed by maldivians that is annexed by neighbouring india, where it is known by another name, the mahal language or mahl (). in the maldives, it is the official national language. in different atolls the words may change but have the same meaning.
dhivehi is the main language spoken in maldives. since it involves the use of many english, hindi and arabic words, it seems to resemble many languages spoken in sri lanka, south east asia and north india.
in the earlier times, people spoke "elu", a language that was basically a form of ancient singhalese language. this language underwent a lot of transformations and gave rise to the dhivehi language of today. dhivehi is written from left to right. in the olden days, the language was inscribed on the copper plates, popularly known as the "loamaafaanu". 
dera ghazi khan division () was an administrative division of the punjab province of pakistan, until the reforms of 2000 abolished the third tier of government. during british rule dera ghazi khan division was a district of multan division, after independence from britain dera ghazi khan was made into a division in its own right until abolition in 2000.it contained the following districts: dera ghazi khan, muzaffargarh, rajanpur, layyah.
bahawalpur division () originally, bahawalpur, was also an administrative division of the punjab province of pakistan, from 1955 until the reforms of 2000 abolished the third tier of government.
multan division () was an administrative division of the punjab of pakistan, until the reforms of 2000 abolished the third tier of government.
multan division was created during british rule in the subcontinent. the division lay between 28°25' and 33°13 n and 69°19' and 73°39 e, the sutlej divided it from bahawalpur on the south-east, while the indus flowed partly through the division and partly along its border to the west. the headquarters of the commissioner were at multan, or, in the hot season, at. fort munro. the division was abolished in 1884, but reconstituted in 1901. according to the 1881 census of india the population of the area now included was 2,036,956, in 1891 it
had risen to 2,277,605, and in 1901 to 3,014,675. the total area was 29,520 square miles, the division was composed of the following districts:
sahiwal division () is an administrative division of the punjab province of pakistan. it was created in november 1988.
bannu division () was an administrative division of the khyber pakhtunkhwa province of pakistan, until the reforms of 2000 abolished the third tier of government. the division was created in the 1990s when it was removed from dera ismail khan division, at abolition it contained the districts of bannu and lakki marwat.
dera ismail khan division () was an administrative division of the khyber pakhtunkhwa province of pakistan, until the reforms of 2000 abolished the third tier of government.
until the 1990s it also contained bannu division, at abolition it contained the districts of dera ismail khan and tank.
kohat division () was an administrative division of the khyber pakhtunkhwa province of pakistan, until the reforms of 2000 abolished the third tier of government. at independence in 1947, kohat was a district of peshawar division. in 1976 it became a separate division and contained the districts of karak, kohat and hangu.
malakand division () was an administrative division of the khyber pakhtunkhwa province of pakistan, until the reforms of 2000 abolished the third tier of government.
in 1969, the princely states of chitral, dir and swat were incorporated into west pakistan as the new division of malakand with saidu as its capital.
mardan division () was an administrative division of the khyber pakhtunkhwa province of pakistan, until the reforms of 2000 got rid of the third tier of government. it was made up of the present-day districts of mardan and swabi.
peshawar division () was an administrative division of the khyber pakhtunkhwa province of pakistan until the reforms of 2000 abolished the third tier of government. at independence in 1947, the north-west frontier province (1901–1955) was split into two divisions, dera ismail khan and peshawar. until 1976, peshawar division contained the districts of hazara and kohat, when they both became divisions themselves.
peshawar division was originally a district of the north-west frontier province (1901–1955) of british india. later it reverted to pakistan (1972–2000). the district was administratively subdivided into five tehsils:
after the independence of pakistan in 1947, the tehsil of peshawar became the new district of peshawar. at that time the old district became a division.
hyderābād district (), is a district of sindh, pakistan. before, it was an administrative division of the sindh called the hyderabad division. however, reforms of 2000 the third tier of government. its capital is the city of hyderabad. the kirthar national park is in the hyderabad district. according to the 1998 census of pakistan, it had a population of 4,339,445 of which 50.07% were urban (lived in a city). this makes it the second-most urbanised district of sindh. 
bacchus was the roman god of agriculture, wine and fertility, equivalent to the greek god dionysus. dionysus was said to be the last god to join the twelve olympians. supposedly, hestia gave up her seat for him. his plants were vines and twirling ivy. he carried a pine cone-topped staff, and his followers were goat-footed satyrs and maenads, wild women who danced energetically during this festivals. bacchus is the son of jupiter.
bacchus was the child of jupiter and semélé, a human whom juno had tricked into asking to see jupiter as he really was. since she was a mortal, she was burned up by the sight of jupiter in his divine form. so jupiter sewed the infant bacchus into his thigh, and gave birth to him nine months later. as a child, bacchus was tutored by silenus, who was a great lover of wine and often had to be carried on the back of a donkey. before he took his place at olympus, bacchus wandered the world for many years, going as far as india to teach people how to grow vines.
sportscenter is the daily sports news program of espn. it is widely spread out in the whole world, with famous citations in movies and international editions, as the "sportscenter brasil" (the brazilian edition), the "sportscenter asia" and the "sportscentre" (canada). the "sportscenter brasil" has recently completed 3000 editions.
mythology: greek gods, heroes, & monsters is a book written by dugald steer and published in 2007. it written as the "travel journal" of the fictional lady hestia evans. it records a trip to greece that she took in 1825. the book is more similar to an encyclopedia than a story. it talks about the wonders of the ancient world and the gods and heroes of ancient mythology. it has notes added by john oro, another fictional character who is a friend of lady hestia and also traveled to greece.
larkana division () was an administrative division of the sindh province of pakistan, until the reforms of 2000 got rid of the third level of government.
tom boonen (; born 15 october 1980) is a belgian road bicycle racer. he won the 2005 world cycling championship. boonen is a member of the team, he is a sprinter.
mirpur khas division () was an administrative division of the sindh province of pakistan, until the reforms of 2000 abolished the third tier of government.
sukkur division (), originally khairpur, was a division of pakistan until the divisions of pakistan were dissolved in 2000.
the baluchistan states union existed between 3 october 1952 and 14 october 1955 in modern southwest pakistan. it was formed by the states of kalat, kharan, las bela and makran with the capital at the town of kalat. the area of the union was roughly the western half of the modern province of balochistan. the union was separate from the chief commissioners province of baluchistan which comprised areas to the northeast of the union. the union did not include the enclave of gwadar city which was part of the sultanate of oman. the four state rulers continued in office but some matters became the responsibility of the council of rulers.
the chief commissioners province of baluchistan was a former province of british india. it was in the northern parts of the modern pakistani province of balochistan.
the interwar period was a time in history from 9 november 1918 to 1 september 1939, between the two world wars, world war i and world war ii.
the period began with many changes internationally. the league of nations was created, which was made to bring peace to the world, but did not prevent problems with nazi germany, which soon left the league. also occurred was the growing threat of japan, which invaded china. soon the soviet union and italy had begun to rise as international powers. all of that happened in the 21 years and soon triggered world war ii.
modernism was a cultural movement of the late 19th century to the mid-20th century. it changed art, literature, music, architecture and drama.
modernism rejected tradition. it was interested in new ways of doing old things. also, there was a belief that science and technology could change the world for the better. the details differ greatly, and the term covers some movements which are somewhat contradictory.
modern art replaced classical art. it included abstract art, cubism, pop art, minimalism, and dadaism. it affected sculpture quite strongly, though at the beginning sculptors like rodin and epstein made both traditional and modernist works. henry moore is one of the most famous modernist sculptors.
typical modernist painters were picasso, braque, matisse, kandinsky and mondrian.
composers such as stravinsky, george antheil and schoenberg are modernists. stravinsky's "the rite of spring" ("le sacre du printemps") is a landmark work.
ballets such as "the rite of spring" and "les noces" ("the wedding") mark the arrival of modernism into this traditional dance form. modern dance outside of ballet started with isadora duncan, loie fuller and ruth st. denis.
james joyce's "ulysses" is the classic example of modernism in the novel. "ulysses" (1922) has been called "a demonstration and summation of the entire modernist movement". franz kafka's "the metamorphosis" (1915), "the trial" (1925) and t.s. eliot's poem "the waste land" (1922) are also prime examples. looking back, it is clear that: fyodor dostoyevsky's "crime and punishment" (1866) had a great influence on other writers.
the arrival of magic realism is part of modernism. the novels and short stories of mikhail bulgakov such as "diabolidad" and "the master and margarita" are examples.
modernism in architecture is found in the work of frank lloyd wright, le corbusier, walter gropius the founder of bauhaus, and mies van der rohe. le corbusier's famous remark "a building is a machine for living in" shows how different his thinking was to architects of the 19th century. the skyscraper, such as mies van der rohe's seagram building in new york (1956–1958), became the archetypal modernist building.
a criticism of the modern movement is that it does not value tradition, and goes in for change for the sake of change. what modernists want most is freedom of expression, or, perhaps, freedom of experimentation. this is why many modern paintings avoid making visual copies of real things. in modernist literature, an author may leave out plots or narrative or characterization in books.
these experiments were not random. they drew on the ideas of their day: mass media, science and technology, marxism, freudian psychology, and so on. there was a general search for new materials, new methods and new ideas. there was often a rejection of elitism, and a love of populism and popular culture.
another criticism was of the connection between modernism and socialism. certainly many modernists were also socialists. in the early days of socialism it seemed to offer hope of a new future without the baggage of the past. this also explains their rejection of tradition.
the victorian era of the united kingdom was a time of queen victoria's rule from 1837 to 1901. this time was very prosperous for the british people. trade was at its best. a well educated middle class ruled the country and the british empire. other countries also prospered but britain became the greatest great power.
the industrial revolution continued to increase productivity and prosperity, especially in the middle and later parts of victoria's reign. making iron and steel was a basic industry. the furnaces were fired with coal. shipbuilding was a major industry. canals and steam railways connected all parts of the country, and british steamships connected the world. cotton and wool were made into cloth and exported. ceramics were also a major industry.
one important change in the victorian era was the making of the sewage system in london. in 1829 photography was invented. gas lighting was important too. streetlights became common first, followed by lights in public buildings and home. in the 1880s people began making power stations and distribution systems to feed the new electric lightbulbs.
britain began ruling its trading colonies in africa, asia, and the caribbean. the british empire now extended all over the world. it used new technologies like the railways and electric telegraph to communicate across these regions. many british citizens moved to the colonies to make their fortune.
industrialisation brought with it a rapidly growing middle class. they were not aristocrats and landowners, but on the other hand they were not unskilled workers. they were the people who created, managed and ran the new industrial factories.
in the victorian era, the middle class people owned their own houses. the family home often included three generations. the concept of "privacy" became a mark of the middle class life. what went on in those homes was the themes of many mid-century novelists.
the printing press became faster in the nineteenth century and paper was cheaper too. the "taxes on knowledge" on newspapers and printed advertisements were lifted. this made magazines and newspapers cheaper. the government tried to improve literacy rates by starting schools for the poor. more books were written for, and read by, the newly educated middle classes.
more theatres opened in london. orchestras and symphonies played, and operas were widely attended. gambling at cards and new casinos became popular during the period. in the middle of the 19th century saw the great exhibition of 1851, the first world's fair, and showed the greatest creations of the century.
de-stalinization is the way that the soviet union tried to undo joseph stalin's politics and the heroic image he created of himself using propaganda.
after stalin died, a group led the soviet union for a while. georgi malenkov was the premier of the soviet union; lavrentiy beria, head of the ministry of the interior; and nikita khrushchev was first secretary of the central committee. 
because stalin had so prominent a control over the soviet union, he was placed on a pedestal both at home and among communists abroad. in the years 1953–1955, a period of "silent de-stalinization" took place, as the revision of stalin's policies was done in secret, and often with no explanation.
in 1954, nikita khrushchev became the leader of the soviet union. he attempted to reform the soviet government and change how socialism in the country should be ran. in order to do this, he had to change the way the public thought of stalin, this is called revisionism. he removed stalin's corpse out of the mausoleum in red square and he changed the name of stalingrad (which was named after stalin) to volgograd. some people disliked khrushchev’s reform and those who oppose revisionism are called anti-revisionist. 
the pomelo ("citrus maxima" or "citrus grandis"), is a citrus fruit from south east asia. it is pale green or yellow when ripe. its flesh is sweet and white. the rind is very thick and spongy. it is the largest citrus fruit, usually in diameter. it weighs .
other names for the pomelo are pummelo and pommelo.
leiden university (dutch: "universiteit leiden"), shortened to lei, is a public university in leiden, a city in the province of south holland, the netherlands.
leiden university was established on 8 february 1575 and is the oldest university of the netherlands.
it has about 29,500 students.
its focus is on all sorts of sciences.
the university of amsterdam (dutch: "universiteit van amsterdam"), shortened to uva, is a public university in amsterdam, a city in the province of north holland and also capital to the netherlands.
the university of amsterdam was established in 1877 (its predecessor in 1632).
it has about 31,000 students.
its focus is on all sorts of sciences.
wouter jacob bos (born july 14, 1963) was a dutch minister of finance, deputy prime minister and leader of the dutch labour party. he won the election of dutch labour party leader, defeating jouke de vries. he led the party until march 12, 2010, the day he left. his successor is job cohen, who used to be the mayor of amsterdam. he left because he wanted to spend more time with his family.
he left as minister of finance and deputy prime minister because the government felt over the decision of uruzgan. the dutch labour party was in the coalition, together with christen democraten appèl and the christenunie, both christian parties. the dutch labour party did not agree and stepped out of the coalition.
the hughes medal is awarded by the royal society of london for original discoveries in electricity and magnetism or their applications.
the medal was first given to j.j. thomson in 1902 "for his numerous contributions to electric science, especially in reference to the phenomena of electric discharge in gases". it has been awarded over a hundred times. at first it was awarded annually, now it is every two years.
unlike some other royal society medals, the hughes medal has never been awarded to the same person more than once. only one woman has won it: michele dougherty in 2008, who was awarded the medal "for innovative use of magnetic field data that led to discovery of an atmosphere around one of saturn's moons and the way it revolutionised our view of the role of planetary moons in the solar system".
the medal has been awarded to more than one person at once; in 1938 it was won by john cockcroft and ernest walton "for their discovery that nuclei could be disintegrated by artificially produced bombarding particles", in 1981 by peter higgs, thomas walter and tom w. b. kibble "for their international contributions about the spontaneous breaking of fundamental symmetries in elementary-particle theory", in 1982 by drummond matthews and frederick vine for explaining the magnetic properties of the ocean floors which then led to the plate tectonic hypothesis, and in 1988 by archibald howie and m.j. whelan for their work on the theory of electron diffraction and microscopy, and its use in the study of lattice defects in crystals.
sir joseph john "j.j." thomson, om, frs (18 december 1856 – 30 august 1940) was a british physicist and nobel laureate. he discovered the electron and isotopes, and invented the mass spectrometer. he was awarded the nobel prize in physics in 1906 for his discovery of the electron and his work on the conduction of electricity in gases. john joseph thomson in 1893 said: "there is no other branch of physics which affords us so promising an opportunity of penetrating the secret of electricity." 
in 1897, thomson showed that cathode rays were composed of a previously unknown negatively charged particle of very small mass compared to its electric charge. it was later called the electron and was the first subatomic particle to be found. thomson also found the first evidence for isotopes of a stable (non-radioactive) element in 1913, while studying anode rays (positive cations). 
in atomic theory he hypothesized that atoms were spheres of evenly spread positive charge, where an individual negatively charged electron resided. he later concluded there was more than one negatively charged particle in an atom.
many of the young men who studied and worked with him at university of cambridge also became famous physicists.
johann wilhelm hittorf (march 27, 1824 – november 28, 1914) was a german physicist who was born in bonn and died in münster, germany. he was the first to compute the electric capacity of charged atoms and molecules (ions).
flor-de-lis are a folk music group from lisbon, portugal. they competed in the eurovision song contest 2009 with the song "todas as ruas do amor" where they finished 15th.
gulf air is an airline based in the middle east. they operate scheduled flights in the middle east and international flights.
terraforming is changing a planet or large natural satellite that we cannot live on at present without spacesuits and similar technology. the idea is to change it so some life from earth could exist there. it would need a suitable atmosphere (air), heat, and water. "paraterraforming" or "worldhousing" is a variant of terraforming that would involve building domes over the majority of a planet or moon.
some think it is possible to terraform mercury, venus, mars, ceres, pluto, our moon, titan, callisto.
it is arguable that we have already succeeded in terraforming right here on earth. thanks to modern technology, humans can now thrive in places that should be impossible to live in such as deserts and the arctic.
a related concept is paraterraforming or worldhousing which would involve constructing greenhouse-style geodesic domes and similar structures to cover most of, if not the entire surface of the planet or moon.
felixstowe is a town in suffolk, england. it has the largest container ports in europe.
about 30,000 people live in felixstowe.
clarence malcolm lowry (; 28 july 1909 – 26 june 1957) was a british writer. he is most famous for his 1947 novel "under the volcano" about an alcoholic consul in mexico. lowry was himself an alcoholic and a lot of his writings were about the effect alcohol had on his life and on the lives of his characters.
torn curtain is a 1966 movie directed by alfred hitchcock and starring paul newman and julie andrews. it is set mainly in east germany during the cold war and tells the story of a scientist (played by newman) who pretends to betray his country, the united states of america to the ussr in order to gain vital information about a new weapon which the soviet union is building.
frenzy is a 1972 british crime thriller movie set in london. it is directed by alfred hitchcock starring alex mccowen and barry foster. it tells the story of an innocent man, played by mccowen who is wrongly believed to be a serial killer by the police and his efforts to avoid capture and bring the real killer to justice. this was the second to last movie that hitchcock made before he died in 1980 and the first time in many years he had made a movie in the united kingdom.
marnie is a 1964 american mystery drama movie directed by alfred hitchcock and based on the novel of the same name. it starred tippi hedren and sean connery. it tells the story of marnie, a compulsive thief and liar, played by hedren. she is befriended by and later marries a rich businessman called mark rutland, played by connery. he tries to find out more about the tragic events which took place in her past and finally forces her to face up to these events and the secret which her mother kept from her since she was a child.
shadow of a doubt is a 1943 american movie directed by alfred hitchcock starring theresa wright and joseph cotton. it tells the story of a naïve young girl called charlie (played by wright) who lives in a sleepy town in california with her well-meaning parents, and how her life is put in danger when her sinister uncle (played by cotton) comes to stay with the family. over the course of the movie, charlie discovers that her uncle is a wanted serial killer who has murdered a lot of rich widows for their money. when her uncle finds out that charlie has discovered his secret he sets out to murder her before she exposes him.
rope is a 1948 american drama movie directed by alfred hitchcock. it stars james stewart, john dall and farley granger. it tells the story of two young intellectuals, played by dall and granger, who murder one of their friends in an apartment in manhattan. they do it in order to prove that it is possible to commit the perfect murder. then they hold a dinner party at which they invite the parents of the victim as well as their former teacher, played by stewart. during the dinner party they come close to boasting about their crime and arouse the suspicions of the teacher who eventually exposes them and alerts the police. the movie is famous for seemingly being made in one long shot without changing the camera angle. it is also known for implying a homosexual relationship between the two intellectuals at a time when homosexuality was rarely mentioned in movies or popular american culture.
the early modern period of human history, is a time from 15001800 (roughly). this time follows the middle ages. it is the start of recognizable nations that we know today.
in the history of europe, the early modern period follows the medieval period. it begins around the fall of constantinople in 1453, and includes the renaissance period, and the age of discovery. it includes the discovery of america, and the discovery of the sea route to the east. it ends around the french revolution in 1789.
in 1453 constantinople fell to the ottoman empire. science, transport, and communications improved. this is also called the renaissance. for european countries with many ships, this was the age of discovery. europe was beginning to expand to the new world. 
trade with asia was common, after europeans found their way around africa and into the indian ocean. late in this period the european countries started setting up colonies there. 
the mughal empire began in 1526. this empire had a orderly government, widespread economic prosperity and religious tolerance. at this time asia was flourishing in math and science. also the ottoman empire was ruling the middle east, along with the persian empire.
the national assembly is a type of legislature in some countries. the best known national assembly, and the first legislature to be known by this title, was established during the french revolution in 1789, known as the "assemblée nationale". almost every country in africa has a national assembly. however, outside of africa there are not that many countries with national assembly. in europe there is britain, france, germany etc. in asia there is china, afghanistan, iraq, pakistan,bangladesh etc.
kenneth harry clarke, baron clarke of nottingham, (born 2 july 1940), often known as ken clarke, is a british politician. he was the justice secretary in the coalition government. clarke has had a long career in politics and has served in the cabinets of margaret thatcher and john major. on february 26, 2017, clarke became father of the house after the death of gerald kaufman. 
early life and politics.
clarke was born in west bridgford, nottinghamshire, england and was educated at the university of cambridge. he became the member of parliament for rushcliffe at the 1970 general election and became a queen's counsel in 1980. he held a number of lower positions in government under margaret thatcher until she promoted him to health secretary in 1988. he became education secretary in 1990 and when thatcher resigned as prime minister and was replaced with john major he stayed on as health secretary until 1992 when he was promoted to chancellor of the exchequer. he stayed as chancellor until 1997 when the conservatives were defeated in the general election.
john major resigned as leader of the conservative party soon after he was defeated in the general election and clarke stood for election to replace him as leader and therefore become the leader of the opposition. however he was defeated by william hague in this contest. when hague himself resigned after losing the 2001 general election clarke again stood for leader but was defeated by iain duncan smith. in 2005 he stood for the leadership for a third time but was defeated by david cameron. it is thought that clarke was unable to become leader because many in the conservative party do not wish to see the united kingdom replace the pound with the euro as the main currency whereas clarke has always been very much in favour of this policy.
as shadow business secretary.
clarke returned to the conservative front bench in 2009 as the shadow business secretary where he has the job of monitoring the performance of the current business secretary peter mandelson. when the coalition government was formed on 11 may 2010 clarke was made the justice secretary.
swansea city afc are a welsh football (soccer) team who have played in the english premier league since 2011. before being promoted to the premier league for the 2011–12 season, they had played in the english football league since 1920. they were founded in 1912 as swansea town and played at the vetch field ground until 2005 when they moved to the liberty stadium. their most successful period as a team was in the early 1980s under their manager john toshack when they played in the old first division from 1981-1983 (which was the highest tier of english football at the time). swansea play their home games in an all white strip. their main rivals are cardiff city and a match between the two sides is known as the south wales derby. as well as competing in the english league they have also won the welsh cup ten times and the football association of wales premier cup twice. in 2011, they were promoted to the premier league after winning the football league championship play-offs after finishing third in the league. they avoided relegation in their first premier league season ending up in 11th place.
hartlepool utd f.c are an english football team playing in the english football league. they were founded in 1908 as ‘hartlepools utd’ and currently play at the victoria ground. the well known football manager brian clough started his career as a manager with hartlepool in 1965 before leaving to go on and manage derby county.
tippi hedren (born nathalie kay hedren, january 19, 1930) is an american actress. her paternal grandparents were swedish immigrants. her maternal ancestry is german and norwegian. she is best known for her performances in two movies directed by alfred hitchcock: "the birds" and "marnie". she is the mother of actress melanie griffith and has acted in movies with her daughter.
japanese morning glory, also called the "ipomoea nil", is an attractive cultivated plant, a climbing annual commonly with white edges, also named white-edge morning glory. it is found in us florida to south america, also in galapagos islands.
a pyrrhic victory is battle won at too great a cost.
it is one in which the side that won the victory suffers very badly. a pyrrhic victory may take place when the victorious army has lost a huge number of men or when the enemy army has reinforcements about to arrive which greatly outnumber the winning army and mean that the chances of a second victory are very low. a pyrrhic victory is named after king pyrrhus of epirus. he won a battle against the romans in 280 bc but many of his men and most of his friends and top commanders died in the battle.
sir george iain duncan smith (born 9 april 1954 in edinburgh, scotland) is a british politician who is the secretary of state for work and pensions from 2016 - 2016. he was the leader of the conservative party from september 2001 to november 2003 and is the member of parliament (mp) for the constituency of chingford and woodford green.
iain duncan smith served in the scottish part of the british army, the scots' guard from 1975 to 1981. he became a conservative party mp at the 1992 general election for the constituency of chingford (called chingford and woodford green from 1997). he became a member of william hague's shadow cabinet in 1997 and became shadow defence secretary in 1999. when hague resigned in 2001, iain duncan smith was elected leader of the conservative party, defeating kenneth clarke and michael portillo. in november 2003, conservative party mps passed a vote of no confidence in iain duncan smith because they believed he could not win the general election. he was replaced by michael howard. after the 2010 general election, iain duncan smith was made the secretary of state for work and pensions. he resigned in march 2016.
iain duncan smith was the first leader of the conservative party to have been roman catholic and was the first to have been born in scotland since arthur balfour.
william 'bill' hicks (16 december 1961 - 26 february 1994) was an american stand-up comedian known for his controversial act which made fun of religion and politics amongst other areas. since then, many other stand-up comedians in the united states and united kingdom have said they have been very influenced by his work, which is still very popular today.
hicks was born in valdosta, georgia and raised in houston, texas. he died of pancreatic cancer in little rock, arkansas.
gene wilder (jerome silberman; june 11, 1933 – august 29, 2016) was an american actor, author, comedian, director and screenwriter. he was most famous for his acting work and in particular for the movies he made with mel brooks which include "the producers", "blazing saddles" and "young frankenstein". he also played the part of willy wonka in the musical movie "willy wonka & the chocolate factory".
wilder studied communication and theatre arts at the university of iowa.
wilder was drafted into the army on september 10, 1956.
an unauthorized biography of wilder called "gene wilder: funny and sad" by brian scott mednick was published in december 2010 by bearmanor media.
wilder died from alzheimer's disease on august 29, 2016 in stamford, connecticut at age 83.
exeter city f.c. is an english association football club currently competing in the english football league. they were founded in 1904 and currently play at the st james park ground. 
possibly their most famous game was when they drew 0-0 against manchester united in an fa cup match in 2005 at united's home ground of old trafford.
die lollipops is a children's band which formed in germany in the summer of 2000 under the edelkids label, a division of a german company named edel music. according to the label's website, the primary intended audience for the band is german-speaking children between 4 and 10 years old.
their music can be divided into three basic types: 
examples of famous international children's songs whose melody has been borrowed and given entirely new lyrics:
"die" is german for "the" (plural); "lollipops" is a loanword from english. the most common german word for lollipop is "lutscher", but germans now also use "lollipop". the band debuted in july 2000 with an album called "die lollipops" and have released new cds, videos, and audio books at the rate of about two per year. as of 2005, their label had sold more than 1.5 million of their cds and videos, of which 8 made it to gold, and one made it to platinum. note that the meanings of the terms platinum and gold are different for different countries: in germany gold signifies 100,000 sales and platinum 200,000. 
die lollipops has featured two singers at a time for most of its history; generally these have been girls between the ages of about 11 and 16. because the band has been around for nine years, they must replace their singers with new ones every few years. the current duet started recording in late 2007 with susi and fiona (then 12 and 11 years old respectively). they released an album called "einfach tierisch" in march 2008, and plan to release another one called "immer in bewegung" in july 2009. peter hoffmann has remained the producer since the group was formed. the band has attracted composers from other bands registered by edel music; a singer named klaus büchner had written a song about drinking alcohol called "wir feiern wieder feste" in 1987 when he was singing in his own band, called klaus & klaus; he then re-wrote it as a children's song about a never-ending party for die lollipops. the title of the song is still the same and the syllable rhythms are similar, especially in the chorus. 
due to the language barrier, the lollipops are largely unheard of outside the german-speaking world. their music can be downloaded via websites such as amazon.com.
the water opossum ("chironectes minimus") is also known as the yapok. it is an aquatic marsupial and a member of the opossum family. it has black and grey waterproof fur and webbed hind feet. it is "the only living marsupial where both sexes have a backward-pointing pouch". 
the animal is found in the freshwater streams and lakes in mexico, central and south america. the water opossum lives in bankside burrows. it comes out after dusk to search for fish, crustaceans and other aquatic animals, which it eats on the bank.
the yapok's webbed back feet helps it chase its prey in the water.
blazing saddles is a 1974 comedy western movie directed by mel brooks starring cleavon little, gene wilder and harvey korman. it tells the story of a black sheriff, played by little, who is appointed sheriff of a small western town and how he must try to make friends with the racist towns people and stop a ruthless businessman from knocking down the town to make way for a railway line.
while the movie is widely said to be a classic comedy today, critical reaction was mixed when the movie was first released.
awards and honors.
in the scene where lamarr talks to his band of bad guys, he says, "you men are only risking your lives, while i am risking an almost-certain academy award nomination for best supporting actor!" harvey korman did not, in fact, get an oscar nomination. the movie did receive three other academy awards nominations in 1974: best actress in a supporting role for madeline kahn, best film editing, and best music, original song. the movie also earned two bafta awards nominations, for best newcomer (cleavon little) and best screenplay.
the movie won the writers guild of america award for "best comedy written directly for the screen" for writers mel brooks, norman steinberg, andrew bergman, richard pryor, and alan uger.
in 2006, "blazing saddles" was chosen by the library of congress for the national film registry.
alexander rybak (13 may 1986) is a belarusian-norwegian singer, composer and violinist. he was born in minsk, belarusian ssr. he moved to norway when he was four. he is best known for winning the eurovision song contest 2009 with the song "fairytale" for norway. rybak went to the eurovision song contest 2010 in oslo to perform his winning entry from the previous year.
a pika is a small mammal related to the hare and the rabbit (lagomorph). pikas are also known as rock rabbits or coneys. pikas have short limbs, a round body, an even coat of fur, round ears, and no external tail. 
there are 37 different species of pika. most pikas live in colder climates, on rocky mountain slopes. pikas need cold temperatures to live, and can die if exposed to temperatures above . they live in asia, north america and parts of eastern europe. they are active during the day or twilight. pikas do not hibernate. because they do not hibernate, during the summer they gather food for winter. they collect hay, which they pile up to dry. they sometimes steal hay from each other. this often results in disputes. predators, like ferrets, and large birds often use these disputes to catch pikas. 
pikas are herbivores and eat many kinds of plants, such as grasses, sedges, moss, and lichens. 
pikas in eurasia often live in family groups and share duties of gathering food and keeping watch. some species are territorial. pikas in north america are asocial outside of breeding season.
pikachu from pokemon is based off this animal.
the two-source hypothesis is a hypothesis that was made in the 19th century. it tries to explain what is called the synoptic problem in christian theology. this problem is that certain parts of the gospels of mark, matthew and luke have texts that are very similar. the hypothesis claims that the gospels of matthew and luke were written based on the gospel of mark, and lost source text, called q. the q is for german "quelle", and means source. the lost document was likely a collection of jesus' sayings, very probably written in ancient greek. the hypothesis is widely accepted among christian scholars.
there are two major problems with this hypothesis:
a favicon is small image (known as an icon) that is used to identify a website or webpage.
this type of icon (also known as a favorite icon or favorites icon) is usually a square image that is only 16 pixels in height and 16 pixels in width. however, modern browsers, especially those installed on smartphones, can display bigger favicons that are 32 pixels or 64 pixels in size. and when a favicon is included in a webpage it can be seen next to a browser's address bar, inside a browser's tab or in the browser's favorites' or bookmarks' list.
henry rollins (born february 13, 1961 in washington d.c.) is an american singer, writer and actor. after a few wild years in the punk rock band black flag, he started his own metal band, the rollins band. rollins is now a solo artist. he often tours in many countries performing spoken-word concerts.
tay-sachs disease (also called tray-sachs syndrome) is a disease that causes problems with the metabolism of fat. tay-sachs is caused by a lack of the enzyme hexosaminidase a.
tay-sachs is a genetic disease. it happens when chromosome 15 has a genetic problem. the problem is caused by a defective hexa gene. it is recessive, which means both parents must give the baby the defective gene for the baby to have tay-sachs. one in every twenty seven jewish american has one defective gene and can give tay-sachs the defective gene to their child. the disease is very rare. it is most common in jewish families. there is a blood test to see if a person has the tay sachs gene. this blood test has helped reduce the number of babies born with tay-sachs. in the 1800’s, there were 60 new cases and in the 21st century there were 5.
infants with the tay-sachs gene from both parents usually die of pneumonia or other infections during their first four years of life. some symptoms include: lack of energy, loss of vision and motor skills (paralyzation), and seizures. tay–sachs disease is usually first noticed in infants around six months old. they show an abnormally strong response to sudden noises or other stimulus. this is called the "startle response". the child may also be listlessness or have muscle stiffness (hypertonia). the disease is classified into several forms, which are based on the age when the neurological symptoms began. there is no known treatment for this disease.
the disease is named after warren tay and bernard sachs who first described the disease in the late 19th century. after the discovery, he noticed a red spot on the retina of a one year old child. the child was experiencing the same symptoms of the disease. bernard sachs was a neurologist from the united states. he was the first person to describe the cellular changes from the disease. in 1969, researchers discovered that tay-sachs is caused by a lack of the enzyme hexosaminidase a. 
sir joseph wilson swan (31 october 1828–27 may 1914) was an english physicist and chemist who was well known because he created the incandescent light bulb, about a year before thomas edison. his house was the first in the world to be lit by electric light bulbs.
in 1904, swan was knighted, awarded the royal society's hughes medal, and was made an honorary member of the pharmaceutical society. he had already received the highest award in france, the légion d'honneur, when he visited an international exhibition in paris in 1881. the exhibition included exhibits of his inventions, and the city was lit with electric light, thanks to swan's invention.
atom egoyan, oc () (born july 19, 1960) is a canadian-armenian movie maker. his work often explores themes of alienation and isolation. egoyan's movies often follow non-linear plot-structures, in which events are placed out of sequence in order to elicit specific emotional reactions from the audience by withholding important information. 
the standard asteroid physical characteristics of an asteroid include, but can also include things other than: diameter, mass, density, surface gravity, escape velocity, rotation period, spectral class, absolute magnitude, albedo, and surface temperature, or what the temperature is on the asteroid.
crowded house are an australian rock group. they formed in 1985 in melbourne, led by new zealand singer-songwriter neil finn. finn is the main songwriter and creative director of the band. he has led it through several changes. the band has people from a few different countries: from new zealand (neil and his brother, tim finn and eddie rayner), australia (paul hester, nick seymour, peter jones and craig hooper) and the united states (mark hart, and matt sherrod). crowded house are referred to as "the crowdies" by australian fans.
originally active from 1985 to 1996, the band has had consistent commercial and critical success in australia and new zealand and international chart success in two phases, beginning with their self-titled debut album, "crowded house", which reached number twelve on the us album chart in 1987 and provided the top ten hits, "don't dream it's over" and "something so strong". further international success came in the uk and europe with their third and fourth albums, "woodface" and "together alone" and the compilation album "recurring dream", which included the hits "fall at your feet", "weather with you", "distant sun", "locked out", "instinct" and "not the girl you think you are".
founding drummer hester left in may 1994, citing family reasons, but returned for their "farewell to the world" concerts in melbourne and sydney in 1996. neil finn had decided to end the band to concentrate on his solo career and the finn brothers project with tim. on 26 march 2005 hester committed suicide, aged 46.
in 2006, the group re-formed with new drummer matt sherrod. they have since released two albums, which have both reached number one on australia's album chart. the new albums are called "time on earth" (2007) and "intriguer" (2010).
amy jean klobuchar (born may 25, 1960) is an american politician and lawyer. she is the senior united states senator from minnesota since 2007. she is a member of the democratic party. she is the first elected female senator from minnesota and the second female senator in the state after muriel humphrey brown.
she was a lawyer in minneapolis until being elected county attorney for hennepin county in 1998, making her responsible for all criminal prosecution in minnesota's most populous county.
klobuchar was first elected to the senate in 2006, becoming minnesota's first elected female united states senator, and was reelected in 2012 and 2018. in 2009 and 2010, she was called a "rising star" in the democratic party. in february 2019, she announced her candidacy for president of the united states in 2020.
klobuchar was born in plymouth, minnesota. she is the daughter of rose katherine (née heuberger) and james john "jim" klobuchar, a columnist for the "star tribune".
klobuchar was a valedictorian at wayzata high school. she received her b.a. degree in political science in 1982 from yale university. during her time at yale, klobuchar spent time as an intern for senator walter mondale. klobuchar received her law degree from the university of chicago.
klobuchar was elected hennepin county attorney in 1998, and reelected in 2002. in 2001 "minnesota lawyer" named her "attorney of the year". klobuchar was president of the minnesota county attorneys association from november 2002 to november 2003.
in early 2005, senator mark dayton announced that he would not seek re-election to the u.s. senate. she was seen as a favorite for the dfl nomination for the 2006 election. in the general election, klobuchar faced republican candidate mark kennedy.
on march 30, 2008, klobuchar announced her endorsement of senator barack obama in the democratic presidential primary, promising her unpledged superdelegate vote for him.
klobuchar faced state representative kurt bills and won a second term in the u.s. senate in 2012.
in late 2016, klobuchar was known to have passed more legislation than any other senator. in february 2017, she called for an independent, bipartisan commission like the 9/11 commission to investigate ties between russia and u.s. president donald trump and his administration. she maintained high approval ratings throughout 2017, with the "star tribune"'s minnesota poll announcing in april 2017 that her approval rating was 72%. in october 2017, morning consult listed klobuchar in the top 10 of their list of senators with the highest approval rating.
in 2017, klobuchar and bernie sanders represented the democratic party in a televised debate on healthcare policy and the possible repeal of the affordable healthcare act on cnn.
2020 presidential campaign.
on february 6, 2019, klobuchar announced on her twitter that she will announce her candidacy for president of the united states on february 10 in minneapolis. on february 10, 2019, klobuchar announced that she is running for president in the 2020 united states presidential election.
klobuchar's allegedly harsh treatment of her senate staff received some coverage before her announcement.
she ended her campaign on march 2, 2020 after losing the first four democratic primary contests.
in 1993, klobuchar married john bessler. they have a daughter. she is a member of the united church of christ. in september 2021, she announced that she was diagnosed with breast cancer seven months before.
maiden voyage is the name given to the first trip a ship makes after it has been launched. sometimes important people will go on the maiden voyage including politicians, business people and celebrities.
riaz shahid (1927 - october 1, 1972) was a noted pakistani filmmaker, movie writer, and journalist. his real name was "sheikh riaz", but was called by his nickname "shahid". riaz was from lahore where he started his career as a journalist for newspaper "chataan" and later joined faiz ahmed faiz's "lail-o-nihar". he also wrote a novel named "hazar dastaan".
in 1962, riaz started his movie career as a director for the movie "susraal". from this point onwards, he went on to direct several hits like "zarqa", "shaheed", "farangi", and "yeh aman".
riaz shahid was married to then famous actress neelo and had three children. the first child their daughter was named "zarqa" followed by two sons shaan, who is now a well known pakistani movie actor and "sarosh", who also worked in a couple of pakistani movies. 
riaz died of leukemia in 1972.
neelo (born abida riaz; 30 june 1940 – 30 january 2021) was an actress from lahore city. she was the mother of the movie actor shaan. she was born june 29, 1945 in bhera, near sargodha. 
later, when she got married to riaz shahid she changed her name to abida riaz, and also became a muslim. shahid died in 1972, but riaz has kept her name the same.
neelo died of cancer on 30 january 2021 in abbottabad at the age of 80.
high on fire is an american heavy metal band. it was started by guitar player matt pike. he used to be in the band asleep. the band has released 4 albums.
the indian rhinoceros or the asian one-horned rhinoceros ("rhinoceros unicornis") is a large mammal primarily found in pakistan, north-eastern india, nepal and parts of bhutan. it lives in the tall grasslands and forests in the foothills of the himalayas. 
rhinoceros was hunted for sport, and is now poached because its horn is used for traditional chinese medicine (alternative medicine).
augusto righi (27 august 1850 – 8 june 1920) was an italian physicist who was a big part in the study of electromagnetism. he was born and died in bologna.
in 1872 and 1880 in bologna, he was researching mostly in electrostatics. he became an ordinary professor in physics at the university of palermo in 1880, when he was there he studied the transfer of heat and electricity in bismuth. from 1885 to 1889 he was a professor at the university of padua (padova), studying the photoelectric effect. in late 1889 he went to the university of bologna, where he worked for the rest of his life on things like the zeeman effect, 'roentgen rays', and magnetism.
fountain hills is a town in the maricopa county of arizona. it is close to phoenix and scottsdale. fountain hills has the 4th largest fountain in the world, which goes off every hour for 15 minutes. the general entertainment consists in the local high school sporting events.
the "yu-gi-oh!" trading card game is a japanese-american card game developed and published by konami. it is based on the fictional game of "duel monsters", which is the main story for the anime series "yu-gi-oh!". it is played around the world, but mostly in japan, north america, europe and australia. it was first sold to the public in 1999. in 2009 it broke the world record for most trading cards sold.
"yu-gi-oh!" is a trading card game in which players draw cards from separate decks and take turns playing cards. the game is like a battle, and the cards have different uses to help the player win the battle. there is one deck of cards for each player. each deck contains 40 to 60 cards. each player also has an optional "extra deck" of up to 15 cards that are used in certain situations. there is also a 15-card "side deck", which allows players to modify their deck between games. players are only allowed three of the same card per deck and side deck. each player starts with a certain number of "life points". to win the game, a player has to reduce their opponent's life points to zero. this is usually achieved by using "monster" cards to attack the monster cards of the opponent or damage the opponent's life points. the other two card types are "spells" and "traps". there are many, many types of spells and traps. for example, these cards' effects may eliminate an opponent's card, counter the effects of an opponent's card, or retrieve a specific card from one's own deck, to name just a few. most monster cards also have extra abilities of their own.
weston-on-trent is a village and parish in derbyshire. it is to the north of the river trent. at the 2004 census there were about 800 people in the village aged sixteen to seventy-four years.
in 1009 æþelræd unræd (king ethelred the unready) signed a document which agreed the size of weston. the document shows that weston owned the crossings of the river trent. these crossings were for one of the roads going up or down england. the land was at weston upon trent and at morley, smalley, ingleby, crich and kidsley. this land was given to morcar, the king's chief minister. morcar could decide a person's life or death without the king.
republic of kalmykia (, kalmyk: ) the subject of the russian federation, is a part of southern federal district. it is formed on november, 4th, 1920.
capital — elista.
borders in the south on stavropol territory, in the southeast — with republic dagestan, in the north — with the volgograd region, in the northeast — with the astrakhan region, in the west — with the rostov region.
the republic kalmykia places in the extreme southeast of the european part of russia. extent of territory from the north on the south — 448 km, from the west on the east — 423 km.
the region is possessed in zones of steppes, semi-deserts and deserts and takes territory with a total area of 75,9 thousand in km ² that there is more than territory of such states in the western europe as belgium, denmark, switzerland and the netherlands. the republic is in the southeast of the european part of the russian federation. its co-ordinates constitute 44°50 ' and 40°10 ' east longitude both 41°40 ' and 47°35 ' northern width.
three prirodno-economic zones are conditionally allocated for territories of kalmykia: western, central and east. the western zone covers territories of gorodovikovsky and jashaltinsky areas, the central zone — territories of maloderbetovsky, sarpinsky, ketchenerovsky, virgin, prijutnensky and iki-burulsky areas, east — territories october, justinsky, jashkulsky, chernozemelsky, lagansky * dolbansky and limansky areas. most favourable on it is soil-environmental conditions the western zone is.
rather large specific territory of east zone are the so-called black earths.
from the south the territory of kalmykia is limited by kumo-manychskoj a hollow and the rivers manych and kuma, in a southeast part is washed by caspian sea, in the northeast on an insignificant plot the republic border approaches to the river volga, and in the northwest the ergeninsky height is possessed. within republic territory northern part of near-caspian lowland is called sarpinsky lowland, and in its southern part there are black earths. dominating type of a relief of the republic, the large part of its territory, plains are taking.
there are stocks of hydrocarbons, the basic reconnoitered and maintained — iki-burulsky and ermolinsky nonassociated gas fields. deposits concern to near-caspian gas-oil provinces.
republic climate sharply continental — summer hot and very dry, winter is snowless, sometimes with the big colds. continentality of a climate essentially amplifies from the west on the east. average temperatures of january on all republic the negative: from −7 °c …-9 °c in southern and its southwest part to −10 °c … −12 °c in the north, the minimum temperature of january: −35 °c … −37 °c. the lowest temperatures sometimes reach −35 °c and more low in northern areas. feature of a climate is significant duration of solar light which constitutes 2180–2250 hours (182–186 days) per a year. duration of the warm period constitutes 240–275 days. average temperatures of july constitute +23,5 °c … +25,5 °c. the absolute maximum of temperature in hot reaches year +40 °c … +44 °c.
air rise in temperature is observed from the north on the south and the southeast of territory of republic. during the winter period there is thaw, in separate days — blizzards, and sometimes formed ice aggrieves to agriculture, causing an icing of herbage of pastures and winter crops.
specific feature of territory of republic are droughts and dry winds: happen to 120 суховейных days in the summer. the region is the most droughty in the south of the european part of russia. the annual amount of precipitation constitutes 210–340 mm. on conditions влагообеспеченности in republic four basic agroclimatic areas are allocated: very dry, dry, very droughty, droughty.
thanks to prevalence of zones of strong winds the region has significant wind energy resources, realised only at a rate of 3-5 million kvt·h/year on kalmyk wind electrostation.
in republic territory live about 60 species of mammals. on reservoirs of kalmykia nest about 130 kinds of birds and more than 50 kinds meet during seasonal migrations. 20 kinds of reptiles and 3 kinds of the amphibious. within republic 23 kinds of the birds brought in the red book of the russian federation are noted.
number of population of a saiga fluctuates from 270 thousand to 400 thousand goals
the republic territory is in the semi-desert zone which prominent feature is the completeness of a vegetative cover shown in a combination of steppe and deserted plots, and is most forestless region of the russian federation.
sochi (russuan:со́чи) is a city in russia on the black sea coast. it is in the russian federal subject of krasnodar krai. the 2014 winter olympics and the 2014 winter paralympics were played there. the sochi olympic stadium will also be used to host 2018 fifa world cup football matches. sochi is also a popular health resort. it is one of very few places in russia with a humid subtropical climate ("cfa" in the köppen climate classification).
catherine ii of russia (also titled catherine the great or yekaterina aleksei'evna) (april 21, 1729, stettin, germany – november 17, 1796 tsarskoye selo, russia) was empress of russia. she came to power by a coup d'état that deposed her husband, who was killed. 
catherine greatly increased the power of the crown. in wars against the ottoman empire and polish-lithuanian commonwealth she conquered much land in the west and south. during catherine's rule, russia became a strong power in europe.
catherine was born in stettin, which was a part of the kingdom of prussia at the time. she was the daughter of prince christian august of anhalt-zerbst and princess johanna elizabeth of holstein-gottorp. she had five brothers and sisters. she married her cousin peter iii (who, like catherine, was german) at age fifteen, and became empress of russia at age 32. she was educated in three languages (russian, german and french). she grew up as a lutheran (protestant). when she married peter, she changed to the russian orthodox church.
catherine's marriage was said to be unfaithful and distraught. peter and catherine were each said to have several lovers. after they had been married nine years, catherine bore a son, paul. paul was born on . both parents accepted him as legitimate, even though there had been rumors about catherine having been unfaithful. catherine also had a daughter anna, born in 1757. anna died in 1759. catherine and peter had a very difficult relationship. when peter died, catherine was left to rule russia on her own. catherine had many lovers, probably because of the difficult marriage; over twenty lovers are known. a few of these seem to be more important:
six months after peter took the throne, catherine led a palace coup to overthrow him. the question of who killed him and why is still much discussed. catherine was greatly admired by the public. she was much involved in foreign affairs, including successful russo-turkish wars which conquered new territories for russia.
catherine suffered a stroke on 1. due to the stroke, she lost consciousness. she died in her bed at 9:20 the following evening, while she was still unconscious. catherine was buried at the peter and paul cathedral in saint petersburg.
a hiccup (also spelled hiccough) is sudden tightening of the diaphragm, which is a muscle inside the chest and below the lungs that causes air to be pulled in. a short time after diaphragm contracts, the throat suddenly closes. this closing stops the air from flowing in, and results in the "hic" sound that gives "hiccups" its name. a hiccup is a reflex, a kind of action happens in the body without trying. hiccups often repeat several times per minute, and end on their own after a few minutes.
sometimes a single hiccup happens, or they may happen over and over, a few times each minute, in a series called a "bout" of hiccups. hiccups are rhythmic: the time between one hiccup and the next usually doesn't change much. a bout of hiccups generally ends by itself, without having to doing anything to end it on purpose. many home remedies (cures) are often tried to attempt to shorten how long the hiccups last, because hiccups can be uncomfortable and make it hard to pay attention to other things. it is rare that medical help is necessary because it is rare that they last long enough to cause any harm. 
hiccups may be triggered (started) by several common human conditions such as swallowing air, eating very quickly, and laughing for a long time. they can also be caused by some drugs and by some diseases.
the reason that people hiccup is not known for sure. a leading theory (idea) is that hiccups evolved to help human babies and other young mammals obtain milk more easily during breast feeding. this is related to the pattern that hiccups often happen when a bubble of air forms below the diaphragm and takes up space in the belly.
the napoléonic era was a time in the history of france and europe. this era existed during the fourth and final stage of the french revolution. it is the time when napoleon ruled france. the napoleonic era begins when napoléon bonaparte began to rule by overthrowing the government of france which was then called the directory, creating the french consulate. the era ends with hundred days and his defeat at the battle of waterloo (november 9, 1799 - june 28, 1815). afterwards, the congress of vienna tried to bring europe back to pre-french revolution days.
it was a time of many wars in europe. 
the socialist federal republic of yugoslavia was the yugoslav state that existed from the second half of world war ii (1943) until it was formally dissolved in 1992 ("de facto" dissolved in 1991 with no leaders representing it) amid the yugoslav wars. it was a socialist state and a federation made up of bosnia and herzegovina, croatia, macedonia, montenegro, serbia, and slovenia. 
josip broz tito ruled yugoslavia until 1980 when he died. in june 1991 slovenia and croatia declared independence. by 1992, only two states still wanted a union, serbia and montenegro. they formed the federal republic of yugoslavia, which was not recognized as the successor of the sfry by international leaders.
a vipoma (pronounced "v i p oma") (also called verner morrison syndrome after the doctors who first noticed it), is a tumor that does not happen a lot (1 per 10,000,000 per year) in the pancreas. vipoma makes something called vasoactive intestinal peptide, or vip. it can do bad things to the heart, brain, gut, gallbladder, and more.
octreotide (a somatostatin analogue) can be used to help symptoms. surgery is the only thing that will make it go away completely.
2 esdras is the name of a book in many english versions of the bible. it is a deuterocanonical book. this means it is a book of the christian old testament that is not part of the jewish bible. the original hebrew version has been lost, but it is known from other languages.
achlorhydria and hypochlorhydria is when there is very little, or no gastric acid in the stomach. it can come with other medical problems.
the lowering acid level itself can make symptoms similar to gastroesophageal reflux disease, and hinders protein digestion by holding back the enzyme pepsin. pepsin needs a low gastric ph to become active. low acid levels in the stomach are also linked with bacteria growing too much, which can stop the body taking in nutrients or vitamins.
adenoids (also called pharyngeal tonsils, or nasopharyngeal tonsils) are tissues at the very back of the nose. they are in the part of the nose where is joins the mouth.
in most children they make a soft bump on the top and back section of the nose's air passage.
taking away adenoids with surgery is called adenoidectomy.
phlegm (said: flem) is sticky fluid hidden by the mucous membranes of humans and animals.
a mobile home, or house trailer, is a moving home which can be pulled behind a truck, tractor or strong car on major roads. some mobile homes have multiple sections, such as with a double-wide trailer, which can be joined together after being pulled onto a lot as separate trailers. some also have front or back porches which can be joined outside the doors of the house trailer. mobile homes can also be referred to as simply trailers or caravans.
mobile homes are usually left in one location permanently, but they have possibility to move in emergencies or other events.
konstanty rokossovsky, polish: "konstanty rokossowski", (21 december 1896 in warsaw - 3 august 1968 in moscow) was a marshall of the soviet union (1944), a marshall of poland (1949), and twice a hero of the soviet union (1944, 1945). 
in world war ii he commanded an army in the moscow battle, bryansk, and donskoy fronts (in the stalingrad battle).
grand theft auto iv ("stylized as grand theft auto iv") is a 2008 action-adventure video game. the game was made by rockstar north, and was published by rockstar games. it is the sixth main game in the grand theft auto series after which was released in 2004, and the eleventh game in the series overall. the game takes place in liberty city, which was based on new york city. the game can be played on xbox 360, playstation 3 and pc. the xbox 360 and ps3 versions were released around the world on april 29th 2008.
"grand theft auto iv" has the same basic gameplay from the earlier games in the series. the player can walk, run, swim, climb, jump and use weapons and basic hand-to-hand combat. players can steal and drive many types of cars, boats, helicopters and motorcycles. players can explore and choose how they want to play the game. players can complete missions, but these are not needed to get farther into the game to open content. when the player does a crime and the police see it, they will start to follow the player and try to catch him.
"grand theft auto iv" was praised for having more realistic graphics and story. 
a secure digital card (sd card) is a kind of memory card. such cards are often used to store images or data in digital cameras. as of 2008, different capacities between 4 megabytes and 32 gigabytes have been made. the card has a rectangular design, but one edge is "chipped off". this means that the cards cannot be inserted into the cameras (or other devices) the wrong way.
there are different kinds of cards:
sd and sdhc are not compatible, but devices that accept sdhc also accept sd cards. the interface of sdhc and sdxc cards is the same, but sdxc uses a different file system. some devices (for example the wii) that originally shipped only with support for sd can be made to support sdhc with a firmware update.
there are also different "classes". these refer to the read and write speeds. currently in use are "class 2" - which means 2 mbytes/second, "class 4" - 4 mb/sec and "class 6" at 6 mb/sec. the problem with this is that different manufacturers measure different things with it, some measure write speeds, others read speeds. there are also differences because some give guarantees, and others simply say that the speeds they indicate are the maximum achievable under good conditions.
still another measurement is called "rating". a rating of 1 corresponds to 150 kbytes per second, the read speed of a cd. that way, a class 2 is equal to a speed of 13x.
microsd cards do the same thing but are much smaller. 
gold coast could mean:
natasha bedingfield (born 26 november 1981) is an english singer-songwriter. she was born in west sussex and was raised in lewisham, south london. her music genres are rock, r&b and pop. her albums are "unwritten" (which contains the hit single of the same name), "n.b." (the u.s. title is "pocketful of sunshine") and "strip me" (released in 2010). some of the most famous songs by her are "unwritten", "say it again", "soulmate", "these words" and "i bruise easily". one of her two brothers is singer daniel bedingfield; her sister is singer nikola rachelle.
dje (ђ, ђ), also known as djerv, is the sixth letter of the serbian cyrillic alphabet, used in the serbian language to represent the sound for need to tell , a palatalisation, similar to the english sound of letter "j" . it was created on model cyrillic letter ћ by vuk karadžić.
the serbian cyrillic alphabet (, "srpska/vukova ćirilica", literally "serbian/vuk's cyrillic alphabet") is the official and traditional alphabet used to write the serbian language.
the following table gives the upper and lower letters forms of the serbian cyrillic alphabet, along with the serbian latin equivalent and the ipa value for each letter:
the genus rhinoceros of the family rhinocerotidae includes the one-horned rhinoceroses, of which there are two extant species: the indian rhinoceros ("r. unicornis") and the javan rhinoceros ("r. sondaicus"). these are characterized by one horn (actually thickly matted hair) on the upper snout.
the sumatran rhinoceros ("dicerorhinus sumatrensis") is a member of the family rhinocerotidae and one of five extant rhinoceroses. it is the smallest rhinoceros, standing about 120–145 centimetres (3.9–4.8 ft) high at the shoulder, with a body length of 250 centimetres (98 in) and weight of 500–800 kilograms (1100–1760 lb). 
the sumatran rhinoceros is a small, hairy rhinoceros which survives in limited numbers in pockets of indonesian and malaysian rain forests. only three institutions showcase sumatran rhinos, the cincinnati zoo, the los angeles zoo, and the sumatran rhino sanctuary in borneo. 
integrated services digital network is an international standard for a communication network. it is often shortened to isdn. it is used for telephone lines. before isdn, telephone lines were mainly seen as a way for people to make phone calls, so the main idea was to use circuit switching. when a phone call is made, a line is set up between the two participants. this phone call is analogue. with isdn, this view changes. as the signal is now digital isdn can be used to offer a number of services, which use the telephone line to transport data. there were different services, like telex or teleprinters before isdn, but they used their own networks. at specific locations, there were gateways between these networks. with isdn, this changes. there is only one network, and it offers different services. some of them are for voice, to make phone calls, others are for data, for example to send telefaxes.
isdn offers a number of data channels, and a signalling channel. the data channels carry the actual service data. the two data channels are completely independent and can be used independently. the usual setup has two such data channels. that way, it is possible to send a fax through one channel, while doing a phone call over the other channel, for example. if the main focus is on a high quality voice connection, the two channels can be combined into one single channel carrying twice the amount of a single channel enhancing the quality dramatically.
for larger companies it is possible to extend the number of data channels to 30 with still one signalling channel.
werdenberg is a historical village in the canton of st. gallen. it lies just outside buchs. today, between 55 and 60 people live there. there are about 40 houses, some of them only used for holidays. werdenberg has a castle, which is often visited by tourists.
there was a county of werdenberg. it included the city itself, the villages of grabs, buchs, sevelen and the right to judge in wartau. the first count of werdenberg died in 1182. in 1402, his successors let the county to the count of montfort-tettnang. in 1485, it was sold to the city of lucerne. in 1517, it was sold to the canton of glarus. during napoleon's reign in switzerland (called the helvetic republic, 1798-1803), werdenberg was made part of the "canton of linth" (which also included the modern-day canton of glarus, and parts of the canton of schwyz). after the end of the reign, werdenberg was made part of the canton of st. gallen.
édouard manet (pronounced "edwaʁ manɛ" in french), 23 january 1832 – 30 april 1883, was a french impressionist painter. he was one of the first painters of the 19th century to paint subjects of everyday life in the modern world. this made him very important for modern painting, especially for the change from realism to impressionism. 
some of his paintings were very controversial. the paintings "lunch on the grass" and "olympia" were a starting-point for a group of young painters to develop what would later be called "impressionism".
édouard manet was born in paris on 23 january 1832, to a wealthy family. as he grew up, his uncle encouraged him to paint and draw, but his father wanted him to join the navy. eventually he was allowed to be trained as a painter. manet worked from 1850 to 1856 in the studio of the academic painter thomas couture a painter of large historical paintings. in his spare time he copied the old masters in the louvre. 
while he was a student he visited germany, ano, and the netherlands, looking at the paintings of renaissance and baroque masters such as frans hals, and spanish painters such as diego velázquez and goya. 
in 1856, manet opened his own studio. culo of the best known french painters of that time was gustave courbet who painted in a style known as realism. courbet, in his pictures, tried to show the life of the poor working people of the farms and villages. manet began to paint beggars, singers and people in cafes. his style was not like courbet's because he used large brushstrokes without much detail. courbet's paintings were dark and somber because he painted all his canvases brown before he put the figures in. manet's paintings were brighter and lighter, with lots of white paint and often small parts painted in bright blue and red
in 1863 manet married suzanne leenhoff, who had been employed by his father to teach piano to manet and his younger brother eugene. suzanne had an eleven year old son, leon koella leenhoff who often posed as a model for manet's paintings.
every year the academy in paris would hold a big exhibition (art show) called the "salon de paris". in 1863 manet put a picture into the show called "lunch on the grass" ("le déjeuner sur l'herbe"). the judges at the salon refused to hang this work in the gallery because it showed a naked woman sitting on the grass with two men wearing clothes. if the painting had been about ancient greek mythology, this would not be a problem but these men were wearing ordinary suits, and the woman's dress and hat were lying on the grass. perhaps she was a prostitute. the judges said that the painting was indecent (very rude). 
at this time there were a group of young artists who mainly painted landscapes. they were claude monet, pierre-auguste renoir, alfred sisley, frédéric bazille, camille pissarro, paul cézanne, and armand guillaumin. monet and his friends also had their paintings turned away. they were angry and they met with manet to discuss this. the emperor napoleon iii gave permission for another exhibition called the "salon des refuses" which showed all the pictures that had been "refused". many people went to see this exhibition and soon discovered that there was a new "movement" in art, quite different from the style that they were used to. 
in 1874 thirty impressionist artists held their first exhibition. the main artists who are called "impressionists" include claude monet, auguste renoir, paul cézanne, camille pissarro, alfred sisley, edgar degas and berthe morisot. manet became friendly with berthe morisot, who later married his brother eugene manet. manet encouraged morisot with her painting. morisot, in turn, encouraged manet to paint outdoors, in the way that monet and the other impressionist painters did. monet painted some landscapes, seascapes and city scenes in the impressionist style. however, most of his paintings are "figurative" (they are pictures of people). 
manet's paintings usually show people going about their ordinary lives. they show people at home and at work, or out and enjoying themselves. one painting is very different. it is a terrible scene showing the execution of the emperor maximillian of mexico by a firing squad. 
manet died of syphilis in paris at the age of 51. he is buried in the passy cemetery in the city.
khat is a flowering plant native to tropical east africa and the arabian peninsula. it is also known as qat, qaat, quat, gat, jaad, chat, chad, chaad and miraa. the plant is grown commercially in kenya, ethiopia, oman, and yemen.
khat is a shrub. when grown commercially, the shrubs grow to a size of about 5m, in the wild they can reach about 20m. 
khat is used as a stimulant in eritrea, somalia, and yemen the effects are comparable to those of drinking tea or coffee. 
there are some problems with khat. people can become psychologically addicted to the drug. many anti-drug organisations, such as the drug enforcement administration target this drug. it is illegal to use in many countries, though not in yemen.
khat is very popular in yemen. much of the country's farming resources are used for it because farmers get more money than for other cash crops. it is estimated that 40% of the country's water supply goes towards irrigating it. its production is said to increase by about 10% to 15% every year. it uses so much water that groundwater levels in the sana'a basin are getting lower. for this reason, government officials have proposed to move large portions of the population of sana'a to the coast of the red sea.
some studies done in 2001 estimated that the income from growing khat was about 2.5 million yemeni rials per hectare, while it was only 0.57 million rials per hectare if fruits were grown. this is a strong reason farmers prefer to grow khat over coffee and fruits. it is estimated that between 1970 and 2000, the area on which khat was cultivated grew from 8,000 hectares to 103,000 hectares.
matsui keishirō (, 28 march 1868 - 4 june 1946) was a japanese diplomat during the showa period and later minister of foreign affairs. he graduated from the law school of tokyo imperial university in 1889, and entered the foreign ministry the same year. in 1890, he was given a post in the japanese embassy in seoul in 1890, and in 1895 was sent to the united states. in april 1889, he served in london. in 1902, he was re-assigned to beijing. he returned to japan in 1913.
during world war i, matsui served as japanese ambassador to france from november, 1915. when he finished this mission, he was awarded with the title of baron ("danshaku") under the "kazoku" peerage system. he served as minister of foreign affairs from 7 january to 11 june 1924 under the government of kiyoura keigo.
country codes are in mostly times created by few letters or numbers that represent geographical codes (geocodes) of countries that use certain country code, it is in use in data processing and communications. there are few different systems created for this. the most known is iso 3166-1. the term "country code" in many times refers to international dialing codes, the e.164 country calling codes.
the national capital region () is an official federal name for the canadian capital of ottawa, ontario, and neighbouring gatineau, quebec, and the area near them. the national capital region has an area of 5,319 square kilometres that straddles the boundary between the provinces of ontario and quebec. the national capital region covers an area of 6,287.03 square kilometres (2,427.44 square miles). it has a population of 1,235,324. the ottawa part of the region is part of the eastern subregion of ontario. the ottawa-gatineau cma is the only cma in canada to include parts of two provinces.
the national capital region is not a separate political jurisdiction, although the national capital commission is deeply involved in political, cultural, and land use planning matters in the national capital region. proposals have sometimes been made to separate the national capital region from its two respective provinces, and transform it into a separate capital district, like the district of columbia in the united states or the australian capital territory. such proposals have never come close to passage, and there does not currently appear to be any political will or necessity to pursue this option.
cities, towns, and populations within ottawa-gatineau cma.
"source:" 2006 census of canada
other towns within national capital region.
while not officially in the cma, the following municipalities (most of which are adjacent to the cma) are included in the national capital region, due to their close economic and social ties with ottawa.
gatineau (as of 2006 census population 242,124) is a city in western quebec, canada. it is on the northern bank of the ottawa river, immediately across from ottawa, ontario, within canada's national capital region. ottawa and gatineau comprise a single census metropolitan area.
in the euclidean space, "r3" is called orientable if a two-dimensional figure (for example, ) cannot be moved around the surface and back to where it started so that it looks like its own mirror image (). otherwise the surface is non-orientable. a concept connected to this is chirality. this means that no matter what, a human right hand, cannot be rotated in such a way that it becomes a human left hand. the right hand is therefore orientable.
manzanillo is a city in colima in mexico. the city has the busiest port in mexico.
los mochis is a city in sinaloa, mexico. in 2005, the population was 231,977.
real analysis is an area of mathematics that deals with sets and sequences of real numbers, as well as functions of one or more real variables. it provides a rigorous logical foundation to calculus, the study of continuous change. 
as one of the main branches of mathematical analysis, it can be seen as the real-number counterpart of complex analysis, which deals with complex numbers. many results in real analysis are special cases of results in complex analysis.
cabo corrientes is a cape on the pacific coast of mexico. it is the most southern point of the bahía de banderas.
a homeland (rel. "country of origin" and native land) is the concept of the territory (cultural geography) to which an ethnic group holds a long history and a deep cultural association with. it's the country in which a particular national identity began.
a strike (or blow) is an attack with an inanimate object, such as a weapon, or with a part of the human body. it is intended to harm an opponent.
mazatlán () is a city in the mexican state of sinaloa; the surrounding "municipio" (municipality) for which the city serves as the municipal capital is also called mazatlán. it is located at on the pacific coast, just across from the southernmost tip of the baja california peninsula.
mazatlán is a nahuatl word meaning "place of the deer." the city was started in 1531. by the mid-1800s a large group of immigrants had arrived from germany. these new citizens made mazatlán into a successful commercial seaport, importing equipment for the nearby gold and silver mines. it served as the capital of sinaloa from 1859 to 1873. they also influenced the music, banda, which is an form of bavarian folk music, and also started the pacifico brewery on march 14, 1900.
mazatlán, with a population of 352,471 (city) and 403,888 (municipality) as of the 2005 census, is the second-largest city in the state (after culiacán) and mexico's largest commercial port. it is also a popular tourist destination, with its beaches lined with resort hotels. a car ferry across the gulf of california from mazatlán to la paz, baja california sur exists. the municipality has a land area of 3,068.48 km² (1,184.75 sq mi) and includes smaller communities such as villa unión, la noria, el quelite, el habal and many other small villages.
mazatlán is served by gral. rafael buelna international airport.
beaches and parks.
viejo mazatlan & centro area:
zona dorada (golden zone):
nuevo mazatlan area:
 isla de la piedra:
rennet is a set of enzymes made from the stomachs of mammals. it is used in things like suet and cakes. it can also be used to make cheese.
the kols, also known as kolarians, are the original inhabitants of modern-day west bengal and north-east india. the term kol has been corrupted by the aryan-sanskritic speakers to the word "kalu", meaning both "black" and "ugly", in almost all of the 16 major languages of the subcontinent. the kolarians are a dravidian peoples stock group, whose descendant communities can be found also in west bengal and elsewhere in the eastern part of the east india.
most geological scholars will contend that most of bangladesh was fashioned 1 to 6.5 million years ago during the tertiary era. semi-recent excavations in the deolpota village of western bengal seem to suggest that a paleolithic civilization in the region existed about one hundred thousand years ago. a 10,000 to 15,000 year old stone structure in rangamati is the primary evidence of paleolithic civilization along with a hand axe found in the mountainous inclines of the feni district. this neo-stone age began 3,000 bc lasting almost 1500 years. similar tools were found in sitakunda of the eastern region chittagong, and near comilla district. the sparsely forested hills in eastern bengal strewn with fertile valleys imparted a hospitable location for neolithic settlements.
physically, the indigenous peoples of eastern india were long-headed, dark skinned, broad-nosed, and short in stature. sometimes labeled as "negritos" and "negroids", their physical features are unchanged today among the lowest castes of bengal, mainly the peasants, as well as 95% of population of west bengal today who derive from these lower castes and tribes.
the sena dynasty (সেন,"shen") ruled bengal through the 11th and 12th centuries. 
sena / sen dynasty was founded by samanta sen. adi purush veersen of this dynasty is considered. they trace their origins to the brahmakshatra kayastha tradition. after the fall of the pala dynasty, the sena dynasty was established in bengal.
vaidya ballal sen (1158-78 ad) -
he was also a follower of shaivism. it assumed the title of gaudeshwar of the pala rulers. he himself was a patron of scholars and scholars. he composed a book called dansagar.but could not complete it. later lakshmanasen completed it. this started the movement under the name of nobility. its purpose was to maintain the superiority and purity of power of the elite castes. the superiority and purity of power was to be maintained. first of all, he called brahmins from kannauj and settled in bengal. after his death, his son became the ruler.
laxman sen (1178-1205 ad) -
lakshmanasen assumed the title of parambhagavata. unlike his ancestors, he was a follower of vaishnavism. its writings begin with the praise of vishnu. it established another capital near its former capital at lakshmanavati (lakhanauti). jayadev, the author of geetgovind, was one of its 5 gems. halayudh was its chief justice and chief minister. laxman sen started the lakshman era. it won kashi and prayag from jaichand gahadwal. it established victory pillars at kashi, puri and prayag. in 1202 ad, bakhtiar khilji attacked it and conquered its capital, nadia.
 refer by book ko bangladesh historical society
the pala empire was a dynasty in control of the northern and eastern indian subcontinent, mainly the bihar and bengal regions, from the 8th to the 12th century. the name "pala" (modern পাল "pal") means "protector" and was used as an ending to the names of all pala monarchs.
tranquillisers are drugs produced to treat anxiety, depression and insomnia. prescribed by a doctor, they are designed to reduce anxiety, and promote calmness, relaxation and sleep. there are hundreds of different tranquillisers around, but most common are the benzodiazepines.
rohypnol is one of the most strongly-acting tranquilisers.
harsha or harshavardhana () or "harsha vardhan" (590–647) was an indian buddhist emperor. he ruled north-central and east india for fifty seven years. he was the son of prabhakar vardhan and younger brother of rajyavardhan, a king of thanesar. at the height of his power he ruled the gujarat, bengal, orissa and the entire gangetic plain north of the narmada river. after the downfall of the gupta empire in the middle of the sixth century c.e., north india reverted back to small republics and small monarchical states.
las bela was princely state in british india (now pakistan) which existed until 1955. later it was merged with the karachi-bela division.
maksim mrvica (; born 3 may 1975) is a croatian pianist. his notable works are "olympic dream", "croatian rhapsody", and "handel's sarabande".
the javan rhinoceros ("rhinoceros sondaicus") is a herbivorous browser that belongs to the order of the perissodactyla and is one of the three species of rhino native to asia. scientists think about 60 are alive.
wopke eekhoff (march 2, 1809 – february 12, 1809) was a dutch author. he was the frisian author of, and head of, the archives of the great library of leeuwarden.
the grote of martinikerk, or the grote kerk, is a protestant church in the frisian village of sneek (snits in west-frisian). the legendary freedom fighter pier gerlofs donia is buried there.
middle east broadcasting center know more popularly by its acronym (taking only the first letters of many words) mbc is a television channel in the arab world
 showing cartoons and tv programmes which children like.
bumblebees or "bumble bees", or "humble bees") are a group of social and semi-social bees, of the genus bombus. the genus contains about 250 different species, mostly in the northern hemisphere. they can also be found in new zealand and tasmania. they occur practically everywhere on the eurasian landmass.
most bumblebees live in small groups, which generally last only for a year (though the queen lasts longer). they collect pollen as protein for their young, and themselves eat nectar. they are extremely hairy, with a covering of soft hairs called a "pile". it is the female worker bee which one sees out collecting pollen. the pollen is packed into two "baskets" on its hind, very noticeable when full. the baskets are just hairs specially adapted for this function.
most of them have the same social structure as honey bees do, there is a "queen", and there are "workers" and "drones". the usual size of a colony is under 50 members, though some tropical species live in larger colonies.
bumblebees carry aposematic warning colours, usually some combination of black, red, yellow and white. this is the usual müllerian mimicry found in bees and wasps. bumblebees are extremely hairy, and that also is a defence against birds. young birds, particularly, find them difficult to handle. some birds are regular predators of bumblebees: the great grey shrike ("lanius excubitor") and the bee-eaters for example.
fertilised queens overwinter in a dormant state. they start a nest in the spring. the nests are smaller, usually much smaller, than those of hive bees. the queen stores sperm from her mating, and can decide whether or not to fertilise an egg as it comes down the oviduct to the vagina. the females are diploid, the males are haploid. this is the common method of sex determination throughout the hymenoptera.
only fertilised eggs grow into females, unfertilised ones grow into males. to develop, the larvae are fed both nectar for carbohydrates and pollen for protein.
queens suppress their female workers egg-laying by aggression and pheromones, until late in the season, when the workers do start to lay eggs. the eggs develop into males (drones) if they are not fertilised (haploid), and females if they are diploid.
thus the queen will be the mother of all the first males. new queens (those fertilised eggs which are fed on nutritious food) and males leave the colony when they are mature. they mate and the new queens search for a place to overwinter. then they are dormant over the winter period, starting a new nest in the spring. that completes the cycle. the queens live a number of years. the workers (unfertilized females) live about a season. drones live away from the hive(s). queens do not mate with drones from their own hive.
bumblebees can fly very high. in 2014, "national geographic" said bumblebees can fly higher than mount everest.
nest size "according to the species" is between 50 and 400 individuals. colonies have been fiund as small as ~20 individuals and as large as 1700. these nests are small compared to honeybee hives, which hold about 50,000 bees. 
many species nest underground in old rodent burrows or sheltered places. they avoid direct sunlight, where nests might overheat. other species make nests above ground, whether in thick grass or in holes in trees. stone-boring bees are found in limestone walls and cliffs, and sand borers are found in compact sand cliffs.
a bumblebee nest is not organised into hexagonal combs like that of a honeybee; the cells are instead clustered together untidily. the workers remove dead bees or larvae from the nest and deposit them outside the nest entrance, helping to prevent disease. nests in temperate regions last only for a single season and do not survive the winter.
about ten species are called cuckoo bumblebees. these are nest parasites: they specialize in invading and taking over the nests of other bumblebees. in these species, there are no workers. once such an animal has invaded a nest, it will force the workers to feed it and its offspring. once the offspring are ready, they will leave the hive, to mate and take over other hives.
all bumblebees have a sting, as hive bees do. however, the bumblebee sting does not damage it when used, and they can sting several times. however, they rarely do sting, unless really threatened.
they have an additional type of defence against birds, and that is their mechanical toughness. birds usually do not swallow bees whole. if they eat bees at all, they manipulate them to eat the thorax alone, for its wing muscles. this is hard to do with a bumblebee, and time-consuming. generally, they are left alone.
bumblebees in england.
the bbc has made a number of field reports for its regular naturewatch and spring watch programs. the short film clips have information on:
italia 1 is an italian commercial television station on the mediaset network. 
it is oriented especially at young people.
john henry hoeven iii (born march 13, 1957) is a politician from the u.s. state of north dakota. on january 3, 2011, he became a united states senator for that state. a member of the north dakota republican party, he previously served as the 31st governor of north dakota from december 2000 to december 2010. 
hoeven was elected to the u.s. senate in the november 2, 2010 general election. he replaced junior senator byron l. dorgan, who chose not to seek re-election.
in biology an organism is said to be cosmopolitan (or cosmopolite) if it can be found almost anywhere on the earth.
the bengali people are the main ethnic group in the region of bengal (now divided between bangladesh and the republic of india) in south asia. they speak bengali (বাংলা bangla), a language of the eastern branch of the indo-aryan languages. 
they are natively concentrated in the nation of bangladesh and in the indian states of west bengal and tripura. some of the most well established bengali communities are in the middle east, japan, malaysia, united kingdom and united states.
remnants of civilisation in the greater bengal region date back 4,000 years, when the region was settled by dravidian, tibeto-burman and austroasiatic peoples. the origin of the word "bangla ~ bengal" is unknown, but it is believed to be derived from the dravidian-speaking tribe "bang" that settled in the area around the year 1000 bc.
after the arrival of indo-aryans, the kingdoms around bengal were first described in the "atharvaveda" about 1000 bc. from the 6th century bc, magadha expanded to include most of the bihar and bengal regions. it was one of the four main kingdoms of india at the time of buddha. magadha extended over nearly all of south asia, including parts of persia and afghanistan, reaching its greatest extent under the buddhist emperor ashoka the great in the 3rd century bc. one of the earliest foreign references to bengal is the mention of a land ruled by the king xandrammes named gangaridai by the greeks around 100 bc. the word is speculated to have come from "gangahrd" (land with the ganges in its heart) in reference to an area in bengal. later from the 3rd to the 6th centuries ad, the kingdom of magadha served as the seat of the gupta empire.
the baloch (بلوچ) are an iranian ethnic group who live in the region of balochistan which includes parts of southeastern iran, southern afghanistan, and southwestern pakistan.
the baloch speak the balochi language, an iranian language. they mainly live in mountainous places of the iranian plateau in iran, pakistan and parts of afghanistan. balochistan is a mountainous region inhabited by the baloch people.
the iranian plateau, also known as the persian plateau is a geological formation in southwest asia, southern asia and the caucasus region. as a historical region, it includes parthia, media and eastern persia, the heartlands of greater persia (mainly iran, afghanistan, and pakistan west of the river indus).
the punjabi people (, ਪੰਜਾਬੀ panjābī people) are an indo-aryan ethnic group native to the punjab region in northwestern south asia (pakistan and india). they come from the punjab region, which has been home to some of the oldest civilizations in the world including one of the world's first and oldest civilizations, the indus valley civilization. the punjabi identity is usually cultural and linguistic, with punjabis being those whose first language is punjabi, an indo-european language.
a treeshrew is a small mammal in the order scandentia.
they live in the tropical forests of southeast asia. they make up the families tupaiidae and ptilocercidae. there are 20 species in five genera.
although called treeshrews, they are not true shrews, and are not all arboreal. among other things, they eat "rafflesia" fruit. they used to be classified in the insectivora.
al-nassr football club (; "naṣr" meaning "victory") is a saudi football club that was formed in 1955. the club is in riyadh, the capital of saudi arabia. al-nassr is well-known through asia and the middle east. the club has a large base of supporters, possibly the most supported club in saudi arabia.
many legendary footballers from saudi arabia have played for al-nassr. among them are majed abdullah, fahad al-herafy, mohaisn al-jam'aan, yousef khamees and many other outstanding players.
al-nassr's kit colors are yellow and blue. the logo resembles the arabian peninsula with the same colors, symbolizing the sand of saudi arabia and the sea near it.
grosvenor bridge, also called victoria railway bridge, is a railway bridge over the river thames in london, between vauxhall bridge and chelsea bridge.
it is made up of two bridges that were both built in the mid-19th century. the eastern side was built by the london, chatham and dover railway in 1858-60 to carry trains into victoria station. this was the first railway bridge across the thames in central london. the western side was built by the london, brighton and south coast railway in 1865/66.
both bridges were rebuilt in steel in 1963–67, the original piers now being wrapped in concrete. the designer for this work was freeman fox & partners.
on the north bank is pimlico to the north and east and chelsea to the west. the lister hospital and the royal chelsea hospital are immediately to the north west. on the south bank is nine elms to the east and battersea to the west. battersea power station is immediately to the south of the bridge, and battersea park to the south west.
vauxhall bridge is a steel and granite bridge in central london. it crosses the river thames in a north-west south-east direction between vauxhall on the south bank and westminster on the north bank. 
vauzhall bridge in 1906. it replaced an earlier bridge as part of a program for redeveloping the south bank of the thames. the original bridge was itself built on the site of a former ferry.
the building of both bridges was difficult, with both the first and second bridges needing multiple redesigns from multiple architects. the original bridge, the first iron bridge over the thames, was built by a private company and was run as a toll bridge before being taken into public ownership in 1879. the second bridge, which took eight years to build, was the first in london to carry trams and later one of the first two roads in london to have a bus lane.
the present bridge is most significant for road traffic across the thames.
in june 2012, the bridge was highlighted on the route of queen elizabeth ii's diamond jubilee pageant on the thames.
ambrose everett burnside (may 23, 1824 – september 13, 1881) was an american soldier, railroad executive and politician. he served as governor of rhode island (1866-1869) and u.s. senator from rhode island. as a union army general in the american civil war, he fought successful campaigns in north carolina and east tennessee but was defeated in the disastrous battle of fredericksburg and battle of the crater. burnside commanded the ix corps, the department of ohio, and also the army of the potomac for a few months. his distinctive style of facial hair is now known as sideburns, derived from his last name.
this is a list of crossings of the river thames including bridges, tunnels and ferries. there are almost 214 bridges, over 20 tunnels, six public ferries and one ford. the list starts at the downstream (estuary) end and follows the river upstream towards the start of the river.
a few of the crossings listed are public pedestrian crossings making use of walkways across lock gates and bridges above or near-by weirs. most of the other locks on the river thames also have walkways across their lock gates and weirs, but these either do not fully cross the river, or are for the use of authorised people only, and are so are not listed.
besides the ferry crossings listed, there are commuter boat services along the river in the city of london, and tourist boat services running both in london and upstream. although the main purpose of these services is not to carry people across the river, it may be possible to use them to do so.
railway gazette international is a monthly business journal about the railway, metro, light rail and tram industries worldwide. available by yearly subscription, the magazine is read in over 140 countries by people involved in the railway industry. a mixture of technical, commercial and geographical articles, plus the regular monthly news pages, cover developments in all parts of the rail industry.
"railway gazette international" traces its history to may 1835 as "the railway magazine". the "railway gazette" title dates from july 1905 and it was renamed "railway gazette international" in october 1970.
"railway gazette international" is part of the railway gazette group, itself part of dvv media uk, part of the hamburg-based deutsche verkehrs verlag group. "railway gazette" was previously part of reed business information until 1 april 2007.
the magazine is based in sutton in surrey in the uk.
hainault is a station on the central line of the london underground in hainault in the london borough of redbridge. since 2 january 2007 the station is in travelcard zone 4.
usual off-peak service level is:
the highland football league (hfl) is a league of football clubs operating not just in the scottish highlands, as the name may suggest, but also in the north-east lowlands (moray and aberdeenshire). it is one of the three 'senior' non-leagues (that is a league that is not the scottish football league (sfl), scottish premier league or one of the scottish junior football association's leagues) in scotland. the hfl is a full member of the scottish football association.
the hfl was formed on 4 august 1893, at the inverness workman's club. the original league consisted of seven teams: inverness thistle, caledonian, clachnacuddin, forres mechanics, inverness union, inverness citadel and cameron highlanders. ross county were an eighth original member, but resigned membership in november 1893. of the original teams, two are still playing in the league today (clachnacuddin and forres mechanics), and two merged to become current scottish premier league club inverness caledonian thistle.
many of the member clubs have performed well when competing against sfl clubs in the scottish cup. however, from the 1990s onwards, the hfl has been a victim of its own success, with various teams defecting to other leagues. furthermore it has also had to contend with overexposure of large teams in the area, such as aberdeen and inverness caledonian thistle, as well as the old firm to the south, and to an extent english football. however, the lack of premier league, and to a lesser extent first division, teams in the area, has worked in its favour, with some football fans being less willing to travel long distances to games in southern scotland.
the league has been somewhat weakened in recent years by the departure of many former members who have subsequently joined the sfl. this happened in 1994 when caledonian, inverness thistle and ross county left. until then the hfl had operated with 18 clubs; this was reduced by the departure of the three mentioned clubs, but wick academy from the north caledonian football league were elected, to create a league of 16 clubs. this was the state of affairs till 2000 when elgin city and peterhead were elected into the sfl. in 2002 inverurie loco works were elected into the hfl to give it a membership of 15 clubs, with which it continues to operate.
in 2008, north region junior league sides formartine united and turriff united both submitted bids to join the highland league, following in the footsteps of past junior league side inverurie locos. if both teams were to join, the highland league would have a total of 17 teams. an even team league is preferred, so only one club's application was likely to be successful. whichever team is successful in their application was planned to join in the 2009–10 season. however banks o' dee and strathspey thistle also applied, giving the potential for an 18 team highland league in 2009-10 if three of these four clubs were elected.
on february 25 2009, formartine united, turriff united and strathspey thistle were accepted into the league for the following season, with banks o' dee being the unsuccessful club.
results from the hfl and the highland league cup have featured on the press association vidiprinter since the start of the 1997–98 season.
the highland league is the subject of a song of the same name by the popular music ensemble i, ludicrous.
the hfl also administer several other competitions contested by some or all of the clubs. these competitions are:
the meselson–stahl experiment was an experiment done by matthew meselson and franklin stahl in 1958, using "e. coli" dna.
with their experiment, they found that dna replication was semiconservative. the dna consists of two helices that are combined. when the two helices are copied, each will have one part coming from the original cell. the other part will be newly made. in chemistry, that is called "synthesis". 
there are three different way this replication could happen:
meselson and stahl found that dna employs semi-conservative replication. they put the bacteria in an environment with a nitrogen isotope. they first used n15. the bacteria then integrated this isotope into their dna. later they used an environment that contained n14. they then looked at which of the isotopes the bacterial dna contained. they found that it contained both isotopes of nitrogen, which implies that conservative replication is not the correct conclusion. by having a closer look they could then also rule out disperse replication. some helix strands were all v. other helix strands from the time in the n15 environment had n14.
woodford is a london underground station in woodford in the london borough of redbridge, united kingdom.
the station is on the central line between south woodford and buckhurst hill. the station is also a terminus (an ending point) for services from hainault by way of chigwell.
the station was opened on 22 august 1856 as part of the eastern counties railway branch to loughton. it was changed by the successor company, the great eastern railway, to include services to ilford by way of the fairlop loop that was opened in 1903. after 1923 the station came under the control of the london & north eastern railway until it was given to the london passenger transport board (lt) on 14 december 1947 as part of the extension of the central line services of the london underground. the station was a terminus for the central line, with passengers transferring to a steam shuttle towards epping, until electric services began as far as loughton (and around the 'loop' to hainault) on 21 november 1948.
abram games (29 july 191427 august 1996) was a british graphic designer. he was born abraham gamse. he was the son of immigrants: a latvian photographer and a russo-polish (part russian, part polish) seamstress. he anglicized (make something sound more english) his name to games at age 12 and was basically an autodidactic designer, and went to london's st. martins school of art (today named the central saint martins college of art and design) for only two terms. however, while working as a "studio boy" (a general assistant) in commercial design company askew-young in london 1932-36, he took night classes in life drawing. in 1934, his entry was second in the health council competition and in 1935 he won a poster competition for the london city council. from 1936 to 1940 he was on his own as a freelance poster artist.
joan waste (1534 - 1 august 1556) was a blind woman who was burned in derby because she would not stop being a protestant. she had bought a bible so that friends could read to her.
waste was blind when she was born in 1534. her parents were william and joan waste. william's job was to cut people's hair and make rope. by the age of twelve, joan had learned to make ropes and clothes.
in 1553, queen mary came to the throne and it was made illegal to hold protestant views. mary condemned 277 people for not having the right sort of religion. this crime was called heresy.
joan waste was taken to court for breaking the law. the judge was a man employed by the bishop. she had to defend her views and was told she would die. she had not liked the fact that the church services were being read in the language of latin. she was to die for being a protestant and for refusing to agree with the catholic church. she bought a bible in english, but the catholic church wanted them to only be in latin. she asked friends to read to her for a penny.
 her trial took place at all saints church. this main building has been rebuilt, but the tower was built in 1530. this tower is now part of derby's cathedral.
on the day of her death she walked arm-in-arm with her twin brother to be burned.
her death took place at the windmill pit on the burton road in derby. she was hanged over the fire with a rope. she fell into the fire when the rope burned through. the judge was antony draycot. he went home to his meal.
the place where joan waste was killed is now the site of a church. when elizabeth i of england became queen in 1559 she removed ralph baines from the job of bishop of coventry and lichfield. baines was sent to be a prisoner of the bishop of london. the judge was also sent to be a prisoner. he died after being released in 1571.
vauxhall gardens /vɒks'ɔ:l/ was a pleasure garden, one of the leading places for public entertainment in london, england from the mid 17th century to the mid 19th century. 
the site became vauxhall gardens in 1785 and money was charged to gain entry. in 1817, the battle of waterloo was re-played with 1,000 soldiers taking part. the park closed in 1859 and the land was sold to become buildings.
vladimir ashkenazy (born 6 july 1937) is a russian pianist and conductor. he became world famous as a pianist. during the last two decades he has become equally famous as a conductor, as well as performing and recording as a pianist.
ashkenazy was born in gorky, russia. his father was an ashkenazi jew, his mother was russian. although his father was a pianist he never had lessons from him. he began playing the piano when he was six. he soon showed enormous talent and two years later went to the central music school in gorki. he graduated from the moscow conservatory. he won second prize in the international frederick chopin piano competition in warsaw in 1955 and the first prize in the queen elisabeth music competition in brussels in 1956. he shared the first prize in the 1962 international tchaikovsky competition with british pianist john ogdon.
vladimir ashkenazy has had an extremely successful career as a pianist. he became famous for his playing of romantic music and music by russian composers. he recorded a very large amount of music including the 24 preludes and fugues of dmitri shostakovich, alexander scriabin's piano sonatas, rachmaninoff's, frédéric chopin's and robert schumann's complete piano works, beethoven's piano sonatas, and the piano concertos of mozart (conducting from the keyboard with the philharmonia orchestra). he recorded concertos with many of the world's most famous orchestras. he still records and performs all over the world, often playing piano concertos and conducting from the piano keyboard.
on 17 january 2020, ashkenazy's management agency said that he was retiring.
in the late 1980s he started to become known as a conductor. he was principal conductor of the royal philharmonic orchestra from 1987 to 1994, and of the czech philharmonic from 1998 to 2003. he became conductor (musical director) of the nhk symphony orchestra in 2004. he toured with them in 2005, taking them to vienna for their first concert in the famous concert hall called the musikverein. in 2006 he took them to seoul and then to the united states where they played in many cities including san francisco, los angeles (walt disney concert hall), boston and new york city (carnegie hall). he also played with the sydney symphony orchestra in stresa (italy) in 2010. 
ashkenazy is now also conductor laureate of the philharmonia, conductor laureate of the icelandic symphony orchestra, and music director of the european union youth orchestra. he is often invited as a guest conductor to work with other famous orchestras.
ashkenazy has been awarded many honours and prizes for his performances and recordings. he lives with his icelandic wife in switzerland.
the tate is the united kingdom's national museum of british and modern art. it is a group of four art galleries in england: 
there is a website, tate online (1998). it is administered as a quango (a non-departmental public body).tate is used as the name for the corporation which was started as the board of trustees of the tate gallery.
the gallery was started in 1897, as the national gallery of british art. when its role was changed to include modern art it was renamed the tate gallery after henry tate. the tate gallery was first started in a building at millbank, london on the embankment. in 2000, the tate gallery split its collection into four museums: 
one of the tate's most publicised art events is the awarding of the annual turner prize, which takes place at tate britain.
tate online is the tate's web site. since its launch in 1998, the site has had information on all four tate galleries (tate britain, tate st ives, tate liverpool and tate modern) in the same website. tate online helps visitors with get ready to visit the galleries, but is also a gallery as well. other resources include information on all works in tate's collection of british and modern international art, e-learning for all visitors, over 400 hours of webcasts, all articles from the magazine "tate etc", and a series of internet art works. bt has sponsored tate online since 2001.
how it is run.
the tate gets money every year from the department for culture, media & sport. it is run by a board of trustees. under the charities act 1993. the tate is a tax-exempt charity. an entry fee is charged for all special collections, and there is a membership system to attract regular visitors.
michael tilson thomas (born december 21, 1944), is an american conductor, pianist and composer. he is the conductor of the san francisco symphony orchestra.
tilson thomas was born in los angeles, california. his grandparents were well known actors of the yiddish theatre. tilson thomas studied at the university of southern california.
after being assistant conductor at the bayreuth festival his first important opportunity came in 1969 when the conductor william steinberg became unwell during a concert with the boston symphony orchestra. tilson thomas took over conducting the rest of the concert. he stayed with the orchestra as assistant conductor until 1974, making several recordings with them. he was conductor of the buffalo philharmonic orchestra from 1971 to 1979. during this time he conducted a series of young people's concerts with the new york philharmonic. from 1981 to 1985 he was the main guest conductor of the los angeles philharmonic orchestra. tilson thomas started a new orchestra, the new world symphony, in miami, florida in 1987, to give talented young people a chance to play with a good orchestra. from 1988 to 1995, he was principal conductor of the london symphony orchestra, and since 1995 he has been their main guest conductor. in 1995, he became conductor (music director) of the san francisco symphony orchestra.
tilson thomas has conducted many styles of music, especially american music such as that of charles ives and aaron copland. he also recorded all nine symphonies of gustav mahler.
in 2009 tilson thomas created the youtube symphony orchestra to give a concert that could be watched on youtube. the orchestra was made up of young players from 30 different countries.
tilson thomas is openly gay.
esa-pekka salonen (born 30 june 1958) is a finnish conductor and composer. he is conductor of the los angeles philharmonic and the philharmonia orchestra in london. he and his family live in los angeles, california.
salonen was born in helsinki, finland. he studied at the sibelius academy in helsinki, learning the french horn, composition and conducting. later he studied composition with several composers including einojuhani rautavaara.
he started conducting in 1979 with the finnish radio symphony orchestra, mainly in order to conduct his own compositions. in 1983 he was asked at short notice to conduct the philharmonia orchestra when michael tilson-thomas was ill. this concert made him well known as a conductor.
salonen was principal conductor of the swedish radio symphony orchestra from 1984 to 1995.
he first conducted in the united states in 1984 with the los angeles philharmonic. in 1989 he became principal guest conductor of the orchestra and soon became music director. he has had this title ever since.
in 1992 he took the orchestra to the salzburg festival where they gave concert performances and well as playing in the opera house for the opera "saint-françois d'assise" by olivier messiaen. they toured throughout the united states, europe, and asia, and performed at the lucerne festival in switzerland, the bbc proms in london, in cologne for a festival of salonen's own compositions, and in 1996 at the théâtre du châtelet in paris for a stravinsky festival conducted by salonen and pierre boulez. the orchestra sounded very good in the paris concert hall, and it made people realize that they needed a better concert hall in los angeles. soon the walt disney concert hall was built there.
in 2008 salonen became the main conductor of the philharmonia orchestra. he will leave his job with the los angeles philharmonic in 2009. he wants to have more time to compose.
salonen married jane price who used to play with the philharmonia orchestra. they have three children.
an emergency telephone is a special telephone that can be used in an emergency situation. such telephones can usually be found on highways, and other big roads. they can also be found in places where people feel unsafe, such as big parks or the campuses of universities. emergency telephones are also placed at spots where many people commit suicide, like bridges or cliffs.
emergency phones are usually connected directly, there is no need to dial a telephone number. lifting the receiver, or pushing a button will make the call. very often emergency telephones will also tell the other side where they are. this is because people may not know where they are or they may be in shock because of an accident that just happened.
there are many special rules that apply to emergency telephones. they need to be in special colors, because color-blind people may not be able to tell the difference between certain colors. they also need to be easy to use. in an emergency situation, many people do not have time to think about how to operate them.
f-zero is a racing video game first made for the snes, where captain falcon made his debut. it involves racing around a track at high speeds. other games in the "f-zero" series are "f-zero x" for nintendo 64, ' for game boy advance. "f-zero gx" for nintendo gamecube and ' for game boy advance.
 is the main character of the "f-zero" series. he wears a blue suit and a red mask. his signature move is the "falcon punch".
gujarati people (gujarati: ગુજરાતી લોકો gujǎrātī loko?), or gujaratis, is an umbrella term used to describe traditionally gujarati-speaking people who can trace their ancestry to the state of gujarat within the republic of india.
the arena da baixada is a football stadium and an indoor arena in água verde neighborhood, curitiba, paraná, brazil. it has a maximum seating capacity of 28,327 people. it is formerly known as estádio joaquim américo guimarães. it was named kyocera arena for a short period of time (beginning 2005 until april 1, 2008). the stadium opened on june 6, 1914. the stadium is owned by clube atlético paranaense. its formal name honors joaquim américo guimarães, a former chairman of internacional-pr, which was a football club that merged with américa-pr. this merger formed atlético paranaense. joaquim américo guimarães started the stadium's construction in 1912. despite being called an arena, it is technically an outdoor stadium. on may 31 2009, the stadium was made one of the match sites for the brazil 2014 world cup.
the stadium was built at the previous location of a brazilian army powder depot. in 1934, the stadium was renamed estádio joaquim américo guimarães. in the 1970s, the original stadium was closed down. after being reopened in 1984 and operating for some years, the old stadium building was demolished on march 26, 1997, right after a construction project of a new arena was announced. in june 1999, the new stadium was built. in 2005, the stadium was renamed "kyocera arena", after the japanese company kyocera purchased the naming rights.
the inaugural match of the old stadium was played on september 6, 1914, when flamengo beat internacional 7–1. the first goal of the stadium was scored by flamengo's arnaldo.
the inaugural match of the new building was played on june 24, 1999, when atlético paranaense beat cerro porteño of paraguay 2–1. the first goal of the stadium after its reinauguration was scored by atlético's lucas.
the stadium's attendance record currently stands at 31,740. it was set on december 16, 2001 when atlético paranaense beat são caetano 4–2, on the first game of that year's brazilian championship finals.
the contract with kyocera that gave the company naming rights expired in early 2008. it was not renewed, and no new partnership was announced. the stadium went back to its old name, "arena da baixada".
steller's sea cow ("hydrodamalis gigas") is an extinct aquatic mammal.
it is a member of the order sirenia, which today consists of dugongs and manatees. discovered in 1741, steller's sea cow weighed about 10 tonnes. it fed on kelp, and lived in shallow waters around the bering sea. hunted relentlessly for their meat, they died out 27 years after their discovery. the reduction in the kelp supply may also have contributed to their extinction.
schinus areira is a tree of the sumac family. the pepper tree "schinus areira" is a weed in australia. it is often grown as shade or street tree.
bilal ibn ribah (578-638) was one of the companions of muhammad. bilal was an ethiopian black slave.
bilal ibn rabah (, also called bilal al-habashi) was an ethiopian born in mecca in the late 6th century, sometime between 578 and 582.bilal was an ethiopian slave. bilal's owner was umayyah ibn khalaf, an enemy of islam. when bilal learned about muhammad and became muslim, his master started punishing him. when muhammad heard about this, he ordered abu bakr to buy bilal's freedom and bilal -who was now free- joined muhammad's companions.
muhammad choose bilal as the first muezzin. a muezzin is someone who leads the call to daily prayer. sometimes bilal walked the streets to call muslims to come to prayer but most of the times, he said the adhan from the top of the mosque.
some years later, when the muslim army walked towards mecca, everyone ran to their homes and closed all doors and windows. they were afraid that the muslims were going to kill them, because of the bad things they did to the muslims many years ago. but, the muslims went towards the kaaba, the worship house believed to be built by abraham and his elder son, ishmael. bilal, shouted out loud to the people of mecca that they were all safe: "all those who lay down arms are safe. all those in the house of abu sufyan are safe. all those behind closed doors are safe."
after muhammad died, bilal never said the adhan again - except on two occasions. once in syria and the second time, in medina, when muhammad's grandson, hasan ibn ali asked him to do so.
bilal died in damascus between 638 and 642 (ad).
hadith books are the collections of muhammad's sayings.
muhammad used to say about bilal:
when bilal was chosen as the muezzin, some people complained to muhammad. they believed only an arab can be a muezzin, because bilal could not pronounce the arabic words correctly and he used to pronounce "s" instead of "sh". when muhammad heard their complaint, he said:
aisha bint abu bakr (604-678; ) was the third wife of muhammad. aisha is given honour in islam, especially in the sunni branch. she is often called by muslims "umm-al-mu'minin" which means "the mother of the believers".
aisha was the daughter of abu bakr of mecca. aisha was six years old when she was betrothed to muhammad. (marriage under the age of 21 was common worldwide at the time) she was not muhammad's only wife. 
her ten-year marriage to muhammad ended when he died. aisha lived fifty more years in and around medina. much of her time was spent learning the quran, and the sunnah of muhammad.
a deputy is a person who helps someone do their job when they are not there. "deputy" is a rank or title. it usually refers to someone who is "second-in-command". for example: a "deputy master" is someone who will take over the responsibilities of the master when the master is not there. a "deputy conductor" will conduct an orchestra when the main (principal) conductor is not there. it is similar to an "assistant". someone who is working as a deputy will deputize (stand in for someone else).
sometimes other terms are used such as "vice". a vice-president will take over the responsibilities of the president when he (or she) is not there or is ill.
andré previn (born andreas ludwig prewin; april 6, 1929 – february 28, 2019) was a german-american pianist, conductor, and composer.
andré previn was born as andreas ludwig priwin to a jewish family in berlin, germany. he may have been born in 1930, but cannot be sure as his birth certificate was lost when he emigrated to the united states with his family in 1939 to escape the nazis. he became a naturalized citizen of the united states in 1943.
when he arrived in america he lived in los angeles. he started to be well known by composing movie scores for hollywood movies.
in 1967, previn became conductor of the houston symphony orchestra and in 1968 conductor of the london symphony orchestra. he stayed with the lso for eleven years. his television series "andré previn's music night" helped to make classical music popular in britain. from 1976 to 1984, previn was conductor of the pittsburgh symphony orchestra (pso), with whom he made another television series called "previn and the pittsburgh". he was also principal conductor of the royal philharmonic orchestra.
in 1985 he became conductor of the los angeles philharmonic, but because of disagreements he resigned in 1989.
previn made many recordings and composed many movie scores and other musical works. he also toured and recorded as a jazz pianist. later he concentrated on composing classical music.
previn received many prizes and honours. in the united kingdom he was knighted in 1996. he is particularly remembered in britain for a guest appearance he made on the morecambe and wise christmas show in 1971 where eric morecambe (who called him andrew preview) pretended to play the piano concerto by edvard grieg with previn conducting. when previn told him he was playing all the wrong notes, morecambe grabbed him by his jacket and said that he was playing "all the right notes, but not necessarily in the right order".
andre previn was married five times. his fifth marriage was to the german violinist anne-sophie mutter for whom he wrote a violin concerto. they divorced in 2006.
previn died on february 28, 2019 at home in manhattan aged 89.
gramophone can refer to several things:
franz welser-möst (born linz, 16 august 1960) is an austrian conductor. he is the conductor (music director) of the cleveland orchestra.
franz leopold maria möst was born in linz, austria. he learned to play the violin, but after being injured in a car accident he changed to conducting.
in 1985 he changed his stage-name to "welser-möst" after the town of wels where he grew up. he soon started to be invited to conduct major orchestras. he appeared at the salzburg festival in 1985, then conducted the london philharmonic orchestra in 1986 and, from 1989 he appeared a lot in the united states. he conducted the saint louis symphony orchestra, atlanta symphony orchestra, boston symphony orchestra, new york philharmonic and chicago symphony orchestra. in 1990, welser-möst became main (principal) conductor of the london philharmonic orchestra. he received a lot of criticism and left the lpo in 1996.
in 1995 he went to the zurich opera house where he conducted many operas including complete cycles of wagner's ring cycle. he left the zurich post in 2008.
since 2002 welser-möst has been conductor of the cleveland orchestra.
in 2007, the austrian government made him musical director (generalmusikdirektor) of the vienna state opera beginning in september 2010.
he has made many recordings.
commerzbank tower is a skyscraper in frankfurt am main, hessen, germany. at 259 meters, or 850 feet (300 meters with antenna included), it is germany's tallest skyscraper and the third tallest building in europe. it was completed and opened in 1997.
commerzbank tower is located in frankfurt's district "innenstadt" in the centre of the city. it is home to the headquarters of the second largest german bank, commerzbank.
from 1970 onwards, the previous head offices were centralised in frankfurt am main, where the legal seat has also been located since 1990. in the early 1990s, commerzbank sought to build a new skyscraper in the center of frankfurt am main. the aim was to consolidate a large part of the rented locations in the city. the extraordinary skyscraper was designed by lord norman foster. since 1997, the tower has been a prominent feature of the frankfurt skyline and is regarded as a model for environmentally friendly and energy-saving architecture.
the floor plan forms a triangle with slightly outwardly curved sides. the tower appears open and transparent due to the atrium, also triangular. a double-skin facade encloses the building. the stepped top of the tower creates a striking building termination and sets an expressive sign for the banking district. the building was constructed from 1994 to 1997 and cost 600 million dm. it has 56 floors and an area of 109,200 square metres. the architect who designed the building is norman foster. the skyscraper weighs about 200,000 tonnes and contains 18,800 tonnes of steel - twice as much as the eiffel tower in paris.
the architect and his client worked together to make the commerzbank tower innovatively environmentally- and climate-friendly. natural ventilation and environmentally-friendly air conditioning create a long-term contribution to climate protection. the tower has been supplied entirely with "green" electricity since the beginning of 2008 and - like all commerzbank buildings - is cleaned exclusively with biodegradable cleaning products. in 2009 the city of frankfurt awarded the commerzbank tower the "green building frankfurt" award.
the magnificent building at the kaiserplatz in frankfurt is the commerzbank's head office, and 2.800 people work there.
messeturm is a skyscraper in frankfurt am main, hesse, germany. in english it is known as the "trade fair tower". it is germany's second tallest, and at the time of its building, it was the tallest building in europe. it is the fourth tallest building in europe. it is 257 metres (840 feet) tall.
messeturm is located in frankfurt's district "westend". this is near the same named trade fair-area in the centre of the city. it is home to the german headquarters of reuters, goldman sachs and credit suisse.
the construction began in 1988. it was finished in 1991. it was the tallest building in europe, between 1991 and 1997. in 1997, commerzbank tower became the tallest building in germany. it was only two metres higher than messeturm. the construction of the building's foundation set a world record. the world record was for the longest continuous concrete pour. ninety trucks poured concrete for 78 hours. they poured it into the deep foundation.
there is a pyramid on the very top of messeturm. it is tall. this makes it very different from other skyscrapers. because of this shape, people in germany often call it "the pencil."
the arrondissement of belley is an arrondissement of france, in the ain department, auvergne-rhône-alpes region. its capital is the city of belley. 
when the ain department was created on 1800, the "arrondissement" of belley was part of that original department.
it is the southernmost of the "arrondissements" of the department with an area of . it has 98,110 inhabitants and a density of inhabitants/km².
the "arrondissement" of belley is in the southeastern part of department and is bordered to the north by the "arrondissement" of nantua, to the northeast by the haute-savoie department, to the east by the savoie department, to the south by the isère department and to the west by the "arrondissement" of bourg-en-bresse.
after the reorganisation of the cantons in france, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".
in the "arrondissement" of belley, there are 3 cantons whose "communes" are in the "arrondissement": ambérieu-en-bugey, belley and lagnieu. the canton of bellegarde-sur-valserine has 1 "commune" in belley, 2 in the "arrondissement" of gex and 11 in the "arrondissement" of nantua, the canton of hauteville-lompnes has 29 "communes" in belley and 12 in nantua, and the canton of lagnieu has 22 "communes" in belley and 4 in the "arrondissement" of bourg-en-bresse.
the "arrondissement" of belley has 115 "communes"; they are (with their insee codes)ː
the "communes" with more inhabitants in the "arrondissement" are:
the book of enoch is a book claiming to be written by enoch. he was the great-grandfather of noah and son of jared in the bible. however, scholars consider it to be pseudepigrapha. it is not part of the bible canon and only the ethiopian orthodox church says it is part of the bible. the book is an old hebrew text, likely written in the 2nd century bc, and contains material on the origins of demons and giants, why some angels fell from heaven, an explanation of why noah's flood was morally necessary, and a description of the thousand-year reign of the messiah. it is interesting to many christians because the ninth verse of the first chapter is quoted in the epistle of jude 1:14-15. 
anton szandor lavey (april 11, 1930 – october 29, 1997), born howard stanton levey, was the founder of the church of satan. he created a religion called laveyan satanism. he wrote several books describing his beliefs. his first book was called "the satanic bible". he reported a dramatic life story, although some say he lied about his past.
lavey was born howard stanton levey in chicago, illinois to a jewish family of ukrainian descent. his family moved to the san francisco bay area of california soon after he was born. he was talented with musical instruments, particularly the pipe organ and calliope. he read a lot. his biography says that he stopped going to high school to join the circus. when the carnival was not active, he played organ in burlesque houses. he then worked as a police photographer in san francisco, though this has been questioned.
church of satan.
in the 1960s, lavey began giving lectures at his house to a group of people he called his "magic circle." a member of this circle told him that his ideas could become a religion. he agreed, and founded the church of satan in 1966. in 1969, he published "the satanic bible". "the satanic bible" was a collection of writings he had published in the past years that outlined his philosophies and the basics of the religion. it was influenced by ayn rand, friedrich nietzsche, h. l. mencken, and other authors and philosophers. in 1971, lavey published "the compleat witch" (later released as "the satanic witch"). "the satanic witch" was a manual of magic. in 1972, lavey published "the satanic rituals". this contained instructions for performing rituals. in the 1990s, lavey published two books of essays, "the devil's notebook" and "satan speaks".
lavey died on october 29, 1997. his death was caused by pulmonary edema (fluid in his lungs). this was brought on by his heart disease.
hurricane ike was one of the most damaging tropical cyclones in united states history, having caused about $38 billion dollars in damage. it was the sixth-costliest atlantic hurricane in u.s. history. hurricane ike was the ninth named storm, fifth hurricane, third major hurricane and the most-intense hurricane of 2008 in terms of pressure. ike may have caused up to 195 deaths. most deaths happened in haiti and the u.s. together. haiti was still recovering from tropical storm fay, hurricane gustav, and hurricane hanna.
the storm that eventually became hurricane ike started near the west coast of africa on august 28. the storm grew quickly as it moved to the west-northwest. on september 1, the storm formed into tropical depression nine when the storm was over the central atlantic ocean. later that day tropical depression nine became tropical storm ike.
after the storm.
in spring 2009, the name "ike" was retired due to severe damage it caused, particularly in texas. it was replaced by "isaias" for the 2014 season.
rafflesia is a genus of flowering plants. they are found in southeastern asia, on the malay peninsula, borneo, sumatra, thailand and the philippines. they are the biggest single flowers in the world. in one species the flowers can be over a meter (three feet) across.
the flowers smell like a dead animal, which attracts flies. the flies, which normally lay their eggs on rotten flesh, pollinate the "rafflesia" when they get inside.
"rafflesia" is a parasite, and does not use chlorophyll. the plant has no stem, leaves or true roots. it lives inside vines of the genus "tetrastigma" (vitaceae). it spreads its absorptive organ, the haustorium, inside the tissue of the vine. the only part of the plant that can be seen outside the host vine is the flower.
northern fury f.c. is a soccer club from townsville, queensland, australia. the club was founded in 2008 and competed in the a-league as "north queensland fury fc". on 1 march 2011, the club was removed from the league due to financial instability. on 3 october 2012, the club was re-formed as northern fury fc after it was granted a license to play in the npl queensland. northern fury play their home fixtures at townsville sports reserve.
the edward said national conservatory of music is a palestinian music conservatory. it has branches in ramallah, jerusalem, and bethlehem. more than 500 students can study music there.
when it was started in ramallah in 1993 it was called the national conservatory of music. in september 2004 it was given its present name in honour of the palestinian scholar and musician edward said. the edward said national conservatory of music and the al kamandjati are the two main music schools for the two million palestinians living in the west bank and east jerusalem.
the students of the conservatory study in an are where there is a lot of war and conflict with israel. nevertheless there are a few projects where israeli and palestinian musicians have managed to work together.
the palestine youth orchestra was started through the efforts of the edward said national conservatory. it is one of the best youth orchestras in the arab world.
safetysuit (or safety suit and safetysuit) is an american rock band formed in 2008. they are famous for the hit singles "someone like you" and "stay". safety suit has released only 1 hit studio album called life left to go in july 2008. 
life left to go is an album by alternative rock band safetysuit. it was released in the summer of 2008. the album contains the tracks "someone like you (safetysuit song)", "stay", and "anywhere but here".
someone like you is a hit single released of the album by safetysuit called life left to go. the single was released in february of 2008. the song was recorded along with the other tracks featured on the album life left to go in 2006 and 2007.
"stay" is the 2nd hit single off the album by safetysuit called "life left to go". the song was originally released in fall of 2008, but according to the seemingly major release date in the united kingdom, it is known to be regularly released in january of 2009. 
the video for the song was released on may 5th, 2009.
vrilissia () is a small greek city. it is near athens in attica. almost 40,000 people live there. it is located at the northeastern edge of the metropolis of athens. the city is accessed by attiki odos, the suburban railway and metro transit.
vrilissia is an area with lots of squares and parks. it has a small forested area near the mountain of pendeli.
vrilissia is a twin city of naples, italy and ottweiler in germany. in ottweiler, a main bridge is named after the greek city.
a squall is a quick and big increase in wind speed which is usually linked to weather such as rain showers, thunderstorms, or heavy snow. 
the oxford english dictionary (or oed) is a dictionary. it is published by the oxford university press in england, and is the largest english dictionary.
it traces (or follows in detail) the historical development of the english language, and is a resource to writers and scholars. it describes how the language has been used.
the second edition came to 21,728 pages in 20 volumes, published in 1989. number of main entries is 231,100 and number of main entries for out-of -date words is 47,100.
work began on the dictionary in 1857, but it was not until 1884 that it began to be published in parts, under the name of "a new english dictionary on historical principles; founded mainly on the materials collected by the philological society". in 1895, the title "the oxford english dictionary" ("oed") was first used unofficially on the covers of the series, and in 1928 the full dictionary was republished in ten bound volumes. in 1933, "the oxford english dictionary" was reprinted as twelve volumes with a one-volume supplement. more supplements came over the years until 1989, when the second edition was published. since 2000, a third edition of the dictionary has been underway, approximately a third of which is now complete.
the first electronic version of the dictionary was done in 1988. the online version has been available since 2000, and as of april 2014 was receiving over two million hits per month. the third edition of the dictionary will probably only appear in electronic form; nigel portwood, chief executive of oxford university press, feels it unlikely that it will ever be printed.
sir thomas beecham (born st helens, lancashire, 29 april 1879; died london, 8 march 1961) was an english conductor. he was one of the most famous conductors of his time. he came from a very rich family and was able to use his money to pay orchestras that he formed. he formed the london philharmonic orchestra and the royal philharmonic orchestra. he was especially well known for conducting the music of mozart as well as that of his friend delius.
he often made funny jokes and many amusing stories are told about things that he said.
beecham was born in 1879 in st. helens, lancashire in the north of england. beecham was self-taught as a conductor. he had some private composition lessons from charles wood in london and moszkowski in paris. beecham’s father, sir joseph beecham, had made a lot of money making medicines (the famous beecham pills) and he also liked music, so he was able to help his son in his career as a musician.
thomas was only 20 years old when his father was reinstated as mayor of st. helens. to celebrate this, his father paid for the hallé orchestra to give a concert. it was going to be conducted by the famous german conductor hans richter. however, a few days before the concert it was announced that richter was ill. thomas immediately said he would conduct the concert. the orchestra at first refused to play for a 20 year old who had only once ever conducted a concert, but in the end they changed their minds and the concert was a great success.
in 1909 thomas got a group of musicians together to form the beecham symphony orchestra. they gave concerts and played for ballets and operas. beecham conducted operas in covent garden and other london opera houses. he conducted works by composers such as strauss, delius, smythe and holbrooke. he also played for diaghilev’s ballets russes when they first came to england.
during world war i he gave money to the halle orchestra, london symphony orchestra and the royal philharmonic society, all of which he conducted. he often conducted these orchestras outside london, giving people the chance to hear music they had never heard before.
for several years he had money problems and did not conduct much. then, in 1932, he formed the london philharmonic orchestra and quickly made it into an excellent orchestra. they toured germany in 1936 and the next year went to paris. during the 1930s he conducted at covent garden where he had control of everything that went on. he conducted several cycles of wagner’s ring. when world war ii started in 1939 the theatre was closed. he went to the united states where he conducted several orchestras including the new york philharmonic. he also went to australia.
in 1944 he returned to britain. his orchestra, the london philharmonic orchestra, were now a self-governing body (the members themselves made decisions about what the orchestra should do and play). they decided that they did not want beecham because he would want to have power to rule the orchestra in the way he wanted. so beecham formed another orchestra: the royal philharmonic orchestra. he gave many concerts, toured with them and made many great recordings. he was especially known for his concerts of joseph haydn and mozart. he also conducted die meistersinger at covent garden in 1951 as well as appearing at the teatro colón in buenos aires in 1958. the last concert he gave was on 7 may 1960 when he conducted the rpo in portsmouth.
beecham was an enormously talented musician. because he had a lot of money he did not need to go through the musical education that most other musicians have. he formed his own life, and spent a lot of his energy as well as money creating the right conditions for musicians to work in, conditions that would have been normal in many other european countries, but which were not normal at the time in england.
he was not interested in the music of bach, though he did conduct handel. he was famous for his mozart performances, and particularly enjoyed playing berlioz, mendelssohn, bizet and dvořák. he was one of the first people in england to conduct the new music of richard strauss and sibelius. he was a close friend of delius and performed his music as well as editing it so that it could be published.
there are many stories about the witty things that he said. he was knighted in 1916.
a lady told beecham that she wanted her son to learn to play a musical instrument but did not want to hear the awful sound it made when he was beginning to learn. she asked him what instrument he should learn. beecham said he should learn the bagpipes because “they sound exactly the same when you have finished learning them as when you start learning them”.
beecham was rehearsing a very long opera by wagner. they had been rehearsing for a long time. beecham took out his watch and said: “my god! we have been playing for two hours and we are still playing this bloody tune!”
beecham was rehearsing an opera by an english composer. the composer was at the rehearsal, and kept stopping the orchestra and asking beecham to play it differently. each time beecham turned back to the orchestra and said: “the same again, gentlemen, please”.
beecham once met a lady he knew, but could not remember who she was. he asked her whether she was well.
the teatro colón (spanish) (columbus theatre) in buenos aires, argentina, is one of the world's best known opera houses. 
in 2006 the theatre was closed so that work could be done to improve the inside of the building. it reopened in 2010
there had been a theatre there in the middle of the 19th century. the present building was opened in 1908. the auditorium is horseshoe-shaped and has 2,487 seats. the acoustics of the building are very good. it is in the middle of buenos aires.
many world famous conductors, composers and singers have appeared at the theatre.
bim bum bam, (1982-2003), was an italian children's and teens' television programme.
"bim bum bam" was produced by alessandra valeri manera and created by paolo bonolis and giancarlo muratori.
aisin-giro puyi or emperor puyi (, february 7, 1906–october 17, 1967) was the last emperor of china. he was crowned emperor in 1908 at the age of three. his era name as qing emperor, "xuantong", means "proclamation of unity". on february 12, 1912, during the xinhai revolution, he was forced to abdicate. he later became the ruler of the japanese puppet state of manchukuo during world war ii. he married five times but never had any children. his father was zaifeng prince chun ii. he never knew his mother and was raised by eunuchs. 
when he was two years old, in 1908, he became the xuantong emperor (then spelled as hsuan tung emperor). at the age of six, he was overthrown by sun yat-sen in the 1911 revolution. he was forced to give up all political power, but he was allowed to keep his title, his servants, and everything he owned in the forbidden city. in turn, he had to pay the republic of china 4 million taels a year and was never allowed to leave the forbidden city. 
in 1919, pu-yi appointed a british tutor named reginald johnston. it was through him that the young emperor developed a fascination with the western world, so he began to adopt aspects of the west for himself. he learned how to ride a bicycle, he cut off his own manchu queue, he even began to wear glasses. 
after pu-yi was married to his first wife, he discovered that many of the palace's treasures were getting stolen. believing that it was his eunuchs who were stealing his treasures, he demanded that they make an inventory to stop the treasury from getting robbed. on the june 27, 1923, a fire destroyed the area around the palace of established happiness. he accused the eunuchs of burning the treasury to destroy any proof of their theft. he also overheard some eunuchs' conversation that made him fear for his life. in response, he banished all the eunuchs from the palace. 
in 1925, warlord feng yuxiang forced the emperor to leave the forbidden city. pu-yi then asked his tutor johnston to go to the british embassy and ask them to let the emperor to move to england. unfortunately, the embassy refused his request. he then called the japanese embassy and they agreed to escort him out of beijing and move him to tianjin. after the japanese took over manchuria in 1932, they made pu-yi the emperor of their new puppet state, manchukuo. despite being emperor, he practically had no power, but he was constantly manipulated, threatened, and blackmailed by the japanese government. once again, the emperor found himself to be a prisoner in his own palace. chinese media and writers accused the japanese and collaborators like puyi of being homosexuals as an insult.
after the soviet red army invaded manchuria in 1945, they captured pu-yi when they invaded changchun. after the ccp took over china in 1949, the soviets agreed to hand pu-yi over to china. for the next ten years, the former emperor was in a prison camp in liaoning. after the prison guards said that he was reformed, he was freed from prison and was moved back to beijing. he spent the rest of his life there as a common citizen. he worked as a gardener and then an editor. he earned 100 yuan a month. when he returned to the forbidden city (which was made into the imperial palace museum), he had to buy a ticket to enter. he thought that it was ironic that he had to buy a ticket just to visit his own home.
"lithium" is a song by the american grunge band nirvana which featured on their second album "nevermind". kurt cobain wrote the song. he said the song is about a man who became religious after his girlfriend died.
endocrinology studies the working of the endocrine system and hormones.
it is the science of the endocrine system and hormones in a wide range of animals. endocrinology is also a medical specialty. this means that when a doctor finishes studying medicine in general, they can choose endocrinology as the part of medicine they work in.
the endocrine system consists of several glands in different parts of the body. they secrete hormones directly into the blood. hormones have many different functions and modes of action.
hormones are active in metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sleep, digestion, respiration, excretion, mood, stress, lactation, movement, reproduction, and perception. another field is behavioral endocrinology.
medical understanding of hormones began in the 19th century with graves' disease, caused by a swelling of the thyroid gland. since the mid-19th century many medical conditions have been found caused by hormone imbalance, that is, too much or too little of a hormone.
an endocrinologist can help people who have diseases related to their endocrine system. diseases that an endocrinologist would treat include:
these are just examples; there are many other endocrine diseases.
an endocrinologist can find out if a person has one of these diseases by doing tests. they can test a person's blood to find out if they have too much or too little of a hormone. an example of this is type 1 diabetes. people who have type 1 diabetes do not have enough of a hormone called insulin. endocrinologists usually do not treat patients directly, but give advice to physicians about what how patients might be helped.
endocrine disorders fall into three groups: 
most medical applications concern the lack of balance between hormones, and sometimes the complete lack of a necessary hormone. for example, most forms of hyperthyroidism are associated with an excess of thyroid hormone and a low level of thyroid stimulating hormone.
helping transgender people.
endocrinologists can advise on hormone treatment for transgender persons. a transgender person might want their body to look different so that they look more like their chosen gender. for example, a transgender woman might want less facial hair so that she looks less like a man to other people.
the main pages which explain endocrinology are:
in histology, adipose tissue or body fat or just fat is a tissue made up of cells called adipocytes. they store nutrients called fats in fat cells. adipose tissue produce different compounds which are called adipokines. they include leptin, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1 beta and others. 
the flying spaghetti monster is the god of pastafarianism. it is often seen as a parody religion and thus has become popular with people opposed to the idea that god or gods created the world. followers of the flying spaghetti monster are sometimes called "pastafarians". the multiverse theory has suggested that what began as a spoof has become potentially real in the infinite universes and their countless creatures with at least some matching the general description of the fsm. bobby henderson first described the flying spaghetti monster in 2005 in a letter to the kansas state board of education. henderson wrote the letter to protest rules about teaching intelligent design in public schools. the board of education required teachers to teach intelligent design.
the church's website (spaghettimonster.org) contains several sighting of 'his noodlieness', multiple propaganda resources and an ordination package available for $49. this package contains a paper certificate of ordination, a black/silverresin wallet card and two vinyl car decals. the package also comes with free shipping. as the church states, 'great. consider yourself a member. you’ll notice there’s no hoops to jump through. you don’t need to pay anything.'
offical church of the flying spaghetti monster
campeonato brasileiro série a is a football league in brazil.
sand plantain ("plantago afra"), it is generally described as an annual forb. it has two seeds, reddish-brown, narrow-elliptic, shining, 2–3 mm long.it is native to malta and mediterranean regions, afghanistan to pakistan.
the real ghostbusters is an american animated television series based on the 1984 movie "ghostbusters". the series ran from 1986 to 1991, and was produced by camme animation studios, dic entertainment and coca-cola telecommunications. "the real" was added to the title over a dispute with filmation and its ghost busters properties. the series continues the adventures of paranormal investigators dr. peter venkman, dr. egon spengler, winston zeddemore, dr. ray stantz, their secretary janine melnitz and their mascot ghost slimer.
the show originally aired on abc for its full run, except for the third season which ran on syndication at the same time as the second season ran on abc. later, reruns of the show appeared on usa network, fox family before moving to nickelodeon from 1996 to 1999 and on cartoon network in 2002. teletoon aired episodes of the series in the month of october beginning in 1998, but has not done so in recent years.
at the start of the third season in 1988, with the series renaming, it was given an hour long time slot. in addition to the regular thirty-minute "real ghostbusters" episode, a half-hour "slimer" sub-series was added that included 2-3 short animated segments focusing on the character slimer. at the end of its six season run, 147 episodes had aired, including the syndicated episodes and 13 episodes of "slimer", with multiple episodes airing out of production order. the segments added several characters as friends of slimer, including the character professor norman dweeb—mad scientist accompanied by a poodle named elizabeth who wanted to capture slimer to experiment on him. the professor dweeb also made infrequent appearances in the main series. one of the ghosts from the "slimer" cartoons, the sleaze, also reappeared in "the real ghostbusters" to be captured a second time.
in 1997, a sequel cartoon entitled "extreme ghostbusters", was created by columbia tristar television and adelaide productions. it premiered on september 1, 1997 and ran for forty episodes until its conclusion on december 8, 1997. set several years after the end of "the real ghostbusters", the series opened by saying the team has disbanded due to a lack of supernatural activity. only egon remains in the firehouse, along with slimer, to care for the containment system and teaching classes at a local university. when supernatural events begin occurring in new york, egon recruits four of his university students as a new team of ghostbusters, and janine, also one of egon's students, returns to manage the office. the original ghostbusters return for the series two-episode finale to celebrate egon's 40th birthday, leading to them reluctantly working together with the younger generation to solve one last case.
messianic judaism is a movement of jews who believe that jesus (called by them with his hebrew name "yeshua") is the jewish messiah, and who perform this belief in a jewish way (observing the regulations of the torah etc.). they are called "messianic jews". the main branches of judaism do not consider messianic judaism to be judaism, but rather a form of christianity, because judaism rejects jesus/yeshua as the jewish messiah. 
sir malcolm sargent (born ashford, kent, 29 april 1895; died london 3 october 1967) was an english conductor, organist and composer. he was an extremely famous and popular conductor who had a lot of influence on music in england during his life. he conducted many choirs, both amateur and professional, as well as orchestras. he was the main conductor of the henry wood promenade concerts from 1948 to 1967. he made the last night of the proms into a very popular and joyful concert which today is enjoyed by millions of people worldwide on television. he conducted the music of many british composers, helping them to become known to a wide public.
sargent was born in 1895 into a working-class family. his father was a coal merchant at stamford, lincolnshire, who also played the organ. sargent grew up in stamford and became involved in a lot of amateur music making. he learned a lot about music from singing in church and playing the organ. he took his arco organ diploma when he was only 16 and became an organ pupil at peterborough cathedral. at 18 he got a job as organist at melton mowbray church. in the same year he got a music degree from the university of durham.
after conducting local choirs and orchestras he got the opportunity to conduct his own composition "impressions on a windy day" with henry wood’s queen’s hall orchestra, first at leicester and then at the proms in the queen's hall. wood encouraged him in his conducting. he started to teach at the royal college of music and moved to london. he conducted the robert mayer children’s concerts and the courtauld-sargent concerts, a series which was aimed at people who had never been to concerts. he conducted for sergei diaghilev’s ballets russes and, in 1928 he became conductor of the royal choral society, a job which he kept until his death.
illness, and mid career.
in 1932 he was very ill with tuberculosis, but he recovered during the next few years. he often conducted the london philharmonic orchestra which had been formed in 1932 by thomas beecham. he did not often conduct opera, but he did conduct at the royal opera house: in 1936 with gustave charpentier's opera "louise" in 1936 and in 1954 the first performance of walton's "troilus and cressida".
as an orchestra conductor sargent was not always popular. he made many enemies with a remark he made in 1936 when he said that orchestral musicians should not have a secure “job for life” but should give their “lifeblood with every bar they played”. sargent had only just recovered from a long illness himself, during which time the musicians had given him support, so they were very annoyed when he said this.
he was very popular in australia and nearly took a job there, but when world war ii started he decided he should work in his own country. during the war, sargent conducted the hallé orchestra in manchester (1939-42) and the liverpool philharmonic (1942-48) and became a popular radio broadcaster with the bbc. he helped the british people to keep their spirits up during the war by touring and giving many concerts and not asking for much money. during one concert he was playing beethoven's "symphony no. 7" when there was an air raid. sargent stopped the orchestra, calmed the audience by saying they were safer inside the hall than they would be outside, and started to conduct again. the orchestra played extremely well that night. in may 1941 sargent conducted elgar's "dream of gerontius" in an afternoon concert in the queen's hall. that night the queen’s hall was completely destroyed by a bomb.
in 1945, arturo toscanini invited sargent to conduct the nbc symphony orchestra. he gave four concerts, in which he included mostly british music.
the proms and later years.
sargent was chief conductor of the proms from 1948 until his death in 1967. in 1950 he followed sir adrian boult as conductor of the bbc symphony orchestra. he held that job until 1957 when he became chief guest conductor. everywhere that sargent took the orchestra the audience were wild with excitement. the orchestra became internationally famous.
sargent was a very popular person at the proms. he made the last night (the last concert of each season) into an exciting celebration in which the audience waved flags and joined together to sing, hum and clap. he conducted music by famous classical composers as well as british music by more recent composers. however, he did not conduct modern experimental music.
during his time at the proms foreign conductors such as carlo maria giulini, georg solti, leopold stokowski, rudolf kempe, pierre boulez and bernard haitink were invited to perform. there were also some foreign orchestras.
when the royal philharmonic orchestra nearly had to come to an end after beecham's death in 1961, sargent worked hard to save the orchestra. a lot of the players, who still remembered the remark he made in 1936, started to support him again.
by the mid-1960s sargent was suffering from cancer. he was too ill to conduct the proms in 1967, but on 16 september, at the last night, to everyone’s astonishment, he appeared at the end of the concert to talk to his audience. he gave his baton to colin davis who took over his job. sargent looked very ill, and died two weeks later.
achievement and reputation.
sargent received many honours. he was knighted in 1947 and received the royal philharmonic society gold medal in 1959. his nickname was “flash harry” because he always dressed and behaved in a flashy style. he was often known as “britain’s ambassador of music”, because he often toured all over the world with his orchestras, conducting british music, especially the works of elgar, vaughan williams, holst and walton. if the professional musicians he worked with did not always like him, his audiences loved him and he was especially fond of the promenaders. at his memorial service in westminster abbey the whole of the nave was reserved for promenade season ticket holders
the playoffs, postseason, or finals are a series of games played after the regular season of a particular sports league. they are played by the most successful teams of the season. it is used to determine the season's champion. the teams that play in the playoffs are the ones with the most wins or points during the regular season. 
playoffs are usually, but not always, done with a single-elimination system.
lars is a male name. it is usually used in scandinavian countries and germany.
lars comes from the roman name "laurentius".
some famous people named lars are:
boyce and hart were a musical and songwriting duo, who worked together in the 1960s and 1970s. tommy boyce (born sidney thomas boyce in 1939 and died in 1994) and bobby hart (born robert luke harshman in 1939) wrote and produced hit records for the monkees ("last train to clarksville", "valleri"), jay and the americans ("come a little bit closer"), chubby checker ("lazy elsie molly"), and for themselves, with "i wonder what she's doing tonight" and other songs.
their biggest success was with the monkees, as writers, producers and performers. many of the early monkees recordings featured boyce and hart's band, the candy store prophets, before the monkees were even selected from auditions. when the monkees themselves took charge of their recordings, they still recorded boyce and hart's songs, and praised the duo to the public.
ten years after the monkees's heyday, two former members, micky dolenz and davy jones, teamed up with boyce and hart, touring and performing the band's hits. they also issued a new album on capitol records.
janesville is a city in the state of wisconsin in the united states. it is the county seat of rock county. 59,498 people were living in janesville as of the 2000 census. janesville has an area of 48.1 square miles, says the united states census bureau.
the first settlers arrived in janesville in 1835. it incorporated as a city in 1835
malcolm gladwell (born september 3, 1963) is a british-canadian journalist, author, and pop sociologist, living in new york city. he has written for "the new yorker" since 1996. he is well known as the author of the books, "the tipping point" (2000), "blink" (2005), and "outliers" (2008).
gladwell was born in fareham, hampshire to a jamaican mother and english father. he moved to elmira, ontario at age six. 
rosoideae is a subfamily of plants in the rose family rosaceae. these plants may be small trees, shrubs, or plants without wood. many useful plants are in rosoideae. strawberries and raspberries are two common fruits from rosoideae. roses are common flowers in rosoideae.
first leicester is the trading name of leicester citybus ltd., a bus company owned by the first group. it runs buses in the city of leicester england. 
in 2007,a new depot opened on abbey lane replacing the former premises on abbey park road which go back to the company's municipal heritage. this site is now derelict pending redevelopment as apartments.
costadinos contostavlos, better known by his stage name of "dappy", is an english rapper, singer and songwriter of greek heritage. he leads the hip hop group n-dubz. contostavlos was raised on a camden town council estate, north london by his mother, zoe contostavlos and father, byron contostavlos. his father was the bassist in 1970s group mungo jerry.contostavlos is from greek origin but speaks fluent english with a classic north london accent. he does not think of himself to be "english in anyway". at home he speaks greek. he says he is a "foreign guy that lives in camden". he wears unusual hats. his trademark is a selection of woolly fleece lined hats with big pom-poms on the top and strings on the sides. these have been called "dappy hats". he normally turns up one side of the hat.
early life and current status.
dappy was born in camden town, london. it is said that he grew up in a small council flat with his parents and older brother. he actually lived in a large townhouse because his father was a member of 1970s band mungo jerry. in an interview he gave to the sun, he said that the estate he lived on was "rough and lots of the kids i saw got into drugs or fights". dappy showed interest in music from a young age. he started performing around camden town at the age of 13 years old. he performed with band members richard "fazer" rawson and tula "tulisa" contostavlos, who is his cousin. at the time they were called the "lickle rinsers crew". contostavlos and his band-mates studied at haverstock school. contostavlos was forced to leave the school when he was 15, for multiple truancies and fighting. he later went back to study at college and received a gcse a* in english. his father, byron was, to dappy, the "inspiration behind the band". with the money he made from his time in the band, bryon set up a small studio for the band. when byron died, the song n-dubz wrote "papa (can you hear me?)" was played at his funeral. it became the group's best hit at #19, and at #17 in the download charts. dappy later had the words "rip dad" tattooed on his neck. he refers to his dad as "b" or "uncle b".
he is a housemate in the 2014 series of celebrity big brother (uk).
n-dubz were forced to change some of their live shows from the uncle b tour after dappy got temporary deafness. he later said that it "was terrible and it has really taught me to take better care of my ears because i wouldn't be the musician i am today if i couldn't hear."
in 2007 dappy released "love for my slum" with fellow uk rap artist baker trouble. it was number one on channel u for several weeks. it did not do as well with the media. it was heavily criticised for a scene in which dappy is stood outside a block of expensive luxury flats with a "rich kid" who is trying to look like a gangster. "the independent" wrote "his lyrics combine jealousy with anger: 'you got too much to lose / you're in a great position... you wouldn't last a minute where i'm from / you'd go missing / so appreciate what you got / 'cos i'm still wishing.' and then he grabs the rich kid by his coat, pulls him toward him, and punches him in the face. the silent boy falls instantly to the pavement...", they then went on to put "do scenes like these suggest that music videos are encouraging their viewers to indulge in criminality?". other newspapers put that he was "idolising thuggery". when asked in interviews about the single, and these comments he said "these people need to listen to the lyrics, they are about showing appreciation to what you've got".
in december 2008, contostavlos pleaded guilty to two counts of assault at chelmsford magistrates court, essex. he spat in a girl's face while drunk on a night out. he got four weeks' imprisonment, suspended for 12 months and 100 hours community service. he was also ordered to pay £50 to the girl and her friend, and £300 costs.
on 29 january 2009, contostavlos was arrested after he someone said he was saying he would kill someone while he had a gun. he said this is not true. the police searched his camden home looking for a gun. three days later (saturday 31 january) he was taken off a british airways flight from edinburgh to london by police after it landed, with fellow n-dubz performer fazer, after appearing to be acting disorderly. a source said: "they were swearing at kids on the plane, being foul and threatening passengers. cabin crew called ahead to the police, who were waiting when the plane landed. they were taken away by armed officers."
dappy has also had many problems in the media with celebrities such as alexandra burke, elly jackson of la roux, and flo rida. 
his 2008 drunkenness has caused problems in january 2010 when he applied for a visa to the united states. he has since been allowed a visa.
dappy hit a man in chelmsford in february 2014, for which in june 2014 he was convicted of common assault and fined.
sepals are one of the four basic parts of a flower. they are found below the petals.
the sepals are often small and green. some flowers do not have petals. then the sepals may be big and colorful. in some flowers, the petals and sepals look the same. they are both called tepals.
all the sepals together are called calyx.
the number of sepals is different for different flowers. both petals and sepals surround the reproductive parts inside the flower. the term for sepals plus petals is the perianth.
the main job of the sepals is to keep the parts of the flower safe before it opens.they are usually green and leaf-like
a cotyledon, or seed leaf, is a leaf that is stored in a seed. when the seed sprouts, the cotyledons are the first leaves that the plant has. monocot plants have only one cotyledon, and other plants have two. cotyledons often look very different from the other leaves, so they are not called true leaves.
plants use cotyledons to make sugars through photosynthesis. they use the sugars to keep true leaves growing. after a while, the cotyledons often die because the plant does not need them anymore.
arriva fox county is a bus company which provides bus services in leicester and leicestershire. it is part of arriva midlands, and a subsidiary of arriva.
arriva fox county was formed in 1981, as midland red east the old midland red bus company broke up, and it changed its name to midland fox in 1984. 
in late 2006, a new "leicester linx" brand was introduced for services in leicester.
sede do bankboston is a skyscraper in são paulo, brazil. it is 145 meters (476 feet) tall and has 35 floors. it was built in 2002, and is a modern skyscraper of brazil and latin america.
amygdaloideae (often incorrectly called prunoideae) is a subfamily of flowering plants. this subfamily is placed within the family rosaceae.
since 2011 there has been a big change in how the name of this subfamily is used. before 2011, the only plants in this subfamily were the stone fruits such as plums, peaches, and almonds. now the subfamily includes all of the family rosaceae except the subfamilies rosoideae and dryadoideae. commercially important members of the amygdaloideae include plum, apple, spiraea, cherries, :medlars, and many others.
centrebus operate a network of routes in leicestershire, england. many centrebus managers came from arriva's uk and european bus operations. in september 2008, centrebus purchased woods coaches' and there vehicles
vasily chuykov (february 12, 1900 – march 18, 1982) was a medieval fish.
during world war ii he was commanding the 62nd army, with which he was especially outstanding himself in the battle of stalingrad. 
he was twice hero of the soviet union (1944, 1945).
he was made marshal of the soviet union in 1955. 
a power purchasing agreement (ppa) is a legal contract between a electricity provider and a land owner. the contract allows the electricity provider to produce power on the land owner's land or roof and the land owner buys the electricity primarily from the electricity provider. this deal is often done using solar technology, where the electricity provider will install, operate, and maintain solar panels on the land owner's roof. then the land owner will buy the electricity from the solar panels on the roof. part of the ppa is to set a price for the electrcity (often lower than the previous price the land owner was paying for power line electrcity). if the solar panels do not provide enough electricity for the land owner, then he will buy the rest of his electrcity from the power lines. if the electricity provider creates more electricity than the land owner needs, then he will sell the excess to the power lines.
schools and government buildings often like to do power purchasing agreements because they do not have the money to install solar panals on their roof. large department stores also like to do power purchasing agreements because they have large roofs and do not want to deal with the costs of installing and maintaining panels.
power purchasing agreements tend to last 5 – 20 years. at the end of the ppa, either the contract is extended, the solar panels are removed from the property, or the land owner buys the solar panels from the electricity provider.
power purchasing agreements have been very important to the expansion of solar electricity use in the united states. investment tax credits from the federal and state governments have helped make the price of solar panels affordable for the providing companies. the tax credit can help pay for significant percentage of the project cost in some cases. 
some of the electricity providers who offer ppas are:
the pioneer plaques were a pair of plaques that were launched into deep space on pioneer 10 and pioneer 11. the same image is on both plaques. the image is made up of many parts. 
there is a drawing of a nude human female and a nude human male. 
there is a diagram of the change in spin of the electron of a hydrogen particle. this diagram is meant to set up a universal unit of length and a universal unit of time for the rest of the image. 
there is a crude map of our solar system showing a spacecraft leaving the third planet, earth. there have been negative reactions about the arrow showing the trajectory of the spacescraft. alien species may not understand the human concept of a line and arrow. 
there is pattern of lines that looks like a star burst design. this is a map. there are 15 lines. 14 of the lines have a long binary number engraved along it. the binary numbers are distances. the distances are not in meters or kilometers, but in the universal unit of distance given by the hydrogen particle diagram. the 14 lines give the distance from the sun to 14 pulsars. the 15th line gives the distance from the sun to the center of the galaxy.
clube atlético mineiro is a brazilian football club. atletico mineiro was founded in 1908 in the city of belo horizonte, where the team plays. the team has "galo" (rooster) as its mascot, for this reason the club is also known simply as galo. 
atletico mineiro is one of the most traditional football clubs in brazil, being the first champion of the modern version of the brazilian football championhsip. the most important achievement of the club was the copa libertadores de america in 2013, which is regarded as the most important tournament in south america. 
in the last five years, atletico mineiro is probably passing through the most victorious period in its history, since in the last five years the team has played five out of the nine copa libertadores editions the team has ever disputed.
s.c. internacional is a football club which plays in brazil.
guarani f.c. is a football club which plays in brazil.
clube de regatas do flamengo (; english: "flamengo rowing club"), commonly referred to as flamengo, is a brazilian sports club based in rio de janeiro, in the neighbourhood of gávea, best known for their professional football team. flamengo is the only team in the world to have 40 million fans within its country, therefore, it is the most popular club in the americas.
grêmio foot-ball porto alegrense is a football club which plays in brazil.
coritiba foot ball club is a football club which plays curitiba in paraná state, brazil. it was founded in 1909 and currently plays in campeonato brasileiro série a.
coritiba was founded on october 12, 1909.
the team had many state, national and international titles. the highest moment in coritiba history was in 1985, when it was champion of brasileirão.
although best known for football, coritiba is first team in south brazil which supports american football. coritiba and barigui crocodiles founded coritiba crocodiles. coritiba crocodiles is a four-time state champion and two-time champion of the south conference.
couto pereira stadium is coritiba's home stadium.
the stadium was founded as belfort duarte. couto pereira was the president of the club. he was responsible for the stadium being built. when he died in 1977, the stadium name was changed to couto pereira.
coritiba's biggest rivals are atlético paranaense and paraná clube. they are from the same city. the games between coritiba and atlético-pr are called "atlé-tiba". the games between coritiba and paraná is called "para-tiba".
the team colors are green and white. these are the colors of the flag of paraná state.
founded on october 12, 1909, coritiba was the oldest "green and white" team in brazilian soccer, and one of the oldest of world.
the club's logo is a green globe with the initials cfc in white on the center, along with twelve white stylized pine seeds.
coritiba's first logo was very simple: a white background inside a green circle, with the initials cfc in green.
the team kit.
coritiba's first kit was used from 1909 to 1916, and was composed of green and white vertical stripes.
coritiba's second kit, used from 1916 to 1976 was an all-white one.
the current home kit is composed of a white shirt, with two green parallel horizontal stripes and black shorts and white socks. the away kit is composed of a green and white vertical stripes shirt, black shorts and green socks. these kits were adopted in 1976.
the official club anthem lyrics were written by cláudio ribeiro. the music was composed by homero rébuli. there is also an unofficial anthem, called "coritiba eterno campeão" ("coritiba eternal champion"), which was composed (both the lyrics and the music) by francis night. a third anthem, with lyrics by vinicius coelho and music by sebastião lima, also calls the team the "eternal champion".
the club's mascot is an old man nicknamed vovô coxa (grandpa coxa). it represents the club's tradition of being the oldest football club of curitiba.
as of january, 2015.
sport recife is a football club which plays in brazil.
e.c. bahia is a football club which plays in brazil.
botafogo f.r. is a football club which plays in brazil.
club athlético paranaense is a football club which plays in curitiba, brazil.
santos f.c. is a football club which plays in brazil.
joseph karl stieler (1 november 1781 — 9 april 1858) was a german painter. he was born in mainz. his family were engravers and die-cutters. he received some artistic training from his father, august friedrich stieler (1736-1789). he began his career as a painter of miniatures.
in 1816, he traveled to vienna and painted portrait of emperor francis i of austria. between february and april 1820, he worked on his portrait of beethoven, which is probably the most well-known representation of the composer today.
list of the real ghostbusters episodes.
new mills is a town in derbyshire, england. it is eight miles from stockport. it is by the rivers goyt and sett. it is very near the county of cheshire. it has a population of 10,000.
new mills most known employer is swizzels matlow, who make children's sweets. the company transferred to new mills from london during the blitz. famous brands include "parma violets", "refresher" chews, "drumstick" lollies and - perhaps most famously - "love hearts"
guido westerwelle (27 december 1961 – 18 march 2016) was a german politician. he was foreign minister and vice-chancellor of germany.
westerwelle was born in bad honnef, north rhine-westphalia, germany.
he was an attorney before he became a politician. from 1994 to 2001 he was secretary general of the german liberal party, the freie demokratische partei (fdp). in 2001 he became the leader of the party.
westerwelle was also the leader of the fdp parliamentary group and from 1999 to 2005 head of the opposition in the german bundestag.
in june 2014, he announced that he had acute myeloid leukemia. he died of the disease on 18 march 2016 in cologne, germany at the age of 54.
he was openly gay and was in a civil partnership with sports manager michael mronz.
vancouver, washington is a united states city, just north of the columbia river in the state of washington. it is directly north of portland, oregon and south of vancouver, british columbia. both cities were named for george vancouver, a british explorer and sea captain. the city of vancouver includes fort vancouver, begun by the british hudson's bay company in 1824. it was made part of the united states on june 15, 1846, as part of the oregon treaty. it is the fourth largest city in washington state.
the vancouver area was home to native americans before the arrival of europeans. chinook and klickitat tribes called this area "land of the mud turtles" before 1775. disease killed most natives before the hudson's bay company came in the 1820s. the hudson's bay company built fort vancouver to trade in beaver skins, which were used to make top hats. workers at fort vancouver came from england, the sandwich islands, scotland and canada. many trappers had native wives and lived outside fort vancouver.
americans began to arrive from the oregon trail. john mcloughlin was head man at fort vancouver and helped the americans with tools and seed. fort vancouver closed in the 1840s. the city of vancouver was incorporated in 1857 and was over three times as big by 1909. in 1917, the first bridge connecting oregon to washington over the columbia river was built from vancouver. in 1982 another bridge was built a few miles east for the i-205 freeway.
columbia barracks became vancouver barracks and was the biggest us military base in oregon, washington or idaho for many years. during world war i the vancouver barracks had a lumber mill to cut spruce wood to make biplanes. another ship yard built ships for world war ii. shipyard workers came and vancouver grew from 18,000 to over 80,000 people. vancouver grew again and in 1997 grew again to almost its present size. about half as many people live just north of vancouver as live inside the city. about one in three vancouver workers have jobs in portland, oregon.
geography and climate.
vancouver is located at 45°38′1″ north, 122°36′11″ west (45.633743, −122.603011).
vancouver is just north of the columbia river and west of the volcanic cascade range mountains and the columbia gorge. vancouver is about fifty miles from the pacific ocean, which gives it rain. because it is in a valley between the pacific coast and cascade mountains, there are clouds in winter. when it is clear one can see mount hood, the mount saint helens volcano and mount adams from vancouver.
vancouver is north of portland, oregon and shares a similar climate: wet from november through june and dry from july through october. vancouver has snow once or twice a year, on average. vancouver has a total area of . abuout 7% is water, including vancouver lake to the west.
architecture and buildings.
the national register of historic places says that vancouver is a good place to visit. because it is the oldest city in the area, vancouver has a wide variety of buildings, including:
fort vancouver national historic site also has many structures, rebuilt as they were in the 1830s.
radiant heating occurs when a hot surface warms other objects around it. radiant heating has a long history of use in buildings by the romans and the koreans, and is much more efficient than standard ways of heating the air in a building. underfloor radiant heating is the most common type of radiant heating used in buildings, but wall and overhead radiant heating systems are also used. radiant heating can also be used to heat outdoor areas. 
history of radiant heating.
the romans were the first people to use underfloor radiant heating systems. these systems were based on hypocausts, and used warm air for heat. the floor was set on top of many brick piles, leaving room for the hot air and steam produced by a furnace to pass underneath the floor. the hot air then went up chimneys on the sides of the walls, so the hot air and steam never actually went into the living rooms. these systems were very expensive to build and maintain, so only the rich could afford them. 
in korea, radiant underfloor heating has been in use for about 2000 years. ondol, which means "warm stone," involves the use of stones and underground ducts to help transport warm air from the kitchen to the rooms in the house. most homes and buildings in korea still use ondol, although they now use hot water and electric systems. the american architect frank lloyd wright discovered ondol in the early 1900s and used it in many of his building designs. wright also invented hot water underfloor systems.
types of radiant heating.
the most common kind of radiant heating is underfloor heating. there are three types of underfloor heating: hot air systems, hot water systems and electric systems. 
hot air systems.
hot air systems use hot air to heat the floor, similar to the romans' systems. however, air does not hold heat very well, and these systems aren't recommended for residential use. 
hot water systems.
hot water systems are the most popular and cost-effective systems for cold climates. in this type of system, water is heated by a boiler and pumped through pipes laid underneath the floor. hot water systems can also be combined with solar thermal energy to make them more environmentally friendly. solar thermal energy uses sunlight to heat water, which can then be used in the underfloor heating system. 
hot water systems can also be run in reverse by running cold water through the pipes to cool the building. however, this technology is difficult to use properly and can result in condensation on the floor, which can ruin hardwood floors or rugs and make people more likely to fall.
electric systems are made of electric cables that are laid underneath the floor. electricity is then used to heat the cables, and this type of system can be turned on or off much faster than a hot water system. however, these systems are often more expensive than hot water systems because of the high prices of electricity, especially if the hot water system includes the use of solar thermal energy. the high cost of an electric heating system can be reduced if the floor can be set to heat during non-peak hours, such as late at night, and is left turned off during the day. electric systems are also less environmentally friendly because electricity is usually produced by burning fossil fuels, which increases carbon emissions.
underfloor radiant heating systems can be installed as either wet or dry systems. wet systems are laid down and then concrete is poured over them. concrete floors hold heat very well, but can take a long time to absorb the heat. dry systems run in open air space between the foundation and the floor, but can be less efficient because they have to heat the air too. however, dry systems are much easier to reach if the system breaks or leaks. 
any kind of flooring can be used with underfloor heating, but ceramic tiles are the most popular floor material because they transfer and store heat well. materials like wood, carpet, or linoleum tile decrease the heat transfer from the underfloor system and the system must be set at a higher temperature if any of these materials are used.
wall and overhead heating.
wall and overhead radiant heating systems are usually made of aluminum panels hung on the walls or ceiling. like underfloor radiant heating, these panels can be heated by either hot water or electricity. however, panels heated by hot water often leak, so electric panels are the most common. these panels can't heat as much area as an underfloor system, but they can be quickly turned on and off when a person enters or leaves the room. electric panels can reduce energy costs if panels are left turned off in empty rooms.
using radiant heating outdoors is much more practical than heating air because the air is always moving outside. outdoor radiant heaters are almost always electric devices, and usually portable, although it is possible to have underfloor radiant heating installed under a patio.
seventy-four is a number. it comes after seventy-three and before seventy-five.
top gear is a television show on the bbc. the show is all about cars and other vehicles. they test new cars to see how fast they go. they also test really old cars and do crazy stuff with them. they usually rate cars that the normal person wouldn't be able to afford. the show started as a regular car show but has changed over time to what it is now. it uses comedy to attract viewers which are now estimated to be 350 million.
the show often has long distance races. they usually race a fast car against a different form of transportation like trains and boats. they are called 'epic' races.
they also have smaller races where they match up cars of different times to see which one outperforms the other.
the challenge part of the show is about different stunts of the most ridiculous things the show can come up with. one time they jumped a bus over a row of motorcycles (instead of the motorcycle jumping over buses).
recently, the show has started using the phrase "how hard can it be?" for the challenge segment. they put themselves in different situations that a normal person probably wouldn't get a chance to experience.
star in a reasonably-priced car.
once during every episode (except some specials) they bring a celebrity on stage. they show footage of the celebrity driving an average car around a racetrack. they put the time it took for them to complete a lap of the track on a board with the names of all of the other celebrities who drove the same course.
power laps are one lap around the top gear test track. they will take any car that can drive and will see how fast it can make it around the track. the vehicles must be cars and they must be road legal.
backpacking is hiking in the outdoors with a backpack full of all your food, clothing, water, and shelter. usually, backpackers hike in groups to stay safer. they must think to bring first aid supplies, sleeping bags, tents, rain gear, stoves, food and other camping supplies.
backpacking may be done on short or long trips. sometimes, backpacking groups begin at a trail head with a parking lot and hike over a weekend until they work their way back to the vehicle. on longer trips, groups may settle in at a base camp and hike for weeks or even months if they are more experienced and prepared.
when following certain rules, backpackers have the chance to leave the outdoors better than they found them. there are certain practices such as leave no trace that teach backpackers and hikers to pack out all waste and help conserve nature in every way possible such as not building fires in dry areas, saving water, and protecting the environment. when backpackers use these skills, they help preserve nature while getting to explore themselves while outside the influence of the rest of the world.
châlons-en-champagne is a "commune" in the marne department in the grand est region in northeastern france. it is the "préfecture" (capital) of the department.
even if châlons-en-champagne is the capital of the department, it is only the second largest city in population after reims. it should not be confused with chalon-sur-saône, a city in the saône-et-loire department in the bourgogne-franche-comté region.
formerly called châlons-sur-marne, the name of the city was changed to châlons-en-champagne in 1995 but it was rejected in 1997. but, finally, this change was accepted in 1998.
châlons-en-champagne is in the centre of the marne department. the marne river flows through the western part of the city.
it has an area of . its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .
the distances from châlons-en-champagne to other cities are:
the "commune" of châlons-en-champagne is surrounded by the "communes" l'épine, saint-memmie, sarry, compertrix, fagnières and saint-martin-sur-le-pré.
the köppen climate classification type for the climate at châlons-en-champagne is an "oceanic climate" (also known as maritime temperate climate) and of the subtype "cfb".
the average temperature for the year in châlons-en-champagne is . the warmest month, on average, is july with an average temperature of . the coolest month, on average is january, with an average temperature of .
the average amount of precipitation for the year in châlons-en-champagne is . the month with the most precipitation on average is july with of precipitation. the month with the least precipitation on average is february with an average of .
the inhabitants of châlons-en-champagne are known, in french, as "châlonnais" (women: "châlonnaises ").
with a population of 45,002, châlons-en-champagne has a population density of inhabitants/km2.
evolution of the population in châlons-en-champagne
châlons-en-champagne forms, with other 4 "communes", the urban area of châlons-en-champagne with a population of 57,571 inhabitants (2014) and an area of . this urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of châlons-en-champagne, formed by 66 "communes", with a population of 81,486 inhabitants (2014) and an area of .
châlons-en-champagne is a prefecture of the marne department since 1800. it is also the capital of the "arrondissement" of châlons-en-champagne and the administrative centre () of three cantons:
it is part of the intercommunality "châlons agglo" ().
twinned and partner towns.
châlons-en-champagne is twinned with:
places of interest.
some interesting places in mâcon are:
nicolas appert (châlons-en-champagne 1749 - massy 1841) was a french inventor. he was the inventor of airtight food preservation.
the schulze method is a way of voting that is used to fill a single vacant position in an election. it was developed in 1997 by markus schulze. it is also known as schwartz sequential dropping (ssd), cloneproof schwartz sequential dropping (cssd), beatpath method, beatpath winner, path voting, and path winner. it is used by several organizations including wikimedia, debian, gentoo, berrytube, and the kde.
how it works.
voters rank the candidates in the order from the one that they most want to win to the one they least want to win. the same preference (how much the voters want the candidate to win or lose) can be given to more than one candidate, and candidates can be given no number (they are interpreted as the worst).
next, for every pair of two candidates, the two are compared: ignoring all other candidates, which of the two in the pair is preferred by most voters? how many voters agree with the majority decision is noted.
more calculations take place. given two candidates a and k, a is said to beat k with strength "t" if "t" voters prefer a to b, "t" voters prefer b to c, and so on, and "t" voters prefer j to k. the winner w is the candidate which beats any other candidate x with strength "t", but x does not beat w with strength "t".
markus schulze, a new monotonic, clone-independent, reversal symmetric, and condorcet-consistent single-winner election method , social choice and welfare, volume 36, number 2, page 267–303, 2011. preliminary version in "voting matters", 17:9-19, 2003.
the man from earth is a 2007 movie written by jerome bixby.
the movie tells the story of john oldman. all of the movie takes place in a small house and its porch, where oldman tells his friends that he is a 14,000 year old cro-magnon caveman.
the movie begins with the protagonist john oldman packing up his belongings onto his truck. john oldman is getting ready to move to a different place to live. this is when his friends come over to give him a farewell party. from their conversations it becomes evident that john oldman and his friends are all professors in a university. after a bit of conversation, the group of friends moves into john oldman’s house. john’s friends keep asking why he decided to “run off” so quickly. john oldman does not answer clearly at first, but gradually becomes drawn to telling his friends what is really on his mind. he begins to tell his friends about who he really is, a 14,000 year old cro-magnon caveman who has survived until the present. his friends aren’t convinced, but rather constantly question john oldman in order to prove him wrong. the talk goes on as john oldman’s friends try to prove him wrong, in biological, historical, and religious terms.
the conversations are driven by john oldman’s claims of his past. his claims include the following:
liberal online magazine fadewblogs included the film in their list of must-watch films for atheists. ign gave it an 8 out of 10 score.
the shaolin monastery or shaolin temple is a temple at song mountain of dengfeng, near zhengzhou city,henan province, china. now it is led by abbot venerable abbot shi yǒngxìn.
it was founded in the 6th century and became the holy ground of kung fu. now it is the mahayana buddhist monastery perhaps best known to the western world.
the egyptian vulture ("neophron percnopterus") is a small old world vulture. it is found from southwestern europe and northern africa to southern asia. it is the only living member of the genus "neophron", and there are three subspecies. in southern asia this species is called the scavenger vulture.
when they feed on the eggs of other birds, they break larger ones by tossing a large pebble onto them. the use of tools is rare in birds, but egyptian vultures also use twigs to roll up wool for use in their nest.
henan is a province of the people's republic of china. it is in the central eastern part of china. the name henan means "south of the yellow river." the capital of henan is zhengzhou.
its major cities are anyang, hebi, jiaozuo, kaifeng, luohe, luoyang, nanyang, pingdingshan, puyang, sanmenxia, shangqiu, xinxiang, xinyang, xuchang, zhengzhou, zhoukou and zhumadian.
henan is now the province of china with the most people. 
the abbreviation of henan is yu (豫) to remember a kingdom from history yhat was in the area, and also because another province also has "he" (河) in its name, hebei (河北).
pulp fiction is a 1994 american crime drama movie set in los angeles. it was directed by quentin tarantino. the movie stars john travolta, bruce willis, uma thurman and samuel l. jackson. it is a very popular movie. "pulp fiction" is rated "r" for strong graphic violence and drug use, profanity and some sexuality.
soju is a distilled drink. soju literally means "burned liquor". 
this kind of distilled beverage was first found in persia, where the distillation methods of producing alcoholic beverage originated from. but through a mongolian who contacted islamic culture did this kind of alcoholic beverage and the distillation techniques of making such a drink come about to the east.
as soju became prevalent throughout won dynasty of china, it eventually spread throughout korea kingdom, where it became so popular that numerous kinds of soju were created. because soju created at that time were made from pure grains, it was very tasty and clean. it was also not so strong. however, it was very expensive simply because it was distilled.
nowadays, soju is very popular in south korea. koreans enjoy drinking soju as a means of promoting friendship and getting closer to each other. usually, people drink it with "anju", a side dish, so as to moderate its bitterness.
goguryeo is a dynasty of ancient korea which was begun by jumong () in 37 bc. it was started in the area near the dongga river, a branch of the abrok river. jolbon was the capital city founded by jumong.
the legend of the nation's birth is that jumong was born out of an egg and brought up by king gumwa () of east buyeo. the name, jumong, means a person who is good at archery. because of his archery skills, prince daeso () envied him. so, jumong felt death threats and decided to escape from east buyeo with three friends. he went to jolbon buyeo and married sosuno () who was the princess of the nation. jumong succeeded the king and changed the nation's name to goguryeo after his surname.
since the first king, king dongmyeong (), goguryeo had been invaded by several enemies such as the chinese han dynasty, and xianbei. but, by 11th king's reign, goguryeo had succeeded in taking control over liaoong. until the 24th king's period, it had had its golden age, expanding the range of the nation and driving away all the attacks from ouside. the most famous king was king gwanggaeto the great ().
however, when it was under the control of 27th king, youngryou (), goguryeo was becoming a vassal of the tang dynasty. because of this, the king was killed by yoen gaesomoon () and a new king, bojang () succeeded. after yoen gaesomoon died, the people did not cooperate with the nation well and while its control got weak, it was destroyed by the allied forces of tang and silla.
friedrich wilhelm reinhold pieck (3 january 1876 in eastern guben (today poland) - 7 september 1960 in berlin) was an (east) german communist politician. he was a member of the spartacus league. he was joint founder, and from 1946 to 1950 co-chairman of the socialist unity party of germany (sed, together with otto grotewohl), and from 1949 to his death in 1960 the first and only president of the gdr.
during the weimar republic he was a member of the landtag of prussia from 1921 to 1928, and afterwards a member of the reichstag from 1928 to 1933, both on behalf of the communist party of germany (kpd).
beth elamen is the only jewish cemetery in beirut, capital of lebanon. its spelling in hebrew is "", meaning: "house of cemetery". 
the cemetery is very close to sodeco square. it can also be reached using the damascus expressway.
broxbourne railway station, opened in 1840, serves broxbourne in hertfordshire, england. it is on the west anglia main line, and train services are provided by abellio greater anglia, who also manage the station.
in unix, and in other computer multitasking operating systems, a daemon ( or ) is a computer program that runs as a background task. many daemons have names that end with the letter "d": for example, syslogd, the daemon that handles the system log, httpd, a daemon that handles web requests, or sshd, which takes care of incoming ssh connections.
overcharge is an economic term used in legal discourse about price fixing violations. an overcharge is the difference between what a buyer or seller "actually" paid for a good purchased from a cartel and what the buyer or seller "would have" paid in the absence of a price-fixing cartel. the total amount of the overcharges paid by customers of a cartel is the major component of damages that can be recovered by plaintiffs in private antitrust suits. under u.s. federal antitrust law, buyers injured by cartel overcharges are entitled to triple the overcharges that they are able to prove in court.
the overcharge has a one-to-one relationship to the lerner index, the most common measure of market power in economics. both measures employ the same numerator (pm - pc), where pm is the observed market price and pc is the competitive benchmark price, but use different denominators. the overcharge ratio is (pm-pc)/pc, whereas the lerner index is (pm-pc)/pm. both ratios are zero when a market is perfectly competitive or a cartel is ineffective in raising prices. the lerner index has an upper limit of one when the pure monopoly price is charged in a market. the overcharge has no upper limit.
rye house railway station is in hoddesdon in hertfordshire, england. it is on the hertford east branch of the west anglia main line, and train services are provided by abellio greater anglia.
the typical off-peak service is two trains per hour to london liverpool street via tottenham hale, and two trains per hour to hertford east.
the london underground is a metro system in the united kingdom. it serves greater london and the nearby districts of essex, hertfordshire and buckinghamshire. london underground was first opened in 1863 which makes it the oldest underground metro system in the world.
this list includes all stations on the london underground and docklands light railway. listed for each station is the line or lines serving it, the local authority and london travelcard zone in which it is located, the date it opened, previous names and passenger usage statistics in millions per year.
there are three instances where two separate stations share the same name: edgware road, hammersmith and canary wharf. although the hammersmith & city line platforms at paddington are on the other side of the mainline station from the platforms of the other underground lines, it is treated as a single station. it is currently shown this way on the tube map, but has been shown as two stations at times. canary wharf has separate jubilee line and docklands light railway stations, which are shown as one station on current tube map.
ratatat is a electronic rock/electronica duo with guitarist mike stroud and synthesizer driver and producer evan mast. the two met as collee students in skidmore, started working together in 2001 under the name "cherry". in 2004 they published their debut album ratatat which includes songs such as "seventeen years", "germany to germany", and "desert eagle". following, in 2006, classics, then lp3, in 2008 was released.
other works done by ratatat are single albums and remixes of other musicians. single albums include "seventeen years", "germany to germany", "wildcat", "lex", "loud pipes", "shiller", "mirando", and "shempi". their most recent remix album "ratatat remixes no. 2" featured 14 remixes featuring: young buck, t.i, ludacris, the notorious b.i.g, jay z, z-ro, devin the dude, juvenile, beanie sigel, despot, memphis bleek, slim thug, bun b, young jeezy, kanye west, beans, saigon, and u.g.k.
the band is known for their unique use of eletronica style music that emphasizes guitar towards the front while keeping the beat flow in the background.
their songs were featured in various media. some examples would be :
"seventeen years" was featured in the 2008 movie "cloverfield".
"loud pipes" was featured in the playstation game "mlb 07: the show".
"dura" was used in csi season 9, episode 7 "woulda, coulda, shoulda".
"montanita" was used in season 2 - episode 2 of the nbc show chuck
they have currently gone through their spring 2009 us tour, and their next upcoming show is scheduled to be in arendal on june 23, 2009.
binary form (also know as ab form or movement of continuity) is a type of form of music pieces. the word binary means "in two parts." the word form is a kind of guideline for composers when they write a piece of music. so, binary form means "an outline in two parts." a musical piece in binary form is a musical piece with two sections.
binary form was popular in the baroque times and was often used for movements in sonatas for keyboard instruments. each part of a binary form piece of music are usually repeated.
binary form was most commonly used in the baroque era for short dances called minuets. the minuet's two parts are usually labeled as "a" and "b." in the a section of a minuet, the exposition is stated. this section almost always is repeated a couple times. the beginning part of the b section develops a slightly new musical idea, usually going to the dominant key, to add variation. then it returns to the "a" key at the end. some famous composers of minuets include johann sebastian bach and george frideric handel.
bubble tea, also called pearl tea or boba, is a drink which comes from taichung, taiwan. it is made by mixing black tea with non-dairy creamer or milk and adding round "pearl" tapioca. there are many flavors other than the original one. green tea can be used instead of black tea. extra items such as honey, coffee or cocoa can be added. pudding or coconut cubes can be used instead of pearl tapioca.
when it was first invented, not many people were interested in it. but after a bubble tea maker was interviewed on a japanese tv program, it became popular among people of all ages. the popularity of bubble tea can be seen not only in taiwan but also in other countries such as south korea, japan, hong kong, china, southeast asia, australia, canada and the usa.
bubble tea has now arrived in england and the rest of europe.
things that are in bubble tea.
most bubble tea recipes contain a tea base mixed with fruit or milk, to which chewy tapioca balls or fruit jellies are added. ice-mixed versions are usually mixed with fruit or syrup, resulting in a slushy softness. there are many varieties of the drink with a huge range of ingredients like coconut or mango. the two most popular types are bubble milk tea with tapioca and bubble milk green tea with tapioca.
the reason for choosing tapioca.
at first, people made bubble tea without tapioca pearls. but taiwanese people started to find substances to make the sweetened flavor. tapioca came from the cassava plant, which is a root of the trees from south america. this plant is now farmed and enjoyed around the world.
effects on the body from bubble tea.
four positive nutrients that tapioca provide are carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and organic compounds. these include a very low level of fat, cholesterol, and sodium . it is also known as the source of fiber, “good” cholesterol, and protein. but bubble tea has cyanogen that are transformed in humans and animals after the plant tissue has been weakened. the blood remains oxygenated after it passes through your body and back to the lungs.
process to make bubble tea.
bubble tea is found in taiwanese restaurants and commonly prepared by shaking ice, milk, tea, and sugar in a cocktail shaker which resulted in a lot of tapioca bubbles. people use the same preparation to make bubble tea, just now with the added pearls.
an jung-sik (1861–1919) was an artist who lived in the late joseon dynasty. in 1918 he organized the association of paintings and writings artists (seohwa-hyeopae; 서화협회;書畵協會)'. and he founded "gyeongmokdang" () in which artists and supporters gathered and communicated with each other. as the leader of the association he made an effort to educate younger artist generation. he was excellent at landscape, portrait, flowers and birds. 
his main works are:
in his period, the western modern art was introduced to korea, and the korean traditional art was declining. he not only tried to succeed the traditional art but also adapt the western art, a realistic trend.
the korean international school of hong kong (kis) was founded on march 1988. it is in lei king wan, sai wan ho, hong kong, near tai koo shing. tai koo shing has many koreans.
the school has an english section and a korean section. the korean section uses korean textbooks. the students there prepare to take the ksat (suneung) so they can go to korean universities. the english section uses english textbooks and follows the cambridge international primary programme.
kis has many facilities, like a tennis court, swimming pool, soft-surface playing fields, and a gymnasium. students use the facilities for physical education classes and activities outside of classes. higher grade students take a school trip to england.
there are many special parties during the year. usually there is one party per month. some of these parties are play day in april, sports day in may, spring concert in june, halloween in october, and fun tie and hat day.
the students are in four "house teams"- cougars, eagles, lions and pandas. each house has their own chant and their own colour.
in the past the school has had problems with bribery. a person in the cleaning company paid a bribe to a school officer. so the independent commission against corruption investigated the school and arrested one person. koreans in hong kong were disappointed. they said they lost confidence in the school's management.
cyon is mobile phone brand of korean lg electronics. the brand was launched in 1997. cyon represents the cutting-edge technology in cellphone market world-wide. cyon adopts "smart technology", development philosophy that reflects users' emotions, in manufacturing products. cyon prioritizes customers' opinions and desires in new designs. 
cyon's headquarters are in seoul, korea. however, cyon branched out to europe, north america, south america and asia with strategic marketing, gaining success. 
cyon's first generation cell-phones were bar-types. upon entering year 2000, second generation came to be folder style. in 2002, the third generation of slide-phones were introduced. in 2007, cyon presented touch phones with the latest technology. cyon cellphones have functions such as cameras, wireless internet, dmb tv, blue-tooth and usb memory chip.
battle of the year (acronym boty) is a worldwide breakdancing tournament held every year. in 1990, thomas hergenröther founded boty in hannover, germany. there were 9 crews and 400 visitors at that time. as break-dancing became more popular, boty grew in size and found a new location in braunschweig, germany.
regional boty (boty france, boty korea and so on) first takes place to choose a single crew that will represent each nation in the upcoming boty international. representing crews compete against each other first in a showcase in which every crew presents their own choreographed performances within 6 minutes or so. according to the rankings of the showcase, 2 semi finals in total between 1st and 4th crew and 2nd and 3rd crew takes place. the final battle follows between the winners of the semi finals to judge the champion crew of the year.
judging criteria for a showcase include; synchronicity, stage-presence, theme & music and choreography.
criteria for individual b-boys include; top rock, footwork, freeze and power move.
criteria for a battle include; response, routines, strategy and attitude.
takahiro "tak" matsumoto (born march 27, 1961 in toyonaka, osaka) is a japanese guitarist. he is the lead arranger of rock band b'z.
foot binding is an old chinese custom of wrapping girls' feet with cloth in order to stop them from growing with age. some chinese legends say people started binding women's feet as early as the shang dynasty (1700–1027 bce). however, writing says that foot binding began at the court of the song dynasty (960–1279 ce). it lasted until the early 20th century, when it was banned by the people's republic of china. 
foot binding was a sign of social status. if a woman's feet were bound, it was a sign that she was a higher-class woman who did not have to do hard work. however, foot binding slowly spread to the lower classes who wanted to try and get a higher social status. by the 17th century, chinese girls of all social statuses had their feet bound. 
some people think that chinese women were forced to bind their feet in order to help their husbands feel sexual pleasure. some people also see foot binding as insulting to women. but other people argue that this view is biased against the chinese culture in favor of modern western standards.
foot binding usually tried to make the feet about long, at most. some drastic things were done at times to try to do this. because of this, women who had their feet bound would usually be impaired, or damaged, for the rest of their lives. the physical consequences (or results) of foot binding stayed in chinese society until very recently, especially for women in their 70s and 80s (according to a study published by the university of san francisco}.
when the manchuria created the qing dynasty, the manchurian emperors wrote many laws banning foot binding. however, the laws did not work very well. in 1874, the first anti-footbinding committee (meeting of people) was held in shanghai by a british priest. after the collapse of the qing dynasty, the republican government kept trying to stop foot binding. they gave fines (orders to pay money) to women who still had their feet bound after 1915. during the early 20th century, western fashion was affecting china more and more. the people's republic of china eventually outlawed foot binding, although this was not very successful in actually ending the practice. according to xinhua news agency, the last factory to make shoes for bound-feet women stopped making those shoes in 1998, in harbin, china.
udenhout is a town in the netherlands. in 1232 the abbey of tongerlo was started which grew into the village that is now called udenhout.
udenhout has been part of the municipality of tilburg since 1997.
history of udenhout.
there was a pilgrim who arrived after long reis going in udenhout. he knocked in a castle whose lord was hospitable. he knew that he could spend the night. when he did not aanklopte castle or one of his employees open, but a buck driver. they were descendants of hugo de bokkerijder. they were murdered and their lord moved into the castle. the pilgrim told how god would think about. but, they are not much of. the pilgrim was thrown from the castle. he walked across and looked at again. but the castle was gone. god had heard his word and the goats driver punished. since then we call this the castle sunk castle. there is also a district that is named after this castle and also the shape and construction of a real castle. but the actual castle is still not found.
hy is a japanese rock music band formed in year 2000 by five high school friends in okinawa. their name comes from the initials of their hometown, higashi yakena. the band became popular by performing music in the streets. their first album "departure" (okinawa-only) sold out immediately. in 2002, the band did a live performance with american group, linkin park.
mount kisco is a village and a town in westchester county, in the state of new york. one story says it was named after an algonquian native american chief who once lived in the area. there is another story which says that the name came from the algonquian word meaning the "edge of creekland", or "a muddy place". it is a suburban town about 40 minutes from new york city by car. there is also a train to new york. the village has more than 10,000 people, who live in an area of 3.1 square miles. there are approximately 2,500 families living in mount kisco.
mount kisco is a part of the bedford school district, which has five elementary schools, one middle school, and a high school. the village is run by a mayor and four trustees. it has a commercial hub in the center of the village. around the mount kisco library are the shopping corridors on south monger avenue. mount kisco is a relatively quiet town; however, it is currently suffering from increased traffic.
before europeans came to live in the area in the 1600s, the area was called lenape by the native americans. the village of mount kisco became official in 1878. in 1978, it joined with several other small villages to form the town of mount kisco.
the first policeman, john daniels, started work in mount kisco on may 7, 1877. he was paid 100 dollars a year. the first female policeman was donna fotovich who started work in 1985.
maslak uso center is a modern shopping mall in the finance and business quarter of maslak in istanbul, turkey. it opened on 30 january 2000.
kinki kids is a japanese j-pop band. the members are koichi doumoto and tsuyoshi doumoto. they formed the duo in 1992, and they came out in 1997. they are from kinki region. so, the duo named kinki kids after kinki region. they have same family name, but they are not relatives.
scott alexander young (april 14, 1918 – june 12, 2005) was a canadian journalist, sportswriter, novelist and the father of musicians neil young and astrid young. over his career, young wrote 45 books, including novels and non-fiction for adult and youth audiences.
born in cypress river, manitoba, young grew up in nearby glenboro, manitoba, where his father, percy andrew young, owned a drug store. his mother was jean ferguson paterson. after his father went broke in 1926, the family moved to winnipeg, but were unable to afford to stay there. his parents separated in 1930, and he went to live with an aunt and uncle in prince albert, saskatchewan, for a year before moving back to winnipeg to live with his mother. he left high school at 16 and began working for a tobacco wholesaler.
young began writing while in his teens, submitting stories to various publications, most of which were rejected. at the age of 18, in 1936, he was hired as a copyboy at the winnipeg free press and was soon made sports reporter. he met edna blow "rassy" ragland in 1937 and the two were married in 1940.
moves to toronto.
unable to get a raise at the "free press", young moved to toronto in 1941, covering news and sports for the canadian press news agency. his first son, bob young, was born in 1942 and five months later, young was sent to england to help cover world war ii for cp. he came back a year later and joined the royal canadian navy, where he served until his release from the service when the war ended in 1945. young returned to cp and soon joined "maclean's" magazine as an assistant editor. his second son, neil young, was born in toronto in november 1945.
young began to sell fiction to publications in canada and the united states including the "saturday evening post" and "collier's". he quit his job at "maclean's" in 1948 to write short stories full-time.
in 1949, young bought a house in omemee, ontario, near peterborough. the family's finances would vary with young's success in selling his stories and he began taking assignments from "sports illustrated." his first novel "the flood" was published in 1956. young moved to pickering, ontario and spent a year working in public relations for a jet engine company before joining "the globe and mail" as a daily columnist in 1957 and moving back to toronto. in 1959, young met astrid mead while on assignment in british columbia and, soon after, he and his wife separated. following young's divorce in 1961, he and mead were married. they had a daughter, astrid young, in 1962.
he was also a host on hockey night in canada until getting on the wrong side of toronto maple leafs co-owner john bassett. the leafs threatened hnic's sponsor and advertising agency until they agreed to fire young.
life on the farm.
in 1967, young bought a farm near omemee in cavan township and built a house there. in 1969, he asked to be transferred to the "globe"'s news bureau in ottawa. shortly after arriving in ottawa, he got into a dispute with his paper over the publication rights to excerpts from a book he had just written with punch imlach. the rights had been acquired by the "toronto telegram", but the "globe" wouldn't allow young's writing to appear in a competing newspaper. he quit the "globe" and accepted a job offer from bassett to become sports editor and columnist at the "telegram", moving back to toronto within weeks of his move to ottawa. young remained at the "telegram" until the paper folded in 1971. he then rejoined the "globe and mail". young and his second wife separated in 1976, and in the fall of 1977, he moved in with fellow "globe" writer margaret hogan. the two married in 1980. at the same time, young had a falling out with the "globe" over stories critical of imlach written by donald ramsay and quit. he worked with former toronto maple leafs owner conn smythe on smythe's autobiography, which would be published after smythe's death in november 1980.
in 1988, young received the elmer ferguson memorial award from the hockey hall of fame as selected by the professional hockey writers' association, and was also inducted into the manitoba hockey hall of fame. young and his wife sold the farm in the late 1980s and moved to howth, ireland, a suburb of north dublin. in 1990, young received an honorary doctorate from trent university and donated many of his papers to the university's archives. the youngs returned to omemee in 1992 and repurchased their old farm, which young owned for the rest of his life. scott young public school in omemee was named in his honour in 1993. his autobiography, "a writer's life", was published in 1994.
he and margaret moved to kingston, ontario, in 2004, where he died the following year at the age of 87.
scott young may refer to:
scott young (born october 1, 1967 in clinton, massachusetts) is an american retired professional ice hockey right winger. 
scott young (born may 26, 1965 in oakville, ontario) is a former professional ice hockey player who played in the minor leagues in north america and in britain's top level leagues.
pico da neblina is brazil's highest mountain. it is in amazonas state, near the edge with venezuela.
it is located in the negro river basin.
amazonas is the largest state of brazil. it is in the north region and borders acre, mato grosso, pará, rondônia, roraima and some countries of latin america. its main city is manaus. in amazonas is found the highest part of brazil, the pico da neblina.
its name was given because of the amazons legend, and it is also the name of its major river, the second longest river in the world. other rivers in amazonas are rio juruá, purus, madeira, rio negro, rio içá, rio uaupés, and rio japurá.
the economy is based in mining, fishing, and industry.
rio jurua is a river in western brazil, amazonas. its course forms a part of the border with peru.
japura river or caquetá river is a river in brazil, amazonas state. that is about long. it begins in the andes mountains in columbia where it is called the caquetá. the river flows through columbia into brazil where it is called the japura. it empties into the amazon river. 
woolwich arsenal station is a national rail and docklands light railway interchange station in woolwich in the london borough of greenwich. it acts as a local station on the north kent line between london and gillingham, served by southeastern, and is the southern terminus of the woolwich arsenal branch of the docklands light railway. the station faces general gordon square and is named after the nearby woolwich arsenal. it is the only dlr station in travelcard zone 4.
the typical off-peak service from the station is:
the station is on the north kent line. typical journey times to london are in the region of 30 minutes.
king george v dlr station is a station on the docklands light railway (dlr) which opened on 2 december 2005. it is named after the king george v dock, nearby. until january 2009, it served as a temporary terminus for the king george v branch of dlr but the line has since been extended under the river thames to woolwich arsenal.
the station is in the london borough of newham and is in travelcard zone 3.
london city airport dlr station is a station on the docklands light railway which serves the london city airport, and which opened in 2 december 2005. it is on the king george v branch. trains run westbound to bank in the city of london and eastbound to woolwich arsenal.
until the extension to woolwich arsenal this station was the main reason for this branch. it continues to be an important station on the dlr. it has an excellent direct covered connection with adjacent airport terminal building. although the station maintains the dlr philosophy of basic good design it makes various concessions to cater for airport passengers including a fully enclosed waiting room on the central island platform.
the station is in the london borough of newham and is in travelcard zone 3.
pontoon dock dlr station, on the woolwich arsenal branch of the dlr, opened on 2 december 2005. it is in the east of silvertown in the london borough of newham, and is in travelcard zone 3. 
west silvertown is a station on the docklands light railway which opened in december 2005. it is on the woolwich arsenal branch. trains run westbound to bank in the city of london and eastbound to woolwich arsenal, passing through london city airport station.
the station is in the london borough of newham and is in travelcard zone 3.
canning town station is a major inter-modal transport interchange in east london. it is served by london underground's jubilee line and the docklands light railway (dlr), as well as being served by local buses operated on behalf of london buses. it is in travelcard zone 3.
the north london line platforms will be redeveloped as part of the extension of the dlr from canning town to stratford international via west ham, which would see a more frequent service to stratford, although passengers to nll destinations beyond will have to change.
on the dlr city airport extension there is a station planned south-east of here called thames wharf, depending mainly on the regeneration of the area.
critical thinking is "thinking about thinking". it is a way of deciding if a claim is true, false, or sometimes true and sometimes false, or partly true and partly false.
to find out if someone is telling you the truth, one needs evidence. information is found in libraries, online, and by asking people. professional librarians can help research library sources. cybrarians can help research using computers. professional interviewers are good at finding people who are experts in their fields, and they know how to ask the right questions.
to solve a problem, questions can be written as clearly and simply as possible, making certain that all terms are well understood by giving definitions if necessary. then, this critical thinking can help one judge how true this information is. critical thinking tools are taken from many fields of study: statistics, logistics, semantics, experimental research methodology, psychology, sociology. research sources should be of good quality: up to date, thorough, well-informed, and impartial.
east india is a station on docklands light railway (dlr) in east london. it takes its name from the nearby former east india docks of the port of london, where ships trading with the indian subcontinent used to dock. 
it is on the beckton branch of the dlr, and is in travelcard zones 2 and 3. it opened, with the beckton branch, on 28 march 1994. 
blackwall is a station on docklands light railway (dlr) in east london. the station is close to the northern entry to the blackwall road tunnel under the thames.
blackwall station is on the beckton branch of the dlr between poplar and east india stations, and is in travelcard zone 2.
the dlr station opened, with the beckton branch, on the 28 march 1994. there was a previous station on the same site, called poplar station, which was served by the london and blackwall railway from 6 july 1840 to 3 may 1926. blackwall station on the london and blackwall railway was actually farther east. the location of these two stations on the london and blackwall railway can be seen in the bottom-right hand corner of the map of poplar, 1885.
there is a crossover west of the station which allows trains from beckton, poplar or woolwich arsenal to reverse here.
the region of amazonas is a region of peru. it is in the northwest part of the country. its capital is the city of chachapoyas.
the amazonas region has a lot of rainforests and mountain ranges. the rainforest zone covers 72.93% of the area, and it goes to the north, up to the border with ecuador. it does this in the summits of the cordillera del cóndor. the mountain range zone is in the southern provinces of the amazonas region. it makes up 27.07% of the region's land.
aguaruna and huambisa people live in the region.
the 2007 peru census says that the language learnt first by most of the people was spanish (84.90%). the following table shows the results of the language learnt first in the amazonas region by province:
the wayúu are a tribe of native people living in la guajira peninsula, between colombia and venezuela. 
the wayúu live in la guajira peninsula in colombia and venezuela. la guajira peninsula is on the caribbean sea coast. the two main rivers that flow through this area are; the racheria river in colombia and el limon river in venezuela. the wayúu and other people that live there create ponds to keep water stored from the rain season.
waxing is a method of removing hair from the body. waxing removes the whole hair including the root. both men and women engage in waxing, as do female children as young as eight. any area of the body can be waxed but the more common areas are the legs, underarms, genitals, torso and face. there are health concerns about waxing such as pain, inflammation, infection and physical damage to the skin. at least two women have been hospitalized due to bikini waxing. the waxing of young girls has been criticized and concerns over emotional problems have been raised by parents and by doctors and psychologists. although it is known as "waxing" not all treatments of this kind use wax. some waxing treatments use a sugar mixture in the same manner as wax. 
types of waxing.
any area of the body where hair grows can be waxed. the most commonly waxed areas are;
women in ancient egypt removed unwanted hair with a sticky mixture of honey and oil. women in the middle east have used a sugaring mixture which is made up of a paste of warm sugar, lemon juice, and water. in 1922 sears started selling razors to women and the ability for them to remove unwanted hair began. pubic hair removal began during world war ii when the us government ordered less material to be used in making women's bathing suits and the bikini was invented, causing some women to have hair stick out the sides of the bikini bottom. in the 1960s, waxing products became available.
a sphinx wax or brazilian wax is a type of hair removal. when sphynxing or doing a brazilian wax, all the pubic hair is removed. sphynxing has many health benefits. one of the benefits of sphynxing is when someone has dermatophytes. full hair removal when sphynxing can also help to avoid jock itch. another benefit of sphynxing is that it usually involves individuals with experience. some men have advocated there should be equal access to sphinxing services for men.
waxing rips the hair out of the skin and often causes pain. the pain increases in areas such as the genitals, especially for people who have not waxed before or do not wax often. redness and swelling also often occurs at the waxing site. waxing is itself a safe thing, but there are times when it is not safe to get waxed. when skin is sunburned, it is not good to get a wax treatment. allegic reactions can also happen with waxing. people with medical problems such as diabetes, chronic kidney or liver disease, skin conditions such as eczema or psoriasis, or weakened immune systems are advised not to get wax treatments at all. at least one woman, with diabetes, almost died due to getting a bikini wax and becoming infected and another woman was hospitalised after being waxed in her genital area. in 2007 the new jersey state board of cosmetology and hairstyling came close to banning genital waxing based on health concerns. there is also concern about the trend to remove all or most of the pubic hair from a person's genitals. dr. linda k. franks, assistant clinical professor of dermatology at the new york university school of medicine, says "pubic hair is there for a reason—to protect the sensitive skin and mucous membranes in the genital region, getting a wax literally strips away that layer of protection." waxing can pull small pieces of skin off the body. this is usually minor and is not usual. skin infections can also occur such as staph, folliculitis (infection of the hair follicles). ingrown hairs are also quite common and can become infected.
waxing of children.
young children also get waxing treatment with children as young as eight receiving wax treatments such as eyebrows, legs and genital waxing. such genital waxing on young girls has been called "virgin bikini" waxes, and is aimed at either reducing the girl's need for pubic hair removal in the future or stopping hair growth permanently with as few as five or six treatments as long as the child has never shaved before. the increase in demand for preteen waxing is being met by spas, with some 10,000 spas in offering services only for young girls and early teenagers in the united states of america alone. the international spa association has reported that 16% of teens who have had spa treatments have had waxing done. the association has not been able to give figures for younger children because it is illegal to survey them. 
both parents and children say that young girls feel pressure from television shows and other children to look pretty and sexy and say that peer pressure, magazines, pop stars like britney spears and tv shows like miley cyrus' hannah montana increase children's demands to have spa treatments such as waxing, microdermabrasion and chemical peels. such pressure has been reported to cause intense stress and emotional problems in young girls. the opinions of boys about girl's beauty is also a pressure to look their best with reports of boys rating girls on a scale of 1 to 10 at school.
dr. diane levin, professor of education at wheelock college in boston and co-author of the book "so sexy so soon: the new sexualized childhood and what parents can do to protect their kids" (a book critical of the sexualization of children), believes child waxing to be bad because it tells girls to “keep your bodies like little girls’ because that’s what men like.” this is backed up with surveys that show that 93% of men want women to, at least, remove some hair from their pubic area. dr. doris pastor, a pediatrician, feels that the problem is not whether young children get wax treatments but that such events might encourage young children and preteens to take part in risky behaviour. pubic hair waxing of children has caused concern with doctors. dr. janice hillman, of the penn health system, a specialist in adolescent medicine, when checking for pubic hair on young girls as a sign of development has said she often has to ask the girls if they wax because it has become so common.
concern has also been raised by the cost of such treatments, making regular waxing often only available to children with well paid parents, leaving girls from poorer families unable to compete for beauty and so being made fun off by those who can afford them.
vinoba bhave (1895-1982), was a philosopher and revolutionist of india. often called acharya (sanskrit for teacher). he was a pupil of mahatma gandhi (1869~ 1948), who was called "mahatma", meaning a great sage. vinoba bhave also lived following the doctrine of ahimsa, which means nonviolence. his ideas were also influenced by his grandfather, father, and mother. his grandfather taught him about the purity of spirit. his father, who was yoga ascetic, taught him how to think scientifically. his mother taught him what faith is. he got the bharat ratna award by indian government in 1983. the gita has also been translated into marathi language by him with the name as geetai means mother geeta.[2]
there are a lot of accomplishments he made. the most famous thing is "budan", which is an idea of sharing lands with the poor. he argued that land is not something that can be occupied. he insisted that land owners should donate their one sixth of their land to people who do not have land. he campaigned to give rice to hungry people. and he also did a campaign of self-supporting and self-sufficient. these worked successfully and he became a great man of india.
cheongsam (长衫) is typical, traditional clothing for chinese women. also known as qipao (ch'ipau).
a cheongsam usually has two long slits at either side of the hem for convenient movement and display of the legs. unlike a short skirt, the slits of cheongsam show a woman's legs when she walks.
a more formal description is: a longer, figure-fitting, one piece garment with a standing collar, an asymmetric left-over-right opening (youren) and two side slits. 
the modern cheongsam was developed in shanghai in the 1920s. several alterations have been made to the design. it was popular in china from the 1920s to 1940s, as many noble and high-class women wore it. although the cheongsam is thought to be traditional chinese clothing, it is modern. 
the traditional qipao evolved from manchu women's changpao during the qing dynasty. 
kikuyu is the largest tribe in kenya. they are 22% of kenya's population and are of bantu ethnicity.
there are two theories explaining where the kikuyu came from. first, it is believed the kikuyus came from central africa, where all the bantus once lived. they then moved south towards present day tanzania where the migrating group separated again and the kikuyus moved towards mount kenya, where they settled. the second theory is that they came from a mythical place called shungwaya, which is present day somalia. 
according to kikuyu creation stories, ngai (their god) made a man, called gikuyu, and his wife, mumbi, and settled them on mount kenya. gikuyu and mumbi had nine daughters who form the major groups of the kikuyu people. due to the fertile soil on mount kenya and the hard work of the kikuyu people, they grew more than they needed and started trading with their neighbours, the maasai (a nilotic tribe). the kikuyus swapped their farm produce and crops for the animal products from the maasai, who kept livestock. it is also believed that the maasai are the ones who married the nine daughters of gikuyu and mumbi.
members of the kikuyu tribe speak the kikuyu language. the kikuyu greeting is "wi mwega?" which means "are you fine?". there are a few kikuyu dialects depending on region. kikuyus from nyeri, for instance, have other forms of greeting including: "wakia maitu" greeting an elderly female, "wakia awa" greeting an elderly male, and "wanyua" for agemates.
the kikuyu language is also similar to other languages like meru, mbeere, and embu which are believed to have been once part of the kikuyu tribe but moved away and formed their own tribes. even though english and kiswahili are the main languages spoken in kenya across tribes, the kikuyu language is still spoken a lot today as a sense of cultural pride.
famous kikuyu people.
famous people from this tribe include: jomo kenyatta (the first president of kenya), mwai kibaki (the third president of kenya), uhuru kenyatta (current president) and wangari maathai (the first african female nobel peace prize winner.)
incheon international airport is the largest international airport in south korea where all international flights leave and arrive every day. gimpo airport located near city seoul used to be the international airport for korea. however as the population grew and needs for places to stay increased in the area, gimpo airport no longer could expand its capacity to meet the growing demands for international flights. to solve the problem, a construction plan for a new 24 hour airport was started in 1992. incheon international airport is in incheon city jung-gu unseo-dong (37°27′5″n, 126°26′4″e). incheon international airport railroad (a'rex) and incheon international airport highway were built to join the airport to seoul. the airport is operated by incheon international airport corporation (iiac) and it is owned by the government of south korea.
incheon international airport opened on march 29th, 2001. it was built on reclaimed land between yongjongdo and youngyudo. first stage of building started in 1992 and it took eight years and four months to finish. it cost 7.8 trillion won. this allowed incheon international airport to have up to 170,000 flights, 27,000,000 passengers and 1,700,000 tons of cargo per year. stage two began in 2002 and was completed on june 20th 2008. the airport now has the capacity of holding 410,000 flights, 44,000,000 passengers, and 4,500,000 tons of cargo per year. when the airport is finished in 2020, it will have two passenger terminals, four satellite concourses, 128 gates, and four parallel runways. it will be able to have up to 100 million passengers, and 7 million tons of cargo per year.
incheon international airport has passenger facilities (main passenger terminal, passenger concourse a), cargo terminal complex (a, b, c terminal), and operation facilities (control tower, runways, and meteorological facilities). 
lao or laotian is a language and is the official language of laos. it is also spoken in the northeast part of thailand. lao, like the other languages of laos, is written in an abugida writing system. the languages has variations, but the vientiane dialect is considered the standard written form of lao.
lao and thai are both tai languages and are very similar to each other. in fact, speakers of northern thai dialects and lao claim that they can largely understand each other, making the dialects mutually intelligible.
lao is one of the tai languages, spoken in what is now northern vietnam and southern china. mongol invaders and expansion in china pushed the tai people south towards india. their language was influenced by other languages in the region like the mon-khmer and the austronesian languages. the written form of lao originally came from the pali language in india. the script form was brought to the region by buddhists about two thousand years ago.
lao has mainly native lao words. because of buddhism, however, it has been influenced by other languages that contributed mostly religious terms. lao has influenced khmer and thai and . the writing has many foreign loanwords, very similar to how latin and greek have influenced other european languages. 
for politeness, pronouns (and more formal pronouns) are used, as well as ending statements with ແດ່ (dè ) or ເດີ້ (deu ). negative statements are made more polite by ending with ດອກ (dok ). the following are formal register examples.
sukiyaki is a very popular one-pot meal in japan. the main ingredient (or stuff) is thin sliced beef, and it is simmered in a skillet or pan in the sukiyaki sauce with many vegetables and other ingredients. the word "yaki" means "sautee" or "grill" in japanese. the word is used because the beef in sukiyaki is sauteed in the hot skillet.
in japan, because of religious beliefs people were forbidden to eat beef, venison, horse, mutton and other meat from asuka era to meizi era. issue of religion. cattle and horse were also work animals, therefore if people eat cattle and horse meat, people were punished. this custom was publicly decided by the then emperor on april 1, 675. but it is said that the real intention of this custom was to raise cultivation of rice product. this is a commandment (or rule) of buddhism. but difficulty in making a living meant that people secretly ate boar and venison meat. over time people ate beef secretly. 
the first sukiyaki store opened in kyoto at the last days of the tokugawa shogunate. the meiji emperor ate beef. he liked taste of sukiyaki. after that, the emperor lifted the ban on eating beef. people were allowed to eat beef publicly. in the west it is called “sukiyaki”, in the east it is called “gyunabe”. it is popular all over japan. sukiyaki’s contents do not change now. it is thinly sliced beef cooked in an iron pot, with bean curd, sliced onion, mushroom and other kinds of seasoning. then the beef and vegetables are picked directly from the pan by chopstick and eaten by dipping them into a small bowl containing raw egg. sukiyaki became symbol of cultural enlightenment. 
each japanese region has a preferred way of cooking sukiyaki. japan can be divided into two regions. the big variation is between "kansai" (western japan) and "kanto" (eastern japan). in the kanto (tokyo) region, sukiyaki is based on "gyunabe" that was in fashion in "meiji" period. before cooking sukiyaki, people prepare the soup stock mixing a seasonings (soy sauce, sugar, "sake" and "mirin") together. they then stew beef in it.
in the "kansai" region, people grill meat in the pan greased with lard. after that, they put the other ingredients over these, and the liquid is poured into the pan. they do not grill meat and the ingredients that make the meat tough, and they do not grill the meat and watery vegetables at a same time. this is the" kansai" style of cooking sukiyaki.
the border between the styles of cooking sukiyaki is becoming unclear. some people say that the border between eastern and western is in aichi. but recently, ready-made stock, pre-mixed with seasoning used to flavor sukiyaki is sold all over japan, so the border is no longer clear.
poplar dlr station serves poplar, london. it is a station on the docklands light railway in travelcard zone 2. it is a served by four of the five routes of the dlr. thus it is the busiest station on the network in terms of services.
the shawm was a musical instrument of the woodwind family that was played in europe during the middle ages and the renaissance. the modern oboe was developed from the shawm. like the modern oboe, the shawm was played by blowing into a double reed. it was usually made from one piece of wood, with a flare at the end (like a trumpet). it sounded very loud, and was mostly used outdoors.
in german the shawm is called "schalmei" or "pommer". the first word may have come from the latin word "calamus" meaning "reed or stalk". there were many kinds of shawm over the centuries in europe and they had a variety of names. there were also several different sizes.
westferry dlr station is a station on the docklands light railway (dlr), in the limehouse district of east london. the station is in travelcard zone 2. to the west is limehouse station, whilst to the east the dlr splits, with one branch going to poplar station and the other to west india quay station
the dlr station was built midway between the site of the old limehouse and west india docks stations on the disused london and blackwall railway. limehouse police station is nearby, as is st anne's church, built by nicholas hawksmoor and boasting london's tallest church clock tower.
limehouse station is a railway station in limehouse district of east london. the station is in travelcard zone 2. it is served by docklands light railway (dlr) services and by national rail services. the national rail services are operated by c2c out of fenchurch street station. on the c2c route, limehouse is between fenchurch street and west ham stations. on the docklands light railway, limehouse is between shadwell and westferry stations.
the station was opened on 3 august 1840 as part of the london and blackwall railway. the area used to be known as ratcliffe, whilst the station has been previously known as stepney, stepney junction and later stepney east station. another station some distance to the east on the london and blackwall railway, open between 1840 and 1926, had previously been called limehouse.
limehouse station today.
the current limehouse station is to the west of limehouse basin, a marina and residential complex, and the regent's canal. nearby is the north end of the rotherhithe tunnel, and the western end of the limehouse link tunnel. the station holds secure stations scheme accreditation.
according to train operators c2c, "limehouse is a bustling commuter station in the rush hour with passengers changing onto the docklands light railway. at quieter times of day, it's an ideal stop-off point for limehouse basin and thames-side walks through london's docklands".
ripley is a town in the english county of derbyshire.
ripley existed in 1086 when it was held by a man called levenot. in 1251 henry iii said there could be a weekly market here and two annual fairs. in 1291 there were "two water-mills with fish ponds" in ripley.
the ripley area has been industrialized since the late 18th century.
one of the earliest companies to take advantage of mineral resources around ripley was the butterley company in 1790. one of the early, and most well known, examples of the work of the company includes the graceful arched roof of st. pancras station in london, recently restored as an international rail terminal. a recent butterley achievement was the design and construction of the falkirk wheel which lifts large canal boats.
shadwell dlr station on the docklands light railway is between the termini of bank and tower gateway to the west and limehouse to the east. it stands on a viaduct shared with national rail trains (on the c2c line to essex), with a single island platform accessed by stairs and a passenger lift (via the entrance on watney street). it opened on 31 august 1987 as part of the first tranche of dlr stations. the 1991 bank extension joins the main dlr line just west of shadwell.
a wide receiver (or wr, wideout) is an american football player whose main duty is to catch the football when it is thrown by the quarterback.
wide receivers may also block, run with the football and sometimes throw the football besides just catching it. they can wear jersey numbers 10-19 and 80-89 in the national football league, but there are no limits in college football.
universal studios japan is one of four universal studios theme parks. it is in osaka, japan. the park opened on march 31, 2001.
a gap year is time taken between completing secondary school and going to a university or college or also between college and graduate school or a profession. it is generally a practice of young people from australia, poland, scandinavia, united kingdom and united states. the time between the two events is often, but not always, a year. it is often used to travel or to gain experience with an internship at the lowest cost possible.
a beam bridge is a strong, horizontal structure that rests on two end supports, and carries traffic by acting as a beam. 
beam bridges are often used for heavy cars and trains to pass, and some are also built for people to walk on. beam bridges used to be made from wood and were called "log bridges". modern ones are mostly made of steel. beam bridges are usually placed over highways, rivers or gaps in the earth so people or cars can cross over them. beam bridges are simple but they cannot be as long as more complex and expensive kinds. beam bridges can be connected to make one longer bridge. 
gene simmons (born august 25, 1949 in haifa, israel) is an israeli-american hard rock bass guitarist and singer for the hard rock band kiss.
born with the name of chaim witz in haifa, israel, gene emigrated at age 8 with his family to queens, new york. his mother, flora klein, was born in jand, hungary. his father, feri witz, was also born in hungary. he adopted the stage name of gene simmons in the late 1960s. he lives with his longtime partner shannon tweed and has two children, nick and sophie.
in 1972 gene simmons together with guitarist paul stanley are the band kiss, gene and paul join the band the musicians ace frehley on guitar and peter criss on drums and vocals. one of the characteristics of the band were his outlandish makeup and costumes. in 1973 kiss; paul stanley guitar and voice, gene simmons bass and voice, ace frehley in lead guitar released their first album kiss", gene composed the hit "strutter" with stanley, and "deuce" two of the biggest hits of the band. kiss recorded their second album hotter than hell, released in october 22, 1974. in 1975 the band released the third album dressed to kill, with the theme rock and roll all nite, the most successful of the band, written by simmons and stanley. gene with kiss, recorded with two of the best live albums "alive!" (1975) and "alive ii" (1977). in 1976 and 1977 he edited two of the best albums of the band "destroyer" released in march 15, 1976, and "love gun" released in june 30, 1977. gene simmons as the other members of kiss released the solo album "gene simmons" released for sale in 1978. in 1979 he recorded with kiss "dynasty" a disc-themed disco. after the album unmasked (1980), peter criss left the band, gene and paul chose eric carr replaced criss, in the drummer. in 1982 he joined the band the guitarist vinnie vincent in substitution for ace frehley. with the newly formed launch the album "creatures of the night", gene simmons composed the theme "i love it loud" one of the most powerful of kiss. in 1983 kiss appears without makeup on the cover of the album lick it up, the band had changed their style of hard rock for the heavy metal style. for 1984 released the album animalize, another powerful album of heavy metal. mark st. john as lead guitarist, was incorporated in replacing vinnie vincent. mark left the band in 1985 and was replaced by bruce kulick, who would maintain the lead guitar until 1997. in 1989 gene recorded with kiss one of their best album hot in the shade, with two of the best tracks from the band "hide your heart" and forever. in 1991 the premature death of eric carr forced to gene and paul to seek replacements, they chose a young drummer eric singer, who had worked with alice cooper. with singer on drums the band released the album "revenge" released in may 19, 1992, an album that recalled the band's early records. they also recorded the third live album alive iii (1993).
after inviting former members of kiss criss and frehley to record the acoustic album. gene simmons and paul stanley decided, to frehley and criss will incorporate the band. kiss original training again with face painting, leave and turn around the united states and the world. with the original kiss recorded "psycho circus" (1998) a studio album after 18 years.
gene simmons currently continue performing with stanley at the head of kiss. the current formation kiss is simmons in bass and vocals, paul stanley in guitar and vocals, tommy thayer in lead guitar, and eric singer in drums.
gene simmons also turned to acting film credits include runaway (1984), with tom selleck and directed by michael crichton, wanted: dead or alive (1986), with rutger hauer, red surf (1990), with george clooney, wish you were dead (2002), with christopher lloyd. and appearances on television series as miami vice (1985), the hitchhiker (1986), millennium (1998), third watch (2004) and more. simmons and his family starred in the reality show gene simmons: family jewels (2006-2010).
stars of david: rock'n'roll's jewish stories, by scott r. benarde 
songs written by gene simmons: rock and roll all nite, i love it loud, all hell's breakin' loose, little caesar, flaming youth, strutter
magazine spin abr 1996
beam could mean:
the fox news channel (commonly known as fox news) is an american 24-hour cable and satellite television news network. it was made by rupert murdoch and roger ailes. it is owned by . the channel was officially launched in 1996.
the channel plays up to 15 hours of live shows every day. 6 hours of these are opinion shows. the hosts of its opinion shows are sean hannity, neil cavuto, greta van susteren, and tucker carlson introduced to the network by group ceo gerard bevan along with geraldo rivera. fox news network leans right-wing, but has some liberals (such as greta van susteren).
there was a documentary called "outfoxed" that criticized the channel because they say it is biased towards conservatives and the us republican party in its reporting. fox says its opinion shows are conservative but its regular news programs are not. president barack obama, through a spokesperson, accused fox news of working for the republican party. fox has also been accused of having a right-wing bias, racism, discrimination, race baiting and gender inequality. roger ailes has called fox news "the balance" against the liberal networks news groups such as abc news, nbc news, cbs news, cable news network, and msnbc. 
omsk is a city in russia in the siberia region, capital of omsk oblast. as of the census in 2010, omsk had been declared one of the cities in russia with over 1 million people. omsk is close to the border of kazakhstan.
omsk is the only one city in the world which has metro with only one station.
mayhem could mean:
the question marker (?), also referred to as the question point, question stop, question sign, interrogation marker, interrogation point, interrogation stop, mystery marker, mystery point, mystery stop, mystery sign, query or eroteme or the question mark, interrogation mark or mystery mark for short, is a punctuation mark that is used at the end of a sentence when asking a question.
the symbol is thought to come from the latin quæstio, meaning "question", which was shortened to qo. the uppercase q was written above the lowercase o, and this mark was turned into the symbol that we use today.
another guess about where question mark comes from says that it comes from the 9th century, when it was a point followed by the curved part written slanted.
some writers put a space between the end of their sentence and the question mark. this is thought to come from a french practice and is called french spacing. in french a space is always put before question marks, exclamation marks, colons, and semicolons. in english, however, using this space is thought of as bad form. some english books do have these spaces, but are often a very thin space, which are not full spaces but an attempt to make the words easier to read.
in computing, the question mark character is represented by ascii code 63, and is located at unicode code-point u+003f. the full-width (double-byte) equivalent, ？, is located at unicode code point u+ff1f.
kevin earl federline (born march 21, 1978) is an american entertainer, who dances, raps and models as his job. he is famous for being the former husband of pop singer britney spears. federline has 4 kids, 2 with actress shar jackson and 2 with spears.
mercyful fate are a heavy metal band from denmark. the band was formed in copenhagen in 1980.
basic may be:
a circuit is a closed path that consists of circuit components in which electrons from a voltage or current source can flow. if the circuit consists of electric components like a resistor, a capacitor, an inductor etc. then it will be called an electrical circuit and if the circuit consists of any of the electronic circuit components like a diode, a transistor etc. then it will be called an electronic circuit. so, the electronic circuits may consist both of the electrical and electronic circuit components, but an electrical circuit will have only the electrical components.
the point where electrons enter an electrical circuit is called the "source" of electrons. the point where the electrons leave an electrical circuit is called the "return" or "earth ground". the exit point is called the "return" because electrons always end up at the source when they complete the path of an electrical circuit.
the part of an electrical circuit that is between the electrons' starting point and the point where they return to the source is called an electrical circuit's "load". the load of an electrical circuit may be as simple as those that power home appliances like refrigerators, televisions, or lamps or more complicated, such as the load on the output of a hydroelectric power generating station.
circuits use two forms of electrical power: alternating current (ac) and direct current (dc). ac often powers large appliances and motors and is generated by power stations. dc powers battery-operated vehicles and other machines and electronics. converters can change ac to dc and vice versa. high-voltage direct current transmission uses big converters.
electronic circuits usually use direct current sources. the load of an electronic circuit may be as simple as a few resistors, capacitors, and a lamp, all connected together to create the flash in a camera. or an electronic circuit can be complicated, connecting thousands of resistors, capacitors, and transistors. it may be an integrated circuit such as the microprocessor in a computer.
resistors and other circuit elements can be connected in series or in parallel. resistance in series circuits is the sum of the resistance.
circuit and wiring diagram.
a circuit or wiring diagram is a visual display of an electrical circuit. electrical and electronic circuits can be complicated. making a drawing of the connections to all the component parts in the circuit's load makes it easier to understand how circuit components are connected. drawings for electronic circuits are called "circuit diagrams". drawings for electrical circuits are called "wiring diagrams". like other diagrams, these diagrams are usually drawn by draftsmen, and then printed. diagrams may also be created digitally using specialised software.
a schematic is a diagram of an electrical circuit. schematics are graphical representations of the essential connections in a circuit, but they are not lifelike depictions of a circuit. schematics use symbols to represent components in the circuit. conventions are used in a schematic to represent the way electricity flows. the common convention we use is from the positive to the negative terminal. the realistic way electricity flows is from the negative to the positive terminal.
circuit diagrams use special symbols. the symbols on the drawings show how components like resistors, capacitors, insulators, motors, outlet boxes, lights, switches, and other electrical and electronic components are connected together. the diagrams are a big help when workers try to find out why a circuit does not work correctly.
the current flowing in an electrical or electronic circuit can suddenly increase when a component part fails. this can cause serious damage to other components in the circuit, or create a fire hazard. to protect against this, a fuse or a device called a "circuit breaker" can be wired into a circuit. the circuit breaker will open, or "break", the circuit when the current in that circuit becomes too high, or the fuse will "blow". this gives protection.
ground-fault-interrupt (g.f.i.) devices.
the standard return for electrical and electronic circuits is the earth ground. when an electrical or electronic device fails, it may open the return circuit to the earth ground. the user of the device could become a part of the device's electrical circuit by providing a return path for the electrons through the user's body instead of the circuit's earth ground. when our body becomes part of an electrical circuit, the user can be seriously shocked, or even killed by electrocution.
to prevent the danger of electrical shock and the possibility of electrocution, ground fault interrupts devices detect open circuits to earth ground in attached electrical or electronic devices. when an open circuit to earth ground is detected, the g.f.i. device immediately opens the voltage source to the device. g.f.i. devices are similar to circuit breakers but are designed to protect humans rather than circuit components.
short circuits are circuits that get back to the power source unused or with the same power as put out. using these usually blow a fuse but sometimes they don't. doing this with a battery can cause electrical fires.
a quiz is a type of game in which players (as individuals or in teams) try to answer questions correctly. quizzes are also used in education and similar fields to improve the growth of someone's knowledge, abilities, and/or skills. 
quizzes are usually scored in points. many quizzes are designed for people to determine the winner of a group of participants - usually the participant with the highest score.
john hancock (january 12, 1737 – october 8, 1793) was an early american patriot, a leader in the american revolutionary war, and an american statesman. he was the first man to sign america's declaration of independence. in modern america, "john hancock" is a synonym for signature.
hancock's ancestors arrived in the english colonies in 1652. in 1737, hancock was born in braintree (now quincy, massachusetts). when john hancock jr. his father died, he was adopted by his uncle, a merchant in boston, massachusetts. at his uncle's death in 1754, hancock inherited the business. he became a leading merchant in boston and one of the richest in the colonies. 
in 1768, british officials seized his ship, the "liberty". it carried a shipment of wine. the officials said he was smuggling. boston patriots rioted and he was acquitted. this incident was one of the events that led to the american revolutionary war.
hancock had several important jobs in colonial america and the early united states of america. he was president of the massachusetts provincial congress in 1774 and 1775. he used his money to support american independence. the british thought him a very dangerous man.
hancock was president of the continental congress in 1774 and 1775. he wanted to lead the continental army. george washington got the job instead. with 5,000 troops, he tried to free rhode island from the british. he was not successful.
hancock led the convention that adopted the massachusetts constitution in 1780. he was first governor of the state massachusetts. he served nine terms. hancock suffered from gout in his later life. he died in 1793.
huldrych (or ulrich) zwingli or ulricus zuinglius (january 1, 1484 – october 11, 1531) was the leader of the protestant reformation in switzerland, and founder of the swiss reformed churches. separately from martin luther, zwingli arrived with similar final beliefs. he did this by studying the bible from the point of view of a humanist scholar. zwingli's father was named ulrich zwingli also and his mother was named margaret meili. zwingli had 2 sisters and 7 brothers.
zwingli was born in toggenburg, wildhaus, st. gallen, switzerland, to an important family of the middle class. 
zwingli's reformation was supported by the judge and people of zürich. it led to major changes in the lives of the people and state matters in zürich.
zwingli was killed at kappel am albis, in a battle against the roman catholic cantons of switzerland.
20th-century classical music is classical music written during the last century. during earlier periods of music history composers from different countries wrote in styles which were often quite similar. for example, composers in the classical music period (about 1740-1820) had fairly similar ideas about what forms to use (e.g. sonata form), what instruments should be used in orchestras or how to write good tunes.
classical music from the 20th century is extremely varied. there are lots of different “schools” (meaning: ways of thinking) as lots of composers had their own ideas about how to compose in ways that were different from what had been done before. a lot of these genres (types of music) had names ending in “ism”: there was serialism, expressionism, neoclassicism, impressionism as well as jazz, world music (music from non-european cultures) and folksong and, later on electronic music and then minimalism and even post-modernism.
the names of periods in history were usually given to them many years afterwards. for example, the term middle ages was not used until long after the middle ages had finished. it is difficult to know what to call the period we live in now. in music people often talk about “modern music” meaning any music written after 1900. we also talk about “contemporary music” meaning more or less the same thing (“contemporary” means “things that are happening in our time”, i.e. “living composers”). now that the 21st century has started some musicians are starting to talk about “20th century music” (1900-2000) and a period called “contemporary music” (1975-today).
this article will discuss classical music written from 1900 to the year 1999.
reaction to romanticism.
many european composers at the beginning of the 20th century felt that the system of tonality (music in major and minor keys) had been used for so long that it was time to do create a new approach and try something different. arnold schoenberg and igor stravinsky were two of the most important composers at that time, and they had very different ideas about how to compose music.
schoenberg's music became very atonal (not in any key). eventually he developed what he called twelve tone music. this was atonal music which was organized by putting the notes of a musical idea in a particular order which could be changed in many ways during the piece. this way of organizing music is called “serialism” (a “series” is a “row of things”). many composers were influenced by schoenberg, especially alban berg and anton von webern.
stravinsky came from russia. he was inspired by russian culture. he wrote some music for a ballet called rite of spring. this music was very new. it had very irregular rhythms which the dancers found very difficult to dance to at first. it also used polytonality (being in more than one key at once). later on stravinsky was inspired by music from the 18th century. he used it, but made changes to it, adding dissonant notes and strange chords. this is called neoclassicism (“neo” means “new”). stravinsky's music seemed to many people to be the opposite of serialism, but in his last years stravinsky started to use serialism as well.
in france a movement called impressionism was popular with painters. composers were very interested in these paintings. claude debussy wrote music which is often called “impressionistic”. the ideas of clear tonality (being clear about which key the music is in) are often deliberately blurred. he uses interesting chords just for the sound that they make. he used the whole tone scale and pentatonic scale and was inspired by javanese music. maurice ravel’s music is sometimes similar, although he developed his own style. later french composers include olivier messiaen who used a system of new scales which he called modes of limited transposition. he was also interested in music from around the world, and he also used bird song in his music.
while all this was happening there were some composers who continued to write in a style which was basically romantic. edward elgar ‘s music is often described as “edwardian” (from the period of king edward vii). other british composers of the time were also inspired by english folkmusic, i.e. ralph vaughan williams, george butterworth, roger quilter and gerald finzi. frederick delius wrote romantic music which was also quite impressionistic. the russian sergei rachmaninoff and the german richard strauss continued to write in a romantic style until their deaths in the 1940s. the finnish composer jean sibelius and the dane carl nielsen wrote great symphonies which were still in a tonal style, and in italy puccini was writing operas in a romantic style, often called “verismo” (“like real life”).
in russia, which became the soviet union after the 1917 revolution, composers were not allowed to be experimental. it was difficult for them because they had to please the politicians who told them that their music should reflect “socialist realism” (meaning the workers’ struggle against capitalism). the great tradition of writing symphonies continued with sergei prokofiev (who spent some time in exile) and shostakovich (who remained in the soviet union).
the hungarian composer béla bartók developed a modern style influenced by folk music from his country and other east european countries. his music is often quite neoclassical, for example the famous "concerto for orchestra".
avant garde experiments.
in the mid-20th century a group of composers known as the “darmstadt school” (because they often met in darmstadt) continued to write music which was based on serialism. this included pierre boulez and karlheinz stockhausen. many of them, including both boulez and stockhausen, also experimented with electronic music. the term avant garde is often used to describe their music. it means that it expands the limits, or pushes ahead into new ground (literally the “front guard”, a military analogy). other american composers were experimental, e.g. charles ives and john cage who is famous for using a “prepared piano” (a piano which makes strange sounds because strange objects are put inside it).
in america jazz was a big influence on classical composers. george gershwin’s music is halfway between jazz and classical. aaron copland and leonard bernstein used jazz elements in their music. in europe many composer used ideas from jazz, e.g. maurice ravel and kurt weill.
around the 1960s some composers thought that a lot of music was getting too complicated. music of the avant garde school such as edgard varèse, elliott carter, milton babbitt was becoming too difficult for people to understand. people found it too mathematical and intellectual. they wanted music with feeling and emotion. a group of composers developed a style called minimalism which uses music based around a simple idea which repeats itself again and again but gradually changes. steve reich, philip glass, terry riley, john cage and to some extent john adams all used minimalist techniques. it was a reaction against music that had become too complicated.
other paths based on tradition.
while all these different schools of thought were coming and going there were still some composers who managed to keep to a more traditional path and find new ways to use tonality in their music. the greatest figure in british music was benjamin britten who was an eclectic composer (i.e. he took ideas from many different people). two other great composers were michael tippett and william walton, who each developed their own style. in america there were composers such as samuel barber, roy harris and alan hovhaness. in germany paul hindemith was one of the most important composers. like kurt weill, he often wrote music which had a political purpose, but weill's music is more jazz-inspired.
some contemporary composers (alive today) write music which is deeply religious. these include john tavener and arvo pärt. john rutter and bob chilcott, who write music for choirs which sounds fresh and attractive to new audiences. other composers have found various ways of creating their own style, e.g. the scottish composers james macmillan and judith weir and the master of the queen's music: sir peter maxwell davies. in russia sofia gubaidulina and galina ustvolskaya are important voices in the search for new music.
cuxhaven ( , ; ) is an independent town and seat of cuxhaven, in lower saxony, germany. the town includes the northernmost point of lower saxony. it is on the shore of the north sea at the mouth of the elbe river. cuxhaven has a footprint of (east–west) by (north–south). its town quarters duhnen, döse and sahlenburg are popular vacation spots on the north sea and home to about 52,000 residents.
geographical and cultural background.
the town is served by cuxhaven station.
the island of neuwerk is off the coast from cuxhaven.
twin towns – sister cities.
cuxhaven is twinned with:
haifa wehbe (, born march 10, 1972) is a female lebanese singer, actress, model, and jewelry designer who is known in the arab world. wehbe was born in a rural town in south lebanon and currently lives in beirut. she started her music career with her debut album "huwa az-zaman" (, "it is time").
early life and career.
before she became a singer, she was a model. she won title "miss south lebanon" when she was sixteen. in 1995, she was the runner-up for miss lebanon before the public found out she had a daughter named zeinab.
her second 2005 album was "baddi 'ayš" (, "i want to live"). her second songs was "ana haifa" ("i am haifa").
she also appeared in pepsi ad with french footballer thierry henry.
in music, the dynamics in the piece is the variation in loudness between notes or phrases. 
in written music the dynamics are shown by letters which stand for italian words for the dynamic levels. they are listed in the table below. notice that “piano”, as a dynamic level, is pronounced the italian way (“pi-ah-no”).
use more than two ps or fs to show that the music is very, very quiet, or very, very loud. tchaikovsky sometimes used five ps or fs, though only up to three are normally found in sheet music.
dynamic levels are not something that can be measured exactly. exactly how loud mp should be depends on several things: what is happening in the music, the instrument, the size of the room in which the music is being played etc. the important thing is that dynamic levels should be correct in relation to one another.
some composers are very precise about writing the dynamics they want. others leave a lot to the performer to decide. historically, composers several centuries ago, such as bach, only wrote occasional dynamic marks. even mozart only wrote a few, mostly p and f. by the 19th century composers were writing dynamics in much more detail in their music.
sometimes accents are shown by marks similar to dynamic marks. "sforzando" means a strong, sudden accent and is abbreviated as sf, sfz or fz. the notation sfzp (or sfp) means a "sforzando" followed immediately by "piano"
the terms "crescendo", and "diminuendo" (or sometimes "decrescendo"), mean a gradual getting louder or quieter. they can also be shown by signs known as "hairpins". a hairpin opening out is a "crescendo", one which closes is a "diminuendo".
for a quick change in dynamics, molto cresc. and molto dim. are often used ("molto" means "a lot"). for slow changes poco a poco cresc. and poco a poco dim. are used ("poco a poco" means "little by little", i.e. very gradually.)
francesco botticini (real name francesco di giovanni, 1446 – 16 january 1498) was an italian painter. he lived in the early part of the renaissance period. he was born in florence about 1446 and is best known for his painting called "assumption of the virgin".
he died in 1497 or 1498. after he had been an assistant to the painter neri di bicci he started his own workshop. the shop was famous for its decorative works, a few of which can be seen in the cloistered church of empoli. botticini was influenced by filippino lippi and botticelli who were two very famous florentine painters.
grana padano is a type of hard cheese. it is similar to parmesan cheese. the name comes from the noun "grana" (‘grain’), which refers to the distinctively grainy texture of the cheese, and the adjective "padano", which refers to the river po.
grana padano was created by the cistercian monks of chiaravalle. they used ripened cheese as a way of preserving extra milk. by the year 1477, it was regarded as one of the most famous cheeses of italy. today, this product is made in the regions of piedmont, lombardy and veneto, and in the province of trento.
like parmigiano reggiano, grana padano is a semi-fat hard cheese which is cooked and ripened slowly (for up to 18 months). it is produced by curdling the milk of grass-fed cows. the cows are milked twice a day, the milk is left to stand, and then partially creamed. it is produced all year round and the quality can vary seasonally as well as by year.
a wheel of grana padano is cylindrical, with slightly convex or almost straight sides and flat faces. the rind, which is thin, is white or straw yellow.
grana padano cheese has been produced since the 12th century, and production and quality are now overseen by the consorzio per la tutela del formaggio grana padano.
the north american free trade agreement (nafta) was a trade agreement between mexico, the united states, and canada. the agreement was signed by u.s. president george h.w. bush, canadian prime minister brian mulroney, and mexican president carlos salinas on december 17, 1992 in san antonio, texas, and took effect on january 1, 1994. it removed taxes on products traded between the united states, canada, and mexico. it also protects copyrights, patents, and trademarks between those three countries. it was updated with the north american agreement on environmental cooperation, which helped set more environment regulations and helped reduce pollution. it was also updated with the north american agreement for labor cooperation, which helped people fight for better work conditions.
on september 30, 2018, it was announced that the united states, mexico, and canada had come to an agreement to replace nafta with the united states–mexico–canada agreement (usmca).
since it took away taxes between products traded between the us, canada, and mexico. mexico has been buying more products from the us. it saved u.s. companies on the cost of selling products to mexico, and it saved mexican companies on the cost of buying things from u.s. companies. 
a benefit of the bill is that labels on products exchanged between the three countries come in french, english, and spanish. that way, mexicans and americans who speak spanish can read the spanish label, americans and canadians can read the english label, and canadians who speak french can read the french label.
nafta also encourages more immigration from mexico to the us. since small businesses can no longer be protected by tariffs, many small business owners in mexico cannot compete with the prices of subsidized products from the us and therefore many of them have gone under, or they lost more money than they could make. as a result, many mexicans have gone to the us looking for work. the human rights organization ezln (ejército zapatista de la liberación nacional), a revolutionary mexican grass roots movement, is a strong opponent of nafta and points out how its provisions only make the economic situation worse for the poorest in mexico and better for multi-national corporations.
small business chronicle
with the increased ease by which mexico can import food products from the united states, the role of mexican farmers is overwhelmed by the output of american farming. this is a notable con of nafta. according to thomas net industry market trends, over 1 million mexican farmers have lost their jobs as a result of the agreement.
the american economy lost about 683,000 jobs thanks to nafta -- more than 60% of which were in the manufacturing sector. almost 35,000 ohioans found themselves unemployed, or without jobs, thanks to a free trade agreement that’s been a disaster for our nation’s industrial base. - sharrod brown
it was possible that nafta would encourage mexican citizens to stay in their country since their manufacturing work could still reach the american market easily. but since the creation of nafta, illegal immigration between mexico and the united states has only gotten worse. over the 10-year period between 1990 and 2000, the number of illegal immigrants per year doubled, or increased two times, despite the creation of nafta in 1994, according to thomas net industry market trends. nafta not being more effective in preventing the immigration crisis is a disadvantage to the agreement.
language revival is people trying to make a language spoken often again when it is not spoken or is spoken very little. language death happens when a language is not used by the people who used to speak it.
language revival tries to save a language that is dead or endangered. the hebrew language was once a language that was not spoken, but the language was revived, and people now speak and use it again. many people are now trying to revive their languages. the revival of languages is good, beautiful, and useful.
john joseph travolta (born february 18, 1954) is an american actor, dancer and singer.
the youngest of six children, john joseph travolta was born and raised in englewood, new jersey. his father, salvatore travolta (november 1912 – may 1995), was a semi-professional american football player of italian descent. his mother, helen cecilia (née burke, january 1912 – december 1978), was an irish-american actress and singer. he was raised roman catholic, but changed to scientology in 1975. 
travolta was engaged with diana hyland who died of breast cancer in 1977, they met while filming "the boy in the plastic bubble". he married actress kelly preston in 1991. the couple had a son, jett (1992–2009). their daughter, ella bleu, was born in 2000. on may 18, 2010, travolta and preston said she was pregnant with the couple's third child. later they said it would be a boy. their son, benjamin, was born on november 23, 2010 in florida. 
he starred in the movies "grease" with olivia newton-john, "pulp fiction" with samuel l. jackson and "hairspray".
his wife, kelly preston died of breast cancer in july 2020.
ukrainian might mean:
objectivity in science means that scientific ideas and measurements are tested. that means they are independent from the individual scientist (the subject) who proposes them. in other words, if scientist a claims something, scientist b must be able to check whether a is right.
the evidence can (in principle) be shown to anyone who doubts it. the "in principle" bit is because some science needs complex machinery, and if you don't understand the machinery, you won't understand the results. but elementary science can often be shown in a classroom, or on television.
some science does need a proper scientific education. to some extent the general public has to trust a qualified scientist to present the idea in some suitable form. that means on television or on the web, or perhaps in published articles or books. most awards of the nobel prize in science are followed by presentations on various web channels.
it is generally agreed that, at least in some subjects, modern science needs a person to have some education before they can understand it. specialist communicators often do this on television or the web. 150 years ago, people read science directly from books written by scientists like faraday and darwin. now most people get their science from people who act as communicators of science.
objectivity in measurement.
to avoid the variety in subjective (ambiguous) interpretation of quantifying terms such as "green", "hot", "large", "considerable", and "negligible", scientists try hard, where possible, to eliminate human senses by use of standardized measuring tools (meter stick, stopwatch, thermometer, etc.) and mechanical/electronic measuring instruments (spectrometer, voltmeter, timer, oscilloscope, gravimeter, etc.) for performing the actual measuring process, eliminating much of the perceptive variability of individual observers. the results of measurements are expressed on a numerical scale of standard units - so that everybody else understands them the same way. where data must need be used, the ideal is to use "hard", "objective" criteria for assigning the classifications (see definition), such that different classifiers would get the same results.
roundhay garden scene is a short movie made on october 14, 1888 in the garden of "oakwood grange", roundhay, leeds, west yorkshire, england. it was made by a french man named louis le prince. it was silent. the movie had adolphe le prince, sarah whitley, joseph whitley, and harriet hartley walking in the garden of oakwood grange. it is believed to be the oldest surviving movie by many people. it is 1.66 seconds long. the digitalized version lasts 2.11 seconds.
herpetology is the branch of zoology concerned with reptiles and amphibians. it is about cold-blooded animals like salamanders, frogs, toads, snakes, lizards, turtles, tuataras and crocodilians.
"herp" is a vernacular term for reptiles and amphibians. it is derived from the old term "herpetile". linnaeus grouped reptiles and amphibians together in the same class, and that is where the term comes from. the term has persisted, particularly in the names of herpetology, the scientific study of reptiles and amphibians, and herpetoculture, the captive care and breeding of reptiles and amphibians. there are over 6700 species of amphibians and over 9000 species of reptiles. 
batrachology is the study of amphibians. batrachology can also mean that a person enjoys amphibians and are among their favorite pets.
captain hector barbossa is a fictional character and a recurring antagonist of the "pirates of the caribbean" franchise. he appeared in the first five movies of the series. 
at first he was the main antagonist as an undead pirate in ' (2003). the character dies at the end of the movie, however, he is revealed to have been brought back to life at the end of '. 
he later became an antihero in supporting roles as a pirate lord in ' (2007), a privateer with the royal navy in ' (2011), and finally as the rich pirate in " (2017).
he is seen as the evil version of captain jack sparrow.
alpha kappa alpha is the first sorority founded by african-american women. the sorority was founded on january 15, 1908, at howard university. the sorority has more than 300,000 women in over one thousand chapters. they are in the united states, the caribbean, germany, korea and japan.
objectivity can mean:
fraud (or defrauding or scamming) is a crime in which someone tricks somebody else to get unfair or unlawful gain. frauds are almost always about money, either directly or indirectly. 
a "fraudster" or a "fraud" is the person who commits the fraud. "fraudulence" is the adjective, as in "he tried to pass a fraudulent cheque." to "defraud" someone is to commit a fraud against them. 
fraudsters may find people to defraud by phone calls, emails, or websites. fraud often starts by saying there is a free or low price item. the fraudster then asks for personal information, such as a home address and bank account numbers. instead of giving an item, the fraudster takes their money. fraudsters often target senior citizens.
fraud is a criminal wrong: a fraudster may be prosecuted and imprisoned. it is also a civil wrong: a fraud victim may sue the fraudster to get compensation.
all societies have laws against fraud, but the details differ in each jurisdiction. in england an act of parliament defines three kinds of fraud.
lesser cases are heard in a magistrates' court; more serious offences are tried in the high court (jury proceedings).
a pump is a machine which moves a liquid from one place to another, often upwards.
pumps need some kind of power, often kinetic energy, to make them work. sometimes the power comes from a person. sometimes the power comes from a motor.
types of pumps.
there are many different kinds of pumps. some types of pumps are:
alpha may mean: 
the greek letter alpha.
alpha, a letter in the greek alphabet. α may be used as the symbol for:
ioan petru culianu (january 5, 1950–may 21, 1991) was a romanian historian of religion, culture, ideas, philosopher, political essayist, poet, mystic and short story writer.
he was 41 when he was shot in the head in the men's room in his university, divine school where he was teaching on may 21 1991. at times he preached against communism and its system of brainwashing youth. it is alleged that he was killed on the orders of outgoing romanian communist party leaders.
in popular music marketing, a single is a record release with only one or two songs. the first song (usually the one given the most promotion, and heard more often in the media) is called an a-side, while any other song on the single is called a b-side.
the pairing of recordings on a single comes from the days of shellac and vinyl records, when discs had two playable sides. modern compact disc singles may contain more than one version of either the a- or b-side, or sometimes an additional recording by the same performer. b-sides may be selections from an album, or songs not otherwise issued for sale.
many times the chance to get a new song issued as an a-side creates competition between members of bands, or teams of songwriters. john lennon and paul mccartney of the beatles tried to write better songs than each other, to get more a-sides than the other. george harrison, also a beatle, rarely had his songs chosen for singles, but had a hit with "something" for the band. 
in the days of vinyl singles, royalties for both a- and b-sides were paid equally. many listeners never played b-sides more than once, and radio focused on a-sides. many people who made recordings knew this, and used it to earn extra money from sales, or to promote other music they made. phil spector sometimes used short jam sessions by his studio band as b-sides to singles he produced. 
michael nesmith of the monkees wanted his songs to appear on monkees singles. he would settle for b-sides, if he could not get an a-side. don kirshner, who oversaw the band's early music, wanted the b-sides to come from other songwriters who worked for him. nesmith and kirshner disagreed, and it caused tension for the monkees and their company.
records that include more than two or three songs are usually called eps (for "extended play"), and may include four or more distinct songs, but not as many as on an album.
captain america is a fictional superhero from the marvel comics. he made his first appearance in the comic book "captain america comics #1" in 1941"." he wears a suit that has a white star on his chest with 2 stripes (still white) on each side next to the star. his suit is blue. he also has an indestructible shield with a bullseye and a star on the front of it. he is also known as his alter ego steve rogers. captain america had a sidekick (friend), bucky who later became the winter soldier, is a very good fighter, both hand-to-hand and using his guns to take care of his enemies easily. captain america has an nemesis called red skull. he later joins a team called the avengers to help protect the world.
power and abilities.
captain america has superhuman strength, superhuman stamina, and can live without eating, sleeping and resting.
film and tv.
he first appeared in the serial (film) captain america, which was from 1940.
he appears in the marvel cinematic universe, played by chris evans. he was in ' (2011), ' (2014) and "" (2016), as well as marvel's "the avengers" (2012), and (2015), (2018), and (2019).
in real life.
in 1966, joe simon (one of the people who helped make captain america) sued marvel, saying that he was the one who should be able to use the character, not them. it was agreed that captain america was made under the publisher's rules, and belonged to them. this meant that marvel won. 
objectivity is a significant principle of journalistic professionalism. it involves presenting information that can be relied upon.
objectivity may have several meanings in the eye of the public. "fairness" involves making sure that multiple sides of an issue are presented. "disinterestedness" means that the presenters are neutral in a story in which the people involved try to influence them. "factuality" bases story content on facts that can be checked by an independent agent. "nonpartisanship" means not taking sides, especially on political matters. depending on the topic of a story, any or all of these factors may be relevant in the journalist's remaining objective.
the editorial board of media outlets such as the press or broadcast news chooses what information to present, so the editors' selection may be biased toward one position or belief system.
in many countries, "advocacy journalism," which supports a particular position, is considered as a legitimate sort of professional journalism. these stories may be either news or analysis. they may or may not be objective.
few journalists would make a claim to total neutrality or impartiality. however, most try to keep distance from their own personal biases in their news work. in "discovering the news" (1978), sociologist michael schudson argues that "the belief in objectivity is a faith in 'facts,' a distrust in 'values,' and a commitment to their segregation." in the united states, an objective story is typically considered to be one that steers a middle path between two poles of political rhetoric. 
journalism without any bias, as if one just came to earth from another planet and had no opinions about our behavior or ways is rarely practiced, although some argue it would lead to radical changes in reporting. (see, for example, noam chomsky, the journalist from mars.)
the genesis nomad is a portable video game console released by the sega corporation. it has a colour screen and can play most games designed for the sega mega drive/genesis.
it cannot be used with the sega cd and sega 32x unless special modifications are made. but such special modifications may not be safe.
fewer than one million genesis nomads were sold. 
the erlasee solar park is in one of the sunniest regions of germany. on the former wine-producing erlasee estate near arnstein in bavaria, in southern germany, solon has constructed what is currently the largest tracking photovoltaic solar power station in the world with an output of 12 mw. just under 1,500 "solon-movers" modules convert sunlight into environmentally friendly power, generating as much as the average consumption of the nearby town of arnstein. 
the solar power plant cost £35 million and covers 77 hectares of land.
khula is the right of a woman to ask her husband for a divorce and to offer him a compensation in case he does so. following the sharia the husband has no right to ask for a compensation of a higher value than that what he gave his wife when they married. 
after divorce the former husband is responsible for education, food and residence of children. the children live with the mother for 7 years. after 7 years children have the right to live with father or mother, as they decide.
ali akbar hashemi rafsanjani (, "akbar hāshemī rafanjānī"), hashemi bahramani (; august 25, 1934 – january 8, 2017) was an influential iranian politician. he has been the chairman of the expediency discernment council of iran from 1989 until his death in 2017.
"forbes" magazine listed rafsanjani in their list of richest people in the world and has written that as the real power behind the iranian government, he "has more or less run the islamic republic for the past 24 years." his wealth has earned him the infamous nickname of "akbar shah" in iran.
rafsanjani was president of iran from 1989 to 1997, losing on the second ballot to mahmoud ahmadinejad in the 2005 election on his attempt for a third term in office. after this, he has tried to use his position in the expediency council to denounce president ahmadinejad's administration. he said he would do some privatizations and change foreign policy. however, president ahmadinejad has noted rafsanjani's failure to make a difference between privatization and self takeover of government-owned companies. ahmadinejad has also commmented on the foreign policies of rafsanjani's administration which lead to sanctions against iran in 1995 and 1996.
currently, one of his sons has been accused of receiving a bribe. analysts expect that his son will not be put on trial, however. 
rafsanjani died on january 8, 2017 in tehran from a heart attack, aged 82.
evander holyfield (born october 19, 1962) is an american boxer. he held both the world heavyweight championship and the world cruiserweight championship. he also won a bronze medal at the 1984 summer olympics.
holyfield was born in atmore, alabama. he became a professional boxer in 1984 and won the cruiserweight championship from dwight muhammad qawi in 1986. he moved to the heavyweight division in 1988 and won the world championship from james "buster" douglas in 1990. he defended the title three times, including fights against former champions larry holmes and george foreman. he lost the title to riddick bowe in 1992 but won it back the next year. in 1994 he lost to michael moorer and briefly retired. he soon fought again, however, and surprised many by knocking out mike tyson in 1996. he had a draw against lennox lewis in 1998 and then lost a rematch to him in 1999. 
in 2005, holyfield was a contestant on season 1 of "dancing with the stars". he was a housemate in the january 2014 series of celebrity big brother (uk). 
porthmadog football club is a football team, playing in the league of wales. the club was started in 1884.
sharia, sharia law or islamic law is a set of religious principles which form part of the islamic culture. the arabic word "sharīʿah" () refers to the revealed law of god and originally meant "way" or "path".
classical sharia deals with many aspects of public and private life, including religious rituals, family life, business, crimes, and warfare. in former times, sharia was interpreted by independent jurists, who based their legal opinions on qur'an, hadith and centuries of debate, interpretation and precedent. some parts of sharia can be described as "law" in the usual sense of that word, while other parts are better understood as rules for living life in accordance with god's will.
modern countries in the muslim world all have their own laws. in most of them only a small part of the legal system is based on classical sharia. muslims disagree on how sharia should be applied in the modern world.
meaning and origins.
people of different religions who speak arabic use the word "sharīʿah" to describe a religious tradition that comes from teachings of prophets. christians and jews in the middle east have used it to describe their own religion. for many muslims the word "sharia" means simply "justice". they will say that any law agrees with sharia as long as it helps to build a more fair and prosperous society.
most muslims think that sharia should be interpreted by experts in islamic law. in arabic, the word "sharīʿah" refers to god's revelation, which does not change. in contrast, the rules of behavior created by scholars as they try to understand god's revelation are called "fiqh". these rules can change and islamic scholars have often disagreed about them.
scholars disagree about the origins of the word "sharia". some say that "sharia" comes from the old arabic word meaning "pathway to be followed". this would make it similar to "halakha" (the way to go), the hebrew word for jewish law. other scholars think that the word "sharia" originally meant "path to the water hole". they say that knowing the way to a water hole could save a man's life in the dry deserts where many arabs lived in ancient times, and that is why this word came to refer to god's guidance to man.
islamic scholars who lived during the first centuries of islam developed different methods for interpreting sharia. most of them came to agree that sharia rules should be derived from the following main sources:
the process of deriving sharia rules from the qur'an and hadith is called "ijtihad". sharia rules classify actions into one of the following categories:
these acts have "material or moral" provisions in the understanding of sharia. the abandonment of the actions "that are considered fard, wajib and sunnah", and doing the forbidden ones "that are considered makruh and haram" are penalized. (hadd or tazir punishments). e.g; beating, imprisoning and killing those who insist on not praying can be considered in this context.
sharia in islam is viewed as the revealed law of god, which cannot be altered. on the other hand, its interpretation, called "fiqh", is the work of legal scholars, who have frequently differed in their legal opinions. some parts of sharia are similar to what people in the west call "law", while other parts are better understood as rules for living life in accordance with god's will.
there are several schools of legal thought in islam, of which the most important are the hanafi, maliki, shafi'i and hanbali schools of sunni islam and the ja'fari school of shia islam.
branches of sharia.
the divisions of sharia are called "branches" ("furu") in arabic. the main branches are "ibadat" (rituals or acts of worship) and "mu'amalat" (human interactions or social relations). these branches are divided into many smaller branches, some of which are listed bellow:
acts of worship.
the five pillars of islam are:
there are two festivals that are considered sunnah.
there are some special rituals used during these festivals:
islamic law lists only some specific foods and drinks that are not allowed.
while islamic law prohibits already-dead meat, this does not apply to fish and locusts. also, hadith literature prohibits beasts having sharp canine teeth, birds having claws and talons in their feet, tamed donkeys, and any piece cut from a living animal.
there are some specific rules regarding the killing of animals in islam.
crime and punishment.
sharia recognises three categories of crime:
although there is some disagreement about which crimes are "hudud" crimes, they usually include theft, highway robbery, zina (sex with forbidden partners), falsely accusing someone of "zina", and drinking alcohol. the prescribed punishments for these crimes range from 80 lashes to death. however, classical jurists developed very strict rules which restrict when these punishments could be applied, so that in many cases it became almost impossible to convict anyone under these rules. for example, there must be four adult male muslim witnesses to a hudud crime or a confession repeated four times, before someone can be punished. if a criminal could not be convicted of a "hudud" crime, they could still receive a "tazir" punishment.
in the historical practice, qisas appears in two ways. one of them is the punishment of the perpetrator with a “counter-action”, exactly the same as the crime committed, in crimes against the person's bodily integrity; a life for a life, an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth... etc.
another application is related to the social status of the perpetrator and the victim. in the tribal understanding, when a person kills a woman, a slave or an honorable person from another tribe, a person "of similar status from the tribe to which the murderer belongs" will be killed in return. as a general custom, killing the master's to slave, father's to child, husband's to wife was not punished with retaliation, and retaliation was not applied to the man who killed the woman as a rule. the condition of "social equality" in qisas means that; "if a socially inferior person kills someone from the upper class, qisas will be applied", whereas "if someone from the upper class kills someone from the lower class, it cannot be applied". on this pre-islamic understandings the discussion "whether a muslim could be executed for a non-muslim" was added in islamic period.
in these cases, "compensation (diya)" can be paid to the family of the murdered person.
the main verse for implementation in islam is al baqara; 178 verse;
": "'believers! retaliation is ordained for you regarding the people who were killed. free versus free, captive versus captive, woman versus woman. whoever is forgiven by the brother of the slain for a price, let him abide by the custom and pay the price well."
while retaliation is certain in crimes of murder, according to the verse(2:178)), the situation is not clear in the crimes of wounding. for such (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, etc.) punishments, the expression "this is how we wrote to them (the children of israel) in the book", is used. (5: 45)
murder, bodily injury and property damage - intentional or unintentional - is considered a civil dispute under sharia law. the victim, victim's heir(s) or guardian is given the option to either forgive the offender, demand qisas (equal retaliation) or accept a compensation (diyya). under sharia law, the diyya compensation received by the victim or victim's family is in cash.
apostasy is punished by death unless the apostate agreed to return to islam.
during the islamic golden age, sharia was interpreted by experts in islamic law ("muftis"), most of whom were independent religious scholars. anyone could ask them a question about law, and they were expected to give an answer for free. their legal opinions were called "fatwas".
when there was a legal dispute about family or financial matters, it would be handled in a court headed by a "qadi" (judge). these judges also had a legal education, and they were appointed to their post by the ruler. in simple cases, qadis would pronounce a verdict based on their own knowledge of sharia. in more difficult cases, they would express the details of the case in general terms and ask a mufti for his legal opinion.
criminal cases were usually handled in "maẓālim" courts. these courts were controlled by the ruler's council. "mazalim" courts were supposed to follow "the spirit of sharia". qadis and muftis were present in those courts to make sure the verdicts did not go against it. however, these courts did not necessarily follow the letter of the law, and they had fewer legal restrictions than qadi's courts. "mazalim" courts also handled complaints against government officials. their purpose of "mazalim" courts was to "right wrongs" which could not be addressed through procedures of qadi's courts. less serious crimes were often handled by local police and market inspectors according to local customs, which were only loosely related to sharia.
non-muslim communities living under islamic rule were allowed to follow their own laws. the government kept out of their internal legal affairs, except when there was a dispute between people of different religions. such cases were handled by a qadi. when that happened, sharia rules gave muslims some legal advantages over non-muslims. however, non-muslims often won cases against muslims and even against high government officials, because people thought that sharia was a reflection of divine justice which should defend the weak against the powerful.
sharia in the modern world.
in the modern era, most parts of the muslim world came under influence or control of european powers. this led to major changes in the legal systems of these lands. in some cases, this was because muslim governments wanted to make their states more powerful and they took european states as models of what a modern state should look like. in other cases, it was because europeans who colonized these lands forced them to abandon parts of islamic law and follow european laws instead.
early legal reforms.
in modern times, criminal laws in the muslim world were widely replaced by codes which were inspired by european laws. court procedures and legal education were also made similar to european practice. the constitutions of most muslim-majority states mention sharia in one way or another. however, the classical rules of sharia were preserved mostly in family laws. in earlier times, sharia was interpreted by independent scholars who often disagreed with each other, and all their opinions were never written down in one place. in the modern era, it was the government who controlled the laws. different states created their own legal codes, where the laws were clearly stated. the governments wanted to make family laws fit better in the modern world, but they still wanted people to view them as laws based on sharia. in order to do this, the scholars who wrote down these laws decided to pick and choose rules from the different legal opinions available in the classical books of law. when some of the laws they picked disagreed with the current norms of society, the government tried to solve this problem by creating additional court procedures. for example, when family laws in some states seemed to treat women unfairly to the population, the government created procedures that made it more difficult for men to take advantage of these laws in an unfair manner.
recent legal reforms.
in the last quarter of the 20th century, many muslims around the world became disappointed in their governments. these governments had adopted western ways in their legal systems and other matters, but many people regarded their actions as oppressive, corrupt, and ineffective. more and more muslims started to think that things would improve if their government returned to islamic traditions. they began calling for return of sharia, and conservative members of the public wanted the government to deal with crime using all the traditional methods, including "hudud" punishments. in a few countries, the government put some elements of classical criminal law into the legal code. however, in some of these countries (for example, iran and sudan) the supreme court has rarely approved the harsher "hudud" punishments, while in the other countries which adopted "hudud" laws (for example, pakistan and nigeria), the supreme court never approves them.
in some countries, progressive muslim reformers have been able to change how the state interprets sharia family laws to make them more fair to women.
saudi arabia is an exceptional case in the legal history of the muslim world. it has always continued to use sharia in different areas of law, and it never codified its laws. its judges have always tried to follow traditional sharia rules for dealing with crimes, and they often impose harsh punishments that inspire international protests. however, these punishments are not necessarily prescribed by sharia. judges in saudi arabia follow the classical principle which says that "hudud" punishments should be avoided if at all possible, and the punishments which they apply are usually "tazir" punishments which are left to their own choice. saudi arabia is often criticized for its public executions, and their frequency has increased in recent decades. executions became more frequent because the government and courts decided to crack down on violent crime which became more frequent during the 1970s, as also happened in the u.s. and china.
wadowice () is a town in poland in lesser poland voivodeship in the mountainous range known as zakopane region, southeast of krakow - (former polish capital).
pope john paul ii (karol wojtyla) was born there on may 18 1920. he also attended elementary and high school there, graduating with honors in 1938.
the town is twinned with 4 others, all in italy.
a piano duet is a piece of music written for two people to play at one piano. it is often called piano 4 hands.
to play piano duets the two players sit with one person on the right (playing the high notes) and the other person on the left (playing the low notes). the person on the right is called “primo” (“first”) and the person on the left is called “secondo” (“second”).
piano duet music is usually printed with the secondo part on the left-hand page and the primo part on the right-hand page. occasionally it is printed with the two parts underneath one another.
playing piano duets is great fun and an excellent way to become a better musician. like all group music making, each player has to learn to listen and adapt to what is going on in the other part. sometimes one player will have to take away his or her hand quickly so that the other player can play the same note immediately afterwards. sometimes the players have to cross their hands (secondo’s right hand crosses with primo’s left hand).
a lot of the time the primo’s part may have both hands written in the treble clef and the secondo’s part may have both hands written in the bass clef. this can sometimes be confusing at first.
the pedalling is usually done by the secondo player. this is because pedalling is very much about keeping chords going (“sustaining”), and it is the secondo who usually has the chords which give the harmony because these are in the lower part.
there are lots of piano duets available for people to play. some of these are simple ones written for beginner pianists. some are written by the great composers.
some pieces that are really supposed to be played by an orchestra have been arranged for piano duet. in some cases the composer himself made this arrangement. examples from famous composers include stravinsky’s "rite of spring" which is extremely hard to play, and maurice ravel’s suite "ma mère l’oie".
some very famous piano duets which were originally written in this form include several sonatas by wolfgang amadeus mozart, several pieces by franz schubert including a "fantasia in f minor", gabriel fauré’s "dolly suite", debussy’s "petite suite" and georges bizet’s "jeux d’enfants" (which he also arranged for orchestra).
some works are written for two people to play together using two pianos. these are usually called piano duos. examples include mozart’s sonata in d major k448. the sonata op 34 by johannes brahms started as a string quintet but he changed it to a piano concerto, then a piano duo, and eventually a piano quintet. the suite op 17 by rachmaninoff is another. most piano duos are very hard to play and need very good pianists. piano concertos can be played on two pianos, with one player playing the solo part and the other playing the orchestra’s music.
piano six hands.
there is also a small repertoire of pieces for three people to play at one piano. this is called piano six hands. these pieces are often fun pieces which are not too hard to play, although there are examples of serious pieces. the three people need to be good friends, because it is a bit of a squash. the player at the bottom ought to do the pedalling but it may be easier for the middle player to do it.
music described as piano six hands is for three pianists at one piano, as distinct from piano duet which is music for two pianists at one piano, and from piano trio which is music for piano, violin and cello. not much music has been written for this combination, although there are several arrangements of music originally written for other forces.
compositions include 5 pieces by percy grainger, sergei rachmaninoff's romance and valse, alfred schnittke's hommage, carl czerny's op.17 and 741, jean cras's "âmes d’enfants", paul robinson (composer)'s "pensees" and "monmartre", various pieces by german composer armin fuchs, bulgarian composer tomislav baynov's "metrorhythmia 1", john pitts's "are you going?", greek composer dionysis boukouvalas's "fantasy on a theme by steve reich", canadian composer paul frehner's "slowdown" and italian composer fabio mengozzi's "promenade".
a pedal is something that is made to work by someone's foot. the word "pedal" comes from the latin word for "foot". many things can be made to work by pedals. these include:
rice wine is a word some people use to talk about alcoholic drinks. however, it is not a true wine, despite the name. true wine is made by fermenting grapes, and perhaps other fruit. in rice wine, the starch in the rice is first changed into sugar. this sugar is then fermented. this process is more like the fermentation as it is done in beer. 
the "rice wines" made in this manner have more alcohol in them than normal wines (18–25% alcohol compared to 10–14% for normal wines). beers on the other hand usually have 4–8% alcohol in them.
many people use the term "rice wine" to refer to sake (which is just one variant of many different kinds of rice wines). 
alcopops are alcoholic drinks. they are also known as ready-to-drink (rtd), flavored alcoholic beverage (fab) or flavored malt beverage (fmb). they are usually available in bottles or cans. they contain about the same amount of alcohol as a beer. usually, they are very sweet, so that the alcohol can not be tasted. 
there are two different kinds of this drinks. in europe, they are usually spirits mixed with lemonade, like vodka with lemon juice (and a lot of sugar, so the alcohol cannot be tasted), or rum with fruit juice (also very sweet). in the us, they tend to be beers, which taste very sweet.
because they are very sweet, alcopops tend to be more popular among young people. since the fact that they contain alcohol is usually not obvious from the taste, these drinks are considered to be dangerous for young people by many countries. these have either raised the taxes on the drinks, or they have outlawed the sale of these drinks to people under a certain age (usually 18, sometimes 21 years).
pedals on musical instruments are used to control parts of the instrument, or provide extra notes.
there are several musical instruments which have pedals for various reasons.
the piano has at least two pedals; large concert grand pianos always have three. the pedal on the right (operated by the player's right foot) sustains the sound of the notes for as long as the pedal is depressed. it does this by lifting the dampers from the strings. some of the other strings even start to vibrate as well ("in sympathy").
the pedal on the left makes the sound quieter. it is called the "una corda" pedal (italian for "one string"). this is because, in the early days of the piano, the una corda pedal made all the hammers move over so that a hammer would only hit one string for each note instead of three (most notes on a piano each have three strings to make a bigger sound). on modern pianos the hammers actually hit two strings instead of just one. they also tend to hit the string at a point where the hammer is softer, away from the grooves which get worn in the hammerhead. on an upright piano the una corda pedal moves the hammers closer to the strings so that they do not hit them so hard.
on pianos which have a middle pedal (called a sostenuto pedal) any note or chord which the player is holding down when the pedal is pressed will be sustained, but any more notes he plays afterwards will not be affected.
on pipe organs there is a pedalboard with pedals which play notes in the same way that the fingers are playing notes. an organ pedalboard usually has two and a half octaves of notes. these are low notes written in the bass clef. an organist has to learn to play with the feet at the same time as with the hands. he uses the toes or the heels of his shoes. it is even possible to play four notes at once (four part chords) but this is very difficult and usually found in some modern french music.
there are seven pedals on a concert harp. each pedal can be in a high, middle or low position. the strings of the harp can be thought of like the white notes of a piano, tuned to naturals (c,d,e etc.). each pedal can change one of the letter-named notes one semitone higher or lower. for example: the pedal on the left changes all the ds to d flat (if the pedal is in the highest position) or d sharp (in the lowest position). from left to right the pedals operate the ds, cs, bs, es, fs, gs and as.
pedal timpani are timpani with a pedal which will tighten or loosen the drumhead. this will make the note go up or down in pitch. it is a fairly new invention. composers in the classical music period never had pedal timpani. their timpani always had to be tuned by hand using the taps around the side. composers like béla bartók wrote for pedal timpani.
modern harpsichords often have pedals which change the sound in the same way that stops on an organ change the sound. in earlier harpsichords the sound was more often changed by pushing in or pulling out hand stops.
alcoholism is addiction to alcohol. people who have alcoholism are called alcoholics. 
alcoholism is a disease. it often gets worse over time, and can kill a person. however, alcoholism can be treated.
alcohol is the most commonly used drug in the world. around the world, there are at least 208 million people with alcoholism. 
alcoholism is a condition with a social stigma. because of this, alcoholics often feel ashamed of their drinking. they may try to hide their drinking, avoid getting help, or refuse to believe that they are alcoholics, because they are too ashamed.
being an alcoholic does not mean that a person just drinks a lot of alcohol. it means that they cannot control how much alcohol they drink. no matter how badly they want to, once they take one drink, they cannot stop drinking.
to be diagnosed with alcoholism, a person has to have three of these symptoms in the past year:
there is no medical test, like a blood test, that can say whether a person is an alcoholic. there are some questionnaires (lists of questions) that can help tell whether a person "may" be an alcoholic. these questionnaires include the cage questionnaire (for adults) and the crafft screening test (for teenagers).
alcoholism causes many problems.
problems in the body.
alcoholism can cause many health problems. for example, it can cause:
if a person drinks too much at one time, they can get alcohol poisoning. this can cause breathing problems, coma, and even death.
in 2012, alcohol use caused 3.3 million deaths around the world. this means that in 2012, about 3 out of every 50 deaths in the world were caused by alcohol use.
problems in life.
alcoholism can also cause many problems in alcoholics' lives. these include:
if an alcoholic stops drinking suddenly, they can get alcohol withdrawal.
the most serious form of alcohol withdrawal is delirium tremens (often called "dts"). delirium tremens is a medical emergency. many people who get the dts die from them.
this does not mean that alcoholics should not stop drinking. it means that alcoholics should talk to a doctor or go to a hospital before they stop drinking. doctors can give medications to make sure that a person is safe while they stop drinking.
in 2010, the world health organization (who) estimated that there were 208 million people with alcoholism around the world. (this is 4.1% of the world's population over age 15.) in 2001, the who estimated that there were about 140 million alcoholics around the world. this means that in the nine years between 2001 and 2010, about 68 million people became alcoholics. 
around the world.
people in developed countries drink the most alcohol.p.4 
alcoholism is more common in some areas than others. here is a list of all the areas in the world. it is in order from the areas where alcoholism is most common to the areas where it is least common:p.21
there are many reasons why alcoholism is more common in some areas than others. some of these reasons include religion, culture, laws, and people's attitudes about drinking. for example, on average, people in northern africa, the middle east, and islands in the indian ocean drink less than people anywhere else in the world.p.4 these are areas where many people are muslims. many muslims in these areas do not drink any alcohol, because the koran says not to.p.4 in some of these countries, drinking alcohol is illegal. 
however, in other areas, like western europe, alcohol is a part of daily life. it is legal and easy to get. people very commonly drink alcohol with meals. very few people drink no alcohol. people's attitudes about alcohol are very different than attitudes in mostly muslim countries. this is an example of how differences in religion, culture, laws, and attitudes about drinking can affect the amount of alcohol use and alcoholism in different areas. 
men and women.
alcoholism is more common in men than in women. however, in the past few decades, the number of female alcoholics has increased. 
female alcoholics are most common in the americas and europe. in the united states and western europe, five to ten percent of women will become alcoholics at some point in their lives.
in the southeast asian and western pacific areas, less than 1% of women are alcoholics. in africa and the eastern mediterranean area, almost no women are alcoholics.p.21
in many countries, young people are using more and more alcohol. in a 2008 who survey, underage drinking had increased in 71% of countries. drinking by young adults (ages 18-25) had increased in 80% of countries.p.10
alcoholism can be treated. there are many forms of treatment for alcoholism.
detoxification (detox) is often the first step in treating alcoholism. "detoxification" means "getting toxins out of the body." alcohol detoxification means that the alcoholic stops drinking, so that alcohol (a toxin) can get out of their body. the alcoholic also needs to give their body time to recover from not having alcohol any more.
it is not safe for an alcoholic to suddenly stop drinking on their own. the safest way to stop drinking is to go to a hospital that specializes in alcohol detoxification. these hospitals are often called "detoxes" or "rehabs." these places can make sure that an alcoholic has a safe detox. they can also give medications to make the alcoholic more comfortable, and to prevent symptoms of alcohol withdrawal. the most common medications that doctors give during alcohol detox are benzodiazepines.p.35
once a person stops drinking alcohol, they are called "sober". most people need other treatments to help them stay sober.
detox can be an intense process, and some people experience very strong emotions during it. this is complicated by the fact that, in the past, they may have used drugs or alcohol to help them handle strong emotions. in detox, the therapist helps them manage their emotions.
psychotherapy and group therapy can help alcoholics stay sober. for example, they can help alcoholics learn how to:
some medications can help alcoholics stay sober. these medications include:pp.130-144
many alcoholics do not have enough vitamins in their body. this can cause serious problems. for example, if an alcoholic does not have enough thiamine, they can get brain damage. often, alcoholics are treated with thiamine to prevent brain damage. they may also be given other vitamins if needed.p.144
groups for alcoholics.
alcoholics anonymous (aa) is the biggest support and mutual aid group for alcoholics in the world. this means that in aa groups, alcoholics come together to support each other and help each other recover. aa uses a twelve-step program. this program is meant to help alcoholics fix the problems their alcoholism has caused.
there are also other groups for alcoholics, like:
help for alcoholism.
groups for alcoholics and their families
a sprain is a type of injury in which a person hurts the part really bad, but it is not broken. it has common side affects of a broken bone, but it is less serious.
the first degree is only a minor tear or stretch of a ligament.
the second degree is a tear of a ligament, which is usually followed by pain or swelling.
the third degree is a complete rupture.
signs and symptoms.
the typical signs and symptoms associated with a sprain are the main signs of inflammation: 
although any joint can experience a sprain, some of the more common include:
sprains can best be prevented by proper use of safety equipment (wrist, ankle guards), warm-ups and cool-downs (including stretching), being aware of your surroundings and maintaining strength and flexibility. physical conditioning is the best way to avoid or lessen the degree of sprains.
the second sino-japanese war (july 7, 1937 to september 3, 1945) was a major war fought between the republic of china and the empire of japan. it became part of world war ii when japan entered that war. part of the sino-japanese war was fought in northern burma and northeastern india. the war ended when japan surrendered after the atomic bombings of hiroshima and nagasaki. it started in 1937 43 years after the first sino-japanese war in 1894 lead by emperor meiji who was the father of emperor taishō and the grandfather of hirohito .
invasion of china.
the second sino-japanese war began when japan invaded china in 1931. japan used the mukden incident as an excuse to invade china. the invasion grew into a full-scale war after the marco-polo bridge incident. japanese officers said that a japanese soldier got lost and they were allowed to find him in beiping. 
japan invaded china for a few reasons:
while the imperial japanese army was trying to take over china, the kmt (the nationalist government under chiang kai-shek) and the ccp (chinese communist party under mao zedong) cooperated a little to try to fight off japan together. this was called the "chinese united front". however, for the most part, they continued to fight each other as well. 
japanese occupation of china.
in 1931, the imperial japanese army began to occupy china, starting in the northeast (manchuria), where they created a puppet state called manchukuo. in 1937, they occupied beiping (now called beijing), and then nanjing. for six weeks in nanjing, the army committed the nanjing massacre. during this massacre, japanese soldiers killed between 40,000 and 300,000 chinese people, and raped at least 20,000 women and girls. 
after six weeks, the japanese army left nanjing. it finally occupied the industrial cities in southern china. chiang moved his capital city from nanjing to chongqing, and began a tactic of "using space to trade for time." he was able to spread japanese soldiers out too thin. this means they were covering too much space with too few soldiers. this made them harder to fight, and made it easier for partisans to fight back in occupied china.
many soldiers died on both sides at this time. however, in 1940, the japanese army stopped being able to move farther into china and take more land. 1940 also marked the point where china began to be able to fight back, instead of japan continuing to take over the country. 
end of the war 1941-1945.
after japan bombed pearl harbor in the united states on december 7, 1941, the second sino-japanese war became part of world war ii. it became a part of the area of fighting called the china-burma-india theatre. the entrance of the united states into the war in asia meant that the chinese military forces started receiving lend-lease supplies from the british and americans over the burma road. this helped the chinese fight back and get much-needed modern weapons. 
the second sino-japanese war had damaged japan. it had not been able to win the war against china quickly. instead, japan's military had already been fighting china for four years. this made it much more difficult for japan to keep fighting (now in the pacific against the allied forces). this may have been one reason why japan eventually lost the war.
in china, the war had some important effects. it made more people support the chinese communist party. it also made chiang's republic fall apart more quickly, in 1949.
in anatomy, the word ligament usually means the fibrous tissue that joins bones to other bones or cartilages.
a ligament is a short band of tough fibrous connective tissue made of long, stringy collagen fibres. ligaments join bones to other bones to form a joint. they do "not" connect muscles to bones; that is the function of tendons. some ligaments limit the amount of movement in a joint, or stop certain movements altogether. 
ligaments are only slightly elastic; when under tension, they gradually lengthen. this is one reason why dislocated joints must be set as quickly as possible: if the ligaments lengthen too much, then the joint will be weakened. athletes, gymnasts, dancers, and martial artists perform stretching exercises to lengthen their ligaments, making their joints more supple. 
the result of a broken ligament can be instability of the joint. not all broken ligaments need surgery, but if surgery is needed to stabilise the joint, the broken ligament can be joined.
a county (polish: "powiat", pronounced "povyat"; plural, "powiaty") is the polish second-level unit of administration, equivalent to a county, district or prefecture in other countries. a county is part of a larger unit called a "voivodship" (in polish, "województwo". one would call it in english "province").
most polish counties are named after their capital city, or county seat. 
if a county seat has a double-barreled name, as with "maków mazowiecki," the county may become either "maków county" or "maków-mazowiecki county." due, in all but the first case, to the existence, respectively, of two "double-barreled" county seats with the identical noun name, the corresponding adjectives ""bielski"," ""grodziski"," ""ostrowski" and "tomaszowski"" each denote "two" distinct counties.
history and functioning.
some polish urban communes constitute administrative entities called the "urban county" ("powiat grodzki"), similar in local administration and self-governance to "land counties." an average county (the largest being the powiat of białystok) comprises 5 – 8 communes. the largest urban county, in terms of population and area, is the city of warsaw. 
the history of polish counties goes back to the second half of the 14th century. they remained the basic units of territorial organization in poland, then in the polish-lithuanian commonwealth, until the latter's total dismemberment by its neighbors in 1795. 
in the 19th century, the county continued to function in the part of poland that had been incorporated into the russian empire ("congress poland"), and as the polish equivalent of the german "kreis" in the german-governed grand duchy of poznań. 
after poland regained independence in 1918, the county again became the basic territorial unit throughout poland. "powiat"s (counties) were abolished in 1975 in favor of a larger number of voivodships, but were reintroduced in 1999. there are now 314 "land counties" ("powiat ziemski") and 65 "urban counties" ("powiat grodzki"), more formally "municipalities with county status" ("miasto na prawach powiatu").
1. fc köln is a football club that is from cologne, germany. the 1. fc koln was created in 1948. it was a connection of two football clubs in cologne (kölner bc 01 und spvgg sülz 07).
in the present day, 1.fc köln plays in the bundesliga, the first teir of german football. the club's main rival is borussia mönchengladbach, though their ultrá group wh96 does have friendly connections to the unity of borussia dortmund.
carolina gynning (born 6 october 1978) is a swedish celebrity and model. she also is the winner of the 2004 season of reality television program big brother. gynning has also written the book, "ego girl". it is a biography of her early life. in 2008 it was reported that gynning would write a continuation to "ego girl" called "ego woman".
carrie marie underwood (born march 10, 1983) is an american country singer-songwriter and actress. she won the fourth season of "american idol". her first album, "some hearts", has sold 7 million copies. underwood has won one american music award, eight billboard music awards, and two grammy awards (including best new artist) and more.
carrie underwood grew up in oklahoma, on her family's farm in checotah. she started singing at a young age, initially at church and later in school plays and talent shows. in 2002 she entered northeastern state university in tahlequah, oklahoma, with intentions to pursue a career in broadcast journalism. she has had fourteen songs reach number one on charts in the united states and canada, including "inside your heaven", "jesus, take the wheel", and "before he cheats". in 2007, underwood sang during one of the live shows of american idol, season 6. on december 5, 2013, underwood appeared in "the sound of music live" on nbc television. she played the heroine maria von trapp in the three-hour production. she received critical praise in the "new york times" for her singing, but was reviewed negatively for her acting.
she is married to nashville predators ice hockey player, mike fisher. they married on july 10, 2010 in greensboro, georgia.
she has released six albums.
nicole camille richie (born september 21, 1981) is an american socialite, actress, and author she is the adopted daughter of lionel richie, and is best known for being in the reality show "the simple life". during late 2007 nicole richie faced charges of drunk driving and risked a jail sentence similar to paris hilton, her co-star and friend in "the simple life". she has had two children with joel madden: harlow and sparrow madden. on february 15, 2010, she announced that she was engaged with madden. they got married later in 2010.
in 2013, richie was in the video for the song "let there be love" by christina aguilera.
richie is of black, creole, english, french, french-canadian, indigenous mexican, mexican, cherokee native american, scottish and spanish descent.
the simple life is the name of a reality television series originally broadcast on fox from 2003 to 2005 and on e! from 2006 to 2007. the series stars paris hilton and nicole richie doing ordinary jobs.
jordin brianna sparks (born december 22, 1989 in phoenix, arizona) is an american recording artist, singer and actress. on may 23, 2007, she won the 6th season of the reality television show "american idol". she was the youngest winner of the talent show. she has released two studio albums "jordin sparks" and "battlefield". she has a vocal range of a mezzo-soprano.
taylor reuben hicks (born october 7, 1976) is an american singer, songwriter and musician. in 2006, he won the fifth season of "american idol". his runner-up was katharine mcphee. after he won, he was signed to arista records. his album called "taylor hicks" was released on december 12, 2006.
oba chandler (october 11, 1946 in cincinnati, ohio - november 15, 2011 in raiford, florida) was an american convicted murderer who was executed in florida for the murders of joan rogers and her two teenage daughters. the women's bodies were found floating in the tampa bay, tampa in june 1989. they had been bound and gagged and then tossed into the bay with concrete blocks tied to their necks while still alive.
billboards where at the later stages of the investigation used in trying to find however did the murders, the billboards that was spread all over tampa had pictures of the rogers women and a picture of the hand-writing of the suspected triple murderer. this method had never been used before, and became useful in searches for missing people later on.
chandler was arrested in september 1992. he was put on trial where he was found guilty of the murders by a 12-member jury. in november 4, 1994 he was sentenced to death by a deadly injection by the judge in the case. before his execution, chandler was locked up at union correctional institution in florida. author thomas french in 1998 won the pulitzer prize for his article series angels & demons which told the story of the murders.
oba chandler was born in cincinnati in the state of ohio. he was the fourth of five children. his parents were oba chandler sr. and margaret johnson. at the age of 10, chandler's father oba chandler senior hanged himself in the chandler family's basement. this upset oba so much that he jumped into his father's grave during the funeral in 1957 while gravediggers were covering the coffin with dirt. afterwards, oba's life spun out of control and he was arrested many times and had been arrested 20 times by the time he was a teenager. as an adult, he was charged with a long list of crimes, including theft, having fake money, burglary, kidnapping and armed robbery. chandler would also father a total of eight children before his arrest, the latest one being whitney born in february, 1989 with his wife at the time debra chandler. between may and september of 1991 chandler worked as an informant for the us customs tampa office, at the same time as tampa police investigated the rogers family triple murder.
facts of the murders.
joan rogers and her two daughters, michelle (17 years of age) and christe (14 years of age) left their family dairy farm on may 26, 1989 in willshire for a vacation in florida.
 they had never before left the state of ohio. on their last day in florida they became lost and drove into tampa to ask for directions to the nearest hotel, in a store they came across oba chandler and asked him. it is thought that he saw the ohio state car license plates on joan's car and used that as means to ask the family to join him out for a boat trip later.
the discovery of the bodies.
the women's bodies were discovered floating in the tampa bay on june 4, 1989 with bound hands and feet with concrete blocks tied to their necks and duct tape over their mouths. the first body was found floating over the sunshine skyway bridge when a sailboat on its way home to tampa after a trip to key west, had just crossed under the sunshine skyway when many people on board saw an object in the water. they soon realized it was a dead body of a female. soon another body was found and yet another third body was also dragged out of the bay within an hour. all three bodies had been tied and gagged and had concrete blocks tied around their necks. autopsies thought the women had been tossed into the bay while still alive.
the rogers women where identified a week after their bodies where found in the bay. a hotel maid had discovered that a hotel room had stood unused for several days. and when the reports about the murders started to leap into the media the hotel decided to contact investigators in the case. soon it stood clear that it was indeed the families room after fingerprints where matched to those of the victims, some snaphots from a camera was also discovered in the room which showed where the family had traveled and also a last shot over tampa bay. this photo was taken just minutes before the rogers women went out to meet oba chandler to go on a boat ride out on the bay.
incriminating fact and arrest.
the case remained unsolved and cold for several years, partly due to the volume of tips pouring in to the police who investigated the crime.
chandler would not be arrested for the murders until september 24, 1992. his handwritten directions and palmprint on a brochure found in the rogers' vehicle, along with a description of his boat written by jo rogers on the brochure, were the primary clues that led to his being named a suspect. also, authorities had posted the handwriting from the brochure on billboards, which was historic as it was used for the first time in an attempt to find the unknown killer, and this led to a tip from a former neighbor who was able to provide a copy of a work order that chandler had written. a handwriting analysis conclusively matched the two.
sentence and aftermath.
the rogers women were all buried on june 13, 1989 after a funeral service at the zion lutheral church in their hometown of willshire, ohio. about 300 people among them family and friends of the victims attended the service. numerous police officers were also present to keep all news media and crews out of the church during the funeral service, this because of the huge media interest for the case by media at the time. chandler was tried and found guilty of the murders, and sentenced to death on november 4, 1994. after sentencing, the jury forewoman commented regarding the death sentence that "they need to do this swiftly. the man is a mutation of a human being and he needs to be destroyed." in july 2008, it was revealed that chandler was on florida's short-list of executions.
profiling experts believe that chandler may have killed previously, based on the speculation that a first-time killer would not be experienced or bold enough to abduct and kill three women at once. chandler remains a suspect in a 1982 murder of a woman found floating off anna maria island, he is also a suspect in a rape case concerning a canadian woman weeks before the rogers women's murder. however, chandler has never been charged with other murders. chandler got an institutional adjustment disciplinary report on december 15, 2001, for disobeying orders in prison. all of chandler's appeals since his 1994 conviction have been denied, the latest one in may 2007. author thomas french in 1998 won the pulitzer prize for his article series angels & demons which told the story of the murders.
oba chandler was executed on november 15, 2011 with a lethal injection at 4:25 pm in florida state prison in raiford, florida.
all saints' day is celebrated by catholic christians on november 1. other christians celebrate it as well. (may not be on the same day) it is a mandatory catholic holiday. it is celebrated in the catholic church.
the next day, november 2 is celebrated as all souls' day, souls in purgatory are especially remembered. both days are considered important and they are integrated with each other. 
the older name is all hallows or hallowmas 
all saints is also a christian formula involving all the faithful saints and martyrs, known and unknown.
in portugal, spain and mexico, "ofrendas" (offerings) are made on this day. in spain, the play "don juan tenorio" is traditionally performed. in spain, portugal, italy and france, people bring flowers to the graves of dead relatives. in poland, slovenia, slovakia, lithuania, croatia, austria and germany, the tradition is to light candles and visit the graves of deceased relatives. in the philippines, the day is spent visiting the graves of deceased relatives, where they offer prayers, lay flowers, and light candles, often in a picnic-like atmosphere. in english speaking countries the festival is traditionally celebrated with the hymn "for all the saints" by william walsham how. the most familiar tune for this hymn is "sine nomine" by ralph vaughan williams. 
the festival was retained after the reformation in the calendar of the church of england and in many lutheran churches.
"ishy bilady" (, ; "long live my country") is the national anthem (a song that represents the country) of the seven united arab emirates. the tune was written in the year 1971 without words to sing. then, in the year 1986 arif al sheikh abdullah al hassan sahab came up with words for the song. the song is dedicated to the uae. in the song, the people praise their country by stating that "the unity of the emirates has lived" and "the united arab emirates has lived to be the nation, whose religion is islam and whose guide is the quran" the people also vow to forever work hard and sincerely for the country. the people also state that they "supply their country with their body, blood and souls." the song is a representation of love and submission of the emirati people to country. it music was composed by mohammed abdul wahab.
<poem>long live my country, the unity of our emirates lives.
you've lived for the nation's faith of islam and guide of the quran.
i've made you stronger in god's name, o homeland.
my country, my country, my country, my country.
god protected you from the evils of time.
we have sworn to build and work –
work earnestly, work earnestly.
as long as we live, we will be sincere.
the safety has lasted, the flag has lived, o our emirates!
the symbol of arabism: we all sacrifice for you and give you our blood;
for you we sacrifice with our souls, o homeland!</poem>
origami is a traditional japanese art of paper folding. it uses many techniques and various objects can be created. the object is made of origami paper, which is specially made for folding and staying in shape. many dictionaries and television shows suggest that origami is only paper cranes, waterbombs, and paper planes, but many new models and creatures have been made because new folding techniques have allowed this.
when the japanese first folded origami, they used only one piece of paper. a different kind of origami called "modular origami" uses many small pieces that are the same, which are combined to form one large model. also, many mathematical shapes can be made with origami.
the beginnings of origami are not clear. paperfolding started in china in the 1st or 2nd century. it finally came to japan in the 6th century. instead of making models that looked exactly like things, the first origami models only looked similar to things. people often folded models and gave them to other people for good luck. for example, shinto nobles celebrated weddings with sake in glasses decorated with origami butterflies, which gave good luck to the bride and groom.
there were also independent paperfolding traditions in other countries, like germany and spain. the earliest evidence of paperfolding in europe is a picture of a boat in 1490. there was also a paper box from 1440. finally, in 1845, "kan no mado" was written, and it was the first book of origami models.
recently, people have become more interested in origami. in 1954, japanese paperfolder akira yoshizawa created rules to explain how to fold origami models. his instructions on paperfolding are now used in all countries.
peter engel, who is a well-known paperfolder, says "the best paper [for origami] is thin and crisp and absolutely square." pre-cut origami paper is sold in many colors, sizes, and patterns. duo paper, or paper with different colors on each side, is used by paperfolders because it makes areas of different color on the finished model. there are also special papers, like textured, metallic, and patterned.
many people like to make their own paper. engel describes a process shown to him by robert j. lang that is "a sandwich of aluminum foil and two pieces of tissue paper." in this method, two pieces of paper are pasted to each side of the aluminum foil. many people like origami because there is almost always paper. copy paper, napkins, wallpaper, index cards, and even paper money can be used to make interesting and unique models.
many paperfolders prefer to use a flat surface to fold models on, but others, like the japanese, fold in the air. traditional paperfolders believe that only the hands should be used when folding, but many modern folders use other tools when folding. tweezers and paper clips can be used to make very small folds. some folders use rulers or other flat tools to make sharper creases in the models.
new types of origami have been made because more people are making origami models.
pureland origami is origami with one rule: only one fold can be made at a time. british paperfolder john smith started pureland origami for inexperienced paperfolders or for people with poor motor skills. hard folds, like the inside-reverse fold, are not allowed in pureland origami.
jspwiki is a feature-rich and extensible wikiwiki software built around the standard j2ee components (java, servlets, jsp).
it was created by janne jalkanen.
statement has several meanings:
in theology, salvation can mean various things:
a polyhedron (one polyhedron, many "polyhedra", or "polyhedrons") is a geometrical shape. it is a 3d shape with flat faces, and straight edges. each face is a polygon surrounded by edges. usually it is defined by the number of faces, or edges. 
two types of polyhedron are convex and concave. the line connecting any two points of a convex polyhedron is inside the polyhedron. the line connecting two points of a concave polyhedron may go outside the polyhedron. 
mathematicians do not agree on what makes a polyhedron. they do agree that there are five platonic solids, which are regular polyhedra. on a regular polyhedron, all faces are the same and all vertices are the same.
usually, polyhedra are named by the number of faces they have. the first polyhedra are the tetrahedron, which is made of four triangles, pentahedron (five faces, can look like a four-sided pyramid), hexahedron (six faces, a cube if it is regular), heptahedron (seven faces) and octahedron (eight faces). prisms, pyramids and other shapes can also be named according to how many faces they have.
a pentagon is a polygon with five edges. it is defined by five points, which are all on a plane. if all the edges have the same length and the angles at the corners are all 108°, the pentagon is called "regular". if the pentagon intersects itself, it is called a pentagram.
pentagons also occur in nature: fruits of the okra are pentangular. the flowers of ipomoea are pentagular. in chemistry, many cyclic compounds are pentangles: cyclopentane and furan are examples for this. in architecture, many bastions are pentangular: bourtange, in the netherlands has been completely restored, and is a pentangle. the citadel of lille, nyenschantz, near st. petersburg, or the citadel of pamplona are . the villa farnese is a palace in the form of a pentagon, so is the castle of nowy wiśnicz. the pilgrimage church of saint john of nepomuk near žďár nad sázavou also uses a pentangular design.
"note: these formulas only work for regular pentagons."
"r" is the radius of the circumcircle.
a calendar date is a way to refer to a certain day in a calendar. with the calendar date and the calendar, the exact day can be identified. with a different calendar, the same calendar date may refer to a different day. this can be seen easiest when comparing the julian calendar with the gregorian calendar. 
calendar dates are important to refer to events (most holidays are fixed with reference to a particular event or calendar date.) one example may be easter. in the middle ages, it has been fixed that easter is to be the first sunday that is (on or after) the 14th day after the spring equinox. 
most calendar systems have a date format that has three parts, the day of a certain month, the month and the year. sometimes the week is added. 
the iranian calendar also known as persian calendar or the jalāli calendar is a solar calendar. it is currently used in iran and afghanistan. it is observation-based, rather than rule-based. each year starts on the vernal equinox as precisely determined by astronomical observations from tehran (or the 52.5°e meridian, which also defines irst) and kabul. this makes it more accurate than the gregorian calendar.
the current iranian calendar year is 1401 ap" (ap = anno persico/anno persarum = persian year)".
a hexagon is a polygon with 6 sides and 6 corners (vertices). like regular triangles and squares, hexagons fit together without gaps, which are known as tessellations. because of this, they are often used for tiling floors. they are also quite common in nature. for example, the honeycombs in a beehive are hexagons.
the west edmonton mall (wem) is the second-largest shopping centre in north america. it is in edmonton, alberta, canada. it is one of the main tourist attractions in alberta. the mall is also the fourth largest in the world. wem first opened on september 15, 1981.
in addition to the over 500 shops in the west edmonton mall, there are many other things which people go to the mall for. 
the mall also has an ice skating rink, miniature golf course, casino, skate park, hotel, petting zoo, three movie theaters and many other things to see.
ayatollah sayyid ahmad khatami () is a member of the iranian assembly of experts.
although his name resembles that of mohammad khatami, the reformist former president of iran, the two men are not related. in fact, they have opposite points of view on many issues, such as democracy and velayate faqih in iran.
a tendon (or sinew) is a tough band of tissue that connects muscle to bone. it is built to withstand tension. tendons are similar to ligaments except that ligaments join one bone to another. tendons and muscles work together, roughly as follows. when muscles contract, the tendon transmits the pull to the bone.
a tendon connects to a muscle at one end, and to bone at the other end. each tendon has these two "insertions".
collagen fibres connect the muscle to the bones. a tendon inserts into bone at one end, and into the muscle at the other end. 
tendons do not create any pulling force of their own. the tendons transfer the force of muscles pulling on the bone. unlike elastin (another bodily tissue) tendons have very little "give". 
tendons are often connected to joints.
coffee substitutes are products that try to taste like coffee. the idea for using them is to have a drink that tastes like coffee, but has no caffeine in it. the main reasons for making coffee substitutes are medical, economic and barbaric. in world war ii, acorns were used to make coffee, however it tasted foul. it was also hard to get. in the american civil war there was a similar story -
"for the stimulating property to which both tea and coffee owe their chief value, there is unfortunately no substitute; the best we can do is to dilute the little stocks which still remain, and cheat the palate, if we cannot deceive the nerves." the southern banner, 1865
grain coffee and other substitutes can be made by roasting or decocting various organic substances.
some ingredients used include: almond, acorn, asparagus, barley and malt, beech nut, beetroot, carrot, chicory root, corn, cotton seed, dandelion root, fig, boiled-down molasses, okra seed, pea, persimmon seed, potato peel, rye, sassafras nut, sweet potato.
chicory has been sold commercially on a large scale since around 1970, and it has become a mainstream product. it was widely used during the american civil war on both sides. chicory is a native plant of western asia, europe, and northern africa. and the cultivation of the plant is considered to be originated in egypt. in france, around the 1800s, chicory was used as an ingredient or substitute for coffee.
postum is an instant type beverage used in place of coffee. it made from roasted grains and molasses. postum history goes back to 1895 when an american named c.w. post created the coffee substitute, inspired by a caramel coffee recipe made by harvey kellogg. it reached the height of its popularity during world war ii. it also really caught on with people who for health or religious reasons preferred not to consume drinks that contained caffeine. for popular usage on the sitcom seinfeld george says to jerry he does not know why postum is not a more popular beverage.
kuzcham dherai (also sometimes called dherai, dehrai or derai) is a town in the khyber pakhtunkhwa province, pakistan. it is located on the bank of the river swat and a couple of miles away from swat saidu sharif airport. the population of dherai is about 10,000 people.
it is believed that alexander the great once passed through this area.
class could mean:
the croatian language is spoken mainly throughout the countries of croatia and bosnia and herzegovina and in the surrounding countries of europe.
croatian grammar is the grammar of the croatian language. the croatian language consists of three vernaculars (kaikavian, chakavian and shtokavian). 
croatian grammar books show that the codification of the language started at the beginning of the 17th century (the first grammar was written by bartol kašić in latin in 1604). this means that the rules for the language were written down. from 1604 to 1836 there were 17 grammars. most of them described the štokavian dialect, but some were about kajkavian. in the 19th century, more grammars based on štokavian were written. they were "nova ricsoslovnica illiricka", written by šime starčević (1812), and "grammatik der illyrischen sprache", written by ignjat alojzije brlić (1833). even before the 19th century, the three dialects of the croatian language were almost equally used. however, the way each dialect was written down varied throughout croatia. near the adriatic coast, it was more similar to italian, and near the hungarian border, it was more similar to hungarian. 
all grammars of the above period (1604-1836) used three accents: acute, grave and circumflex, starčević's grammar is an exception as it uses a system of four accents.
in 19th century, ljudevit gaj proposed new letters from czech (č,ž,š,ľ,ň,ď and ǧ). the letters that were accepted were č, ž and š, and from polish, ć. for other phonemes (sounds), the digraphs that were accepted were ie, lj, nj and dž. later dj or gj was changed to đ (according to proposal by đuro daničić).
the croatian language uses a latin script of 30 letters and one diphthong "ie" or "ije", and "ŕ". this system is called "gajica" in croatian (or croatian gaj's latin alphabet). the name came from ljudevit gaj. the letter order (and whole alphabet) is called "abeceda" in croatian, because the first 4 letters are spelled "a, be, ce, de". for writing foreign names and words, and in some professions, the croatian language uses letters which do not belong to "gajica", like "x, x (iks), y,y (ipsilon)" and others.
croatian alphabet (gaica) 1830.c
in croatian, nouns change form depending on the composition of the sentence. this is called declension. for people who are learning croatian, declension is the most difficult part of the language to master. it is very complicated and time consuming to explain it and because of that we will use simpler techniques. however, many languages have noun and pronoun declension, including english. in english, though, only pronoun declension now remains. let us start by explaining all of the seven croatian grammatical cases. the technique that is most frequently used in determining grammatical cases (the same technique is used in croatian schools when taught to children) is by asking yourself a question when you are trying to figure out which case a noun should be in. in croatian, grammatical cases are called padeži (plural) and padež (singular). 
the question you will ask yourself here is: “where is krešimir going?”. and the answer is that he's going to school. by looking at the table below you will see that the question 'where' is used for the locative case.
croatian nouns are divided into three genders: the masculine, feminine and neuter gender. to know a noun's gender is very important because it affects all the words in a sentence that are tied to the noun, such as adjectives. a gender is determined by the noun's ending (with some exceptions). this makes it easier to tell what gender a noun is without memorizing the gender of every word. see the table below.
nouns retain their gender in plural. for instance, even though the noun 'žene' (women) ends in -e, it is of the feminine gender.
croatian verbs have two grammatical aspects: the perfective and imperfective. the perfective aspect depicts an action that has already been finished. the imperfective aspect depicts an action that is still continuing. so, each verb in its infinitive form can be written in 2 ways: in its perfective and imperfective aspect. the table below is showing 5 verbs both in their perfective and imperfective aspects.
in croatian, there are seven grammatical tenses. they can be divided in two ways: by the time they take place in and by their complexity. simple tenses consist of only 1 word (simple tenses are aorist, imperfect, and present) while complex tenses consist of 2 or even 3 words (complex tenses are pluperfect, perfect, first future, second future) because they also consist of auxiliary verbs. also, some grammatical tenses cannot be formed with both grammatical aspects, they work with only one aspect.
the croatian week starts with monday and ends with sunday, unlike weeks from some other countries, where sunday is the first day and saturday the last.
a prize is an award given to a person or a group of people to reward good work. 
official prizes often include monetary rewards as well as the fame that comes with them. some prizes are given out in famous ceremonies, such as the oscars.
prizes are given for a number of reasons: as an honour for special persons, for exemplary behaviour and to provide incentives in competitions, etc. in general, prizes are regarded in a positive light, and their winners are admired. however, many prizes, especially the more famous ones, have often caused controversy and jealousy.
specific types of prizes include:
the term christian church, catholic church or one holy catholic and apostolic church, as it was called by 110 ad, refers to the "universal company of believers". it means every person who has ever accepted or ever will accept the christian faith. the idea is that all these people together make up one "body" called "the church". "the church" (in this sense) is not thought of by christians as an ordinary human organisation. it is thought of as being part of god's way to bring people close to him. "the church" was begun by jesus in the 1st century ad. it is called "the christian church" because jesus was called "the christ" (or holy one from god).
today there are many churches in the sense of "church organisations". the different organised churches are called christian denominations.
the main christian beliefs are held by all major christian denominations. these beliefs are often said aloud by christian people in a "statement of faith" which is called the creed. the roman catholic, eastern orthodox, oriental orthodox, lutheran, anglican communion and other protestant churches all believe that god is the "creator and eternal father of all things", that jesus was the "christ" and son of god who died to save people from the punishment for their sins, and that the holy spirit is god's gift to help and comfort christian people. christians believe that these are three parts of one god.
there are many other beliefs that are different between different denominations. these differences have sometimes caused arguments and have caused the organised church to split into denominations. the different opinions are called controversies.
during late antiquity, the christian church started became the most important persecuting organization in human history.
the english word "church" comes from the greek κυριακή (kyriake) meaning "master's (house)", or "lord's (house)". in modern english the word "church" is used for both a church building and "the christian church" throughout the world.
in 381 ad, at the a meeting of bishops known as the first council of constantinople, the nicene creed (a statement of beliefs) that was used at the time was changed to include a description of the church. the words that were added to the nicene creed are "one holy, catholic and apostolic church". this important addition describes the four most important things that christians were to believe about the christian church.
these are the four words that are used in the nicene creed: 
one important controversy is simply the definition of the christian or catholic church. to some degree this controversy comes from the nicene creed with its words "one holy catholic and apostolic church" which means "universal" church. many denominations believe that all denominations are part of a world-wide christian church and think that the most important thing is the "common faith" and not a common organisation or tradition. ("common faith" means "the faith that is the same". the word "common" does not mean "ordinary" in this sense.)
for many hundreds of years, the roman catholic church has regarded itself as the only christian church and has called itself the "catholic" (or "universal") church. in other words, only those people who were within the "organisation" of the roman catholic church were believed to belong to the "universal church". in the 20th century this view began to change and in the late 20th century there was a strong movement within parts of the roman catholic church to reach out to other denominations. the eastern orthodox church has thought of itself in the same way, but in the late 20th century there has been much more discussion between the orthodox church and roman catholic, lutheran and anglican churches. some smaller denominations such as jehovah's witnesses also believe that they are the one and only true christian church.
church could mean:
a religious denomination (also simply denomination) is a subgroup within a religion that has a common name, tradition, and identity.
the term is often used for several christian denominations including eastern orthodoxy, catholicism, and the many sorts of protestantism like baptist, methodist, episcopalian and pentecostal.
it is also used for the four branches of judaism (orthodox, conservative, reform and reconstructionist), and for the main branches of islam (sunnism and shi'ism, quranism, ibadism, sufism, muwahhidism).
in hinduism the major deity or philosophical belief functions as the identifier of a denomination and typically each has distinct cultural and religious practices. the major denominations include shaivism, shaktism, vaishnavism, smartism, and halumatha. 
the word denomination is used for a large group of christian people right across the world who use the same name, the same sort of organisation and have the same (or very similar) beliefs. christianity is divided into ten main groups. these groups all branched out at different dates from the early christianity founded by the followers of jesus. the splits generally happened because they could not agree on certain beliefs or practices. the groups then divided into smaller groups. each group that has its own separate name is a "denomination". the word "denomination" means "being given a name” 
worldwide christianity is divided into 10 major groups :
each of these ten has important subdivisions. there are also other (smaller) groups that are not mentioned here.
the evangelical and nontrinitarian branches of christianity are much more divided up than any of the others. each separate evangelical church is often called a "denomination". while the roman catholic church looks to a single earthly leader, the pope, and has similar beliefs right across the world, the several protestant denominations do not look to a single leader and sometimes have beliefs that are very different from each other. 
many christian denomination see themselves as part of the worldwide church which includes other denominations as well. some denominations, such as the roman catholic and orthodox churches and some protestant churches, believe that they are the "only" true christian church. 
some denominations have beliefs which almost all the other denominations would disagree with, very strongly. these beliefs are called "heresy" by the other churches. 
there were some movements considered heresies by the early church which do not exist today and are not generally referred to as denominations. examples include the gnostics (who had believed in an esoteric dualism), the ebionites (who venerated christ's blood relatives), and the arians. the greatest divisions in christianity today, however, are between eastern orthodoxy, roman catholicism, and various denominations formed during and after the protestant reformation. there also exists in protestantism and orthodoxy various degrees of unity and division.
comparisons between denominations must be approached with caution. for example, some churches are part of a larger church organization or diocese, while in other groups, each congregation is an independent organization. this issue is further complicated by the existence of groups of congregations with a common heritage that are officially nondenominational and have no centralized authority or records, but which are identified as denominations by non-adherents. study of such churches in denominational terms is therefore a more complex proposition.
numerical comparisons are also problematic. some groups count membership based on adult believers and baptized children of believers, while others only count adult baptized believers. others may count membership based on those adult believers who have formally affiliated themselves with the congregation. in addition, there may be political motives of advocates or opponents of a particular group to inflate or deflate membership numbers through propaganda or outright deception.
this article gives information about the relative size of denominations, based mainly on claims by the churches themselves.
christianity – 2.51 billion.
catholicism – 1.329 billion.
catholicism is the largest branch of christianity with 1.329 billion and the catholic church is the largest among churches. figures below are in accordance with the "annuario pontificio", at 2018. the total figure does not include independent catholic denominations (18 million).
independent catholicism – 18 million.
various denominations self-identifying as catholic, despite not being affiliated with the catholic church.
protestantism – 900 million.
protestantism is the second largest major group of christians by number of followers. estimates vary from 800 million to a billion, or nearly 40% of all christians. the main reason for this wide range is the lack of a common agreement among scholars as to which denominations constitute protestantism. for instance, most sources but not all include anabaptism, anglicanism, baptists and independent nondenominational christianity as part of protestantism. moreover, protestant denominations altogether do not form a single structure comparable to the catholic church, or to a lesser extent the eastern orthodox communion. however, several different comparable communions exist within protestantism, such as the anglican communion, world communion of reformed churches, world baptist alliance, world methodist council and the world lutheran federation. regardless, 900 million is the most accepted figure among various authors and scholars, and thus is used in this article. note that this 900 million figure also includes anglicanism, as well as anabaptists, baptists and multiple other groups that might sometimes disavow a common "protestant" designation, and would rather prefer to be called, simply, "christian".
historical protestantism – 300–400 million.
the number of individuals who are members of historical protestant churches totals to 300-400 million.
anglicanism – 110 million.
there are about 110 million christians in anglican tradition, mostly part of the anglican communion, the third largest christian denomination in the world.
baptist churches – 75–105 million.
the number of individuals who hold membership in the baptist denomination totals to 75-105 million, being represented in the following churches:
lutheranism – 70–90 million.
the number of adherents in the lutheran denomination totals to 70-90 million persons, being represented in the following churches:
reformed churches (calvinism) – 60–80 million.
the reformed tradition is represented by 60-80 million people who hold membership in the following churches:
methodism – 60–80 million.
the number of members in the methodist denomination totals to 60-80 million people, being represented in the following churches:
seventh-day adventist church – 21.4 million.
the seventh-day adventist church has a membership of 21.4 million people.
plymouth brethren – 1 million.
the plymouth brethren number around 1 million members.
modern protestantism – 400–500 million.
the denominations listed below did not emerge from the protestant reformation of the 16th century or its commonly acknowledged offshoots. instead, they are broadly linked to pentecostalism or similar other independent evangelical and revivalistic movements that originated in the beginning of the 20th century. for this reason, several sources tend to differentiate them from protestants and classify them as together as independents, non-core protestants etc. also included in this category are the numerous, yet very similar nondenominational churches. nonetheless, sources eventually combine their numbers to the protestant tally. despite the absence of centralized control or leadership, if considered as a single cohort, this will easily be the second largest christian tradition after roman catholicism. according to the center for the study of global christianity (csgc), there are an estimated 450 million independents world-wide, as of mid-2019.
pentecostalism – 280 million.
those who are members of the pentecostal denomination number around 280 million people.
african initiated churches – 60 million.
60 million people are members of african initiated churches.
new apostolic church – 10 million.
the new apostolic church has around 10 million members.
eastern orthodoxy – 230 million.
the best estimate of the number of eastern orthodox christians is 210–230 million or 80% of all orthodox christians worldwide. its main body consists of the various autocephalous churches along with the autonomous and other churches canonically linked to them, for the most part form a single communion, making the eastern orthodox church the second largest single denomination behind the catholic church. in addition, there are several eastern orthodox splinter groups and non-universally recognized churches.
oriental orthodoxy – 62 million.
the oriental orthodox churches are those descended from those that rejected the council of chalcedon in 451. despite the similar name, they are therefore a different branch of christianity from the eastern orthodox (see above). there are an estimated 62 million oriental orthodox christians, worldwide.
non-trinitarian restorationism – 35 million.
a sixth group is composed by non-trinitarian restorationists. these groups are quite distinct from orthodox trinitarian restorationist groups such as the disciples of christ, despite some shared history.
christendom or the christian world, in the widest sense, means christianity as a territorial phenomenon. that means: those countries where most people are christians and because of that are part of christendom.
people have used the term christendom for the medieval and renaissance understanding of the christian world as one single "body of christ" with christ as the head. with the rise of modernity and the reformation during the early 16th century the understanding changed to a modern idea of a tolerant and diverse society that consists of many different communities.
a creed is a statement or confession of belief — usually religious belief — or faith. the word comes from the latin "credo" for "i believe". it is called "symbol" (greek, συμβολον), that means a "token" by which persons of like beliefs might recognize each other.
it is likely that the earliest creed of christianity that deserves the title in full is the apostles' creed. the apostles' creed seems to have been formulated to resist gnosticism; it emphasizes the birth, physical death, and bodily resurrection of jesus christ. it reads:
the nicene creed is clearly derived from the apostles' creed, and represents an elaboration of its basic themes. the most important additions to this creed are much more elaborate statements concerning christology and the trinity. 
christians today probably use the nicene creed most widely, followed by the apostles' creed.
jewish creed: the "shmah".
the jewish faith recognizes a single creed called the shmah or shema yisrael, a statement of faith in strict unitarian monotheism, the belief in one god. this creed is embodied in a single prayer recited twice a day: "hear o israel, the lord is our god, the lord is one", also translated as "hear o israel, the lord is our god, the lord is unique ["or" alone]."
in hebrew: שמע ישראל אדני אלהינו אדני אחד
this is pronounced phonetically in hebrew: "shema yisrael adonai eloheinu adonai echad".
the most basic attempt to put the religion of islam in a brief statement of doctrine is the shahada, the proclamation that there is no god but allah, and muhammad is his prophet.
more detailed credal declarations of islamic dogma constitute aqidah.
the six sunni articles of belief are:
also from the aqidah of the salaf is the belief that the faith (i.e. eemaan) consists of (both) speech and action and that it increases and decreases. this differs from the murji’ah a sect who uphold the belief of “irjaa’”-to hold that sins major and minor, do not affect the faith and that faith neither increases nor decreases.
and they uphold the belief that the quran is the speech of allah, his revelation and light. it is not created, since the quran is from allah and that which is from allah is not created. one of the attributes of allah is his speech. since his attributes have been with him eternally, his speech cannot be created and therefore, the quran is not created. according to the salaf, debating about it is disbelief. it is not denied except by a jahmee. a jahmee is one who denies allah’s attributes.
a creed is a statement of belief, usually religious.
creed may also refer to:
the shahadah (, ) is the first pillar of islam. the saying is "lā ʾilāha ʾillā allah, muḥammadun rasūl allah", meaning "there is no deity but god, muhammad is the messenger of god".
in one of the many ayahs (proofs, evidence, verses, signs, revelations, etc.) within the the quran. the ayah says 3:18 
شَهِدَ ٱللَّهُ أَنَّهُۥ لَآ إِلَـٰهَ إِلَّا هُوَ وَٱلْمَلَـٰٓئِكَةُ وَأُو۟لُوا۟ ٱلْعِلْمِ قَآئِمًۢا بِٱلْقِسْطِ ۚ لَآ إِلَـٰهَ إِلَّا هُوَ ٱلْعَزِيزُ ٱلْحَكِيمُ ١٨
  allâh bears witness that lâ ilâha illa huwa (none has the right to be worshipped but he), and the angels, and those having knowledge (also give this witness); (he always) maintains his creation in justice. lâ ilâha illa huwa (none has the right to be worshipped but he), the all-mighty, the all-wise.
according to the teaching of the roman catholic church, purgatory is the "final purification of the elect": "all who die in god's grace and friendship, but still imperfectly purified, are indeed assured of their eternal salvation; but after death they undergo purification, so as to achieve the holiness necessary to enter the joy of heaven." 
“in purgatory there are different levels; the lowest is close to hell and the highest gradually draws near to heaven. it is not all souls day, but, christmas, that the greatest number of souls leave purgatory.
there are in purgatory, souls who pray ardently to god, but for whom no relative or friend prays on earth. god makes them benefit from the prayers of other people.
it happens that god permits them to manifest themselves in different way, close to their relatives on earth, in order to remind men of the existence of purgatory and to solicit their prayers to come close to god who is just, but good.
purgatory in art and culture.
perhaps the best-known instance of purgatory in the arts is dante's "purgatorio", the second book of his "divine comedy". likewise, the ghost in william shakespeare's "hamlet" may also presuppose a belief in purgatory, 
william blake (28 november 1757 – 12 august 1827) was an english poet, visionary, painter, and printmaker. he was born and died in london.
during his lifetime he was not very well known. today blake's work is thought to be important in the history of both poetry and the visual arts. blake's first collection of poems, "poetical sketches", was printed around 1783. his most famous poem "and did those feet in ancient time" was, over 100 years later, put to music by hubert parry. the hymn is called "jerusalem".
blake was voted 38th in a poll of the 100 greatest britons organised by the bbc in 2002.
digital editions and research
an institution is a social structure in which people cooperate and which influences the behavior of people and the way they live.
an institution has a purpose. institutions are permanent, which means that they do not end when one person is gone. an institution has rules and can enforce rules of human behavior. the word "institution" can be used in two ways. it can mean a very broad idea, or a very "specific" (narrow) one. for example: 
institutions, in the broad sense, are found in every society. the way that each institution works is different in different cultures. some important institutions are: 
some societies have many institutions in the "specific" sense. these societies have an organised government, schools, hospitals, churches, clubs, armies, markets, courts and places for entertainment. some societies have very few of these things, but this does not mean that there are no "institutions". the way in which the people relate to each other may have just as many "controls" as in a society with schools, markets and a government. an example of a society that has lots of "specific" institutions is western europe. 
historians look at institutions to find differences between eras or periods. they sometimes judge political and military events by the effect that they had on institutions.
in biology, races are distinct populations within the same species with relatively small morphological and genetic differences. 
the populations are "ecological races" if they arise from adaptation to different local habitats or "geographic races" when they are geographically isolated. 
if sufficiently different, two or more races may be described as subspecies, which is an official biological taxonomy unit below 'species'. 
if not, they are called "races", which means that a formal rank should not be given to the group, or taxonomists are unsure whether or not a formal rank should be given. 
according to ernst mayr, "a subspecies is a "geographic race" that is sufficiently different taxonomically to be worthy of a separate name" 
the key lime is a shrub that grows to a size of about 5 metres in height. it has many thorns. it produces a fruit that is yellow when it is ripe. this fruit is preferred by bartenders to mix cocktails. they prefer this lime, rather than the persian lime. 
the lime plant originally came from southeast asia, where it is native. it was taken to the middle east, and crusaders took it to europe and north africa. spanish explorers took it to the west indies and the florida keys. in 1926, a hurricane destroyed most of the commercially-grown limes in the region. the persian lime was reintroduced then.
some of the original shrubs grew wild in the florida keys. it became clear that the originally introduced shrubs (now known as "mexican limes") had modified their fruits. these were darker green than the original persian limes, they also had a thicker skin.
in biological taxonomy, race is an informal rank below the level of subspecies. it may be used as a higher rank than "strain". there are various definitions. races may be genetically distinct populations in the same species, or they may be defined in other ways, e.g. geographically, or physiologically. genetic isolation between races is not complete (some interbreeding takes place between the groups).
however, the genetic differences are not (yet) enough to put the groups into separate species. the term "race" is recognized by some, but is not governed by any of the formal codes of biological classification.
in former times, scientists often divided human beings into races. for example, they called people with a dark skin "negroid" or "black race". but, human gene sequences are very similar compared to many other animals. this is one reason why modern biology says that there is only one human race.
the phenotype of an organism is the whole set of characters (or traits) of that organism.
it does not mean just 'what you can see on the surface'. rather, it means anything which can be made visible by suitable means. for example, blood groups are definitely a part of the phenotype. however, they are not visible just by looking at a person.
in biology, the phenotype is distinguished from the genotype. this was proposed by wilhelm johannsen in 1911 to make clear the difference between an organism's heredity and what that heredity produces. the distinction is similar to that proposed by august weismann, who distinguished between "germ plasm" (gametes or their stem cells) and "somatic cells" (the body).
the phenotype is important because it is exposed to natural selection:
phenotypes are determined mainly by genes and are influenced by environmental factors. so, knowing the genome of an organism does not give an exact prediction of its phenotype.
traits vary greatly in how much they owe to heredity (nature vs nurture). the interaction between genotype and phenotype has often been conceptualized by the following relationship:
the term 'phenotype' must include characteristics that can be made visible by some technical procedure (such as blood types). another extension adds behaviour to the phenotype since behaviours are also affected by both genotypic and environmental factors.
the idea of the extended phenotype has been developed by richard dawkins to mean all the effects a gene has on the outside world that may influence its chances of being inherited. these can be effects on the organism carrying the trait, the environment, or other organisms. for instance, a beaver dam might be considered a phenotype of beaver genes, the same way beavers' powerful incisor teeth are phenotype expressions of their genes. dawkins also cites the effect of an organism on the behaviour of another organism (such as the devoted nurturing of a cuckoo by a parent clearly of a different species) as an example of the extended phenotype.
the key lime is a citrus fruit. its latin name is "citrus aurantiifolia" (often, less correctly: "c. aurantifolia"), or "citrus" x "aurantiifolia" (christm.) swingle. it is also known as the mexican lime, west indian lime or bartender's lime. it is a shrub that grows to about 5m in height. 
its fruit is 2.5-5 cm in diameter (1-2 in). the fruit is yellow when ripe but usually, it is picked green. it is smaller, seedier, has higher acidity, a stronger aroma, and a thinner rind than that of the more common persian lime. it is valued for its unique flavor compared to other lime. the key lime usually has a more tart and bitter flavor. it is perhaps most distinguished as an ingredient in the key lime pie. 
"c. aurantiifolia" is a shrubby tree, that grows to 5 m (16 ft), with many thorns. dwarf varieties are popular with home growers and can be grown indoors in winter in colder climates. the trunk rarely grows straight, with many branches that often originate quite far down on the trunk. the leaves are ovate 2.5–9 cm (1–3.5 in) long. they resemble orange leaves (the scientific name "aurantiifolia" refers to the leaves' resemblance). the flowers are 2.5 cm (1 in) in diameter. they are yellowish-white with a light purple tinge on the margins. flowers and fruit appear throughout the year but are most abundant from may to september .
"c. aurantiifolia" originally came from southeast asia. it was introduced through the middle east to north africa and europe during the crusades. spanish explorers then took it to the west indies (at some point including the florida keys) contemporaneously with columbus, then tropical and sub-tropical north america including mexico, florida, and later california . the english name "lime" was derived from the persian name لیمو "limu" in this course. "key" would seem to have been added sometime after the persian lime cultivar became more important commercially in the united states. this was after the hurricane of 1926. the hurricane destroyed most u.s. "c. aurantiifolia" plants. some plants growing in the wild in the keys survived the hurricane. since the north american free trade agreement came into effect, many key limes are grown in mexico and central america. they are also grown in texas and california.
the age of discovery or age of exploration was a period from the early 15th century that continued into the early 17th century, during which european ships traveled around the world to search for new trading routes and partners.
they were in search of trading goods such as gold, silver and spices. in the process, europeans met people and mapped lands previously unknown to them. among the most famous explorers of the period were christopher columbus, vasco da gama, pedro álvares cabral, john cabot, , juan ponce de león, juan sebastian elcano, bartholomeu dias, ferdinand magellan, willem barentsz, abel tasman, jean alfonse, jacques cartier, samuel de champlain, willem blaeu and captain james cook. 
henry the navigator started by paying portuguese sailors to explore the west coast of africa. in 1419 joao goncalves zarco discovered the madeira islands. later in the 15th century, vasco da gama reached the southwestern tip of africa and established the city of cape town, a portuguese colony. this opened the way to the indian ocean. in the next two centuries, the portuguese created a great trading empire on coasts of africa, the arabian peninsula, and india. the portuguese empire eventually weakened after the dutch east india company rose as the major power in indian ocean trade.
in a hurry to compete with portugal for a colonial empire, spain sent christopher columbus to the opposite route of the portuguese. instead of going south along the west coast of africa, columbus sailed across the atlantic ocean. he believed that he came to asia. later, some spanish sailors found out that this land was a different continent than asia. it is now called the americas.
in the 16th century, spanish conquistadores gained the whole of what later became latin america, except some british and french colonies in northeastern south america, and brazil, which belonged to portugal. the spanish concentrated on conquest, unlike the portuguese who focused on trading. they eventually developed a vast colonial empire, in contrast to the portuguese who ruled a few islands and coastal cities along the indian ocean. when spain and portugal were united under king philip ii of spain , their combined empire was the largest on earth.
in 1522 the fleet of ferdinand magellan returned to spain. the survivors were the first ever to sail all the way around the world.
britain, france, and the netherlands.
in the 17th century, political and religious wars with britain, france, and the netherlands weakened the iberian peninsula. these three nations emerged as the main winners of the wars and became major powers like spain and portugal. in the next two centuries, the world became a battlefield of the three nations. britain and france held land in north america, in india and other distant places. the dutch colonized smaller parts of the americas, took the former portuguese trading centers around the indian ocean, and conquered indonesia. these three new great powers also had influence all around the world.
eventually, the result was a series of wars that were fought both in europe and overseas, with britain emerging victorious. the british took the former land of french canada and india in the 18th century. they seized power in the indian ocean and defeated the dutch navy. by 1763, the british empire had become the second global empire after spain. however, in 1776, thirteen colonies of british america declared independence. with help from the french, dutch and spanish, they defeated britain in the american revolution.
exploration of the southern pacific ocean.
in 1778, captain james cook of britain sailed across the south pacific ocean looking for a mysterious continent in the southern hemisphere. he landed on two large islands. then he sailed west and found a bigger piece of land. the first, was modern new zealand; the second was australia. captain cook claimed these lands for britain. he then explored the pacific world for another year and died in a fight with the hawaiians.
effects of the age of discovery.
many slaves brought from africa were brought to the americas which was claimed to be found by christopher columbus himself. in conclusion, the portuguese were weakened after the dutch rose in the indian ocean trade route. spain gained almost all of latin america and a massive amount of silver.
when christopher columbus tried to find a new trade route to asia, he thought that he could travel around the world. instead, he had found a new world. vikings had briefly visited vinland around 1000 a.d.
persian lime ("citrus x latifolia"), also known as tahiti lime or bearss lime is a kind of citrus fruit. it is the primary citrus fruit grown commercially in the u.s. it is sold simply as a "lime". the fruit is about 6 cm in diameter. very often, it has slightly nippled ends. it is usually sold quite green, although it yellows as it reaches full ripeness. it is larger, thicker-skinned, and less aromatic than the key lime. the key lime is grown more often worldwide. the persian lime is bigger than the key lime, and has fewer seeds. the plant is also hardier, and has no thorns on the bushes. the fruit also has a longer shelf life. 
persian limes are less acidic than key limes and do not have the bitterness that lends to the key lime's unique flavour. persian limes are sold primarily in six sizes, known as 110's, 150's, 175's, 200's, 230's and 250's. they are grown primarily in florida in the u.s. the persian lime became more important when key lime orchards were wiped out by a hurricane in 1926. persian lime orchards themselves were devastated by hurricane andrew in 1992. large numbers of persian limes are grown, processed and exported every year primarily from martínez de la torre, veracruz, mexico, to the american, european and asian markets. u.s. persian lime imports from mexico are handled mostly through mcallen, texas.
the kaffir lime ("citrus hystrix "dc., rutaceae), also known as kieffer lime, makrut or magrood, is a citrus fruit native to indonesia. it is widely grown worldwide as a garden shrub. it is usually grown it for its fruit, the lime. the leaves are used for cooking. vegetable oil obtained from the leaves is used to make perfumes.
the plant is a very thorny bush with aromatic leaves. the oil obtained from the rind of the fruit can be used as an insecticide. the plant is well suited to being grown in a container. the green fruits are different from other limes because of their bumpy and rough exterior. they are also quite small, about 4 centimetres across. the leaves are shaped like an hourglass. the leaves and the leaf-shaped stem are widely used in the cuisine of cambodia, thailand and laos.
"citrus x hystrix" leaves are also popular in cambodia but less so in vietnam. malay, burmese and indonesian (especially balinese and javanese; see also indonesian bay leaf) cuisines use them sporadically with chicken and fish.
the leaves can be used fresh or dried and can be stored frozen.
although the most common product of the "citrus x hystrix" tree is its leaves (which give a sharp lime/neroli flavour to cambodian base paste known as krueng, thai dishes such as tom yum and indonesian food such as sayur assam - literally "sour vegetables"), the juice and rind of the small, dark-green gnarled fruit (known as jeruk obat - literally "medicine citrus") are used in traditional indonesian medicine.
the zest is widely used in creole cuisine and to impart flavour to "arranged" rums on réunion and madagascar.
other names for "citrus x hystrix":
"the oxford companion to food" () recommends that the name "kaffir lime" should be avoided in favour of "makrut lime" because "kaffir" is an offensive term in certain cultures and also has no clear reason for being attached to this plant. however "kaffir lime" appears to be much more common.
medina (; , ' , "the radiant city"; or , ' (), "the city"), also transliterated as madīnah, is a city in the hejaz, and the capital of the al madinah region of saudi arabia. the city contains al-masjid al-nabawi ("the prophet's mosque"), which is the burial place of the islamic prophet muhammad, and is the second-holiest city in islam after mecca.
medina was muhammad's destination after his hijrah from mecca, and became the capital of a rapidly increasing muslim empire, first under muhammad's leadership, and then under the first four rashidun caliphs, abu bakr, umar, uthman, and ali. it served as the power base of islam in its first century where the early muslim community developed. medina is home to the three oldest mosques, namely the quba mosque, al-masjid an-nabawi, and masjid al-qiblatayn ("the mosque of the two qiblas"). muslims believe that the chronologically final surahs of the quran were revealed to muhammad in medina, and are called medinan surahs in contrast to the earlier meccan surahs.
similar to mecca, non-muslims are forbidden from entering the sacred core of medina or the center of the city.
medina currently has a population of more than 1,300,000 people (2006). the city was originally known as "yathrib", but later its name was changed to madīnat al-nabī (مدينة ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻲ "city of the prophet") or "al madīnah al munawwarah" ("the enlightened city" or "the radiant city"). the short form "madīnah" simply means "city". madina is the second holiest city of islam, after mecca (makkah).
medina's religious significance in islam.
medina is very important to muslims. this is because the prophet muhammad is buried in a mosque known as 'masjid-e-nabawi' or 'the mosque of the prophet'. the mosque was built on a site next to muhammad's home. muslims believe that prophets must be buried at the very same place that they die. accordingly, muhammad was buried in his house. the tomb later became part of the mosque when it was expanded by the umayyad caliph al-walid i. the first mosque of islam is also in medina. it is known as "masjid quba," (the quba mosque).
like mecca, the city of medina only permits muslims to enter. the "haram" (area closed to non-muslims) of medina is much smaller than that of mecca, though. many facilities on the outskirts of medina are open to non-muslims. in mecca the area closed to non-muslims extends well beyond the limits of the built-up area. both cities' numerous mosques are the destination for large numbers of muslims on their annual pilgrimage. hundreds of thousands of muslims come to medina each year to visit the 'tomb of prophet' and to worship at mosques in a unified celebration. muslims believe that praying once in the mosque of the prophet is equal to praying at least 1000 times in any other mosque.
doctrine (latin: "doctrina") is a code of beliefs or "a body of teachings".
doctrine often means several religious dogmas that a church teaches. 
but it can also mean a principle of law, in the common law traditions, established through a history of past decisions, such as the doctrine of self-defense, or the principle of fair use.
in matters of foreign policy, a doctrine, also known as dogma, is group of fundamental rules for a nation's foreign policy. examples include the monroe doctrine, the stimson doctrine, the truman doctrine, the eisenhower doctrine, the nixon doctrine, the brezhnev doctrine, the kirkpatrick doctrine, and the bush doctrine.
examples of religious doctrines include:
one department of the roman curia is called the congregation for the doctrine of the faith.
the term also applies to the concept of an established procedure to a complex operation in warfare. the typical example is tactical doctrine in which a standard set of maneuvers, kinds of troops and weapons are employed as a default approach to a kind of attack.
examples of military doctrines include:
the citron ("citrus medica") is a species of citrus fruit. it usually has a thick rind and small sections. originally, the tree came from southeast asia. today it is mainly grown in sicily, morocco, crete, and corsica, as well as puerto rico. the tree can grow to a size of about 3 metres. the fruit can grow to a size of about 25 cm in length, and about 4 kg in weight. the pulp of the fruit is hardly ever used. the rind is used. it is made into an additive for cooking. jam can also be made from the rind. the rind is also used to make vegetable oil, which is used for perfumes.
generally, it is eaten preserved or in bakery goods, such as fruitcakes. (the candied peel rather than the fruit is often used in cooking.) in some cultures, it is made into a fruity tea. pliny the elder states that in his time , the citron could only be grown in media and persia ("hn" xii.7). the romans tried to transport it into the roman empire in tightly packed pots, but failed, according to pliny. there is evidence, however, which shows it was cultivated in the mediterranean during pliny's lifetime. zohary and hopf believe this tree was first domesticated in india. they think that its wild forms, along with those of the mandarin and pomelo, were the original citrus species.
the citron has many names in different countries; one popular reference is "cedrat", which is the french name for the fruit. theophrastus referred to the citron as the persian or median apple, and the fruit later came to be known as the citrus apple. pliny calls the tree the assyrian, or the median, "apple" (the generic greco-roman name for globose fruits). other citrus crops were not introduced to the mediterranean basin until islamic times.
in many languages other than english, a normal lemon is called a "citron" and a lime is called a "limon". although the east asian citrus fruit "yuzu" (also called "yuja") is sometimes called a citron, it is actually a separate species, "citrus junos". 
cultivation and uses.
the citron fruit is slow-growing. the citron tree is typically grown from cuttings that are two to four years old; the tree begins to bear fruit when it is around three years old. the fruit is oblong in shape, and sometimes as much as six inches in length. its skin is thick, somewhat hard, fragrant, and covered with protuberances; the pulp is white and subacid. 
in pliny's time the fruit was never eaten (it began to be used in cooking by the early 2nd century), but its intense perfume was used, penetrating clothes to repel noxious insects (compare citronella). 
in hebrew, the citron is known as the etrog (). it is one of the four species used during the holiday of sukkot each fall. the role of the citron in that holiday was portrayed in the israeli movie ushpizin. citrons that have been bred with lemon (in order to increase output per tree and make the tree less fragile) are not kosher for use as part of the four species.
in south indian cuisine, especially tamil cuisine, citron is widely used in pickles and preserves. in tamil, the unripe fruit is referred to as 'narthangai', which is usually salted and dried to make a preserve. the tender leaves of the plant are often used in conjunction with chili powder and other spices to make a powder, called 'narthellai podi', literally translating to 'powder of citron leaves'. both narthangai and narthellai podi are usually consumed with 'thayir sadam' (curd rice - yogurt rice).
in korea, it is used to create a syrupy tea (called yuja cha) where the slices of whole fruit are eaten with the sweet tea. the fruit is thinly sliced (peel, pith and pulp) and soaked or cooked in honey or sugar to create a chunky syrup. this syrupy candied fruit is mixed with hot water as a fragrant tea, where the fruit at the bottom of the cup is eaten as well. often perserved in the syrup for the cold months, yuja tea served as a source of fruit in winter. it is also popular in taiwan, where it is known as 柚子茶 (youzi cha).
[note: the korean yuja is the same as the japanese yuzu 柚子 and must be different from the citron being described in this article. the japanese yuzu = citrus junos.]
citric acid is a weak organic acid. it can be found in citrus fruits ( like oranges). it is used by organisms for krebs cycle. it acts like a preservative when added to food. it is also used to add a sour (acidic) taste to foods and soft drinks. in the european union it is known as e 330, as a food additive.
carl wilhelm scheele was the first who could extract citric acid from lemons, in 1782. the substance was probably known to alchemists, perhaps with a different name. the arabian alchemist geber is said to have discovered citric acid in the 9th century. citric acid contains 6 carbon atoms, 8 hydrogen atoms and 7 oxygen atoms. its chemical formula is c6h8o7.
jābir ibn ḥayyān (; ; died between 806 and 816), is the name for the writer of a great number of writings in arabic. the writings together have the name jabirian corpus. the most important subjects of these writings are: alchemy, cosmology, numerology, astrology, medicine, magic, mysticism, and philosophy.
jabir's writings have in them the oldest known list of chemical substances. for the first time, the writings gave an explanation of how to produce an inorganic substance (ammonium chloride) from organic substances (such as plants, blood, and hair).
modern scholars doubt the historical existence of jabir. it is probable that one person did not write all of the writings in the jabirian corpus. instead, scholars see jabir ibn hayyan as a pseudonym that a group of writers used.
translations into latin of some of jabir's arabic writings (like the "book of mercy", and the "book of seventy") came into existence in the middle ages. in latin, jabir had the name "geber", a transliteration of "jabir".
in 13th-century europe an anonymous writer, called pseudo-geber, started to produce new writings about alchemy under the name geber. people still read the in the 17th century. the "" was one of the writings that pseudo-geber produced in the 13th century. it was an influence on early modern chemists like robert boyle (1627–1691).
carl wilhelm scheele (december 9, 1742 - may 21, 1786) a german-swedish pharmaceutical chemist, born in stralsund, western pomerania, germany (at the time under swedish rule), was the discoverer of many chemical substances, most notably discovering oxygen before joseph priestley and chlorine before humphry davy.
micheline calmy-rey (born 8 july 1945) is a swiss politician. she was switzerland's foreign minister as head of the federal department of foreign affairs. she was also a member of the swiss federal council from 2003. she was president of the confederation in 2007 and again in 2011. she resigned her office as member of the federal council on 31 december 2011.
criss angel mindfreak is an american television program. the program is hosted by illusionist criss angel. angel performs many different types of stunts and illusions on the program such as street magic, levitation, and setting himself on fire. the program was first shown on july 20, 2005. it is shown and distributed by the a&e network.
a piano trio is a group of three instruments including a piano. usually it is a piano, a violin and a cello. this combination of instruments has been a very popular form of chamber music from the classical music period onwards. a piano trio can also mean a piece of music written for a piano trio to play.
other combinations of piano with two instruments are often called by the featuring wind instrument. for example: mozart wrote a trio for piano, clarinet and viola which is usually called a “clarinet trio”. brahms wrote a trio for piano, violin and french horn which is usually called a “horn trio”.
music for three people to play at one piano is called music for piano six hands.
famous music for piano trio.
haydn, mozart and beethoven all wrote several piano trios for the traditional combination of piano, violin and cello. beethoven’s last piano trio has the nickname "archduke" because it was written for the archduke rudolph. franz schubert wrote two beautiful piano trios.
in the romantic period some of the best piano trios were written by felix mendelssohn, antonín dvořák, césar franck and pyotr tchaikovsky.
in the 20th century maurice ravel and dmitri shostakovich each wrote a famous piano trio.
famous piano trios.
alfred cortot, jacques thibaud and pablo casals were world famous musicians who played and recorded piano trios in the early 20th century.
during the second half of the 20th century the beaux arts trio were the best known group. today there are many young musicians who play piano trios, including three japanese sisters called the fujita piano trio who play a lot of their music all from memory.
franz grillparzer (born vienna, 15 january 1791 – died vienna, 21 january 1872) was an austrian dramatist and poet. his dramas include three plays (a “trilogy”) called "das goldene vliess" ("the golden fleece").
two other famous plays are "des meeres und der liebe wellen" ("the waves of the sea and of love") and "der traum, ein leben" ("the dream, a life"). although he said he was not interested in prose his short story "der arme spielmann" ("the poor minstrel") is probably the best known of his works and one of the best short stories of the 19th century. grillparzer wrote the funeral speech for beethoven's funeral in 1827.
an austrian pastry is named after him: the grillparzertorte.
pastry is the dough from which some baked products are made. pastry dough is rolled out thinly and used as a base for baked products. it is made from ingredients such as flour, sugar, milk, butter, shortening, baking powder, and/or eggs. common pastry dishes include pies, tarts, quiches and pasties.
pastry is also the name given to various kinds of baked products. small cakes, tarts and other sweet or savoury baked products are called "pastries." 
greek food such as spanakopita are made from pastries.
johann georg albrechtsberger (born 3 february 1736 in klosterneuburg near vienna; died 7 march 1809 in vienna) was an austrian composer, organist, music theorist and music teacher. he is most known today because he was beethoven’s teacher for a time.
from the age of seven, albrechtsberger was a choirboy. he had lessons in organ and music theory. as an adult, he had several jobs in churches in small towns. he became kapellmeister at st stephen’s church, vienna in 1793. this was the best job for a church musician in the empire.
albrechtsberger wrote hundreds of compositions. he wrote most of them before he got the job in vienna. he wrote in a classical style. albrechsberger enjoyed doing things with music which were not normally done. he would ask string players to tune their strings in different ways (called “scordatura”). he would also write slow movements with muted strings. as well as classical sonatas he wrote lots of fugues. several people, including mozart, thought of him as the greatest organist in the world.
albrechtsberger was a very important music teacher. joseph haydn thought he was the best teacher in vienna. he was very interested in contrapuntal music of the baroque period. he copied many fugues by bach and other composers.
when beethoven was a young man, he had some composition lessons from joseph haydn. when haydn was going to travel to england for several months, he asked albrechtsberger to teach beethoven while he was gone. these lessons took place from 1793 to 1795. a few years later, albrechtsberger said about beethoven that “he learned absolutely nothing and will never accomplish anything decent”. beethoven said that albrechtsberger was a “musical pedant”. however, beethoven still studied albrechtsberger’s books on music theory. the string quartets which beethoven wrote near the end of his life show the influence of albrechtsberger.
fidelio is an opera in two acts by ludwig van beethoven. it is beethoven's only opera. the german libretto is by joseph sonnleithner based on a french story. the opera tells how leonore, disguised as a prison guard called "fidelio", rescues her husband florestan from death in a political prison.
"fidelio" is an example of a “rescue opera”, a type of opera which was popular at the time. the hero (or heroine) has to fight against cruel people in order to rescue a lover. it was written at the time of the french revolution. at this time, ideas about freedom and peace were being talked about by everyone, and this led to wars all over europe. the famous prisoners’ chorus is a song for freedom, just like the last movement of his ninth symphony.
beethoven spent some time working on the opera before he was completely happy with it. the first time it was performed (in 1805) it was a three-act opera called "leonore". there were a lot of french military officers in the audience and they thought they were being criticised. in 1806 it was performed again with two acts and a new overture (now known as "overture: leonore no. 3"). but arguments between beethoven and the theatre management meant there were no more performances. eight years later beethoven revised his opera again. this time it was called "fidelio", and it was a great success. it has remained a famous opera ever since.
the setting is a spanish state prison, a few miles from seville, in the late 18th century.
jaquino is a prison guard. he wants to marry marzelline, the daughter of rocco who is the warden of the prison. but marzelline has just fallen in love with someone she thinks is a man called fidelio. actually fidelio is a woman who has dressed up as a man so that she can get into the prison where her husband florestan is a prisoner (he has been arrested for political reasons). she is pretending to return marzelline’s love so that she can find a way of rescuing florestan. rocco says he is happy for marzelline to marry fidelio. fidelio (leonore) says she will help rocco with his job of looking after the prisoners. rocco says she can do this, but there is one prisoner she is not allowed to guard. he has been locked up alone for two years. leonore thinks it may be her husband, but she is not sure.
don pizarro, the military governor of the prison, hears that the prison is going to be looked at by inspectors who make sure that the prison is being properly managed. he knows that he should not have locked florestan up, so decides to kill him before the inspection starts. he asks rocco to dig the grave so that he can get rid of the body quickly. rocco does not want to do this, but has to agree.
leonore lets the prisoners have a walk in the garden. rocco tells leonore that he must help him dig the grave. rocco is very cross that the prisoners are walking in the garden, but rocco says they should be allowed because it is the king’s name-day. rocco says they should be locked up again. so he locked them again.
florestan sits alone in his cell. in his mind he imagines an angel who looks like his wife who is telling him to come to heaven.
leonore goes with rocco to the prisoner. she is still not sure whether it is her husband. she gives him some bread. when pizarro comes he gets ready to kill florestan, but leonore stands between them and tells pizarro she will shoot him if he comes nearer. a trumpet is heard playing a fanfare because the minister is arriving.
outside the prison the minister says that all the prisoners are now free. he is horrified to find florestan among the prisoners, because he is his friend. the crowd ask for pizarro to be punished. leonore frees her husband from his chains and the crowd say that she is a great heroine.
beethoven made several changes to the opera at different times. this included writing four different overtures. they are called "leonore 1", "leonore 2", "leonore 3" and "fidelio". the overture "fidelio" is the one that is normally heard now at the beginning of the opera. "leonore 2" was the overture performed at the first performance in 1805. "leonore 3", composed in 1806, is the most famous of the overtures. "leonore 1" may have been written in 1805, or it may have been intended for a performance in 1807 in prague which never took place". sometimes the "leonore 3" overture is played during act ii between the two scenes. however, many people think it does not work dramatically there. it is usually heard today as a separate concert piece. the overture "fidelio" was composed for performances of the opera in 1814.
"für elise" (german for "for elise") is the common name of the "bagatelle in a minor", written by ludwig van beethoven in 1810. the song is thought to be written for therese, a woman that beethoven wanted to marry in 1810, however his handwriting was misspelt undergoing transcription, allowing the piece to be known as fur elise rather the fur therese. therese did not want to marry him.
the piece of music, which was written for the piano, was not published until 1865, a long time after beethoven’s death. it is one of the most well-known pieces of piano music in the world. 
the piece is in rondo form. there is a main section (a) which appears three times. between these three sections there are two other sections (b and c), so the form of the piece can be described as: a b a c a.
the main section has a time signature of 3/8. it is based on arpeggios which flow from one hand to the other. this is the section that many beginner pianists want to play. the two middle sections are harder to play at the correct speed. they have fast scales, arpeggios and left hand demisemiquavers (32nd notes).
teplice (german name: teplitz) is a city in bohemia, the western area of the czech republic. teplice (pronounced in czech: “tep-li-tse”) is a famous spa town where, in earlier times, lots of famous people went for holidays to improve their health. goethe, beethoven, chopin, franz liszt and richard wagner all stayed there.
teplice lies between prague and dresden in a mountain area called krušné hory (iron mountains). in the year 762 hot springs were found there. the waters from these springs helped people who were ill to get better so it became a spa town.
since 1990 many buildings have been restored. the krušnohorské divadlo (krušnohorské theatre) is now being refurbished. the north bohemia philharmonic orchestra give concerts there in the open air. there is a museum and many restaurants, wine bars and cafés. in the winter the mountain slopes are good for skiing.
symphony no. 9 in d minor, op. 125, is a symphony written by ludwig van beethoven. it is one of the most famous pieces of music ever written.
a symphony is a piece of music for orchestra. beethoven wrote nine symphonies. this one, the last one he wrote, is very unusual because the last movement also has singing in it: there are four soloists (soprano, alto, tenor and bass) and a choir. this is why it is known as the “choral” symphony (“choral” means: “for choir”). it is a very long work, lasting more than an hour. this, too, was unusual.
this symphony has four movements. the first movement is in sonata form. the second and third movements come the other way round from the usual order: the second movement is the scherzo and the third movement is the slow movement. it is a theme and variations. the last movement sets the words of a poem by friedrich schiller, a famous poet who had only recently died. the poem was called "ode an die freude" (in english: "ode to joy"). the poem has a strong message to all mankind: it is about living in peace and harmony together. it was written at the time of the french revolution when these ideas were becoming very important in europe.
the main tune of the last movement (sung to the words: “freude, schöne götterfunken, tochter aus elysium”) is one of the best known tunes in the world. many children like to play it on instruments because the first part of the tune only uses five notes (it can be played on c, d, e, f, g). when the tune comes the first time in the symphony it is played by the cellos and double basses.
the "ode to joy" was adopted as europe's “national anthem” in 1972, with an official arrangement for orchestra written by herbert von karajan.
beethoven had been interested in schiller’s famous poem since he was young. in 1817 he started to write the first two movements of the symphony. in 1822 he decided to use schiller’s poem in the symphony. most of the rest of the symphony was written in 1823 and he finished it in 1824. it was first performed in may of that year. beethoven conducted the performance. the story is told that he wondered why the audience were not applauding when it had finished. they were applauding, but beethoven was deaf so he could not hear. caroline unger, the alto soloist, made him turn round, and he saw that people were applauding enthusiastically.
shatin pui ying college () is a christian secondary school in hong kong. its english name is simply said to be spyc or pyc. it was started in 1978, and uses the money given by the hong kong government. there are 4 classes each for forms 1 to 6 (as in 2019). the school icon is an eagle, which means courage and determination. its location is at 9 fung shun street, wo che estate, sha tin district, hong kong.
what the school does.
the school teaches its students for public examinations. the school motto is: faith, hope, love" (「信、望、愛」). the school teaches the students other things to gain higher qualities of moral (德), intelligent (智), physical (體), social (群), art (美) and heart (靈).
the father of the school is rev henry noyes. in 1879, he built a school in guangzhou, teaching mathematics and science. later he built more schools in taishan, jiangmen and hong kong.
in 1978, someone built the 5th school which is shatin pui ying college. mr wong wai wah was the principal. in the first year, the school worked on the campus of baptist lui ming choi secondary school at lek yuen estate. in september 1979, the school could move into wo che estate. the school library was opened since september 1982.
in order to make it possible for all the form 3 students to study as form 4 in the school, the school changed the class structure. the student union was set up in september 1995 and parent-teacher association in 1996. in 1996, principal wong gave up working and the vice principal ms yau oi yuen started doing his work. the elite class system was deleted in september, 1996.
the library system was changed to use computer since september 2001. the new wing building of the school has been finished since july 2005. in the new wing, there are classrooms for higher forms classes, a new library, some special rooms and computer rooms.
exchange students from italy and germany help the students learn english. the school has many english activities such as english tutorial class, english drama competition, form 1 bridging programme, lyrics-writing course, english immersion speech competition, interviewing tourists, english phonetics class, english enhancement course, summer english class, overseas immersion course, summer english camp for senior form students, summer english day camp for junior form students, intra-school and inter-school english debate competitions and english musicals.
the chinese language teachers write their own teaching units for the students. there are many chinese activities such as creative writing class, chinese week, prose writing class, reading club, modern poetry writing class, verse-speaking gathering, story writing class, and seminar on reading, seminar on modern poetry, intra-school and inter-school chinese debate competitions and report and comment on chinese words of wisdom.
the school teaches putonghua. there are many activities such as putonghua day, tongue-twisters, putonghua class, singing contest, putonghua broadcast and putonghua corner. students in the school can learn more about the chinese culture from the activities such as workshop on chinese clipart, chinese tea tao and chinese culture and general studies competition.
students in examinations.
all form 1 new students are band 1 students. all of the form 3 students can study as form 4 in the school. students have good results in public examinations. the average passing percentage for the hkcee and hkale is higher than 90%. the best student in hkcee got 8as in 2004.
all form 6 students in the school are from the form 5 in the same school, except the exchange students from other countries. most of the form 7 students can study in the universities these years.
according to the government, the school teaches chinese language, english language and mathematics very well from 2000 to 2006.
the school gives the good students some awards, such as scholarships, academic awards, flying eagle awards and improvement awards. the school gives money to some students to take part in some inter-school competition and courses in some universities such as the university of hong kong, the chinese university of hong kong and the hong kong university of science and technology. there are some tutorial classes to improve junior students' skills in both english and chinese languages and also mathematics.
reading time is designed to help students having a good reading habit. reading days are held by the school library for all students to read or to take part in activities related to reading.
there are many computer subjects in the school, such as information technology (it) for forms 1 to 3, computer and information technology (cit) for forms 4 and 5, and computer applications (ca) for forms 6 and 7.
the school has organised 3 musicals, the comeback kid, soul for sale and the last move. the songs inside are written by the students and past students. every form 1 student has to play at least 1 musical instrument. the photography club and the audio-visual group teaches students many skills, such as film editing, image recording, lighting, backdrop setting and sound engineering.
study about the world.
the school invites some guest speakers to the school to give speeches. students can know more about the political, social and economic issues in hong kong and around the world. the school lets the students to join some extracurricular activities such as "the youth summit", "dinner with outstanding citizens" and "hong kong international model united nations". the school lets the students to join mainland and overseas cultural tours.
the students can take leadership-training courses and extracurricular activities, such as activities such as “youth leaders auditorium 2005”, “the 6th basic certificate course for student leaders”, “outstanding leadership development programme” and “youth think tank training project”. there are free talks so that students can have better training in giving speeches.
flying eagle award.
this award is only for the students who have good learning habit, good examination results, good self-discipline, good responsibility, community skills and studies in school activities. there are 4 phases in this award. students can get a bronze eagle badge in phase 1, a silver eagle badge in phase 2, a gold eagle badge in phase 3 and a cup in phase 4.
study about god.
there are many activities to teach students about the christian principles, such as gospel week, gospel camp evangelical team, evangelical broadcast, bible study groups and christian fellowship.
there is a school song with chinese lyrics. its melody is the same as the song o christmas tree and there are two paragraphs. there is also a school hymn with english lyrics. there are three paragraphs in this school hymn.
all boys in the school wear white shirts and green trousers, and all girls wear white dresses with green drawstrings as summer uniform. the boys wear grey trousers and the girls wear grey dresses with white socks as winter uniform. both boys and girls wear green ties when wearing winter uniform.
when students have physical education lessons, they wear pe uniform. from 2000, students can wear pe uniform to school without changing at school. from 2001, the pe uniform has been changed into a new format that is grey and blue in colour. the pe t-shirts have 3 different colours, namely black, blue and red, with respect to the students’ house.
the class names are combined with one number and one english character, such as “6b”. after the new secondary school program was out, the number of classes and students per class was changed. there are about 30 students in each class from form 1 to form 6. 1a and 1b are remedial classes whereas 1c to 1e perform better in exams. the classes are mixed when students go into form 2 or form 3.
all form 3 students have to choose their subjects after finishing their year. after finishing 2 and a half years of high form study, students have to join the public exam, dse (usually in april).
each form forms a house, with its own chairman and committee members elected by the students in the own form. each house has its own colour such as black, blue or red, just like the students’ pe uniform. the forms from the same colours form some cheering teams during the sports days.
sports days and swimming gala.
there are 2 sports days every year. the sports days take places on the yuen wo road sports ground. besides the various types of sports competitions, there are competitions among the cheering teams. the swimming gala is held every year with the pui ying secondary school. it takes place on the hong kong island or sha tin district alternatively every two years.
students in the school take parts in many external competitions in many fields such as music, sports, debates, writings, mathematics and other academic competitions. one of the most notable competitions is the hang lung mathematics award. the school’s hlma team got an honourable mention in 2004 and a special commendation in 2006.
the student union was established in november 1994. its election activity is held in november every year. it helps the school setting new school rules and improves students’ lives. it organises activities such as blood donation days and ball game competitions.
student guidance committee.
it is formed by some teachers, social worker and psychologist to teach students how to have a true value.
careers guidance committee.
it helps students plan for their future by giving them information about different study opportunities and the world of work.
some students may be naughty, so there are some prefects catching the naughty students.
the school library has over 20000 books available to students. every year there are about 100 school librarians. the book borrowing system was changed from man power only into computer system in 2001. the location of it was moved to the new wing building of the school in 2005. it organises reading day every year.
information technology committee.
it is made up of an it technician and some teachers. they work together to provide the up-to-date information for the use of it in teaching and learning. it trains the teachers and maintaining computer hardware and software. it also provide some advanced computers and facilities including digital video cameras and viewers.
extra-curricular activities committee.
there are 5 groups of extracurricular activities, including studying, services, entertainment, sports and christian programme. they are divided into 40 clubs and activity groups.
civic education committee.
it teaches the students about civic education. there are many activities for the students to join..
religious education committee.
it is formed by a group of christian teachers and christ's harvest church to organize some special activities, morning assembly and fellowship.
pui ying family.
the school has good relationship with guangzhou pui ying, xiguan pui ying, jiangmen pui ying, taishan pui ying and pui ying secondary school. in canada, there is a pui ying christian services society pui ying alumni associations can be found all over the world, such as in the usa, canada, new zealand, australia, england, south africa, japan, peru, singapore, thailand, guangzhou, taishan, jiangmen and taiwan.
a heuristic is a practical way to solve a problem. it is better than chance, but does not always work. a person develops a heuristic by using intelligence, experience, and common sense. trial and error is the simplest heuristic, but one of the weakest. rule of thumb and 'educated guesses' are other names for simple heuristics. since a heuristic is not certain to get a result, there are always exceptions.
sometimes heuristics are rather vague: 'look before you leap' is a guide to behaviour, but 'think about the consequences' is a bit clearer. sometimes a heuristic is a whole set of stages. when doctors examines a patient, they go through a whole set of tests and observations. they may not find out what is wrong, but they give themselves the best chance of succeeding. this is called a diagnosis.
in computer science, a 'heuristic' is a kind of algorithm. algorithms are written to get a good solution to a problem. a heuristic algorithm might usually find pretty good solutions, but there is no guarantee or proof that the solutions are correct. the time it takes to run the algorithm is another consideration.
heuristics is the art of finding an adequate solution to a problem, using limited knowledge and little time. more formally, heuristics are based on experience; they can speed up the search for a solution using simple rules. a complete search may take too long, or may be too difficult to do.
in more precise terms, heuristics are strategies using readily accessible, though loosely applicable, information to control problem solving in human beings and machines.
heuristics can be used in some fields of science, but not in others: for economics, a solution that is one percent off is often acceptable; a telescope that has an error of one degree is probably unusable if aimed at a far-away object. the same telescope pointed to the window across the street will probably tolerate this error; missing by one degree will not have a big impact on a short distance.
heuristics can be used to estimate an answer which is then made more clear by performing an exact solution at a very small scale, perhaps to save time, money or labor on a project - for example a heuristic guess as to how much weight a bridge is expected to carry can be used to determine whether the bridge should be made of wood, stone or steel, and appropriate quantities of the needed material can be purchased while the exact design of the bridge is being completed.
however, the use of heuristics in certain very technical fields may be damaging computer science is one example. programming a computer to perform more or less the desired actions may result in severe glitches. therefore, computer tasks generally must be fairly exact. however, there are certain areas in which computers can calculate heuristic solutions safely for example google's search technology relies heavily on heuristics, producing "near-miss" matches to a search query when an exact match cannot be found. this enables a user to correct for any mistakes the search produces. example: searching for the name "peter smith" and unable to find that exact name, the search engine heuristically matches "pete smith" instead, and the person using the search engine must decide whether pete and peter are the same person.
here are some other commonly used heuristics, from polya's 1945 book, "how to solve it":
one example where heuristics are useful is a kind of packing problem. the problem consists of packing a number of items. there are rules that need to be respected. for example, each item has a value and a weight. the problem now is to get the most valuable items, with the least weight possible. another instance is fitting a number of differently-sized items into a confined space, like the trunk of a car.
to get the perfect solution to the problem, all possibilities must be tried. this is often not a good option, as trying them takes a long time, and on average, half the possibilities must be tried until a solution is found. so what most people will do is to start with the biggest item, fit it in, and then try to arrange the other items around it. this will give a good solution, most of the time. there are cases however, where such a solution is very bad and another technique must be used.
therefore, this is a heuristic solution.
in mathematics, a mersenne number is a number that is one less than a "power of two".
a mersenne prime is a "mersenne number" that is a prime number. this however, is not sufficient. many mathematicians prefer the definition of a mersenne number where exponent "n" has to be a prime number.
for example, "31 = 25 − 1", and 5 is a prime number, so 31 is a mersenne number; and 31 is also a mersenne prime because it is a prime number. but the mersenne number "2047 = 211 − 1" is not a prime because it is divisible by 89 and 23. and "24 − 1 = 15" can be shown to be composite because 4 is not prime.
throughout modern times, the largest known prime number has very often been a mersenne prime. most sources restrict the term "mersenne number" to where "n" is prime, as all mersenne primes must be of this form as seen below.
mersenne primes have a close connection to perfect numbers, which are numbers equal to the sum of their proper divisors. historically, the study of mersenne primes was motivated by this connection; in the 4th century bc euclid demonstrated that if "m" is a mersenne prime then "m"("m"+1)/2 is a perfect number. in the 18th century, leonhard euler proved that all even perfect numbers have this form. no odd perfect numbers are known, and it is suspected that none exist (if it exist, it would have to be greater than 101500).
it is currently unknown if there is an infinite number of mersenne primes. most mathematicians who have studied the question think there are an infinite number of mersenne primes. carl pomerance, samuel s. wagstaff jr. and hendrik lenstra developed a formula which they think should say about how many mersenne primes there are under a given number.
the binary representation of 2"n" - 1 is "n" repetitions of the digit 1.
for example, 2"5" - 1 = 11111 in binary.
the first four mersenne primes were known by the ancient greeks. they are 3, 7, 31 and 127. the next, 8191, was discovered in 1456. some people like trying to find big primes. since there are tricks and algorithms to finding mersenne primes quickly, the largest known primes are also mersenne primes.
as of december 21, 2018, 51 mersenne primes have been found. the largest known prime is a mersenne prime, formula_1.
super monkey ball is a platform video game. it was developed by amusement vision and published by sega. it was first released in japan in january 2001 as an arcade game titled "monkey ball". it had a joystick in the shape of a banana. it was later released worldwide as a launch title for the nintendo gamecube. titled "super monkey ball", it was released in japan on september 4, 2001, in north america on november 18, 2001, and in europe on may 3, 2002. 
"super monkey ball" has three modes of gameplay: main game, party games and mini-games.
in the main game, the object is to guide a monkey in a hamster ball across a series of platforms in the air and through a goal at the end of the level. four monkeys are available for the player to play as. each level is timed; with a level running for either 30 or 60 seconds. the player controls the main game with the gamecube controller's control stick. by moving the stick, the whole level moves, and the ball rolls in the direction that the level moves. each level has bananas that the player can collect. bananas give the player points, and collecting a certain amount of them gives the player an extra life. should the player fall off of the level or the timer reaches zero, the player loses a life. there are three main difficulties: beginner, advanced and expert. beginner is ten easy levels, advanced is 30 non-easy levels, and expert is 50 harder levels. should the player meet a certain condition after completing a difficulty, they will be able to play the difficulty's "extra" levels. a fourth difficulty level, master, can be unlocked by completing the expert and expert extra levels without using a continue. master is the hardest difficulty level, with ten levels.
there are three party games: monkey race, monkey target and monkey fight. in monkey race, players race on one of several racing levels, competing for the best rank. in monkey target, players roll their monkey down a ramp and open the monkey's ball to fly in order to land on one of several islands. three levels are available to play on. in monkey fight, players punch other monkeys for points. when time runs out, whichever monkey has the most points wins.
there are three minigames that can to be unlocked with points gotten in the main game: monkey bowling, monkey billiards and monkey golf. each minigame is based on the real life sport.
prudence crandall (september 3, 1803 – january 28, 1890) was an american teacher. she was born on september 3, 1803 to quakers. she went to the new england friends’ boarding school in providence, rhode island. in october 1831, she opened a private girls’ school in canterbury, connecticut. in 1833, an african american girl was admitted to the school. the parents of the white girls in the school wanted the black girl expelled. crandall refused. she opened a school for african american girls in april 1833.
the connecticut legislature passed the "black law". this law made it illegal to open a school that taught african american pupils from a state other than connecticut. crandall was arrested, tried, and convicted of violating this law. she was put in jail. a higher court reversed the decision. crandall was freed, but neighbors harassed her. they smashed the windows in the school. crandall feared for the students’ safety. she closed the school in 1834.
crandall married baptist minister and abolitionist calvin philleo. in 1835, the couple and his three children left connecticut for philleo’s farm in new york state. they later moved to illinois. here crandall ran a school from her home. she also took part in women’s rights activities. when philleo died in 1874, prudence moved to kansas to live with her brother. in 1886, the connecticut legislature gave her a pension. crandall died on january 28, 1890. she was buried in kansas. her old school house in canterbury is now the prudence crandall museum. in 1995, crandall was named connecticut's state heroine.
michael henry "nicko" mcbrain (born 5 june 1952) is an english heavy metal musician. he is the drummer of the heavy metal band iron maiden. 
during his early year, mcbrain played for a few small pub bands and paid his bills with session work he did when he left school. he has also played in streetwalkers, trust and with pat travers. he joined iron maiden in 1982 and debuted on their fourth studio album, "piece of mind".
he currently uses premier drums and paiste cymbals. he converted to christianity in 1999 after he had an experience in the spanish river church.
kataklysm are a canadian death metal band from montreal, quebec. 
kataklysm was formed in 1991. the band released their debut studio album "sorcery" on february 10, 1995 and their second full-length album on june 26, 1996. lead singer sylvain houde left the band afterwards and maurizio iacono took over the lead vocals. stephane barbe was also recruited to the band during this time. their third album "victims of this fallen world" which was released on march 7, 1998, saw a change in musical style from kataklysm's previous albums. they returned to their former style when they released "the prophecy (stigmata of the immaculate)" but it was less chaotic and with a little bit of thrash metal.
iacono had vocal lessons for the death metal genre after he was complaining that he was losing his voice during or after the band performed concerts. their fifth studio album "" was released on september 17, 2001. the album featured a little bit of a melodic approach to death metal however they did not step into the boundaries of melodic death metal. the band released their sixth studio album "shadows & dust" on october 15, 2002. the album is considered to be one of the most successful albums by the members of kataklysm because of the positive attention that the album received and the sales it gathered.
their seventh studio album "serenity in fire" was released on march 9, 2004. the album featured martin maurais temporarily replacing max duhamel on drums. duhamel said that he forced out of the band because of injuries but recovered from his injuries and played with the band on their eighth album "in the arms of devastation" which was released on february 21, 2006.
the band is known for using a frequently used drum pattern which they call "northern hyperblast". the band was ranked #7 on aol radio's list of the 10 best death metal bands. 
america's next top model, cycle 4 is the fourth season of "america's next top model". this cycle includes 14 contestants. the winner was 20-year-old naima mora.
william bradford (15901657) was a passenger on the "mayflower" in 1620. he travelled to the new world to live in religious freedom. he became the second governor of plymouth colony and served for over 30 years. bradford kept a journal of the history of the early life in plymouth colony. it is called "of plymouth plantation".
bradford was born to william and alice bradford in austerfield, yorkshire, england. his family were farmers. the bradford family owned a large farm and were considered rich.
bradford's father died was he was one year old. when he was four years old he was sent to live with his grandfather. two years later, his grandfather died and he returned to live with his mother and stepfather. a year later, in 1597, his mother died. bradford became an orphan at age 7. he was sent to live with two uncles.
his uncles wanted bradford to help on the farm but bradford was ill and was not able to work. bradford started to read many books. one of the books was the bible. this may be where he started learning of a religion that was different from the church of england.
when bradford was 12 years old he went with a friend to hear the pastor richard clyfton. clyfton was a minister who did not believe in the church of england. bradford believed in clyfton’s words. his uncles told him not to go to that church but he went anyway.
during one meeting he became friends with william brewster. brewster did not live far away and bradford borrowed books from him about the new church.
king james i of england started to punish the people who did not follow the church of england. they were called separatists. by 1607 many members of the separatists were arrested. brewster was made to pay a fine for going to the church. some members were put into prison and others were watched night and day. the people also learned that other separatists in london had been put into prison and left to starve to death.
the separatists decided to leave england for the dutch republic (where religious freedom was permitted). william bradford went with them. it was illegal to leave england. the group was betrayed by an english sea captain who brought them to the english authorities. most of the congregation, and bradford, were put into prison. by the summer of 1608, the separatists, and william bradford, escaped to leiden, netherlands. bradford was 18.
in the dutch republic.
 william bradford moved to amsterdam in august 1608. he lived with the brewsters in stink alley. the separatists had spent most of their money leaving england and were poor. after nine months, the congregation moved to the smaller city of leiden.
when bradford turned 21 he received some money. bradford purchased his own house. he built a workshop and worked as a weaver. he was liked.
in 1613, bradford married dorothy may, the daughter of a rich english couple living in amsterdam. in 1617, the bradfords had their first child, john bradford.
by 1617, the separatists decided to travel to virginia colony in north america. the separatists could practice their religion in the dutch republic, they wanted their children to keep their english customs and language. the colonists made a business arrangement with the merchant adventurers. these were a group of men who were willing to pay for the pilgrims to go to the new world with the promise that the pilgrims would pay them back with furs and other goods they got from the colony. by july 1620, robert cushman and john carver had made the plans and fifty separatists left delftshaven on the ship "speedwell".
many families were split as some separatists stayed behind in the netherlands, planning to make the voyage to the new world after the colony had been established. william and dorothy bradford left their three-year-old son john with dorothy's parents in amsterdam, possibly because he was too frail to make the voyage.
the "speedwell" planned to meet with the "mayflower" and both ships would travel to virginia colony. the "speedwell" proved unsafe and the passengers were put on the "mayflower". this made the ship very crowded. not all the passengers were separatists. there were about 50 colonists who went because they had certain skills. these skills would prove useful on the "mayflower" and at the colony. bradford said they hugged each other and cried and said goodbye to family and friends for the last time. they knew they were pilgrims and lifted their eyes to heaven, their dearest country and this comforted them.
the mayflower voyage.
the mayflower left plymouth, england on 16 september 1620. there were 102 passengers and 30–40 crew. on 19 november 1620, the "mayflower" spotted land. the "mayflower" was supposed to land in virginia colony, but the ship was too damaged and they were forced to land at cape cod now called provincetown harbor.
they landed on november 21. they wrote the mayflower compact, which made rules on how they would live and treat each other. bradford signed the mayflower compact.
anchored and first explorations at plymouth colony.
up to this time, bradford, aged 30, had never been a leader in the colony. when the "mayflower" anchored in the harbor, the men went out to explore the land for a place where they could live. bradford volunteered to be a member of the exploration parties. in november and december, these parties went out three times on foot and by boat.
one of the earliest exploration missions included william bradford, john carver, myles standish, edward winslow, john howland, richard warren, stephen hopkins and edward doty. of this group hopkins was the most experienced, having seen indians during his time at jamestown. according to bradford, they set off in below freezing weather, many of the men already being ill, "and when the set sail the salt spray froze on their coats, as if they had been glazed". during their trip they saw indians who looked like they were cutting up a large whale. when the indians saw the men they ran away. the men camped and protected themselves from the cold and the indians.
they located a place that would be plymouth colony in december. during the first expedition on foot, bradford was caught up in a deer trap made by native americans and brought upside down. during the third exploration, on 6 december 1620, bradford and the other men found plymouth bay. a winter storm nearly sank their boat as they came near the bay. the explorers were very cold and started to get sick. the waves were high but they landed on clark's island.
during this time, they searched areas all around the bay and found a place to live and build their homes. the location had a large hill. this hill is now called burial hill. it was a good place to build a fort for safety against any possible enemies. there were many brooks providing water. they would later find out that the site had been the location of a native american village known as patuxet; and that is why a large area had already been cleared for planting of food. the patuxet tribe of indians, between 1616 and 1619, had all died from bad sickness. bradford later wrote that bones of the dead were easy to find in many places.
the "mayflower" arrived in plymouth bay on 20 december 1620. the settlers began building the colony's first house on 25 december.
on january 11, 1621, as bradford was helping to build houses when he was got a great pain in his hipbone and fell. bradford was taken to the "common house" (the only house that was finished) and they thought he would die that night, but he did not.
bradford got well but many of the pilgrims were not so fortunate. during the months of february and march 1621 sometimes two or three people died every day. by the end of the winter, half of the 100 settlers had died. they buried their dead in secret so the native americans would not see how many were dying. they buried them in cole's hill and tried to also hide the graves from the animals.
there were only a small number of men who were healthy. everyone, including the children had to work and care for the sick. one of these was captain myles standish. he was a soldier who had been hired by the settlers to protect the people of the colony. standish cared for bradford during his illness. they became good friends. bradford had no military experience and when he became governor he would come to trust captain standish's advice on military matters.
william was chosen by the people to be governor of plymouth colony. he kept journals (a written record) which are very important even today because they are the only history of how the mayflower passengers and their families lived in plymouth colony. he died before he could finish the second book.
early service as governor.
on march 16, the settlers had their first meeting with the native americans who lived in the region. samoset, an indian walked into the village of plymouth and greeted them in english. samoset had learned some english from the traders who had visited the area he was from. this soon led to a visit by massasoit, the leader of the pokanoket tribe. at that meeting, massassoit made a treaty with governor john carver. the treaty said that they would be friends and protect each other against unfriendly indians.
bradford wrote down what was said. he would soon become governor and the treaty that was very important was the promise to help each other. this agreement was not liked by massasoit's enemies in other tribes.
in april 1621, governor carver became sick while working in the fields on a hot day. he died a few days later. the settlers of plymouth then chose bradford as the new governor. bradford would remain governor most of his life.
the elected leadership of plymouth colony was at first a governor and an assistant governor. the assistant governor for the first three years of the colony's history was isaac allerton. in 1624, it was changed to five assistants. this was called the "governor's council". these men gave advice to the governor and had a vote on important matters. they helped bradford in managing the colony. assistants during the early years of the colony included thomas prence, stephen hopkins, john alden, and john howland.
william bradford married dorothy in amsterdam, holland on december 10, 1613. they had one son. dorothy fell from the deck of the mayflower into the water and drowned a short time after the ship landed. her husband was on an exploring mission. john was born in leiden, holland and died in 1620.
his second wife was alice southwarth in plymouth. they had three children. she died in plymouth in march 1670 and was buried on burial hill in plymouth near her husband.
bradford wrote "of plymouth plantation". it was a history about plymouth colony. it is often called a journal. it was a collection of what he saw and what he thought was important. this was written in two books. the first book was written in 1630 but the second was never finished. during the years 1646 and 1650, he wrote about the colony's history up to 1646.
in "of plymouth plantation", bradford saw what was happening to be like what happened in the bible. as philip gould writes, "bradford hoped to show the workings of god to future generations." the book was not published until 1656, the year before his death, and it was well liked. bradford has been called the father of american history. many american authors have put what bradford said in their books. thomas prence did so in his book named "a chronological history of new-england in the form of annals." today it is considered very important and studied in american schools and colleges. bradford's journal was included in another work entitled "mourt's relation". this was written in part by edward winslow, and made into a book in england in 1622.
homeless bird is a book by gloria whelan, an american author, about life in india for a 13-year-old girl named koly. like many indian girls her age, koly becomes a teenage bride in an "arranged marriage." her husband soon dies and koly becomes a widow, living with her late husband's parents. when this situation doesn't last, koly has to find a way to make her future. 
this book won the national book award in 2000 in the category of young people's literature. it has been translated into german, spanish, and polish.
koly is a 13 year-old girl who lives in vrindavan india with her parents and two brothers. based on indian tradition, her family has made an arranged marriage for her. her husband is a sickly, young boy named hari. once they are married, koly must go to live with his family. but soon koly finds out that hari has tuberculosis and he will die very soon. hari's parents had decided to take hari to the ganges river and koly comes along too. while going to the city of the ganges river, hari dies. when hari dies, koly becomes a widow. koly's sassur (father- in-law) is a kind man who teaches students. he teaches koly to read and shows her a book of poems signed by the author tagore. koly's sass (mother-in-law) is not a nice woman. she treats koly as just another mouth to feed.
hari's sister chandra is soon married. koly is sad because chandra was her friend and now she is leaving. soon koly's sassur dies and now both koly and her sass are widows. 
sass and koly are very poor. one day sass gets a letter from her brother inviting them to live with him in delhi. they make a stop in vrindavan to pray at a temple. they take a rickshaw to the temple. sass gives koly money to buy lunch. koly goes to buy the food but when she goes back to the temple her sass is not there. she looks around and cannot find her. finally she sees the rickshaw driver. he tells her that her sass left on a train hours ago.
koly cries because her sass has left her. the rickshaw driver says to go to the temple and pray so the monks will give her food. koly is very unhappy and scared. she sees the rickshaw driver again and he offers to bring her to a house for widows. at the home koly meets a nice widow named tanu. together they find jobs making marigold garlands and beaded bracelets. however, koly's talent is embroidery. she finally gets a job embroidering. her new boss' name is mr. das. 
koly also teaches the rickshaw driver, raji, how to read. raji owns a farm and drives rickshaws for money. they talk and become friends. however he leaves to fix his farm.
at her new job, koly makes friends with a girl named mala. mala is good at embroidery but very outspoken. mala also steals expensive cloth and thread from mr. das. this later causes mala to lose her job.
raji comes back and tells koly that he is fixing up his farm and building a home. he wants koly to come to his farm with him. she is confused until raji says he wants her as his wife. koly is surprised that raji wants to marry her because she is a widow, and in her society it is shameful to be a widow. however raji wants to marry koly because he does not care about appearance and only wants someone he can talk to. koly is still unsure but agrees to think about it.
tanu and koly finally have enough money to buy a room for more widows to live in. koly decorates the room with embroidered quilts.
in the summer raji writes that he has built a room for her work on her embroidery. koly is happy and agrees to marry him. she works on a wedding quilt and says they will marry when she is done embroidering it. she keeps her job, and agrees to take her work to mr. das every couple of weeks.
koly, just like the homeless bird in one of the tagore poems, has finally found her home.
by: a.b, school: nams or north andover middle school
anne hutchinson (baptized july 20, 1591 - 20 august 1643), was a religious dissenter in puritan new england. her parents are francis marbury and bridget dryden. her father, being a clergy, homeschooled anne hutchinson. she got more education than most other girls at that time. she was the defendant in the most famous of the trials intended to suppress religious dissent in the massachusetts bay colony. she was born anne marbury in alford, lincolnshire, england. she, her husband william, and their children left england for the massachusetts bay colony in 1634. once settled, she began holding weekly meetings in her home to discuss sermons and theology. 
her religious views did not agree with those of her puritan neighbors. they believed good works were necessary for salvation. hutchinson believed that only faith (sola fide) was necessary. she also believed that god revealed himself to people without the help of the clergy. community leaders viewed hutchinson as a threat. she was found guilty of heresy in 1637, and told to leave the colony.
hutchinson and her family moved first to rhode island. after her husband's death in 1642, she settled near present-day pelham bay on long island sound. in 1643, hutchinson, all her children except one, and all her servants were killed in an attack perpetrated by native americans. her death was regarded by some in massachusetts bay as evidence of divine judgment.
the matariki network of universities (mnu) is an international group of universities created in 2010. each member is leading international best practice in research and education based on long academic traditions.
"matariki" in the māori language designates the pleiades star cluster, also known as the "seven sisters". it reflects seven founding member universities in the mnu.
as of september 2010 the founding members of the matariki network of universities are (sorted by year established):
johann bernoulli (6 august 1667 – 1 january 1748) was a swiss calvinist mathematician. several men in his family were mathematicians, including his brother jacob bernoulli. he is known for his work on infinitesimal calculus, and teaching leonhard euler when he was young.
sant ravidas nagar () is a district of uttar pradesh, india.
sonbhadra () is a district of uttar pradesh, india.
rampur (, ) is a district of uttar pradesh, india.
amroha district, previously known as jyotiba phule nagar, is one of the 72 districts of uttar pradesh state in northern india.
bijnour () is a district of uttar pradesh, india.
jaunpur () is a district of uttar pradesh, india.
chandauli () is a district of uttar pradesh, india.
varanasi () is a district of india. it is in uttar pradesh state.
the central cross-island highway () or provincial highway no.8 is one of three highway systems that connect the east and west coasts of taiwan.
construction of the central cross-island highway began on july 7, 1956 and it first opened to traffic on may 9, 1960.
the highway begins in the west at dongshi district in taichung. the highway used to go up into the central mountain range along the dajia river () valley through the townships of guguan () and cingshan (). at lishan there is a branch that heads north to yilan city. it goes through the mountains to dayuling () which is the highest point of the route. here another branch of the highway runs south from dayuling to wushe (). continuing east from dayuling, the highway goes down into taroko national park. it passes through guanyuan (), cih-en (), luoshao () and tiansiang () before entering taroko gorge. after the gorge the road then meets the eastern coastal su'ao-hualien highway.
closing the damaged highway.
the highway goes through mountains. rocks often fall and there can be landslides. heavy rain from typhoons often push soil and rocks onto the highway so people cannot drive through parts of it. earthquakes also damage the highway. on september 21, 1999 the jiji earthquake caused a lot of damage to the highway and cut it in many places between dongshih and lishan.
there was so much damage in 1999 that repairing it would cost a lot of money. the damaged parts of the highway were supposed to re-open in 2004. however, heavy rain from the typhoon mindulle added more damage to the highway. these parts were closed. the highway is still closed between lishan and guguan. there is no plan to repair it, but the new central cross-island highway is another way across the island.
azorina vidalii (also known as the azores bellflower) is the only species of the genus "azorina" within the campanulaceae, the bellflower family. this endemic species of the azores is used as an ornamental plant in other countries besides the azores.
it was first given the name "campanula vidalii" by hewett cottrell watson in "hooker's icones plantarum", table dclxxxiv (684); watson gave it the specific name "vidalii" after "capt. vidal, r.n.", who collected the original plant. heinrich feer changed the name to "azorina vidalii", creating a new genus "azorina", in "botanische jahrbücher für systematik, pflanzengeschichte und pflanzengeographie", 12, s. 611.
the azores bellflower is an evergreen, perennial herbaceous plant that grows to a height of 80 to 150 centimetres. it produces branches at the base and these branches are woody in the lower part. the plant has dark green leaves.
the plant flowers from may to october. the inflorescence has many hanging, waxy, pale pink, bell-shaped flowers . the "azorina vidalii" forma "alba" has, as the name suggests, white flowers. 
where it grows.
the azores bellflower is rare and usually grows in holes in cliffs near the sea, below the 50 metres of altitude. it is usually accompanied by the plant "salicornia", which also tolerate the salt in the wind coming from the sea. the plant is found in all the islands of the azores archipelago, but not on the island of graciosa.
novels and short stories about mars have been popular for over a hundred years. the planet's dramatic red color that some people can see is one reason for this. another is that the planet is close to earth. also, it looks somewhat like earth. there are also stories about creatures from mars on earth and elsewhere.
near the end of the 19th century, the astronomer 
giovanni schiaparelli reported seeing what he thought might be water channels on mars. because the italian for channels is "canali", english translations tended to render the word as "canals", implying artificial construction. this led to the idea of intelligent beings on mars before it apparently dried up.
the following works of fiction deal with the planet itself, with any assumed martian civilization as part of its planetary landscape.
novels and short stories.
several early modern writers, including athanasius kircher and emanuel swedenborg, hypothesized contact with mars. early science fiction about mars often involved the first voyages to the planet, sometimes as an invasion force, more often for the purposes of exploration.
living on mars.
by the 1930s, stories about reaching mars had become somewhat trite, and the focus shifted to mars as an alien landscape. new stories were set in a time after human contact and basic exploration. some were about the colonization of mars or otherwise used mars as a setting rather than a goal.
1960s and later.
beginning in 1965, the mariner and viking space probes revealed that the canals were an illusion, and that the martian environment is extremely hostile to life. by the 1970s, the ideas of canals and ancient civilizations had to be abandoned.
authors soon began writing stories based on the new mars (frequently treating it as a desert planet). most of these works have humans struggling to tame the planet, and some of them refer to terraforming (using technology to transform a planet's environment).
a common theme, particularly among american writers, is that of a martian colony fighting for independence from earth. it appeared already in heinlein's "red planet" and is a major plot element in greg bear's "moving mars" and kim stanley robinson's "mars" trilogy. it is also part of the plot of the movie "total recall" and the television series "babylon 5". many video games also use this concept, such as the "red faction" and "zone of the enders" series. a historical rebellion of mars against earth is also mentioned in the "star trek" series of novels.
in the decades following mariner and apollo, the once-popular subgenre of realistic stories about a first expedition to mars fell out of fashion, possibly due to the failure of the apollo program to continue on to mars. the early 1990s saw a revival and re-envisioning of realistic novels about mars expeditions. early novels in this renaissance were jack williamson's novel "beachhead" and ben bova's novel "mars" (both 1992), which envisioned large-scale expeditions to mars according to the thinking of the 1990s. these were followed by gregory benford's "the martian race" (1999), geoffrey a. landis's "mars crossing" (2000), and robert zubrin's "first landing" (2002), which took as their starting points the smaller and more focussed expedition strategies evolved in the late 1990s, mostly building on the concepts of mars direct.
nostalgic mars fiction.
several post-mariner works are homages to the older phase of mars fiction, circumventing the scientific picture of a dry and lifeless mars with an unbreathable atmosphere through such science fiction generic staples as positing its future terraforming, or creating alternate history versions of mars, where burroughs' barsoom, bradbury's martian chronicles or the war of the worlds are literal truth.
martians in fiction.
the martian is a favorite character of classical science fiction; he was frequently found away from his home planet, often invading earth, but sometimes simply a lonely character representing alienness from his surroundings. martians, other than human beings transplanted to mars, became rare in fiction after mariner, except in exercises of deliberate nostalgia – more frequently in some genres, such as comics and animation, than in written literature.
chang gung university is a university in taiwan. it was named after wang chang-gung, 's father. the main campus is in taoyuan city. it was founded in 1987.
the university of otago () in dunedin is new zealand's oldest university. founded in 1869 the university opened in july 1871. between 1874 and 1961 the university of otago was a part of the university of new zealand, and issued degrees in its name.
the university of otago has ten libraries — seven based in dunedin on the main university campus, the education library in southland, plus two medical libraries in wellington and christchurch. all libraries have wireless access.
the university of otago had over 21,000 students enrolled during 2019.
moradabad district is one of the districts of uttar pradesh state of india, and moradabad town is the district headquarters. moradabad district is a part of moradabad division. as of 2011 it is the second most populous district of uttar pradesh (out of 71), after allahabad.
the district of moradabad lies between 28°21´ to 28°16´ north latitude and 78°4´ to 79° east longitude. the district occupies an area of 3493 km2 and has a population of 2,761,620. the city is known for its export of brass handicrafts to north america and europe, and is also thus called "brass city" or peetal nagri. it has close to four million citizens of various ethnicities and religions.
the district of moradabad lies east of the ganges and west of the native state of rampur. its area is 2285 sq. m. it lies within the great gangetic plain and is demarcated into three subdivisions by the rivers ramganga and sot. the eastern tract consists of a submontane country, with an elevation slightly greater than the plain below, and is traversed by numerous streams descending from the himalayas. the central portion consists of a level central plain descending at each end into the valleys of the ramganga and sot. the western section has a gentle slope towards the ganges, with a rapid dip into the lowlands a few miles from the bank of the great river.
according to the 2011 census moradabad district has a population of 4,773,138, roughly equal to the nation of singapore or the us state of alabama. this gives it a ranking of 26th in india (out of a total of 640). the district has a population density of . its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 25.25%. 
in 2011 a new district named sambhal district is formed with two sub districts of moradabad district.
the rest of moradabad district have a population of 3126507.the muslim population in rest of moradabad district is 1588297. 
moradabad has a sex ratio of 903 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 58.67%.
woody island, also known as yongxing island (永兴岛 or 永興島 or yǒngxīng dǎo) and known as phu lam island (đảo phú lâm), is the largest of the paracel islands in the south china sea.
the island is controlled by the people's republic of china. it is part of the city of sansha. 
soliders of the people's liberation army are stationed on the island. 
the island is also claimed by the republic of china, and vietnam
hapi was the god of the annual flooding of the nile in egyptian mythology. he was sometimes called "lord of the fishes and birds of the marshes" or "lord of the river bringing vegetation". he is often shown in art as a man with a large belly wearing a loincloth, having long hair and having large, female-like chest.
maría begoña basauri díaz (born august 25, 1982 in antofagasta) is a chilean actress.
urðarbrunnr (old norse for the "well of urðr") is a well in norse mythology. it is situated under the yggdrasil or the world tree. norse mythology is a version of the older northern germanic mythology. the gods would travel via the bifrost with the exception of thor as it was thought that he would break the bridge which took the form of a rainbow, to urðarbrunnr. here they would meet and decide things, presumably laws of nature and magic and love and war.
mario party 5 is a party board video game for the nintendo gamecube console. it is the fifth game in the "mario party" series. it was developed by hudson soft and published by nintendo. it was released on november 10, 2003 in north america, on november 28, 2003 in japan, and on december 5, 2003 in europe.
"mario party 5" plays the same as the first four "mario party" games. players go around on boards to collect coins, which they can use to buy stars. movement is done with the use of a dice block with the numbers one through ten. after all four players take their turns, a mini-game is played. the player that wins the mini-game wins coins. the winner is the player with the most stars at the end of the game. boards have different types of spaces, including blue spaces which add coins, red spaces which take away coins, and bowser spaces which causes bowser to appear and do a bad event. the game introduces the dk space, where donkey kong appears to cause an event to happen. unlike bowser events, these events are always good. also new to the game is the capsule system, which replaces the item system from past games. capsules are containers that hold a single item. players can get capsules by passing by the "capsule machine" on the board. each capsule does something different, including increasing the number of dice blocks a player can roll, and taking away coins from an opponent. capsules can be thrown up to ten spaces away. 
ten characters are playable. new to the series as a playable character are toad, boo, and koopa kid. because of the addition of the dk space, donkey kong is no longer a playable character.
in addition to the main party game, players can also play a mode called super duel mode. in super duel mode, players build a battle vehicle to use in tournaments or fight against friends. players are able to change their vehicle by using different parts. parts can be bought with the points from mini-games.
trace dempsey cyrus (born february 24, 1989) is an american musician. he was the former guitarist, songwriter and vocalist of metro station. he is the adopted son of billy ray cyrus. 
cyrus was born in ashland, kentucky to billy ray cyrus and leticia finley. his parents are of cherokee native american, dutch, english, french, german, irish, scottish and welsh descent.
jason paul collins (born december 2, 1978) is a retired american basketball player. he was a center for the brooklyn nets of the national basketball association (nba).
collins played college basketball for stanford university and was named to the all-pac-10 first team in 2001.
he was drafted by the new jersey nets with the 18th overall pick in the 2001 nba draft.
he helped the nets reach the nba finals in 2001 but they were swept by the los angeles lakers. he played 7 seasons with the nets and he was traded with cash considerations to the memphis grizzlies for stromile swift. he played 31 games for the grizzlies and then he was traded to the minnesota timberwolves in an eight-player deal involving kevin love and o. j. mayo. when his contract expired at the end of the 2008–09 nba season, the timberwolves didn't re-sign him and he signed with the atlanta hawks on september 2, 2009. he played 3 seasons with the hawks and signed an undisclosed deal with the boston celtics. he was traded by the celtics to the washington wizards on february 21, 2013 for jordan crawford.
his twin brother jarron collins also played in the nba. on april 29, 2013, collins wrote the cover story of sports illustrated in which he publicly come out as gay. he became the first active male professional athlete in any of the four major north american pro sports leagues to come out. he said that he chose the jersey number 98 in honor of matthew shepard, a victim of a gay hate crime in 1998. collins said that the number was "a statement to myself, my family and my friends".
valley forge national historical park (est. 1976) is a united states national historical park north of philadelphia, pennsylvania. the park covers . it contains historical buildings, recreated cabins, museums, memorials, and recreation facilities. the park welcomes visitors and gives talks about the history of the boom shacks site.
it was at valley forge that general george washington quartered the american continental army during the bitterly cold winter of 1777–1778. many soldiers suffered or died of cold, sickness, and starvation. valley forge was not a battlefield. washington wrote on february 16, 1778, "naked and starving as they are we cannot enough admire the incomparable patience and fidelity of the soldiery."
italian neorealism describes a movement in italian cinema. films such as rome, open city and bicycle thieves, from the 1940s, were filmed in the streets rather than a studio and told stories about poor people living difficult lives. among neorealists are michelangelo antonioni and federico fellini.
martha miriam greenhouse (june 14, 1921 – january 5, 2013) was an american stage, movie and television actress. she was an actors' union leader. she appeared on many television programs including "route 66", "car 54, where are you?", "law & order", "the jackie gleason show", "the phil silvers show", and "ryan's hope".
greenhouse was born on june 14, 1921 in omaha, nebraska. she died on january 5, 2013 in her home in new york city, new york from natural causes, aged 91.
susan tyrrell (born susan jillian creamer; march 18, 1945 – june 16, 2012) was an american actress, painter, and writer. she is known for her best supporting actress oscar-nominated performance as oma in "fat city", and for her role as ramona rickettes in the john waters movie "cry-baby". in 2000, she was diagnosed with thrombocythemia which led to amputation of both her legs below the knee. she spent the years painting and writing.
nicol williamson (14 september 1938 – 16 december 2011) was a scottish actor who was known for his first role in "a midsummer night's dream". he was also known for being in many plays.
williamson was born on 14 september 1938 in hamilton, south lanarkshire, scotland. he studied at the central grammar school for boys, birmingham and at birmingham school of speech & drama. williamson was married to jill townsend from 1971 until they divorced in 1977. they had one son, luke. williamson died on 16 december 2011 in amsterdam, netherlands from esophageal cancer, aged 73.
yale summers (july 26, 1933 – may 6, 2012) was an american actor. he was known for his role in "daktari". he was an active member of the screen actors guild. 
summer was born on july 26, 1933 in manhattan, new york city. he was married to suzie summers until his death in 2012. they had two children. summers died on may 6, 2012 in beverly hills, california from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, aged 78. 
yvette renee wilson (march 6, 1964 – june 14, 2012) was an american comedian and actress. she was best known for her role as andell wilkerson in "moesha" and its spinoff "the parkers".
wilson was born on march 6, 1964 in los angeles, california. she studied at san jose state univeristy. wilson died on june 14, 2012 in los angeles, california from cervical cancer and kidney disease, aged 48.
john anthony "tony" epper (october 1, 1938 – july 20, 2012) was an american actor and stuntman. he was a member of the epper family, whose members work as actors and stunt performers. he is known for his roles in "ma and pa kettle at home", "carbine williams", and "the story of will rogers".
epper was born on october 1, 1938 in los angeles, california. he was married to donna epper until his death in 2012. he had two children and two step-children. epper died on july 20, 2012 in his home in boise, idaho from cancer, aged 73.
karl hans albrecht (20 february 1920 – 16 july 2014) was a german entrepreneur. he founded the supermarket chain aldi with his brother theo. in october 2012, albrecht was listed as one of the richest people in the world with an estimated net worth of us$22.6 billion.
previously, forbes listed him as one of richest men in the world, with an estimated net worth in 2011 of us$25.4 billion. that made him 10th in the 2012 forbes list of billionaires. he was the oldest billionaire in the top 20 list. albrecht was the richest person in germany, and the fourth-richest in europe.
albrecht was born on 20 february 1920 in essen, germany. he was married. he has two children. albrecht lived in mulheim an der ruhr, germany.
albrecht died in essen, germany from natural causes, aged 94.
liliane henriette charlotte schueller, married name bettencourt (21 october 1922 – 21 september 2017), was a french heiress, socialite, businesswoman and philanthropist. 
she was one of the principal shareholders of l'oréal. according to forbes, she was the richest woman in the world, making her the tenth richest person in the world with a net worth of us$36.4 billion, as of the 2015 version of "the world's billionaires".
bettencourt was born on 21 october 1922 in paris, france. she was married to andré bettencourt from 1950 until his death in 2007. they had one child, a daughter, françoise. bettencourt lived and died in paris.
bettencourt died in paris, france on 21 september 2017 at the age of 94.
chill-out music began in europe during the early-1990s. it includes different types of electronic music that are meant to have a mellow style as well as mid-tempo beats. ambient, ambient house, trip-hop, nu jazz, new age and some other sub-genres of downtempo are mainly associated with chill-out music.
this genre of music is played in "chill rooms" at dance clubs to allow dancers a chance to relax and take a break from the more vigorous and fast-tempo type of music that is played on the main dance floor. in 1992, a uk regulation required dance clubs to have chill-out rooms and free water because of a number of ecstasy-related injuries and deaths.
"human nature" is a single from american singer-songwriter madonna. it is from her album "bedtime stories", which was released in autumn 1994. the song was written and produced by madonna and released in june 1995. the song is about humor, sex and sarcasm. it was written in response to the huge backlash to her 1992 record "erotica" and her coffee table book "sex".
this single got mixed reviews by the critics, although it was a moderate hit in america, australia and the united kingdom. there are many versions of this song.
a crore is the number 10^7, equal to 10 million or 100 lakh. it is used in india for money and as a number. in india it is written 1,00,00,000 and in other countries it is written 10,000,000.
phrenology is the study of human characteristics according to shape of the skull. it was popular until around the 1900s, when scientists started to discourage against it. today, it is considered a pseudoscience. hehe
orbital inclination is a term for the angle between two orbital planes. it is often used to describe the movement of celestial bodies such as stars and planets. in that context, one of the planes is the standard, or reference. many stars are in a galaxy that has a galactic plane which is used as reference. for a planet's orbit, the inclination is the angle to the ecliptic plane. for a moon, an inclination of 0 degrees means the orbiting body orbits the planet in its equatorial plane, in the same direction as the planet rotates.
fc biel-bienne is the most successful football club in the city of biel/bienne, switzerland. the club was founded on 13 november 1896. the club played in a stadium called ‘jardin anglais’ at the beginning. they went to the gurzelen stadium in the year 1913. there they still play today. the gurzelen stadium has a capacity of 15,000.
the club got the name fc biel-bienne in 1911. before they were called ‘football-club de bienne’. during world war i they didn’t play in the league but they did a lot of charity projects.
fc biel-bienne plays in the challenge league today. the second best football league in switzerland.
they moved to the first league in the season 1989/90. this is the best league of amateur-football in switzerland. they went to the challenge league again in 2008.
because the gurzelen stadium is very old, fc biel/bienne has to play on the ‘maladière stadium’ in neuenburg. but the club can come back in 2014 because the new stadium is going to be built. it will be opened in 2015.
the president of the fc biel-bienne is jean-marc hofstetter. he became president in 2013.
before it was jean-pierre senn.
the coach of the club is phillipe perret.
in 1947 they became swiss champion. in 1961 they reached the final of the swiss cup. in 2011 they reached they reached the semifinal of the swiss cup. in 1968 they won the uhrencup.
catharina-amalia, princess of orange (given names: "catharina-amalia beatrix carmen victoria"; born 7 december 2003) is the oldest child of king willem-alexander of the netherlands, and queen máxima. on april 30 2013, she became the heiress apparent to the dutch throne when her father became king.
birth and baptism.
princess catharina-amalia was born on 7 december 2003 at hmc bronovo in the hague. on 12 june 2004, catharina-amalia was baptized by reverend carel ter linden in the grote, or st. jacob's, church in the hague.
princess catharina-amalia was enrolled in bloemcamp school in wassenaar on 10 december 2007. her birthdays are usually celebrated with a concert at kloosterkerk, the hague. the concerts are attended by ambassadors and members of the royal household and the council of state of the netherlands. on her seventh birthday, a douglas c-47 skytrain once owned by her great-grandfather, prince bernhard of lippe-biesterfeld, was named after catharina-amalia by peter hartman. the princess herself did not go to the naming ceremony because of school obligations.
on 28 january 2013, it was stated that queen beatrix would abdicate on 30 april. because of this, princess catharina-amalia, as the heiress apparent to her father, would take the title of princess of orange. she is the first person to have this title. after her father became king, she still lives in wassenaar, but will eventually move with her family to huis ten bosch. princess catharina-amalia will have a seat in the advisory division of the council of state of the netherlands when she becomes 18 years old (age of majority).
titles, styles and arms.
her official title in dutch is "hare koninklijke hoogheid de prinses van oranje"
queen beatrix abdicated the dutch throne on 30 april 2013. upon the abdication, princess catharina-amalia became the princess of orange as heiress apparent.
as a daughter of one of the 2 heads of the house, when she becomes 18 years old, she "will become" :
a nitro compound is a molecule that has the nitro group. the nitro group is made of one nitrogen atom connected with two oxygen atoms (-no2). the nitrogen is also bonded to the rest of the molecule.
nitrogen normally has only three bonds. in a nitro group, the bond is considered positively charged. then one bond of the oxygen is negatively charged, and the other has a double bond. in reality, the best way to represent the nitro group is to consider it to have delocalized electrons. then all three atoms are sp2 hybridised.
nitro compounds are very explosive. this is because, at high temperature, nitro compounds can decompose and release nitrogen gas. this reaction is very exothermic (gives out a lot of energy). many explosives have nitro groups, for example trinitrotoluene (tnt).
smuggling means illegal transport of goods, objects substances or information across state, national or international borders. smugglers do this for various reasons including avoiding tariffs.
andré le nôtre (12 march 1613 – 15 september 1700) was a french landscape architect and gardener serving king louis xvi of france. he designed and constructed the formal gardens at the palace of versailles. other gardens and parks in france he designed include those of vaux-le-vicomte, chantilly, fontainebleau, saint-cloud, saint-germain-en-laye, and the tuileries. le notre's style of garden design was widely imitated in europe, but without his taste and sound professional judgement. in the 18th century, his designs at versailles influenced the master plan for washington, d.c. 
karen sylvia doggenweiler lapuente (born august 27, 1969 in puerto varas) is a popular chilean journalist and tv presenter.
she is married to the chilean politician marco enríquez-ominami.
julio césar rodríguez (born on 1969 in hualpén) is a chilean journalist and television presenter.
dallas is an american television soap opera. the show airs on tnt. it started on june 13, 2012. it is a revival of the 1978-1991 television series of the same name. it continues from where the original series left off. the cast includes patrick duffy, larry hagman, linda gray, josh henderson, and jesse metcalfe.
the series was cancelled on october 3, 2014.
like the original series, "dallas" is about the ewings, a family from texas involved in oil and cattle ranching. the new series focuses on the next generation of the ewings. the next generation of the ewings are the children who were born during the original series. as grown-ups, the children have become a lot like their parents. three characters from the original series, bobby, j.r., and sue ellen, return as main characters.
grupo televisa, s.a.b. () is a mexican multimedia mass media company and the largest in hispanic america and the spanish-speaking world. and in the spanish-speaking world. it is a major international entertainment business, with much of its programming airing in the united states on univision, with which it has an exclusive contract.
it is headed by leopoldo gómez, the vice president of news for televisa.
the inclosure act 1773 (13 geo 3. c. 81) (also known as the enclosure act 1773) is an act of the parliament of great britain. the act is still in force in the united kingdom. it created a law that allowed landowners to enclose land and remove the right of commoners to use the land. this act was a big part of the agrarian revolution.
eric koston (born april 29, 1975) is an american professional skateboarder. he was born in bangkok, thailand. now he is living in california in the united states. 
eric grew up in san bernardino in california. he started to skateboard in 1986 at the age of 11 years old when his brother gave him his old skateboard. he picked up skateboarding quickly and later went to a skate camp where he met eddie elguera, who realized his potential as a professional skateboarder. he was in grade 10 when he dropped out of school to become a full time skateboarder. 
in 1992, koston moved to los angeles where natas kaupas got him into the 101 team. in 101, he established himself as a leading switch stance skateboarder. he did many switch tricks like the nollie flip nose slide and the switch kick flip backside tail slide. he also took a switch 360 flip down the embarcadero 7. he was finally sponsored and became a pro-skater in 1993 when he joined the h-street team and moved into the team house. later, in 1993, he created the fourstar clothing company. he also invented many skateboard tricks. even though he didn't invent it himself, koston's main signature trick is the "k grind" (for koston) after mastering it and showing it on a video. the "k grind" is only a crooked grind. his stance is goofy, but he is known for his ability to skate switch. he possesses the technical skill and commitment to create the practice of new tricks, either on the streets, or in competition. he is known for commercializing the competitive, horse-derivative game of s.k.a.t.e. eric koston appears in the electronic arts (ea games) video games skate 2 and skate 3. he also is in the laikai video named fully flared where he does a perfect fakie 360 flip down the four stairs. eric koston is still skateboarding. he can be seen at the battle of the berrics which are games of s.k.a.t.e. in their co-own skate park. 
britain's next top model, cycle 4 is the fourth season of "britain's next top model". this cycle includes 14 contestants. the winner was 18-year old alex evans.
a leper window was a window built low in the chancel wall of some medieval churches. it was usually iron barred and shuttered. lepers stood outside and watched mass through this window.
the eurocopter ec120 colibri is a light helicopter designed and built in france and germany, with help of china and singapore. the name of colibri is the french translation for hummingbird. it is built by eurocopter in marignane. its first flight was in 1995. some are used by the chinese, french and spanish air forces mainly for training.
women's rights national historical park (est.1980) consists of four historical properties in seneca falls and waterloo, new york. these properties are important to women's rights. they are the wesleyan chapel (the site of the first women's rights convention); the elizabeth cady stanton house; the m'clintock house; and the richard hunt house. the park consists of 6.83 acres (27,600 m²). it includes a visitor center and an education and cultural center. 
the votes for women history trail (est. 2009) is administered through the park. it is a motor vehicle route of sites in upstate new york important to women's rights. sites include the susan b. anthony house; the mount hope cemetery; antoinette louisa brown blackwell childhood home; the m'clintock house; and the women's rights national historic park itself.
there was a tram system in biel, switzerland, from 1877 to 1948. as the idea of having trams was not popular, there was only one route from bözingen to nidau.
the tram was originally a horse carriage on rails. there were only a few carriages from other tram systems. although it was very small there were summer and winter carriages.
after biel city bought the system in 1901, it became electrical with more carriages and a bigger route. the tram was not very popular and the owner did not earn much money. this was the reason why only very few routes were built.
all the four routes started at the train station in biel, today known as ‘zentralplatz’. the tram to meinisberg went through mett but because there was a big distance between biel and meinisberg, there were only a few stations.
biel city started to reduced the system in 1930. first, route 1 and 2 became route 1. then, in 1940, routes 2 and 3 were replaced by buses and finally, route 1 became a bus route, too.
biel has a well-organized bus system since 1948. it grew more and more and is quite large, with over 15 different routes today. some of them use the old tram routes but more were added, especially in the last 20 years. there are also different bus types today. some are electrical, others run on fuel.
gennevilliers is a town in france near paris. it is in the region île-de-france and the department of hauts-de-seine. about 41,000 people live there.
gennevilliers has a town hall, two fire stations, a police station, three post office, and a customs station.
culture & monuments.
gennevilliers has an old church from 17th century called saint marie madeleine.
at least gennevilliers has got a movie theatre, a modern theatre, a music school, and a fine art school.
the main sports played in gennevilliers are : football, rugby, swimming, dance, archery, and kayak
gennevilliers is famous for his port, the port de gennevilliers, one of the most important in france, and the first one on the river seine. gennevilliers has 3 stations of the paris métro line 13 : "gabriel péri", "les agnettes", and "les courtilles". urban train line c come to gennevilliers. city is also served by 6 tram stations : "parc des chantereine", "gare de gennevilliers", "timbaud", "le village", "le luth", and "les courtilles". two highways converge in gennevilliers, the "a15" and "a86".
the renault master is a series of light trucks and minibuses produced by french manufacturer renault from 1980 to present.
opel and vauxhall make the same vehicle but with different names, the names are: opel movano and vauxhall movano.
cumberland gap national historical park (est. june 11, 1940) is a united states national historical park at the borders kentucky, tennessee, and virginia. the park covers . it includes a visitors' center, museum, and gift shop.
the cumberland gap is a large natural break in the appalachian mountains. historically, the gap was fertile hunting ground used by native americans. about 1775, it became the main route for settlers moving west into kentucky. between 1775 and 1810 as many as 300,000 settlers may have used the gap. tours are led to the park's hensley settlement, an early 20th century kentucky mountain community, and trips are made to gap cave which was once used for shelter by traveling indians and settlers. appalachian music festivals and concerts are held in the park.
britain's next top model, cycle 2 is the second season of "britain's next top model". this cycle includes 13 contestants. the winner was 18-year old lianna fowler from derby, england.
italophilia is the admiration, general appreciation or love of italy, its culture, society, arts and people. it is often related to the emulation of italy's ideals and civilization.
the term is used in two basic contexts: in international politics and in cultural context.
"italophilia", "italophile", and "italophilic" are the terms used to denote pro-italian sentiments, usually in politics and literature.
a huge italophilia started to develop in europe during the centuries of the italian renaissance.
actually one of the main reasons of italophilia in the world is that italy is home to more world heritage sites than any other nation in the world. these sites are culturally important and value according to unesco. indeed about 60% of the works of art of the world are in italy.
another reason is the worlwide appreciation for italian culinary and foods. italy is also a big wine producer. in 2005 it made over 5 million tonnes, and many italian wines are very famous in the world, like the "chianti".
indeed in the american countries with a huge italian emigration in the last centuries, there it is a widespread italophilia: argentina, brasil, uruguay, venezuela, canada and the usa have millions of italian descendants who promote in their society the love and appreciation for italy.
actually giorgio silvestri (director of the "assemblea legislativa della liguria") has calculated that there are nearly 250 million italophiles in the world.
dewitt clinton (march 2, 1769 – february 11, 1828) was an early american politician and statesman. he graduated in law from columbia university in 1790. from 1790 to 1795 he served as private secretary to his uncle, george clinton. 
clinton was born in little britain, new york. he was married to maria franklin. they had ten children, but only three survived. clinton then married catharine jones from 1819 until his death in 1828. his son, george william clinton, served as mayor of buffalo, new york.
he served in the new york state legislature (1797–1798) and the new york senate (1798–1802). he served the u.s. senate (1802–1803). he served 10 terms as mayor of new york city (1803–1815). during his 10 terms as mayor, he promoted public education, city planning, public sanitation, and relief for the poor. 
clinton also held office as state senator (1806–1811) and lieutenant governor (1811–1813). from 1810 to 1824, he served as new york canal commissioner. in 1812, he lost the race for president of the united states to james madison. he was governor of new york state (1817–1823, 1825–1828). he supported a plan to build a canal through upstate new york to connect the east with the midwest. he became such a strong supporter of the new york plan that his opponents called it "clinton's ditch". he is sometimes known as the father of the erie canal. 
clinton died from heart failure in albany, new york, aged 58.
tv azteca, is a mexican multimedia conglomerate owned by grupo salinas. it is the second-largest mass media company in mexico after televisa. as of 2017, it competes in mexico with televisa.
it operates two television networks in mexico: azteca 7 and azteca uno. it also operates repeaters and affiliate stations in most major and minor cities.
in the 1990s, during the presidency of carlos salinas de gortari, several companies were privatized, including imevisión (spanish: "instituto mexicano de televisión"; english "mexican television institute"), which owned two channels (red nacional 7 and red nacional 13), which after its privatization, it would be renamed "televisión azteca, s.a de c.v" (except canal 22 would pass under the power of conaculta).
dulwich college is a boarding school for boys aged 718 in dulwich in south london. it is one of the largest fee-paying schools in england. it was started in 1619 by edward alleyn. in 2013 88% of students got 100% a*/a in their a levels. it is a member of the eton group.
amongst the many famous pupils was joseph bazalgette, who cleaned the london water supply, and was knighted in 1875.
taurus is a constellation in the northern sky. "taurus" means "bull" in latin. it is a constellation of the zodiac, which means that it crosses the ecliptic. the astronomer named ptolemy listed taurus when he made a list of 48 constellations. it is one of the 88 modern constellations that were made by the international astronomical union.
the star clusters pleiades and hyades are in taurus. taurus also contains the crab nebula, which is a supernova remnant. the brightest star in taurus is a red giant star called aldebaran.
the pink panther 2 is a comedy movie released in 2009. it is the sequel to the movie "the pink panther". in this movie, inspector jacques clouseau (steve martin) is assigned to catch a burglar called "the tornado". the tornado has stolen the famous pink panther diamond.
this movie also stars kevin kline, beyoncé knowles, and jean reno.
the boston national historical park (est. october 1, 1974) is a group of eight sites in boston, massachusetts associated with the american revolutionary war: the bunker hill monument; charlestown navy yard; dorchester heights; faneuil hall; old north church; old south meeting house; old state house; and the paul revere house.
organolithium compounds contain a direct bond between a carbon atom and a lithium atom. they are an important class of organometallic compound. the bonding between the carbon and lithium is highly polar due to the difference in electronegativity between these atoms, which effectively makes the carbon negatively charged and capable of acting as a strong base or nucleophile. these compounds are similar to grignard reagents, but are much more reactive. organolithium reagents such as butyllithium are widely commercially available. due to their highly reactive nature, they must be handled under a protective atmosphere such as nitrogen or argon as they will catch fire in air.
the braderie (, ) is a festival celebrated every year in biel, switzerland at the end of june. in 2013, the festival will start on 28 june and end on 30 june.
the main part of the festival takes place between the train station biel and the nidaugasse. there are over 100 stalls every year, which sell different things. the shops in biel usually do their sales in this week, because many people are in the streets during the festival. a stage is set up in the front of the apollo cinema. bands and singers present their music on this stage. the braderie is known for a lot of famous swiss stars, for example, stress, dj antoine and pegasus.
the braderie began in 1936. since 1930 and the big economic crisis, the people of biel were searching for a way to improve the economy of biel. the festival was started by miggi tièche and carlo schneeberger. the first braderie was a big success. originally known simply as a solution for the crisis, the braderie began to be a part of biel's calendar. there were three braderies between 1937 and 1939. during world war ii, they had to stop the braderie. the break ended only in 1947, and then the braderie started again, and it was known as "bieler sommerfest" (biel summer celebration). because of the long history from the braderie, it is common today for most of the stores in biel to make their sales during the braderie.
alba quezada (born alba pilar fuenzalida figueroa on august 28, 1985 in chillán) is a chilean model and television presenter.
begonia is a genus of perennial flowering plants. the genus contains about 1,400 different plant species. begonias are found in moist subtropical and tropical climates. some species are often grown indoors as houseplants.
ingrid elena cruz toro (born 1 july 1975 in antofagasta) is a chilean actress.
maría lucía hiriart rodríguez (10 december 1923 – 16 december 2021), also known as lucía hiriart de pinochet, was the wife of former chilean dictator augusto pinochet. she was first lady of chile from 1973 to 1990. she was born in antofagasta, chile.
on 30 december 2018, hiriart was hospitalized after falling at her home in santiago de chile. she fractured her arm and multiple ribs.
hiriart died in santiago de chile on 16 december 2021 from cardiopulmonary arrest caused by heart disease, six days after her 98th birthday.
carolina verónica mestrovic moroni (born 20 july 1991, in arica) is a chilean singer, actress and television presenter.
britain's next top model, cycle 3 is the third season of "britain's next top model". this cycle includes 12 contestants. the winner was 18-year-old lauren mcavoy.
britain's & ireland's next topmodel, cycle 7 is the seventh season of "britain & ireland's next top model". tis cycle includes 13 contestants. the winner was 20-year-old jade thompson from stoke on trent, england.
"(ages stated are at time of contest)"
the anglo-zulu war was a war fought from 1879 to 1887 between the zulu people and the british empire. there was no declaration of war. the war was fought in south africa, mostly. the zulu were victorious at first, and won the battle of isandlwana. later their luck turned, and the british empire won the battle of ulundi. the zulu lost the war, and the zulu kingdom ceased to exist as an independent state. today, the area is part of south africa, and is called kwazulu-natal.
amanda bresnan (born 4 december 1971) is an australian politician. she is a member of the australian capital territory legislative assembly. bresnan was elected to the act legislative assembly from the electorate of brindabella in the 2008 election. she was defeated at the 2012 election
early life and education.
bresnan grew up in brisbane. she studied at griffith university. bresnan entered the act government's graduate program and later became a senior policy officer in act health. she went on to become policy manager for the consumers’ health forum of australia and the director of policy at the mental health council of australia.
bresnan ran for election for the electorate of molonglo in the australian capital territory general election in 2004. she did not win in the multi-member electorate. however, the greens' main candidate, deb foskey, was elected.
in the 2007, bresnan ran for the house of representatives seat of canberra. in june 2008, the act greens said that bresnan would stand for election in brindabella.
bresnan main interest dealth with health, mental health, transport, disability, housing, ageing, multicultural affairs, industrial relations and corrections. she is also the act greens' party whip.
britain's next top model, cycle 5 is the fifth season of "britain's next top model". this cycle includes 13 contestants. the winner 19-year-old was mecia simson from plymouth, england.
"(ages stated are at time of contest)"
queen liliʻuokalani (september 2, 1838-november 11, 1917) was the last monarch of the kingdom of hawaii. she was well educated and traveled widely. she married john owen dominis on september 16, 1862. he became the governor of oahu and maui. the couple had no children. she was an accomplished musician. "aloha ʻoe" is her best-known composition.
in 1891, liliʻuokalani became queen of hawaii when her brother, the king, died. in 1893, she wanted a new constitution. this caused the american minister in hawaii great concern. american soldiers took over the ʻiolani palace and other government buildings. in 1894, they removed queen liliʻuokalani as queen. the united states set up a provisional government. it became the republic of hawaii.
the hawaiian people were on the side of their queen. president grover cleveland offered to return the throne if she granted amnesty to all involved in the takeover of her kingdom. she refused, but then changed her mind and agreed. she was denied her reinstatement by the provisional government. on july 4, 1894, the republic of hawaii began. liliʻuokalani died on november 11, 1917 following a stroke.
couleur (from french, in english "colour", or in the united states "color") is the word which is used for the headgear and ribbons worn by members of some central european student societies (studentenverbindungen).
a zirkel is a symbol used in central european student societies (studentenverbindungen).
look and meaning.
a "zirkel" consists of interwined lines, mostly followed by an exclamation mark. the lines mostly show the first letters of the name of the "studentenverbindung" and/or the letters v, c, f or e, f, v.
meaning of v-c-f:
meaning of e-f-v:
the meaning of the exclamation mark is not quite clear.
the members of the "studentenverbindung" use the "zirkel" as sign on couleur or other things (such as beer glasses, etc). if a member signs in affairs of its "studentenverbindung" it places the "zirkel" after its signature. this use is similar to the use of postnominals in anglo-saxon countries.
zirkel may refer to:
masha rasputina (, born "alla ageeva", 13 may 1965, urop, belovsky district, kemerovo oblast) is a russian pop singer. she is known for her over-the-top, husky vocal style, fiery stage persona and flamboyant image. 
rasputina has been married twice. she has two daughters, lidia yermakova and maria zakharova (born 8 september 2000).
alla borisovna pugacheva (, or pugachova, ), born 15 april 1949), is а russian singer. she has a "clear mezzosoprano and a full display of sincere emotions". she is the most successful soviet and russian performer in terms of record sales and popularity. she became a of the russian sfsr in 1980, in 1985 and in 1991. she is the mother of actress and singer, kristina orbakaitė.
jorge drexler (born jorge abner drexler prada; 21 september 1964) is an uruguayan musician, actor, and doctor.
in 2004, drexler become the first uruguayan ever to win an academy award. he won for composing the song "al otro lado del río" from "the motorcycle diaries".
"aloha ʻoe" ("farewell to thee") is a song by queen lili'uokalani, the last monarch of the kingdom of hawaii. it was written in 1878. the song tells of a farewell between two lovers. 
the 2012–13 uefa champions league was the 58th uefa champions league. the champions were fc bayern munich. no third place match was played, as usual, but the teams defeated in the semi-finals were real madrid and fc barcelona. chelsea was the defending champions, but they were eliminated in the group stage.
the final was the first ever all german competition. fc bayern munich defeated fc barcelona 7-0 in aggregate. this one one of barcelonas worst defeat in the champions league. borussia dortmund defeated real madrid 4-3 in aggregate.
the 2011–12 uefa champions league was the 57th uefa champions league. the champions were chelsea. no third place match was played, as usual, but the teams defeated in the semi-finals were real madrid and fc barcelona. fc barcelona was the defending champions, but they were eliminated in the semi finals.
fc bayern munich defeated real madrid 3-3 (penalties) in aggregate. fc barcelona were defeated by chelsea 3-2 in aggregate.
chelsea defeated fc bayern munich 1-1 (4-3 with penalties).
angélica sofía castro rivera (born october 30, 1996 in mexico city) is a mexican actress and model. her step-father is the current president of mexico and her mother is an actress.
felipe de jesús calderón hinojosa nick name comandante borolas (born august 18, 1962) is a mexican politician. he was president of mexico from 1 december 2006 to 30 november 2012. he is a member of the partido acción nacional (pan), one of the three major mexican political parties. 
calderón was born on august 18, 1962 in morelia, mexico. he studied at free school of law, at autonomous technological institute of mexico, and at harvard university. calderón has been married to margarita zavala since 1993. she ran for president in the 2018 election, but dropped out of the race.
calderón is chairperson of global commission for the economy and climate which issued the new climate economy report.
felipe calderón was born in morelia, michoacán, mexico on august 18, 1962. he is the youngest of five brothers and son of carmen hinojosa calderón and the late luis calderón vega.
his father was a co-founder of the national action party and an important political figure. the elder calderón occupied state posts and served a term as federal deputy. he spent most of his life working within the party and spent most of his free time promoting the pan. the young calderón was active in his father's campaigns. as a boy, he distributed party pamphlets and flyers, rode pan campaign vehicles and chanted slogans at rallies.
after growing up in morelia, calderón moved to mexico city, where he received a bachelor's degree in law from the escuela libre de derecho. later, he received a master's degree in economics from the instituto tecnológico autónomo de méxico (itam) and a master of public administration degree in 2000 from the john f. kennedy school of government at harvard university.
following his father's example, he joined the pan, with the desire of one day becoming mexico's president. it was in the national action party that calderón met his wife, margarita zavala, who served in congress as a federal deputy. they have three children, maría, luis felipe and juan pablo.
calderón is roman catholic.
political and social views.
to demands for detailed revelation of his personal positions on abortion, calderón responded that he voted for life. calderón's administration sought to maintain moderate positions on social policy and supported mexican legislation guaranteeing abortion for rape victims, when pregnancy endangers a woman's life or in cases of severe fetal deformity; has publicly advocated the legalization of small quantities of cocaine and other drugs for addicts who agree to undergo treatment; and has approved a right-to-die initiative for ill patients to refuse invasive treatment or extraordinary efforts to prolong their lives. as for his economic policies, he supports balanced fiscal policies, flat taxes, lower taxes, and free trade.
he was a local representative in the legislative assembly and, on two different occasions, in the federal chamber of deputies. he ran for the governorship of michoacán in 1995 and served as national president of the pan from 1996 to 1999. during his tenure, his party maintained control of 14 state capitals, but also faced a reduced presence in the federal chamber of deputies.
soon after vicente fox took office as president, calderón was appointed director of banobras, a state-owned development bank. he was accused by political opponents of committing abuse, disputing use of certain legal procedures to finance property valued between three and five million mexican pesos (between us$300,000 and $500,000); however, once political objections arose, he used other means to formalize his transaction.
he joined the presidential cabinet as secretary of energy, replacing ernesto martens. he left the post in may 2004 in protest of vicente fox's criticism of his presidential ambitions while supporting those of santiago creel.
2006 presidential campaign.
members of his party chose him as the pan presidential candidate. in a series of three primary elections, he defeated the favored former secretary of the interior under president vicente fox, and thus the election of calderón as party candidate surprised many analysts. the pan pointed to his competitive primary election as a sign of internal democracy. in other major parties, there was one candidate or all strong candidates but one were eliminated.
calderón's campaign gained momentum after the first presidential debate. subsequent poll numbers put him ahead of lópez obrador from march to may; some polls favored him by as much as 9 percentage points. this trend in his favor was contained after the second presidential debate when lópez obrador decided to start joining the debates. final poll numbers days ahead of the results indicated that his opponent's prior lead had shrunk further; some polls gave lópez obrador the lead, while others favored calderón and still others indicated a technical tie.
mexican constitution states that the president must be inaugurated by taking the oath of office before congress in the lower house, the chamber of deputies. the prd opposition had threatened to not allow calderón to take the oath of office and be inaugurated as president. ahead of claims that the prd would disrupt the precedings, the pan took control of congress's main floor three days before the inauguration was scheduled.
on november 30, 2006, outgoing president vicente fox quesada and still president-elect felipe calderón hinojosa stood side-by-side on national television as fox turned over the presidential sash to a cadet, who handed it to calderón. afterwards, fox read a short speech indicating that he had concluded his mandate by receiving the flag "that had accompanied him during the last six years which he had devoted himself completely to the service of mexico and had the utmost honor of being the president of the republic". calderón then made a speech to the mexican public indicating that he would still attend the inauguration ceremony at the chamber of deputies. he made a call to unity.
calderón's inauguration ceremony on 1 december at the congress of the union was tense and lasted less than five minutes, as he barely managed to recite the oath of office while the prd legislators shouted in protest against the alleged electoral fraud and attempted to impede his inauguration, and afterward he quickly left the building for security reasons as some of the legislators engaged in violent brawls. besides the claims of fraud, calderón took office with the smallest percentage of votes for a winning presidential candidate in mexican history (35.8%), which meant that his administration would face severe legitimacy problems. only a month after taking office, calderón declared war on the drug cartels and organized crime, thus beginning the mexican drug war. this was considered by many as an immediate strategy to gain popular legitimacy and acceptation for the new president after the convoluted elections.
michael "mike" gray (october 26, 1935 – april 30, 2013) was an american writer, screenwriter, activist, cinematographer, movie producer and director. he was known for making many documentaries about drugs and war. he was also the screenwriter for "" and "the china syndrome" for which he was nominated for an academy award.
gray was born on october 26, 1935 in darlington, indiana. he was raised in chicago, illinois. gray studied at purdue university.
he was married to carol gray until his death in 2013. they had one son, lucas gray who is a storyboard writer for "the simpsons". gray died from unknown causes in his home in los angeles, california, aged 77.
gray won the writers guild of america award for best original drama and was nominated for an academy award for best original screenplay, and for the bafta award for best screenplay.
the ryūkyūan languages (okinawan: 琉球口, "ruuchuuguchi") are a group of japonic languages spoken in the ryūkyū islands, the southernmost part of japan. the languages are amami, kunigami, okinawan, miyako, yaeyama and yonaguni.
although japan says the ryukyuan languages are dialects of japanese, most linguists see them as languages. this is because japanese speakers would not be able to understand ryukyuan without learning it.
in the past, the ryukyuan languages were spoken all over ryukyu but due to the languages being discriminated against, most ryukyuans now speak japanese.
when a group people called the yayoi came to japan, they brought over a language called proto-japonic. this language diverged into japanese and ryukyuan overtime.
japanese and ryukyuan has different sound changes. for example, japanese “o” becomes okinawan “u”. this is why the japanese word “to” (and) is “tu” in okinawan.
it’s also common for japanese “k” to become okinawan “ch”. this causes “okinawa” to become “uchinaa”.
in the yonaguni language, japanese “y” becomes “d”. japanese “yama” (mountain) is “dama” in yonaguni.
most older ryukyuans can speak a ryukyuan language, while younger people speak japanese. ryukyuan languages are also spoken in hawaii and south america as many ryukyuans live there too.
a direct election is an election in which people vote directly for the person, persons or political party that they want to see elected to a political position. the electorate casts their votes directly in an election for candidates of their choice that will represent them either in the executive or legislature without interference. the opposite is an indirect election, in which the voters elect a group of people who in turn elects the officeholder in question.
many countries use a mixed system, where some elements are directly elected, and some are not.
the sony pictures studios is a television and movie studio complex in culver city, california. it is owned by sony pictures entertainment. many movies and television shows are taped there, including the popular television game shows "wheel of fortune" and "jeopardy!". it houses the movie companies columbia pictures and tristar pictures.
the complex started in 1915 as the triangle studios (1915-1918), then paramount culver studios (1918-1921), then goldwyn studios (1921-1924)
acquisition by mgm.
it was acquired by american film and television company metro-goldwyn-mayer and renamed it mgm studios in 1924. many famous mgm movies such as "the wizard of oz" and "singin' in the rain" were produced there. between 1927 and 1963, 52 movies a year were shot there. 
acquisition by lorimar.
in 1986, mgm sold it's studio lot to lorimar. 
acquisition by sony pictures entertainment.
in 1989, it was later purchased by sony pictures entertainment and redone as the sony pictures studios.
acquisition by pinewood group.
in 2016, while all the sony and columbia titles are later named after tristar, it was purchased by pinewood group and restored as the pinewood studios hollywood
daily about sony pictures studios.
the complex is open for daily studio tours. it has sixteen different sound stages, where the company's movies and television shows are shot.
pegasus is a swiss pop/rock-band from biel. from childhood on they were sharing song ideas and a basement rehearsal room. 
three of them (veraguth, spahni and spahr) grew up in the same street and went to the same schools. they made a lot of music in their childhood.
after stefan brenner came to the band, they tried to get a recording contract. they made their first album in 2007. it was called "a place to be". it was quite successful, the reviews were positive.
their second album was called "heroes & champions" (2010). for this album they got the swiss music award in the category best newcomer national. it includes the hits "listen to the music", "come down with me" and "easy".
the third most successful album is "human.technology" produced in 2011. 0n the 27th of july 2012 it was on second place in the swiss charts. 
they made a special edition called "human.technology 2.0". in 2012. the most popular songs are "man on mars", "rise up (black dog)" and "skyline" (only on "human.technology 2.0"). "skyline" was used as official swiss olympic song in london 2012. it was a number one hit in swiss charts.
in september they started their human.technology tour, in february a second one.
noah veraguth is also known for his work with stress and bastian baker. in 2011 he produces a song with stress called "elle". together with m.a.m and karolyn they made an album called "noël’s room" (2012) which is very successful.
in 2010 they won the award in the category newcomer national. in 2013 they got best hit national for "skyline".
erotica is the fifth studio album from american singer madonna. it was released on october 20, 1992 through maverick records. six singles were released from the album, one being the title song. the album caused strong controversy. it was less successful than earlier albums by madonna: it peaked at number two in the united states. other songs were "deeper and deeper" and "bad girl".
there was a period in the 17th century, where dutch trade, science and art were among the most advanced in europe. the period is known as the dutch golden age. in general, this period started in the second half of the eighty years' war. after the war, there was the dutch republic which was the most propsperous nation in europe. the historical period of the time was called baroque. many of the paintings of this period show the scenes more pretty than they really were. this is called 'idealisation'. the dutch paintings of the time often lack this feature. artists of the movement include peter paul rubens, johannes vermeer, bartholomeus van der helst, and jacob van loo.
there were relatively few paintings with religious themes during this period. the reason for this was that most dutch were calvinist. calvinism forbade religious painting in churches. even though such subjects were acceptable in private homes, they were not very popular. the other traditional classes of history and portrait painting were present, but the period is more notable for a huge variety of other genres, sub-divided into numerous specialized categories, such as scenes of peasant life, landscapes, townscapes, landscapes with animals, maritime paintings, flower paintings and still lifes of various types. the development of many of these types of painting was decisively influenced by 17th-century dutch artists. 
there was a theory in painting, that some types of painting were more prestigious than others. this theory is known as "hierarchy of genres". because history painting was at the top of the list, many painters wanted to produce historical paintings. the problem with this was that historical paintings were the most difficult to sell. to be able to live from their painting, many painters were forced to produce portraits or genre scenes, which sold much more easily. the hierarchy was as follows:
the dutch concentrated heavily on the "lower" categories, but by no means rejected the concept of the hierarchy. most paintings were relatively small – the only common type of really large paintings were group portraits. painting directly onto walls hardly existed; when a wall-space in a public building needed decorating fitted framed canvas was normally used. for the extra precision possible on a hard surface many painters continued to use wooden panels, some time after the rest of western europe had abandoned them; some used copper plates, usually recycling plates from printmaking. in turn the number of surviving golden age paintings was reduced by them being overpainted with new works by artists throughout the 18th and 19th century – poor ones were usually cheaper than a new canvas, stretcher and frame. there was very little dutch sculpture during the period; it is mostly found in tomb monuments and attached to public buildings, and small sculptures for houses are a noticeable gap, their place taken by silverware and ceramics. painted delftware tiles were very cheap and common, if rarely of really high quality, but silver, especially in the auricular style, led europe. with this exception, the best artistic efforts were concentrated on painting and printmaking.
the starving time at jamestown in virginia colony was a period of starvation during the winter of 1609–1610. during this time, all but 60 of the 500 colonists died. lack of rain and access to water had crippled the agricultural production during the summer. also, the water that the colonists drank was brackish and only drinkable half the year. 
according to historical accounts, the colonists ate dogs, snakes, cats, rats, horses, books and shoe leather through the winter. there is forensic evidence of at least one instance of cannibalism. the remains of a teenage girl ( 1595–1609), named "jane" by researchers, showed signs of being butchered (cut up for eating). examination of jane's shin bone indicates she was probably 14 years old at the time of her death. based on studies of the isotopes in a tooth, she was probably from southern england. she was possibly the daughter of a gentleman or a maid in a gentleman's home because she had consumed generous amounts of protein (meat). jane likely arrived in virginia in august 1609. 
it is almost certain jane was removed from her grave before being butchered and eaten. she was not murdered. in 1625, george percy, president of jamestown during the starvation period, wrote that the hunger was so intense “thatt notheinge was spared to mainteyne lyfe and to doe those things which seame incredible, as to digge upp deade corpes outt of graves and to eate them." five other accounts refer to cannibalism during the bitter winter.
only 10 percent of jane's remains have been recovered by researchers. the remains were found about 2.5 feet (0.8 m) down in a trash pit in the cellar of a building built in 1608 inside the james fort site. historical accounts indicate cannibalism was widespread at jamestown during the winter. modern historians were reluctant to credit these accounts without other evidence. jane however is the first forensic evidence that confirms the existence of the practice during that winter. 
robert sacre (born june 6, 1989) is an american-canadian basketball player. he is a center for the los angeles lakers of the national basketball association (nba).
sacre played college basketball for gonzaga university from 2007 to 2012.
he was drafted by the los angeles lakers in the 2nd round with the 60th overall pick in the 2012 nba draft.
he made his nba debut with lakers on october 31, 2012. he played 49 seconds in a 116-106 loss against the portland trail blazers. he scored his first points for the lakers on november 4, 2012 in a win against the detroit pistons. he made his first nba start on january 8, 2013 in a loss against the houston rockets.
he was born in baton rouge, louisiana but grew up and played high school basketball in north vancouver, british columbia. his father is greg lafleur, a former american football tight end that played for the st. louis cardinals and the indianapolis colts.
armin meiwes (born 1 december 1961) is a german man who is known for an act of cannibalism. 
in march 2001, meiwes, a then 41-year-old bisexual computer technician, placed an advertisement online for a well-built male he could kill and eat. forty-three year old bernd-jurgen brandes answered the ad later that month. meiwes took brandes to his home in rotenberg. brandes had sex with meiwes, then asked meiwes to cut off his penis. meiwes did so, then fried the penis. the two ate it. meiwes then killed brandes with brandes's consent by stabbing him repeatedly in the neck. he cut the body in pieces and froze the pieces for later consumption. meiwes was arrested in december 2002. he had consumed about 20 kg of brandes' body. cannibalism was not illegal in germany in 2001 when meiwes killed and ate brandes. meiwes was convicted of killing by request and defiling a corpse. he received a sentence of 8.5 years. the meiwes case was the first cannibalism case in germany.
in may 2006, a court sentenced meiwes to life in prison after a retrial.
anke christina fischer (née engelke; born 21 december 1965 in montréal) is a german comedian, actress and voice-over actress.
engelke moved to cologne in 1971 with her parents. early on, she exhibited singing talent, and was discovered in 1978 by georg bossert at a performance of her school's choir.
in may 2011, she hosted the eurovision song contest 2011 in düsseldorf alongside stefan raab and judith rakers. 
the following year, engelke served as the spokesperson for germany at the eurovision song contest 2012 held in baku, azerbaijan. before presenting the votes, she also gave a live statement on the human-rights issues in the hosting country, saying: "tonight nobody could vote for their own country. but it is good to be able to vote. and it is good to have a choice. good luck on your journey, azerbaijan. europe is watching you." she was the only spokesperson to articulately address human rights during the event. she had also served as one of germany's national juries for the contest during that year.
in february 2013, her involvement with the eurovision song contest continued as she hosted "unser song für malmö", the german national final.
this article is based on the in the german wikipedia (retrieved february 3, 2004).
nadia hasnaoui (; born 10 june 1963) is a norwegian television presenter.
hasnaoui was born in morocco to a norwegian mother and moroccan father. her maternal grandfather was nobel prize winning economist ragnar frisch. when she was four years old her parents divorced and she moved to norway with her mother. in oslo she attended a strict catholic french kindergarten and then later a french school until fourth grade. she became a norwegian citizen at the age of eighteen. in 1991 she married actor kim haugen.
hasnaoui first became associated with eurovision in 1992, when she provided the nrk radio commentary for the 1992 contest.
in 2004, hasnaoui presented the junior eurovision song contest 2004 in lillehammer, norway. hasnaoui has also presented festivals in norway such as melodi grand prix junior.
in 2005 hasnaoui provided norwegian commentary on the fiftieth anniversary special alongside former veteran jahn teigen.
hasnaoui presented the eurovision song contest 2010 in bærum in may 2010 with haddy jatou n'jie and erik solbakken. she also read out the norwegian votes for the 2011 and 2012 contests.
parker is a town in douglas county, colorado.
krumovgrad is a town in bulgaria. it is near the greek border. there are many turks in krumovgrad.
richard leparmentier (july 16, 1946 – april 15, 2013) was an american-british actor and scriptwriter who is best known for his role as admiral motti in "" (1977) and as police officer lt. santino in "who framed roger rabbit" (1988).
leparmentier was born on july 16, 1946 in pittsburgh, pennsylvania to british-irish parents. he studied at wayne university. 
leparmentier was married to sarah douglas from 1981 until they divorced in 1984. leparmentier died on april 15, 2013 from a heart attack in austin, texas, aged 66.
"human nature" is a song by the american singer-songwriter michael jackson. it was written by steve porcaro and john bettis. it was the fifth song from his sixth solo record "thriller". "human nature" was released on july 3, 1983. it was a moderate hit in america and other countries. this song has been covered, performed and sampled by other musicians.
monty woolley (edgar montillion woolley; august 17, 1888 – may 6, 1963) was an american actor and entertainer. at the age of 50, he became famous for his best-known role in the stage play and 1942 movie "the man who came to dinner". his well-known white beard was "his trademark" and he was later known as "the beard."
woolley was born on august 17, 1888 in new york city, new york. he studied at yale university and at harvard university. woolley was a closeted gay man. woolley died on may 6, 1963 from a heart attack and from complications of kidney failure in albany, new york, aged 75. he is buried at the greenridge cemetery in saratoga springs, new york.
funny face is a 1957 american romantic comedy musical movie starring audrey hepburn, fred astaire and robert flemyng. hepburn plays jo stockton, a shy bookshop clerk. the movie is based on a broadway musical of the same name.
a bullseye is the centre of a target in certain sports. it is also the name given to any shot that hits the bullseye. sports that use targets with bullseyes include archery and shooting.
the eublepharinae are one of the five subfamilies of the gekkonidae, or geckos. the eublepharinae subfamily has 27 species in five genera. also called eyelid geckos, the eublepharines have more simple features than other geckos. for example, they don't have the ability to climb surfaces. unlike other geckos, they also have movable eyelids. they are generally active at night or at twilight. these lizards often eat insects and similar creatures. they lay a pair of leathery eggs, and, in most species, the gender of the young is determined by the temperature of the egg; just like crocodiles.
the subfamily contains the following genera:
brunhilde was a mighty female warrior, one of the valkyries. she was also a heroine from the german epics, especially in the nibelungen saga, in which she is an icelandic princess.
she defied odin and in punishment he imprisoned her within a ring of fire on earth. she had to stay there until someone rescued her. siegfied (sigurd) braved the fire, woke her, and fell in love with her.
he gave her the ring andvarinaut, unaware of its curse. eventually she killed herself when she learned that sigurd had betrayed her with another woman (gudrun), not knowing he had been bewitched into doing so by grimhild.
on may 18, 1980, mount st. helens in washington erupted. the eruption was recorded as a 5 on the volcanic explosivity index. throughout the two months before the eruption, there was a series of earthquakes and steam was vented from the mouth of the volcano. a total of 57 people died in the eruption. including harry r. truman, who ran spirit lake, and volcano expert david a. johnston.
property management is the process of managing and taking care of property. property management can be applied to personal, business and public properties. property management is used in various situations, like building a home, where property manager looks over the process of construction, management of resources and security. the process of property management can be carried using both people (onsite management, security) and machines (cameras, detectors and alarms). an example of property management will be hiring security company. they might be allowed to enter property and check for any issues while the owners are not present. in business, property management is extremely important to achieve safety and improve work environment of employees.
shontelle layne (born october 4, 1985), or just shontelle, is a barbadian singer-songwriter. she mainly performs r&b, pop and reggae music. she released her debut album "shontelligence" in 2008 and her second album "no gravity" in september 2010. some if her recent songs achieved only modest success. she co-wrote "man down" by r&b singer rihanna in 2010.
chewing, or mastication, is the first part of the digestive system. it is when the teeth chew the food and the tongue mixes it with saliva to make it mushy in the mouth. a group of animals, called the ruminants, masticate more than once. most cattle are in this group.
tiny wings is an ios game developed by german game developer andreas illiger, released on february 18, 2011.
in "tiny wings", the player takes control of a bird whose wings are too small to fly. the goal of the game is to use hills in order to gain speed as long as possible. this is done by tapping and holding the screen in order to make the bird dive. the game play mainly revolves around timing your taps so that the bird goes down hills and flies up them. the game's day trip version is separated into several islands, which have different layouts and change every 24 hours. the game features special goals that allow players to upgrade their nest, which adds a score multiplier usually x2. these challenges go around reaching specific islands or performing certain tricks a number of times in one game. the game's visuals change daily along with the islands' layouts.
flight school, a new mode that came out in version 2.0, is similar to normal gameplay, but it instead features a race between 4 young birds (which are siblings). the player can choose to control one of the birds while the rest of the birds are controlled by the cpu. the birds are listed here with their colors and are ranked according to their typical finishing positions the player can also change the birds' names.
the goal in flight school is to reach mama bird first.
if you are faster than the other birds you'll get the fattest fish. to unlock the next island players must finish in 3rd, 2nd, or 1st place.
in 3rd place you'll get a small blue fish, in 2nd place a medium-sized cyan fish, and in 1st place you'll get the fattest yellow fish. when a set of islands is completed by a bird, its nest is upgraded. this mode includes 2 new features: rubber flowers birds can bounce on, and water holes that slow down the birds.
the mama bird is dark green and is from the day trip mode.
not all levels are in daytime levels. levels 1-3 2-3 3-4 are all nighttime levels. they have a different song then the daytime levels.
tiny wings was first released with one mode (called day trip after version 2). version 2 was released as an update on july 12, 2012, and added a new mode, flight school with of a race between 4 birds, one of which is used by the player. the levels in flight school are divided into islands, with 5 tracks in each. there are 3 island tracks. they are clown islands, koi islands, and orga islands. also there will be more island tracks coming soon as updates. flight school includes 2 new features on the islands. the july 2012 update also gives the ability to gift app.
the hd version (released at the same time as version 2) includes hill party as the 3rd chapter.
william taylor adams (july 30, 1822 – march 27, 1897), was an american writer and children's magazine editor. he used the pen name "oliver optic". adams was born in medway, massachusetts. 
in 1853, he wrote his first novel, "hatchie, the guardian slave". adams taught in the boston public schools for many years. while teaching, he discovered what kinds of books boys liked best. in 1855, he wrote the boat club series for boys. this series was a great success. he wrote many more boys' series. 
in 1865, he stopped teaching. he wanted to devote all his time to writing. he became editor of the children's magazines "the student and schoolmate", "our little ones", and "". he served in the massachusetts legislature for one year. adams died at his home in dorchester, massachusetts in 1897.
children's writer louisa may alcott did not like his books. she did not like the slang and settings such as saloons. librarians did not like adams's books either. they threw them away. they also threw away the books of other boys' writers. adams kept writing boys' books though. he got good reviews from the critics. his books sold well. they were reprinted many times.
alameda is a city in california.
the city was founded in 1853 as 3 smaller towns. at the west end it was called woodstock. the east end was called fernside. in the 1940s the land was filled to make bay farm island.
earl klugh (pronounced "clue"; september 16, 1954) is an american smooth jazz musician who also plays r&b. he began his career around 1970 at age sixteen. he is also known for songwriting. klugh was born in detroit.
britain's next top model, cycle 6 is the sixth season of "britain's next top model". this cycle includes 14 contestants. the winner was 18-year-old tiffany pisani.
in computer programming with object-oriented programming languages, duck typing is a way to write computer code. it doesn't demand that you know what types you are writing about. if it does what you thought it would do, it is good enough. the reason this is called "duck typing" is the duck test. 
it was invented by james whitcomb riley:
ivan andreevich urgant (, born 16 april 1978) is a russian television personality, showman, and an actor.
he is known for hosting various tv shows, including:
alan tacher (born march 28, 1968 in mexico city) is a mexican television presenter. he is part of the main cast of univision's morning program "despierta américa".
in june 2011, international labour organization has made its convention no.189 for domestic workers including maids.
embroidery is the art of decorating fabric or other materials with designs stitched in strands of thread or yarn using a needle. embroidery may also incorporate other materials such as metal strips, pearls, beads, quills, and sequins. sewing machines can be used to create machine embroidery.
city and guilds qualification in embroidery allows embroiderers to become recognized for their skill. this qualification also gives them the credibility to teach. for example, the notable textiles artist, kathleen laurel sage, began her teaching career by getting the city and guilds embroidery 1 and 2 qualifications. she has now gone on to write a book on the subject.
style may refer to:
a banquet is a large public meal or feast, complete with main dishes and desserts. it usually serves a purpose, such as a ceremony, or a celebration. sometimes a banquet is made only of desserts.
eccentricity or extravagance is a word used to describe unusual behaviour in a person. people who have habits which many people think are very strange may be called eccentric. eccentric behaviour is not necessarily good or bad in itself.
some clever people (geniuses) have behaviour which might be described as eccentric. it is not always clear whether behaviour is just eccentric or whether it is madness. 
famous people who were eccentric in their different ways include albert einstein, nero, alan turing, howard hughes, ludwig ii of bavaria and lord berners.
květinov is a small village in the havlíčkův brod district, vysočina region of the czech republic. 243 people live there. it covers 7,08 km². it was first documented in 1436.
úsobí is a village in the havlíčkův brod district, vysočina region of the czech republic. 707 people live in úsobí. it covers 12.97 km². it was first documented in 1307.
a conversation is two or more people talking about something. it is spontaneous, usually unplanned, though the people may have interests in common. 
conversations are one of the basic types of human communication. they can be about any subject, and do not necessarily have any fixed purpose. they allow people with different views of a topic to learn from each other. a conversation may be contrasted with formal presentations. a talk or speech, for example is an oral presentation by one person directed at a group. it is basically a one-way communication.
conversations do not have to happen in person, they can happen over the telephone or on the internet.
banter is short witty sentences that bounce back and forth between individuals. often banter uses clever put-downs and witty insults. it can contain misunderstandings (often intentional), zippy wisecracks, zingers, flirtation, and puns. the idea is each line of banter should "top" the one before it. it is a verbal war of wit without any physical contact.
fk viktoria žižkov is a football club in the czech republic. it was founded in 1903 in the city of prague. viktoria žižkov won czechoslovak championship in 1928 and won the national cup in 1994 and 2001.
wit is a form of intellectual humour. a wit is someone skilled in making witty remarks. a witty remark is a smart observation, put with humor and said in the perfect moment. forms of wit include: the quip and the repartee.
witty remarks may be intentionally cruel, and perhaps more ingenious than funny. 
a quip is an observation or saying that has some wit but perhaps descends into sarcasm, or otherwise is short of point; a witticism also suggests the diminutive. repartee is the wit of the quick answer. (wilde: "i wish i'd said that." whistler: "you will, oscar, you will".)
joss sticks are a type of incense. they are traditionally burned before an asian religious image, idol, buddha statue, or shrine. but some joss stick burning rituals (and the prayers that come with it) do not need to be done in front of religious images. they can be burned before anything without limits; like in front of a door, or open window as an offering. in modern days, the burning of joss sticks can be used for any reason, like making the smell of a room better or lighting fireworks up.
afk union žižkov is a football club in the czech republic. it was founded in 1907 in the city of prague.
the 2004 atlantic hurricane season officially began on june 1, 2004. it lasted until november 30. these dates usually mark the beginning an the end of the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the atlantic basin. however, the 2004 season went past these actual limits slightly. for example, tropical storm otto formed on the last day of the season and lasted two days into december. the season was above average in activity. it had fifteen named storms and one of the highest accumulated cyclone energy totals ever recorded. the most season included storms called: hurricane charley, frances, ivan, and jeanne.
hurricane alex formed on july 31 off the coast of south carolina. alex quickly strengthened into a category 2. on august 3, hurricane alex came within 10 miles of north carolina. hurricane alex turned northeast and dissipated in the middle of the atlantic ocean. because hurricane alex did not make landfall it only caused $2.4 million in damage and only 1 person was killed as a result of the hurricane.
tropical storm bonnie.
bonnie started as tropical depression two while east of barbados. tropical depression two crossed the windward islands and died out shortly after. it became tropical depression two again while it was south of cuba. tropical storm bonnie made landfall in the florida panhandle. bonnie died out again after that. bonnie left only about $1 million in damage and 4 deaths. 
for the official forecasts, see:
hurricane charley was a strong hurricane that strengthened very fast. charley also made landfall further south then he was supposed to. charley left $16.5 billion in damage and 35 deaths. the damage caused by charley made it the second costliest storm in u.s. history, only to hurricane andrew. this beaten by four other storms within 4 years, it was beaten by hurricane katrina, hurricane wilma, then hurricane ike. that makes charley the fifth costliest storm in u.s. history. 
for the official forecasts, see the nhc's archive on hurricane charley.
danielle was a category 2 hurricane of 2004. it started on august 13 in the far east atlantic ocean. the path took it over cooler waters, which caused danielle to die on august 21.
for the official forecasts, see the nhc's archive on hurricane danielle.
tropical storm earl.
on august 13 tropical depression five formed. on august 14 it became tropical storm earl. tropical storm earl passed south of grenada and became a tropical wave. it was no longer a tropical storm. later on the remains became hurricane frank in the pacific ocean. see also 2004 pacific hurricane season for information on earl after it crossed oceans.
frances was one of the four hurricanes to have a major impact of the u.s. state of florida. frances made landfall near the same location hurricane jeanne would make landfall in about two weeks later. frances caused about 101 tornadoes from florida to virginia. frances killed 49 people and $12 billion in damage.
gaston started as tropical depression seven on august 27. it strengthened into a tropical storm. later on it strengthened into a hurricane very shortly before landfall in south carolina on august 29. on august 30 it moved back into the atlantic ocean. gaston died on september 1, after killing 9 people and causing $120 million in damage. 
tropical storm hermine.
hermine started about 360 miles south of bermuda. it moved west and became a tropical storm. hermine moved quickly north and on august 31 made landfall in new bedford, massachusetts as a weak tropical storm. hermine died on the same day after killing no one and causing little damage. 
hurricane ivan was the strongest hurricane of the 2004 atlantic hurricane season. the storm formed as a cape verde-type hurricane in early september, and became the ninth named storm, the sixth hurricane, and the fourth major hurricane of the year. ivan reached category 5 strength on the saffir-simpson hurricane scale, the highest possible category and the only one of the season. at the time it was sixth most intense atlantic hurricane on record.
for official forecasts see:
tropical depression ten.
tropical depression ten was the only depression of the 2004 atlantic hurricane season. ten formed in the northeast atlantic on september 7 and dissipated two days later, tropical depression ten caused no affects to land.
for official forecasts, see the nhc's advisory archive on tropical depression ten
hurricane jeanne was a deadly storm, especially to haiti. the storm cause 3,035 deaths, about 3,006 were in haiti alone. hurricane jeanne was also a costly hurricane. with $7 billion in damage makes it the 13th costliest hurricane in u.s. history. in florida the hurricane made landfall in the same area as hurricane frances only two weeks before.
for official forecasts see:
hurricane karl was a strong category 4 that only affected the faroe islands. karl formed in the middle of the atlantic on september 16 as tropical depression twelve. it became a tropical storm that same day. two days later it became a hurricane and by september 21 it became a category 4 and soon reached it highest winds of 145 mph. it continued north weakening and then becoming extratropical on september 24.
for official forecasts see the nhc's public advisory archive on hurricane karl.
lisa was a category 1 hurricane, it remained weak for much of its early life. after almost 14 days it finally became a hurricane. hurricane lisa started on september 19 and died on october 3. 
for official forecasts see the nhc's public advisory archive on hurricane lisa.
tropical storm matthew.
matthew was a weak tropical storm. it started in the gulf of mexico on october 8. tropical storm matthew made landfall in louisiana on october 10, and died on the same day. the storm caused $300,000 in damage.
for official forecasts see: 
subtropical storm nicole.
subtropical storm nicole was the only subtropical storm in 2004. nicole formed on october 10 southwest of bermuda. subtropical storm nicole dissipated the next day. nicole caused swells to the east coast of the united states and almost 6 inches of rain in bermuda.
for official forecasts, see the nhc's public advisory archive on subtropical storm nicole.
tropical storm otto.
tropical storm otto formed late in the season of november 29 and on the same day, tropical storm otto reached it's highest winds of 50 mph. otto then dissipated on december 3.
for official forecasts, see the nhc's public advisory archive on tropical storm otto.
the list is the names that were set aside for the 2004 atlantic hurricane season. name that were not used are marked in .
in the spring of 2005 four names were retired. they are charley, frances, jeanne and ivan. in 2010 they were replaced with colin, fiona, igor, julia.
flirting is a form of human behavior from one person toward another person, or between two people, usually showing a sexual or romantic interest in the other person. it can include conversation, body language (such as winking), or short physical contact. 
trustworthiness or honesty is mainly a moral value. a trustworthy person is someone in whom we can place our trust and be sure that the trust will not be betrayed. examples could be 
the first example is moral. it depends on what we know about the person, their family and upbringing.
the second example is technical. we would need to know what kind of jobs the person had done before and, perhaps, what kind of training he had.
in order for one to trust another,their worth and integrity must be proven over time. that applies especially to the first (moral) case.
trustworthiness in technical matters may be identified by attributes such as reliability, dependability and qualifications.
the shamisen or samisen (japanese: 三味線, literally "three taste strings"), also called sangen (literally "three strings") is a japanese musical instrument with three strings, that is played with a big plectrum called a "bachi". the pronunciation in japanese is usually "shamisen".
obi (帯, おび) is a japanese word meaning "belt" or "band". mostly, it is used to describe the types of sash worn with kimono and keikogi.
obi are worn by both men and women. they can be very simple, made of one layer of lightweight fabric, or decorated heavily, made of stiff, woven material, embroidered and dyed with different designs.
obi for men are less wide and shorter than obi for women. men mostly wear "kaku" obi, but sometimes wear "heko" obi, which are made of much softer material. "heko" obi are worn casually, but "kaku" obi can be worn casually and formally.
obi for women are much wider and longer. most women usually wear a "nagoya" obi, which is wider at one end. in summer, women wear "hanhaba" obi with "yukata". formal obi for women can be woven from metallic yarns, covered in embroidery, or dyed in an elegant design.
obi for women are usually the most expensive part of a kimono outfit. however, obi for men can be expensive as well. expensive obi are usually made by very skilled artists. some of these people are called national living treasures because they are so skilled.
obi worn for practicing martial arts are a lot thinner and shorter than other kinds of obi. they come in different colours, and the colours show how skilled someone is in practicing martial arts. when someone becomes skilled enough, they wear a new colour of obi. both men and women wear the same size and length of obi in martial arts, and they are not decorated with embroidery or dyes designs.
nitrogen fixation how nitrogen in the air (n2) is changed (converted) into ammonia () or other nitrogenous compounds in the soil.
nitrogen fixation is essential to life because nitrogen compounds are needed for making all nitrogen-containing organic compounds, such as amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
atmospheric nitrogen is a relatively unreactive molecule. it is useless to all except a few bacteria and archaea. biological nitrogen fixation converts into ammonia, which is used (metabolized) by most organisms.
nitrogen is fixed in biological and non-biological ways:
microorganisms that fix nitrogen (diazotrophs).
cyanobacteria are in most environments on earth. they play key roles in the carbon and nitrogen cycle of the biosphere. cyanobacteria use many sources of combined nitrogen, like nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, urea, or some amino acids. 
several cyanobacteria are also diazotrophs which can fix nitrogen from the air. this is an ability which may have been present in their last common ancestor in the archaean. 
cyanobacteria in coral reefs can fix twice the amount of nitrogen than on land—around 1.8 kg of nitrogen is fixed per hectare per day. the colonial marine cyanobacterium "trichodesmium" may fix nitrogen on such a scale that it accounts for almost half of the nitrogen-fixation in marine systems on a global scale.
root nodule symbioses.
plants that contribute to nitrogen fixation include the legume family – fabaceae – with taxa such as kudzu, clovers, soybeans, alfalfa, lupines, peanuts, and rooibos. they have symbiotic bacteria called "rhizobia" in nodules in their root systems, producing nitrogen compounds that help the plant to grow and compete with other plants. when the plant dies, the fixed 
nitrogen is released, making it available to other plants and this helps to fertilize the soil. most legumes have this association, but a few genera (e.g., "styphnolobium") do not. in traditional farming practice, fields are rotated through various types of crops, which usually includes one consisting mainly or entirely of clover or buckwheat (non-legume family "polygonaceae"), which are often referred to as "green manure".
although most plants able to form nitrogen-fixing root nodules are in the legume family fabaceae, there are a few exceptions:
all these families belong to the orders cucurbitales, fagales, and rosales, which together with the fabales form a clade. in this clade, fabales were the first lineage to branch off; thus, the ability to fix nitrogen was lost in most descendants of the original nitrogen-fixing plant. 
biological nitrogen fixation was discovered by hermann hellnegel (18311895) and martinus beijerinck (18511931).
britské listy is an internet cultural and political daily published in the czech republic. it specialises in critical analysis of czech politics; some czech commentators consider this as "left-wing views". it is editorially open and will publish stimulating pieces by authors from any part of the political spectrum
the nitrogen cycle is the way that nitrogen in nature is changed into many different forms that are used by living organism[s]. 
air is about 78% nitrogen. nitrogen chemicals are needed for life. nitrogen is a necessary part of proteins, dna, and rna. in plants, nitrogen is needed for photosynthesis and growth. however, living things cannot use the elemental nitrogen in the air for these things. nitrogen fixation is needed to change the nitrogen in air (n2) into forms that can be used by life. most nitrogen fixation is done by microorganisms called bacteria. these bacteria have an enzyme that combines n2 with hydrogen gas (h2) to make ammonia (nh3). 
some of these bacteria live in the roots of plants (mostly legumes). in these roots, they make ammonia for the plant and the plant gives them carbohydrates. other plants take nitrogen compounds out of the soil through their roots. all nitrogen in animals comes from eating plants.
ammonium (nh4) in soil is made by nitrogen-fixing bacteria and decomposers, bacteria and fungi that break down dead life into its parts. this process is called "ammonification". ammonium has a positive charge. it easily joins to clay and humus in the soil. ammonia and ammonium are poisonous to fish and other animals. sewage and other waste-water is regularly measured because of this. if ammonia levels are too high, "nitrification" must happen. 
nitrification is the oxidation of ammonia and ammonium to nitrite (no2−) and then to nitrate ( no3−) by bacteria. because nitrite and nitrate have a negative charge they do not easily join to soil and will wash out of the soil during rain and irrigation. high nitrate levels in drinking water is harmful for babies and can cause blue-baby syndrome. high nitrate levels can also cause too much algae growth in lakes and pools. this eutrophication can be harmful to fish and other water animals. the use of fertilizers is controlled because of this. 
where there is no oxygen, some bacteria will make nitrate into nitrogen gas (n2) to extract energy. this starts the nitrogen cycle over again. this process is called "denitrification".
lomonosov moscow state university (msu; ), also known as moscow state university, is the largest and oldest university in russia. it was made in 1755 and is in moscow. it was made by ivan shuvalov and mikhail lomonosov. it is named after lomonosov.
the university building is an example of stalinist architecture. in total, there are seven such towers around moscow. the tower at the university is the largest one. the tower was designed by architect lev vladimirovich rudnev. it was built after the war. he was awarded the stalin prize for its construction, in 1949. the building was the largest skyscraper outside new york for a long time. it was the tallest buildimg in europe, until 1988. the central tower is 240m high. it has 36-stories. it is flanked by four huge wings of student and faculty accommodations. it is said to contain a total of 33 kilometers of corridors and 5,000 rooms. facilities that are inside the building include a concert hall, a theatre, a museum, various administration services, a library, a swimming pool, a police station, a post office, a laundry, a hairdresser's salon, a canteen, bank offices, shops, cafeterias, and a bomb shelter. along with the university administration, four of the main faculties - faculty of mechanics and mathematics, the faculty of geology, the faculty of geography, and the faculty of fine and performing arts - now are in the main building. the star on the top of the tower is large enough so that it has a small room and a viewing platform; it weighs 12 tons. the building's facades are decorated with giant clocks, barometers, and thermometers, statues, carved wheat sheaves, and soviet crests (recently renovated). it stands before a terrace featuring statues of male and female students gazing optimistically and confidently into the future.
a boarding school is a school where students live and sleep. some boarding schools have day students who go home at the end of the school day. if the school costs money, they don't have to pay as much money. a person who stays at a boarding school is called a "boarder". in the uk 1% of children go to boarding schools and 13% of private school pupils are boarders. most boarding schools are private. this means that as well as having to pay to sleep there, students have to pay for their education. 
in ghana most secondary schools are boarding.
famous private boarding schools include eton college, rugby school and harrow school in the united kingdom, phillips exeter academy in the united states and cornway college in zimbabwe.
there are therapeutic boarding schools which offer treatment for psychological difficulties. special needs education for children are catered for in some boarding schools. some boarding schools offer 'democratic education', such as summerhill school (where pupils make many of the decisions). others are determinedly international, such as the united world colleges. military schools or academies provide discipline and may offer a way into military service. gordonstoun in scotland is a co-educational school for both day and boarding pupils.
some famous novels use boarding schools as their setting. examples include the" harry potter" series by j.k. rowling;" a little princess" by frances hodgson burnett; "the catcher in the rye "by j.d. salinger;" the malory towers, st. clare's "and "the naughtiest girl "series" "by enid blyton; and "nicholas nickleby "by charles dickens. 
sacha noam baron cohen (born 13 october 1971) is an english comedian, writer and actor. he was born in hammersmith in london.
in 2021, cohen was nominated for an academy award for best supporting actor for his role as abbie hoffman in "the trial of the chicago 7".
he made a television series called da ali g show, in the series he had three characters:
he also made a movie about the character borat called "". this movie made cohen an international celebrity.
in 2009 he made a movie about bruno called "brüno". the movie about borat made about $26.4 million in its debut.
in 2012 cohen played thénardier in "les misérables".
in 2012, cohen made a movie called "the dictator" in which he played admiral general aladeen.
cohen became engaged to isla fisher in 2004. the couple married in 2010. they have two daughters and a son. cohen is jewish.
utrecht (officially "province of utrecht") is a province in the netherlands. it is found near the centre of the country. utrecht is the smallest province by size in the netherlands. about 1,361,000 people are living in utrecht (2021).
its capital is also called utrecht, it is the city of utrecht.
george ii (george augustus, 10 november 1683 – 25 october 1760) was a british king. he was born in germany. he was the last british monarch born outside of great britain. 
he became king of great britain and king of ireland. he was also elector of hanover. his son, frederick, prince of wales died before he did, so frederick’s son became george iii of great britain.
george ii died of heart problems on the toilet on 25 october 1760.
these are all the disney characters:
pirates of the caribbean (2003-).
- carina smyth
main article: onward
amanda leigh moore, known as mandy moore (born april 10, 1984) is an american pop singer-songwriter and actress. she was born in nashua, new hampshire and grew up in longwood, florida, outside of orlando. she has been active since the late 1990s. she is known for the voice of sheriff callie in "sheriff callie's wild west", bingo in "rivit monsters", polana in "" and "trolls: trollstopia" and courtney in the "family guy" episode "no giggity, no doubt".
moore is also a cast member of the 2016 american dramedy series "this is us".
 were courtesans in japan. oiran were part of japanese society during the edo period, (1600–1868). prostitution was legal then, but only in special neighborhoods that were closed to outsiders. there were different kinds of oiran, depending on their beauty, skills in art, education, and more. high-ranking oiran were called . only nobles could be with one. tayū had many servants, and when they went outside, their servants carried them and followed them, making a procession. they wore very expensive clothes and jewelry. any man who wished to be with an oiran had to follow difficult rituals and etiquette.
geisha replaced oiran. geisha practiced common types of entertainment enjoyed by the people of that time. they became more popular than oiran. the last known oiran was in 1761. a few women still practice the arts of the oiran today (without sex) to continue the cultural heritage.
a is a type of very expensive and elegant japanese restaurant. traditionally they only accept new customers who are recommended by known and trusted clients. they usually include entertainment by geisha, but not always in modern times. ryōtei are usually a place where very important business or political meetings can take place in private.
the philharmonia is an orchestra from london.
the orchestra was formed in 1945 by walter legge. legge was not a conductor, but he was a man who organized a lot of music, especially recordings. the orchestra spent most of their time making gramophone recordings, but sometimes they also gave concerts. the conductor thomas beecham led their first concert in 1946, but beecham had always organized his own orchestras and he wanted to organize this one. he even wanted to change the orchestra’s name. the players decided that they did not want beecham as their conductor. beecham went on to form another orchestra which he called the royal philharmonic orchestra.
in the first years of the philharmonia they were conducted by several world-famous conductors, including arturo toscanini, wilhelm furtwängler and, especially, herbert von karajan. karajan helped the orchestra to become one of the finest in the world, and he made many recordings with them, including all the beethoven symphonies.
in 1954 karajan left to conduct the berlin philharmonic orchestra. legge found another world-famous conductor, otto klemperer. although he was already quite old, klemperer made many excellent recordings with the orchestra. in 1959 the orchestra gave klemperer the title of music director for the rest of his life.
in 1964 legge thought the orchestra had done enough recordings and he was going to bring it to an end. both the orchestra and klemperer wanted it to continue, so the orchestra made their own organizing body (like other london orchestras) and they continued, calling themselves by a new name: the "new philharmonia orchestra". they gave their first concert under their new name on 27 october 1964. it was a performance of beethoven's "symphony no. 9", conducted by klemperer.
the orchestra gave many more concerts after it became self-governing than it had when legge had been organizing them. continuing as the new philharmonia orchestra, it got its old name “philharmonia orchestra” back again in 1977, and has been known by that name ever since.
klemperer retired from conducting in 1971, but was officially still its principal conductor until his death in 1973. since then the orchestra has been conducted by lorin maazel, riccardo muti, giuseppe sinopoli, christoph von dohnányi and esa-pekka salonen who has conducted them since 2008.
today, the orchestra continues to give many concerts, travelling around britain as well as abroad. since 1995 they have been based in the royal festival hall in london. they also give regular concerts at de montfort hall, leicester and the corn exchange, bedford. abroad they often play in the théâtre du châtelet in paris and the concertgebouw in amsterdam.
the philharmonia has made more than one thousand recordings. it has also been heard on the soundtracks of many films, including such classics as laurence olivier's 1944 film version of shakespeare's "henry v", and david lean's film version of "oliver twist" (1948).
 means simply "drum" in japanese. outside japan, the word is used to refer to any of the different kinds of japanese drums (, "wadaiko", "japanese drum" in japanese) and to the more or less new art of taiko drumming bands (sometimes better called, "kumi-daiko", ). the taiko drum originated in the country of japan. this drum was created by daihachi oguchi in 1951. the taiko drum makes a very loud, deep sound.
in a traditional japanese village the "odaiko" (big drum) defined the extent of the village land. in modern japan, wadaiko has become more of a performance art, seen only during festivals or in concert. the most famous wadaiko performance group are 'kodo' (meaning heart-beat). they are not only the worlds most respected japanese drumming group, they also maintain many traditional art forms. they group lives on the island 'sado higashima' and live together as a community in a traditional way. many other cultures have adopted this style of drumming, from germany and the united states to australia.
kitagawa utamaro (;  – 31 october 1806), also called utamaro, was a japanese artist. he was a master of the ukiyo-e style of woodblock prints and painting.
utamaro is known for his studies of women ("bijinga"). he also made nature studies. 
his work was popular in europe. he influenced artists in europe who were called impressionists.
a hanamachi (花街) is a japanese word used to call a neighborhood where courtesans and geisha lived and worked. the word's literal meaning is "flower town". these neighborhoods used to have many "okiya" ("geisha houses") and "ochaya" ("tea houses", where geishas entertained guests). the term "hanamachi" is used in modern japan to call the areas where modern-day geisha are still living and working. today, "hanamachi" are rare outside of kyoto.
there are two types of japanese traditional dance: "odori", which was created in the edo period; and "mai", which was created in the western part of japan. odori came from "kabuki" drama, where it is danced by men. mai derives from "noh" drama, also danced by men. today it is usually danced by female dancers, and is mostly done in houses, instead of on stage.
a type of the mai style of japanese dance is the "kyomai" or kyoto style dance. kyomai was created in the 17th century tokugawa cultural period. noh drama, music and dance was heavily influenced by the elegance of the manners of the japanese imperial court. kabuki drama, and hence odori, was a more democratic form, but still (viewed with modern eyes) quite traditional.
parkour is an activity in which the goal is to move from one place to another as quickly and efficiently as possible, using the abilities of the human body. parkour helps to overcome barriers, and is practiced in rural and urban areas. parkour practitioners are called "traceurs", or "traceuses" for females.
founded by david belle in france, practitioners only use efficient movements to develop their bodies and minds, and to be able to overcome barriers in an emergency. it may also be a form of entertainment or a hobby.
acrobatics (such as flips and wall flips) are not part of parkour, because of inefficiency in a difficult situation (emergency). freerunning is the branch of parkour, when such flips are used rather than efficient movement.
in 1988, david belle was 15 years old. his father raymond belle was a great fireman. david was influenced by his father. he left school at the age of 16 and his father helped him to make him stronger. david and his classmates began to create new actions to train themselves. they named it parkour. 
the basic motion of parkour
4. swan dive
6. cat balance
7. precision one foot take off
8. precision 2 footed take off
10. turn vault
11. wall run
12. tic tac
13. tic tac to precision
17. 180% cat　　
18. running cat　　
19. tic tac to cat
20. monkey vault
21. kingkong vault　　
22. double kingkong
23. diving kingkong
24. kong precision
25. kingkong cat　　
26. dash vault
27. kingkong dash
28. lazy vault
29. speed vault
32. hand stand
35. wall spin
40. star jumping
parkour does involve risks and many people get injured every day. injuries can range from a simple concussion to a broken limb or even worse: death.
the is a japanese flute which is played vertically (up-down) like a recorder, instead of horizontally (from side to side) like the western transverse flute. its name means "1.8 foot", its size. it is traditionally made of bamboo, but ones made of wood or plastic exist today. it was used by the monks of zen buddhism in the practice of "suizen" (blowing meditation).
christian movements are different religious, political and philosophical ideas of christianity that means christians belonging to one movement have a small difference in beliefs than a person from a different movement. liberal christianity and evangelicalism are examples of different christian movements.
li guang (; ? – 119 bc) was a chinese general of the han dynasty. his father, li xin, was a great military leader. li guang became a soldier when he was young. as li guang fought bravely in the battlefields, he was soon promoted to a general. he killed himself in the year 119 bc.
the royal borough of kensington and chelsea is a london borough, west of central london. notting hill is in north kensington.
the borough includes several districts in the west of london; before 1965 the two boroughs of kensington and chelsea were separately administered.
the london borough of enfield is the northernmost london borough. it is controlled by the labour party. it is an area with people from many countries and cultures in it.
this is a list of districts of england by size. the biggest are first and smallest are at the end.
huo qubing (; 140 bc - 117 bc) was a chinese general of the han dynasty under emperor wu. he was very good at shooting with his bow on a horse. when he was 18, he was ordered to attack the xiongnu with 800 cavalry. finally, his troops killed about 2,000 enemies and kidnapped the imperial officials.
in the spring of 121 bc, emperor wu ordered huo qubing to invade the xiongnu with 10,000 cavalry. he occupied 5 cities within 6 days and finally killed 8,000 enemies. in order to fairly eliminate the main force of the xiongnu, huo qubing and wei qing led 100,000 cavalry and fought with their enemies in the desert in the spring of 119 bc. huo qubing died in chang'an (present-day xi'an), the capital of the han dynasty, when he was 24.
in hinduism, kali yuga (devanāgarī: , lit. "age of kali", "age of vice"), is one of the four stages or yugas that the world goes through. traditionally, most hindus believe that the kali yuga is 432,000 years long. kali yuga is also recognized and stated in sikhism, in the guru granth sahib.
squashes are a kind of vegetables. they originally came from the new world. gourds are in the same family as squashes. pumpkins and zucchini (courgette) are types of squashes. although squash is a fruit according to its botanical classification, it is generally considered a vegetable in food preparation.
the english word "squash" comes from askutasquash (which means "a green thing eaten raw"). this is a word from the narragansett language, which was documented by roger williams in his 1643 publication "a key into the language of america". there are similar words for squash in related languages of the algonquian family such as massachusett.
squash and art.
the squash has been an important crop in the andes mountains since the pre-columbian era. the moche culture from northern peru made ceramics from earth, water, and fire. this pottery was used to represent important themes. squash are a popular shape in moche ceramics.
squash may refer to: 
nelumbo is a genus of water plants which are also known as lotus. lotus flowers are large – up to 20 cm (8 inches) across – and they smell sweet.
the sacred lotus of asia has pink flowers. the american lotus has yellow flowers.
in india the lotus is considered a symbol of purity
the lotus flowers grow over the water. lotus leaves often float on top of the water. the roots of lotus plants are in the mud (wet dirt) under the water. every part of every plant must have air for respiration (breathing). air spaces in the stems and roots make the lotus able to live and respire under water.
people can eat lotus roots and seeds. cattle (cows) like to eat the leaves and flowers.
lotuses look rather like water lilies from the nymphaeaceae family. it is the "national flower" of both india and vietnam and also the "provincial flower" of sindh province, pakistan. 
in botany, nymphaeaceae is the name of a family of plants which grow in water. the family is also called "water-lily family".
their flowers suggest they are one of the earliest groups of angiosperms. modern genetic analyses by the angiosperm phylogeny group researchers has confirmed its basal position among flowering plants. 
also, the nymphaeaceae are more diverse and wdespread than other basal angiosperms. nymphaeaceae is in the order nymphaeales. according to the most widely accepted flowering plant classification system, this is the second diverging group of angiosperms after "amborella".
ugly betty is a golden globe- and peabody award-winning american comedy-drama television series. it stars america ferrera, vanessa williams, and eric mabius. it premiered on september 28, 2006, on abc in the united states. the series follows the life of betty suarez (ferrera), and her incongruous job at the ultra-chic new york city fashion magazine "mode". betty's status as a "fish out of water" drives much of the plot. ugly betty ended on april 14, 2010 after low ratings during season 4.
usa tv ratings
based on average total viewers per episode of "ugly betty" on abc:
in popular culture.
since the show's debut, the main characters have become the latest fixures in the lexicon of pop media culture. they have already had parodies, news media stories and art-imitating-life situations, as well as recognition from the united states congress itself.
a shinto shrine is a sacred place or site where people worship in the shinto religion. many shinto shrines have buildings, gates, and natural areas such as forests and rivers around them. the usual japanese word for a shinto shrine is .
 are women in the service of shinto shrines. the translation of "miko" is "woman of god" (chosen by, or totally devoted to, the gods), but the closest meaning is "shrine maiden". in shinto, there are priestesses; but miko are not priestesses, because they have less authority. however, they can act as priestesses if needed. they usually help shintoist priests.
, born masako tanaka on november 2, 1949 in kyoto, was japan's number one "geiko" (geisha) until she retired at the age of 29. she entertained many important people when they visited japan, like queen elizabeth and prince charles. she retired because she was tired of the profession, and wanted to start a family.
author arthur golden did an interview to her and used her as inspiration for his book "memoirs of a geisha", that was later made a movie. iwasaki later said that the book was full of lies, and that nothing that golden said ever happened to her. she put a lawsuit against golden for this, and they solved it out of court in 2003. after the publication of "memoirs of a geisha", iwasaki wrote her autobiography, "geisha, a life".
this is a list of districts in england by population. the districts at the top have the biggest population and the districts at the bottom have a smaller number of people.
libra is an astrological sign, related to the constellation libra, in the southern hemisphere near scorpius and virgo. in the tropical zodiac, the sun meets libra from september 23 to october 23, and in the sidereal zodiac, it ends on november 15. libra, (the scales of balance), is the only symbol of the zodiac that is inanimate (it is not represented by an animal or person). the opposite sign to libra is aries.
the corresponding month in the babylonian calendar is "tišritum", made for shamash (the sun).
libra's symbol, like the scales, is the only symbol in the zodiac that is not represented by an animal or person.
in mythology a libra is related to the greek goddess of justice, themis, the greek mythology version of atalanta (meaning balanced), and astraea (daughter of themis), who went up to heaven and became the constellation of virgo, and carried the scales of justice, which is the constellation libra.ω
libra is also related to the greco-roman goddess aphrodite/venus and sometimes also the goddesses eris/discordia & harmonia/concordia,dike, themis, hera/juno, ishtar, freyja, persephone, frigg and forsetti the god xolotl.
hindus believe that the matsya was the first important avatar of vishnu. as the matsya avatar, vishnu took the form of a big fish. sometimes, it is said that he took the form of a half-man and half-fish. there is a story about this in hindu scriptures. the story tells about a demon (an asura). that asura was very wicked. he snatched the vedas, the holy books of the hindus, and went deep inside the sea. at this point, vishnu changed his form. he became a "matsya", that is, a fish. he entered the sea and brought back the vedas. he gave the vedas to manu. the hindu scriptures say that manu was the first man in the world. he may be compared with noah or adam.
kurma is an avatar in the hindu religion. hindus believe that vishnu, an important god of hinduism, had several forms, or avatars, and the second important avatar is called the kurma avatar. in this avatar, vishnu took the form of a kurma to help the devtas and asuras to churn the kshira sagara, to gain amrita. this avatar took the mount mandaar on his back and helped the mount to churn the ocean. kurma is a sanskrit language word that means a tortoise. as a kurma, vishnu is the symbol of strength and stability.
hindus believe that vishnu had many important avatars, and the varaha avatar was the third avatar of vishnu. in this avatar, vishnu took the form of a black varaha. varaha is a sanskrit language word that means a boar. the hindu scriptures tell a story about this avatar. there was a daitya (a demon) named hiranyaksha. he threw the earth (called prithivi by the hindus) into the waters of the ocean. the earth was about to sink in the ocean. at this point, vishnu took the form of a black boar. he entered the water and carried the earth on its body and brought the earth safely to where it should be. thus, vishnu as a varaha saved the earth from being destroyed. 
prithvi is the name for the goddess of the earth in hinduism.
the goddess prithvi is also called devi basundhara, mata dharitri and bhoomidevi. 
a daitya, according to hinduism, is a type of giant that fought against the gods.
manu is a term found in hinduism. 
it has various meanings in different mythologies. in early texts, it refers to the archetypal man, or to the first man on earth.
the wild boar ("sus scrofa") belongs to the family of the real pig (suidae) from the order of artiodactyls. they live today in almost every part of the world, even many countries that are not their natural habitats.
the wild boar is native to eurasia and north africa. wild boars are omnivorous and easily adapt to changes. they were hunted in europe from long ago for many of their body parts, and were shown in the mythology of many ancient civilizations. greek, phoenician, and persian mythology showed them as fierce, sometimes evil, while others showed them as brave, powerful animals. again, others saw them as parasitic. even today many people see wild boars very differently.
the hair of the boar was often used when making the toothbrush until the 1930s. the hair for the bristles usually came from the neck area of the boar. the brushes were popular because the bristles were soft. however, this was not the best material for oral hygiene because the hairs dried slowly and usually held bacteria.
the body of the wild boar, when seen from the side, often looks very big. this impression is partly because, compared to the large body mass, the legs of the wild boar are short and do not look very strong. the wild boar's head is very large. its eyes are high up on the head, while the ears are small with bristles around it. its tail can move very quickly, and the wild boar often uses it to show when his mood. if seen from the front, the body looks quite narrow. the wild boar has 44 teeth in its jaw, which helps its strong bite. the male and the female wild boars' snout shapes are different.
a wild boar usually gives birth to about 4 – 6 piglets at a time. piglets weigh from about 750 – 1000g when they are first born. they are fully weaned after 3 – 4 months. they begin eating solid foods such as worms and grubs after about 2 weeks.
wild boar appears in european culture as symbol of warrior virtues. it also appears in greek, norse mythologies, vaishnavism, hinduism. 
narasimha, according to hinduism, was the fourth avatar of vishnu. in this form, vishnu had the body of a man, but he had a head of a lion. this avatar of vishnu is also a symbol of great strength. 
the hindu scriptures tell this story about narashimha. there was a demon (a "daitya") named hiranyakashipu. he was against all gods. but, his son named prahlad used to worship the gods, especially vishnu. hiranyakashipu was not happy at his son and wanted to burn him to death. hiranyakashipu also wanted to kill everyone who worshipped the gods and make everyone worship him instead. vishnu became narasimha, and protected prahlad and other people who worshipped the gods by stopping hiranyakashipu. brahma had granted hiranyakashipu a boon that kept him safe so that he could not be killed by a human, animal or deva. he also could not be killed in the day or night, or inside or outside of his palace. this made hiranyakashipu believe that no one could kill him. when he wanted to kill his son for worshiping vishnu, vishnu came to earth incarnated as a half-man, half-lion creature (neither man nor human). this way vishnu killed hiranyakashipu in the twilight (neither day, nor night) and on the porch of the palace (neither inside, nor outside), without disrupting the boon given to him by brahma. now, narasimha jayanti is celebrated across the world.
hindus believe that prahlada was a good person. he was the son of hiranyakashipu, his evil father, and he worshipped vishnu. narasimha protected him from hiranyakashipu.
hindus believe that there are periods of time called yugas ("ages" or "eras"): satya yuga, treta yuga, dvapara yuga, and kali yuga. when kali yuga ends, a new satya yuga begins.
hindus believe that vishnu has many important avatars. the vamana avatar was the fifth avatar. in this avatar, vishnu was in the form of a human.vamana avatar is basically in the form of a bramhin(a caste in hinduism which is responsible for ancient spiritual, cultural, educational activitiesand the highest in the varnas) was taken for a demon king 'bali'. lord vishnu in this avatar asked bali to offer him 'three feet land' as a form of offering a king offered to a brahmin as a goodwill during ancient times in hindu culture. the story goes when king bali captured the adobe of hindu demigods and caused them a fierce battle. 'aditi' - the mother figure of demigods in hinduism prayed to lord vishnu and pleased by her prayers, lord vishnu appeared and assured her a boon. in a thought of revenge , she wished that may bali loose his whole wealth and power." 
lord vamana (lord vishnu) when asked bali for three feet land then bali laughed and said "brahamandeva (o brahmin) you might have asked many luxurious things from me as dakshina but you asked such a menial thing of land of a three feet quantity?" after which lord vamana grew so large in size as his one feet could cover whole earth and other whole heaven! that means, whole land property of bali was under control of lord vamana. as per bali's oath, there was no more land to donate and one feet of lord was remaining. bali asked lord about who is greater, the thing or who gives the thing? lord answer was the donar or giver of the thing is greater than the thing. then king bali asked the lord to keep his third feet on his (bali) head! pleased by this act of bali lord promised him the rule of 'patal' (the underearth) and promised to protect bali and his kingdom and slay whosoever disobeys bali in patal. 
it is believed that for 3 day during 'savan'or rainy season , king bali returns to earth. these three days are celebrated as onam in indian state of 'kerala'. during this festival , the idols of lord vishnu and king bali are made out of rice and worshiped. a famous boat race is also organised across kerala in honour of king bali. the people from every faith in kerala celebrate this feast. it is a regional festival of keralites.
hindus believe that vishnu has many important avatars. the parashurama also known as parshurama avatar was the sixth important avatar. in this avatar, vishnu was in the form of a human. he came to earth to stop bad people. he was the son of sage jamdagni, a sage who was known for his temper. it is believed that parashurma was cheiranjiv it means that he was immortal. he was the great devotee of lord shiva. parshurama's mother renuka devi was daughter of kshatriya after receiving parashurma from lord shiva as a boon it was impossible to defeat parashurma in earth. he was the first brahmakshatriya (both brahmin and kshatriya warrior) 
it is said that he was born before the lord rama and still he is alive.in mahabharata he tought
dronacharya bhishma and karna.it is believed that he will teach war skills to the tenth avatar of vishnu (kalki) once he cutt of the right tusk of lord ganesha. 
because ganesha was not letting him in to meet lord shiva when goddess parvati and lord shiva grew up with anger after hearing this but after they forgive parashurma.
hindus believe that balram was the older brother of krishna. some hindus believe that he is an avatar of vishnu’s shesh naag. in this avatar, shesh naag was in the form of a human.
ba đình square (vietnamese: quảng trường ba đình) is a place in the vietnamese capital, hà nội. it is where vietnamese president hồ chí minh declared the independence of the democratic republic of việt nam from french imperialist rule on 2 september 1945, the same day that world war ii ended. this is now where his mausoleum is.
the hồ chí minh mausoleum (vietnamese: lăng hồ chí minh) is a large memorial to vietnamese independence leader hồ chí minh. it is located in ba ðình square in hà nội. this is where his body is kept for people to pay their respects. president hồ chí minh did not want a mausoleum at all. in his will, he said he wanted to be cremated and to have his ashes buried in the hills of the north, center, and south of việt nam. he said that he liked cremation because it was healthier than burial or a mausoleum and saved farmland. his successors did not let him have this wish. the government kept that part of his will secret. the government also pretended he died a day after he really did, because he really died on independence day and they did not tell anyone.
many aspects of "uncle ho's" last will and testament were altered or, as stated above, ignored. in his last days he was surrounded by those who formed what is now vietnam's political system, while those loyal to him and his wishes were systematically kept or chased away. others were put on a bus and executed.
meng tian (; ? - 210 bc ) was a chinese general of the qin dynasty under emperor qin shi huang. his grandfather, meng ao, and his father, meng wu, were generals as well. after the unification of china, emperor qin shi huang ordered meng tian leading 300,000 armies to attack the xiongnu and build the great wall of china. meng tian was forced by the eunuch, zhao gao, to kill himself by drinking poisonous wine after the death of emperor qin shi haung.
a kippah (hebrew) or yarmulke (yiddish) is a small cloth cap worn by jews. 
traditionally it was worn only by men, but in modern times the push for equality between the sexes in the practice of judaism has led some women to wear yarmulkes. some jews only wear yarmulkes while praying; others wear yarmulkes the entire day, making sure not to walk more than four cubits without head covering (especially outside).
the basis for wearing a head covering is a story in the talmud (tractate shabbat).
often, the color and fabric of the "yarmulke" can be a sign of adherence to a specific religious movement. the israeli national religious community is often referred to by the name "kipot srugot" כיפות סרוגות, literally "woven yarmulkes". similarly, some haredi sects are referred to by the name "kipot shkhorot" כיפות שחורות, literally "black yarmulkes".
the etymology of "yarmulke" is unclear. linguists (e.g. max vasmer) maintain that the yiddish word is derived (via russian or polish) from the turkic "", meaning 'raincoat'.
traditionally, "yarmulke" is considered to have originated from the aramaic phrase """ (in awe of the lord), in keeping with the principle that the yarmulke is supposed to reflect someone's fear of heaven. or perhaps, "yira malkah"" (fear of the king).
judeo-arabic languages are a collection of arabic language dialects spoken by jews living or formerly living in arabic-speaking countries. just as with the rest of the arab world, arabic-speaking jews had different dialects for the different regions where they lived. most judæo-arabic dialects were written in modified forms of the hebrew alphabet, often including consonant dots from the arabic alphabet to accommodate phonemes that did not exist in the hebrew alphabet.
in retaliation for 1948 arab-israeli war, jews in arab countries became subject to increasingly insufferable discrimination and violence, causing virtually all of them to flee en masse to israel. their dialects of arabic did not thrive in israel, and most became extinct, replaced by the modern hebrew language.
in the middle ages, jews in the islamic diaspora spoke a dialect of arabic, which they wrote in a mildly adapted hebrew script (rather than using arabic script).
this phenomenon is called judaeo-arabic and may be compared to both ladino (judaeo-spanish) and yiddish (judaeo-german).
some of the most important books of medieval jewish though were originally written in judaeo-arabic, as well as certain halakhic works and biblical commentary. only later were they translated into medieval scientific hebrew so that they could be read by the ashkenazic jews of europe. these include:
the clangers is a british children's television series. the first episode was broadcast on the bbc on 16 november 1969. the series is about a family of aliens who live under the surface of the moon in caves. they looked like small, pink, knitted mice. other characters include the froglets and the soup dragon, a dragon that gives out soup. the family uses a us flag as a table cloth.
the london borough of hammersmith and fulham is a london borough in west london but is part of an area called inner london. house prices are more expensive than most parts of england. the borough has three famous football teams: fulham f.c., queens park rangers f.c. and chelsea f.c.
1 e9 m² is a term used to group together areas of similar size. it is used for places that are between 1,000 km² and 10,000 km² in area. the term is based from the scientific notation for 1 x 109m².
1 e8 m² is used for places that are between 100 km² and 1000 km² in area. the term is based from the scientific notation for 1 x 108m².
1 e7 m² is a term used to group together areas of similar size. it is used for places that are between 10 km² (1,000 hectares) and 100 km² (10,000 hectares) in area. the term is based from the scientific notation for 1 x 107m².
athletics, known as track and field in the united states, has been contested at every summer olympics since the birth of the modern olympic movement at the 1896 summer olympics.
no new events have been added to the men's athletics programme since 1952 when the short racewalk was added. the roster of events has not changed since then, with the exception of the omission of the long racewalk in 1976. the long racewalk is the only event held for men but not included on the women's programme.
a total of 52 different events have been held in the men's competition. the current list has 24 events. 
many of the discontinued events were similar to modern ones but at different lengths, especially in the steeplechasing, hurdling, and racewalking disciplines. 
team racing events were only run in the six early editions of the games. 
the athletic multi-discipline "triathlon" (3 events) and "pentathlon" (5 events) have been replaced by the 10 event "decathlon", and the medley relay replaced by relay races where each section is the same length as the others. 
standing jump competitions are no longer held, nor are the various modified throwing events which were experimented with in 1908 and 1912.
the 1968 summer olympics, officially known as the games of the xix olympiad, were held in mexico city in 1968. mexico city beat out bids from detroit, buenos aires and lyon to host the games in 1963. the games were preceded by the tlatelolco massacre, in which hundreds of students were killed by security forces ten days before the opening day. it is the only games ever held in latin america, and it was the second ever outside of western europe, australia, or the usa.
sima qian () was the historian of the han dynasty under emperor wu. he was born at xia yang (present-day shan xi province, han city) in either 145 or 135 bc. his father, sima tan, was also a historian.
when sima qian was 10, he could read the articles which were written in classical chinese.
he travelled around china and visited a plenty of scenic attractions and heritages when he was 20.
in 108 bc, with the death of sima qian's father, he carried on the job of being a historian.
in 104 bc, sima qian finished editing taichu calendar with the imperial officials, tang du and luo xiahong.
in 99 bc, sima qian got involved in the li ling affair. he was punished and sent to prison. sima qian would be sentenced to death if he could not pay a fine or accept the terrible punishment - castration. with the fact that sima qian did not have enough money to pay the fine and he hoped to finish writing the records of the grand historian, he accepted the castration. sima qian finally spent 19 years to write that book.
sima qian died in 86 bc.
gymnastics at the 1972 summer olympics was represented by 14 events: 6 for women and 8 for men. the competition was held from august 27 to september 1 at the sports hall in munich.
format of competition.
the scoring in the team competition event and in event finals was the same, as for gymnastics events at the previous olympics. but in the all-around the scoring system became similar to that of event finals: for the all-around a gymnast showed one's skills once more on each of the apparatuses; to get the "total" value for the all-around performance, marks in the team competition were added together, the result was divided by two ("prelim" value) and added to the sum of marks for all-around routines ("final" value). judging system was basically the same, as at the previous olympics.
"c" stands for "compulsory exercises" and "o" stands for "optional exercises". 
"prelim" mark is the value from the "score" column of the team competition table, divided by two.
"prelim" value is the sum of two marks for compulsory and optional routine in the team competition on the respective apparatus, divided by two.
"c" stands for "compulsory exercises" and "o" stands for "optional exercises". 
"prelim" mark is the value from the "score" column of the team competition table, divided by two.
"prelim" value is the sum of two marks for compulsory and optional routine on the respective apparatus in the team competition, divided by two.
note:country names are given in the form they were used in the official documents of the ioc in 1972.
rowing at the 1980 summer olympics was represented by 14 events. it took place in the "man-made basin", located at the "trade unions olympic sports centre" (krylatskoye district, moscow). the rowing schedule began on 20 july and ended on 27 july. 
due to the american-led boycott some strong rowing nations were not present. in that situation east germany dominated the competition: they won 14 medals, including 11 golds, from 14 events.
eight-oars with coxswain.
note:country names are given in the form they were used in the official documents of the ioc in 1980.
in rowing, a coxless pair consists of a pair of rowers, each having one oar, one on the stroke side (rower's right hand side) and one on the bow side (rower's lefthand side). as the name suggests, there is no cox on such a boat, and the two rowers must co-ordinate steering and the proper timing of oar strokes between themselves.
79 is a year in the 1st century.
the 1976 summer olympics, officially known as the games of the xxi olympiad, were held in 1976 in montreal, quebec, canada. montreal was awarded the rights to the 1976 games in may 1970, over the bids of moscow and los angeles. moscow would later host the 1980 summer olympics, and los angeles would later host the 1984 summer olympics.
the 1960 winter olympics, officially known as the viii olympic winter games, were held in 1960 in squaw valley, california, united states (in the lake tahoe basin). squaw valley won the bid in 1955.
alexander cushing, the creator of the resort, campaigned vigorously to win the games. after being awarded the games, there was a rush to construct roads, hotels, restaurants, and bridges, as well as the ice arena, the speed skating track, ski lifts, and the ski jumping hill.
the 1984 winter olympics, officially known as the xiv olympic winter games, were held in sarajevo, yugoslavia. (sarajevo is now in bosnia and herzegovina.) other candidate cities were sapporo, japan and falun, sweden. it was the first winter games and the second olympics held in eastern europe (the first was the 1980 summer olympics in moscow).
the 1988 winter olympics, officially known as the xv olympic winter games, were held in calgary, alberta, canada and opened by governor general jeanne sauvé. the olympics were highly successful financially as they brought in million-dollar profits. the games left a lasting impression on the host city and gave it a new identity from a cowtown to a large commercial sector of the country.
1988 was also the last year that the paralympic games and the winter olympics were held in separate cities. all games after the 1988 winter olympics have been hosted by the same city or a city nearby.
the canadian team did not win a gold medal during the 1988 winter olympics, similar to how the canadian team did not win one during the 1976 summer olympics in montreal. at the time, canada and yugoslavia were the only countries that had not won a gold medal when their country hosted the olympics. (however, canada would later win a gold medal when the 2010 winter olympics were hosted in vancouver.)
calgary first tried for the olympics in 1964, and again in 1968.
the records of the grand historian () was written by sima qian, the historian of the han dynasty. it is a book recording chinese history from the time of 3 sovereigns and 5 emperors until the reign of emperor wu of han.
football (soccer) has been included in every summer olympic games except 1896 and 1932 as a men's competition sport. women's football was added to the official program at the 1996 atlanta edition.
football was not in the original modern olympic games program as international football was not that popular in 1896. however an unofficial football tournament was organised during the first competition. complete records have been lost and may not even be true but it seems that only two games may have been played. an athens xi lost to a team representing smyrna (izmir), then part of the ottoman empire. smyrna went on to be beaten 15-0 by a team from denmark. demonstration tournaments were played at the 1900 and 1904 games and the "intercalated games" of 1906, but these were contested by various clubs and scratch teams, and are not considered to be official olympic events. neither fifa nor the ioc recognize the intercalated games. the first proper tournament is said to be in the 1908 olympics, organized by the football association. it had 6 teams. the next tournament was organized by the swedish football association in 1912. however, the tournament was very unbalanced, with some high scoring games such as 10-0 and 12-0, and all of the players were amateurs. the tournaments of 1924 and 1928 are the two only editions officially recognised by fifa as championships of the world.
for the 1984 olympics, the ioc admitted professional players.
since the 1992 barcelona olympics, all teams have to be under-23 years old. since 1996, three over 23 players are allowed.
a women's edition was added in 1996. the women's tournament has no age restrictions, unlike the men's tournament.
the 1976 winter olympics, officially known as the xii olympic winter games, were held in 1976 in innsbruck, austria. the games were originally awarded to denver, colorado, united states in may 1970, but a 300 percent rise in costs and worries about environmental impact led to voters' rejection of a $5 million bond issue to finance the games in 1972. as a result, the ioc offered the games to whistler, british columbia (canada), who had bid on the games, but they also declined due to a change of government there. (whistler would go on to be associated with neighbouring vancouver's successful bid for the 2010 winter olympics.) the ioc finally called on innsbruck, which had hosted the 1964 winter games just twelve years earlier, to also host the 1976 games. salt lake city, utah, which would eventually host in 2002, offered itself as a potential host after the withdrawal of denver. the ioc declined.
gymnastics has been contested at every summer olympic games since the birth of the modern olympic movement at the 1896 summer olympics. for thirty years, only men were allowed to compete. women's events were introduced at the 1928 summer olympics in amsterdam. the competition was held in artistic gymnastics discipline until 1984, when rhythmic gymnastics discipline was added to the program of the olympics. since 2000, trampolining discipline has also been competed. 
biathlon (not to be confused with duathlon) is a term used to describe any sporting event made up of two disciplines. however, biathlon usually refers specifically to the winter sport that combines cross-country skiing and rifle shooting. another popular variant is summer biathlon, which combines cross-country running with riflery.
biathlon's two sports disciplines:
other multi-discipline sports (otherwise unrelated to biathlon):
the 1972 summer olympics, officially known as the games of the xx olympiad, were held in munich, west germany (in what is now germany), from 26 august to 11 september 1972. munich won its olympic bid in april 1966 over the cities of detroit, michigan, usa; madrid, spain; and montreal, canada. the 1972 summer olympics are one of 2 olympic games that had a significant criminal incident — the munich massacre, in which a group of palestinian terrorists kidnapped and killed several israeli athletes. (the other olympics with a significant criminal event was the 1996 summer olympics in atlanta, georgia, usa — the centennial olympic park bombing). a movie about the israeli response to this was made called munich.
royal boroughs are districts in the united kingdom that have been given this special title because they had special links with the british royal family.
emperor wu of jin (; 236 - 290) was the founder of western jin dynasty. his name was sima yan. he was born in henei (now henan province). his father was sima zhao and sima yi was his grandfather. they were the imperial officials of wei dynasty and seized control over the imperial court. in 265 ad, sima yan forced emperor cao huan to abdicate. in 280 ad, he conquered eastern wu and unified china.
john couch adams (5 june 1819 – 21 january 1892), was an english mathematician and astronomer. adams was born in laneast, cornwall and died in cambridge. he was famous for co-discovering the planet neptune.
pygmy is a word that describes several ethnic groups with unusually short people. according to anthropologists, pygmies can be any group where adult men are less than tall on average. the best known pygmies are the aka, efé and mbuti of central africa. there are also pygmies in australia, thailand, malaysia, indonesia, the philippines, papua new guinea, and brazil. the negritos of southeast asia are also called pygmies.
the word "pygmy" is sometimes thought to be pejorative (an insult). it is, however, the only word that is used to call "all" african midgets.
 the word bayaka is sometimes used in the central african republic to refer to all local pygmies. in the congo basin, pygmies are called the kongo word bambenga.
the name "pygmy" comes from the greek word ("pygmaios"). this word was derived from (came from) the word which is the length between a person's elbow and knuckles. the latin word (pl. "pygmaei") came from this older greek word.
the word was first used in greek mythology by the poet homer. he wrote about a tribe of dwarfs called "pygmies" who lived in india and ethiopia.
there are a number of theories to explain why pygmies are so short. it has been proved that their height is hereditary, and is passed on from parents to children. it may have evolved because of the low ultraviolet light found in rainforests, where many pygmies live. this would mean that the pygmies would make less vitamin d in their skin. vitamin d helps the body absorb calcium, which is important for bones to grow. since the pygmies would get less calcium, they would have smaller bones and skeletons.
there are other explanations for why pygmies are so short. some explanations are: 
some research shows that the genes for the growth hormone receptor and growth hormone are found much less in pygmies than in related tribes. these genes are important for humans to grow tall.
pygmies can be found in rwanda, burundi, uganda, the democratic republic of the congo, the central african republic, cameroon, equatorial guinea, gabon, angola, botswana, namibia, and zambia. most of these groups are partly hunter-gatherers. they get food from the environment and trade it with nearby farmers. from the farmers they get crops and tools. there are about 250,000-600,000 pygmies living in the congo rainforest.
there are a number of pygmy groups living in africa. the three best-known groups are the mbenga, mbuti, and twa groups. each big group includes several tribes that have their own language.
the mbenga people, sometimes called the "ba-mbenga", live in the western congo basin. the mbenga include the aka people, who speak the aka language. the aka live in the central african republic and the republic of congo. the m-benzélé people, or "western aka", and the ba-sese people, "eastern aka", are also related.
other mbenga pygmies are the baka people of cameroon, gabon, and republic of congo. they speak three very similar languages: baka language, ganzi language, and gundi language. another group of mbenga pygmies are the gyele people. the gyele live in cameroon and speak gyele language.
the mbuti people, sometimes called the "bambuti", live in the ituri rainforest in eastern democratic republic of the congo. they include the efé people, asua people, and the kango people. the efé speak the efé language. the asua speak the asoa language. the kango speak the kango language.
the twa people, or "ba-twa", live in rwanda, burundi, democratic republic of the congo, and uganda. the twa speak kirundi and kinyarwanda.
in sanskrit, itihasa means history. for hindus, an itihasa is a story that tells about what happened in the past in the land of india. itihasas are usually epic poems. the important itihasas to hindus are the ramayana and the mahabharata. modern excavations and archaeological evidences are slowly beginning to find evidences to prove these indian epics as actual history. 
the original meaning of itiihaasa had a more precise connotation than the word history. the etymology attested to by panini indicates itiha to mean ‘thus indeed, in this tradition’ . 
one of the earliest references to itihaasa in the literature of antiquity is in chanakyas’s arthashastra. our investigations lead us to believe that the maurya empire for which he was the preceptor began in 1534 bce. he defines itihaasa, in the context of the syllabus prescribed for training of a prince, with the following words;
पुराणमितिव्रुत्तमाख्यायिकोदाहरणं धर्मशास्त्रं चेतीतिहासः
puraana (the chronicles of the ancients), itivrtta (history), akhyayika (tales), udaaharana (illustrative stories), dharmashastra (the canon of righteous conduct), and arthashastra (the science of government) are known by (comprise the corpus of itihaasah, ) history
kautilya’s arthashastra, book 1, chapter 5
thus, history in this definition takes on the meaning more akin to the sense of historiography and is perhaps even more eclectic and appears to indicate a superset of political science and history as we use them today. we feel vindicated therefore in calling our forthcoming conference a conference on indian history ( http://www.india-forum.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=2088), since we seem to ascribe the same broad meaning that kautilya did 3 millennia ago.
the quintessential quote is that of kalhana in the rajatarangini,12th century ce (1147 to 1149 ce) who is regarded as a modern in indian parlance
धर्मार्थ काममोक्षाणामुपदेश समान्वितं ।
पुरावृत्तं कथायुत्तरूपमितिहासं प्रचक्षते ।।
“dharmaartha-kaama-moskshanaam upadesa-samanvitam | 
puraa-vrttam, kathaa-yuttarupam ithihaasah prachakshate ||” 
history will be the narration of events as they happened, in the form of a story, which will be an advice to the reader to be followed in life, to gain the purusaarthas namely kama the satiation of desires through artha the tool, by following the path of dharma the human code of conduct to gain moksha or liberation. 
clearly there is an emphasis on the traditions and on the utilitarian aspect of history, embedded in the etymology of itihaasa. the reason we draw emphasis to the ambiguity in the use of the word history is that, in our usage, while we adhere to the broader usage of the word history, it makes for clarity in usage if the civilizational aspects are distinguished into distinct categories
bhakti yoga is a hindu spiritual practice. people constantly pray to, and think about, a form of a hindu god, usually vishnu.
bhakti is a sanskrit term. it signifies an attitude of devotion to god. the relation between man and god is imagined as a beloved-lover, friend-friend, parent-child, and master-servant. the bhakta worships his chosen god by any of these mentalities.
the bhagavata purana teaches nine primary forms of bhakti. they are:
the international society for krishna consciousness (iskcon) is a newer religious movement based on the original vedic culture of ancient india. it is also known as 'the hare krishna' movement. it was founded in 1966 in new york city by a.c. bhaktivedanta swami prabhupada. the organization's core beliefs are based on three scriptures, bhagavad gita, srimad bhagavatam and the caitanya-caritamrita.
hare krishna is a mantra. it is also known as maha mantra. the mantra was made well known even outside hinduism by the international society for krishna consciousness. the mantra can be found in many hinduist traditions in india. those who believe in it think that when the mantra is heard, spoken, used for meditation or sung this can lead to a higher state of consciousness. according to gaudiya vaishnava theology, this higher consciousness takes the form of pure love of god (krishna). the mantra is contained in the texts of hinduism known as the upanishads, which are considered by some scholars to have roots in the vedic past. 
a. c. bhaktivedanta swami prabhupada, also known as srila prabhupada (september 1, 1896–november 14, 1977) was the person who created the iskcon movement.
in the sanskrit language, purana means story of ancient times. for hindus, a purana is a scripture that tells what happened in ancient times. puranas tell about history, ancient indian traditions, and what hindus believe. it is basically in sanskrit and tamil languages.
list of puranas.
mahapurana means great story of ancient times in sanskrit.
patti labelle (born patricia louise holte on may 24, 1944) is an american r&b and soul singer. she is known for her high vocal belting (using the chest to make high pitch sounds). she is known for such songs as "new attitude" and "on my own".
she was the lead singer of patty la belle and the bluebells during the 1960s and 70s. later the group was known as simply "labell". in this later group the style was more laid back, singing hits like the rolling stones' "wild horses".
whitney elizabeth houston (august 9, 1963 – february 11, 2012) was an american singer and actress. referred to as “the voice”, she is regarded as one of the most influential vocalists in popular music. houston is noted for her powerful and soulful vocals, as well as her charismatic stage presence. she is the most awarded female artist of all time. houston is also one of the best-selling recording artists of all time, with sales of over 200 million records worldwide.
her first two studio albums, whitney houston (1985) and whitney (1987), both peaked at number one on the billboard 200 and are among the best-selling albums of all time. she is the only artist to have seven consecutive number-one singles on the us billboard hot 100 chart, from "saving all my love for you" in 1985 to "where do broken hearts go" in 1988.
houston made her acting debut with the romantic thriller film the bodyguard (1992). she recorded six songs for the film's soundtrack, including "i will always love you", which won the grammy award for record of the year and became the best-selling physical single by a female in music history. it won the grammy award for album of the year and remains the best-selling soundtrack album of all time. houston starred and recorded soundtracks for two other high-profile films, waiting to exhale (1995) and the preacher's wife (1996), with the latter's soundtrack being the best-selling gospel album of all time.
on february 11, 2012, houston was found dead at the beverly hilton in beverly hills, california. news of her death coincided with the 2012 grammy awards and was featured prominently in international media. houston was inducted into the rock and roll hall of fame in 2020.
whitney elizabeth houston was born at newark beth israel medical center in newark, new jersey. she was the second child of army serviceman and entertainment executive john russell houston, jr. and gospel singer cissy houston. dionne and dee dee warwick are her cousins.
whitney began singing at a young age in gospel music at church, being influenced by her mother. she was described as having an impressive ranging spinto soprano voice. in 1983, she was discovered by an arista records representative and signed to the label.
houston released her first album, "whitney houston", in 1985. it featured the number-one singles "saving all my love for you", "greatest love of all", and "how will i know". her second album, "whitney", was released in 1987 and featured the number-one hits "i wanna dance with somebody" and "so emotional". in 1990, her album "i'm your baby tonight" was released, and the song of the same name also reached number one on the us "billboard" hot 100, as did the single "all the man that i need". she sang the national anthem at the 1991 super bowl and earned widespread praise for the performance. she starred in the film "the bodyguard" in 1992 and performed several songs on its soundtrack, one of which was a cover of country singer-songwriter dolly parton's song, "i will always love you". the song became houston's biggest hit of her career and reached number one in countries around the world. houston sat throughout much of the music video for "i will always love you" because she was pregnant with her daughter, bobbi kristina brown. "i will always love you" became the bestselling song by a female artist, with the soundtrack for "the bodyguard" becoming the bestselling film soundtrack ever. she performed with singer-songwriter mariah carey on the song "when you believe" for the film "the prince of egypt".
houston released albums "my love is your love", "just whitney...", and "i look to you" in 1998, 2002, and 2009, respectively. she also appeared in the film "sparkle" alongside singer jordin sparks.
whitney houston has earned six grammy awards and seven number-one songs in a row on the "billboard" hot 100. she had a total of 11 "billboard" hot 100 number-ones, placing her in fourth place for women behind mariah carey (18 number-ones), rihanna (14), and madonna and the supremes (12 each). she is the most-awarded female artist of all time.
whitney houston has also been inducted into the rock and roll hall of fame in 2020.
houston married bobby brown in 1992. in 1993, they had a daughter, bobbi kristina brown. in a 2009 interview, houston indicated the marriage was both passionate and turbulent. their marital relationship was marred by drug use and by brown's professional jealousy, psychological abuse, and physical confrontations. the couple divorced in 2007.
on the night of february 11, 2012, at the age of 48, houston was found dead in her guest room at the beverly hilton in beverly hills, california. the official coroner's report stated that she had accidentally drowned in the bath. atherosclerotic heart disease and cocaine use were listed as contributing factors. her funeral was televised.
kami (神) is a japanese word for any of several gods, spirits, or the god of abrahamic religions.
"folklore" is the body of expressive culture, including stories, music, dance, legends, oral history, proverbs, jokes, popular beliefs, customs, and more within a particular people. this also includes the oral traditions of that culture, subculture, or group. the academic and usually ethnographic study of folklore is sometimes called folkloristics . ultimately, folklore is a word for the many ways people can express their culture. 
before we get into the specifics of folklore, an example to help frame some understanding of the concept is the famous folk tale: little red riding hood (in european culture). 
"folkloristic anthropology" is the study of folklore in groups of people throughout history. anthropology is the study of human societies and cultures and how they develop, including kinship systems (social relationships of people within a culture), governments, and economies. folklore is a major part of culture (which anthropologists are curious about). folklore varies based off of the beliefs and values in different societies. folkloristic anthropologists work towards learning about the folklore of a society. their goal is to connect a culture’s folklore to the larger more organized parts of populations. these parts can include kinship systems, governments, and economies. for example, a folkloristic anthropologist may study how certain types of folklore, like fairy tales, play a part in social relationships like families and friends. one folkloristic anthropologist is zora neale hurston. 
types of folk literature.
"folk songs" originate among the people of an area, passed down by oral tradition from a singer of one generation to the next. these can exist in several versions and usually have pretty simple melodies and verses. folk songs can be performed with folk instruments and were traditionally unwritten, so the source of many of them is unknown. these songs can tell the story of a particular culture or special event in time and they can be played on certain days of the year such as holidays or at celebrations. the music of folklore is known to bring together family and friends to experience traditions of their culture. a popular example of a folk song is barbara allen. this is popular throughout english-speaking places and tells the story of barbara allen’s relationship with a dying man and his unrequited love for her. folklorists can’t get their hands on the original version of this song, and some do not believe that the original version even exists today. but, many folk songs have multiple versions that are all sung about a similar central idea or story. 
"folk tales" are fictional stories that are told and passed down among people within a culture. the tales are are often based off of superstitions. they are not usually considered sacred or true by storytellers or story-listeners and are for entertainment purposes. we can think of fairytales and folktales as similar things that have supernatural influence and revolve around magical ideas including fairies, elves, ogres, and more. it is also known that a tale does not have a fixed time or place, so you can change a folktale’s setting without destroying the narrative or story. although folktales have the magical or fictional elements, they tend to connect or relate to the events of everyday life. folktales are traditional stories with a magical twist. they can involve a person or even an animal learning a valuable lesson through cultural rules. an example of a folktale include a british story about a girl who breaks into a house where three bears live to try all of their oatmeal, and then gets scared away. this is called “goldilocks and the three bears”. “the ant and the grasshopper” is one of aesop’s classic fables about a grasshopper who plays all summer and the ant who prepares for the hard winter ahead. fairytales are a subcategory of  folktales, and include common stories like “cinderella”, a fairy tale about a servant girl who becomes a princess, thanks to true love, and “rapunzel”, a german fairy tale about a kidnapped child who grew up in a lonely tower with just her magically long hair to keep her company. these types of tales include royalty and fantastical magic, many of which are published by brothers grimm and hans christian anderson. 
"myths" are stories that symbolize the origins of a population, their world, natural phenomena, and culture. mythology is the study of myths or could be a collection of myths belonging to a specific religion or cultural tradition. these stories normally take place in the distant past and include goddesses, gods, and other mythological or legendary creatures. these beings are usually the main character of the story. in ancient ireland , the filídh, which is a special group of poets, had the job of learning and preserving myths . these myths included the stories of some irish gods or god-like beings who settled in ireland in the time before christ. for example, these included: the cessair, the partholónians, and the nemedians. these are myths about certain groups of irish people, that were all collected and placed into one book called the book of invasions. it is not uncommon for a collection of myths to be published in a book. a major branch of classical mythology is greek mythology. this is a group of myths told by ancient greeks. some famous examples of greek myths include homer’s epic poems of the iliad and the odyssey. 
"legends" are sometimes different from myths because they talk about humans as the main characters rather than gods, and sometimes have historical basis whereas myths usually do not. the brothers grimm defined a legend "folktale historically grounded". legends can resemble folktales because they may include supernatural beings, characters from mythology, or parts of supernatural phenomena. but, they are typically associated with as specific place or person and are told to illustrate history . some legends are about the property of a place or person that they involve. for example, the story of young george washington, the future first president of the united states, who confessed to chopping down a cherry tree. many legends become attached to a particular person or place throughout history. legends are also known to be migratory, which means that they are known across many cultures . the legend of atlantis is another example. this legend became a part of many cultures and was told originally by greek philosopher plato in 360 b.c. according to him, atlantis was a great island populated by people who were way ahead of their time, and who were very wealthy. the island vanished after it was defeated by athens, greece. some say that the island never existed, but others believe that it was gobbled up by the bermuda triangle, which is a location connected to many another legends that are passed down through generations. 
folklore across the seven continents.
folklore is present all over the world. when you travel, you may get to know other cultures, which may include some folktales. europe has many of them from mythical creatures to iconic battles or love stories. for example, we see some in greek mythology. “the legend of fairy’s gate” is a folktale about the early colonization of kotor by the greeks, which tells the story of a fairy named alkima who blessed kotor with a special offering of her gratitude. because of her great appreciation for the sea, she was given permission by seafarers to build a town by the bay. with her mystical powers, she created this town. as legend has it, those deemed worthy by alkima were granted a special gift. those who were descendants of the ancient seafarers of kotor were those usually granted special gifts. this folktale is connected to a real place: kotor. in kotor, is boka bay, which has very nice views, and some who travel there say that they were visited by alkima’s spirit and were blessed with her wisdom. another example of european folklore is a tale called “dracula and bran castle”, which is famous in romania. one of the most famous, and main characters of this tale, is dracula, the vampire of transylvania, romania. this story was written by author bram stoker. dracula was said to live in bran castla in transylvania, which is build on rocky land, overlooking a valley. as people travel to different places, they may enter a location that is affiliated with folklore and not even realize it. this folklore helps carry the history of locations paired with memorable and entertaining stories to pass down through generations. 
folklore is also seen in african cultures. folktales and stories alike are very important to traditions and customs of african people. in african folklore, tricksters and animals play a common role. their stories often teach a lesson, while being entertaining, and sometimes these lessons are about methods of survival. one common west african tale is about a wondering trickster spirit who is associated with change and disagreements. in some folktales, this wondering trickster is a messenger between the mortals of the world and supernatural beings, like the west african peoples’ supreme god. an example of this type of folklore is told by the people of dahomey (benin), in which legba (a west african and caribbean voodoo god) is the guardian trickster of crossroads. he speaks every language and has massive power. he can remove obstacles and provide opportunities to the mortal people of the world. this trickster, legba, is a common character in many african folktales, and he is also worshiped by religions. in some religions, all ceremonies begin and end with praying to legba, because some believe that you cannot talk to the gods without first talking to him, and later thanking him . an example of an animal trickster in african legends is the spider named anansi. this word “anansi” actually translates in english to “spider”. animals are not always tricksters in african folklore. sometimes they help people. according to the people of mali, africa, an antelope taught them agriculture. and according to other tribes, a praying mantis gave them words and fire. it is interesting to see how animals take part in some cultures’ folklore so heavily. 
asia consists of many different cultures amongst its regions. within these cultures are many religious beliefs and traditions, which include folklore. in thailand, there are folklore and myths that relate to chinese culture. one in particular is about the himmapan forest, which is said to be somewhere between india and nepal . stories about this forest are in buddhist lore and many local thai folktales. this forest is shown in many pieces of thai art which have hybrid animals that are said to live in the forest. thai mythical creatures are also shown in art of this himmapan forest including the naga, the hong, the kinnaree, and the garuda. some of these mythical creatures are also seen in indonesian folktales. a folktale that speaks of the himmapan forest is called “life in vientaine” that describes it as a “secret palace” where there are people who are half-bird and half-human. asian folklore is expressed with a lot of traditional art, which is a way that their people pass down the tales through generations. 
inari may mean:
oni may refer to:
oni may stand for:
kappa (uppercase/lowercase κ κ) is the letter of the greek alphabet used to represent the "k" sound in ancient and modern greek. in the system of greek numerals, it has a value of 20. letters that came from it include the roman k and cyrillic к.
the letter κ always stands for the sound "k" in greek. it is customary to transliterate (re-write) κ as "c" in english, but this is somewhat problematic since c is pronounced as "s" before e, i and y (which does not happen in greek).
in mathematics, the lowercase formula_1 is used to represent the curvature of a curve, while the uppercase κ is used to represent an ordinal number which is also a cardinal number.
kappa may be:
kappa may be short for:
văn cao (born nguyễn văn cao; 15 november 1923 – 10 july 1995) was a famous vietnamese composer. he wrote the vietnamese national anthem, "". he, along with pham duy and trinh cong son, is widely considered one of the three most important people in modern (non-classical) vietnamese music.
kojiki or "furukotofumi" (), also called in english the "records of ancient matters", is the oldest book known in japan. it was written 712 ce, and dedicated to empress gemmei. the kojiki is a book about japanese mythology (shinto), legends, songs, genealogies, oral traditions, and semi-historical accounts down to 641 bce. the book mixes the legends of first emperor of japan and several others with stories about the gods. therefore, it is difficult to know which parts of the kojiki are real and which parts are legend. according to legend, all the emperors of japan are descended from amaterasu, the sun goddess.
the kojiki is written in chinese, but the way the japanese wrote it is by using the pronunciation of the chinese characters and not the meanings of them. in other words, a person who can read chinese will not be able to read the kojiki unless they also know how to speak japanese. it includes many japanese names and some phrases.
the kojiki is divided into three parts: the , the and the .
there are mainly six branches of hindu philosophy. these six schools of philosophy have been the result of ancient indian thought and usually termed as "sad darsana". these are:
among the above six schools of hindu philosophy, vedanta is by far very popular. the vedanta accepts the authority of the knowledge portions of the vedas, called upanishads.
in the sanskrit language, guru means teacher. eastern religions, such as hinduism, buddhism, sikhism and newer movements such as transcendental meditation use "guru" as a title. they give it to a teacher (or guide) of religious matters. 
in western usage, any person who has followers may be called a guru, even if he is followed for things other than religion or philosophy. a person with knowledge or expertise may be called a guru if he influences by personal teaching. modern terms which have a rather similar meaning are mentor and tutor.
many hindus have a satguru as well.the word "guru" means the one who removes the darkness from our heart. satguru means true guru or true teacher. the title means that his students know that the guru can be trusted and will lead them to enlightenment. a satguru is a great soul who has realized god and is able to lead others along the path. god shines out from the satguru more brightly than from other people because he is very pure and enlightened. the satguru is devoted full time to religious life, is unmarried and has given up all possessions, personal life, family and friends. he has received an initiation from his satguru that gives him great spiritual power and authority. he can teach parents how to raise children, adults how to avoid problems and overcome any challenge in life, and in general he can make people feel close to god.
moksha is the ultimate goal of personal spiritual development for some schools of hinduism. it is the equivalent of nirvana in buddhism. in the sanskrit language, "moksha" means freedom. it is as a state of eternal bliss and emptiness. according to vedanta life is an endless cycle of birth, death, and rebirth into a physical universe. hindu scriptures describe moksha as the spiritual liberation from this cycle and the achievement of an eternal and blissful emptiness that transcends all of the joys, pain, and sorrow of the physical body or corporeal life. it is the goal of hindu practitioners to achieve moksha (freedom/liberation from the material world) through the practice of yoga viz jnana yoga(knowledge), karma yoga(work), and bhakti yoga (through reciting prayers and worshipping god). 
moksha is a vedic term. scholars disagree about the precise relationship between the moksha of vedanta hinduism and the nirvana of buddhism, but there is agreement that they are closely related historically and philosophically. similarities can be found between moksha and some concepts found in the upanishads. hindu texts explain the moksha as sat-chit-anand [true blissness of soul by separating the soul from the physical body by practising dhyan and yoga ]. moksha originates from the sanskrit word, moksa.
in short, moksha symbolizes something which is beyond comprehension; too great and too wondrous to be truly understood, it can only be felt when one attains it. the world is truly a beautiful place, but the greatness that lies within is even more so, since the power of the greatness is completely unknown. 
after all, isn't that what beauty is; appreciation of the unknown! 
for a more comprehensive explanation of this topic read the books:
moksha is the ultimate goal of a person to get liberated from the cycle of birth and death
the caste system is a system in india that was once mainly used by hindus. this system has been generally accepted for about 3000 years. there are four castes in this system, and one outcast group regarded as "untouchables". there are also castes in countries other than india as the system spread to south asia about 2000 years ago. for centuries, this system has dictated one's marriages, geographical location, and occupation. people must not marry someone from another caste, and they must not do things that another caste does. the indian government today works to decrease this discrimination with the quotas set in government jobs in 1950.
brahmin is one of the part of four varnas in hinduism. brahmins are the highest and most respected among people. in ancient india people who read the complete upanishad brahmanak were called brahmins
the caste system classified people by jobs. the people in this caste were mostly priests and dramatists in the aryan society. the brahmins arranged prayers and rituals. parashurama was one of the well known brahmin by birth, but throughout his life, he was a warrior whose job was to protect dharma. parshurama is also creator father of bhumihar brahman and bhumihar thakur, bhumihar's are also known as parashurama brahman & bramhkshatriya. most brahmins practice vegetarianism. an old tradition is that brahmin men pulled there foreskin back since childhood, with an glansring, because of became clean in this part 
there are many subgroups in brahmins based on demography. rishiswar, sanadhya, kanyakubj, telang, saryupareen, bhumihar, goswami, tyagi, and saraswati are the main streams of brahmin. across the subcontinent, other brahmins are also believed to have switched from the traditional duties of brahmins in favor of military and administrative ones. in other parts of the subcontinent, outside of punjab and the gandhara region, they have been known as the tyagi brahman and "brahma-kshatriya" groups. these groups also claim to have descended from the parshuram tyagi brahmans of haryana and west uttar pradesh; traditionally, they have a close relationship and brotherhood with mohyals.
some mohyal brahmins migrated eastward and became as some sub-divisions of bhumihar brahmins, some of whom are also descendants of hussaini brahmins and mourn the death of imam hussain.[7] bhumihar brahmins and tyagi/ mohyal brahmins have an affinity and brotherhood for each other. the  bhumihar brahmins, of whom many, though not all, belong to the saryupareen brahmin division of kanyakubja brahmins.in kerala ezhavathy is also a mohyal community.[8]
the brahmins of vedic period.
the brahmanas of the vedic period were regarded as the most knowledgeable people and the best of best in all arts. therefore, not all hindus worship other gods.
in tamil nadu, the iyers and iyengars are well known brahmin communities. iyers are mostly worshippers of shiva and the iyengars are vaishnavites.
the majority of the males in brahmin caste belong to of y-dna r1a1* haplogrup, interestingly the same haplogroup can be found view in the roma people too
kshatriya is a division of the caste system in hinduism. a "kshatriya" is a warrior, ruler, politician, or administrative worker.
there are 3 lineages of kshatriyas:-
however, there is one more lineage (not mentioned in any puranas) - nagavanshi (snake-born), who claims descent from the nagas.
vaishya is a division of the caste system. a vaishya is a trader, merchant or artisan.
shudra is a division of the caste system. a shudra is considered a servant or peasant. shudra and ati-shudra indicates the bottom most ranks in the indian caste system. 
mahatma jyotirao phule set out the history of shudra-ati-shudra communities in his book "gulamgiri." he drew the attention to the exploitation of shudras, ati-shudras, and women etc. at this time, most prefer not even to touch such castes. 
in hinduism, jnana yoga is the yoga or practice of knowledge. jyâna in sanskrit means "knowledge".
in the bhagavad gita krishna says that jyâna consists of properly understanding "kshetra" (the field of activity—that is, the body) and "kshetra-jna" (the knower of the body—that is, the soul). krishna emphasizes one must understand the difference between these two. "those who see with eyes of knowledge the difference between the body and the knower of the body, and can also understand the process of liberation from bondage in material nature, attain to the supreme goal."
the atharva veda is the fourth veda, one of the hindu scriptures. there are a number of upanishads in this veda. ganapathy, narayana, devi, atharva siropanishaths are part of atharv veda. bhavanopanisath is also in atharva veda. sankaracharya established joshimath in kedarnath one of the four popal centres of hinduism to flourish atharva veda.
the london borough of tower hamlets is a london borough a bit east of the city of london and north of the river thames.
victoria park is one of the most important parks. it has a canal running through it and lots people like to walk their dogs.
uriah heep are an english hard rock band. they formed in december 1969.
an electronic book (also called an e-book, ebook or digital book) is a book in digital form. e-books can be read on computers or other electronic devices such as e-book readers. e-book readers, such as the amazon kindle, the kobo ereader and the are devices which are dedicated to showing e-books.
the first e-book might have been the index thonisticus, prepared by roberto busa in the late 1940s. however, this is sometimes not called an ebook because the digital text was (at least at first) meant to develop an index and concordance, rather than as a published edition in its own rights.
despite the extensive earlier history, it is commonly reported that the inventor of the e-book is michael s. hart. in 1971, hart was given extensive computer time by the operators of the xerox sigma v mainframe at the university of illinois. seeking a worthy use of this resource, he created his first electronic document by typing the united states declaration of independence into a computer.
one early e-book was the desktop prototype for a proposed notebook computer, the dynabook, in the 1970s at parc: a general-purpose portable personal computer capable of displaying books for reading.
in 1992, sony launched the data discman, an electronic book reader that could read e-books that were stored on cds. one of the electronic publications that could be played on the data discman was called the library of the future.
early e-books were generally written for specialty areas and a limited audience, meant to be read only by small and devoted interest groups. the scope of the subject matter of these e-books included technical manuals for hardware, manufacturing techniques and other subjects. in the 1990s, the general availability of the internet made transferring electronic files much easier, including e-books.
the current ebook standard is the file. there are other proprietary formats like .mobi, azw, iba and pdf. 
the church-turing thesis (also known as church's thesis, church's conjecture and turing's thesis) is a statement about computers. it says that a very simple kind of computer now named a “turing machine” is able to compute all computable functions. the church-turing thesis is linked to gödel's incompleteness theorems. 
when a programming language is able to do what a turing machine can do, that language is called turing complete. if a problem is solvable in one such language, then it is solvable in all of those. 
the london borough of brent is a london borough in north west london and is part of greater london.
the london borough of ealing is a london borough in west london, it is part of greater london. it includes the town of ealing, famous for the ealing studios, a movie studio.
tamamo-no-mae (玉藻前) is a legendary figure in japanese mythology and folklore. in the otogizoshi, a collection of japanese prose written in the muromachi period, tamamo-no-mae was a courtesan under the japanese emperor konoe. she was said to be the most beautiful and intelligent woman in japan. tamamo-no-mae's body mysteriously always smelled wonderful, and her clothes never became dirty. tamamo-no-mae was not only beautiful, but she was very wise in all subjects. although she appeared to be only twenty years old, there was no question that she could not answer. she answered every question posed to her, whether about music, religion, or astronomy. because of her beauty and intelligence, everyone in the imperial court adored her, and emperor konoe fell deeply in love with her.
after some time had passed, the emperor suddenly and mysteriously fell ill. he went to many priests and fortune-tellers for answers, but they had none to offer. finally, an astrologer told the emperor that tamamo-no-mae was the cause of his illness. the astrologer explained that the beautiful young woman was in fact an evil fox with nine tails (kitsune), who was making the emperor ill in a evil plan to take the throne. following this, tamamo-no-mae disappeared from the court.
the emperor ordered kazusa-no-suke and miura-no-suke, the most powerful warriors of the day, to hunt and kill the fox. after escaping from the hunters for some time, the fox appeared to miura-no-suke in a dream. once again in the form of the beautiful tamamo-no-mae, the fox told miura-nosuke would kill it the next day, and begged for its life. miura-no-suke refused.
early the next day, the hunters found the fox on the plain of nasu, and miura-no-suke shot and killed the magical creature with an arrow. the body of the fox became the sessho-seki, or killing stone, which kills anyone that comes in contact with it. tamamo-no-mae's spirit became hoji and haunted the stone.
hoji is said to have haunted this stone until a buddhist priest called genno stopped for a rest near the stone and was threatened by hoji. genno did a certain spiritual ritual, and begged the spirit to consider her spiritual salvation, until finally hoji surrendered and swore to never haunt the stone again.
in matsuo bashō's famous book, "the narrow road to the deep north" (oku no hosomichi), bashō tells of visiting the stone.
the stone split on march 5, 2022. while some have humorously said that tamamo-no-mae is now free, there is a far more general belief that the split is an omen of impending tragedy.
tamamo-no-mae's legend served as base for the noh drama "sesshō-seki" ("the killing stone") and the kabuki play "tamamo-no-mae" (or "the beautiful fox witch").
the london borough of hounslow is a london borough in west london. the western district line and piccadilly line pass through the borough. the area was part of middlesex, and is near to london heathrow airport. through houslow runs the a4 great west road.
the heart of hounslow is the treaty centre, a two-floor shopping paradise with over 10 shops including a debenhams. there is also a library. the musician m.i.a is from here, and the movie "bend it like beckham" is set in this part of london.
the london borough of richmond upon thames is a london borough in south west london.
the royal borough of kingston upon thames is a london borough in south-west london. it is one of three royal boroughs in london.
the london borough of sutton is a london borough in south west london.
the london borough of bromley is a london borough of south east london.
the london borough of lewisham is a london borough in south east london.
the london borough of bexley () is a london borough in south east london.
the london borough of havering is a east london borough. romford is the major centre. havering is connected to central london by the district line, which terminates at upminster.
the london borough of barking and dagenham is a london borough in east london.
the london borough of redbridge is a london borough in north east london.
the london borough of newham is a london borough in east london.
the london borough of waltham forest is a london borough in east london.
waltham forest has urban districts in the south with inner-city characteristics, and richer housing development in the north. the north has reservoirs, open spaces, small sections of epping forest, parks, and playing fields, which together cover a fifth (20%) of the borough.
the london borough of haringey is a london borough in north london. there are some interesting sights, for example, the stadium of the premier league football club tottenham hotspur and the alexandra palace.
the london borough of barnet is a london borough in north london.
the london borough of harrow is a london borough in north west london.
the london borough of hillingdon is a london borough. it is the farthest west borough of london.
sir john shakespeare ii (c. 1530-september 1601) was an english nobleman, politician, and knight. he was sir william shakespeare's father and husband of mary arden.
sir john shakespeare ii was the son of english nobleman sir richard shakespeare i (1490-1561) and abigail webb (1493-1565), john ii was named after his paternal grandfather the english politician sir john shakespeare i (1460-1521), john ii great-grandfather was the english politician sir thomas shakespeare (1430-1511).
the norwegian elkhound is a type of dog that was bred in norway, where most of them are found. they are fluffy and are working dogs.
they have been living and working with humans since the stone age and served as a hunter, herder, guard and companion.
a spitz, type with curled tale and pricked ears, the are friendly,playful and also great with kids.they are a great family dog, but needs a large garden and daily walks. they enjoy an active family that will play with them but are more than happy to live a less strenuous life but,they must not be allowed to get lazy because as with all hounds, will put on weight in excess.
kim dae-jung (january 6, 1924 – august 18, 2009) was a south korean president. in 2000, he got the nobel peace prize. he is the first person from korea to get a nobel prize. a roman catholic since 1957, he has been called the "nelson mandela" of asia kim dae jung was the president (succeeding kim young-sam) from 1998 to 2003. he was born in haui-do, south jeolla province, an island off the south korean coast in 1924.
kim died on august 18, 2009 at a hospital in seoul from cardiac arrest caused by multiple organ failure and pneumonia, aged 85.
tagalog is one of the main languages spoken in the philippines and is the national language of the country. more than 22 million people speak it as their first language.
it was originally spoken by the tagalog people in the philippines, who were mainly in bulacan, cavite, and some parts of luzon. now, tagalog is spoken nationwide and used by filipinos from different parts of the country to understand each other.
it originally was used with an abugida, the baybayin script, but the latin alphabet is now used.
basso continuo is a form of musical accompaniment used in the baroque period. it means "continuous bass".
basso continuo, sometimes just called "continuo", was played by an instrument providing chordal accompaniment such as a keyboard instrument or plucked string instrument such as the lute along with another bass instrument such as cello, violone, or bassoon. the keyboard instrument was normally a harpsichord but could also be an organ, such as a small portative instrument. 
it was not usual to write out all the notes for the keyboard player. the composer normally just wrote the bass line which would be played by the left hand and doubled on the other bass instrument. the composer would indicate what the harmony should be (which chords should be played) by writing figures underneath the music. 
diwali (also: deepawali) is one of india's biggest festivals. the word 'deepawali' means rows of lighted lamps. it is a festival of lights and hindus celebrate it with joy. during this festival, people light up their houses and shops with diyas (small cup-shaped oil lamp made of baked clay). they worship the lord ganesha for welfare and prosperity and goddess lakshmi for wealth and wisdom.
this festival is celebrated in the hindu month of kartikamasam which falls sometime during october or november. it is celebrated to mark the return of lord rama after 14 years of exile and his victory over the demon ravana. in many parts of india, deepawali is celebrated for five consecutive days. hindus regard it as a celebration of life and use the occasion to strengthen relationships. in some parts of india, it marks the beginning of a new year. people clean and decorate their house before the festival. they do colorful rangoli art works on floors.
deepawali is celebrated and is a public holiday in countries such as nepal, sri lanka, singapore, malaysia, mauritius, fiji, suriname, guyana, trinidad and tobago. it is also a school holiday in many states of the united states with a large hindu population. 
president george w. bush had the first celebration of the holiday in the white house.
hindus light up their homes and shops to welcome the goddess lakshmi and to give them good luck for the year ahead. a few days before ravtegh, which is the day before deepavali, houses, buildings, shops and temples are thoroughly cleaned, whitewashed and decorated with pictures, toys and flowers. on the day of deepawali, people put on their best clothes and exchange greetings, gifts and sweets with their friends and family.
at night, buildings are illuminated with earthen lamps, candle-sticks and electric bulbs. sweets and toy shop are decorated to attract the passers-by. the bazaars and streets are overcrowded. people buy sweets for their own families and also send them as presents to their friends and relatives. the goddess lakshmi is also worshiped in the form of earthen images, silver rupee. hindus believe that on this day, lakshmi only enters houses which are neat and tidy. people offer prayers for their own health, wealth and prosperity. they leave the light on in buildings believing that lakshmi will not have difficulty in finding her way in.
diwali is one of the most important festival of the hindus.it is also known as deepawali or the festival of lights. it comes on amavasya day in the month of kartik. both rich and poor wear new clothes on this day. lots of sweets are made. people light diyas and burn crackers. they ex- change greetings and sweets. goddess laxmi is worshipped on this day.
arthashastra is an ancient book of india. kautilya (also known as chanakya) wrote this book. kautilya was a minister of chandragupta maurya (321 bc – 297 bc), an emperor of ancient india. after many revisions and additions, the book took its present form about 1800 years before, in the 2nd century. 
the book is divided into fifteen sections. it tells about politics and administration. different sections of the book talk about many subjects, such as: war and politics "rule with a harsh hand"
hanuman is one of the most popular gods of hindus. he is also known by other names like hanumat. his mother’s name was anjana. based on her mother’s name, hanuman is sometimes called "anjaneya", that is, one born of anjana. his father’s name was kesari. 
he is blessed by vayu as the god of winds. hanuman’s image shows him as a strong man with the face of a monkey. he also has a tail it represents the morality, higher pride of being self.
hanuman was awarded boon of immortality by mother sita ( wife of lord rama) and is still alive
hanuman is a very powerful and strong god. he finds an important place in the ramayana. he was a devotee of rama, a form (avatar) of lord vishnu, a god of hindus. hanuman is a figure of strength, perseverance and devotion. when he was young he thought the sun a mango. one of his most famous stories was when he helped rama rescue sita from ravana which is the famous story of diwali.
 (devanagari: इन्द्र) or is the most important among the indo-aryan gods. he is the god of war, the god of thunderstorms. in the vedas, many verses (hymns) are there in his praise. the rigveda praises him as a very strong god. many hindu scriptures tell about indra, his character and his deeds.
indra resides in a mythical city located above in the sky. the city’s name is amravati. he lives there with his wife named indrani, and several other smaller gods. there are many apsaras in amravati.
indra was a very important god during the vedic period. later his importance became less. gods like brahma, vishnu, and shiva became more important in hinduism. 
indra in current form of mythology is similar to that of zeus in greek mythology. though his importance has come down, he is still considered to be king of gods. his status is below that of brahma, vishnu and siva. thus, he is considered to be king of lesser gods.
again, his weapon is vajra which is represented by thunderbolt! his means, at times, treacherous and he is shown as, at times, jealous and vengeful. further, he is made to suffer his own bad deeds.
badrinath is an important pilgrimage place for the hindus. the place is in uttarakhand state of india, and is located at a high altitude in the himalayas. the hindu scriptures say that the place is sacred to vishnu, one of the gods of hindus.
badrinath gets its name from a tree's name. the name of that tree is "badri-tree" or indian jujube tree. the botanical name of a badri-tree is "zizyphus jujba lam".
the modern badrinath temple was established by adi shankaracharya in the ninth century after the old temple fell to ruin. the badrinath area is referred to as badarikaashram (बदरिकाश्रम) in hindu scriptures.
the temple was renovated many times because of age or damage by avalanche. in the 17th century, the temple was renovated by the kings of garhwal. after the great 1803 himalayan earthquake, it was rebuilt by the king of jaipur.
kanchipuram is one of the seven most holy cities of hindus. it is about southwest of chennai, tamil nadu state, india. kanchipuram was an important religious and cultural place of ancient india. the city continues to be an important religious place. 
for a long time, from the 6th century till the 8th century, the city was capital city of the pallava dynasty.
there are many temples in the city.
there is a math (religious centre) of shankaracharya in this city.
kanchipuram silk sarees are famous
 the history of japan has old texts (things people have written) that go back to the 1st century, but archaeologists have found proof of people living in japan for the last several thousand years from the time when the last ice age ended.
the first period of japan's history is its prehistory, before the written history of japan. archeologists have found pottery from that time. japan’s paleolithic era covers a period from around 100,000 bc to around 12,000 bc. archeologists have found some polished tools made of stones. some of them are kept in tokyo national museum. these tools are more than 32,000 years old. 
the jomon period lasted for about 10,000 years, from 10,000 bc to around 300 bc. this was the mesolithic era for japan. some scholars say that during this period, neolithic culture also developed in japan.
archeologists have found several pieces of pottery of that time. some are clay figures and some are vessels and potteries of different shapes.
the yayoi period covered about 550 years, from around 300 bc till around 250. the period's name came from a location in tokyo.
by that time, japanese people had learnt the cultivation of rice, and agriculture became the main part of the japanese society. because of this, differences in social status started to occur.
different clans controlled different areas and they also fought among themselves. some chinese texts tell about this time. these texts describe japan as wa. later, the yamatai came into being when about 30 smaller parts of japan of that time united under a queen named himiko.
ancient and classical japan.
the ancient and classical period covers about 900 years, beginning from the mid-3rd century till the end of the 12th century. japanese history during this period may further be divided into several smaller periods. these are described below.
in the history of japan, the period from the mid-3rd century until the mid-6th century is known as the kofun period.
kofun is a large tomb made at this era, and people who had social power were buried. buddhism had not reached japan by this time. many kofuns were made in many places. this fact lets us to know that many social groups all around the country made up an authority, and this leads to the yamato dynasty.
the yamato dynasty started to have take more action against korea and china. in the 4th century, they started to advance to korea to get iron. by this, cultures and technologies of korea and china started to be introduced to japan. they also fought with goguryeo and silla, which are countries in korea. in the 5th century, the five kings of wa made effort to have relationship with china.
the second period is called the asuka period (mid-6th century till around 710). asuka is the place where the base of yamato dynasty took place. by this time buddhism had reached japan.
from the end of the 6th century to the early 7th century, empress suiko and her nephew prince shotoku innovated the political system so that the emperor gets power. they also sent missions to the sui dynasty.
the trend of centralization still continues. in 645, the taika reforms takes place, and the political system changes a lot.
in 663, the nation fights with the tang dynasty and silla (battle of baekgang), but loses.
in 672, the jinshin war occurs and prince ōama becomes the emperor (emperor:tenno天皇). in his era, japan starts to make a chinese style law system (ritsuryo). also, the word , which means "japan" in japanese, was started to be used in the era of tenmu.
during this period, from the year 707, steps were taken to shift the capital to heijō-kyō, a place near present-day nara. this was completed in 710. a new city was built. the city was built to look like the chinese capital city of that time. at that time, the tang dynasty was ruling china, and the capital was at chang'an (now xi'an).
during the nara period, development was slow. the emperor’s family members were always fighting for power with the buddhists and other groups. at that time, japan had friendly relations with korea and china’s tang dynasty. the capital was shifted twice. in 784, the capital was moved to nagaoka and in 794 to kyoto.
the years from 794 to 1185 are known as the . this grouping of years is named after city of heian-kyō, which is the early name of present-day kyoto. the heian period produced many cultural achievements, such as the tale of genji by murasaki shikibu. 
the power of the japanese imperial court (that is, the emperor, his ministers and other important persons) rose. this period is also famous for its art, poetry and literature. japanese culture also became japanese way.the language used in this period was called late old japanese. the writing systems known as kana emerged at this time. by the end of this period (that is, by the end of the 12th century), a number of groups came into being. these groups were highly armed and they fought among themselves. the situation was like a civil war, that is, war among different sections of society. finally, groups of people called samurai led society under the political rule of a shogun. the heian period ended due to the genpei war.
the period from around the 12th century through the 19th century is called feudal period in the history of japan. the japanese emperor was the head of the government, but he had no real power. many powerful families (called daimyo and military groups called shogun) ruled japan during this period. the feudal period of japan is generally sub-divided into different periods named after the shogunate which ruled during that period.
the years 1185 to 1333 are known as the . this grouping of years is named after city of kamakura which was the center of power of the kamakura shogunate. minamoto no yoritomo was the founder and first shogun of the kamakura shogunate. the period is named after the government of kamakura shogunate. in this period, mongols tried to invade japan between the years 1272 and 1281. japanese were successful at driving away the mongols. but, this badly affected japan. shogunate also became weak and its rule ended in 1333. for a short time, go daigo became the emperor of japan. 
the muromachi period began in 1336 and ended in 1573. emperor go-daigo lost his throne. the government of the ashikaga shogunate took control of most parts of japan. this period ended in 1573. in that year the 15th and the last shogun named ashikaga yoshiaki was forced to leave the capital kyōto.
during this period, in 1542, a portuguese ship reached japan and made the first direct contact between both cultures, including the knowledge of firearms. in the next few years, merchants and also some christian missionaries from several european countries, mainly portugal, the netherlands, england, and spain, reached the shores of japan.
azuchi-momoyama period covers the years from 1568 to 1600. during these years, different parts of japan became united again. japan's military power grew. in 1592, japan wanted to conquer china. at that time china was ruled by the ming dynasty. toyotomi hideyoshi was one of the main leaders of japan. he sent an army of 160,000 samurai to korea. the japanese could not win and retreated back to japan. in 1597, japan again sent an army to korea. in 1598, toyotomi hideyoshi died. after his death, the japanese dropped the idea of conquering korea and china.
during this period, the japanese brought many koreans to japan. these koreans were very good at making pottery and at other arts. some of them were very educated. japan gained new information and knowledge from these koreans.
yaita kinbee kiyosada, the japanese blacksmith who was ordered to copy and reverse engineer portuguese matchlock muskets could not make the screw properly himself and had to give a his 16 year old daughter wakasa in marriage to a portuguese in exchange for the portuguese teaching him to build the muskets. today japanese in tageshima regard wakasa as a heroine for giving herself to a portuguese man in exchange for teaching how to screw the end of the musket barrel and a statue was built in her honour as well as candy, restaurants and boast named after her.
japanese prostitutes were required to prove they were not christian in order to work in prostitution by the tokugawa government.
during the edo period, japan had many small rulers. there were about 200 of them. they were called daimyo, and they were all ruled by the tokugawa shogunate which was leaded by the tokugawa clan. the shoguate's capital was relocated to edo. this place was at modern-day tokyo. fifteen shoguns controlled the tokugawa shogunate during the edo period.
tôjin-yashiki, the chinese merchant colony on a square island was south of dejima where the dutch merchants were. japanese prostitutes from the maruyama red light district of nagasaki visited both the dutch and chinese men to have sex with them. japanese artists drew erotic paintings of the foreign men having seen with japanese women.
japanese peasant men were not required to kill wives who committed adultery but samurai were. the majority of the japanese people in this period were townspeople, fisher people or peasant commoners and they did not take adultery, virginity or paternity of their children as serious issues unlike the samurai families, who were a minority of the japanese population. japanese commoner women and men mixed with each other and had out of wedlock or bastard children through adultery and they made up the majority of prostitutes. japanese commoners did not have surnames until the meiji restoration in the 19th century.
the edo period is also a very important period in the history of japan. the main developments include:
in 1867, the tokugawa shogunate returned its political power to the emperor. although, the emperor did not know how to rule the country because the last time the emperor had power was 500 years ago. so, the shogunate still remained in authority.
in 1868, the boshin war occurred between the japanese emperor and the tokugawa shogunate. japan again came under the actual rule of an emperor as the tokugawa shogunate was defeated.
beginning from the early 17th century, the tokugawa shogunate followed a policy of seclusion, known as sakoku in japanese language. they suspected that traders, merchants, and missionaries from europe wanted to bring japan under the control of european powers. all traders and missionaries from other countries were forced to leave japan, except for the dutch, the koreans, and the chinese.
even during the period of seclusion, the japanese continued to gain information and knowledge about other parts of the world.
end of seclusion.
this policy of seclusion lasted for about 200 years until it ended under american military force. on july 8th 1853, commodore matthew perry of the united states navy reached edo with four warships. the ships were heavily armed and their guns pointed towards the city. after this display of american military power, japan was forced to agree to trade with other countries. the japanese called these ships the "kurofune" or the black ships.
next year, on march 31st 1854, perry came with seven ships and the japanese signed a treaty (known as the convention of kanagawa) that established a diplomatic relationship with the united states. another treaty (known as the harris treaty) was signed with the united states on july 29th 1858. this treaty gave more facilities to foreigners coming to japan and expanded trade with japan. many japanese were not happy with reopening diplomatic relations and trade with other countries.
"for years several countries have applied for trade, but you have opposed them on account of a national law. you have thus acted against divine principles and your sin cannot be greater than it is. what we say does not necessarily mean, as has already been communicated by the dutch boat, that we expect mutual trade by all means. if you are still to disagree we would then take up arms and inquire into the sin against the divine principles, and you would also make sure of your law and fight in defence. when one considers such an occasion, however, one will realize the victory will naturally be ours and you shall by no means overcome us. if in such a situation you seek for a reconciliation, you should put up the white flag that we have recently presented to you, and we would accordingly stop firing and conclude peace with you, turning our battleships aside."
after commodore perry's visit, japan began to deliberately accept western culture to the point of hiring westerners to teach western customs and traditions to the japanese starting in the meiji era. many japanese politicians have since also encouraged the westernization of japan using the term datsu-a ron, which means the argument for "leaving asia" or "good-bye asia". in datsu-a ron, "westernization" was described as an "unavoidable" but "fruitful" change. after japan's surrender to the united states and its allies ended world war ii, the westernization process of japanese culture was further intensified and today, japan is notably among the most westernized countries in asia.
the meiji restoration is an important period of history of japan. emperor meiji ruled japan and regained power from the shogunate. the meiji restoration began with the boshin war of 1868. emperor meiji wanted japan to become westernized. many changes occurred in japan’s government and culture.
the iwakura mission or iwakura embassy (岩倉使節団, iwakura shisetsudan) was a japanese diplomatic voyage to the united states and europe conducted between 1871 and 1873 by leading statesmen and scholars of the meiji period. although it was not the only such mission, it is the most well-known and possibly most significant in terms of its impact on the modernization of japan after a long period of isolation from the west. the mission was first proposed by the influential dutch missionary and engineer guido verbeck.
cong liangbi was the owner of the zhenye match producing company in qinghai and jinan and his sales for 1927-1928 were recorded in a survey by the chinese match union. a chinese businessman named cong liangbi in the match industry from qingdao, shandong who led the local red swastika society branch had multiple concubines besides his chinese first wife, cong jingshu (xuannan) née chi, he had a japanese concubine from the time he stayed in japan for business and another chinese concubine, cong wanying (shijian). the name of the japanese wife transliterated into pinyin was gaoqiao xingzi. she was a temporary wife and they married for a period of 10 years agreed to in a written contract which said daughters would belong to the japanese mother and sons to the chinese father. she bore 2 sons, in 1906, liumen, and in 1902, zhengmen. cong's chinese wife back home in 1904 bore a son, tongmen. 
a xiangshan (zhongshan), guangdong born chinese compradore named su jiesheng had a chinese wife in guangdong, but he also went to japan and took a japanese concubine and had a child by a japanese maid who gave birth to his son su manshu (1884-1918), who was raised by the concubine but then also raised by the guangdong based wife. the japanese maid left when he was 3 months old so the japanese concubine was called kawai-sen and the boy grew up in yokohama until he was 6 when he was sent to guangdong in china.. he arrived in guangdong in 1889. he went back to japan in 1898 to yokohama and to tokyo in 1902. 
modern feminist ideas about letting women out of the house and participating in public life were taught to chinese students studying in japan by japanese women.
japanese peasant commoners did not care about the paternal identity of their children since they didn't have surname before the meiji restoration and the maternal families accepted out of wedlock children born to yobai (night crawling) when japanese men snuck into women's homes they were not married to and impregnated them without marrying them.
han chinese viewed the uyghur women's practice of temporary marriage as morally corrupt.
japanese girls prostituted to the dutch were called oranda yuki san while japanese girls prostituted to the chinese were called karayuki-san. japanese women were prostituted around the world as karayuki san and korean women were also taken into prostitution by the japanese.
japanese sex tourists in the 1970s to 1990s often went to south korea for sex with south korean women and a connection was drawn by feminists to japanese exploitation of korean comfort women during world war ii as well as japanese women's prostitution as karayuki-san in singapore and other countries in southeast asia. there were 200,000 south korean women servicing japanese men as prostitutes by 1973.
japanese karayuki san prostitutes spearheaded japan's economic advance into southeast asian regions ilke singapore in the late 19th century.
japanese karayuki san prostitutes were sent to australia.
the japanese murata rifle was based on the french gras rifle.
many japanese buildings, products and planes were copies of western ones like the tokyo dome of 1988 which copied the 1981 metrodome, the japanese dsk a 25 in 1954 which copied the bmw's r 25 of 1951, the japanese zero fighter of 1939 which copied the gloster f.5/34 of 1937 and the toshiba vacuum cleaner of 1931 which copied ge's electric cleaner of 1928 and seiki's nippon camera of 1941 which copied leica illa's camera of 1935 and shigeru mizuki's rocketman in 1958 which copied dc comics superman of 1938. the "japanese" military planes kawasaki ki-5, kawasaki army type 92 and kawasaki army type 88 were designed by aircraft engineer richard vogt, a german. 
indigenously designed military aircraft in china during the war against japan included the kwangsi type 3, chu xp-0 and zhong 28-qia while russian american zakharchenko designed zhong 28-b and fuhsing ap-1 (fuxing ap-1).
the japanese let volunteers from okinawa into their army since 1890 and in 1898 okinawa was given universal military conscription and were parts of all arms of the japanese military, unlike koreans where there was no conscription until the very last year of world war ii since the japanese did not trust koreans unlike okinawans. taiwanese were also distrusted by the japanese, with volunteers from taiwan only allowed in 1942 and conscription only implemented in 1945. 
wars with china and russia.
at the end of the 19th century, many japanese believed that japan needed to expand in order to face western foreign powers. this resulted in wars with its neighboring counties. in 1894-1895, japan and china had a war. another war took place with russia in 1904-1905. japan became a world power after these wars. russian influence continued to grow inside china.
by the beginning of the 20th century, russian influence was increasing in china. japan and the united kingdom used to get economic and other benefits from their relationship with china. japan and the united kingdom did not like russia’s growing influence in china. japan and the united kingdom formed a military alliance, called the anglo-japanese alliance, on january 30th 1902. russia was not happy at this type of agreement between japan and the united kingdom. russia tried to form a similar military alliance with germany and france. on march 6th 1902, russia formed a military alliance with france but not germany.
the russo-japanese war began between japan and russia. japan won the russo-japanese war. the united states mediated the peace negotiations between japan and russia. japan got a number of concessions. in 1910, japan invaded and annexed korea.
chinese bandits called honghuzi fought against japan or russia in the russo-japanese war.
world war i to end of world war ii.
in 1914, the first world war broke out. japan also entered the war. it attacked several places (of east asia), which were colonies of germany. after the war ended in 1919, japan developed very fast. it became one of the major powers of asia.
the us brought japanese settlers to mindanao in the philippines where they sided with the invading japanese in world war ii. 
a huge proportion of japanese brazilians were pro axis and some engaged in terrorist activities to sabotage allied war efforts. many japanese even suffered mass delusion when the war ended and believed that japan had won the war and that the allied fleet was wiped out. 
japanese americans were funding the japanese military before the pearl harbor attack.
world war ii.
before the beginning of the second world war, japan was fighting with china. this is called second sino-japanese war (1937-1945). according to the united states government's own department of state's office of the historian, the us did nothing to help china against the japanese from 1937 to 1940 when japan and china were engaged in total war. us officials and policymakers did not want to help. meanwhile, japan's military obtained the majority of its iron, steel and oil from the united states between 1937 and 1940. the treaty of commerce between the united states and japan was not abrogated until january 1940 and even then the united states did not embargo japan right away. the united states only began giving aid to china after 1940 when japan and china already fought for three years. when the second world war broke out in 1939, japan went to the side of nazi germany and fascist italy. japanese planes attacked pearl harbor on december 7, 1941. the fighting continued for years. when the usa dropped the first atomic bombs on the japanese cities of hiroshima and nagasaki, japan accepted defeat and surrendered in 1945.
world war ii and japanese occupation of the philippines
japan launched a surprise attack on the clark air base in pampanga on december 8, 1941, just ten hours after the attack on pearl harbor. aerial bombardment was followed by landings of ground troops on luzon. the defending philippine and united states troops were under the command of general douglas macarthur. under the pressure of superior numbers, the defending forces withdrew to the bataan peninsula and to the island of corregidor at the entrance to manila bay.
on january 2, 1942, general macarthur declared the capital city, manila, an open city to prevent its destruction. the philippine defense continued until the final surrender of united states-philippine forces on the bataan peninsula in april 1942 and on corregidor in may of the same year. most of the 80,000 prisoners of war captured by the japanese at bataan were forced to undertake the infamous bataan death march to a prison camp 105 kilometers to the north. it is estimated that about 10,000 filipinos and 1,200 americans died before reaching their destination.
president quezon and osmeña had accompanied the troops to corregidor and later left for the united states, where they set up a government in exile. macarthur was ordered to australia, where he started to plan for a return to the philippines.
the japanese military authorities immediately began organizing a new government structure in the philippines and established the philippine executive commission. they initially organized a council of state, through which they directed civil affairs until october 1943, when they declared the philippines an independent republic. the japanese-sponsored republic headed by president josé p. laurel proved to be unpopular.
japanese occupation of the philippines was opposed by large-scale underground and guerrilla activity. the philippine army, as well as remnants of the u.s. army forces far east, continued to fight the japanese in a guerrilla war and was considered an auxiliary unit of the united states army. their effectiveness was such that by the end of the war, japan controlled only twelve of the forty-eight provinces. one element of resistance in the central luzon area was furnished by the hukbalahap, which armed some 30,000 people and extended their control over much of luzon.
the occupation of the philippines by japan ended at the war's conclusion. the american army had been fighting the philippines campaign since october 1944, when macarthur's sixth united states army landed on leyte. landings in other parts of the country had followed, and the allies, with the philippine commonwealth troops, pushed toward manila. however, fighting continued until japan's formal surrender on september 2, 1945. the philippines suffered great loss of life and tremendous physical destruction, especially during the battle of manila. an estimated 1 million filipinos had been killed, a large portion during the final months of the war, and manila had been extensively damaged.
after the end of the second world war, japan came under international control. japan became an important friend of the us when it entered into the cold war with korea. over next few years, many political, economic and social changes took place. japanese diet (legislature) came into being. in 1951, usa and 45 other countries signed an agreement with japan, and japan again became an independent nation with full power (a country with full sovereignty) on 28th april 1952.
japan experienced dramatic political and social transformation under the allied occupation in 1945–1952. us general douglas macarthur, the supreme commander of allied powers, served as japan's de facto leader and played a central role in implementing reforms
as the new de facto ruler of japan, douglas macarthur ordered the drafting of a new constitution for japan in february 1946.[15]
so great was his influence in japan that he has been dubbed the gaijin shōgun
the shinto directive was an order issued in 1945[1] to the japanese government by occupation authorities to abolish state support for the shinto religion.
in 1946, at the request of the ghq, the shōwa emperor (hirohito) proclaimed in the humanity declaration that he had never been an akitsumikami (現御神), divinity in human form, and claimed his relation to the people did not rely on such a mythological idea but on a historically developed family-like reliance.
since the enactment of the 1947 constitution, the role of emperor has been relegated to a ceremonial head of state without even nominal political powers.
the deming prize is the longest-running and one of the highest awards on tqm (total quality management) in the world. it recognizes both individuals for their contributions to the field of total quality management (tqm) and businesses that have successfully implemented tqm. it was established in 1951 to honor w. edwards deming who contributed greatly to japan’s proliferation of statistical quality control after world war ii. his teachings helped japan build its foundation by which the level of japan’s product quality has been recognized as the highest in the world, was originally designed to reward japanese companies for major advances in quality improvement. over the years it has grown, under the guidance of the japanese union of scientists and engineers (juse) to where it is now also available to non-japanese companies, albeit usually operating in japan, and also to individuals recognized as having made major contributions to the advancement of quality. the awards ceremony is broadcast every year in japan on national television.
european visitors to japan observed that the lower classes owere a simple, crude, and child-like people. public nudity was widespread amongst all ages with little shame, as was public spitting and urination. bawdy jokes were uttered in public without batting an eye. this was in considerable contrast to the aristocracy with their fine clothing and elaborate etiquette.
following the meiji restoration, the japanese ruling class sought to tame the commoners so europeans might not think they were little more than savages with a bone in their nose. public nudity and urination were banned in the bigger cities, where foreigners were most likely to visit, and various backward, barbaric, and disgusting religious rituals were outlawed. the upper class took to wearing western clothing. for the commoners, traditional garb continued to be the norm.
during the post-wwii occupation, douglas macarthur further took it upon himself to civilize japan. the wearing of western clothing for everyone was encouraged--for women, blouses, skirts, brassieres, and panties instead of kimonos, and for men, shirts, trousers, and boxer shorts. it may be noted that while japanese men traditionally wore a loincloth known as a fundosi, women generally went commando under their kimonos--it was observed that on windy days they would "often be blown open, presenting quite an eyeful.
post-occupation japan means japan after its occupation and control by a group of nations had ended. this is the period after the second world war. the second world war had damaged japan very badly. it has almost lost its industry and economy was in a very bad shape. after the war, japan received assistance and technology from the us and several other countries of europe. the progress was very rapid. for about 30 years, from around the 1950s to the 1980s, japan grew very fast. it became one of the major economic powers of the world.
when the un forces were fighting in korea during the korean war, japan was one of the major suppliers. this also helped japan’s economy. by 1980s, japan had become the world’s second largest economy, after the usa. at first, there was very close relationship between japan and the usa. but, japan’s economic might resulted into trade deficit for the usa. a trade deficit results when imports are more than exports. thus, usa was importing more than it exported to japan.
for various reasons, this phase of rapid development ended in the 1990s. some historians have described this decade as the lost decade of japanese economy. about 5 to 10 persons in 100 persons could not find any work.
by 1952, japan had become free from most of the controls of the occupation period. it got its own democratic system. various political parties came into being and japan’s political life became active.
modern life (heisei era).
historians and sociologists call the recent era modern life. in japanese, this is called the heisei period. by 1989, japan’s economy had become very large. much development had taken place. in the gulf war of 1991, japan gave billions of dollars.
a 1973 article in the new york times reported that indonesians hated japanese businessmen due to their practices and attitudes towards them.
the jewish american engineer jerome lemelson developed the camcorder and walkman audio recorder for the japanese company sony.
japan also faced some problems. in 1995, a big earthquake took place in kobe. another earthquake took place on 23rd october 2004 in niigata prefecture, and a very destructive tsunami damaged the north east coast in march 2011, causing a nuclear accident in fukushima prefecture.
on 8 july 2022, former prime minister of japan shinzo abe was assassinated while giving a speech in nara at aged 67.
the beginning of the modern history of the state of saudi arabia is argueably when an islamic reformer named muhammad ibn abd al wahhab and a local ruler named muhammad bin saud founded the emirate of diriyah in the year 1744. it was founded in the area of nejd, the central part of the arabian peninsula. the sa'udi emirate's leadership can be viewed as a traditional form of rule within communities of arabia in the 18th century. over the next century and a half the family went through a lot of opposition and hurdles. the family faced opposition from powerful families of arabia but also rulers of egypt and the ottoman empire.
in 1902 abdul aziz ibn saud, also known as abdul aziz al-saud, took over the city of riyadh from another family named al-rashid. he continued to win more areas, and on 8 january 1926, he became the king of hejaz and the sultan of nejd. on 20 may in 1927, the government of the united kingdom accepted him as the king of those areas ruled by him (the nejd and hejaz). his kingdom now became a sovereignty. the modern nation state of saudi arabia was established in 1932 as 'the kingdom of saudi arabia' declared by king abdul-aziz al-saud. petroleum oil was found in saudi arabia on 3 march in 1938, which made the country rich since the export of oil started to bring in a lot of money.
but the history of the arabian peninsula contains more history, which led to the development of the saudi state. inhabitants and cultures can be traced back 63,000 years ago. the most significant event that happened in the peninsula is the rise of the islamic religion presented by prophet muhammad. the rashidun caliphate, umayyad caliphate, abbasid caliphate and fatimid caliphate all occupied the arabian peninsula and thus helped it develop to how we know it today. more dynasties were there in history, but the islamic holy cities of mecca and medina were under the protection of the hashemite sharifs of mecca from the 10th century onwards.
when discussing pre-islamic arabia, we refer to the time before 610 ce. this is the year when the prophet muhammad started propagating the religion of islam and thus when the religion of islam started to form. the term ‘pre-islamic arabia’ is useful because it signals the importance of islam and its influence in forming the peninsula as we know it today with all its religions and cultures. but it also shows a relation between the rise of islam and the native arabs conquering the world through conquest, trade and innovations.
this era covers thousands of years with a lot of different cultures and communities. the oldest evidences that point to inhabitants of the peninsula are estimated to be 63,000 years old. there are inhabitants that had trading relations with many parts of the ancient world, but the hot and harsh climate had made large settlements difficult. so bedouin groups were naturally also present. some settlements had always existed around oases; these are places in the deserts where growth and water are available. for instance there was a culture called the dilmun culture among them, which was very old and existed along the persian gulf. it was as old as the ancient civilizations of the sumerians and egyptians. but also the kindite kingdom and other ancient communities were present.
it is better to refer to the history of arabia wiki page when discussing the pre-islamic era. this page (history of saudi arabia) will cover more of the post-islamic era because of its strong relationship with saudi arabia. 
the birth of islam.
the hejaz area became an important center as islam rose in the 620s. after prophet muhammad of the quraysh tribe started calling to islam in 610, the already existing cities of medina (formerly called "yathrib") and mecca eventually became the holiest places of islam and thus most of muslims. the number of followers rapidly began to grow after the migration (or hijra) of muhammad and his companions in 622 from mecca to medina. during the completion of the religion, both these cities became the holiest places in the muslim world. masjid al-haram and al-masjid al-nabaw i am the main locations of pilgrimage where muslim hopes to visit the kaaba primarily in masjid al-haram and the prophet's tomb in al-masjid al-nabawi at least once in their lifetime.
muhammad and his companions went through the arabian peninsula in the following years and united the divided tribes of arabia under one flag. this led to medina becoming the capital of the newly established islamic state ruled by the prophet muhammad.
after muhammad died in 632, a new head of the state, called caliph, was named: abu bakr. he was the first of the four caliphs whose caliphate was called that of the rashidun, which means 'rightly guided.' after dealing with the ridda wars, wars against rebellious tribes who rebelled after muhammad's death, he started to campaign against the byzantines. abu bakr himself did not live to see the results of his initiative after suffering a natural death in 634. but his successors sure did.
umar was the second caliph and managed to lead the muslims to conquer roman egypt and even expand to present day libya in the west. all the way to eventually the indus river in the east after conquering the sassanid empire. eventually in 644 it was neither the past famines or plagues that killed umar, but a persian slave.
uthman ibn affan followed umar as a caliph and ruled the longest of the four caliphs. in his twelve years of rule he standardized the qur'an, spread the empire westwards to the maghreb and even a part of spain and eastward further into central asia. he was also assasinated which lead to ali ibn abi talib being the fourth sunni caliph and the first shia imam.
the umayyad and abbasid empire.
the death and assassination of ali ibn abi talib in 661 gave birth to a new era where the umayyad caliphate thrived and continued to expand the land left by the rashidun.
wahhabism and the first saudi state.
after muhammad ibn abd al wahhab got exiled from uyaynah, he sought refuge in diriyah, where some of his followers were residing. at that time, muhammad bin saud was the local chieftain of diriyah. two brothers and the wife of muhammad bin saud were followers of muhammad ibn abd al wahhab's ideology. they encouraged cooperation between muhammad bin saud and muhammad ibn abd al wahhab. muhammad ibn abd al wahhab needed military support to secure his ideology and preaching, while muhammad bin saud needed pastoral support. fulfilling these needs eventually led to an alliance between the scholar muhammad ibn abd al wahhab and the local ruler muhammad bin saud creating the first saudi state, the emirate of diriyah.
when muhammad bin saud died in 1765, his son abdulaziz bin muhammad al saud who was a dedicated student of muhammad ibn abd al wahhab, became the leader of the emirate of diriyah. in his reign, the emirate of diriyah expanded in territory throughout the arabian peninsula. in the eastern part of the peninsula, abdulaziz bin muhammad al saud got al-hasa, qatar, al-buraimi and bahrain under his influence. in the western part of the peninsula, abdulaziz bin muhammad al saud conquered parts of the hejaz region. during the conquests of abdulaziz bin muhammad al saud, the saudi state got involved in a war with the ottomans. at this stage, the campaigns of the ottomans against the saudi state failed, and abdulaziz bin muhammad al saud was expanding his territory inside ottoman territories. with the death of abdulaziz bin muhammad al saud in 1803, his son saud bin abdulaziz al saud became ruler. saud bin abdulaziz al saud conquered the holy cities of mecca and medina for a few years, which gave him the title of custodian of the two holy mosques. eventually the egyptians, who were supported and led by the ottomans, destroyed the powers of al saud in 1818. it marked the end of the first saudi state. 
by 1824, the al saud family regained control over parts of the nejd region. this is seen as the beginning of the second saudi state, the emirate of nejd. the saudi ruler, turki bin ali, made riyadh the capital of its state. it remains the capital of the saudi state today. turki bin ali succeeded in retaking most of the lands lost to the ottomans. in 1865 the ottomans launched an attack on the saudi state again. this time with help from the al rasheed family of ha'il, who are another powerful family of the nejd region. the al rasheed family defeated the saudi state in 1891, which marked the end of the second saudi state. abdul rahman bin faisal al saud, who was the saudi leader at that time, retreated into the desert and eventually to kuwait with his family.
kingdom of saudi arabia.
in 1902, abdul rahman's son abdulaziz regained saudi territory from the al rasheed family. he even regained control over mecca and medina from 1924 to 1925. in 1932 he declared the kingdom of saudi arabia, as it is known till today.
the discussion for saudi arabia to fixate definite boundaries with its neighboring countries started from 1920 onwards. it finalized its boundaries with iraq, jordan, and kuwait. on borders with iraq and kuwait, two neutral zones were created – one with iraq and the other one with kuwait. in 1934, borders with yemen were almost finalized.in 1965, saudi arabia gave some of its areas to jordan, and jordan gave some of its areas to saudi arabia. in 1971, the neutral zone between saudi arabia and kuwait was split between these two countries. likewise, saudi arabia and iraq decided in 1981 to split the neutral zone between them. this zone was split between the two countries in 1984.
still, saudi arabia's borders with the united arab emirates and oman were not final. the border with qatar was finalized in 2001.
king abdul aziz al-saud died in 1953. his son, who was named saud, became the king. he reigned for 11 years. in 1964, he was forced to step down, and his half-brother, faisal, became the king. faisal had the support of the senior members of the royal family and the religious leaders. faisal also held the post of the prime minister. this tradition of being both the king and the prime minister still continues in saudi arabia. all kings after faisal have followed this practice.
faisal took several new steps for economic development of saudi arabia. during his reign, many important political events also happened like the ones noted below:
in 1975, king faisal was assassinated by one of his nephews. the nephew was found guilty, and he was sentenced to death. king faisal's half-brother khalid became the king and the prime minister of saudi arabia. during the reign of king khalid, saudi arabia's importance in regional politics increased. the economic growth of the country also continued at a steady rate until his death.
king fahd's period.
king khalid died in 1982. after his death, fahd became the king. at the same time, he also became the prime minister of saudi arabia. his half-brother prince abdullah became the crown prince.
the income of saudi arabia became less during king fahd's reign. this was a result of lower price of petroleum oil. king fahd's government used an economic policy that helped the country to survive with a lower income.
king fahd helped iraq during the iran-iraq war. iraq's economy had become terrible on account of this war. the king also discussed with these two countries to stop fighting. both countries (iran and iraq) stopped the fight in august 1988. the king also helped in making the gulf cooperation council (gcc) a more vital organization. the gcc is an organization of six countries persian gulf. the purpose of the organization is to increase the development of and cooperation among the member countries.
in 1990, saddam hussain was ruling iraq. the gulf war of 1991 was when he invaded kuwait. many people thought that his army would also invade saudi arabia. king fahd allowed some western countries and the usa to send their forces to the country. many muslims were against that their most holy land was used by non-muslim soldiers.
during and after the gulf war, king fahd’s role was vital. during the war, he allowed the entry of the royal family of kuwait inside saudi arabia and was followed by 400,000 other persons from kuwait to stay temporarily. the king let the troops of countries like the usa mount attacks on kuwait to liberate it. he also helped arrange support from former muslim countries for the liberation of kuwait. iraqi forces were eventually ousted from kuwait.
the presence of troops from western countries has angered many muslims. one of them was the rich man osama bin laden. he was forced to leave saudi arabia when he disagreed and opposed the king of saudi arabia. other than osma bin laden and his followers, several other persons and groups did not like the presence of western troops inside saudi arabia.
those who opposed the presence of western troops were persons and groups who attacked people. they tried mainly to attack the foreign forces in saudi arabia. some examples of such attacks are given below:
the september 11, 2001 attacks in new york had resulted into many deaths and big destruction. after enquiry, it came to light that out of 19 suspected persons for these attacks, 15 were from saudi arabia.
such things attracted the attention of the government of saudi arabia. the government started a policy to check such activities. even then, terrorist activities of such persons and groups continued.
a linga or a lingam is a very complex phallus symbol of hinduism. it is associated with shiva, supreme god in main gods of the hindus. the hindu scriptures say that a linga represents energy and strength. in almost all the temples of shiva, shiva is shown in the form of a circumcised linga.
the hindu scriptures also say that shiva took twelve forms as jyotirlinga, that is, "a linga of light". in india, there are twelve places where this form of shiva is worshiped. the hindu scriptures also tell about five more forms of lingas. these form of lingas represent the earth, the water, the fire, the air and the sky (or ether). there are five different places in india where hindus worship these forms of shiva. these places are located at the following locations:
beside above places, in almost all the towns and villages of india, shiva’s temples are found. in all such temples, lingas are worshipped.
also in other places in the world of ancient history, shiva limgam was worshipped.
the united states national guard is an organization of the united states army and the united states air force. the u.s. army and u.s. air force are both branches of the united states military. the national guard is a militia (an emergency army) for the united states. each u.s. state has its own national guard, usually under the control of that state's government. when needed, they are mobilized under control of the united states. 
there are two parts of the united states national guard, administered by the national guard bureau of the united states department of defense. the air national guard is part of the united states air force; the army national guard is part of the united states army. the two national guard groups are identified by the kinds of jobs they do. the air national guard does mainly air defense jobs, while the army national guard does the jobs on the ground. 
bishop's stortford is a town in hertfordshire in south-east england, with about 35,000 people living there.
people have lived in the area for hundreds of thousands of years but it became a permanent town by the time of the saxons.
the domesday book says there were 120 people living there in the 1100s. the normans built a small castle there but it was unused and broken by the time of the tudors.
the town grew as an important centre for transport. after 1769, ships were able to use the river. it was a stagecoach stop for travel on the road between london and cambridge. in 1842 the town got a railway station.
in 1901 there were 7,000 people living there, and by 1951 it was 13,000. 
the town is popular for travellers to london because of the m11 motorway (an important road) and good train services to london. stansted airport has also caused development.
a raven is a big black bird, ("corvus corax"). it may be called the common raven or the northern raven. it is similar to a crow but bigger. it and the thick-billed raven are the two largest birds in the crow family, and perhaps the heaviest perching birds. the raven's feathers are all black, but a crow has feathers that are white at the bottom. this cannot be seen from a distance. 
the most famous raven is in the edgar allan poe story called "the raven".
the common raven can be tamed. some think it is mischievous and sly, and it has been regarded as a bird of evil and mysterious character.
malnutrition is eating a diet which does not supply enough nutrients. there are two broad cateogries of malnutrition: 
sometimes, people need to lose weight, and eat according to a special diet. this is usually not called malnutrition.
malnutrition is considered a more scientific and official term than starvation which has negative associations. malnutrition is not, however, simply a matter of eating too little. someone can be malnourished if they eat an unhealthy diet. this can be cured by eating a proper balanced diet.
children whose daily diet contains less carbohydrate and protein do not grow well. they do not gain weight. their hands and legs appear as skin and bones. they cry all the time with hunger. they are not active and have sunken eyes. such children often fall sick. lack of a particular vitamin is another kind of malnutrition which can cause a particular deficiency disease, such as beriberi and rickets.
malnutrition becomes a bigger problem during famine because most of the people do not get enough food, hence increasing the death rate.
the carolina parakeet is an extinct species of parrot.
it was the last parrot type to have lived before the european conquest in the eastern united states. it was found from the ohio valley to the gulf of mexico, and lived in old woods along rivers. 
the last wild carolina parakeet was killed in okeechobee county in florida in 1904, and the last bird kept by people died at the cincinnati zoo in 1918. this was the male bird called "incas", who died within a year of his mate "lady jane". it was not until 1939, however, that it was agreed that all the carolina parakeets had died.
at some date between 1937 and 1955, three parakeets looking like this sort of bird were seen and recorded on videotape in the okefenokee swamp of georgia. however, the american ornithologists union thought that they had probably recorded escaped pets. additional sightings were recorded in okeechobee county in florida until the end of the 1920s.
reasons for extinction.
the carolina parakeet died out for a number of reasons. to make space for more farms, large areas of forest were cut down, taking away its living space. the colorful feathers (green body, yellow head, and red around the bill) were in demand as decorations in ladies' hats, and the birds were kept as pets. even though the birds were bred easily in captivity, little was done to make sure enough birds were bred to avoid their dying out. finally, they were killed in large numbers because farmers thought they were pests.
another reason that led to their extinction was that, unfortunately, they liked to return in large flocks to places where some of them had just been killed. this led to even more being shot by hunters as they gathered about the wounded and dead members of the flock.
match game was a game show that ran from 1962 to 1999. hosted premierie on 1973 present cbs gsn & more premierie june 26 2016 on abc during $100,000 pyramid match game the hollywood squares (1983) like the price is right in wheel of fortune october 31 1983 on 1962-2016 present finale until of 1979 in 1980-1982 in 1990 theme in 1960s-2010s like pyramid
first the challenging contestant would pick a question, a or b. host gene rayburn would read it to the contestant. then the contestant and the six celebrities would write their answer to the question on a piece of paper. then after the contestant and the celebrities got done with their answer, gene would ask for the contestant's answer. they would tell it to him. then he would ask the celebrities for their answers. if the contestant's and a celebrity's answer are the same the contestant would get a point, and a green triangle would light up.
then the defending contestant would take the remaining question. then the process was the same as above, except red circles lit up.
whoever had the most points at after two rounds of the above procedures would win $100 and go on to the big money super match.
big money super match.
before the game show, the audience would be surveyed. their top 3 answers to the question (e.g. road ___) would be worth (3rd most popular) $100, (2nd most popular) $250, and (most popular) $500. the contestant would pick 3 celebrities to give them answers they thought would be under the $500 slot. then the contestant would choose one of those answers or make up their own. the answers were revealed one at a time.
if the contestant won the audience match, they would get a chance to win 10 times that money. they had to match a celebrity's answer exactly to questions like ____ bee. at first, the contestant chose the celebrity they wanted to play with. in 1978, the star wheel was introduced. the contestant spun a wheel to determine which celebrity they would be playing with. if the wheel stopped on a gold star section, the money the contestant would be playing for was doubled.
the first "match game" had different rules from this one and was shown on the nbc network starting in 1962 and ending in 1969. then, this "match game" was introduced on the cbs network in 1973. that version ended in 1979. in 1975, a syndicated version titled "match game pm" started. it had three rounds of gameplay, and two audience matches in the big money super match. it ended in 1981. a second syndicated version with the same gameplay as "match game pm" started in 1979, and ended in 1982. in 1983, it was combined with another game show, "hollywood squares", to form the "match game-hollywood squares hour", which was on television for one year. six years later, in 1990, it was brought back for the abc network with a new host, ross shafer. in this version, contestants played for cash. it also featured a new round called the "match up" round. it was played at the end of both rounds. to start, a contestant chose one of the celebrities. the contestant had 30 seconds (45 in the second round) to match the celebrity in super match-style questions. each question had two choices. matches were worth $50 in the first round and $100 in the second. this version ended in 1991, but in 1998 it returned with michael burger as host. it featured five celebrities instead of six. this version was not very famous, however, and ended in 1999.
melanesia is a region of islands in oceania. 
it stretches from the western side of the eastern pacific ocean, to the arafura sea, northeast of australia. its name was invented in 1832 and means "black islands". 
the following islands and groups of islands since the 19th century have been considered part of melanesia:
islands whose long-established inhabitants are of mixed ancestry and do not necessarily self-identify as melanesian:
some of the islands to the west of new guinea such as halmahera, alor, and pantar can also be considered part of melanesia, although people in this area do not make use of the term.
the diaphragm is a muscle that is at the bottom of the ribcage of mammals.
what it does.
when breathing in, the diaphragm pulls down so that the size of the lungs increases, allowing air to enter the lungs.
when breathing out, the diaphragm rests and goes up making a dome shape, decreasing the size of the lungs and pushing air out.
this increases the surface area of the air so that there is more oxygen that the lungs can hold.
the germ theory of disease is a theory in biology. it says that small organisms (called germs), also known as microbes, cause some diseases. these diseases are called infectious diseases. the germ theory states that small organisms cause a reaction in the body of those who are infected. the body's reaction to infection is called a disease.
many scientists and doctors in history figured out that diseases are caused by microscopic organisms. even after the microscope was invented, people still didn't know that germs caused diseases. people long believed that "bad air" from stinky trash dumps and from rotting meat was the cause of diseases. so people thought that covering their mouth and nose with a cloth would help filter out the "bad air." scientists and doctors would use garlic and perfumes to ward off the bad air. but people still got sick and even died, so this theory was wrong. polluted air is not the cause of disease.
one problem with the old theories of disease was that people believed that living things were spontaneously generated. spontaneous generation is when something like a fly grows from a small speck of smelly meat. that old theory is called abiogenesis. in the seventeenth century, francesco redi (february 18, 1626 – march 1, 1697) discovered that flies lay eggs that become maggots. prior to this, people thought that maggots came from rotting meat. he discovered this by sealing some meat in a jar and watching it. no maggots were found on the sealed meat. he also put some meat in a jar and covered it with gauze. maggots were found on the gauze but not inside the jar. but when he placed meat in an open jar, maggots were found on the meat and inside the jar. experiments like this proved that maggots come from flies who lay eggs, not from rotting meat. later scientists would prove that diseases did not come from the air. diseases are spread by infection.
also in the eighteenth century, antonie van leeuwenhoek discovered the first microscopic organisms with a microscope. he was the first microbiologist. he saw some of the microscopic organisms that cause diseases, but he didn't know what they were. in 1700, nicolas andry thought that some of these microscopic organisms caused smallpox and other diseases. over 100 years later, agostino bassi figured out what caused disease in silkworms. ignaz semmelweis was a doctor who figured out that if doctors washed their hands after touching dead people, that other patients wouldn't get sick. that was in 1847. it was about this time that sanitation and hand washing became popular with some, but not all doctors. doctors began to use chemicals to cleanse wounds and clean their tools between each patient.
one of the most famous experiments of the nineteenth century was when john snow discovered the source of a cholera outbreak. it turns out that cholera is transmitted when human waste contaminates water that people drink. snow found out that there was a large number of sick people in soho in london. after talking to many people in the area and mapping where each sick person lived, he realized that the sick people were almost all getting their drinking water from the same public water pump. he solved the epidemic by having the water pump's handle removed so that the people would get water from some other place. it worked, and the epidemic was soon over.
louis pasteur showed that the germ theory of disease was true. in 1862, he invented a process that heats up a liquid to a high temperature to keep it from spoiling. this process is known as pasteurization, named after pasteur. pasteurization is used to kill microscopic organisms in liquids like milk, wine, and beer. liquids that are pasteurized will last much longer before they spoil.
later, he did an experiment with fermentation. in one case he made a broth that he put inside a jar with a very long winding tube, so that no particles could pass to it from outside. air could get inside the tube, but almost no dust. the broth he made did not change, and no fermentation took place. 
he then took a similar broth, but this time he allowed air and dust to go inside the jar. this time, fermentation took place. the thing that caused fermentation therefore needed to come from outside (the environment). and it wasn't just air that caused fermentation, it must be something floating in the air which was very small. we now know that small particles called yeast cause fermentation.
in the latter part of the nineteenth century, robert koch and joseph lister would go on and help establish the germ theory of disease as an important part of science and medicine. koch's theories are called "postulates" and helped medical researchers know what causes diseases. lister's ideas would help establish sanitation as a major defense against disease. koch's postulates and lister's sanitation discoveries are still very important today.
we now know that small things cause diseases. each one of these things can cause infection: fungus, bacteria, virus, prion, yeast, protist.
labor day is a holiday in the united states and canada on the first monday of september. this holiday honors workers. it is similar to the may day holiday in other countries. many businesses close on labor day. many students start school the day after labor day. 
in some countries, it is known as international workers' day. it is celebrated every year on may 1 in almost 80 countries in the world. the day is celebrated on a different day, such as the first monday of september in the united states. 
the christian cross is the main symbol of the christian religion. these crosses are usually found on christian churches. 
jesus, who many christians believe is god the son and their messiah, was crucified (nailed to a large wooden cross). this was a commonly used method for killing people in roman times. 
christians believe that jesus' death made the sins of all humans who trust in him, go away, and that they are forgiven. they also believe that jesus was resurrected (came back to life) after three days. because of this, the cross is a symbol for jesus' sacrifice and suffering, but also a symbol of hope, forgiveness of sins, and victory over death.
there are several different christian crosses that are symbols for different christian groups or persons.
a cross with the body of jesus on it is called a crucifix.
the empty cross is usually favoured by protestants and eastern orthodox, and the symbol reminds them of the resurrection of jesus, though the orthodox will add a slanted footbar, as well. the crucifix is favoured by catholic churches and is a reminder of christ's sacrifice. jehovah's witnesses believe that jesus died on a simple upright pole, a "torture stake" ; and only display it as a picture of an impaled jesus in their literature.
christians remember the death of jesus on the cross on good friday every year.
the most common cross is the latin cross. the cross represents and memorializes christ's death.
this cross is a symbol of hope over death, and of victory in returning to life. (see philippians 2:8-9)
the non-christian religion of scientology, also uses the latin cross (but with a star in the middle) as its symbol.
martin luther king, jr. day is a us federal holiday. it commemorates civil rights activist martin luther king, jr.'s birthday. it is celebrated on the third monday in january and is one of only four united states federal holidays to honor an individual person.
president ronald reagan signed a bill, proposed by representative katie hall of indiana, to create a federal holiday honoring king. the holiday was observed for the first time on january 20, 1986. it is observed on the third monday of january.
presidents' day, originally was two separate observances, abraham lincoln's birthday, which was february 12, and george washington's birthday, which was february 22. the two observances were combined in 1971 into a single observance which is held on the third monday in february.
memorial day is a national holiday in the united states. it is also a state holiday in many states. the holiday honors troops who have died in past wars like world war i and the korean war. it was founded by u.s. army general john a. logan, who fought in the civil war and the mexican–american war.
memorial day was first held in 1865 after the american civil war. it was called decoration day at that time. the holiday was first called memorial day in 1882, and became a federal holiday in 1967. on june 28, 1968, the united states congress made a law that said that the official memorial day holiday is may 30, but that memorial day was to be observed by federal employees as a paid holiday on the last monday in may.
memorial day is thought of by many americans as being the start of summer. 
columbus day is a holiday celebrating the day columbus landed on san salvador. it is celebrated in many countries. this holiday is very controversial because of the way columbus treated the native americans at the time.
veterans day is the american holiday when people who had served in the military during war-time are remembered and thanked. it is both a federal and a state holiday. the holiday is celebrated on the same day as armistice day or remembrance day in other countries. these holidays are all november 11. this is the day seen as the end of world war i. the first world war ended on november 11, 1918. 
the holiday was first created as armistice day in 1919 by president woodrow wilson. thirty states made it a state holiday that year. it was made a holiday for the entire country in 1938. in june 1, 1954, the name was changed to veterans day. 
ralph vaughan williams (b. down ampney, gloucestershire, 12 october 1872; d. london, 26 august 1958) was the most important english composer of his generation.
vaughan williams always pronounced his first name “rafe” - (“vaughan” rhymes with “born”). his father was a rector. ralph was very young when his father died. the family moved to dorking near london. he went to charterhouse school and played the viola in the school orchestra. he studied at the university of cambridge and at the royal college of music where hubert parry was his teacher.
vaughan williams wanted to be a good composer, so he went abroad to study with famous composers like max bruch in berlin and maurice ravel in paris. yet he knew that he must not simply imitate these composers, so he also studied english folk song. he became good friends with the composer gustav holst. the two men always showed one another the music they were writing so that they could help one another by offering criticism.
in 1910 he wrote a work which became one of his best-known pieces of music: the "fantasia on a theme of thomas tallis". the piece is for a string orchestra divided into two sections. it uses a theme by the famous 16th century composer tallis. he also wrote hymn tunes for the english hymnal. one of his most popular hymn tunes is the one called "sine nomine" sung to the words “for all the saints”. another lovely work is "the lark ascending". this is a short work for solo violin and orchestra. the violin sounds like a skylark singing in the sky. in 1934 he wrote a short piece for flute, harp and string orchestra called "fantasia on greensleeves" which is based on the famous english renaissance tune "greensleeves".
during his long life vaughan williams wrote nine symphonies, works for the stage, songs, choral music and chamber music. in 1938 he wrote a famous piece called "serenade to music" for 16 solo singers and orchestra. it was one of several works he wrote inspired by shakespeare. the words were from the play "the merchant of venice". it was written for the 50th anniversary of sir henry wood’s career as a conductor. in 1953 he wrote music for queen elizabeth ii’s coronation, including a very short and simple motet "o taste and see" which has remained very popular with church choirs.
in his old age he became quite deaf. this was because of the noise of gunfire he had been exposed to when he was serving as a stretcher bearer in world war i.
his importance in english music.
some of vaughan williams’s best works are those where he makes his music sound like folk song. he loved the poetry of housman and used some of the poems in a song cycle called "on wenlock edge" for tenor, piano and string quartet. his music always sounds english. he was born in the 19th century which was a time when people thought english musicians were not very good. vaughan williams and edward elgar (who was a little older) made people realise that it was possible for an englishman to write beautiful, moving music.
the new grove dictionary of music & musicians, ed. stanley sadie; 1980 
recycling is when you recover scrap or waste and reprocessing the material into useful products. glass, paper, plastic, and metals such as aluminum and steel are often recycled. dead plants, fruit and vegetable scraps can be recycled through composting. 
it is important not to confuse recycling with reusing, which is where old things, such as clothes, are donated or given a new use instead of being thrown out.
recycling reduces trash in landfills and incinerators. another reason people recycle is to reduce the amount of raw materials and energy used in making things. most of the time, it takes less energy to recycle trash than to throw it away, "the economist" says. recycling can reduce your carbon footprint and it can help to minimize the whole size of landfills around the world.
the 3 r's are reduce, reuse, and recycle.
most people make about two kilograms of waste (trash) every day, and about 7% of this waste is made up of plastic products that can be recycled. today, plastic can be recycled into products like picnic tables, park benches, and even high-chairs.
sort it out.
first, plastic is collected and taken to a recycling center, where it is "sorted out". when plastic is sorted out, symbols have to be printed on every recyclable plastic product used. there are two types of plastic: "polyethylene" and "polymer". there are two kinds of polyethylene plastic, too: "high density polyethylene" (hdpe), and "low density polyethylene" (ldpe). hdpe plastic is usually used to make furniture, and ldpe plastic are usually things like milk jugs, plastic and grocery bags.
hdpe plastic is ground into a small powder. ldpe plastic, which are usually thin films, need to be ground by a special machine. after that, both plastics are washed with hot water and detergent. dirt and other things, like labels, are taken off. after the wash, the powder is dried with hot air.
sometimes, the powder is sold. but other times, the powder is heated, colored, and then put into a "pelletizer". the pelletizer makes the powder into little pellets, which are bought by a company that shapes the pellets into pieces of plastic "wood". this plastic wood is used to make flowerpots, trash cans, pipes, picnic tables, benches, toys, mats, and many other things.
transnistria, transdniestria, or pridnestrovie, officially the pridnestrovian moldavian republic (pmr; ), is a de facto country in eastern europe. it came to be between 1990 and 1992, after the dissolution of the soviet union. transnistria declared independence from moldova on 2 september 1990. with the help of the russian army, it defeated the moldovan army in the war of transnistria. there has been peace since 1992, but the council of europe calls transnistria a "frozen conflict" area. currently, no state recognises transnistria, officially the territory is part of moldova.
there is argument about whether transnistria is really a country or not. it is recognized by three other unrecognized or partly recognized states: abkhazia, nargorno-karabakh republic, and south ossetia. the area continues to claim independence, and acts independently over its territory with the help of peacekeeping forces from foreign countries.
in a vote on 17 september 2006, 97% voted to be free from moldova. this vote has not been accepted by moldova, which calls the area the "territory of the left bank of the dniester".
transnistria is the only state to still use the hammer and sickle symbol on its flag.
russia has a big influence on the territory. between 1.500 and 2.000 ruassian soldiers are stationed on the territory. in addition, there may be up to 10.000 paramilitary troops.
moldovans, russians, and ukraians make up about a third of the population each.
the mercalli intensity scale (or more precisely the modified mercalli intensity scale) is a scale to measure the intensity of earthquakes. unlike with the richter scale, the mercalli scale does not take into account energy of an earthquake directly. rather, they classify earthquakes by the effects they have (and the destruction they cause). when there is little damage, the scale describes how people felt the earthquake, or how many people felt it.
very often, non-geologists use this scale, because it is easier for people to describe what damage an earthquake caused, than to do calculations to get a value on the richter scale.
values range from i - instrumental to xii - catastrophic. 
giuseppe mercalli (1850-1914) originally developed the scale, with ten levels. in 1902, adolfo cancani extended the scale to include twelve levels. august heinrich sieberg completely rewrote the scale. for this reason, the scale is sometimes named mercalli-cancani-sieberg scale, or mcs scale.
harry o. wood and frank neumann translated it into english, and published it as mercalli–wood–neumann (mwn) scale. charles francis richter also edited it. he also developed the richter scale, later on.
modified mercalli intensity scale.
the lower degrees of the modified mercalli intensity scale generally deal with the manner in which the earthquake is felt by people. the higher numbers of the scale are based on observed damage to structures
the large table gives modified mercalli scale intensities that are typically observed at locations near the epicenter of the earthquake.
this is an accurate representation
the scale under here is also a really good source for the mercalli scale.
dili is the capital of the country east timor. people from portugal moved there around 1520. now, dili is home to about 150,000 people.
holly is a type of bush with recognisable leaves. the leaves have sharp edges, and are often used to decorate a house on christmas day. some types of holly are used to make tea. the leaves of the holly don't fall of in the winter because they're very thick and have a waxy layer on them.
holly bushes produce berries that birds often eat during the winter season. 
dysentery is a disease that involves severe diarrhea. it is caused by a bacterium, which causes the intestines to swell up a lot. the main symptom of dysentery is having blood in the excrement. some more symptoms are high fever and abdominal pain. it is usually treated with antibiotics. the diarrhea is severe and can be a problem for the people who catch the disease.
nhk, the japan broadcasting corporation, is japan's public broadcaster, like pbs in the united states. its name is written as or nippon hōsō kyōkai in japanese.
nhk was founded in 1926, based on the bbc radio company in the united kingdom. they began operating tv broadcasting in 1953. the first color broadcast was in 1960.
everyone in japan who owns a tv is asked to pay anywhere 15,720 or 27,360 (included satellite broadcasting) 円 per year to support nhk; there is a discount for lump sum payment.
nhk has lots of types of tv shows:
nhk has 500 staff members in the announcer division alone; but announcers that convey nationally important events and news are operated quite fixedly like korean central television.
fargo is the largest city in the american state of north dakota. it is in the eastern part of the state, near the minnesota border. the city was founded in 1871, and it has a population of 105,549 as of the 2010 census. fargo lies at the intersection of two major highways, interstate 29 and interstate 94.
blur are an english alternative rock band. formed in london in 1988 originally under the name seymour, the group's members are singer damon albarn, guitarist graham coxon, bassist alex james and drummer dave rowntree. blur's first album "leisure" (1991) contained the sounds of madchester and shoegazing. after a change in sound started by english guitar pop groups such as the kinks, the beatles and xtc, blur released "modern life is rubbish" (1993), "parklife" (1994) and "the great escape" (1995). as a result, the band helped the britpop genre become popular and became popular in the uk, which was helped by a rivalry with oasis in 1995 called "the battle of britpop".
daft punk are a former electronic music duo from france. there are two people in the band, guy-manuel de homem-christo (born february 8, 1974) and thomas bangalter (born january 3, 1975). daft punk uses analog synthesizers and other real instruments to make their music. on 22 february 2021 they released the video "epilogue" that announced the end of daft punk as a group.
how the members met, darlin' era and soma quality recordings.
both of the two daft punk members went to the same school in paris.
they became friends and recorded a demo track with other students from the school. thomas bangalter played bass while guy-manuel de homem-christo played guitar.
they formed a band called darlin' which featured an additional member named laurent brancowitz.
the darlin' experience did not last very long and after a show they performed in the united kingdom, a newspaper qualified the music of thomas and guy-manuel as "daft punk" (silly punk music).
thomas and guy-manuel were amused by this nickname and officially adopted it, and that's how they became the well known daft punk.
laurent left the group and joined his younger brother christian mazzalai of phoenix.
while attending a rave at eurodisney, they met scottish house/techno artists stuart macmillan and orde meikle of slam who signed them up to the label soma quality recordings based in glasgow.
daft punk recorded their first demo called, "the new wave" as well as a handful of others including, "alive" and "da funk" both of which would appear in their debut album a few years later.
first album: homework.
in 1995, daft punk began to record in the studio a song called da funk which became their first commercial success.
after that success, daft punk looked for a manager, and they chose pedro winter who is also known by the name busy p.
the idea of homework debuted when daft punk signed with virgin records.
that album became one of the most essential house albums of the nineties after that it had been released in 1997.
second album: discovery.
in 1999, daft punk returned to recording studio to work on discovery which would be their second album and their second success. discovery reached the second place on the uk charts. one more time, their first single from discovery, became a giant hit around the globe and daft punk became one of the most famous electronic music groups.
daft punk used many samples (little sounds from other songs) to compose songs like face to face, too long and harder, better, faster, stronger. (kanye west's 2007 song stronger from the album graduation uses a large sample from harder, better, faster, stronger.)
in 2003, daft punk released the full-length animated movie interstella 5555. the band worked with the japanese animation company toei animation and the famous japanese producer named leiji matsumoto to create this film. it is a fully animated story that is set to the discovery album from start to finish and with no additional words and only a few added sound effects.
third album: human after all.
in 2004, daft punk spent six weeks on their third album. human after all was a subject of controversy, concerning some aggressive aspects in songs like technologic, saying that most of the songs were too repetitive.
de homem-christo and bangalter only said: "we believe that human after all speaks for itself".
in 2006, daft punk released "electroma", a short film about two robots (daft punk themselves) who are on a journey to become human. the film however, did not feature any music by daft punk but instead a selection of songs by other artists of different types of music genres.
daft punk went on their second world tour, "alive 2006/2007". the duo played worldwide to thousands of people. daft punk played in a pyramid on stage which was admired for its futuristic design.
in 2008, daft punk made their first televised performance at the 2008 grammy awards. they performed with kanye west as he rapped, "stronger".
in 2010, daft punk were chosen to compose the soundtrack to . the duo had a cameo in the film.
fourth album: random access memories.
in 2013, daft punk released their final album random access memories. columbia records became their new label after many years with virgin records.
they collaborated with giorgio moroder, todd edwards, nile rodgers, panda bear, chilly gonzales, dj falcon, julian casablancas, paul williams and pharrell williams.
random access memories had very little electronic music in it. instead, daft punk used live instruments and minimized the use of synthesizers. it is a tribute to the disco, rock and funk music of the 1970s and 1980s.
the lead single "get lucky", featuring pharrell williams and nile rodgers, was met with critical acclaim and topped many charts around the world. at the 2014 grammy awards get lucky won record of the year and ram won album of the year.
in 2015, a documentary called "daft punk: unchained" was released. it told the history of the band from their beginnings in the early 1990s to the 2014 grammy awards.
in 2017, daft punk collaborated with the weeknd in the singles "starboy" and "i feel it coming". they performed both songs at the 2017 grammy awards. it was their final performance together.
in 2021, they announced their breakup via youtube.
the paralympic games or paralympics, are a major international sports event. people with physical disabilities compete in these games. they are called paralympians. they include people with disabilities that affect movement, amputations, blindness, and cerebral palsy.
there are winter and summer paralympic games. they are held just after the olympic games. all paralympic games are governed by the international paralympic committee (ipc).
the paralympics started as a small gathering of british world war ii veterans in 1948. they became one of the largest international sport events by the early 21st century.
paralympians have many different kinds of disabilities, so there are several categories in which they compete. the disabilities are in six broad categories: amputee, cerebral palsy, intellectual disability, wheelchair, visually impaired, and "les autres" (this means "the others" in french.) these categories are further broken down which vary from sport to sport.
paralympians work for equal treatment with able-bodied olympians. olympians receive much more money than paralympians. some paralympians have also participated in the olympic games.
the national basketball association (nba) is the world's top men's professional basketball league. it is one of the major professional sports leagues of north america. there are 30 teams in the league. 29 are in the united states and 1 is in canada. it is a member of usa basketball (usab). the nba is one of the 4 major north american professional sports leagues. nba players are the world's best paid athletes. they have the highest average annual salary.
the league was formed in new york city on june 6, 1946. it was called the basketball association of america (baa). the league merged with the national basketball league (nbl) in 1949. they then were known as the national basketball association. the league's head offices are in the olympic tower at 645 fifth avenue in new york city. its international offices are in the same place. nba entertainment and nba tv studios are in atlanta, georgia.
the nba is widely considered the top level of competition in the world for basketball. with an average player height of about 6 foot 6 inches, it is also the world's tallest sports league.
history of the nba.
creation and merger.
in 1946, the basketball association of america (baa) was formed. its founders were owners of the major ice hockey arenas in the northeastern and midwestern united states and canada. on november 1, 1946, the toronto huskies hosted the new york knickerbockers. this was the first game played in nba history. there were earlier attempts at professional basketball leagues. examples are the american basketball league and the nbl. the baa was the first league to play in major cities. they played in large arenas. the level of play in the baa was not very good. competing leagues and other teams had similar talent. the harlem globetrotters are an example.
on august 3, 1949, the baa combined with the nbl. the national basketball association was born. the new league had 17 teams. they came from cities of different sizes. the league got rid of several teams. it reached its smallest size of eight teams in the 1954–55 season. they were the new york knicks, boston celtics, philadelphia warriors (now golden state warriors), minneapolis lakers (now los angeles lakers), rochester royals (now sacramento kings), fort wayne zollner pistons (now detroit pistons), milwaukee hawks (now atlanta hawks), and syracuse nationals (now philadelphia 76ers). teams in small cities moved to larger cities.
japanese-american wataru misaka broke the nba color barrier in 1947–48. he played for the new york knicks. but 1950 is recognized as when the nba integrated. african americans joined several teams. those players included chuck cooper, nathaniel "sweetwater" clifton, and earl lloyd. they joined three different teams. during the 1950s, the minneapolis lakers won five nba championships. george mikan was their leader. he played the center position. the lakers were the league's first dynasty. in 1954, the league introduced the 24-second shot clock. a team must try a shot in 24 seconds. if they cannot, the other team gets the ball.
the nba contains 30 teams. 15 are in the eastern conference and 15 are in the western conference. each conference has three divisions with 5 teams. teams play other teams in their division often. all teams play all other teams in a season.
the boston celtics and the los angeles lakers have won 17 championships each. no other teams have won more championships. some teams have never won a championship. 
29 teams are in the united states. the toronto raptors are in canada. david stern wants the league to expand to europe. some teams have played games in the united kingdom.
teams begin training camps in september. this allows the coaching staff to observe their players. teams play preseason games. these do not count for a team's final season record. the weaker players get cut. other players stay on the team and get paid. the nba regular season begins in the last week of october. all teams play 82 games during a normal season. there are 41 home games and 41 road (away) games. home games offer benefits to teams. they generally play better due to fan support and lack of travel. teams play every other team during the regular season. the best players play in the nba all-star game in february. fans vote for the starters. the coaches vote for the reserve (substitute) players. there is a pause in the season during the all-star game. teams do not play games for about a week. other events occur during the all-star break. these include the three-point contest, the skills course, and the slam dunk contest. players participate in part due to fan interest.
before the trade deadline, teams can trade players. this can cause changes in the balance of power. team bosses want to get the best players for their team. other bosses want to lower their costs. trades often happen on the last day.
the regular season ends in the middle of april. individual awards are given to players. the most valuable player (mvp) award is given to the player most important to his team. the defensive player of the year award is given to the player who plays the best defense. there are a few other awards. after the 2015-2016 season, stephen curry became the first player to win all votes for the mvp award.
at the end of every nba regular season, the nba playoffs begin. 8 teams from each, the western, and the eastern conference are assigned a seed 1-8. home court advantage is always determined by seed; higher seed=home court advantage. in the first round of the playoffs, the 1 seed plays the 8 seed;2 plays 7; 3 plays 6; 4 plays 5. all playoff rounds are best-of-7 series, meaning the first team to win 4 games moves on to the next round. since 2014 every round follows a 2-2-1-1-1 format. the higher seeded team will have home games 1, 2, 5, and 7. the lower seed is home in games 3, 4, and 6.
to win an nba championship, a team needs to win four rounds. the fourth round is called the finals. a team from the eastern conference plays a team from the western conference. the team that wins this series is the nba champion. the best player in the finals wins the finals most valuable player award. the finals are played in the same format as the other rounds, 2-2-1-1-1. if both teams are the number 1 seed from their respective divisions, the team with the best record will have home court advantage.
the fifa women's world cup is the most important competition in the sport of women's association football . the fédération internationale de football association (fifa) organizes the world cup every four years.
the most successful team has been the united states, with 3 titles.
nathula is a mountain pass in the himalayas. it connects sikkim in india and tibet in china. it is at a height of 4,500 metres above sea level.
the klondike gold rush happened in the 1890s when many people went to the klondike region of the yukon, in canada. they hoped to find gold there and become rich. many of these prospectors came from the united states. gold was first found in klondike in a creek called rabbit creek. prospectors named the creek "bonanza creek" because of the gold ("bonanza "means a lucky source of wealth). four million dollars worth of gold was found. 
going to the gold fields was difficult. most people who started the journey did not arrive. very few who arrived found any gold. the city that likely profited most from the klondike gold rush was dawson city, yukon in canada. 
clone high is an animated comedy television show about a high school full of clones of famous dead people. it aired on mtv in the us and teletoon in canada. it was produced by nelvana, touchstone pictures, teletoon canada, and mtv.
the chinese civil war (chinese ; 中国内战) (russian ; гражданская война в китае) was a civil war fought from 1927 to 1949 because of differences in thinking between the chinese communist party (ccp) and the kuomintang (kmt, or chinese nationalist party). the war was a fight for legitimacy of the government of china. the war began in april 1927 because of the northern expedition (國民革命軍北伐) and mostly ended in 1950. some people say the war has not ended, but no large battles have started since that year. relations between the republic of china (roc) and the people's republic of china (prc) are still poor because both claim to be the legitimate sovereign government of all of china. the chinese civil war was the third-largest war of all time, after world war 1 and world war 2. it was part of the interwar period in the aftermath of the great war from 1918 to 1939 and was also part of the cold war in the aftermath of world war 2 from 1945 to 1949 . the war is usually divided into two parts: 1927-1937 and 1946-1949 . it started and stopped several times before the second sino-japanese war and there was less fighting after the empire of japan had invaded. the war between the ccp and the kmt started again in 1946 after japan's defeat in world war ii. the ccp took control of most of china, and the kmt had only islands left. about two million chinese fled to taiwan in late 1949. in 1950, no large battles were started. the loss of the kmt in mainland china is said to be for several reasons:
no agreement was made between the two governments and so some say that the war has not ended. both governments have many military weapons to be used against only against each other, both still say they are the legitimate government of china, and both seek diplomatic relations with other countries as the only legitimate government.
background and prelude 1894-1911.
in 1894 japan invaded the qing dynasty in manchuria and taiwan and as well as korea . in 1899-1901 the boxer rebellion happened and japan invaded china again but allied with russia, germany, austria, france, britain and america to support yuan shikai to stop empress dowager cixi. this led to the fall of the qing dynasty in the 1911 xinhai revolution, the country was thrown into turmoil. in the ensuing power vacuum, a large number of warlords seized control of different parts of the country. to defeat them and unify the country, sun yat-sen and his kmt sought help from foreign governments.
he made pleas to several western democratic nations, but none offered help cats. it was only after he turned to the soviets in 1921 that sun found aid. the communist soviet union agreed to help the kmt if the smaller chinese communist party be allowed to join. in 1923 the soviet union, the kmt, and the ccp made an agreement, the sun-joffe manifesto, which said the soviets would help china have only one government. mikhail borodin traveled to china in 1923 to help change the kmt to make it similar to the communist party of the soviet union. the ccp and kmt were joined in the first united front.
in 1923, chiang kai-shek travelled to the soviet union to study military and politics with the communist party of the soviet union. in 1924, he became the leader of the whampoa military academy in china. most of the help from the soviet union was for that school, which taught soviet political and military ideas to the kmt and the ccp. the soviets gave books and guns to use for teaching about war and military things. with soviet help sun made an "army of the party". members of the ccp were also in the school and some were teachers. zhou enlai was a teacher in the school.
the kmt then agreed to let some communists join the kmt, when the ccp was small compared to the kmt. the ccp had 300 members in 1922 and only 1,500 by 1925. the kmt in 1923, however, had 50,000 members.
the first chinese civil war 1927-1936 and the second civil war 1945-1949.
in 1927 the civil war in the republic of china began when the kuomintang (kmt) became rivals with the chinese communist party (ccp) and both parties led by chiang kai-shek and mao zedong were fighting against each other. the chinese nationalists got support from the weimar german republic and nazi germany by buying german weapons from europe until the nazi’s started to support the japanese empire in 1937 when the second sino-japanese war began which is the start of world war 2 in asia .
nagorno-karabakh is a disputed region in the south caucasus. legally, it is recognized as part of azerbaijan, but from 1994 until the 2020 nagorno-karabakh war, most of it was militarily controlled by armenians as the republic of artsakh, which is not officially recognized by any other country, including armenia which supports it. currently, different parts of the region are controlled by both azerbaijan and armenia, with azerbaijan controlling most of it and armenia controlling a smaller central area.
the names for the region in the different local languages all translate to "mountainous karabakh", or "mountainous black garden". the word "nagorno" is russian for "mountainous/on the mountain", "kara" is turkish for "black", and "bakh" means "garden" in azerbaijani.
the region became a subject of dispute between armenia and azerbaijan in 1918 when both states gained brief independence. two years later, soviet union conquered both of the new states and created the nagorno-karabakh autonomous oblast within azerbaijan.
when mikhail gorbachev came to power in moscow and started campaigns of publicity and democratic reforms at the end of the 20th century, armenians living in nagorno-karabakh sent letters to gorbachev demanding him to move the autonomous oblast to the control of armenia. when it was declined, the armenians started an independence movement.
in november 1991, seeking to stop this movement, the parliament of azerbaijan abolished the autonomous status of the region. in response, the nagorno-karabakh armenians held a referendum on december 10, 1991, which was boycotted by azerbaijanis living in nagorno-karabakh and none of them participated in it, therefore the overwhelming majority of the population voted for independence.
newcastle upon tyne is a city in north-east england. about 250,000 people live in the city, though more live in the area around it.
newcastle upon tyne is called newcastle for short. it is famous for its big bridge called the tyne bridge.
the local dialect and accent is called the "geordie" dialect. people from newcastle are also called geordies. pronunciation of "alright" is "areet", "town" is "toon" and "house" is "hoos". 
james christopher read (born july 31, 1953) is an american actor. he acted in many movies and television series. he is best known for the "north and south" miniseries (1985, 1986, 1994). he was born in buffalo, new york.
the following is some of the movies and television programms read has been in.
satyr plays were an ancient greek form of theatre, similar in spirit to burlesque. they featured choruses of satyrs, were based on greek mythology, and were rife with mock drunkenness, brazen sexuality (including phallic props), pranks, sight gags, and general merriment.
the premier league, commonly known as the english premier league, or the epl (formerly called the barclays premier league due to sponsorship reasons and before 2007 the premiership) is the top tier of english football. 20 teams compete in the premier league each season, which is usually played between august and may. each season, 38 games are played (playing all 19 other teams home and away). for historic reasons, a few clubs from wales also compete in the english football system. 
the competition started in 1992, after 22 clubs from the football league first division decided to break away from the football league (now the efl). the premier league has since become the world's most watched sporting league. it is the world's most lucrative football league, with combined club revenues of £1.93 billion ($3.15bn) in 2007–08. it is also ranked second by uefa's association ranking, behind la liga.
twenty clubs will compete in the 2022–23 premier league, with three promoted from the championship:
a: founding member of the premier league
b: never been relegated from premier league
c: one of the original 12 football league teams
dedicated video assistant referees.
lee mason<br>mike dean
graham poll<br>peter walton<br>mike riley<br>phil dowd<br>mike jones<br>mark halsey<br>uriah rennie<br>mark clattenburg<br>howard webb<br>keith hackett<br>david elleray<br>paul dirkin<br>jeff winter<br>dermot gallagher<br>chris foy<br>lee probert<br>neil swarbrick<br>mike dean<br>jon moss
the giro d'italia, or tour of italy, is a famous bicycle race held in italy, every spring. it is one of the most famous, and best paid bicycle races. the first race was in 1909. it started because the editor of a newspaper called "la gazzetta dello sport" wanted more people to read his newspaper. he planned a race similar to the tour de france, which had started in 1903.
the leader of the race wears a pink jersey called the "maglia rosa". this is because pink is the colour of "la gazzetta dello sport". for many years, the leader of the mountain climbing competition wore a green jersey (called the "maglia verde"), but a change in the sponsor for that competition led to a jersey change in 2012. the mountains leader now wears a blue jersey (called the "maglia azzurra"). similarly, the leader of the sprinters' competition wore a mauve jersey (called the "maglia ciclamino") for many years. however, a sponsorship change in 2010 also led to a jersey change. the sprints leader now wears a red jersey (called "maglia rosso passione"). the leader of the young riders' competition, for riders under age 25, wears a white jersey (called the "maglia bianca"). this is the same as the young riders' competition in the tour de france.
eleanor rosalynn carter (née smith; august 18, 1927) is an american activist and writer who had served as first lady of the united states from 1977 to 1981 as the wife of the 39th president of the united states, jimmy carter. she had also served as first lady of georgia from 1971 to 1975 when her husband was governor of georgia.
when her husband was governor of georgia, she served as first lady of georgia from 1971 to 1975.
she was active in politics during her white house years, she sat in on cabinet and policy meetings and also, serving as her husband's closest adviser.
she also served as an envoy abroad, most notably to latin america.
she was born in plains, georgia.
she was the eldest of the four children of allethea "allie" murray smith (1905–2000) and wilburn edgar smith (1896–1940). rosalynn's father died of leukemia when she was 13.
she attended plains high school and graduated salutatorian.
after completing her schooling, she studied at georgia southwestern college, americus, georgia.
on july 7, 1946, she and jimmy carter were married.
hitopadesa is a collection of short stories. it was originally written in sanskrit. it is very similar to another sanskrit book named "panchatantra". it contains fables with both animal and human characters.
the book was written many centuries before. its stories are now well known in different parts of the world. 
the work has been translated into most of the major languages of the world. an english translation, rendered by sir edwin arnold , then principal of puna college, pune, india, was published in london in 1861.
tiberius (tiberius julius caesar augustus, 16 november 42 bc – 16 march 37 ad) was the second roman emperor. he ruled from 14 to 37 ad. he was the step-son of caesar augustus.
tiberius was one of ancient rome's greatest generals, whose campaigns protected the northern frontier. he reigned for 22 years, and the first part of his imperial work was excellent. later, he came to be remembered as a dark, reclusive, and somber ruler. after the death of his son drusus in 23, the quality of his rule declined and ended in terror.
in 26, tiberius moved from rome to the isle of capri, and left administration largely in the hands of his unscrupulous praetorian prefect sejanus. sejanus became the effective ruler of rome, and plotted against tiberius, murdering people who opposed him. when alerted, tiberius counter-plotted to remove sejanus from his official positions, and eventually executed him. more executions followed of people who had committed crimes under sejanus' rule.
caligula, tiberius' grand-nephew and adopted grandson, succeeded the emperor upon his death.
rise to power.
tiberius shared in augustus' tribune powers as of 6 bc, but soon went into retirement in rhodes. he was reported as wanting no further role in politics.p117p46 after the early deaths of augustus' young grandchildren-turned-sons, lucius and gaius in ad 2 and 4 respectively, and the earlier death of his own brother drusus (9 bc), tiberius was recalled to rome in june ad 4, where he was adopted by augustus on the condition that he, in turn, adopt his nephew germanicus.p119 this continued the tradition of presenting at least two generations of heirs.
in the same year, tiberius was also granted the powers of a tribune and proconsul, emissaries from foreign kings had to pay their respects to him, and by 13 was awarded with his second triumph and equal level of "imperium" with that of augustus.p119/120 tiberius duly assumed the titles of augustus when the old man's long reign came to an end in ad 14.
problems soon arose. the northern legions had not been paid, and rebelled. germanicus and tiberius's son, drusus, were dispatched with a small force to quell the uprising and bring the legions back in line. germanicus rallied the mutineers and led them on a short campaign across the rhine into germanic territory, stating that whatever treasure they could grab would count as their bonus. germanicus's forces smashed across the rhine and quickly occupied all of the territory between the rhine and the elbe. so germanicus dealt a significant blow to rome's enemies, and quelled an uprising of troops, actions that increased his fame with the roman people.
after being recalled from germania, germanicus celebrated a triumph in rome in ad 17, the first full triumph that the city had seen since augustus's own in 29 bc. as a result, in ad 18 germanicus was granted control over the eastern part of the empire, just as both agrippa and tiberius had received before, and was clearly the successor to tiberius. but tragedy struck once again, as germanicus died after a year, apparently poisoned.
tiberius and sejanus.
sejanus had served the imperial family for almost twenty years when he became praetorian prefect in ad 15. the death of drusus elevated sejanus. tiberius had statues of sejanus erected throughout the city, and sejanus became more and more visible as tiberius began to withdraw from rome altogether. finally, with tiberius's withdrawal to capri in ad 26, sejanus was left in charge of the entire state mechanism and the city of rome.
sejanus's position was not quite that of successor. the presence of livia (the third wife and advisor of augustus) seems to have checked his power for a time. her death in ad 29 changed all that. sejanus began a series of purge trials of senators in rome. germanicus's widow agrippina the elder and two of her sons were arrested and exiled in ad 30 and later all died in suspicious circumstances.
in response, tiberius manoeuvered cleverly. he knew an immediate condemnation of sejanus might not succeed. since he and sejanus were then joint consuls, tiberius resigned his post of consul, which forced sejanus to do likewise. this removed much of sejanus' legal powers and protection. then, in ad 31, sejanus was summoned to a meeting of the senate, where a letter from tiberius was read condemning sejanus and ordering his immediate execution. macro was appointed praetorian prefect, with the specific job of removing sejanus. sejanus was tried, and he and several of his colleagues were executed within the week.
more treason trials followed. tacitus writes that tiberius had been hesitant to act at the start of his reign, but now, towards the end of his life, he seemed to do so without compunction. however, tacitus' portrayal of a tyrannical, vengeful emperor has been challenged by several modern historians. the prominent ancient historian edward togo salmon notes in his work, "a history of the roman world from 30 b.c. to a.d. 138":
the last years of tiberius were notable for his complete absence from rome, and his inactivity as emperor. he was now an old man in his 70s, and left decisions to the officials in rome. he did nothing to prevent the rise of his grandnephew caligula, who was now popular with the people (as the only surviving son of germanicus) and who had the support of the prefect macro.
in 35, tiberius would make both caligula and his own grandson gemellus joint heirs, before dying two years later, in his 78th year. some speculate macro and caligula hastened the old emperor’s death. regardless, caligula would succeed tiberius as emperor.
14 is a year in the 1st century. it was a common year starting on monday of the julian calendar. at the time, it was known as the year of the consulship of pompeius and appuleius.
ray douglas bradbury (august 22, 1920 - june 5, 2012) was an american writer. his most famous works are "the martian chronicles" and "fahrenheit 451". he also wrote big collections of short stories such as "driving blind."
he was born in waukegan, illinois to a swedish mother. he graduated from a high school in los angeles, california. many of his works are based on real life, such as "dandelion wine," a book about growing up in small-town illinois. his other work includes movies, and screenplays. he won many awards. he died in his los angeles home.
he also wrote the short stories "dark they were and golden eyed" and "a sound of thunder."
porpoises are mammals that live in the ocean. they are in the order "cetacea". they form the family phocoenidae. there are six species of porpoise.
porpoises look much like dolphins, but they are different in some ways: they are smaller and more stout. they have spade-shaped teeth, rounded heads, blunt jaws, and triangular dorsal fins.
cetology is a type of science. it is the study of the cetaceans. it includes whales, dolphins, and porpoises.
cetology is the branch of marine mammal science which studies approximately eighty species of whales, dolphins, and porpoise in the scientific order cetacea. the term was created in the mid-19th century from the greek cetus ("whale") and -ology ("study").
cetologists, or those who study it, seek to understand and explain cetacean evolution, distribution, morphology, behavior, community dynamics, and other topics.
primatology is a type of science that is part of zoology. it studies primates (monkeys, apes, lemurs, and humans). primatology is a part of physical anthropology. a person who studies primatology is a primatologists. they can work in many different fields of study. these include biology, zoology, anthropology and psychology.
a large amount of information about primatology has been learned since the end of world war ii in the united states, canada, western europe and japan. in the united states, primatologists work mostly in the fields of psychology and anthropology. 
orangutans ("pongo") are great apes belonging to the rainforests of indonesia and malaysia. there are two species of orangutan. they are from southeast asia. there are very few of them left, because loss of the jungle has reduced their habitat. there are orangutans on view at the singapore zoo.
the name orangutan comes from two malay words, "orang" which means "person", and "hutan" which means "forest"; so orangutan means "person of the forest".
orangutans have red-brown hair. they have long arms. they can be strong like chimpanzees, gorillas and humans. they also have hands that are good for climbing. the "sumatran orangutan" is smaller and has longer hair than the "bornean orangutan". orangutans have suffered from forest loss and are on the very edge of extinction.
orangutans are from the rainforests on the islands borneo and sumatra in southeast asia. they mostly live up in the trees. they eat fruit, leaves and bark and also insects and bird eggs. they drink water from rain that has been collected in leaves. orangutans are not comfortable on the ground since they have to push themselves along with fists. heavy adults move carefully through the trees, using their flexible feet to grasp the tree branches. smaller orangutans swing with more ease.
an orangutan's diet consists mainly of fruit, they like ripe fruit. if they cannot find fruit they will eat bark, leaves and termites, rather than move to somewhere else to get food. about 60% of an orangutan's diet is fruit, 25% is leaves, 10% is bark and flowers, and 5% is termites and other insects.
after a pregnancy of 230–260 days the female gives birth to usually one baby, but sometimes two, every eight to nine years. the little ones stay with their mother for years, riding on their mother's back and learning to move through the forest. the young orangutans are playful and affectionate. when they are five or six years old, they become more independent and eventually go off on their own.
greetings are nice things to say when people meet each other. greetings may be different from culture to culture. these are some greetings used a lot in the english language:
there are also ways to greet without talking, such as these:
sunlight is the light and energy that comes from the sun. when this energy reaches the earth's surface, it is called insolation. what we experience as sunlight is actually solar radiation. it is the radiation and heat from the sun in the form of electromagnetic waves.
the atmosphere affects the amount of solar radiation received. when solar radiation travels through the atmosphere, some of it is absorbed by the atmosphere (16%). some of it is scattered to space (6%). some of it is reflected by clouds (28%). about 47% of it reaches the earth's surface.
without sunlight, there could not be life on the earth. plants need sunlight for the process of photosynthesis. during photosynthesis the plants use the energy of the sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide, to create glucose (sugar). the glucose can later be used by the plant for energy or animals eat the plant and the glucose in it. plants need sunlight to grow green. without enough sunlight but with enough water, the plant grows very tall very quickly, but looks yellow and dehydrated, although when touched, the leaves are very moist.
solar radiation can be both good and bad for a person's health. when in the light, the human body uses the ultraviolet part of sunlight to make its own vitamin d. without sunscreen too much ultraviolet light can cause sunburn and skin cancer. sun angle makes difference in seasons on earth as well as in the length of day and night. a high angle makes the tropics hot, and a low angle makes the arctic cold.
intensity of sunlight on planets of solar system.
different bodies of the solar system receive sunlight of different intensities. the table compares the amount of light received by each planet on the solar system follows:
use of solar energy.
solar energy is used in many different ways by people all over the world both in its traditional way for heating, cooking or drying and to make electricity where other power supplies are absent, such as in remote places on earth or in the space. sometimes, it is cheaper to make electricity from sunlight than from coal or oil.
theism is the religious belief that at least one god exists while rejecting the existence or importance of polytheistic gods or goddesses. in a broader definition it can also be the belief in god or gods in general, including all types of god-belief. polytheism is the belief in several gods, while monotheism is the belief in just one god. for example, a theistic religion is christianity. the opposite to a theist is an atheist. an atheist is a person who denies or disbelieves the existence of a supreme being or beings.
all of these are rough definitions of the theisms; they are almost always different. we can split them all into different groups:
gnosticism and agnosticism can be combined with other forms of theism. for example, it is possible to be an agnostic atheist, or a gnostic theist. in common usage, some people group atheism and agnosticism together under the group of nontheism — absence of clear belief in any deity.
the main types of theism are:
this is another way to group different theisms, based on the nature of the gods.
there are also these types:
the plesiosaurs were an order of large, carnivorous marine reptiles. they flourished from 245 million years ago (mya) to 65 mya.
in 1719, william stukeley described the first partial skeleton of a plesiosaur. the great-grandfather of charles darwin, robert darwin of elston told him about it.
mary anning was the first to discover a fairly complete plesiosaur. she found it on the 'jurassic coast' of dorset, england in the winter of 1820/21. the fossil was missing its skull, but in 1823 she found another one, this time complete with its skull. the name "plesiosaurus" was given to it by the rev. william conybeare. 
the earliest plesiosaur remains are from the middle triassic period,p128 and the group was important through the jurassic and cretaceous. they had two large pairs of paddles, short tails, short or long necks, and broad bodies. they died out at the k/t extinction event, 65 million years ago.
plesiosaurs had many bones in their flippers, making them flexible. no modern animal has this four-paddle anatomy: modern turtles use their forelimbs for swimming. they were mainly piscivorous (fish-eaters).
the pliosaurs were a group of mostly large submarine predators with short necks and large heads. their sizes ranged from two to 15 metres, and they were predators of large fish and other reptiles. their streamlined body shape suggests they swam and ate under water. 
there were three families of long-necked plesiosaurs, who evidently had a different life-style from the pliosaurs. it was suggested by d.m.s. watson that their method was as surface swimmers, darting down to snatch smaller fish which were feeding on plankton. it is hard to see the benefit of a long neck under water; aquatic mammals operating under water all have a streamlined torpedo-shape, as did pliosaurs and ichthyosaurs. all the longer-necked familiers were, from the setting of the teeth and jaws, eaters of small fish. however, some at least were bottom-feeders, consuming various prey. digestion of shellfish was aided by gastroliths.
plesiosaurs have been found with fossils of belemnites (squid-like animals), and ammonites (giant nautilus-like molluscs) associated with their stomachs. but plesiosaurs could not crack shells. instead, they probably swallowed them whole. in the belly of a plesiosaur were "stomach stones", which are called "gastroliths." these stones moved around in the plesiosaur's stomach and cracked or crushed the shells of the animals it ate. one plesiosaur fossil found in south dakota had 253 gatroliths weighing a total of 29 pounds.
live birth has been proved for ichthyosaurs, but is uncertain for plesiosaurs. 
midland is a city in the american state of texas. it is called midland, because it is the midway point between two bigger cities in texas, fort worth and el paso. oil was discovered in the region in 1923 and is still a larger part of the economy.
midland is also famous as the hometown of former first lady barbara walker bush. she and her husband, former president george h. w. bush lived there, with their children including the later us president george w. bush and his wife laura, and his brother jeb bush, the former governor of florida.
sardinia (, sardinian: "sardigna") is the second largest island in the mediterranean sea. it is an autonomous region of italy. it was formerly the kingdom of sardinia.
the official name is, in italian, regione autonoma della sardegna.the capital and largest city is cagliari.
the island of sardinia has an area of and, after sicily, is the second largest island in the mediterranean sea. it is long from north to south, and wide from west to east. it lies between 38° 51' and 41° 15' latitude north and 8° 8' and 9° 50' longitude east.
the island is on the western mediterranean sea, between the island of corsica to the north and tunisia to the south. the tyrrhenian sea part of the mediterranean is directly east of sardinia, between the sardinian east coast and the west coast of the italian mainland peninsula.
the strait of bonifacio (, , gallurese: "bocchi di bunifaciu", ) is the strait between corsica and sardinia, named after the corsican town bonifacio. it is wide and divides the tyrrhenian sea from the western mediterranean sea.
sardinia has few major rivers, the largest being the tirso, long, which flows into the western mediterranean sea, the coghinas () and the flumendosa ().
mountains and valleys.
the highest peak is punta la marmora (), part of the gennargentu group of mountains in the centre of the island. other mountain chains are monte limbara () in the northeast, the chain of marghine and goceano () running crosswise for towards the north, the monte albo (), the sette fratelli massif in the southeast, and the sulcis mountains and the monte linas ().
the mountain chains of the island are separated by wide valleys; the main ones are campidano in the southwest between oristano and cagliari, and the nurra in the northwest.
there are many small islands around the main island of sardinia. some of them are:
sardinia is divided in eight provinces:
a nuclear reactor is a machine that uses fission to generate heat. there are different designs which use different fuels. most often, uranium-235 or plutonium-239 are the main components of these fuels.
most nuclear reactors are used to make electricity. in nuclear power plants heat from the fission reactions in the reactor changes water into steam. the steam is then used to power electric turbines which make electricity. as with other steam engines, the turbines take energy from the movement of the steam.
some reactors are used for other purposes. some reactors make neutrons for science research and others make radioactive isotopes. some universities have small nuclear reactors to teach students how reactors work.
the first nuclear reactor was built in 1942 by a team of scientists led by enrico fermi. this was a part of the manhattan project which needed the fuel from the reactor to make the atomic bomb. the first nuclear reactor to make electricity was a small experimental reactor built in idaho in 1951. it made just enough electricity for four light globes.
nuclear reactors are expensive to build because of the many safety features they need to have. there is also a problem with the huge amount of radioactive waste from the reactors. however they produce electricity cheaply, and do not pollute the air. there have been serious accidents at several nuclear reactors: windscale (uk) 1957, mayak (ussr) 1957, three mile island (usa) 1979, chernobyl (ussr) 1986 and fukushima (japan) 2011. concerns about safety have limited the growth of nuclear power. there are about 437 reactors around the world which provide about 5% of the world's electricity.
samobor is a city in zagreb county, croatia, population 36,206 it is west of zagreb, between the eastern slopes of samoborsko gorje (samobor hills, the eastern part of the žumberak mountains), in the sava river valley. it is part of the zagreb metropolitan area.
samobor has been there since 1242, according to a document of endowment by king bela iv. it is one of the earliest tourist resorts in the region, with the first tourist facilities dating back to 1810, oriented towards anglers, hunters and hikers.
frankfurt (oder) or frankfurt an der oder (; abbreviated "", , low sorbian: "frankobrod nad odru", , upper sorbian: "frankobrod nad wódru", lit. 'frankfurt at the oder') is a town in germany. it lies on the oder river, which marks the current border between germany and poland (the so-called oder-neisse line). it's in the east of the state of brandenburg.
in january 1999, the town added a prefix "kleiststadt" to refer to heinrich von kleist, who was born there in 1777. today, about 65,000 people are living in frankfurt an der oder.
the cook islands are a group of islands in the southern pacific. they form an independent state, but have strong ties with new zealand. the 15 small islands have a total land surface of 240 square kilometers. about 18.000 people live on the islands, most of them from tourism. the largest island, rarotonga, also holds the territory's capital, avarua.
the nation also has a distinctive polynesian language known as cook island maori, which is closely related to the maori language of new zealand and to the tahitian language. 
punishment is when something is done to a person (or animal) that they do not like. it may be because they broke a rule. there are many kinds of punishment, from a death penalty for very bad crimes, to things that parents may do to punish children, like spanking them or taking away their toys. people are often sent to prison as punishment for a crime.
punishment can be seen as good in society to prevent people from doing bad things. it can also be seen as cruel and unnecessary. it can also be seen to do more harm than good.
the two letters om can mean
the blue whale ("balaenoptera musculus") is a marine mammal of the suborder of baleen whales (called mysticeti). they grow to be about 30 meters long. the biggest blue whale found was 190 tons and measured 98 feet long. larger specimens have been measured at 110 feet, but never weighed. this makes blue whales the largest animals ever to be on earth, even bigger than the largest dinosaurs. 
the blue whale eats mostly very tiny creatures, like krill. these inch-long, shrimp-like crustacean swim in swarms. in the antarctic summer, there are so many of these krill that they turn the waters orange. a blue whale can eat eight to ten tons of krill every day.
the blue whale's body is long and slender. it can be various shades of bluish-grey above and somewhat lighter underneath. there are at least three distinct subspecies: "b. m. musculus" of the north atlantic and north pacific, "b. m. intermedia" of the southern ocean and "b. m. brevicauda" (also known as the pygmy blue whale) found in the indian ocean and south pacific ocean. "b. m. indica", found in the indian ocean, may be another subspecies. as with other baleen whales, its diet consists almost exclusively of small krill.
blue whales were once abundant around the world. in the nineteenth century, they were hunted almost to extinction by whalers. they were finally protected by the international community in 1966. a 2002 report estimated there were 5,000 to 12,000 blue whales worldwide, located in at least five groups. more recent research into the pygmy subspecies suggests this may be an underestimate. before whaling, the largest population was in the antarctic, numbering approximately 239,000 (range 202,000 to 311,000). there remain only much smaller (around 2,000) concentrations in each of the eastern north pacific, antarctic, and indian ocean groups. there are two more groups in the north atlantic, and at least two in the southern hemisphere. the north atlantic group of blue whales can be seen in the saguenay-st. lawrence marine park near tadoussac qc, canada.
the order cetacea are marine mammals that live in oceans, seas and even a few rivers around the world. whales, dolphins and porpoises are part of this group. these common names refer to size: whales are the largest, porpoises the smallest. how and what they eat is a better guide to their relationships. the study of cetaceans is called cetology.
cetaceans are ocean creatures without toes, but are classified in the related order cetartiodactyla because their ancestors were even toed ungulates.
scottish gaelic (gàidhlig, pronounced "gah-lick") is a celtic language. it is commonly called just scots gaelic in scottish english. it is a sister language of irish gaelic and manx gaelic; all three are goidelic languages. these are related to the welsh language, cornish language and the breton language (these three are brittonic or brythonic languages).
in past times, the scottish gaelic was spoken across all of scotland except for the northern islands (orkney and shetland). in the later part of the middle ages, the kings of scotland began to speak scottish english and looked down on the scottish gaelic. after the union of england and scotland, the scottish gaelic was snubbed and looked down on even more, and scottish english took over.
scottish gaelic today is basically spoken in the outer hebrides and on skye. generally speaking, the scottish gaelic spoken across the western isles is similar enough to be classed as one major dialect group, but there is some regional variation.
a census in the united kingdom in 2001 showed that a total of 58,652 (1.2% of the scottish population aged over three years old) in scotland could then speak some amount of scottish gaelic. only the western isles have more people who can speak the scottish gaelic than not (61% of the people there speak scottish gaelic). the place in scotland with the largest percentage of speakers is a village called barvas on the isle of lewis, where, 74.7% of the people there speak scottish gaelic.
children in scotland do not have to learn scottish gaelic in schools, but it is becoming a more popular subject as scottish gaelic is an important part of their scottish culture.
scottish gaelic is also used overseas. it is estimated that 1,000–2,000 in nova scotia, canada, can speak some scottish gaelic.
scottish language can mean:
the west germanic languages are a branch of germanic languages first spoken in central europe and the british isles. the branch has three parts: the north sea germanic languages, the weser-rhine germanic languages, and the elbe germanic languages. the most spoken languages in the branch are english, german, and dutch. 
these languages were spread around the world in the colonial era. english is now spoken by around 400 million people natively.
there are three branches of west germanic languages:
the germanic languages are a group of indo-european languages. they came from one language, proto-germanic, which was first spoken in scandinavia in the iron age. today, the germanic languages are spoken by around 515 million people as a first language. english is the most spoken germanic language, with 360-400 million native speakers.
the germanic languages are the east germanic languages (all extinct), the north germanic languages, and the west germanic languages. 
when proto-germanic split from proto-indo-european, one of the main changes in the sounds in the language was grimm’s law.
punjabi might mean:
killer whales, or orcas ("orcinus orca") are the largest dolphins. they have black skin with white patches. they are found in all the world's oceans, from the cold of the arctic to the tropical seas. they live in pods, which are family groups.
like all toothed whales, they are carnivores. killer whales are apex predators and they hunt in family groups called 'pods'. members of the pod work together to surround their prey. killer whales eat many different kinds of prey, such as small sharks, seals, sea lions, dolphins, whales, penguins, seagulls, squid, octopuses, stingrays, crabs and sea turtles. in 1997, the first known killer whale attack on great white sharks was documented off the coast of san francisco. there are several different types of "orca", each of which has different living and prey habits. they do not interbreed and seems to be subspecies or even separate species. their behaviour and hunting techniques also differ.
killer whales are the largest living members of the dolphin family. males (called "bulls") typically range from 6 to 8 metres long and weigh in excess of 6 tonnes. females ("cows") are smaller, generally ranging from 5 to 7m and weighing about 3 to 4 t. the largest male killer whale on record was 9.8 metres, weighing over 10 tonnes, while the largest female was 8.5m, weighing 7.5 t. a baby killer whale is called a "calf". calves at birth weigh about and are about long. the killer whale's large size and strength make it among the fastest marine mammals, able to reach speeds in excess of .
killer whales have the second-heaviest brains among marine mammals. they can be trained in captivity and are often described as intelligent, although defining and measuring "intelligence" is difficult in a species whose life is very different from ours.
killer whales imitate others, and seem to deliberately teach skills to their young. this is most strikingly seen when killer whales deliberately beach themselves to catch seals. off península valdés, adults sometimes pull seals off the shoreline and then release them again near juvenile whales, allowing the younger whales to practice the difficult capture technique on the now-weakened prey. off the crozet islands, mothers push their calves onto the beach, waiting to pull the youngster back if needed. some orcas have discovered that flipping sharks upside down can paralyze them.
people who have interacted closely with killer whales offer numerous anecdotes demonstrating the whales' curiosity, playfulness, and ability to solve problems. for example, alaskan killer whales have not only learned how to steal fish from longlines, but have overcome a variety of techniques designed to stop them, such as the use of unbaited lines as decoys. once, fishermen placed their boats several miles apart, taking turns retrieving small amounts of their catch, in the hope that the whales would not have enough time to move between boats to steal fish as it was being retrieved. a researcher described what happened next:
in other anecdotes, researchers describe incidents in which wild killer whales playfully tease humans by repeatedly moving objects that the humans are trying to reach, or suddenly start to toss around a chunk of ice after a human throws a snowball.
the killer whale's use of dialects and the passing of other learned behaviours from generation to generation have been described as a form of culture.
the dorsal fin.
the dorsal fin of the orca can extend up to six feet above its body. that's taller than most grown men. and because a killer whale swims close to the surface, the dorsal fin can often be seen gliding through the surface of the water. this causes some people to mistake killer whale for sharks. in captivity, dorsal fins often collapse for many reasons, but in the wild, dorsal fin collapse happens in less than one percent of wild orcas.
female killer whales are often tamed and can be trained to do tricks for audiences in marine shows, like in . sometimes, killer whales have even starred in movies, such as the movie titled "free willy". orcas can be dangerous, and have been known to kill their attendants on rare occasions. some marine parks now require trainers to stay outside the pool when they work with orcas. unlike wild killer whales, captive killer whales are reported to have made nearly two dozen attacks on humans since the 1970s, some of which have been fatal.
there is a population which lives near spain and portugal and which has specialized on attacking sailboats. they do not attack powerboats. this behaviour is mystery, as the whales cannot use glassfibre as a food. most likely the whales practice attacking large sharks and whales, as the underside of a sailing boat resembles a large whale or a shark. they have damaged several boats, but so far none has sunk and no humans have died on their attacks.
pac-man is an arcade video game that was made by namco and designed by toru iwatani. it was released in 1980, and became very popular in the history of games.
in "pac-man", the player makes a pac-man, a yellow disc, move around a maze. the ghosts are blinky, pinky, inky, and clyde. the goal is to eat every yellow pellet (circles) while not getting caught by the ghosts/monsters. for extra points, fruits that appear can also be eaten. when pac-man eats a big pellet, the ghosts turn blue for a short period of time and can be eaten. the time that the ghosts are blue generally decreases from one stage to the next. beginning at stage 19, the ghosts do not turn blue at all when a power pellet is eaten. even though the game has 256 stages, the last level can not be finished due to a problem with the creation of the game. 
the player begins the game with 3 lives, and lose one each time pac-man collides with a ghost. the game ends when all lives are lost. pac-man gets an extra life once the player gets 10,000 points.
the game is called puck-man in japan. the game was renamed to "pac-man" in the united states so that nobody could change the "p" to "f". there were many sequels and remakes based on the game. hanna-barbera made a animated tv show airing on abc in the early 1970s. the game was also part of "namco museum" games. there is a "namco museum remix" for the wii.
pac-man was one of the first games to have cutscenes. it has 3 cutscenes in total.
a shooting star is the common name for the visible path of a meteoroid as it enters the atmosphere. a shooting star is also broken pieces of meteors that have become broken off in space.
shooting star could also mean:
shooting star may also be:
gujarati might mean:
patel family tree:
pot noodle is a type of cup noodle sold in the united kingdom. they contain noodles, soya pieces, vegetables, and seasoning powder with a packet of sauce that can be added to taste.
pot noodles are available in several varieties:
thai green curry
greenlandic could mean:
superman is a 1978 movie based on the popular superman superhero comic book. it was directed by richard donner, produced by ilya salkind, and the music was provided by john williams. the movie starred christopher reeve, margot kidder, marlon brando, gene hackman, ned beatty, phyllis thaxter, glenn ford, and jackie cooper. it was very successful at the box office and with critics, and inspired three sequels along with the 2006 movie, "superman returns".
domestic violence is a form of violence or abuse that happens among people living together in a common household. very often, the people living together are married, or they live in a relationship. 
the relationship or marriage may be between people of opposite sex (a man and a woman), but it can also be among people of the same sex. there can also be children in the household. 
violence between adult partners of a relationship is the most common type of domestic violence. there are also violent acts of adults against children, of children against adults, and violence against elderly people. 
the exact definitions of what is domestic violence vary by country. in general though, the legal definitions only include the acts, and their punishment. people from sociology and psychology also look at the motivations (why the person became violent). 
like other forms of violence, domestic violence often has a repeating pattern, known as cycle of violence, or cycle of abuse. if violence is unreported, it may get worse over time. 
the person becoming violent often wants to get more power and more control over another person. when the cycle of violence starts people are said to be "losing their temper". 
domestic violence can be a cause for becoming homeless. 
most of the time, the victims of domestic violence are women. they may experience more severe forms of violence. the world health organization (who) estimates 1 in 3 of all women are subject to domestic violence at some point in their life. women are also more likely than men to use intimate partner violence in self-defense.
some countries do not have good laws covering domestic violence. in these countries domestic violence may be permitted, especially in the case where the woman is suspected of infidelity. there seems to be a correlation between the level of gender equality, and the level of domestic violence. countries with less gender equality have higher rates of domestic violence. 
very often, incidents of domestic violence are not reported; this is true for both men and women. there is a social stigma: most people believe that women are victims of domestic violence, most of the time. that way, healthcare providers often overlook men who are victims of domestic violence.
if we go back a century or two, we find that in some countries, children were often beaten, both at home and at school. now that is much rarer, and may be forbidden in law. the key term to search for this topic is "corporal punishment".
there are different forms of domestic abuse, not all of which are violent:
emersons green is an area with lots of houses, just to the north of bristol, in england.
it used to be just farming land between mangotsfield and downend, but in the 1990s houses, schools and shops were built.
emersons green is in south gloucestershire.
there is a large shopping area in emersons green, including sainsbury's, boots, lidl and argos. there are also restaurants, three pubs and some cafés.
archaeopteryx is one of the most important fossils ever discovered. it is a flying dinosaur from the upper jurassic, about 150 million years ago. it shows the evolutionary link between non-avian theropod dinosaurs and birds, but it is not the ancestor of modern birds. 
the first "archaeopteryx" was found in 1860 near solnhofen in bavaria, germany. today, ten skeletons and one feather of "archaeopteryx" have been found.
"archaeopteryx" was a small carnivorous dinosaur with feathers and wings. it had a mouth with teeth, claws on the hands and a long tail. today, it is known that dromaeosaurs, and possibly most other extinct theropods, looked like birds and that many had feathers. when they are born, today's south american hoatzin have claws on their wings when they are young, just like "archaeopteryx".
thomas henry huxley ("darwin's bulldog"), who was a comparative anatomist, made a study of this nearly 150 years ago. he compared "archaeopteryx" with a small theropod dinosaur, "compsognathus". both of the fossils came from the same place: solnhofen in bavaria, germany. the strata come from the end of the jurassic period, about 144 million years ago. he showed that both were very similar except for the front limbs and feathers of "archaeopteryx". e.d. cope also came to the same conclusion. 
huxley's study showed the basic relationship between birds and reptiles. he united them under the title of sauropsida. his papers on "archaeopteryx" and the origin of birds have been of great interest ever since. huxley concluded that birds evolved from small carnivorous dinosaurs.
"archaeopteryx" used to be considered the first bird. nowadays, it is not the only fossil of a bird-like dinosaur. a similar species called "anchiornis huxlei" lived from 160 to 155 million years ago. it had feathers on both front and rear legs, and could probably glide. it may or may not have had some ability to fly. this discovery means we cannot say "archaeopteryx" is the first known bird, but its contribution to science has been huge. we now know for sure that a whole group of small theropod dinosaurs had feathers, and that flight was a later, secondary, use of feathers. the first use of feathers was temperature regulation, and probably also signalling (see "epidexipteryx"). 
many scientists nowadays do not consider "archaeopteryx" a true bird (=a member of the lineage aves). they only consider it a relative of birds. this classification does not reflect a different evolutionary hypothesis, it simply defines aves (birds) less broadly.
directly ancestral or not?
it may be that "archaeopteryx" is not directly ancestral to modern birds, but it is still a fine transitional fossil.
mosel-saar-ruwer is a german wine-growing-region in the valleys of the rivers moselle, saar and ruwer near koblenz and trier, rhineland-palatinate. it is famous for its wines of riesling, elbling and müller-thurgau grapes. 
there are the following six sub-regions with 19 large vineyards: 
a snail is a common name for a kind of mollusc. the term is used for a gastropod with a coiled shell. their fossil records extends back into the carboniferous period.
land snails and slugs breathe with a kind of lung. they used to be put together in a group, the pulmonata. this was a well-known order in traditional taxonomy. however, the pulmonata is polyphyletic. this means the same life-style evolved in a number of different lines. this is called convergent evolution. therefore, the pulmonata is no longer an official term in biological classification.
the term "snail" is also sometimes used for aquatic snail-like gastropods, which usually have gills. actually, most snail species are marine snails. there are more species of them, and they are far greater in numbers. many kinds of snails can also be found in fresh water habitats.
most land snails and slugs are herbivorous. aquatic snails and slugs are usually omnivores or predatory carnivores.
in many countries around the world, people eat snails as a delicacy. in france, snails are called "escargots", which is also the name of the dish. in french cuisine, the snails are cooked in salt water and then served with a garlic sauce.
the biggest snail is the giant african snail. their foot is up to 35 cm long.
the fastest snail is the "helix aspersa". it can reach speeds up to 0.047 kmh.
there are known more than 43000 species of snails all over the world.
snails are invertebrates, which are animals with no backbones. the shell on the snail helps protect it, and also reduces the loss of water by evaporation. shells have many different shapes, sizes, and colors. snails do not breathe through their mouths, instead they have a breathing hole under their shells.
a snails "foot" is a muscle which allows it to move slowly across the ground. the foot puts out ('exudes') slime, which eases the snail's movement, leaving a trail. snails can absorb mineral nutrients through their foot by simply sitting on a rock.
the head is attached to the foot. on the head there are 15 mm stalks. at the end of the stalks are snail’s eyes.
snails are found all over the world. generally speaking, land snails live in damp habitats. they live in caves and dark places. snails can be found in dark places such as in a garden under plant's foliage leaves. some species live in cold places like the arctic and a few are found in warm places like beaches and deserts.
land snails eat vegetables and fruits, such as lettuce, carrots, cucumber and apples. aquatic snails are often carnivorous. snails use their radula to cut food. the radula is a hard, rough plate in the mouth. radula teeth are like little pieces of sandpaper. they are good for cutting up plants and if the snail eats meat they are good for tearing the meat apart. 
many animals eat snails. fireflies, snakes, beetles, fish, insects, turtles and people eat snails too. to defend themselves, snails pull back into their shells.
the ruwer is a river in germany with a length of , a tributary of the mosel river. the valley of the ruwer is a part of the wine-growing region mosel-saar-ruwer near trier in rhineland-palatinate. it is famous for its riesling wines.
at the lower ruwer valley are the villages waldrach, kasel, mertesdorf, eitelsbach and ruwer.
tributaries are alkenbach, altbach, altweiherbach, apfelbach, avelbach, bausbach, benninger bach, bingelbach, burg heider bach, burkelsbach, eitelsbach, enterbach, eschbach, eselsbach, flonterbach, gimpelbach, gondersbach, grindelbach, großbach, hinzerter bach, kittelbach, klinkbach, kreidbach, kundelbach, labach, lehbach, misselbach, moertschelbach, mühlscheider bach, pehlbach, rauruwer, rimperterbach, riveris, rothbach, siebenbornbach, thielenbach, waldbach, waschbach, weiherbach, wenigbach, wenzelbach and weschbach.
slug is a general term for a gastropod mollusc which has no shell, or just a small internal shell. 
slugs belong to several different families which also include snails with shells. snails are gastropods with a coiled shell large enough for the animal to pull back inside. the families of land slugs are not very closely related, despite looking similar. the shell-less slug type is an example of convergent evolution, and so the category "slug" is not a taxonomic category.
the name "slug" is used for air-breathing land slugs, while the marine forms are usually known as sea slugs. land gastropods with a shell that is too small to hide the body are sometimes called "semislugs".
body parts and behaviour.
like land snails, most slugs have four 'feelers' or "tentacles" on their head. the upper two (the "optical tentacles") see light and have eyespots at the ends, while the lower two (the "sensory tentacles") are used for smelling. the tentacles are retractable, and can regrow if lost. 
on top of the slug, behind the head, is a body part called the "mantle," and under this are the genital opening and anus. on one side (almost always the right side) of the mantle is a breathing hole, which is easy to see when open, but difficult to see when closed. inside the mantle in some species is a very small, flat shell.
the bottom of a snail is called a "foot". like other snails, a slug moves by rhythmic waves of muscle contraction on the bottom of its foot. at the same time, it secretes a layer of mucus on which it travels, which helps prevent damage to the foot. around the edge of the foot is the 'foot fringe'. 
some slug species hibernate underground during the winter in places with cold winters, but in other species, the adults die in the autumn.
ruwer could mean:
ruwer is a municipality (a convention community called "verbandsgemeinde" ruwer) on the river ruwer. the administrative offices are in the town of waldrach, and it should not be confused with the nearby town of ruwer, which is for administrative purposes a part of the city of trier.
gunpowder (or gun powder) is a mix of chemical substances (75% saltpeter, 15% charcoal and 10% sulfur). it is used primarily in firearms, burns very quickly, and creates gases. those gases use up more space than the gunpowder they come from, so they push outward. if the gunpowder is in a small space, the gases will push on the walls of the space, building up pressure. in a gun, the pressure pushes against a bullet, causing it to fly out at high speeds. if the pressure became too high, it could destroy the gun barrel.
gunpowder was invented by the chinese. the first references of black powder, the original form of gunpowder, date to the 9th century. according to legend, chinese alchemists were looking for a formula to create the elixir of life, or the mythical potion that causes whoever drinks it to become immortal, when they accidentally created gunpowder. because the powder was highly flammable, or burned very easily, they decided to call it "fire medicine" (simplified chinese: 火药 / traditional chinese: 火藥). the chinese soon weaponized the substance, or made weapons out of it. in later centuries they made many weapons using gunpowder, including rockets, bombs, flamethrowers, and land mines, before making cannons and guns. the oldest weapon that uses gunpowder dates back to a bronze handheld cannon made in northeastern china in 1288. the first mention in europe was in the 13th century when roger bacon described the formula of black powder. gunpowder was extremely valuable to the chinese civilization, in fact so valuable that sometimes it was traded for gold.
a mayor is a person who is in charge of the administration of a city. some mayors are elected by the people who live in that city. for other cities, a central government body may choose the mayor. some large cities have a lord mayor.
in federal countries like germany the mayor can also be head of the government of a city state. the mayor of hamburg runs the government just like the minister president of bavaria runs the bavarian government. in some big cities such as tokyo the mayor is a governor.
in many countries, such as the united kingdom and australia, the mayor is not in charge of the daily functions of a city or town. that job is done by a town clerk or chief executive, who is appointed to a full-time paid job. the mayor works part-time, usually without payment, and represents the city at events and civic functions. 
churning of the ocean is a mythical story of hinduism and hindu mythology. it is described in many hindu scriptures, especially in the mahabharata and the puranas. the story tells about the churning of the ocean by the gods and the demons. from this churning of the ocean, several things came out of the ocean. some of them were:
the hindu scriptures and the hindu mythology tell that all the above things came out of the ocean for the good of human beings.
martha dandridge custis washington (june 2, 1731 – may 2, 1802) was the wife of george washington, the first president of the united states. although people only started using the term decades after her death, martha washington is considered to be the first first lady of the united states.
she was born on june 2, 1731, at chestnut grove plantation near williamsburg, virginia. her parents were john dandridge, an immigrant from england, and his wife frances jones. her education consisted of the womanly arts such as needlework and playing musical instruments. later in life, she would learn to manage a plantation.
at 18, she married daniel parke custis, a wealthy tobacco planter 20 years older than her. she bore him four children. only two, john "jacky" and martha "patsy", survived to young adulthood. she was widowed in 1757 at age 26. in 1759, she married george washington, a colonel in the colonial militia. their marriage was one of mutual affection and respect, but not one of passion. the washingtons had no biological children.
during the american revolutionary war, martha visited the cold and starving continental troops spending the winter at valley forge, pennsylvania. she donated as much food as possible, and sewed clothing for the soldiers. she nursed those who were ill or dying. she urged local women to do the same. her commitment to the welfare of the veterans of the revolution would remain lifelong. they addressed her as "lady washington."
washington was unanimously elected president in 1789. martha served as first lady from april 30, 1789 to march 4, 1797. she found the job unpleasant. she complained of the journalists who followed her everywhere (even to the circus with her grandson), and of the many restrictions placed upon her as first lady (she was not allowed to accept dinner invitations, for example).
she set many of the customs and standards that were observed by future first ladies. she retired to mount vernon with her husband after serving her country.
she died in mount vernon on may 22, 1802. her obituary (death notice) was widely printed in regional newspapers. she is buried in the vault at mount vernon. she was the first historical female figure to be depicted by the united states government on postage stamps and currency.
abigail smith adams (november 11, 1744–october 28, 1818) was the wife of john adams, the second president of the united states. later on, people started to address the wife of the president as the first lady. so, she became the second first lady of the united states. she was born in weymouth, massachusetts. she belonged to a famous family of massachusetts (the quincy family).
in 1801, the couple retired and lived in quincy. abigail died in 1818, at age 74 of typhoid fever.
abigail adams advocated for an equal education in public schools for boys and girls. in her earliest years, she was often in poor health. she spent most of her time reading. in addition to that, she corresponded to family and friends before getting married. 
adams did not get any formal education in any school or college. her father had a big library, so she studied many books and became smart that way. she married john adams in 1764. in the next ten years, she had five children (a sixth was stillborn). one of her children was john quincy adams, the sixth president of the united states.
adams was a vital confidant and adviser to her husband john adams. she opposed slavery and supported women's rights. in 1776, her husband participated in the first continental congress in philadelphia. there, adams wrote her most famous letter to the founding fathers "remember the ladies." 
in 1784, adams joined at her husband at his diplomatic post in paris. she became interested in the manners of the french. after 1785, she filled the difficult role of wife of the first us minister to great britain. she did so with dignity. 
martha washington jefferson randolph (september 27, 1772 – october 10, 1836) was the daughter of thomas jefferson and his wife martha wayles skelton jefferson. thomas jefferson was the third president of the united states. because her father was a widower, martha washington jefferson randolph acted as the first lady of the united states from march 4, 1801 to march 3, 1809.
martha was born in monticello, near charlottesville, virginia. she was named martha washington in honor of martha washington, the wife of the first president of the united states, george washington. she was educated in philadelphia, pennsylvania and paris.
in 1790, martha married thomas mann randolph jr. they had twelve children. shortly before her death, she and her husband developed differences. she died in 1836 in albemarle county, virginia at the age of 64.
aracaju is the modern capital city of the state of sergipe in the northeastern region of brazil. it has about 470.000 inhabitants (estimate 2003) and lies between the cities of salvador and maceio, also in the northeast of brazil. it was planned and built to be the state capital in 1855.
a midsummer night's dream is a play by william shakespeare. the exact date the play was written is unknown. it is generally accepted that the play was written in 1595 or 1596. it was first printed in 1600. in 1623, the play was printed in the first folio, a collection of all of shakespeare's plays. 
shakespeare's sources include works by plutarch, apuleius, ovid, geoffrey chaucer, and edmund spenser. he found a description of puck in reginald scot's "the discoverie of witchcraft" (1584). it is generally believed that the play was written for the festivities surrounding the aristocratic marriage of either elizabeth vere, lord burghley’s granddaughter, in 1595, or elizabeth carey, daughter of sir george carey, in 1596.
the play is about four confused young lovers, a group of clumsy workmen, the royal court of duke theseus, and the royal fairy court of king oberon and queen titania. the play is set mostly at night in the woods near athens. 
the play has been made into movies on numerous occasions. one movie stars mickey rooney as the fairy puck. benjamin britten wrote an opera based on the play, george balanchine and frederick ashton have both made ballets about it, and felix mendelssohn wrote many pieces of music for the play which include an "overture" and a "wedding march".
the court at athens:
egeus wants his daughter hermia to marry demetrius. hermia does not want to marry him. she loves another man named lysander. hermia and lysander decide to run away. demetrius follows them. helena, hermia's best friend, is in love with demetrius. she follows him. all four become lost in the woods near athens.
meanwhile, oberon and titania are having an argument. oberon decides to teach titania a lesson. he puts a love potion into her eyes while she is asleep. this potion will make her fall in love with the first thing she sees when she wakes. 
oberon finds helena and demetrius. he tells puck to give demetrius some of the love potion so that he will love helena. puck makes a mistake and puts the potion in lysander's eyes. when lysander wakes up, he loves helena instead of his real sweetheart hermia. 
the workmen, are practising a play in the woods for the upcoming marriage of theseus and hippolyta. puck plays a trick on nick bottom by giving him donkey ears. the other actors run away, so bottom goes to sleep. he is sleeping near titania. she wakes up and falls in love with him.
oberon realises everything is all mixed up. he gives some of the love potion to demetrius. now demetrius and lysander both love helena. sad and confused, all the lovers fall asleep. at last, puck rights all the wrongs. he makes lysander love hermia again, and makes demetrius love helena. everyone is happy.
the workmen perform their play after the wedding of theseus and hippolyta. oberon has stopped titania being in love with bottom. they are happy with each other again. the fairies use their magic to bless all the lovers.
vodka is a russian alcoholic drink that is usually about 40% alcohol. it is clear (but can be flavoured), though it is sometimes mixed with other liquids before people drink it. it was first popular in the slavic countries of eastern europe and former republics of the soviet union.
things that are made into vodka.
vodka can be made from different things:
the process to make vodka is:
unlike cognac or whisky, vodka is not usually matured in barrels, but bottled immediately. some scandinavian vodkas called "akvavit" (latin "aqua vitae", "water of life") are matured in oak barrels before they are bottled. when the vodka is bottled, it is ready for drinking.
most people think the name "vodka" comes from the slavic word for water in its diminutive form, "little water". the earliest mention of vodka in poland is in 1405. the russians are known to have first used the word in june 8, 1751. it is not known if it was the russians or the poles who made the first drinks that could be classified as vodka, as sources provide various views on this topic (though it's important to remember that the first mention of the word "vodka" in cyrillic refers to a medicinal drink bought by the merchants of kievan rus from poland). it is also worth noting that vodka was first used as medicine. when it became a popular drink, it was first known in polish as "gorzałka" - from the old polish word "gorzeć", meaning burn. at first, gorzałka was a people's drink, but in the slavic countries it soon became common among the nobility as well. it is worth noting that the common ukrainian word for vodka is "horilka" which bears an extremely close resemblance to the polish gorzalka. both words roots have the same meaning ("hority" - to burn; "gorzeć", also to burn)
different kinds of vodka.
there are two basic kinds of vodka: clear vodka and flavored vodka. some types of vodka have plants or herbs added to the unflavored vodka to make it taste better. contrary to popular belief, flavoured vodka is not new - it has been a part of polish drinking tradition for centuries. it is only relatively recently in history that clear and flavoured vodkas have found their way to western countries such as the uk or us.
how vodka is consumed.
vodka is either drunk pure, or cocktails are made with it. the simplest form of cocktail is to mix it with orange or lemon juice. usually, vodka is drunk during a longer meal. usually salty or sour things (not sweets) are served. in poland and russia (as well as some of their neighbours, such as ukraine or lithuania), vodka is drunk from glasses that can hold about 100 grams (0,1 litres) of vodka. the glass is usually emptied in one draught, while holding the breath. directly afterwards something small is eaten. in most eastern european countries it is consumed with pickled cucumbers. before drinking, a toast is given.
vodka is a key element of slavic tradition in some countries of eastern europe (especially poland, belarus, ukraine and russia). it has also spread to become a part of national culture in baltic countries like lithuania and nordic countries like sweden. it's traditional in russia and other slavic countries (as well as some roma communities in eastern europe) to put a glass of vodka with a slice of bread (usually black bread) on top on graves or near photos of the deceased in their memory. this is similar to what people in western countries do with flowers.
sexual reproduction is how most animals and plants reproduce. some protists and fungi also reproduce this way. organisms that reproduce sexually have two different sexes: male and female.
in sexual reproduction, offspring are produced when sperms fertilise eggs from the female. various steps are involved in this process.
the cells of an animal or higher plant have two sets of chromosomes: they are diploid. when gametes (sex cells) are produced, they have only one set of chromosomes: they are haploid. they have undergone a process of cell division called meiosis. two things happen during meiosis, each of which makes the offspring more variable. that means they are different from the parents and from each other.
assortment is when the double set of chromosomes becomes a single set in each gamete. of each pair of chromosomes, "which one goes into a single gamete is random". because the gene alleles on each chromosome are not always the same, this means that there is genetic variation between gametes. this process was mendel's 'first law', the law of segregation.
because crossing over occurs during meiosis, this increases the variety of the chromosomes. this makes recombination possible. 
the consequence of assortment and crossing over makes it certain that no two offspring of the same mother and father are identical. identical twins are the exception. they are identical genetically because they developed from the same fertilised egg. 
advantages and disadvantages.
there are advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction, compared to asexual reproduction. the main issues are:
origin of sexual reproduction.
the origin of sexual reproduction is an advanced topic which cannot be dealt with here. a source which may help readers who are graduates in biological science may be helpful.
leprosy is a contagious disease. it has been known for a very long time. today, it is mostly called hansen's disease, named after the person who discovered the bacterium, gerhard armauer hansen. it is caused by a bacterium, mycobacterium leprae. a person with leprosy is called a leper.
as of 2004, the estimated number of new infections was about 400,000.
getting the disease is hard, since it requires close contact with someone who has it, over a long period of time. in addition, about 95% of people seem to be naturally immune to it.
most cases of leprosy occur in india, and other developing countries. it has known to have been in the us before. there are practically no cases of leprosy in the developed world. this is because there are excellent drugs and people regularly take antibiotics which will kill the leprosy bacteria.
in former times, leprosy was seen as a divine punishment for sins committed.
the symptoms of leprosy are irregular spots and patches on the skin. these are either lighter colored than the surrounding skin, or reddish in color. on those patches, hair will fall out, and they will feel numb to the patient. nerves will form knots there.
with the illness progressing the sense of touch will become less and less (until the patient feels completely numb). so called leptomes and ulcers will eat away the skin, the flesh and the organs on the patches.
usually people do not die of leprosy, but of secondary infections and diseases they get.
for many years there was a leprosy colony on the hawaiian island of molokai called kalaupapa. tens of thousands of people from the united states that had the disease were sent there.
dolley payne todd madison (may 20, 1768 – july 12, 1849) was the wife of us president james madison. james madison was president from 1809 to 1817 while dolley madison was the first lady of the united states. she is best known for saving washington's portrait when the british burned the white house in the war of 1814. though she is also a famous entertainer, the first to serve ice cream in the white house.
dolley was born in new garden. now the place is known as guilford county. it is in north carolina. some other account tells that she was born in a village named payne’s tavern. it is in person county, north carolina.
her father’s name was john payne. as an unsuccessful farmer, he always faced shortage of money. dolley’s mother was mary coles.
dolley spent her teenage years in philadelphia, pennsylvania. on january 7, 1790, she married john todd, jr. (1764-1793). todd was a lawyer. they had two sons. their names were john payne (1792-1852) and william temple (born and died in 1793). william died in a yellow fever epidemic. in the same year, her husband also died of the same yellow fever epidemic.
dolley todd married james madison on september 14, 1794. they had no children, but they raised dolley's son from her first marriage, john payne todd. john payne todd was a notorious drunkard and gambler, which caused his mother many financial problems, especially after madison died.
in 1814, the british army had burnt the white house. fleeing from her burning home, dolley saved many records and papers. legend states she also saved a painting of george washington, though had to break it out of its frame.
on the national first lady library she says, "there is one secret, and that is the power we have in forming our own destinies."
elizabeth kortright monroe (1768 - september 23, 1830) was the wife of james monroe. james monroe was the fifth president of the united states.
elizabeth monroe was born in an old family of new york. when she was a girl of 17 years, she married james monroe. at that time, monroe was a lawyer. he was aged 27 years. once, the government sent monroe as an envoy to versailles. she also went along with her husband. 
during her last years, elizabeth monroe became very sick. she could not take part in social functions. she became more distant from people. some persons thought her to be a snob. but, her husband always understood her problems. after a long illness, she died on september 23, 1830 at her home in oak hill at age 62.
celestia is a free 3d astronomy program for windows, mac os x, and linux. it was created by chris laurel and is licensed under the gpl.
the program is based on the hipparcos catalogue (118,218 stars) and allows users to display objects from artificial satellites to entire galaxies in three dimensions in opengl. different from other planetarium software, the user is free to travel in the universe.
nasa and esa have used celestia, but it is not to be confused with celestia 2000, esa's own program.
bill cullen (february 18, 1920 – july 7, 1990) was an american television game show host. his full name was william lawrence cullen.
cullen was originally from pittsburgh, pennsylvania. he suffered from polio as a child. he had a limp for the remainder of his life.
cullen was best known for hosting the original version of "the price is right" on the television networks nbc and abc. that show is now on cbs and hosted by drew carey. he also hosted a version of "the $25,000 pyramid", "child's play", and "blockbusters".
bill cullen died in bel air, california in 1990 from lung cancer after smoking for most of his life.
rudi carrell (real name rudolf wijbrand kesselaar) was a very successful comedian, singer and television presenter. he was born on december 19, 1934 in alkmaar, in the netherlands. he died of lung cancer on july 7, 2006 in bremen, germany. he was very popular in germany, for shows like "die rudi carrell show".
he was awarded various prizes, amongst others the "goldene kamera" for a lifetime of good work, in february of 2006 (which was his last public appearance) as well as the bundesverdienstkreuz (the only award given by the federal republic of germany, for extraordinary achievements in politics or culture) in 1985.
lung cancer is the uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells in one or both of the lungs. cigarette smoking causes most lung cancers when smoke gets in the lungs. lung cancer kills 1.8 million people each year, more than any other cancer. it is the leading cause of cancer death in men, and the second leading cause of cancer death in women. 
the large majority of people who get lung cancer have smoked for many years. however, there are types of lung cancers that appear in otherwise healthy patients who have never smoked. 
there are two main types of lung cancer, small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. small cell lung cancer typically responds well to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and non-small cell lung cancer is more commonly treated with surgical removal of the lung tumor.
non-small cell lung cancer
non-small cell lung cancer (nsclc) account for about 85% to 90% of lung cancer cases. people who have a deficient low pigment count have a higher chance of contracting lung cancer. there are three types of non-small cell lung cancer: 
whitchurch is a small market town in the north of the county of shropshire, england. it is the oldest town inhabited in shropshire. the town lies 2 miles (3 km) east of the welsh border. as of 2011, the town has a population of 9,781. 
the town was founded by the romans and there are still some roman artefacts that can be visited in a museum.
the town has a railway station on the welsh marches line.
panthera is a genus of the family felidae.
it has five living species, which are the biggest cats in the felidae. the tiger is the largest "panthera" species, and the largest of all cats. the leopard is the smallest "panthera" species.
results of genetic analysis indicate that the snow leopard also belongs to the "panthera", a classification that was accepted by iucn assessors in 2008. the genus "neofelis" is also closely related.
a superpower is a country that is one of the most powerful countries in the world. it is more powerful than a great power and less powerful than a hyperpower. right now, only the united states is a superpower. however, china may become a superpower in the future. some say it is already one. others say that it will not become a superpower.
in the years following world war ii, the united nations was formed. the 5 countries that would later have nuclear bombs – those who would be able to start a nuclear war – were all given "permanent" seats on the security council. this means they are on the security council forever. they were also all given equal veto power over decisions in the security council. these five countries were: united states, united kingdom, china, france, and the soviet union.
for most of the 1900s, the soviet union was a superpower. after the soviet union split into a lot of smaller countries in 1991, it was not a superpower anymore. russia got most of the soviet union's nuclear weapons, and also its permanent seat in the security council. some other countries also have nuclear weapons now, and can also start a nuclear war just as well, but they are not permanent members with veto power. the republic of india, and pakistan are a few countries like this. in order to be a superpower, a country must dominate economic, cultural, and military as well as diplomatic influence.
the snow leopard ("panthera uncia"), also known as the irbis and ounce, is a feline, which lives in central asia. it used to be thought not to be closely related to the smaller leopard, which is why they were put in different genera before. however, recent research has discovered this is not correct. the cat is closely related to the other big cats in the genus "panthera".
snow leopards are about 2-5 meters long in the body, and have a 90-100 centimeter long tail. they weigh up to 75 kilograms. they have grey and white fur with dark rosettes and spots, and their tails have stripes. its fur is very long and thick to protect it against the cold. their feet are also big and furry, which helps them to walk on snow more easily. they use their long tails for balance and as blankets to cover sensitive body parts against the severe mountain chill.
they are one of the cats which cannot purr: "in five cat species (lion, tiger, jaguar, leopard and snow leopard) the epihyoideum is an elastic ligament, whereas in all other species of the felidae the epihyal is completely ossified (bony)... those felids with an elastic epihyoid are able to roar but not purr, while species with a completely ossified hyoid are able to purr but not to roar". despite this, it seems now that snow leopards cannot roar, though they can make a number of other sounds.
snow leopards are well camouflaged, and are crepuscular (most active at dawn and dusk). they stalk and eat medium-sized prey like ibex, bharal (mountain sheep) and wild goats. it can survive on a single sheep for two weeks.
snow leopards prefer to ambush prey from above, using broken terrain to conceal their approach. they try to land on the sheep, and kill it directly. if the sheep runs, they pursue it down steep mountainsides, using the momentum of their initial leap to chase prey for up to .
they kill with a bite to the neck, and may drag the prey to a safe location before feeding. they consume all edible parts of the carcass, and can survive on a single bharal (blue sheep) for two weeks before hunting again. annual prey needs is 20–30 adult bharals.
in summer, snow leopards usually live above the tree line on mountainous meadows and in rocky regions at altitudes from . in winter, they come down into the forests to altitudes around . snow leopards prefer broken terrain, and can travel without difficulty in snow up to deep, although they prefer to use existing trails made by other animals.
they live alone. after a pregnancy of about a hundred days the female gives birth to 2 or 3 cubs. snow leopards are protected in most of the countries they live in. however, people do still kill them for their fur, or to protect their cattle.
the snow leopard has a huge range in central asia. it is in afghanistan, bhutan, china, india, kazakhstan, kyrgyzstan, nepal, pakistan, russia, tajikistan, uzbekistan, kashmir, kunlun, and the himalaya to southern siberia, mongolia, and tibet.
since many estimates are rough and outdated, its numbers could be falsely viewed as low. the total wild population of the snow leopard was estimated in 2008 as 4,510 to 7,350 individuals. 
taxonomy and evolution.
the snow leopard was not thought closely related to the "panthera" or other living big cats. however, recent molecular studies put the species firmly in the genus "panthera": its closest relative is the tiger ("panthera tigris"). msw3 still refers to the snow leopard as "uncia uncia", but the more recent iucn classifies it as panthera uncia.
in popular culture.
the snow leopard is an official symbol of kazakhstan.
yonkers is the 4th largest city in the american state of new york. it is the southwestern part of westchester county
yonkers borders the new york city borough of the bronx and is 2 miles (3 km) north of manhattan. broadway runs through all three, and railroads also connect them to grand central terminal. the bronx river separates yonkers from mount vernon, new york on the east. the hudson river is on the west. the city's best-known attraction is yonkers raceway, a harness racing track. there is a large shopping area along central park avenue. it is sometimes called "central avenue" by area residents.
louisa catherine johnson adams (february 12, 1775 – may 15, 1852) was the wife of the 6th president of the united states, john quincy adams. as the wife of the president of the united states, she was the first lady of the united states from 1825 to 1829.
she was born in london. her mother, catherine nuth johnson was an english lady. her father, joshua johnson, was from the us and a citizen of the usa. louisa adams was then the only first lady not born in the united states. john adams, the second president of the us, was her father-in-law.
in 1794, john quincy adams met louisa in london. at that time, adams was a us diplomat. after about three years, they married. the couple also lived in berlin where adams got a posting. louisa along with her husband arrived to the us in 1801. they lived in different places before her husband became the president.she went to school in london and france.
she died in 1852, aged 77. she is buried in the united states parish church, quincy, massachusetts.
angelica singleton van buren (february 13, 1818 - december 29, 1877) acted as the first lady of the united states. she was the daughter-in-law of martin van buren, the 8th president of the usa. angelica singleton had married the president's son, abraham van buren. she took over the role of the first lady, as the president's wife had died 17 years earlier.
angelica singleton belonged to a high society. she was also related to dolley madison, wife of us president james madison. angelica brought a special style to her role as the first lady.
she and abraham van buren married in 1838. after marriage they took a long tour of europe. when they came back to the us in 1839, she took up the role of the first lady during the presidency of her father-in-law. in 1841, martin van buren was defeated, she and her husband shifted to kinderhook, lindenwald. during the winter, they lived in their family home in south carolina. from 1848 until her death in 1877, she lived in new york city.
angelica was from the cream of southern society and was the great-granddaughter of gen. richard richardson and mary cantey (richardson). gen. richardson was the progenitor of six south carolina governors, three manning and three richardson governors. one descendant, elizabeth peyre richardson, was so closely related to all of these governors that she appears in ripley's believe it or not. angelica's sister, marion, has a bio that, although sad, is actually more interesting than hers. see "a tale of two sisters," by joseph c. elliott, sandlapper: the magazine of south carolina.
jane irwin harrison (july 23, 1804 – may 11, 1846) was the first lady of the united states for a very brief period. she was married to william henry harrison jr. william was the son of william henry harrison, ninth president of the united states. as the daughter-in-law of the president, she acted as the first lady for about a month in 1841. she acted as his official hostess during his brief tenure in office, which lasted for a month in 1841. president’s wife anna harrison was very ill, and she could not go out of their home in ohio, when her husband moved to take up the presidency.
mary ann todd lincoln (née todd; december 13, 1818 – july 16, 1882) was the wife of the sixteenth president of the united states, abraham lincoln, and was first lady of the united states from 1861 to 1865.
she was born in lexington, kentucky. her father was robert smith todd and her mother was eliza parker. her parents were prominent residents of the city. mary's paternal great-grandfather, david levi todd, was born in county longford, ireland, and emigrated through pennsylvania to kentucky. her great-great maternal grandfather samuel mcdowell was born in scotland, and emigrated to pennsylvania. other todd ancestors came from england. when she was around twenty years old, mary came to illinois where her sister elizabeth lived. there she met abraham lincoln. he was a young lawyer at that time.
marriage and family.
she married abraham lincoln on november 4, 1842.
the lincolns loved one another very much. but, at times, their relationship became troubled. the lincolns had four children:
the last person known to be of direct lincoln lineage, robert's grandson "bud" beckwith died in 1985.
mary lincoln was well-educated lady. she was also interested in public affairs. she also shared her husband’s ambition. at times, she became touchy and irritated. the newspapers sometimes criticized her for spending the government’s money to buy new furniture for the white house. she went to the hospitals during this time, to help wounded soldiers.
after the assassination of her husband in 1865, the death of her two sons, willie and thomas, had made her very sad. she became very depressed. his son robert wanted to take control of his mother's money. he sent his mother to an insane asylum. after three months, she was freed. she never forgave her son. she spent about four years in france in a city named pau. she also traveled to many parts of europe. 
during her last years, her health became very weak. in 1879, she suffered spinal cord injuries when she fell from a stepladder. she also got cataracts and her eyesight became weak.
during the early 1880s, mary lincoln was confined to the springfield, illinois residence of her sister elizabeth edwards. she died there on july 16, 1882, at age 63. she was interred in the lincoln tomb in oak ridge cemetery in springfield alongside her husband.
jacqueline lee kennedy onassis ( ; july 28, 1929may 19, 1994) was an american socialite, writer, photographer and book editor. as the wife of president john f. kennedy, she was the first lady of the united states from 1961 until november 22, 1963. she worked hard for the historical preservation of the white house. she was well known for being fashionable and was a fashion icon.
jacqueline lee bouvier was born on july 28, 1929 in southampton, new york. in 1951, she graduated from george washington university and worked for the "washington times-herald" as a photographer. a year later, she met united states representative, john f. kennedy at a dinner party in washington d.c.
she married john f. kennedy in 1953, in newport, rhode island. the couple had four children. jacqueline gave birth to a stillborn girl named arabella kennedy in 1956. a year later in 1957 she gave birth to a girl named caroline kennedy. after her husband was elected president in the 1960 presidential election, jacqueline gave birth to a boy named john f. kennedy jr. in november 1960. two months later, at the age of 31, she was the third-youngest first lady of the united states when her husband was inaugurated as 35th president of the united states on january 20, 1961.
after the assassination and funeral of her husband, jacqueline and her two children, caroline kennedy and john f. kennedy jr. retired from public life. in october 1968, she married a wealthy greek businessman named aristotle onassis, which made her less popular. after his death in 1975, she worked as a book editor in new york city. as of today, she is seen as one of the most popular and well known first ladies in american history. in 1999, she was named as one of gallup's most-admired men and women of the 20th century. on may 19, 1994, jacqueline died in her sleep from non-hodgkin's lymphoma in new york. her funeral was on may 23, 1994. she was later buried next to her husband, president kennedy, at arlington national cemetery.
jacqueline lee bouvier was born on july 28, 1929 at stony brook southampton hospital in southampton, new york to john vernou bouvier iii and janet norton lee. her mother's family was from ireland. her father's background was french, scottish, and english. she was raised as a roman catholic.
jacqueline lived in manhattan and at the bouvier country home in east hampton on long island during her early childhood. she respected her father and john vernou bouvier iii called his oldest daughter "the most beautiful daughter a man ever had".
from an early age, jacqueline was an equestrienne who competed in the sport. she took ballet lessons and learned many languages. she spoke english, french, spanish, and italian. in 1935, she began going to manhattan's chapin school. one of her teachers called her "a darling child, the prettiest little girl, very clever, very artistic, and full of the devil".
her parents' marriage became worse because of her father's alcoholism. her parents had financial problems after the wall street crash of 1929. they separated in 1936 and divorced four years later. in 1942, her mother married lawyer hugh dudley auchincloss jr.. the family moved into his home in mclean, virginia.
after seven years at chapin, jacqueline bouvier went to holton-arms school in washington, d.c.. she stayed there from 1942 until 1944. she later went to miss porter's school in farmington, connecticut. bouvier stayed there from 1944 to 1947. in 1947, she began studying at vassar college in poughkeepsie, new york. she studied in france at the university of grenoble in grenoble during her junior year. she also went to the sorbonne in paris. she was part of a program from smith college. she transferred to george washington university in washington, d.c. and graduated with a bachelor of arts degree in french literature in 1951. she later went to george washington university to take classes on american history.
while at george washington university, jacqueline bouvier won a twelve-month junior editorship at "vogue" magazine. this let her work for six months in the magazine's new york city office and then six months in paris. she wrote her autobiography, "one special summer" after the trip. after working at "vogue", she worked for the "washington times-herald" as a part-time receptionist. in 1952, she was briefly engaged to a young stockbroker named john husted but broke-off the engagement.
marriage to john f. kennedy and children.
jacqueline bouvier first met united states representative, john f. kennedy at a dinner party in may 1952 after journalist, charles l. bartlett helped the two meet up. the two had many things in common. they were both catholic, they both wrote, both liked reading and both had lived outside the united states during college. john was busy running for the united states senate in massachusetts when they first met. their relationship became more serious and he asked her to marry him after he was elected senator. bouvier took some time to accept, because she had been asked to report on the coronation of queen elizabeth ii in london for the washington times-herald. after a month in europe, she returned to the united states and accepted kennedy's marriage proposal. their engagement was officially announced on june 25, 1953.
they were married on september 12, 1953 in newport, rhode island by boston's archbishop richard cushing. in the first years of their marriage, the couple had many problems. john f. kennedy was diagnosed with addison's disease and back pain caused by a war injury. in late 1954, he had surgery on his spine which almost killed him. jacqueline kennedy had a miscarriage in 1955 and in august 1956 gave birth to a stillborn daughter, arabella kennedy. they lived in georgetown, washington, d.c. and boston, massachusetts.
jacqueline gave birth to their daughter, caroline kennedy on november 27, 1957. during his senate re-election campaign, john f. kennedy began to see how popular his wife was. he asked her to campaign with him for his re-election. in november 1958, kennedy was re-elected to a second term in the senate and he thanked his wife for her role in the campaign.
1960 united states presidential election.
on january 3, 1960, john f. kennedy announced his candidacy for president. in the early months of the election year, jacqueline traveled with her husband to campaign events. shortly after the campaign began, she became pregnant. so, she decided to stay at home in georgetown during most of her husband's campaign. she helped her husband's campaign by writing a weekly newspaper column, campaign wife. she answered questions and gave interviews to the media.
jacqueline had a large amount of media attention because of her fashion choices. while this made her popular, some criticized her for being rich. to stop the criticism, kennedy talked about the amount of work she was doing for the campaign. she also did not want to talk about her fashion choices.
when her husband was at the democratic national convention in los angeles, mrs. kennedy did not go to the convention because of her pregnancy. she was in hyannis port where she watched the september 26, 1960 debate between her husband and republican candidate vice president richard nixon. on november 8, 1960, her husband was elected the 35th president of the united states. a little over two weeks after the election, on november 25, she gave birth to their first son, john f. kennedy jr.
first lady of the united states (1961 – 1963).
john f. kennedy was inaugurated as the 35th president of the united states on january 20, 1961. mrs. kennedy did not want her children to be unprotected around the media at an early age. she stayed with them in middleburg, virginia for a short time because of this. she was the first presidential wife to hire a press secretary. she hired pamela turnure. the media saw mrs. kennedy as the "perfect woman" and she became popular across the world. she also helped get support for the white house and her husband's cold war policies.
at first, jacqueline said that her main focus as the first lady was to take care of the president and their children. she later spent her time to support american arts and preservation of its history. the historical restoration of the white house was her well known work. she also hosted many social events at the white house. she wanted to create a department of the arts; however this did not happen. she did help create the national endowment for the arts and the national endowment for the humanities.
white house restoration.
the first lady thought that most of the white house needed more historical artifacts and old furniture. her first major project was to restore the white house. she helped create a family living area by adding a kitchen on the family floor and new rooms for her children. she created a fine arts committee to find the money for her restoration of the white house. she also wanted to redesign and replant most of the rose garden and the east garden. mrs. kennedy helped protect historic homes in lafayette square in washington, d.c., because she thought these buildings were important.
before she became first lady, presidents and their families had taken furniture and other items from the white house when they left office. this was why the white house had few historical items. she wrote letters to find the missing furniture and other historical pieces. kennedy supported a congressional bill saying that white house furniture and other items would be the property of the smithsonian institution. she also started the white house historical association, the committee for the preservation of the white house, a curator of the white house, the white house endowment trust, and the white house acquisition trust.
on valentines day, february 14, 1962, the first lady took american television viewers on a tour of the white house on cbs news. 56 million television viewers in the united states watched the tour. kennedy won a special emmy award in 1962. she is the only first lady to win an emmy.
mrs. kennedy made many official visits to other countries, on her own or with the president. in 1961, the kennedys began their official trip of europe in france. after arriving in the country, many liked her. french president charles de gaulle liked her because she could speak french and because of her knowledge of french history. seeing how popular she was, president kennedy joked, "i am the man who accompanied jacqueline kennedy to paris, and i have enjoyed it."
from france, the president and the first lady traveled to vienna, austria, where soviet premier nikita khrushchev was asked to shake the president's hand for a photo. he replied, "i'd like to shake her hand first". the u.s. ambassador to india john kenneth galbraith wanted kennedy to begin a tour in india and pakistan with her sister lee radziwill in 1962. president of pakistan ayub khan gave her a horse named sardar as a gift. he had found out on his visit to the white house that he and the first lady both liked horses. her popularity was compared to former president dwight d. eisenhower and queen elizabeth ii.
mrs. kennedy would later travel to other countries across the world representing the united states. the first lady spoke spanish well, which she used when traveling to latin american countries for events.
death of patrick kennedy.
in early 1963, jacqueline kennedy was again pregnant, with their third child. she spent most of the summer at a home she and the president had rented near the kennedy family compound on cape cod, massachusetts.
on august 7, five weeks before her due date, she went into labor. she gave birth to a boy, patrick bouvier kennedy, through an emergency cesarean section at the otis air force base. the baby's lungs were not fully developed, so he was sent to boston children's hospital. he died of hyaline membrane disease two days after birth. jacqueline was at otis air force base to recover after patrick was born. her husband went to boston to be with patrick and was there when patrick died. on august 14, the president returned to otis to take her home and gave a speech to thank nurses who had cared for her. as a thank you, mrs. kennedy gave the hospital staff gifts from the white house.
the first lady later had depression after patrick's death. however, the loss of their child helped the kennedys' marriage and brought the couple closer together. before patrick's death, kennedy was not close with her husband because of rumors of him cheating on her. it was said that kennedy had cheated on her with multiple women such as her secretary pamela turnure and actress marilyn monroe.
assassination and funeral of john f. kennedy.
on november 21, 1963, the kennedys went on a political trip to texas to get more support for her husband's november 1964 re-election campaign. they landed at dallas's love field with texas governor john connally and his wife nellie. jacqueline was wearing a bright pink chanel suit and a pillbox hat, which president kennedy personally picked for her to wear. a motorcade was to take them to the trade mart. kennedy was sitting next her husband in the presidential limousine.
at 12:30 p:m, the motorcade turned to dealey plaza. the first lady heard loud bangs and she thought it was a motorcycle backfiring. she did not realize that it was a gunshot until she heard governor connally scream. two more shots had been fired, three of them hit her husband in the head. she quickly began to climb onto the back of the limousine. some believe she was reaching across the trunk for a piece of her husband's skull that had been blown off. secret service agent clint hill ran to the car telling her back to go back to her seat. she would later say that she did not remember climbing behind the car.
approximately at 1:00 p:m cst in dallas, texas at parkland hospital, president kennedy died from his gunshot wounds, aged 46. after her husband died, kennedy did not want to take off her blood-stained clothing. she told the new first lady, lady bird johnson that she wanted "them to see what they have done to jack". she continued to wear the blood-stained pink suit as she went on air force one. she stood next to lyndon b. johnson when he took the oath of office as the 36th president of the united states. the suit was donated to the national archives and records administration in 1964. it will not be seen by the public until 2103 because of an agreement from her daughter caroline kennedy, because she refused to let it be seen during this century.
jacqueline kennedy planned her husband's state funeral. it was inspired by abraham lincoln's funeral. she wanted her husband's casket to be closed, even though her brother-in-law and attorney general, robert f. kennedy wanted it to be open. the funeral service was held at the cathedral of st. matthew the apostle in washington d.c. he was buried at arlington national cemetery. many respected her role and appearance at the funeral.
a week after the assassination, president lyndon b. johnson wrote an executive order that created the warren commission. it was led by chief justice earl warren to investigate the assassination. mrs. kennedy did not care about the investigation. she said that even if they had the right suspect, it would not bring her husband back. she spoke to the commission about the events of her husband's assassination.
after the assassination, jacqueline kennedy and her two children left public life and activities.
life after the assassination (1963 – 1975).
mourning period and later activities.
on november 29, 1963, a week after her husband's assassination, theodore h. white of "life" magazine interviewed kennedy at her home in hyannis port. during the interview, she compared the kennedy years in the white house to king arthur's camelot. she said "don't let it be forgot, that once there was a spot, for one brief, shining moment that was known as camelot. there'll be great presidents again ... but there will never be another camelot". her husband was nicknamed "camelot" and his presidency the "camelot era" because of this.
jacqueline kennedy and her two children stayed in the white house for two more weeks after the assassination. president lyndon b. johnson wanted to "do something nice for jackie". he wanted to make her ambassador to france, mexico or the united kingdom. kennedy said no to any ambassador roles. johnson renamed the florida space center the john f. kennedy space center a week after the assassination. kennedy later thanked johnson for his kindness to her.
jacqueline made few public appearances after her husband's death. some believed she was suffering from severe post-traumatic stress disorder. in the winter after the assassination, she and the children stayed at averell harriman's home in georgetown. on january 14, 1964, she spoke on television thanking the public for the "hundreds of thousands of messages" she had gotten since the assassination. she bought a house for herself and her children in georgetown, but sold it later in 1964. she bought a 15th-floor penthouse apartment for $250,000 at 1040 fifth avenue in manhattan to have more privacy.
jacqueline would go to a few memorial ceremonies dedicated to her husband. in 1967, she went to the opening ceremony of the u.s. navy aircraft carrier . she also went to a private ceremony in arlington national cemetery when her husband's coffin was moved to build a safer eternal flame. she also was in charge of the creation of the john f. kennedy presidential library and museum.
during the vietnam war in november 1967, kennedy was called an unofficial ambassador. this was because of her trip with david ormsby-gore to cambodia. many historians saw that her visit was to fix the relationship between the two countries. she also went to the funeral of martin luther king jr. in atlanta, georgia, in april 1968.
relationship with robert f. kennedy.
after her husband's assassination, kennedy and her children became closer with her brother-in-law robert f. kennedy. kennedy supported him staying in politics. she supported his 1964 campaign for united states senator from new york.
when president johnson became unpopular, many wanted senator kennedy to run for president in 1968. when art buchwald asked him if he wanted to run, robert replied, "that depends on what jackie wants me to do". she met with him around this time and she told him to run. however, she was worried about his safety.
on june 5, 1968, sirhan sirhan shot senator kennedy in los angeles. kennedy onassis went to the hospital to be with senator kennedy's wife, ethel kennedy, her brother-in-law ted kennedy, and the other kennedy family members. robert kennedy died the next day, aged 42.
marriage to aristotle onassis.
after robert kennedy's death in 1968, kennedy had depression again. she became worried about her life and of her two children. she said "if they're killing kennedys, then my children are targets ... i want to get out of this country".
on october 20, 1968, jacqueline married her long-time friend aristotle onassis. he was a rich greek businessman who was able to give the privacy and security she wanted. they were married on skorpios, onassis's private greek island in the ionian sea. after marrying onassis, she took the legal name jacqueline onassis. she lost her right to secret service protection when she married onassis. many believed that jacqueline might have been excommunicated by the roman catholic church. this was because she married a divorced man. many did not approve her getting remarried and made her unpopular.
during their marriage, jacqueline and aristotle had six different homes and his yacht christina o.
aristotle onassis's health became worse after the death of his son alexander in 1973. he died in 1975. after a legal deal, jacqueline onassis got millions of dollars from her step-daughter christina onassis.
later years, 1975–1990's.
jacqueline onassis returned to the united states after her second husband died. she lived in manhattan, martha's vineyard, and the kennedy compound in hyannis port. in 1975, she became an editor at viking press. she worked there for two years.
jacqueline onassis went to the 1976 democratic national convention. this was her first political event in almost ten years. she quit viking press in 1977. this was after viking had published jeffrey archer's novel "shall we tell the president?". the story happens in a fictional future presidency of her brother in-law, ted kennedy. the book was about a plan to assassinate him. two years later, she went to boston to support ted kennedy's 1980 presidential campaign.
after she left viking press, onassis worked for doubleday. she was an associate editor. some of the books she edited for the company were larry gonick's "the cartoon history of the universe", the english translation of naghib mahfuz's "cairo trilogy", and autobiographies of ballerina gelsey kirkland, singer-songwriter carly simon, and fashion icon diana vreeland.
in the 1970s, she supported a campaign to save grand central terminal from demolition and repair it. a plaque inside the terminal talks about her role in its preservation. in the 1980s, she supported protests against a planned skyscraper at columbus circle that would have created large shadows on central park. she also supported saving olana, the home of frederic edwin church in new york.
jacqueline onassis had a lot of press attention. paparazzi photographer ron galella followed her around and took pictures of her without her permission. from 1980 until her death in may 1994, onassis had a close relationship with businessman maurice tempelsman.
in the early 1990s, jacqueline onassis supported arkansas governor bill clinton for president. she donated money to his presidential campaign. after the 1992 presidential election, she met with first lady hillary clinton. they talked about raising a child in the white house. mrs. clinton later said that jacqueline onassis was an inspiration for her.
illness and death.
in november 1993, jacqueline onassis was thrown from her horse while she was fox hunting in middleburg, virginia. she was taken to the hospital. doctors found a swollen lymph node in her groin. they thought it was an infection at first. the fall made her health worse over the next six months. in december, onassis had new symptoms such as stomach pain and swollen lymph nodes in her neck. she had non-hodgkin lymphoma. she began chemotherapy in january 1994. by march, the cancer had spread to her spinal cord and brain. by may, it had spread to her liver. her condition was terminal.
jacqueline made her last trip back home from new york hospital–cornell medical center on may 18, 1994. the next day on may 19, she died in her sleep at her manhattan apartment, aged 64. her two children were by her side. her son john f. kennedy, jr. announced her death the next day. he said that she died with her family around her.
on may 23, 1994, her funeral was held and was short and small. fewer than 100 people were at the 11 minute long funeral. she was buried at arlington national cemetery in arlington, virginia, next to her husband president kennedy, their son patrick, and their stillborn daughter arabella. president bill clinton spoke at her graveside service. at the time of her death, her children caroline kennedy and john f. kennedy jr., her three grandchildren, rose, tatiana and john schlossberg, and sister lee radziwill were her living relatives. her estate was worth $43.7 million.
in 1994, the municipal art society of new york started the jacqueline kennedy onassis medal. it is given to a person whose work has greatly helped new york city. the white house's east garden was renamed the jacqueline kennedy garden soon after her husband died. the jacqueline kennedy onassis high school for international careers was opened in 1995. the main reservoir in central park was renamed in her honor.
jacqueline kennedy onassis is seen as one of the most popular first ladies. she was named 27 times on the annual gallup list of the top 10 most admired people of the second half of the 20th century. this was more often than any president of the united states listed. in 2014, she came in third place in a siena college institute survey as the best first lady. she was behind eleanor roosevelt and abigail adams in the survey.
in 2020, "time" magazine included her name on its list of 100 women of the year. she was named woman of the year 1962 for her white house restoration works.
jacqueline kennedy onassis is seen as an important first lady in united states history. many historians feel that first ladies since kennedy onassis have either been compared to or against her. 
hurricane earl was an intense and long-lived hurricane that was also the first such storm to threaten new england since hurricane bob nineteen years earlier. the storm's center passed eighty six miles east of north carolina on september 3, 2010. the storm then moved northeast, eventually being downgraded to tropical storm status and then becoming a hurricane again shortly before the storm made landfall in nova scotia. before lashing the eastern united states, the hurricane passed extremely close to the leeward islands; the damage there totaled $40 million (2010 usd).
"the snow queen" is a literary fairy tale by hans christian andersen. it was first published 21 december 1844 with "the fir tree" in "new fairy tales" "(nye eventyr)". it is one of andersen's longest stories and is divided into seven chapters. it tells the story of a mirror fashioned by demons that is shattered. a piece of the glass enters the eye and the heart of a little boy named kai. he is carried by the snow queen to her palace in the far north. he is rescued by his friend gerda. his vision and his heart are restored. the story was adapted to movies and television. it is also in the book the land of stories the enchantress returns.
the italian province of zara (1941-1943) was an administrative section of the governorate of dalmatia. it was created during world war ii by the italian government with "regio decreto legge" of may 18, 1941.
the province of zara was part of the italian governorate of dalmatia and had an area of 3,179 km² with a population of 211,900 inhabitants. it had included the two main cities of zara (zadar) and sebenico (sibenik).
the province bordered the independent state of croatia and to the south the province of spalato. the "capoluogo" (administrative center) was zara, where there was the "tribunal" and the main administrative offices.
there were 20 municipalities (called in italian: comuni):
territory of zara.
the province was an enlargement of the "territory of zara" obtained by the kingdom of italy after wwi. indeed in 1937 this small territory had an area of just 110.21 km² and a population of 25,000 inhabitants, concentrated in the city of zara.
"the gingerbread man" (sometimes, "the gingerbread boy") is an american fairy tale. it is a variant of the european runaway pancake story. the american version first appeared in the may 1875 issue of" st. nicholas magazine". the story tells of a gingerbread man who runs away from the old woman who baked him. he is chased by several people and animals. a crafty fox finally eats him. the tale is known for the title character's chant: "run, run, run as fast as you can! / you can't catch me, i'm the gingerbread man!" gingerbread men were popular characters in children's stories of the late 19th century. the most notable gingerbread character was l. frank baum's john dough. the gingerbread man is also in the commonly known movie "shrek".
richard "richie" havens (january 21, 1941 – april 22, 2013) or richard p. havens; was an american folk singer and guitarist who performed at woodstock 1969. he also performed cover versions of famous popular songs. 
havens was born on january 21, 1941 in brooklyn, new york city. he died due to a heart attack in jersey city, new jersey, april 22, 2013 at 72.
jessica mcclure morales (march 26, 1986), better called baby jessica, became famous at eighteen months because of an ordeal in midland, texas in which she tumbled into a well on wednesday, october 14, 1987. between then and october 16, workers spent almost 58 hours to free her from the 8 inch wide well casing 22 feet below the ground. this story gained worldwide attention, and became the subject of a television movie two years following the incident.
goldeneye 007 is a first-person shooter video game for the nintendo wii and nintendo ds. it is a modern retelling of the "goldeneye" movie, and a remake of the 1997 nintendo 64 game "goldeneye 007". it was released in north america on november 2, 2010, in europe on november 5, 2010, and in japan on june 30, 2011. the game's main character is james bond, agent 007. a version of the game with better graphics and sound titled "goldeneye 007: reloaded" was released for the playstation 3 and xbox 360 in 2011.
while keeping the same gameplay as the nintendo 64's "goldeneye 007", modern elements of first-person shooter games such as environments that can be destroyed and a health meter that fills up after a while of not taking damage are added to the game. levels from the nintendo 64's "goldeneye 007" have been changed due to the game's changed storyline. players can use the wii remote and nunchuk combination, the wii zapper, classic controller, classic controller pro, or nintendo gamecube controller.
the game features both local multiplayer for four players and online multiplayer for up to eight players. online play is done through the free nintendo wi-fi connection service.
the constitution of japan is the legal document that lays out the rules of how japan is governed. it dates 3 november 1946 on creation and from 3 may 1947 it entered into force, when it replaced the earlier meiji constitution, by legal process of earlier constitution. this constitution consists preamble, affirming that japanese people should contribute for all human being to live in peace and tolerance, free from fear and want and 11 chapters, and contrary to former constitution, it ensure all human rights as unalienable, both civil rights and economic, social and cultural rights (at chapter iii), article 98 affirms that any laws or orders against the constitution are invalid and international law must be earnestly observed, article 99 says that empire and all public sector have duty to respect and observe the constitution and the article 9 of chapter ii prohibits all war and army for purpose of making war. 
jiminto wants to change it.
italian irredentism in dalmatia is related to the tentative of accession to italy of coastal dalmatia, promoted by the dalmatian italians from the napoleonic era to world war ii.
with the rise of the risorgimento, in all italian areas that were excluded from the unification of italy (and with italian majority population) started to be widely diffused the italian movement called "irredentism".
in the case of dalmatia, after napoleon, there was the development of slav nationalism against italian irredentism. but until 1848 there was still some convergence between these two ethnic groups, in order to create an independent dalmatia inside the hapsburg empire.
dalmatian italians always felt connected to the italian risorgimento, and among them were widely followed the ideas, intentions and ideals that flourished in the peninsula. at zara, in 1822, the imperial government made an 'inquisition of state' to twenty-five dalmatian italians "carbonari", another twenty-five were "persecuted" and sixty declared "suspicious." one of the supporters of this initial irredentism was niccolo tommaseo, born in sebenico. he was an italian dalmatian linguist, journalist and essayist who become internationally famous because editor of the first dizionario della lingua italiana.
in 1848, many young italians from istria and dalmatia formed a 'legion', crossed the adriatic, and fought with niccolo tommaseo for the "republic of venice". and in the same year, six dalmatian italians also fought for the "roman republic". one of them was federico seismit-doda from ragusa, who became a member of the italian parliament and even finance minister of the kingdom of italy under benedetto cairoli (1878) and francesco crispi (1889–1890). in the battle of curtatone, as a first lieutenant of the battalion 'bande nere', fought against the austrians the dalmatian giurovich marino: he was killed by the austrian soldiers in livorno as a promoter of the ideals of giuseppe mazzini. twenty were the dalmatians in the italian independence war of 1859-1860 enrolled in the italian army, or in the red shirts of giuseppe garibaldi. among others, marco cossovich, a former lieutenant of the "guardia nobile" for the protection of venice, fought in calatafimi and palermo: one of the few that garibaldi recalled by name in his book "i mille". in the third italian war of independence, george caravan from tenin (near zara), commanded the 5th regiment of grenadiers; after promotion, he became adjutant general of the king of italy umberto i.
with the battle of lissa, part of third italian war of independence, in 1866 began a period of open hostility against the dalmatian italians by the austrians, who favored the croatian part because on their side.
the historian matteo bartoli in his book "the language of the italian venezia giulia and dalmatia", wrote that:
the most renowned dalmatian italian in those years was antonio bajamonti, the last italian mayor of spalato. he spent his entire life and his own activity for this city, but his economic expenses were never reimbursed by the austrians despite repeated promises. he was a moderate irredentist who was the propeller of important public works in his city, including the introduction of lighting gas, building the aqueduct and the hospital, creating technical schools, and doing the foundation of the dalmatian bank. for his initiative split was also given a square surrounded by galleries. his most famous work was the construction of the big fountain that was named later after him. three months later after the second opening of the fountain, antonio bajamonti died (the fountain was destroyed in 1947 by yugoslav authorities who considered it as a symbol of fascism and italian domination of the city). he created the società politica dalmata in 1886 in order to defend the italian characteristics of spalato but died at age 69 in 1891 with debt up to his neck.
another famous dalmatian irredentist was arturo colautti. he was a writer and journalist who -from his native zara- relocated to spalato in 1876, where he founded the magazine of culture and literature, "rivista dalmatica". the magazine did not last long, because strongly pro-italian and related to antonio bajamonti. in the same year, he was asked to direct "l'avvenire" and, from 1876 al 1880, he developed it as an irredentist newspaper. following the publication of an anti-austrian article on his newspaper, in september 1880, colautti was attacked by a group of croatian soldiers who rendered him impaired for a few months. shortly after, also because of the threat of a lawsuit for crimes against the stringent austrian press laws and for his support of italian irredentism, colautti chose the path of exile and took refuge in the kingdom of italy (where he strongly supported the intervention of italy in world war i).
in 1885 a group of young dalmatian italians created a sort of secret pact that pledged to fight on a united front against the government of vienna. they chose to use all legal means available. they were: john marino bonda avoscan (from ragusa), stefano smerchinich (from curzola) and ercolano salvi pezzoli leonardo (from premuda), john lubin (from trau), emanuele fenzi and louise pini (from sebenico), christmas krekich, luigi and roberto ziliotto ghiglianovich (from zara), all representatives of the italian irredentistm with the most sincere patriotism. the same (precisely ghiglianovich, krekich, lubin, pini, salvi, ziliotto, smerchinich) in 1919, during the crisis in the city of fiume (rijeka), wrote the articles "application of the dalmatians" and "cry of sebenico" published on 2 october by the national newspaper "the national responsibility" (according to one of the few italian newspapers promoting the union of dalmatia to italy).
in the late nineteenth century were created in dalmatia some italian cultural associations, as the irredentist "philological circle" in ragusa and the "national union committee," the "diadora" and "iuventus iadertina" in zara. also active in these years was the "national association" in spalato, based on the bajamonti theater, which was set on fire (officially by unknown people) in 1893. in spalato, the city of emperor diocletian, in the year 1910 there were 1,046 italians officially counted when in the same year more than 3,000 were enrolled in the cultural and patriotic public association "dante alighieri." in zara a group, under the leadership of irredentists desanti and boxich (dissatisfied followers of the "dalmatian autonomist party" of luigi ziliotto), founded the newspaper "il risorgimento" in 1908, promoting openly the unification to italy of dalmatia, but was closed in 1914.
about 3,500 italians in dalmatia during world war i took refuge as exiles in italy. they were led by antonio cippico, alessandro, and roberto dudan ghiglianovich: more than 250 volunteers enrolled in the italian army and risked the gallows, as when the austrians killed francesco rismondo (executed in gorizia in 1915 and active member of the irredentist organization "pro patria" in spalato). to francesco rismondo the kingdom of italy awarded the gold medal of military valor.
the number of volunteers from the remote ports of montenegro (as cattaro, castelnuovo di cattaro, and perasto) appears very high in proportion to the total number of enrolled in the italian army. in fact, these volunteers in spalato, cattaro, ragusa, perasto, castelnuovo di cattaro, trau, and macarsca (not less than 90 in total, almost half of all volunteers in dalmatia) fought in italy despite the "treaty of london", which categorically excluded the possible "redemption" and annexation to italy of their cities.
dalmatian italians obtained their "redenzione" (meaning redemption or union to italy) in the years following the italian victory in world war i. in the peace treaty, the territory of zara and some dalmatian islands (cherso, lussino and lagosta) was united to the kingdom of italy. but the full agreements reached in 1915 in the treaty of london were not respected by the allies, because of the opposition from us president woodrow wilson. this created huge resentment, that was pinpointed in the phrase "vittoria mutilata" (mutilated victory) created by the nationalist d'annunzio.
as a direct consequence in 1920 gabriele d'annunzio made his famous occupation of fiume. the so-called "poeta imaginífico" did a dramatic attack with paramilitaries and a group of "legionnaires" from the italian city of monfalcone and occupied the city of fiume, which the allied powers had assigned to italy as the winner of the war. with this gesture d'annunzio reached the pinnacle of the process of building their own personal and political myth. d'annunzio personally entered fiume with a column of dalmatian italian volunteers (mostly irredentist).
on 12 november 1920 was signed the treaty of rapallo: fiume became a free city (free state of fiume), while zara was given to italy. but d'annunzio did not accept the agreement and the italian government, on 26 december 1920, evicted from fiume the legionaries by force. fiume and the more northern islands of dalmatia were incorporated in 1924 to the kingdom of italy, thanks to the large contribution of the italian irredentists in town.
even in trau the irredentists attempted to repeat what d'annunzio did in fiume: the local count farfogna in september 1919 occupied trau with some italian troops, but the us intervention blocked him. other problems arose in spalato in 1920, in the so-called incidents of spalato.
the irredentist aspiration of the dalmatian italians was fully met when yugoslavia in april 1941 was conquered and occupied by italy and germany. at the end of that month almost all of the dalmatian coast, with the major cities of spalato, sebenico, and cattaro was annexed to italy with the name governatorate of dalmatia. the coastal area between fiume and segna was not incorporated in the governorate and went to the fascist croatia of ante pavelić (although it was controlled militarily by the italian army). even the area around ragusa was theoretically croatian, but the italians ruled everything in the city, opening even italian schools.
the governorate was divided between the three provinces of zara, spalato, and cattaro. many families of dalmatian italians were forced to move to italy after world war in these provinces (mainly in order to administer it).
though italy had initially larger territorial aims that extended from the velebit mountains to the albanian alps, mussolini decided against annexing further territories due to a number of factors. one was that dalmatian irredentists like antonio tacconi complained that a larger annexation would have included hundreds of thousands of slavs, who were partially hostile to italy within the enlarged national borders.
but this "redemption" (as was called by the dalmatian italians) lasted only a few years: with the defeat of italy in world war ii the italians of istria and dalmatia were expelled 'en masse' during the istrian-dalmatian exodus (while zara was fully destroyed by allies bombings promoted by tito and later nicknamed the "italian dresden" by enzo bettiza).
roman expeditions to lake chad and western africa were a group of military and commercial expeditions by the romans across the sahara desert, into the interior of africa and its coast. they were made by the roman empire between the first and the fourth century ad. one of the main reasons of the explorations, according to academics like jonathan roth, was to procure gold and spices
the romans organized expeditions to cross the sahara desert with five different routes:
all these expeditions were supported by legionaries and had mainly a commercial purpose. only the one done by emperor nero seemed to be a preparative for the conquest of ethiopia or nubia: in 62 ad two legionaries explored the sources of the nile river.
one of the main reasons for the explorations was to get gold using the camel to transport it.
the explorations near the african western and eastern coasts were supported by roman ships and deeply related to the naval commerce (mainly toward the indian ocean).
the first roman expedition was done by lucius cornelius balbus, following augustus' wish to expand his empire. in 19 bc he conquered the garamantes (who lived in the fezzan of libya) and sent an expedition under septimus flaccus south across the tibesti mountains, reaching the river niger.
gaius suetonius paulinus did another expedition to what is now western sahara and mauretania in 41 ad. he reached the northern area of the senegal river and probably the western niger river's affluents.
in the year 41 ad suetonius paullinus, afterwards consul, was the first of the romans who led an army across the atlas mountains. at the end of a ten days' march he reached the summit,—which even in summer was covered with snow,—and from thence, after passing a desert of black sand and burnt rocks, he arrived at a river called gerj...he then penetrated into the country of the canarii and perorsi, the former of whom inhabited a woody region abounding in elephants and serpents, and the latter were ethiopians, not far distant from the pharusii and the river daras (modern river senegal). from the first century of the common era there is evidence (coins, fibulas) of roman commerce and contacts in akjoujt and tamkartkart near tichit in actual mauritania.
the third was done a few years before by julius maternus, a roman explorer who reached the lake chad area and described the abundance of animals like hippopotamus and rhinoceros in that northern nigerian region. his travel lasted four months.
in the eastern sahara was done the nero expedition to ethiopia: it was an exploratory expedition promoted by the roman emperor nero to discover the sources of the nile river. seneca wrote that around 62 ad nero sent some legionaries to the city of meroe in nubia in order to explore all the nile southward from that capital. another expedition was recorded by plinius the elder in 68 ad. this expedition was the first in history from europe to the interior of equatorial africa. it probably lasted several months and bypassed the sudanese swamps called sudd during the dry season, possibly reaching the northern portion of present-day uganda.
the western coast of africa was explored by the romans after the conquest of northern morocco (then called "mauretania tingitana"): the roman vassal king juba ii organized a successful trade from the area of volubilis. pliny the elder, a 1st century roman author and military officer, drawing upon the accounts of juba ii, king of mauretania, stated that a roman expedition from mauritania visited the islands of the archipelago of the canaries and madeira around 10 ad and found great ruins but no population, only dogs (from those animals he called the islands, using the latin word "canarius" or "canis" for dog).
according to pliny the elder, an expedition of mauretanians sent by juba ii to the archipelago visited the islands: when king juba ii dispatched a contingent to re-open the dye production facility at mogador (historical name of essaouira, morocco) in the early 1st century ce juba's naval force was subsequently sent on an exploration of the canary islands, madeira and probably the cape verde islands, using mogador as their mission base.
we have even recorded historically that, according to pliny the elder, the greek xenophon of lampsacus stated that the gorgades (cape verde islands) were situated two days from "hesperu ceras" (today called cap-vert), the westernmost part of the african continent, showing a knowledge of the area by the romans.
furthermore, according to pliny the elder and his citation by gaius julius solinus, the sea voyage time crossing the gorgades (cape verde islands) to the islands of the ladies of the west ("hesperides", actual são tomé and príncipe and fernando po) was around 40 days: this fact has created academic discussions about the possibility of further roman travels toward guinea and even the gulf of guinea. a roman coin of the emperor trajan has been found in congo.
aelius gallus in 25 bce led an expedition across the red sea against the sabaeans of arabia felix (modern yemen). in order to control sabaea the romans took control of both sides of the entrance to the red sea, the bab-el-mandeb strait, since cornelius gallus had established a garrison at arsinoe (near assab, in actual eritrea) on the ethiopian shore.
this was the only roman outpost in eastern africa south of egypt and lasted a few decades.
emperor augustus decided that the circumnavigation of africa should also be attempted (in 1 bc). romans had two naval ouposts in the atlantic coast of africa: sala near present rabat and mogador in southern maroc (north of agadir). the island of mogador prospered for the local exploitation of purple (highly esteemed in imperial rome) from augustus until septimius severus times. augustus, based even in the discovery of a sunken merchant ship from southern spain in the djibuti area (done by his adoptive son gaius caesar when he sailed toward aden), wanted to organize an expedition from egypt to mogador and sala around africa.
the eastern coast of africa south of egypt was at the center of a huge sea commerce between rome and india through the somali coast.
roman books such as the periplus of the erythraean sea and ptolomey's "geography" list a string of market places (emporia) along this coast. finds of roman-era coins along the coast confirm the existence of this huge trade even in coastal tanzania, and ptolomey's geography refers to a town of rhapta as "metropolis" of a political entity called azania near actual zanzibar. archaeologists have not yet succeeded in identifying the location of rhapta, though many believe it lies deeply buried in the silt of the delta of the rufiji river.
the scholar felix chami found archaeological evidence for extensive roman trade on mafija island near the kenyan coast and, not far away, on the african mainland, near the mouth of the rufiji river and the northern mozambique coast, which he dated to the first few centuries ad.
roman coins have been found in zimbabwe and madagascar, supporting the possibility that roman vessels sailed south of azania toward the area of the gold mines of the zambesi river and the legendary greater zimbabwe kingdom.
"the little match girl" is a story by hans christian andersen. it was first published in december 1845. andersen got the idea to write the story after seeing a print by johan thomas lundbye of a little girl selling matches. the story has been adapted to various media including an animated movie.
a little match girl in poverty lights all the matches she carries to keep herself warm on a cold new year's eve. afraid of beating by her father when she could not sell any match, she could not return home. in the glow of the firelight, she sees wonderful visions of a christmas tree and a festive dinner. in the sky, she sees a shooting star, which her late grandmother had told means someone is on their way to heaven. the last vision is her dead grandmother, the only person to ever show her any love. the little match girl dies in the cold, and ascends into heaven with her grandmother.
"the steadfast tin soldier" is a literary fairy tale by hans christian andersen. the story was first published in copenhagen, denmark by c.a. reitzel on 2 october 1838 in the first booklet of "fairy tales told for children." the booklet includes andersen's "the daisy" and "the wild swans". the story was andersen’s first story not based upon a folk tale or a literary model. "the steadfast tin soldier" has been adapted to various media including ballet and animated movie. 
the story tells of a tin soldier who loves a paper ballerina. he falls from the window in the toy room. after many adventures, he is returned to the toy room. a little boy throws the tin soldier in the fire. a breeze blows the paper ballerina into the fire. the two toys are destroyed together.
joan g. haahr writes in "the oxford companion to fairy tales": "the story is unusual among andersen's early tales, both in its emphasis on sensual desire and in its ambiguities. blind fate, not intention, determines all events. moreover, the narrative questions the very decorum it praises. the tin soldier's passive acceptance of whatever happens to him, while exemplifying pietistic ideals of self-denial, also contributes to his doom. were he to speak and act, the soldier might gain both life and love. restrained, however, by inhibition and convention, he finds only tragedy and death. the tale is often read autobiographically, with the soldier viewed as symbolizing andersen's feelings of inadequacy with women, his passive acceptance of bourgeois class attitudes, or his sense of alienation as an artist and an outsider, from full participation in everyday life."
haley bennett (born january 7, 1988) is an american singer and actress. her movies include "the haunting of molly hartley" and "music and lyrics by". she was born in fort myers, florida. bennett also acted in other movies.
jessica charlotte poland (born january 15, 1988), more often called via her stage name charlotte sometimes, is an american singer-songwriter. she is from new york state. she grew up around new jersey.
poland has had four eps and a full-length studio album.
turpan, also referred to turfan or tulufan in chinese, is an oasis county-level city in xinjiang uyghur autonomous region of china.
historically, turpan is an important ancient stop on the silk road in china. turpan means 'the lowest place' in uygur and 'the fertile land' in turki. now the city is a tourist spot with unique landscape, abundant historical relics and fertile farmland.
ürümqi is the capital city of xinjiang uygur autonomous region (east turkestan) in northwest china. it is at the foot of the tianshan mountains.
with a population of two million people, this prairie city is a major hub on the ancient silk road , leading to central asia and even as far as europe. it developed its reputation as a leading cultural and commercial center during the qing dynasty.
ürümqi, whose name means "beautiful pasture" in the mongolian language of the dzungar people, is the largest city in china's western interior. since the 1990s ürümqi has developed economically and is now a regional transport node, cultural, and commercial centre.
visual poetry is poetry in which the typographical arrangement of words and images is important in conveying the intended effect. it was influenced by fluxus, the international artistic movement of the 1960s, well known for blending different disciplines and artistic media.
billy the kid is the story of a boy who has a dream to become a professional footballer. the book was published in 2000 and was written by michael morpurgo. it is illustrated by michael foreman.
most of the book is set during world war ii. throughout the story, billy, the main character, has to cope with a lot of sadness and loss. whilst playing football in the local park, he is scouted by the club of his dreams: chelsea fc. but his mood quickly changes when his brother dies in the war. this persuades billy to join the army.
inspiration for the book.
the idea for the book came about when michael foreman took michael morpurgo to a chelsea game and pointed out the chelsea pensioners, who get free tickets for every game. morpurgo was fascinated to learn that one pensioner chose to pay for his ticket still so he could sit with the same fans he did during his childhood.
mimaropa, also known as southern tagalog islands, is a region of the philippines. the provinces of the region are occidental mindoro, oriental mindoro, marinduque, romblon, and palawan. the capital is calapan.
puerto princesa subterranean river national park and el nido marine reserve park are in the region.
the mimaropa region was created by executive order no. 103 in 2002.
palawan () is a province of the philippines. it is in the western mimaropa region.
list of municipalities.
the province includes many local governments.
kalayaan is a philippine municipality in the province of palawan. it is in the eastern part of the south china sea.
in 1978, the presidential decree no. 1596 established the municipality as part of palawan.
control of the seas around kalayaan is disputed. the 2010 philippine census identifies a population of 200+ people.
kalayaan is in the eastern part of the south china sea. the phillipines claims that these mostly uninhabited off-shore islands are in an area which is distinct from the spratly islands.
kalayaan has a land area of approximately 85 hectares.
the san diego convention center is the main convention center in san diego, california. it is in the marina district of downtown san diego. the center is managed by the san diego convention center corporation.
the convention center has of exhibit area. as of 2009 it was the 24th largest convention center in north america. it was designed by canadian architect arthur erickson. the building can hold 125,000 people.
the center's best known feature is the sails pavilion. it is a exhibit and special event area. the sails pavilion's roof includes teflon-coated fiberglass "sails". they are intended to show san diego's maritime history. the pavilion was first built as an open-air facility under the roof. this made it hard to get people to use it. because of this, the pavilion area was enclosed in glass. this made it much more usable.
san diego approved the construction of a new convention center in 1983. it was built on land owned by the port of san diego. construction of the building began in march 1987 and was finished in november 1989. the center was made larger in september 2001 by doubling its square footage.
notable events hosted at the convention center include the comic con international convention. it hosted the 1996 republican national convention, which nominated bob dole and jack kemp for president and vice president of the united states.
this is a list of the seaports of england, clockwise, starting from the scottish border.
listed clockwise around the english coast from the scottish border.
the burning of the jaffna public library () was an attack at the central library in the city of jaffna, sri lanka. it was one of the events that led up to the sri lankan civil war. the first attack on the library building was on 1 june 1981. a group of sinhalese rioters burned the library that was one of the important libraries in sri lanka and one of the biggest in asia. 
this was one of the most violent examples of ethnic-based book burnings of the 20th century. at the time of its destruction, the library was one of the biggest in asia, containing over 97,000 books and manuscripts. 
in 1984 the library was repaired. however, the civil war had begun the previous year. the building was burned several times during the years of fighting, until 1998 when the president tried to make peace between the sinhalese and tamil sides. in 2003 the rebuilt library reopened again.
the "mayflower" was a ship which is famous for its sailing to north america in 1620 bringing pilgrims and other settlers to create the plymouth colony in massachusetts.
this is a list of the passengers who traveled on that voyage in 1620. some of these people were looking for a new home so that they could practice their own religion. others were passengers who came for other reasons.
thirteen of the eighteen persons in this category were attached to pilgrim families, the other five were with non-pilgrim families. four of those listed here were small children, given over by samuel more to thomas weston and then to agents john carver and robert cushman, who assigned them to senior mayflower pilgrims to be classed as indentured servants. 
in all, there were 102 passengers on the mayflower - 74 males and 28 females
at least two dogs are known to have participated in the settling of plymouth. edward winslow writes that a female dog which is called an english mastiff, and a small english springer spaniel came ashore on the first explorations of what is now provincetown, massachusetts. there may have been other animals on the "mayflower", but only these two dogs had been mentioned.
polk county is a county in the u.s. state of iowa. as of the 2010 census, 430,640 people lived there. it the most populous county in iowa. the county seat is des moines. des moines is also the capital city of iowa. polk county is one of the five counties that make up the des moines-west des moines metropolitan statistical area.
polk county was formed on january 13, 1846. it was named after president james k. polk. the first courthouse was built in 1846. construction of a second courthouse was begun in 1858. it was finished in 1866.
the county has a total area of . of this, (or 96.19%) is land and (or 3.81%) is water. the county is bisected by the des moines river
a book of hours is a breviary containing prayers, psalms, antitphons, and other materials to be recited at the canonical hours. these books were popular during the middle ages for common use among the nobility and the clergy. one of the most famous is the "très riches heures du duc de berry".
a breviary is a liturgical book that contains the divine office assigned to the canonical hours. they must be recited by those in religious orders.
defender of the faith (latin: fidei defensor) is a title belonging to the leader of the church of england. it was originally conferred upon king henry viii of england by pope leo x on 11 october 1521 as a reward for the king having written a pamphlet in defense of the sacraments against martin luther ("declaration of the seven sacraments against martin luther"). king james v of scotland received a similar title from pope paul iii. 
when henry broke with the roman catholic church, pope paul iii took the title away. it was returned to the king by parliament in 1544. the abbreviation fid. def. or the letters f.d. have appeared on british coinage from the time of george i. defender of the faith is a title still carried by british monarchs.
johnson county (county code jo) is a county in northeast kansas. the county is part of the kansas city metropolitan area. it contains many of the richer suburbs of kansas city. as of the 2010 census, 544,179 people lived there. its county seat is olathe. the most populous city is overland park.
in 2010, "money" magazine ranked overland park 7th and shawnee 17th in its list of the 100 best cities in the united states in which to live. in 2008 the same magazine had ranked olathe 11th.
johnson county is named for thomas johnson. it was one of the first counties in the kansas territory in 1855. the well known gunfighter wild bill hickok lived in the county for a time. he was the constable of monticello township in 1858. johnson county was the site of many battles dealing with slavery during bleeding kansas.
the county was mostly rural until the early 20th century. there was a large amount of urban development from 1914 though world war ii. after the war, the development grew even greater.
johnson county was a prohibition, or "dry", county until the kansas constitution was changed in 1986.
the county has a total area of . of this, (or 99.30%) is land, and (or 0.70%) is water.
cities and towns.
name and population (2010 census bureau):
johnson county was divided into nine townships. two of these no longer exist. they were made part of independent municipalities. all of the cities are considered "governmentally independent". they are not included in the census numbers for the townships.
epistolary is something written in the form of a letter. it may refer to the following art forms:
a lady chapel is a small chapel dedicated to the virgin mary. it can also be called mary chapel or a marian chapel.
lammas day is august 1. it is an old and seldom used name for the feast of saint peter-in-chains.
epic mickey is a platform video game for the nintendo wii game console. it was developed by junction point studios and published by disney interactive studios. it was released in europe on november 26, 2010, in north america on november 30, 2010, and in japan on august 4, 2011.
the game stars mickey mouse, who accidentally damages a world of forgotten disney characters and concepts. he uses a magic paintbrush to fight enemies. the game is intended to re-brand the mickey mouse character by focusing his adventurous side rather than his pleasant, cheerful side, doing so by showing him as an heroic character. the game is darker and more complex than previous mickey mouse games. it features the first appearance of oswald the lucky rabbit, disney's first successful cartoon character, as a major character since 1943.
a sequel, ', was released for the wii, playstation vita, playstation 3, xbox 360, and wii u in 2012. and also ' release in 2013, for nintendo 3ds.
game & wario is a party video game in the "wario" series released for the wii u game console. it was developed by nintendo software planning & development and published by nintendo. it was released in japan on march 28, 2013, in north america on june 23, 2013, and in europe on june 28, 2013. the game has 16 minigames which are played with the wii u gamepad. some minigames are single-player games, while others are multiplayer games that can be played with up to five players.
"the fir tree" is a literary fairy tale by hans christian andersen. it was published with "the snow queen" in copenhagen, denmark on 21 december 1844. the story tells of a fir tree unhappy with his life in the forest. he is cut and taken to the city where he becomes a decorated christmas tree. he is thrilled, but the excitement is shortlived. one day he is discarded.
"jack and the beanstalk" is an english fairy tale. the story tells of a boy named jack who climbs a magic beanstalk and finds treasures that make him rich, including a goose that lays golden eggs. in the process, he defeats a wicked giant. the story first appeared in print about 1730. it has been adapted to various media such as television programs and movies.
sonic advance is a platform video game for the game boy advance game console. it was developed by sonic team and published by sega in japan, by thq in north america, and by infogrammes in europe and australia. it was released in japan on december 20, 2001, in north america on february 4, 2002, and in europe on march 23, 2002. it is the first "sonic the hedgehog" game on the game boy advance, and the second on a nintendo console. a version titled sonic n was later released for the n-gage on october 7, 2003.
the game follows sonic and his friends as they try to stop dr. eggman from taking over south island. four characters are playable in the game: sonic, tails, knuckles, and amy. each character has their own special ability: sonic can defeat enemies with a shield attack, tails can fly, knuckles can glide and climb on walls, and amy can attack enemies with her hammer (the other characters defeat enemies by jumping on them). the game marks the first appearance of amy in a 2d "sonic" game.
also featured in the game is the tiny chao garden. here, players raise a creature called a chao as a digital pet. rings that players collect in the main game can be used to buy things such as fruit and toys.
lauren marlene storm (born january 2, 1987) is an american actress. she acts in movies and television. she played taylor hagen in the tv show "flight 29 down". she played teresa kilmer in the 2009 movie "i love you, beth cooper". storm was born in chicago. she is also a painter.
in sound recording, equalization is the process commonly used to change the frequency response of an audio system using linear filters. an equalizer is the device which is used to control the frequencies.
rocky balboa (also known as rocky vi) is the sixth and final movie in the rocky series, written, directed by and starring sylvester stallone.
dani filth (born daniel lloyd davey, born 25 july 1973) is an english singer. he is the founder and lead singer of the extreme metal band cradle of filth. 
he co-wrote a book with gavin baddeley titled "the gospel of filth" which documented the history of the band. he also appeared in the movie "cradle of fear" where he portrayed the man. he has been accused of being a satanist, but denounced the claims and said that he was "more of a luciferian". he was ranked at #95 in the "top 100 heavy metal vocalists" by hit parader.
scott alan stapp (born anthony scott flippen, born august 8, 1973) is an american musician. he is the founder and lead singer of the rock band creed. 
he won a grammy award with creed for their 2000 single, "with arms wide open". throughout his career, he has been involved in many legal troubles and also attempted suicide twice. he credits rapper t.i. for saving his life.
he has since committed himself to sobriety and also shaved his head, which he used to demonstrate his "changed" personality. he was ranked at #68 in the "top 100 heavy metal vocalists" by hit parader.
abdominal compartment syndrome occurs when the abdominal cavity (compartment) within the body becomes subject to increased pressure from within. this may be caused by internal bleeding, a blockage or fluid build-up in the intestines, or 'ascites' which is when fluid accumulates in the peritoneal cavity - the space between the lining of the abdomen (peritoneum) and the abdominal organs (the stomach, small and large intestines, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder).
this increased pressure causes the abdomen to distend or expand, stretching the skin and placing pressure on the abdominal organs, which can constrict the blood vessels which supply them. when the pressure reaches a level above that of the blood supply to the tissues and organs of the abdomen, ischemia will happen leading to organ dysfunction and eventually failure.
an operation called a decompressive laparotomy may need to be performed, where an incision is made to open the abdominal cavity. the incision is typically left open for a period of time to reduce the pressure in the abdomen.
abdominal compartment syndrome can be divided into three categories:
vincent neil wharton (born february 8, 1961 in hollywood, california) is an american musician. he is the lead singer of the heavy metal band mötley crüe.
he joined mötley crüe in 1981 and released "too fast for love" on november 10, 1981. he then went on to record "shout at the devil", "theatre of pain", "girls, girls, girls" and "dr. feelgood" with mötley crüe before both neil and mötley crüe parted ways. he then went on a solo career but rejoined mötley crüe when both their fortunes were declining. the band then released "generation swine" on june 24, 1997 but there was a lot of tension in the band and tommy lee left the band. lee was replaced by randy castillo and the band recorded "new tattoo" on july 11, 2000. the band went on hiatus after castillo died of cancer on march 26, 2002. the band then released their ninth studio album "saints of los angeles" on june 24, 2008.
he was ranked at #33 in the "top 100 heavy metal vocalists" by hit parader.
tower heist is a 2011 heist comedy movie directed by brett ratner. the movies stars ben stiller, eddie murphy, matthew broderick, and alan alda. the movie received mixed reviews. critic roger ebert gave the movie 2.5 out of 4 stars.
a bogotá bag is a sterile plastic bag used to temporarily close incisions in the abdomen. it is generally a sterilized, 3 liter urological irrigation fluid bag, that is sewn to the skin or fascia of the anterior abdominal wall. it is called a 'bogotá bag' because it was first used by oswaldo borraez, a doctor in bogotá, colombia.
temporary abdominal closure techniques are used to postpone definite closure until predisposing factors causing pathologic elevation of intra abdominal pressure are resolved. these techniques include the bogota bag, absorbable mesh, vacuum pack dressings, the wittmann patch or velcro burr and the kci vac or abthera dressings.
temporary abdominal closure techniques are most commonly used in cases of abdominal compartment syndrome in which decompressive laparotomy is necessary to reduce intra abdominal pressure to restore system perfusion. 
the bogota bag acts as a hermetic barrier that avoids evisceration and loss of fluids. another advantage to the bogota bag, is that the abdominal contents can be visually inspected. 
the bogota bag can be used in cases of 'burst abdomen' following laparotomies, especially those using a midline horizontal incision. burst abdomen is usually characterized by a serosanguinous pink discharge from the wound, 6–8 days after surgery
allan franklin arbus (february 15, 1918 – april 19, 2013) was an american actor and photographer. arbus was known for his role as psychiatrist dr. sidney freedman on the television series "m*a*s*h".
arbus was born on february 15, 1918 in new york city, new york to a jewish family. he studied at dewitt clinton high school. 
arbus was married to diane arbus from 1941 until they divorced in 1969. they had two children. then he was married to mariclare costello from 1977 until his death in 2013. they had two children. 
arbus died on april 19, 2013 from heart failure in his home in los angeles, california, aged 95.
westchester county is a county in new york state, at the northern border of new york city. nearly a million people live there. it acts as a suburb of new york, with many of its residents commuting to jobs there. the largest city is yonkers, and other important cities include white plains and new rochelle. the county shares borders with putnam county to the north, and fairfield county, connecticut to the east. the hudson river is on the west.
richard jay potash (june 26, 1946 – november 24, 2018), known professionally as ricky jay, was an american stage magician, actor, and writer.
in a profile for the "new yorker", mark singer called jay "perhaps the most gifted sleight of hand artist alive." in addition to sleight of hand, jay was known for his card tricks, card throwing, memory feats, and stage patter. he had also written extensively on magic and its history. his acting credits included "the prestige", "the spanish prisoner", "mystery men", "heist", "boogie nights", "tomorrow never dies", "house of games", "magnolia", and "deadwood." in 2015, jay was the subject of an episode of pbs' "american masters", making him the first magician to have ever been profiled in that series.
jay was born richard jay potash in brooklyn, new york on june 26, 1946 to a jewish family.
jay was married to chrisann verges.
on november 24, 2018, jay died in los angeles, california of natural causes at the age of 72.
walter darlington "dee" huddleston (april 15, 1926 – october 16, 2018) was an american politician. he was a democrat from the state of kentucky. he represented kentucky in the united states senate from 1973 until 1985.
he lost his 1984 re-election campaign to mitch mcconnell.
huddleston was born on april 15, 1926 in burkesville, kentucky. he studied at the university of kentucky. huddleston was married to jean huddleston from 1947 until her death in 2003.
huddleston was the ceo of the first financial service corporation. in 2012, huddleston announced he was stepping down as ceo of first financial service corporation for health reasons.
huddleston died on october 16, 2018 at home of his son, steve huddleston in warsaw, kentucky at the age of 92.
jocelyn birch burdick (february 6, 1922 – december 26, 2019) was an american politician. she was the senator of north dakota from september 1992 through december 1992 for the democratic party.
burdick was born on february 6, 1922 in fargo, north dakota. she studied at principia college and at northwestern university. burdick was married to quentin n. burdick from 1960 until his death in 1992.
after the death of fritz hollings in april 2019, burdick became the oldest living former united states senator. she died eight months later on december 26, 2019 in fargo at the age of 97.
greyhound racing is a sport in which greyhounds compete in a race around a track. the dogs chase a mechanical stuffed toy. it is a gambling sport. animal groups such as peta are unhappy about the way the dogs are treated.
metroid fusion is an action-adventure video game for the game boy advance console. it was developed by nintendo research & development 1 and published by nintendo. it was released in north america on november 17, 2002, in europe on november 22, 2002, in australia on november 29, 2002, and in japan on february 14, 2003. it is the fourth game in the main "metroid" series.
in "metroid fusion", samus aran is sent to the biologic space laboratories space station because an explosion has happened there. the station contains x parasites, viruses that can make a copy of the appearance and memories of living things that they are in. the galactic federation plans to capture the x parasites to do further study of them. because of how dangerous the x parasites are, samus has to destroy the space station to protect the federation from them.
unlike the other "metroid" games, "metroid fusion" focuses more on storyline than on exploration. the gameplay focuses on puzzle solving, platform jumping, and shooting enemies. players have to find power-ups to get to new areas. samus is able to absorb x parasites to regain health, bombs, and missiles. abilities new to the "metroid" series include grabbing ledges and climbing ladders.
"metroid fusion" can be connected to "metroid prime" with the nintendo gamecube-game boy advance cable to unlock new features in "metroid prime".
korean democratic party (, hanja: ) was an early political party in korea. its abbreviation was kdp (, ). the party was founded in september 1945, in seoul. the name was based on the united states democratic party. its politics were conservative, economy liberalism and curture nationalism. in august 1948, it lost the elections for south korea's first government. it formed the opposition party instead.
the first leader of the kdp was song jin-wu, but he was killed by extremist nationalists, in december 1945. the second leader was chang deok-su, who had studied politics in europe and the united states. he was also killed by extremism nationalists, on 2 december 1947. the third leader was kim seong-su, a founding member. he was chairman of the korean university.
korean democratic party merged with the great korean people's party in february 1949. they named the new party democratic peoples party. in 1955, the democratic peoples party was renamed the democratic party.
korean resistance party (, ) was a korean resistance movement club and a early political party, from 1930 to 1969. its abbreviation was krp (, ). its founders were kim gu and cho so-ang. korean resistance party was a conservative party, which supported anti-communism and nationalism.
the chrism is a mixture of pure olive oil and balm (balsam). the two elements signify "fullness of grace". the chrism is blessed by a bishop on maundy thursday. it is used to consecrate churches, chalices, the solemn blessing of bells, baptismal fonts, etc. it is also used in baptisms, confirmations, and other churchly functions.
the celtic cross is an ancient cross of irish origin. it has a circle about the juncture of the cross arms.
a baptismal font is a permanent or semi-permanent basin where baptisms are performed. it may be small for baptism by sprinkling or pouring of water, or large for baptism by submersion under water. 
wagtails are small birds named for the movement of their long tails. some types such as the white wagtail and japanese wagtail are black and white.
here is a group of photos of a few of the many species of wagtail;
the act of locating something, of finding or defining the location of something, is a basic idea of modern science. in physics to say what "to locate" or "location" means, we must explain with clear talk how we do the job of locating something.
for things about our size, we generally use two beginning points that everybody knows about, and then we measure from those points to the thing we want to give a location. we might start with the plymouth rock and the blarney stone. we could then say, "captain smith's ship is 1400 miles from plymouth rock going toward the blarney stone." or, in another case we might say, "captain jones's ship can be found by drawing a line from plymouth rock to the blarney stone, finding a point 700 miles along this line from plymouth rock, taking a left turn of 90° upon reaching this point from plymouth rock, and then traveling an additional 90 miles. 
if we have some good way of knowing compass directions, we can say something like, "go three miles north of that big white rock over there and then go two miles east from that point. that is where i put the gold."
finding the location of something is ordinarily done by seeing it somewhere, hearing it somewhere, feeling it somewhere, etc. sometimes we know where something is by looking at a photograph, finding it with radar, or pinging it with sonar.
it is much more difficult to locate an electron, a photon, or anything else about that small. we may construct a light source that only makes one photon at a time. we can aim the light source at a piece of photographic film, let the light source make one photon, and then develop the photographic film. if we had very sensitive photographic film that could be darkened by only one photon, then we would find a tiny speck of silver where the photon ended up. a silver atom is much larger than a photon, so there would be some fuzziness about where the photon ended up, but people probably would agree that the photon must have ended up somewhere within the target formed by the silver atom. however, all we can say is that the photon must have been at that point when it ended its existence. when a photon is absorbed by an electron it gives its energy to the electron and disappears. so when it was briefly at some definite place it immediately lost all of its motion. 
another way to locate a photon is to make it go through a small place. knowing when the light source sends out a photon, and knowing the speed of light, we can know when it must be going through a hole in a plate put in the center of its path to the film. we can gradually get closer and closer to finding out exactly where it is in the middle of its flight. however, the path that it will take from there on becomes progressively wild. that is because when a photon goes through a hole like that it experiences diffraction.
"let 'em in" is a single released in 1976, performed by paul mccartney. the song reached the top 3 in the united states and across the united kingdom. this single has been covered and sampled by other musicians.
the trajectory something follows is its path through space and time. if a cannon is fired, its shell will follow a certain path depending on how much was used, how heavy the is, and the up and down that the cannon is aimed at.
edmund c. dyas (november 11, 1939 – january 23, 2011) was an american football player. he played college football from 1958 to 1960 for the auburn tigers. he finished fourth for the heisman trophy in his senior season. dyas was elected to the college football hall of fame in 2009. 
dyas became an orthopedic surgeon in mobile, alabama after his college football career. he died from stomach cancer on january 23, 2011 at the age of 71.
wayne county is a county in the u.s. state of michigan. as of the 2010 census, 1,820,584 people lived there. it is the 18th most-populous county in the united states. the county seat is detroit which is the largest city in michigan.
wayne county was one of the first counties formed when the northwest territory was created. it was named for the american general "mad anthony" wayne. when it was created, the entire area of the lower peninsula of michigan and small sections that are now part of northern ohio, indiana and illinois were part of wayne county. on august 15, 1796, the boundaries of wayne county were set to begin at the mouth of the cuyahoga river then west to fort wayne, then to the southernmost point of lake michigan and along the western shore north to the territorial boundary in lake superior and then along the territorial boundary through lake huron, lake st. clair, and lake erie back to the starting point.
on january 14, 1803, the governor of indiana territory, william henry harrison, changed the boundary. this new boundary included chicago, illinois and a large strip of wisconsin along lake michigan.
these boundaries were later changed again when indiana and illinois became states and as other counties were created in michigan territory.
the county has a total area of . of this, (or 91.36%) is land and (or 8.64%) is water parts of the detroit river and lake st. clair are included in the county.
the eastern boundary is a water boundary in the detroit river and lake st. clair with essex county, ontario, canada. cars crosses this boundary at the detroit-windsor tunnel and the ambassador bridge.
grosse ile is the largest island in wayne county. it is connected to the mainland by the wayne county bridge and the grosse ile toll bridge.
greenville county is a county in the state of south carolina, united states. as of the 2010 census, 451,225 people lived there. it is the most populous county in the state. it is a part of the greenville-anderson-mauldin metropolitan statistical area. its county seat is the city of greenville.
the county has a total area of . of this, is land and (0.61%) is water.
the 2010 census lists six cities and 16 census designated places in greenville county.
metroid prime hunters is a first-person action-adventure video game for the nintendo ds console. it was developed by nintendo software technology and published by nintendo. it was released in north america on march 20, 2006, in europe on may 5, 2006, and in japan on june 1, 2006. when the nintendo ds launched in 2004, it included an early demo of "metroid prime hunters", which at that point was titled "metroid prime hunters: first hunt".
like the other titles in the "metroid prime" series, "metroid prime hunters" is a first-person adventure game where the focus is on exploration and discovery. however, it differs from other titles in that there is no assisted aiming, a bigger focus on gameplay, and online multiplayer. samus aran, the main character that the player plays as, can access her gunship from anywhere. the game uses both screens of the nintendo ds: the top screen is used to show samus' health and the amount of a weapon remaining, while the bottom screen shows the radar. the player moves samus with the d-pad, and aiming is done with the use of the touch screen on the nintendo ds' bottom screen.
online multiplayer can be played with up to four players. players can play as samus or one of six bounty hunters. each bounty hunter has different forms and weapons. the game's host is able to set options for points and time limits, as well as determine whether or not players can use the radar. if less than four players join a game, computer-controlled characters are placed into the game. in multiplayer, the bottom screen shows the number of kills a player has made and the time remaining in the round.
a local government area (lga) is an administrative division of a country. a local government is responsible for it. its size varies by country but it is generally a subdivision of a state, province, or territory.
lga is used as a general description in many places, including australia, gambia and nigeria.
drew leblanc (born june 29, 1989, in duluth, minnesota) is an american nhl ice hockey center that currently plays for the chicago blackhawks.
he was not drafted by a team but he signed a 1-year contract with the blackhawks on april 12, 2013. he played college hockey at st. cloud state university and won the hobey baker award as the top national collegiate athletic association (ncaa) men's ice hockey player in 2013.
the memorial for the yeshuv volunteers in world war ii is a central memorial dedicated to the jews from the british army of british mandate of palestine that served in the british army and who are not buried in israel. some of them were a part of the jewish infantry brigade group under the british army in palestine. the memorial is located in the national military and police cemetery in mount herzl in jerusalem. on the black wall of the memorial are the names of the 572 fallen soldiers by the units of the british army in the world war ii and there symbols. under the wall is a stone with a sign of the star of david with the word "remember". the memorial was built in 1973 by the architect dr. asher hirem that was planned the national military and police cemetery in mount herzl.
the memorial for the last of kin is a memorial site for the last last remaining jews from the holocaust that died in the 1948 arab–israeli war without a family. the monument is located in mount herzl in jerusalem in the memory path that connects the national military and police cemetery to yad vashem.
the monument was built in 2004 by the sculptor micha ullman in two parts. one part is a board with a shape of a roof with names. the second part is a sculpture of reverse house.
mike embley (born 25 may 1955) is a retired british broadcast journalist. he was best known as a presenter for bbc world news, an international news and current affairs television channel operated by the bbc.
embley was born in london in 1955.
before joining the bbc, embley began his career training as a newspaper journalist with thomson daily papers in wales, on the south wales echo and the western mail. he began broadcasting in 1983, working for bbc wales' "wales today", followed by the consumer affairs programme "watchdog" in 1987, and "public eye" in 1989. whilst working on "public eye", he was the first news reporter with a foreign crew to reach the san francisco to report on the earthquake. 
embley later joined itn's channel four news to work as a producer and reporter, before returning to the bbc as a reporter for the flagship one o'clock, six o'clock and nine o'clock news bulletins. during this time, embley also worked as a series presenter for "nature" on bbc two and made two films for "panorama".
embley joined bbc world in 1995. after the program was replaced by two separate programs ("bbc london" and "south east today") in 2001, embley rejoined bbc world as a presenter. since then, he has also presented on the domestic bbc news channel and carried out one-on-one interviews for the bbc programme "hardtalk", as well as reporting several series for the radio station bbc world service.
embley retired in april 2021.
anna proclemer (30 may 1923 – 25 april 2013) was an italian actress. she was known for her role in "our goddess".
proclemer was born on 30 may 1923 in trento, italy. she studied at rome university. proclemer was married to vitaliano brancati from 1946 until his death in 1954. they had one daughter. she was partners with actor giorgio albertazzi. proclemer died on 25 april 2013 from natural causes in rome, italy, aged 89.
vitaliano brancati (july 24, 1907 – september 25, 1954) was an italian writer. he was born in pachino and died in turin from a heart attack, aged 43. in 1950 he won the bagutta prize. brancati was married to anna proclemer from 1946 until his death in 1954. they had one daughter.
massimo bontempelli (may 12, 1878 – july 21, 1960) was an italian poet, playwright, novelist and composer. he was influential in developing and promoting the literary style known as magical realism. he was born in como and died in rome.
beta israel memorial is the central memorial dedicated to the ethiopian jews that were murdered on their way to israel. the name "beta israel" is the name of the black jewish community in ethiopia. the memorial is located at the national civil cemetery of the state of israel in mount herzl in jerusalem. it was built in 2007 by the architect gabriel curtis. it replaced an earlier memorial that was built in 1989 for the ethiopian jews, located in the givat hamatos neighborhood of jerusalem. the memorial was built around a grass plaza with olive trees. in the entrance there is a big board that tells the story of the jews in ethiopia. on the edge of the plaza there are stones in the shape of graves, with names on them. next to these, there is a stone structure in the shape of an ethiopian village, with boards that tell the story of the jews that were not able to get to israel.
allen harold "al" neuharth (march 22, 1924 – april 19, 2013) was an american businessman, author, and columnist. he was known for being the founder of usa today.
neuharth was born on march 22, 1924 in eureka, south dakota. he studied at the university of south dakota.
neuharth was married to loretta f. helgeland from 1946 until they divorced in 1973. then he was married to lori wilson from 1973 until they divorced in 1980. then he was married to rachel fornes from c. 1980 until his death in 2013. he had three children and six adopted children.
neuharth died on april 19, 2013 in his home in cocoa beach, florida from complications of a fall, aged 89.
yasukuni shrine is a controversial shinto shrine in tokyo. it commemorates (by name) over two million japanese people who died in wars from 1868 to 1954. right-wing japanese politicians visit the shrine to pay respects to the war dead, but this is seen by china and korea as a provocative act as over a thousand japanese war criminals are enshrined there.
the memorial for the defenders of the old city of jerusalem is a memorial dedicated to the israeli soldiers who fought for the jewish quarter of the old city of jerusalem during the 1948 arab-israeli war. the memorial is located at the entrance to the garden of the missing soldiers in the national military and police cemetery in mount herzl in jerusalem. the soldiers the memorial is dedicated to were buried temporarily in the jewish quarter until the war was finished, and then they were reburied in other places. the place that was their grave in the jewish quarter is marked today with a monument. the memorial was designed in the shape of an alley by the architect dr. asher hirem. the arch is inscribed with 2 verses from the bible: jeremiah 31:8: "(god speaks to the people of israel) i shall gather them from the uttermost parts of the earth." and isaiah 66:14:"your bones shall flourish like the grass." 
johnny lockwood (7 december 1920 – 25 april 2013) was an english-australian actor and comedian who is best known for his role as aldo godolfus in "number 96".
lockwood was born on 7 december 1920 in london, england. he was married to anne lockwood from 1947 until her death in 1973. he remarried in 1980. he had one daughter. lockwood died on 25 april 2013 in his home in coffs harbour, new south wales, australia from natural causes, aged 92.
carl lee perkins (april 9, 1932 – january 19, 1998) was an american rockabilly musician who recorded most notably at sun records studio in memphis, tennessee, beginning during 1954. his best known song is "blue suede shoes". he won a grammy award in 1987.
perkins was born on april 9, 1932, in tiptonville, tennessee. he was married to valda devere until his death in 1998. they had one daughter and three sons. perkins died on january 19, 1998, from complication of a series of strokes and throat cancer in jackson, tennessee, aged 65.
regent's park is a large park in central london, in the london borough of camden and the city of westminster. london zoo is inside the park, as is an open air theatre.
in 1982, seven military bandsmen were killed in a pira bombing. 
the divine office () is the public, official and common prayer of the catholic church. it derives from the authority of the church, and its content is decided by the church.
another name for this is the liturgy of the hours.
birkenhead is a town in the metropolitan borough of wirral, merseyside, in northwest england. it is west of liverpool across the river mersey. there is a ferry across the mersey sung about by gerry and the pacemakers.
judd seymore hirsch (born march 15, 1935) is an american actor most known for playing alex rieger on the television comedy series "taxi". he won an emmy award (1983), a golden globe award (1988), a drama desk award (1976), and a tony award (1986, 1992).
hirsch was born on march 15, 1935 in the bronx, new york. he studied at dewitt clinton high school and at the city college of new york. hirsch was married to elissa hirsch from 1956 until they divorced in 1958. then he was married to bonni sue chalkin from 1992 until they divorced in 2005. he has three children.
candlemas is the feast of the purification of the blessed virgin mary. it is celebrated on february 2. candles are blessed on this day. many people celebrate this holiday by eating crepes and tamales.
kirk james hinrich (born january 2, 1981) is an american professional basketball player. he plays for the chicago bulls. hinrich played for the chicago bulls from 2003 through 2010, then again since 2012. he played for the washington wizards from 2010 through 2011. he played for the atlanta hawks from 2011 through 2012.
hinrich was born on january 2, 1981 in sioux city, iowa.
"justify my love" is a controversial 1990 song performed by madonna and focusing on romance, sex and sadomasochism. this single was released november 6, 1990 by sire records. this got mixed review by older critics, although the more contemporary critics expressed critical acclaim and noted this as one of madonna's best songs to date. it would be her ninth number 1 song on "billboard" hot 100. the related music video featured explicit sexual material, and was banned from mtv (music television) and certain other television networks. other artists have covered this single since its release in autumn 1990.
a jar is a type of glass container usually used to hold food.
jar or jar can also mean other things, such as:
coleslaw is a salad that uses mostly cabbage and mayonnaise. cream can also be used as dressing, and vinegar can be added as seasoning.
the word "coleslaw" came from before 1800 from the dutch word for cabbage salad.
a footbridge is a bridge that was built to be mainly used by pedestrians. some footbridges are also built for bicycle riders, horses or other animals. footbridges are different from other bridges which are built to carry cars and other vehicles, or to allow a railway to pass.
the musée de l'air et de l'espace ("air & space museum") is the main french aviation and space museum. it is inside paris-le bourget international airport. 
the musée de l'air et de l'espace has two main sites : the museum itself, located in the old terminal of the airport, and reserves set up outside on the other side of the runway.
the collections of the museum include : boeing 727,boeing 747, concorde, dassault mirage iii, dassault mirage iv, dassault mirage 2000a, dassault rafale a, douglas c-47 skytrain, focke-wulf fw 190, republic p-47 thunderbolt, sncan n.2501 noratlas, supermarine spitfire...
national tsing hua university (nthu; ) is a university in taiwan. it was founded in 1911 (currently tsing hua university). it moved to hsinchu city in 1955 .
nthu is one of the four universities of the university system of taiwan.
national chiao tung university (nctu; ) is a university in taiwan. it was founded in 1896 (currently shanghai jiao tong university). it moved to taipei city in 1958. it moved to hsinchu city in 1979.
nctu is one of the four universities of the university system of taiwan.
national central university (ncu; ) is a university in taiwan. it was founded in 1915 (currently nanjing university). it moved to miaoli in 1962. it moved to taoyuan in 1968.
ncu is one of the four universities of the university system of taiwan.
national yang-ming university (nymu; ) is a university in taiwan. it was named after the chinese philosopher wang yangming. the main campus is in taipei city. it was founded in 1975.
nymu is one of the four universities of the university system of taiwan.
diana catalina bolocco fönck (born 30 july 1977 in santiago) is a chilean journalist and television presenter. she is of italian and german origin. she is the younger sister of cecilia bolocco, miss universe 1987.
minnehaha county is a county in south dakota in the united states. as of the 2010 census, 169,468 people lived there. it is the most populous county in south dakota. the county seat of minnehaha county is sioux falls. the county took its name from the sioux indian word "mnihaha" which means "rapid water" or "waterfall." the word is often incorrectly translated as "laughing water." the word was changed to its current spelling to make it easier to pronounce. minnehaha county is part of the sioux falls, sd, metropolitan statistical area.
in the 1870 census there were 355 people living in the county.
the county has a total area of . of this, is land and (0.49%) is water. the big sioux river flows through the county.
the county is divided into twenty-four townships: brandon, benton, buffalo, burk, clear lake, dell rapids, edison, grand meadow, hartford, highland, humboldt, logan, lyons, mapleton, palisade, red rock, sioux falls, split rock, sverdrup, taopi, valley springs, wall lake, wayne, wellington.
duecento is the name of the 13th century in the italian language. it is related to the culture of the pre-renaissance in italy.
the duecento is considered the century before the beginning of the italian renaissance cultural movement in the trecento. it is sometimes called "early proto-renaissance".
one of the most important centres of art and architecture in this period is florence, a political, economical and cultural pole of italy. other important cities were pisa, siena, arezzo, mantua and perugia, all of them in the area of tuscany.
in the duecento italy developed the music of the so-called "trovatori", including sordello of mantua. from them later developed the classical music of the italian renaissance.
the main personalities in this century were: dante alighieri (considered the "father" of the italian language); guittone d'arezzo; cimabue; giotto di bondone; guido da siena; nicola pisano; arnolfo di cambio and others. giotto, who was an italian painter and architect from florence, is generally thought of as the first in a line of great artists of the italian renaissance that stretched until leonardo da vinci and michelangelo.
during the duecento the religious figure of saint francis of assisi dominated the italian souls. his poem "canticle of the sun" is considered a precursor of renaissance poetry 
michal rozsíval (born september 3, 1978, in vlašim, czechoslovakia) is a czech nhl ice hockey defenceman that currently plays for the chicago blackhawks.
he was drafted by the pittsburgh penguins with the 105th overall pick in the 1996 nhl entry draft. he played for the penguins for 4 seasons, the new york rangers for 6 seasons, and the phoenix coyotes for 2 seasons. he also played in the czech extraliga for hc oceláři třinec and pardubice hc. he was signed as a free agent by the chicago blackhawks to a one-year contract on september 11, 2012. on june 24, 2013, he won the stanley cup with the blackhawks after they defeated the boston bruins 4 games to 2 in the 2013 stanley cup finals.
pedra branca, also known as pulau batu puteh and batu puteh, is a small island at the western edge of the south china sea. it in the eastern entrance of the straits of singapore. it is the easternmost point of singapore.
horsburgh lighthouse was built on the island between 1847 and 1851.
the island was the subject of a dispute between malaysia and singapore. in 2008, the international court of justice (icj) ruled that pedra branca is part of singapore.
on 2 february 2017, malaysia applied to the icj pursuant to article 61 of the statute of the icj for the revision of the 2008 judgment on the basis of three documents it had obtained from the national archives of the uk between august 2016 and january 2017. the documents were internal correspondence of singapore's colonial government in 1958, an incident report submitted by a british naval officer in the same year, and a 1960s map of naval operations bearing annotations. the malaysian government said that these documents indicated that "officials at the highest levels in the british colonial and singaporean administration appreciated that pedra branca/pulau batu puteh did not form part of singapore’s sovereign territory" during the relevant period.
rosa garcía ascot (8 april 1902, madrid – 2 may 2002, torrelaguna, madrid) was a spanish composer and pianist. she was the only woman in the well known group of eight. the other members were julián bautista, ernesto halffter and his brother rodolfo, juan josé mantecón, fernando remacha, salvador bacarisse and jesús bal y gay. she married bal y gay in 1933. her more notable compositions include "suite para orquesta (suite for orchestra)", "preludio (prelude)", and the "concierto para piano y orquesta (concerto for piano and orchestra)".
garcía ascot is also considered manuel de falla's last disciple. before studying with de falla in madrid, she was a studied with felipe pedrell and then later with enrique granados. she spent 10 years in the early part of her career touring as a concert soloist. after this, she did very few public concerts and always in very special circumstances. she died almost a month after her 100th birthday.
john carver ( 1584 1621) carver was a passenger on the "mayflower". he was a leader during the "mayflower" voyage and signed the mayflower compact. he was also the first governor of plymouth colony.
it is believed that carver was from doncaster in yorkshire england. carver was a separatist who did not believe in the teachings of the church of england.
carver and his first wife mary were members of the french walloon church in leiden, netherlands. their religion was also not allowed where they lived. "mayflower" passenger francis cooke and his wife were also members of the french church in leiden. so was philip delano. delano would arrive in plymouth in 1621 on the ship "fortune". carver was a deacon in leiden about 1609 at about age 25, and was born sometime before 1584. leiden church records show that carver lost his first wife mary and their child in 1609
carver then married katherine white. she was a member of the separatist church and was originally from nottinghamshire. carver became very involved in the leiden church. he made close friendships with the leaders of the church, especially the pastor john robinson. he also became friends with robert cushman who would play an important part in the plans for the "mayflower" voyage.
the church members decided to travel to virginia colony, a place where they would be allowed to practice their religion.
william brewster was in hiding from king james i. john carver and robert cushman were chosen to make plans for the voyage. in 1617 carver and robert cushman began talking to officials of the virginia company.
these were london businessmen interested in making a profit from the new world. by june 1620, john carver was in southampton purchasing supplies for the "mayflower" voyage, along with christopher martin. they agreed to pay for the "mayflower" voyage.
carver was very rich and provided much of his money to the church members, and for the mayflower voyage.
the "mayflower" left plymouth, england on 16 september 1620. there were 102 passengers and 30–40 crew. on 19 november 1620, the "mayflower" reached land at cape cod hook. they landed on november 21. they wrote the mayflower compact, which made rules on how they would live and treat each other. the "mayflower" was supposed to land in virginia colony, but the ship was too damaged and they were forced to land at cape cod now called provincetown harbor.
carver was very educated and was fair with everyone so the passengers chose him to be their leader on the "mayflower". when they landed the people chose him to be their first governor.
in plymouth colony.
carver left the ship and went to the land to find a safe place where they all could live. william bradford, john carver, myles standish, edward winslow, john howland, richard warren, stephen hopkins and edward doty also went. hopkins was very helpful. he had seen native americans during his time at jamestown. on one trip bradford said they set off in below freezing weather. many of the men were ill, and when the set sail the salt spray froze on their coats. they saw native americans. they were cutting up a whale which was very large. when they saw the men coming toward them, the indians ran. at night they tried to protect themselves from the cold and the indians.
carver worked very hard with the other men to build houses to keep the people warm. he hunted and fished and helped to plant food.
during that time, a native american called samoset paid a visit to plymouth colony and then the chief massasoit also arrived. governor carver worked out a peace treaty with them. on march 23, 1621, john carver was again chosen to be plymouth governor. the people said that john carver was a man they well approved of.
in early april 1621, after working in the field on a hot day, governor carver complained of a pain in his head. he returned to his house to lie down. within a few days he died. william bradford stated that carver, although a wealthy man had worked hard alongside everyone.
thomas weston was one of the men who helped to pay for the pilgrims trip. he had criticism of the pilgrims for not loading up the returning "mayflower" with furs and other goods to pay them back. govenor william bradford sent a letter telling them of all the troubles they had. he blamed thomas weston, and stated that governor john carver "had worked himself to death that spring and the loss of him and other industrious men lives cannot be valued at any price".
carver is buried at cole's hill burial ground in plymoth, massachusetts.
gulbarga () is a district of the indian state of karnataka.
beed district (urdu: ضلع بد) is a district of maharashtra, india.
hingoli district (urdu: ضلع ہنگولی) is a district of maharashtra, india.
hathras () is a district of uttar pradesh, india. the district is a part of aligarh division. 
pratapgarh () is a district of uttar pradesh, india.
budaun () (also spelled as badaun) is a city and vidhan sabha seat of budaun district, uttar pradesh, india. according to 2011 census of india, the population of the city is 159,285 out of 83,176 are males and 76,109 are female. it is 255 kilometers away from capital of india delhi.
kumar prashant is the current district magistrate of the city, appointed in 2019.
according to prof. goti john budaun city was earlier known as bedamooth and it is mentioned in an ancient inscription (stone writeup) which is now in lucknow museum. at that time this city was known as panchal. according to a line of that stone writeup, there was a village named bhadaunlak near it. budaun was captured by the ghurids under muhammad ghori's general qutb ud-din aibak. budaun was the capital of the delhi sultanate from 1210 to 1217 during the reign of sultan iltutmish.
geographically budaun city is located near holy river ganga, at lattitude 28 degree 02 minute 30 second east and longitude 79 degree 01 minute 20 second north on globe. the length of the district is 144 km. & width is 60 km.
sonic generations is a platform video game for the playstation 3, xbox 360, microsoft windows, and nintendo 3ds. it was released november 2011. it was developed by sonic team and published by sega. it was released in celebration of the 20th anniversary of the release of the first "sonic the hedgehog" game.
the player controls two sonic the hedgehog characters: classic sonic and modern sonic. the player has to collect all of the chaos emeralds and stop an unknown villain from creating a time hole that would change history in a bad way. the game features levels that come from a past game in the "sonic the hedgehog" series. each level has three stages and two bosses. the stages are classic, dreamcast, and modern. classic sonic stages are 2d stages with gameplay in the style of the 2d "sonic games". modern sonic stages are 2d/3d stages with gameplay in the style of 3d "sonic" games. each level has an act for both sonic characters, as well as 10 challenges such as racing an opponent to the goal.
hamirpur () is a district of uttar pradesh, india.
ambedkarnagar () is a district of uttar pradesh, india.
kushinagar () is a district of uttar pradesh, india.
itawa () is a district of uttar pradesh, india.
the game boy camera is an accessory for the game boy line of video game consoles. it was released in japan, north america, and europe in 1998. it allows a person to take 256x224 black and white digital pictures. it is meant to be used with the game boy printer, which uses a special kind of paper to print saved pictures. it can be used with all game boy consoles except for the game boy micro. it was the only nintendo product to allow a person to take pictures until the release of the nintendo dsi console.
raibareilly is a district of uttar pradesh, india.
the game boy printer is an accessory for the game boy line of video game consoles. it was released in japan, north america, and europe in 1998. it allows a person to print pictures taken with the game boy camera. it can also be used to print images from game boy and game boy color games that can be used with it. it uses thermal paper, which is a kind of paper that changes color in heat. it runs on six aa batteries. it can be used with all game boy consoles except for the game boy micro. like the game boy and game boy color, nintendo stopped making the game boy printer in 2003.
a blast injury is an injury caused by exposure to an explosive blast. blast injuries are divided into four main types, with a fifth type for illnesses caused by the blast, and a sixth type for the effects of psychological trauma after the blast such as post-traumatic stress disorder (ptsd).
the type of injury and how severe it is depends on different things. this includes the type of explosion, the force of the explosion, the environment where the explosion happens, and how close the person is to the explosion. 
an explosion results from the rapid release of energy. explosions fall into four general categories:
a chemical explosion is the result of a rapid chemical reaction or change of state which creates a lot of heat and usually gas. there are various types of chemical explosions including natural gas explosions, dust explosions and those caused by explosives.
explosives are categorized as high-order (he) explosives or low-order (le) explosives and they each cause different injury patterns. only (he) explosives produce a shock wave.
blast injuries are divided into four classes of physical trauma primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. a fifth category, the quinary injuries, are those caused by toxic substances associated with the blast.
primary injuries are caused by the explosion's shock waves. air and fluid-filled internal organs are most commonly affected, but the blast wave may also cause external injuries such as traumatic amputation.
the structures of the internal ears are most often affected by the blast wave, with perforated ear drums the most common injury. the most common fatal injury in victims who survive the initial blast is blast lung. blast lung can result in pulmonary contusions, bleeding and fluid build-up in the lungs with damage to airways and blood vessels.
most casualties in an explosion are caused by secondary blast injuries. these injuries may be caused by fragments of the explosive device and other objects within the blast zone being propelled by the force of the explosion. these objects may strike any part of the body resulting in penetrating trauma. the severity of the penetrating trauma depends to a degree on the size of the object, the depth of penetration, and the part of the body hit.
secondary blast injuries are common in deliberate explosions such as those caused by terrorist bombs. the bombs are often designed with objects such as nails, or ball bearings packed in and around the explosive device to act as shrapnel.
these injuries may also occur in accidental explosions - such as may occur in an industrial accident - when objects in the environment affected by the blast, such as shattered glass take the role of shrapnel.
displacement of air by the explosion creates a blast wind that can throw victims against solid objects. injuries resulting from this type of traumatic impact are referred to as tertiary blast injuries. tertiary injuries may present as some combination of blunt and penetrating trauma, including bone fractures and coup contre-coup injuries.
young children, because they weigh less than adults, are at particular risk of tertiary injury.
quaternary injuries, include flash burns, crush injuries from falling debris and inhalation injuries, which may make existing respiratory conditions such as asthma and copd worse.
this category of blast injury has been added fairly recently to classify injuries, which often results in a hyperinflammatory state may due to exposure to the environmental contaminants associated with the various types of explosive blasts including, bacteria, chemicals and radiation ("dirty bombs") as well as adverse tissue reaction to fuel and metals in the blast.
the psychological trauma which may occur in explosive blast survivors includes post traumatic stress disorder (ptsd). a concussion sustained in a blast may also be a risk factor for developing ptsd independent of a person's psychological reaction to the witnessed event. psychological trauma may also occur in the complete absence of physical injuries.
neurotrauma can occur due to the mechanisms of one or more blast injury categories. bleeding from injured organs such as lungs or bowel causes a lack of oxygen in all vital organs, including the brain. damage of the lungs reduces the surface for oxygen uptake from the air, reducing the amount of the oxygen delivered to the brain. tissue destruction initiates the synthesis and release of hormones or mediators into the blood which, when delivered to the brain, change its function. irritation of the nerve endings in injured peripheral tissue and/or organs also significantly contributes to blast-induced neurotrauma.
individuals exposed to blasts frequently have loss of memory for events before and after explosion, confusion, headache, impaired sense of reality, and reduced decision-making ability. patients with brain injuries acquired in explosions often develop sudden, unexpected brain swelling and cerebral vasospasm despite continuous monitoring. however, the first symptoms of blast-induced neurotrauma (bint) may occur months or even years after the initial event, and are therefore categorized as secondary brain injuries. the broad variety of symptoms includes weight loss, hormone imbalance, chronic fatigue, headache, and problems in memory, speech and balance. these changes are often debilitating, interfering with daily activities. because bint in blast victims is underestimated, valuable time is often lost for preventive therapy and/or timely rehabilitation.
samuel marshall "sam" raimi (born october 23, 1959) is an american movie director, producer, writer, and actor. he directed the "spider-man" movie trilogy (2002-2007). he also directed "oz the great and powerful".
raimi was born on october 23, 1959 in royal oak, michigan to a hungarian-russian jewish family. he was raised in birmingham, michigan. he studied at groves high school and at michigan state university. raimi has been married to gillian dania greene since 1993. they have five children.
men in black 3 is a 2012 american 3d science fiction comedy movie. it is about stopping aliens from changing the past in 1969, so agent j travels back in time to stop that from happening. the movie stars will smith, tommy lee jones, and josh brolin. movie critic roger ebert gave the movie 3 out of 4 stars.
it is a sequel to men in black and men in black ii.
irán eory (born elvira teresa eory sidi, 21 october 1937 in tehran - died 11 march 2002 in mexico city) . he was a prominent iranian-mexican actress.
george glenn jones (september 12, 1931 – april 26, 2013) was an american country music singer known for his long list of hit records, his distinctive voice and phrasing, and his marriage to tammy wynette.
jones was born on september 12, 1931 in saratoga, texas. he was raised in vidor, texas. 
jones was married to dorothy bonvillion from 1950 until they divorced. then he was married to shirley ann corley from 1954 until they divorced in 1968. then he was married to tammy wynette from 1969 until they divorced in 1975. then he was married to nancy sepulvado from 1983 until his death in 2013. he had four children. 
jones died on april 26, 2013 in nashville, tennessee from respiratory failure, aged 81. 
louis marshall jones (october 20, 1913 – february 19, 1998), known professionally as grandpa jones, was an american banjo player and "old time" country and gospel music singer. he is a member of the country music hall of fame.
jones was born on october 20, 1913 in niagara, kentucky. he was raised in akron, ohio. he was married to ramona riggins from 1946 until his death in 1998. they had three children. jones died on february 19, 1998 in nashville, tennessee from a stroke, aged 84.
joshua ryan evans (10 january 1982 - 5 august 2002) was an american actor. he was best known for acting as timmy in the television series "passions". he also acted in movies. due to dwarfism, josh was only tall and had the voice of a small child. evans died from complications due to a congenital heart condition. he was born in hayward, california and died in san diego, california.
the 2013 savar building collapse was an incident on 24 april 2013. an eight-story building, the rana plaza, collapsed in savar, a sub-district near dhaka, bangladesh. 1129 people died. another one thousand or more received injuries of varying levels. 
the building contained clothing factories, other shops and a bank. it collapsed during the morning rush hour. warnings to avoid using the building because of cracking appearing the day before were ignored, resulting in a tragedy. this was thought to be the worst industrial accident in the history of bangladesh.
william lewis guy (september 30, 1919 – april 26, 2013) was an american politician who was the governor of the u.s. state of north dakota from 1961 to 1973. at 93, he was the oldest of the six living current or previous governors of north dakota.
guy was born on september 30, 1919 in devils lake, north dakota. he studied at north dakota state university and at the university of minnesota, twin cities. guy was married to jean guy until his death in 2013. guy died on april 26, 2013 in his home in west fargo, north dakota from alzheimer's disease, aged 93. his wife june guy died two months later on july 5, 2013 from a stroke.
men in black ii is an american science fiction action comedy movie. it is about aliens trying to take over the world and agents j and k must stop that from happening before it is too late. some of the stars include will smith, tommy lee jones, and rip torn. michael jackson appears in a cameo when he wants to become agent m.
it is a sequel to men in black and is followed by men in black 3.
the movie's ending was supposed to be set at the world trade center, but due to the september 11 attacks, it was reshot with the statue of liberty.
the movie was #1 at the box office against the powerpuff girls movie but had mixed reviews. people didn't like how it was a rehash of the first movie.
"how do u want it" (also called "how do you want it"), is a rap/r&b single by tupac shakur featuring k-ci & jojo of jodeci. it was released on june 16, 1996 as the third single from tupac's fourth album, "all eyez on me". three music videos for the single were released alongside it. the song contains samples of the 1974 song "body heat" by quincy jones. the song was produced by johnny "j" jackson. 
finding dory is a 2016 american computer-animated comedy adventure movie. 
it was produced by pixar animation studios and released by walt disney pictures. it is a sequel to the 2003 disney-pixar movie, "finding nemo". andrew stanton, who directed the original movie, directed. the movie was confirmed by walt disney pictures in april 2013. the movie was originally scheduled for a holiday 2015 release. 
"finding dory" is about dory, the regal blue tang fish, who forgets things almost instantly. the story is about dory reuniting with her family. the movie is set off the coast of california.
hayden rolence voiced nemo the clownfish. this was because alexander gould's voice has suddenly deepened since reaching adulthood.
calahorra, (), la rioja, spain is a municipality in rioja baja. it is near the border with navarre on the river ebro. during ancient roman times, calahorra was known as "calagurris fibularia".
the city is located on a hill at an altitude of at the confluence of the ebro and cidacos rivers. it has an area of . calahorra is the second-largest city in la rioja in population and importance. 21,060 people live there.
people have lived in the area that is now calahorra since the paleolithic. it has had a stable population since the iron age.
rome took control of the town in 187 bc. they made it more important as an administrative centre for regions near it. julius caesar and augustus caesar gave the city (then named "calagurris") converted the town into a municipality. they developed its city planning, economy, and politics. its archeological remains show that it had a circus, baths, an amphitheatre, and other things found in large cities. it minted money and served as a justice administration centre.
after the rule of the moors in the 9th and 10th centuries the christian king garcía sánchez iii of navarre captured the city in 1045.
a blood film or peripheral blood smear is a thin layer of blood smeared on a microscope slide and then stained in such a way to allow the various blood cells to be examined microscopically. blood films are usually examined to investigate disorders of the blood and, occasionally, to look for parasites within the blood such as malaria and filaria. 
jean elizabeth smart (born september 13, 1951 in seattle, washington) is an american actress and voice actor. she acts in television, movies and on stage. smart is known mainly for comedy roles. she starred as charlene stillfield on the television program "designing women". she has also done dramatic roles. these include the role of martha logan on the series "24". her animated roles include, "american dad!", "big mouth", "hey arnold", "kim possible", "nutri ventures", "the powerpuff girls", "robot chicken", "static shock", "tiny toon" and "spider-man (2017)". 
, also known as iō-tō, is an uninhabited japanese island in the volcano islands. it is south of the bonin islands. it is south of mainland tokyo.
the first recorded mention of iwo jima was in 1673.
it was claimed by the empire of japan in 1861.
the island is best known as the focus of the battle of iwo jima in 1945.
wbz-tv is a television station in boston, massachusetts in the united states. it is owned by cbs. it is received on channel 4 in eastern massachusetts, rhode island, and southern new hampshire. 
wbz-tv first went on the air on june 9, 1948. it is the oldest television station in boston. it is also the oldest television station in the new england states. it was originally owned by westinghouse electric corporation. the station showed programs from the nbc network when it first went on the air. on january 2, 1995, wbz-tv stopped showing nbc programs and started showing cbs programs. before then, cbs programs aired on whdh-tv, which now airs nbc programs. the reason channel 4 switched networks is because westinghouse electric agreed to merge with cbs, and all westinghouse channels became cbs stations.
richard burton matheson (february 20, 1926 – june 23, 2013) or logan swanson was an american author and screenwriter. he mostly wrote in the fantasy, horror, and science fiction genres. two of his books are "i am legend" and "bid time return". he wrote several television episodes for "the twilight zone".
matheson was born on february 20, 1926 in allendale, new jersey to a norwegian family. he was raised in brooklyn, new york. matheson studied at brooklyn technical high school and at the university of missouri. he was married to ruth ann woodson from 1952 until his death in 2013. they have four children. 
matheson came up with the idea for "i am legend" after seeing tod browning's "dracula".
matheson died on june 23, 2013 in los angeles, california from a long illness. he was 87 years old.
wolf isaac blitzer (born march 22, 1948) is an american journalist and television news anchor. he has been a cnn reporter since 1990. he is the senior anchor of all cnn programs currently in production. blitzer is currently the host of "the situation room". he is cnn's lead political anchor.
blitzer was born on march 22, 1948 in augsburg, germany to polish-american parents. his parents were jewish refugees. he was raised in buffalo, new york.
blitzer studied at kenmore west senior high school, at the university at buffalo, at johns hopkins university, and at the hebrew university of jerusalem.
blitzer has been married to lynn greenfield since 1973. they have one daughter, ilana (born 1981). he now lives in bethesda, maryland.
robert william "bob" edgar (may 29, 1943 – april 23, 2013) was an american politician and administrator from pennsylvania, and a member of the democratic party. he was a member of the united states house of representatives from 1975 to 1987, representing the 7th district of pennsylvania.
edgar was born on may 28, 1943 in philadelphia, pennsylvania. he studied at drew university. edagr died on april 23, 2013 in his home in annandale, virginia from a heart attack, aged 69.
a sports agent is a person who represents a sportsperson in finance and contracts. the sports agent negotiates the contracts for an athlete's salary. the agent gets part of the athletes pay. also, they are responsible for making recommendations about the athlete's options.
mario matthew cuomo (june 15, 1932 – january 1, 2015) was an american politician and member of the democratic party. he served as the secretary of state of new york from 1975 to 1978, as the lieutenant governor of new york from 1979 to 1982 and as the 52nd governor of new york for three terms, from 1983 to 1994. his son andrew cuomo was the governor of new york from 2011 to 2021.
cuomo was born on june 15, 1932 in queens, new york city to an italian catholic family. he studied at st. john's university. cuomo was married to matilda raffa from 1954 until his death in 2015. they have five children.
cuomo died on january 1, 2015, in his home in manhattan, new york city at the age of 82 from heart failure only hours after his son andrew was sworn-in to a second term as governor of new york state. his funeral was held on january 6, 2015 at the saint ignatius loyola church in manhattan, new york. he was buried at st. john cemetery, in queens, new york.
the memorial for the jewish soldiers in the polish army in world war ii is a memorial dedicated to the jews who served in the polish army and died in world war ii. the memorial is in the national military and police cemetery in mount herzl in jerusalem. the memorial was built in 1998 next to the memorial for those who served in the russian army. the memorial was built with pink stones with the symbols of the polish army and the inscription of the years 1939-1945 next to stairs going to ceremonial plaza. it is inscribed with a bible verse from 2 samuel 1:23: "they were swifter than eagles, they were stronger than lions."
the memorial for the jewish soldiers in the soviet army in world war ii is a memorial dedicated to the jews in the red army who died in world war ii. the memorial is in the national military and police cemetery in mount herzl in jerusalem. it is next to the memorial to those who served in the polish army. the memorial was started by the organization of veterans of the red army in world war ii. it was built in 1989 with a design of the architect yizhak rachelin and the engineer "ze'ev kariv". the memorial is a wall with pink stones and red stones. it has the number "20,000" for the fallen jews of the russian army. there is a hebrew bible verse inscribed from judges 3:2: the lord "did this to teach warfare to the descendants of the israelites." in front of the memorial there are stairs going to ceremonial plaza between two boards with the sign of the years "1941" and "1945". 
mount whymper may refer to:
whdh is a television station in boston, massachusetts in the united states. it is owned by sunbeam television and is an independent television station that used to carry nbc. it is received on channel 7 in eastern massachusetts, rhode island, and southern new hampshire.
in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, there was another television station in boston with the name whdh-tv. that station aired on channel 5 and is now called wcvb-tv. there is no relationship between the two stations.
channel 7 in boston went on the air june 21, 1948 as wnac-tv. it is the second oldest television station in boston, and the third oldest in the new england states. the first owner was general tire, which later became rko general. the station showed cbs network programs when it first went on the air. the station also showed some programs from the abc network. however, when a new tv station in boston, channel 5, then known as whdh-tv but now known as wcvb-tv, started in 1957, channel 7 dropped all abc programs, which were then aired on channel 5. in 1961, channel 7 and channel 5 switched networks, and channel 7 became an abc station, and channel 5 became the cbs station for boston. in 1972, the two channels switched again, and channel 7 returned to being a cbs station, and channel 5 an abc station.
on may 21, 1982, rko general lost the license to broadcast and channel 7 was taken over by new england television on may 22. the channel was renamed wnev-tv. new england television bought a radio station known as whdh in 1989, and in january, 1990, channel 7 was renamed whdh-tv. on january 2, 1995, channel 7 stopped showing cbs programs and began showing nbc programs. before then, nbc programs were shown on wbz-tv, channel 4, which now shows cbs programs. the reason for this switch is because wbz-tv's owners merged with the cbs network.
in 1993, the station was sold to sunbeam television. in july, 2010, channel 7 officially dropped the -tv from its name, becoming just whdh.
in 2017, the station stopped carrying nbc programming, losing the affiliation to wbts-cd, and became an independent television station.
lawrence welk (march 11, 1903 – may 17, 1992) was an american musician, accordionist, bandleader, and television impresario, who hosted "the lawrence welk show" from 1955 to 1982. his style came to be known as "champagne music".
in 1996, welk was ranked #43 on tv guide's 50 greatest tv stars of all time.
welk was born in strasburg, north dakota. most people there spoke german, but also knew english. his parents were ludwig and christiana (schwahn) welk, who were ethnic germans from russia. they emigrated to america in 1892 from selz, kutschurgan district, in the german-speaking area north of odessa (now odessa, ukraine, but then in southwestern russia). in north dakota, the family lived on a homestead.
welk decided on a career in music and got his father to buy him an accordion from a mail order for $400 (equivalent to $ in ) he promised his father that he would work on the farm until he was 21, to pay his father back for the accordion. any other money he earned during that time, by doing farmwork or performing, would go to his family.
on his 21st birthday, welk left the family's farm to start his career in music. during the 1920s, he performed with the luke witkowski, lincoln boulds, and george t. kelly bands before he started his own orchestra. he led big bands in north dakota and eastern south dakota. these included the hotsy totsy boys and later the honolulu fruit gum orchestra. his band also played for radio station wnax in yankton, south dakota. in 1927, he graduated from the macphail school of music in minneapolis, minnesota.
during the 1930s, welk led a traveling big band that played dance tunes and "sweet" music. at first, the band traveled around the country by car. they were too poor to rent rooms, so they usually slept and changed clothes in their cars. at an engagement at the william penn hotel in pittsburgh, a dancer said that welk's band's sound was as "light and bubbly as champagne," which is where the term "champagne music" came from. welk described his band's sound, saying "we still play music with the champagne style, which means light and rhythmic. we place the stress on melody; the chords are played pretty much the way the composer wrote them. we play with a steady beat so that dancers can follow it."
welk's big band performed across the country but mostly at ballrooms and hotels in the chicago and milwaukee areas. in the early 1940s, the band started to play at the trianon ballroom in chicago, where they played for 10 years. his orchestra also played at the roosevelt hotel in new york city during the late 1940s. welk recorded a version of spade cooley's "shame on you" with western artist red foley in 1945. the record (decca 18698) was #4 on billboard's september 15 "most played juke box folk records" listing. from 1949 through 1951, the band had its own national radio program on abc.
sometimes, welk's band made recordings in richmond, indiana and in grafton, wisconsin for the gennett and paramount companies. in november, 1928, he recorded for gennett and in 1931, he recorded for paramount. these records are very rare.
from 1938 to 1940, he recorded in new york and chicago for the vocalion label. he started with decca in 1941, and recorded for mercury and coral before starting with dot in the early 1950s.
in 1966, his orchestra recorded an album on the ranwood records label, with jazz saxophonist johnny hodges, featuring a number of jazz standards, including "someone to watch over me", "misty" and "fantastic, that's you". the album has been out of print for many years.
"the lawrence welk show".
in 1951, welk moved to los angeles. the same year, he began hosting "the lawrence welk show". it was broadcast from the aragon ballroom in venice beach. the show became a local hit and was picked up by abc in june 1955.
the show had a "bubble machine." whenever the orchestra played a polka or waltz, welk himself would dance with the band's female singer, called a "champagne lady" on the show. his first champagne lady was jayne walton rosen (her real name was dorothy jayne flanagan). rocky rockwell would usually sing novelty songs. welk would also have one song each show where he would play an accordion solo.
welk's show would rarely play current music, except as a novelty. on the december 8, 1956 show, the show did play two current songs. they were "nuttin' for christmas," and elvis presley's "don't be cruel."
the songs on the show were mostly popular music standards, polkas, and novelty songs. welk often danced with women from the audience.
welk had very high quality musicians, including accordionist myron floren, concert violinist dick kesner, guitarist buddy merrill, and new orleans dixieland clarinetist pete fountain. he paid his regular band members very well, and it was common for them to stay with the band a long time. for example, floren was the band's assistant conductor throughout the whole time the show was broadcast.
the show didn't only play big-band era music. during the 1960s and 1970s, for example, the show played music that was originally by the beatles, burt bacharach and hal david, the everly brothers and paul williams and others, but in a style his older viewers would like. the show was originally in black and white. it changed to color in fall 1965.
while it was on network television, "the lawrence welk show" aired on abc on saturday nights at 9 p.m. (eastern time), but changed to 8:30 p.m. in fall 1963. from 1956 to 1959, it was also known as "the dodge dancing party", because welk was also hosting another show called "top tunes and new talent" on mondays. abc canceled the show in 1971, but it continued on 250 stations across the country until 1982.
welk was married for 61 years, until he died, to fern renner (b. august 26, 1903, d. february 13, 2002). they had three children.
welk was an excellent businessman. he had investments in real estate and music publishing, and was a general partner in a commercial real estate development.
welk had four us design patents:
welk was a roman catholic and a daily communicant.
after he retired in 1982, welk continued to air reruns of his shows. he was also in two christmas specials in 1984 and 1985.
welk died from bronchopneumonia in santa monica, california, in 1992 at age 89. he was buried in culver city's holy cross cemetery.
sources: "billboard top pop singles 1955–2006", "billboard top adult songs 1961–2006", "billboard bubbling under the hot 100 1959–2004"
in 1994, welk was inducted into the international polka music hall of fame.
welk has a star for recording on the hollywood walk of fame, located at 6613½ hollywood blvd. he has a second star at 1601 vine street for television.
in 2007, welk became a charter member of the gennett records walk of fame in richmond, indiana.
all books written with bernice mcgeehan and published by prentice hall (englewood cliffs, n.j.), except where indicated:
reuben was the son of jacob and leah in the book of genesis.
jacob was in love with rachel, the daughter of laban and asked to marry her. laban said he would let jacob marry her if he worked for him as a shepherd for seven years. jacob worked for those years but they felt like they were only seven days because of how much he loved rachel. but then, laban tricked jacob into marrying rachel’s older sister leah instead of marrying her and said he didn’t believe in the younger daughter marrying before her older sister married so jacob had to work for laban for another seven years so that laban would let him marry rachel. jacob loved rachel but he did not love leah so leah prayed to the lord saying “give me children, for i am despised”. so the lord had mercy on her and she became pregnant and gave birth to a son. and leah said “now my husband shall love me” and named her son reuben. 
after leah gave birth to simeon, levi and judah (biblical personage), bilhah gave birth to gad and asher, zilpah gave birth to dan and naphtali and leah gave birth to zebulun and issachar, then reuben found mandrakes and gave them to his mother leah. when rachel asked leah for the mandrakes,leah said “first you take from me my husband and now the mandrakes of my son” and agreed to give rachel the mandrakes if leah became jacob’s main wife.
it’s written in the torah that reuben lay down with bilhah and that his father jacob heard about it. (genesis 35:22) though the talmud says that this was a metaphor and that reuben actually took bilhah’s bed from his father’s tent but that this was seen as being like the sin of incest (shabbat 55) and says that this works because in the book of job wanting to commit incest is seen as committing incest. 
the story of joseph.
in the story of joseph, when the brothers are about to kill joseph, reuben tells them that instead of murdering him they should throw him into a big hole in the ground and leave him to die. but reuben secretly planned to rescue joseph and so when reuben came back to save joseph and found out that he had already been sold into slavery, reuben tore his clothes in mourning for joseph. and after simeon was jailed, reuben told his brothers that the lord was punishing them all for what they did to joseph. 
according to jewish tradition, reuben didn’t get the inheritance that a firstborn son would usually get because he was being punished for the sin with bilhah. 
rabbi shimon son of eliezer teaches that after leah died and jacob moved his bed to the tent of bilhah, reuben took the bed from bilhah’s tent and put in the tent of his mother leah to honour his mother’s memory and the sin reuben committed by doing that was compared to incest but reuben did not actually have sex with bilhah. though there are also rabbis in the talmud who say that he did. 
according to the zohar, reuben lying down with bilhah cannot be wikt:literally true because then reuben wouldn’t have become the father of a tribe of the israelites. it says that reuben knew from prophecy that there were supposed to be only twelve tribes of israel so he moved his father’s bed from bilhah’s tent even though the shechina is there whenever married people do their religious duty to have sex with each other but by meddling reuben made the shechina leave that tent and that was reuben’s sin. 
the affenpinscher is a small breed of dog in the toy group. these dogs originally came from germany. they are known to have existed since the 1600s. their name comes from the german word "affe," which means "monkey," because their faces remind people of monkeys. originally, the dog was bred to be a "ratter," a type of dog that kills rats and mice in homes, farms, and stables. now that mice are not so commonly found in the home, affenpinschers are usually just kept as pets.
the affenpinscher is a very small kind of dog. it weighs between . its height is between at the shoulder. their face is flat and "monkey-like." the most common and preferred colour of fur for this breed is black, but they can also come in grey, beige, and other colours. in the american kennel club, a good example of these dogs could be any colour. in the french and british kennel clubs they must only be black.
even though affenpinschers were bred to hunt mice, they do not like to chase other animals, so they can happily live with other pets. they are playful but very stubborn. these dogs can be difficult to train, because they do not like to listen to instructions and often become bored. affenpinschers are somewhat territorial (protective) when it comes to their toys and food, so they are not recommended for homes with very small children.
this dog is mostly quiet, and does not bark much. it can become very excited if attacked, and shows no fear. toward any aggressor.
a small study showed that these dogs live an average of 11.4 years, which is not very long for a small dog (small dogs usually live 14–15 years). one of their most common health problems is bladder disease, which happens most often when the dogs are older (8 years and up.) their short faces can make it difficult for them to breathe and exercise in hot weather. like many kinds of dogs, affenpinschers often get a disease called hip dysplasia which makes it difficult for them to run or walk.
the seidenpinscher (silky coated pinscher), was bred from the affenpinscher and the maltese (dog) around 1800.
the dog had long, tousled, silky hair, a curly tail like the maltese dog, a face like the affenpinscher, and a size like an affenpinscher or maltese dog. all colors was allowed.
the seidenpinscher is believed to have died out between the two world wars. a well-known painting is that of the seidenpinscher puss from 1863.
the yorkshire terrier or yorkie is a small breed of terrier dog. it originated in the united kingdom in the town of yorkshire, from where it gets its name.
they were first bred to catch mice and rats, so they are often fast and energetic. yorkies usually weigh about 7 pounds (3.18 kg) and have a dark gray or black coat with a brown face. according to the american kennel club (akc), yorkies are the second most popular dog breed in america, behind only the labrador retriever. they are really playful, they will always want to play.
the chiffons was an all-woman singing group. they started in new york city in 1960.
mott the hoople was a english hard rock/glam rock band. they formed in 1969 and broke up in 1976.
turner & hooch is a 1989 american criminal comedy-drama movie. it stars tom hanks as detective turner and beasley the dog as hooch. it was a very successful movie from a dog’s life.
the temptations are a successful r&b singing group. they formed in detroit, usa in 1960. the temptations have four billboard hot 100 number-one singles and 14 billboard r&b number-one singles. they have three grammy awards. the temptations were the first motown act to earn a grammy award.
brenda mae tarpley or brenda lee (born december 11, 1944 in atlanta, georgia) is an american pop singer. she was popular in the 1960s. she stood tall and was called “little miss dynamite” because of her strong voice. she was inducted into the rock and roll hall of fame in 2002.
buddy clark (born samuel goldberg, july 26, 1912 – october 1, 1949) was an american popular singer of the big band era. he had success in the 1930s and 1940s, returning to the united states after world war ii. he died in a plane crash in 1949.
air supply is a pop music singing group. they formed in melbourne, australia in 1976.
the current members are russell hitchcock (born june 15, 1949 in melbourne) and graham russell (born june 1, 1950 in nottingham, england). in 1981 they got with their song "the one that you love" a number one hit in the united states. they had their most popular times during the early 1980s.
the sex pistols were the first popular punk group in britain and one of the first bands to come from the rising u.k. punk scene of the late 1970s. they were only together for about 3 years, from late 1975 to early 1978, and they were known for their rowdy behaviour more than their music. the music they made gave many new artists a big influence on their music, mostly in the alternative music and punk scenes such as california punk rock group green day.
the band members were johnny rotten (vocals), paul cook (drums), steve jones (guitar) and glen matlock (bass). sid vicious later replaced matlock on bass in february 1977 but died 2 years later. they recorded only one studio album, called "never mind the bollocks, here's the sex pistols" during the summer of 1977. one of their most famous songs is "anarchy in the uk". another one of their most famous songs is "god save the queen (sex pistols song)", which was banned by the bbc for it's contents. they split up after a show at winterland on january 14th, 1978, with rotten saying "you ever get the feelin' you're bein' cheated?"
walter murphy (b. december 19, 1952) is a classically trained american pianist. he was born in new york city. he had a hit song in the late 1970s, "a fifth of beethoven".
bette davis (april 5, 1908 – october 6, 1989), full name ruth elizabeth davis, was an american actress of the stage, cinema and television. she was born in lowell, massachusetts. she was nicknamed "the queen of hollywood" or the "first lady of the american screen" and "the fifth warner brother" during her career.
davis had held the most academy award nominations for any actress (with ten) until katharine hepburn took her place with twelve.
bette davis made over 100 films across 60 years. some of the most popular
films include: "of human bondage" (1934), "marked woman" (1937), "jezebel" (1938), "dark victory" (1939), "the letter" (1940), "the little foxes" (1941), "now, voyager" (1942), "watch on the rhine" (1943), "mr. skeffington" (1944), "all about eve" (1950), "the virgin queen" (1955), "the catered affair" (1956), "pocketful of miracles" (1961), "what ever happened to baby jane?" (1962), "death on the nile" (1978) and "the whales of august" (1987).
in 1981 kim carnes sang the hit song "bette davis eyes". davis liked the song. carnes gave davis a gold record. davis hung the gold record on a wall.
the kennedy center honored davis in 1987. she died of breast cancer in neuilly-sur-seine, france.
the gunpowder conspiracy of 1605 was a plan to assassinate king james i of england and vi of scotland. other names for the plot are the powder treason or the gunpowder plot. a group of catholics wanted to blow up the houses of parliament during the state opening of parliament on 5 november 1605. this would have killed the king, and most of the protestant aristocracy.
the conspirators also planned to kidnap the royal children, and lead a popular revolt in the midlands.
robert catesby led the planning of the conspiracy, which started in may 1604. the people who helped him were either rich catholics, or gentry families who had a lot of influence. catesby may have come up with the plot when he saw that there was little hope that great britain would become more tolerant to roman catholics, under king james i. many catholics were disappointed about the situation. it is more likely though that catesby simply wanted to give the catholics in england a chance: the plot was to be the first step of a rebellion. afterwards, james' nine-year-old daughter (princess elizabeth) could be put in as a catholic head of state.
other plotters were thomas winter (also spelled wintour), robert winter, john wright, christopher wright, robert keyes, thomas percy (also spelled percye), john grant, ambrose rokewood, sir everard digby, francis tresham and thomas bates (catesby's servant). the explosives were prepared by guy "guido" fawkes, a man with 10 years military experience. fawkes had fought with the spanish against the dutch in the spanish netherlands.
the main jesuit in england, father henry garnet was said to know the details of the plot. oswald tesimond, a fellow jesuit had told him. robert catesby confessed them to tesimond, and gave him the permission to tell garnet. although he was convicted, there has since been some debate over how much garnet really knew. as the details of the plot were known through confession, garnet was not allowed to reveal them to the authorities. he did not think it was a good idea. nevertheless, the plot went ahead. garnet's opposition to it did not save him from being hanged, drawn and quartered for treason in 1606, though.
in the 17th century, the palace of westminster was made of many buildings, spread over a large area. they were grouped around the medieval chambers, chapels, and halls of the old royal palace. this palace housed both parliament and the various law courts. the palace was also easier to access than it is today. merchants, lawyers, and other people lived and worked on the palace grounds.
as a member of the king's bodyguard, percy was able to lease rooms next to the house of lords, in may 1604. the plotters' original idea was to dig their way under the foundations of the lords chamber to put the gunpowder there. the main idea was to kill james, but many other important targets would be present, including most of the protestant nobility and senior bishops of the church of england. guy fawkes, as "john johnson", was put in charge of this building, where he posed as percy's servant. catesby's house in lambeth was used to store the gunpowder with the tools for digging.
however, the black plague came back to london in the summer of 1604 and proved to be particularly severe. for this reason, the opening of parliament was changed to 1605. by christmas eve, the miners had still not reached the buildings of parliament, and just as they restarted work early in 1605, they learned that the opening of parliament had been further postponed to 3 october. the plotters then took the opportunity to row the gunpowder up the thames from catesby's house in lambeth, to hide it in their new rented house: they had learned (by chance) that a coal merchant named ellen bright had vacated a ground-floor undercroft directly beneath the house of lords chamber. presented with this golden opportunity, percy immediately took pains to secure the lease. he created the story that his wife would join him in london and that he would need the extra storage space.
fawkes assisted in filling the room with gunpowder, which was hidden beneath a wood store under the house of lords building, in a cellar leased from john whynniard. by march 1605, they had filled the undercroft underneath the house of lords with 36 barrels of gunpowder, hidden under a store of winter fuel. had all 36 barrels been successfully ignited, the explosion could easily have reduced many of the buildings in the old palace of westminster complex to rubble, and would have blown out windows in the surrounding area of about a one kilometre radius.
the conspirators left london in may, and went to their homes or to different areas of the country, because being seen together would arouse suspicion. they arranged to meet again in september; however, the opening of parliament was again postponed.
the weakest parts of the plot were the arrangements for the subsequent rebellion which would have swept the country and installed a catholic monarch. due to the requirements for money and arms, sir francis tresham was eventually admitted to the plot, and it was probably he who betrayed the plot in writing to his brother-in-law lord monteagle. an anonymous letter revealed some of the details of the plot; it read: "i advise you to devise some excuse not to attend this parliament, for they shall receive a terrible blow, and yet shall not see who hurts them".
according to the confession made by fawkes on tuesday 5 november 1605, he had left dover around easter 1605, bound for calais. he then travelled to saint-omer and on to brussels, where he met with hugh owen and sir william stanley before making a pilgrimage to brabant. he returned to england at the end of august or early september, again by way of calais.
guy fawkes was left in charge of executing the plot, while the other conspirators fled to dunchurch in warwickshire to await news. once parliament had been destroyed, the other conspirators planned to start a revolt in the midlands.
during the preparation, several of the conspirators had been concerned about the safety of fellow catholics who would be present in parliament on the day of the planned explosion. on the evening of friday, 26 october lord monteagle received an anonymous letter while at his house in hoxton.
monteagle had the note read out loud, possibly to warn the plotters that the secret was out, and promptly handed it over to robert cecil, 1st earl of salisbury, the secretary of state. the conspirators learned of the letter the following day, but decided to go ahead with their plan, especially after fawkes inspected the undercroft and found that nothing had been touched.
having been shown the letter, the king ordered sir thomas knyvet to conduct a search of the cellars underneath parliament, which he did in the early hours of 5 november. shortly after midnight, fawkes was found leaving the cellar the conspirators had rented and was arrested, giving his name as john johnson. inside, the barrels of gunpowder were discovered hidden under piles of firewood and coal. far from denying his intentions during the arrest, fawkes stated that it had been his purpose to destroy the king and the parliament. nevertheless, fawkes maintained his false identity and continued to insist that he was acting alone. later in the morning, before noon, he was again interrogated. he was questioned on the nature of his accomplices, the involvement of thomas percy, what letters he had received from overseas and whether or not he had spoken with hugh owen.
a letter written by gentleman of the bedchamber, sir edward hoby gave details of all those that would have been caught in the explosion:
on 5 november we began a parliament, to which the king should have cometh in person, but refrained through a practice but that morning discovered. the plot was to have blown up the king at such time as he should have been sat in his royal throne, nobility and commons and with all bishops, judges and doctors at one instant, and the blast to have ruined the whole estate and kingdom of england.
fawkes was taken to the tower of london and interrogated there under torture. torture was forbidden, except by the express instruction of the monarch or a body such as the privy council or the star chamber. in a letter of 6 november, king james i stated:
the people were happy to learn that the king and his sons survived the gunpowder plot. the next parliament had feelings of loyalty and goodwill, which salisbury used to get higher subsidies for the king than those granted in elizabeth's reign. in his speech to both houses on 9 november, james talked about two main topics: the divine right of kings and the catholic question. he insisted that the plot had been the work of only a few catholics, not of the english catholics as a whole, and he reminded the assembly to rejoice at his survival, since kings were divinely appointed and he owed his escape to a miracle.
trial and executions.
on hearing of the failure of the terrorist plot, the conspirators fled towards huddington court near worcester, a family home of thomas and robert wintour. heavy rain, however, slowed their travels. many of them were caught by richard walsh, the sheriff of worcestershire, when they arrived in stourbridge.
the remaining men attempted a revolt in the midlands. this failed, coming to a dramatic end at holbeche house in staffordshire, where there was a shoot-out resulting in the deaths of catesby and percy and capture of several other principal conspirators. jesuits and others were then rounded up in other locations in britain, with some being killed by torture during interrogation. robert wintour managed to remain on the run for two months before he was captured at hagley park.
the conspirators were tried on 27 january 1606 in westminster hall. all of the plotters pleaded "not guilty" except for sir everard digby, who attempted to defend himself on the grounds that the king had reneged on his promises of greater tolerance of catholicism. sir edward coke, the attorney general, prosecuted, and the earl of northampton made a speech refuting the charges laid by sir everard digby. the trial lasted one day (english criminal trials generally did not exceed a single day's duration) and the verdict was never in doubt.
the trial ranked highly as a public spectacle, and there are records of up to 10 shillings being paid for entry. four of the plotters were executed in st. paul's churchyard on 30 january. on 31 january, fawkes, winter and a number of others implicated in the conspiracy were taken to old palace yard in westminster, in front of the scene of the intended crime, where they were to be hanged, drawn and quartered.
fawkes, although weakened by torture, cheated the executioners: when he was to be hanged until almost dead, he jumped from the gallows, breaking his neck and killing himself, thus avoiding the gruesome latter part of his execution.
henry garnet was executed on 3 may 1606 at st paul's. his crime was of being the confessor of several members of the gunpowder plot, and as noted, he had opposed the plot. many spectators thought that his punishment was too severe. antonia fraser writes:
due to the gunpowder plot, many catholics found themselves persecuted or imprisoned in the tower of london, including the following:
greater freedom for catholics to worship as they chose seemed unlikely in 1604, but after the plot in 1605, changing the law to afford catholics leniency became unthinkable; catholic emancipation took another 200 years. nevertheless, many important and loyal catholics retained high office in the kingdom during king james' reign.
interest in the demonic was heightened by the gunpowder plot. the king himself had become engaged in the great debate about other-worldly powers in writing his "daemonology" in 1597, before he became king of england as well as scotland. the apparent devilish nature of the gunpowder plot also partly inspired william shakespeare's "macbeth". demonic inversions (such as the line "fair is foul and foul is fair") are frequently seen in the play. another possible reference made in macbeth was to equivocation, as henry garnett’s "a treatise of equivocation" was found on one of the plotters, and a resultant fear was that jesuits could evade the truth through equivocation:
faith, here's an equivocator, that could
swear in both the scales against either scale;
who committed treason enough for god's sake,
yet could not equivocate to heaven
- macbeth, act 2 scene 3
the gunpowder plot was commemorated for years after the plot by special sermons and other public acts, such as the ringing of church bells. it added to an increasingly full calendar of protestant celebrations which contributed to the national and religious life of seventeenth-century england. through various permutations, this has evolved into the bonfire night of today.
professor ronald hutton has considered the possible events which could have followed the successful implementation of the gunpowder plot, with the resultant destruction of parliament and death of the king. he concluded that the violence of the act would have instead resulted in a more severe backlash against suspected catholics. without the involvement of some form of foreign aid, success would have been unlikely, as most englishmen were loyal to the institution of the monarchy, despite differing religious convictions. england could very well have become a more "puritan absolute monarchy", as "existed in sweden, denmark, saxony, and prussia in the seventeenth century", rather than follow the path of parliamentary and civil reform that it did.
when parliament met in january 1606 for the first time after the plot they passed an act of parliament called the "thanksgiving act". this made services and sermons commemorating the plot an annual feature on 5 november. the act remained in force until 1859. on 5 november 1605, it is said that the people of london celebrated the defeat of the plot with fires and street festivities. the tradition of marking the day with the ringing of church bells and bonfires started soon after the plot and fireworks were also included in some of the earliest celebrations. in britain the fifth of november is also called bonfire night, fireworks night or guy fawkes night.
it remains the custom in britain, on or around 5 november, to let off fireworks. traditionally, in the weeks running up to the 5th, children made "guys"—effigies supposedly of fawkes—usually made from old clothes stuffed with newspaper, and with a grotesque mask, to be burnt on 5 november bonfire. these effigies would be shown in the street, to collect money for fireworks, although this practice is becoming less common. the word "guy" came thus in the 19th century to mean an oddly dressed person, and in the 20th and 21st centuries to mean any male person.
institutions and towns may hold firework displays and bonfire parties, and the same is done on a smaller scale in back gardens throughout the country. in some areas, particularly in sussex, there are extensive processions, large bonfires and firework displays organised by local bonfire societies; the most extensive of which takes place in lewes.
the houses of parliament are still searched by the yeomen of the guard before the state opening of parliament, however, this is done as a traditional custom rather than a serious anti-terrorist precaution.
a commemorative british two pound coin was issued in 2005 to celebrate the 400th anniversary of the plot.
the cellar in which fawkes watched over his gunpowder was demolished in 1822. the area was further damaged in the 1834 fire and destroyed in the subsequent rebuilding of the palace of westminster. the lantern which guy fawkes carried in 1605 is in the ashmolean museum, oxford. a key supposedly taken from him is in speaker's house, palace of westminster. these two items were shown in a major exhibition held in westminster hall from july to november 2005.
according to esther forbes (a biographer), the guy fawkes day celebration in the pre-revolutionary american colonies was a very popular holiday. in boston, the celebration took on anti-authoritarian overtones, and often became so dangerous that many would not venture out of their homes.
in november 1930, taking advantage of the bonfires used on the holiday, alfred arthur rouse murdered an unknown man and planted his body as a substitute for rouse's in his morris minor (1928) automobile (which was then set alight). the scheme did not work out, and rouse was arrested, tried and executed for the crime.
accusations of state conspiracy.
many at the time felt that robert cecil, 1st earl of salisbury had been involved in the plot to gain favour with the king and enact more stridently anti-catholic legislation. such theories alleged that cecil had either actually invented the plot or allowed it to continue when his agents had already infiltrated it, for the purposes of propaganda. these rumours were the start of a long-lasting conspiracy theory about the plot. yet while there was no "golden time" of "toleration" of catholics which father garnet had hoped for at the start of james' reign, the legislative backlash had nothing to do with the plot: it had already happened by 1605, as recusancy fines were re-imposed and some priests expelled. there was no purge of catholics from power and influence in the kingdom after the gunpowder plot, despite puritan complaints. the reign of james i was, in fact, a time of relative leniency for catholics, few being subject to prosecution.
this did not dissuade some from continuing to claim cecil's involvement in the plot. in 1897 father john gerard of stonyhurst college, namesake of a jesuit priest who had performed mass to some of the plotters, wrote an account called "what was the gunpowder plot?", alleging cecil's culpability. this prompted a refutation later that year by samuel gardiner, who argued that gerard had gone too far in trying to "wipe away the reproach" which the plot had exacted on generations of english catholics. gardiner portrayed cecil as guilty of nothing more than opportunism. subsequent attempts to prove cecil's responsibility, such as francis edwards's 1969 work "guy fawkes: the real story of the gunpowder plot?", have similarly foundered on the lack of positive proof of any government involvement in setting up the plot. there has been little support by historians for the conspiracy theory since this time, other than to acknowledge that cecil may have known about the plot some days before it was uncovered.
modern plot analysis.
according to the historian lady antonia fraser, the gunpowder was taken to the tower of london magazine. it would have been reissued or sold for recycling if in good condition. ordnance records for the tower state that 18 hundredweight (equivalent to about 816 kg) of it was "decayed", which could imply that it was rendered harmless due to having separated into its component chemical parts, as happens with gunpowder when left to sit for too long—if fawkes had ignited the gunpowder during the opening, it would only have resulted in a weak splutter. alternatively, "decayed" may refer to the powder being damp and sticking together, making it unfit for use in firearms — in which case the explosive capabilities of the barrels would not have been significantly affected.
"", an itv programme presented by richard hammond and broadcast on 1 november 2005, re-enacted the plot by blowing up an exact replica of the 17th-century house of lords filled with test dummies, using the exact amount of gunpowder in the underground of the building. the dramatic experiment, conducted on the advantica spadeadam test site, proved unambiguously that the explosion would have killed all those attending the state opening of parliament in the lords chamber.
the power of the explosion, which surprised even gunpowder experts, was such that seven-foot deep solid concrete walls (made deliberately to replicate how archives suggest the walls in the old house of lords were constructed) were reduced to rubble. measuring devices placed in the chamber to calculate the force of the blast were themselves destroyed by the blast, while the skull of the dummy representing king james, which had been placed on a throne inside the chamber surrounded by courtiers, peers and bishops, was found a large distance away from the site. according to the findings of the programme, no-one within 100 metres of the blast could have survived, while all the stained glass windows in westminster abbey would have been shattered, as would all windows within a large distance of the palace. the power of the explosion would have been seen from miles away, and heard from further still. even if only half the gunpowder had gone off, everyone in the house of lords and its environs would have been killed instantly.
the programme also disproved claims that some deterioration in the quality of the gunpowder would have prevented the explosion. a portion of deliberately deteriorated gunpowder, at such a low quality as to make it unusable in firearms, when placed in a heap and ignited, still managed to create a large explosion. the impact of even deteriorated gunpowder would have been magnified by the impact of its compression in wooden barrels, with the compression overcoming any deterioration in the quality of the contents. the compression would have created a cannon effect, with the powder first blowing up from the top of the barrel before, a millisecond later, blowing out. in addition, mathematical calculations showed that fawkes, who was skilled in the use of gunpowder, had used double the amount of gunpowder needed.
a sample of the gunpowder may have survived: in march 2002, workers investigating archives of john evelyn at the british library found a box containing various samples of gunpowder and several notes suggesting a relation to the gunpowder plot:
john knox (c. 1510 – 24 november 1572) was the man who brought the protestant reformation to scotland. he was one of the founders of the presbyterian church. knox joined the movement to change the roman catholic church in scotland. he married twice and had five children. knox preached until he died.
a fight between catholic france and protestant england for scotland began again because of the reformation. sometimes france had more power. other times england had it. knox spent many months as a galley slave. he also spent time in exile because of his protestant beliefs. during a trip to scotland, knox's preaching helped the protestant movement. several protestant noblemen came together and made a group called the lords of the congregation. when the group had more power, they invited knox back to scotland to stay.
during 1500 and 1561, the scottish parliament accepted the reformed confession of faith made by knox and other people. knox argued many times with mary, queen of scots. in his book "history of the reformation in scotland" he writes about his five "conversations" with the roman catholic queen. in one of these conversations, mary asked knox what right he had to rebuke the queen so directly and openly. knox replied, "...i am a worm of this earth, and yet a subject...but i am a watchman, both over the realm (land) and the kirk [church] of god...for that reason i am bound in conscience (it is my duty) to blow the trumpet publicly (openly)". mary's violent life finally made even her catholic helpers lose their support. she gave up the throne. so, knox was able to make the protestant church in scotland. because of him, the presbyterian church was made.
the nobel prize in physiology or medicine is one of the nobel prizes which were created by alfred nobel. this award is decided by the karolinska institutet, a major medical center in sweden. the prize is given every year to a person or persons who have done excellent work in the area of medicine (treating or stopping disease) or physiology (the way the body works).
the nobel prize in literature is one of many nobel prizes given in honor of alfred nobel. every year, a writer is chosen by the swedish academy to receive the nobel prize in literature. they choose someone who they think has written something that has great value. the prize was awarded the first time in 1901 to sully prudhomme of france.
writing of any language could possibly win the nobel prize.
list of laureates.
list of nobel prize laureates (winners) in literature from 1901 to the present date.
floods are terrible.
the zuni, also called zuñi or ashiwi are a native american tribe. they live near the zuni river. this river flows into the little colorado river, in western new mexico, united states.
they are famous for their language, which is not like other pueblo or native american languages. it is a language isolate.
a fallacy is an incorrect argument in logic and rhetoric. it gives a result which is not valid or lacks soundness. in mathematics, a fallacy can occur when the reasoning violates the condition of its applicability. fallacies are either formal fallacies or informal fallacies.
a formal fallacy is an error in logic. this shows in the argument's form. all formal fallacies are types of non sequiturs (the conclusion does not follow from the premises). 
even if the conclusion of an argument is correct, it is not supported by the logic given.
informal fallacies are arguments that are fallacious for reasons other than structural flaws. they usually need examination of the argument's content. some examples of informal fallacies include:
faulty generalizations are made when one reaches a conclusion from weak premises. unlike fallacies of relevance, in fallacies of defective induction, the premises are related to the conclusions—yet only weakly buttress the conclusions. a faulty generalization is thus produced.
red herring fallacies.
a red herring fallacy is an error in logic where a proposition is, or is intended to be, misleading in order to make irrelevant or false inferences. in the general case any logical inference based on fake arguments, intended to replace the lack of real arguments or to replace implicitly the subject of the discussion.
red herring – argument given in response to another argument, which is irrelevant and draws attention away from the subject of argument. 
goat may mean:
myanmar is a country in southeast asia. its full name is the republic of the union of myanmar. it used to be called burma. myanmar is a country in southeast asia that is not an island. it is also part of south asia.
it is bordered by china on the north, laos on the east, thailand on the southeast, bangladesh on the west, and india on the northwest, with the andaman sea to the south, and the bay of bengal to the southwest. there are over of coastline.
the country was ruled by a military junta led by general ne win from 1962 to 1988. its political system today stays under the tight control of its military government. in 1991, senior general than shwe began ruling the country. in 2011 thein sein was elected as a first president of the civilian government. in 2016 htin kyaw became the second elected civilian leader. aung san suu kyi, who is prevented from becoming president by the constitution of myanmar, will act as an advisor to kyaw.
in march 2018, win myint became the country's tenth and current president.
origin and history of the name.
in 1989, the military junta officially changed the english version of its name from "burma" to "myanmar". it also made a new name in english for places in the country, such as its former capital city, from "rangoon" to yangon. the official name of the country in the burmese language, "myanmar" did not change, however. the renaming was controversial, seen by some as linguistically bad. accepting the name change in the english-speaking world has been slow, with many people still using the name "burma" to refer to the country. major news organizations like the bbc still call it burma. some question the military junta's authority to "officially" change the name in english in the first place. aung san suu kyi, however, calls the country myanmar now.
myanmar had a strong kingdom in ancient times, but the nation was taken over by the british in the 1800s. it was occupied by the empire of japan in the 1940s. myanmar became independent in 1948 as the union of burma, and had a democratic government at first. however, in 1962, a coup d'état brought the military into power, where it has been ever since. the founder of modern myanmar, aung san was assassinated months before independence. his daughter aung san suu kyi was placed under house arrest many times for leading the democracy movement.
in 1991, the military junta agreed to democratic elections, which were won by the national league for democracy, and should have made aung san suu kyi the prime minister. however, the dictatorship ignored the results of the elections and continued ruling. in november 2005, the military government stated that the national capital would be moved from yangon to a location near pyinmana, which was renamed naypyidaw in march 2006.
since independence in 1948 and the assassination of aung san, burma has had civil wars between its governments and minority ethnic groups like the kachin, karen, shan and others. these conflicts are known as the internal conflict in burma.
today, there are 14 sections. 7 are called states and the other 7 are called divisions.
the divisions are split into townships. the townships are divided into villages and wards.
1206 (mccvi) was .
ben nevis is the highest mountain in the british isles at high. it is in scotland, near fort william. the mountain forms part of the three peaks challenge and attracts an estimated 100,000 climbers per year,
the name comes from the scottish gaelic, beinn nibheis, which may mean poisonous or terrible.
the summit of ben nevis is a large stony plateau of about . the highest point is marked with a large stone mound which sits an ordnance survey trig point.
the ruined walls of an observatory are also on the summit. an emergency shelter has been built on top of the observatory tower for people caught out by bad weather. the roof of the shelter is higher than the trig point by several feet, making it the highest man-made structure in the uk. a war memorial to the dead of world war ii is next to the observatory.
on 17 may 2006, a piano that had been buried under one of the cairns on the peak was uncovered by the john muir trust, which owns much of the mountain. the piano is believed to have been carried up for charity by removal men from dundee over 20 years earlier.
the view from the uk's highest point can reach to over , and mountains such as the torridon hills, morven in caithness, lochnagar, ben lomond, barra head and knocklayd in county antrim, northern ireland can be seen.
snowdon is the highest mountain in wales. its top is known as "yr wyddfa" (old welsh meaning "the grave"). the english name snowdon comes from saxon "snow dun", meaning "snow hill".
it is in snowdonia national park. as the highest mountain in wales, snowdon is one of three mountains climbed as part of the three peaks challenge.
manaus is the principal city of the north region of brazil. it is the capital of amazonas. manaus had a great age when latex was discovered in the amazon region. manaus developed economically and culturally. after that great age, latex started to be produced in other countries, particularly malaysia and indonesia, where due the similar climate the plants start to grow even faster than in brasil.
manaus is considerated as the entrance door to the biggest ecological reservation in the planet: the amazon rainforest. its name come from a tribe called manaós that lived in this area and means "mother of god". the colonization started on 1669, with a small fort, and around it grew a settlement. in 1833 it became a village, with the name of manaus. on october 24th of 1848 it receive the name of city and became the capital of the state.
manaus is the site of the "encontro of the waters" where two big rivers rio negro (black river) and solimoes river come together and for more than 10 km "walk together but not mixed" because of their differing density, and then become the amazon.
the american charles goodyear, inventor of vulcanization, developed a procedure to process the juice of the rubber tree into rubber. the city became rich, and india rubber barons paid for a big biggest luxury from europe, a copy the grand paris opéra - the teatro amazonas. other monuments from this time include the mercado municipal, a copy of the famous market halls les halles in paris, the arts centre rio palacio negro between fascinating portuguese facades. 
today manaus is a foreign trade zone. foreign enterprises pay here no import duties what guarantees a certain income for the city and the region. electronics, wood industry and oil refineries have settled in the outskirts in industrial areas. the harbour is the most important trading centre for the care of the city with regional, national and international products.
about 1.5 million people live in manaus.
it was nominated as one of the places for the soccer world cup 2014. the city is growing rapidly and start to prepare for the event that will bring a lot of people.
 manaus in facebook
the opera house is the major cultural heritage of the amazonas. it was inaugurated in 1896 during the rubber boom. in spite of the predominance of neoclassic elements, other styles were used, so the architecture is eclectic, with materials brought from europe as well as artists like domenico de angelis, giovanni capranesi and crispim do amaral. preserved as a national heritage since 1965, today, with more than 100 years, it has room for 681 people including balconies and three floors of boxes. after the restauration made by the state government in 1990, the theater rescued its splendor, with performances of famous operas, national and international musicians.
amazonas is the name of four places in south american nations:
the 1740s was a decade that began on 1 january 1740 and ended on 31 december 1749.
tocantins is a state in central brazil. the state was made in 1988 out of the northern part of goiás, and construction began on the capital, palmas, in 1989. palmas is much newer than most cities in the area.
the state is the border between the amazon rainforest and brazil's grassy flatlands. the state is very important for raising and selling cows and other farm animals.
the amazon rainforest is the largest rainforest in the world. 
the forest is in a basin drained mainly by the amazon river, with 1100 tributaries. it is a moist broadleaf forest which covers seven million square kilometers (1.7 billion acres). of this, five and a half million square kilometers (1.4 billion acres) are covered by the rainforest.
this region includes territory from nine nations. most of the forest is in brazil, with 60% of the rainforest, followed by peru with 13%, and colombia with 10%. venezuela, ecuador, bolivia, guyana, suriname and french guiana have just a small amount of rainforest.
the amazon has over half of the planet's rainforest area. it has many species of plants some include rosewood, mahogany and ebony. it is the largest and most species-rich tract of tropical rainforest in the world. the forest was formed at least 55 million years ago, in the eocene period.
wet tropical forests are the most species-rich biome. tropical forests in the americas have more species than african and asian wet forests.
more than one-third of all species in the world live in the amazon rainforest. it is the richest tropical forest in the world in terms of biodiversity.
the region is home to ~2.5 million insect species, tens of thousands of species of plants, and some 2000 species of birds and mammals and a similar number of fish. the diversity of plant species is the highest on earth with some experts estimating that one square kilometre may contain over 75,000 types of trees and 150,000 species of higher plants. one square kilometre of amazon rainforest can have about 90,000 tons of living plants. this is the largest collection of living plants and animal species in the world. one in five of all the birds in the world live here. to date, an estimated 438,000 species of plants of economic and social interest have been registered in the region with many more remaining to be discovered or cataloged.
more than a fifth of the amazon rainforest has already been destroyed. the forest which remains is threatened. people who care for the environment warn about the loss of biodiversity. they also point out that releasing the carbon which is stored in the trees will increase global warming.
environmentalists are concerned about loss of biodiversity due to the destruction of the forest. also, the release of the carbon in the vegetation would accelerate global warming. amazonian evergreen forests account for about 10% of the world's productivity on land and 10% of the carbon stores in ecosystems. of the order of 1.1 × 1011 metric tonnes of carbon. amazonian forests are estimated to have accumulated 0.62 ± 0.37 tons of carbon per hectare per year between 1975 and 1996.
some people have calculated that it may even pay to save the forest. they said that one hectare of amazonian forest in peru is worth about us$6280, if it is used to harvest fruits, latex and timber (wood). if all the wood is cut down for timber, it has a value of about us$1000. obviously, this can only be done once; it is not sustainable. when the forest has been cleared, the hectare of land can be used as a pasture, and is worth about us$148. not all people agree on the study; some have questioned the assumptions behind it.
the brazilian air force has been using surveillance aircraft to monitor the forest. at a conference in 2004, scientists warned that the rainforest will no longer be able to absorb the millions of tons of greenhouse gases annually, as it usually does, because of the increased speed of rainforest destruction.
by 2018, about 17% of the amazon rainforest had been destroyed. when 20–25% (3–8% more) is destroyed, the climate will change. it will flip to a non-forest ecosystem – degraded savannah. as their homelands continue to be destroyed by deforestation, rainforest peoples are also disappearing.
once the process of vulcanization was invented, companies began to make many kinds of new rubber products, such as boots and seals for machines. american and european companies began buying large amounts of latex from brazil. this boom in brazilian rubber began around 1870, but the need for automobile tires brought the greatest wealth to the new rubber producers.
other rain forests have rubber trees, but amazonia has by far the best. however, the trees could not be farmed on plantations because if they were next to each other, the insects would eat them. therefore, people had to find the trees in the rain forest, cut slits in them, leave cups to collect the latex, and come back later to get it.
thousands of people moved to the rain forest to work collecting rubber. most of these people were hired by rich rubber merchants. the rubber merchants loaned them money to come down the river and buy tools. each merchant’s collectors had to sell the rubber only to their rubber merchant at low prices and buy supplies only from them at high prices. that meant the collectors were always in debt to their merchant and could not leave to do something else. the rubber merchants quickly became very rich.
the center of the rubber trade was manaus on the rio negro. it became first a boom town and then a beautiful, wealthy city. it had electricity before most of the cities in the united states did. the newly rich merchants built huge expensive homes and brought in automobiles to travel on the city’s few roads. they built a magnificent opera house with crystal chandeliers and decorated tiles brought all the way from europe.
however, the rubber boom only lasted about forty years, ending by 1913. some men had taken the seeds of the amazon rubber trees and began growing them in the asian rain forests. the trees grew well there, and they could be grown on plantations. the insects that could destroy them were in south america. so the price of rubber began to fall, and the rubber boom stopped.
gosport is a town in hampshire, england. the population of gosport is around 78,000 
indonesian language () is the national and official language of indonesia and is used in the entire country. it is a form of the malay language. it is the language of official communication, taught in schools and used for broadcast in electronic and digital media. being the top multilingual (especially trilingual) country in the world, most indonesians also speak their own ethnic or native languages, with the most widely spoken being javanese and sundanese which consequently give huge influence into the indonesian language itself.
with huge speakers throughout the country as well as by the diaspora who live abroad, indonesian language is listed as one of the most spoken languages worldwide. indonesian language also officially taught and used in schools, universities, and institutions worldwide, especially in australia, netherlands, japan, south korea, timor leste, vietnam, taiwan, united states of america, united kingdom, etc.
having a long-established historical ties with european countries since the colonialism era, some of indonesian terms has absorbed into some european languages, mainly the dutch and english. indonesian language itself also has numerous loanwords which derived from the european languages, mainly from the dutch, portuguese, spanish, and english. indonesian language also has loanwords derived from sanskrit, chinese, and arabic which diffused in indonesian due to the trade and religious-based activities that had been done since ancient times within the indonesian archipelago region.
all in the family is an american situation comedy that aired on cbs from 1971 to 1979. it is about a working class family who live in queens, new york city. the main character is archie bunker. the show deals with many controversial issues (including abortion and racism). the sitcom was created by norman lear and it was developed by lear and bud yorkin. it is based on the british sitcom "till death us do part" which was made by johnny speight. carroll o'connor, jean stapleton, sally struthers, rob reiner, and danielle brisebois are the main actors on the show.
"all in the family" is seen in the united states of america as one of the greatest television programs in history. the show did not do good in the first season but the a lot more people watched when cbs put in the summer reruns on television. many people liked that the show talked about controversial issues. the show got number 1 on the nielsen ratings from 1971 to 1976. it was the first television show to do this. the episode "sammy visit's" was number 13 on "tv guides 100 greatest episodes of all-time and "tv guides 50 greatest tv shows of all time had "all in the family" as the fourth greatest show of all time. bravo put archie bunker as the "greatest character of all time." "all in the family" had seven spin-off shows made. that is the most spin-off shows from any show ever. 
the show ended on april 8, 1979 but the spin-off show called "archie bunker's place" started on september 23, 1979 and carried on with archie bunker until 1984. 15 years later norman lear created "704 hauser" which was about a new family living in archie bunker's house after he sold it. the show was ended early after five episodes were put on television. 
"all in the family" is about a family who lives during the early 1970s in the suburbs of queens, new york city. the sitcom's main character is a world war ii veteran and blue-collar worker archie bunker. archie bunker is old, a bigot, and is not very smart. he gets mad at the changes he sees in the world and wants to go back to when life was more easier. archie does not like the democratic party and is a republican. he stereotypes every person he meets. his wife, edith bunker is a nice woman but she is not very smart. she has a very big family but her family does not like archie bunker. archie and edith have one child. they have a daughter named gloria stivic who is a feminist. archie calls gloria "little girl". gloria is married to michael stivic who is unemployed and is of polish descent. archie calls michael the "meathead" because michael has different ideas about politics then archie. michael and gloria have a son together. archie thinks that michael is dead from his neck to his head. archie does not like the jeffersons who are the african american family that live next door to them. archie argues with george jefferson many times but george's wife is a friends with edith. her name is louise jefferson. george and louise have a son named lionel jefferson who helps out archie. the jeffersons move away and into the city. edith also has a cousin named maude findlay who takes care of the bunkers when they get sick. archie argues with maude many times because they do not have the same opinions about politics. the characters who live around archie and his family are meant to show the changing demographics in the world, which archie does not like.
early seasons of the show.
during the show the family goes through different situations. many of the most funny moments of the show are in the first season. early in the show, michael wrote an angry letter to president richard nixon and archie wrote a letter to richard nixon about why he liked him. archie and the jeffersons argue over the color of god's skin because he does not think god is black. but archie gets drunk and is locked in the basement and he thinks that god came to rescue him but it was just one of the jeffersons. he is surprised that god is black and bows down to him. in many of the episodes michael and archie argue. one time archie was nearly arrested for owning tear gas and another time he went missing. archie and the people he works with go on strike and archie does not have a job. but edith gets a job instead because the family needs money. this makes archie mad because he thinks that the husband should be working. there are also some flashback episodes. the first one is about the first time archie and michael meet. it is a very famous episode and michael got the name "meathead" in it. in the third season the episode,"the bunkers and the swingers" won an emmy award for outstanding writing for a comedy series. the episode was about edith an archie not knowing that they agreed to change husbands and wives for a night with other people who do it as a job.
later seasons of the show.
later on, archie is in a broken elevator with a woman who archie thought was crazy, an african american businessman and a puerto rican man and women who is about to give birth. in season eight of the show gloria and michael move out of the house and move into their own house to raise their son but the house is very close to archie and edith's house. michael and gloria start to argue many times and they think they might get divorced. michael looks to archie for help but it does not work very much. they do stayed married for the rest of the show. archie's ideas about transgender people are put to test when he saved a transgender person's life not knowing that they were transgender. many important and controversial things happen in season eight of the show. during the episode "edith's 50th birthday" a man who is dressed up as a police officer tried to rape edith. edith fights him off but has a very hard time telling archie about it. another time archie and michael are locked in kelsey's bar together and they argue but become very close and archie finally tells michael that he loves him. later in the show archie and edith raise a young girl named stephanie mills who was abandoned by her father and her mother (edith's cousin). archie buys a bar with a friend and they own it. the story of "all in the family" continued in "archie bunker's place" and the house is the main place with a new family named the "cumberbatches" in the spin-off show "704 hauser" but the show was cancelled less than a month after it started.
creating the show.
the first pilot episode.
"all in the family" is based on the 1960s british sitcom television show "till death us do part". norman lear said he read about the show in a "variety" magazine. he thought the show was like the relationship that he had with his father. norman lear bought the rights to use "til death us do part" and used the ideas of the show in "all in the family". norman lear is the creator of "all in the family". he would also add some of the things his father did into the show. cbs wanted to have the show but the show was going to be on abc. there was two pilot episodes made. one was made on september 3, 1968 and called "and justice for all". the pilot episodes had different actors and actresss for michael (tim mcintire) and gloria stivic (kelly jean peters) and the house they lived in looked different. archie and edith were named "archie justice" and "edith justice" instead of archie bunker and edith bunker. micheal was named “dickie” for the first pilot. lionel jefferson was played by d'urville martin instead of mike evans. for the start of the episode, archie and edith were singing, "those were the days" but the song was longer and shots of where they lived were shown but not them. also edith played the piano faster in this pilot episode then the rest of the show. the camera showed the door mat which said "justice" before the episode started. the pilot was taped with three cameras so the people watching could see the characters feelings about things. this would be used for the entire show. most other sitcoms used one camera but "all in the family" was the first and more sitcoms used three cameras after. the pilot talked about many important issues instead of just one. the characters talked about race, welfare, antisemitism, and even different types of sausage. the ending credits of the pilot episode is the kitchen room with the party decorations up. edith and archie are singing the same song from the beginning as the credits roll. 
the second pilot episode.
abc did not like the first pilot because they did not think archie and edith were good together but abc gave lear the money to make a second pilot. the episode was made on february 10, 1969 in los angeles and it was called "those were days". the second pilot episode was almost the same as the first pilot episode but in this pilot gloria was played by candice azzara and chip oliver played richard. richard was the name of michael stivic's character and was named "dickie" in the first pilot episode. d'urville martin played lionel jefferson again. another difference from the pilot episodes and the rest of the show is that edith can be rude to archie at times and calls archie,"mr. religion." for the start of this pilot episode, edith and archie are singing "those were the days" the same way it would be for the rest of the show. after edith and archie start to sing, shots of the neighborhood that they live in are shown but not manhattan. the ending credits are archie and edith singing the same song but they are not shown. instead the same shots from the opening song is shown but backwards. this was used for the rest of the show. 
the pilots both had the same story. gloria and richard are making a surprise anniversary party for edith and archie. gloria does not want richard to argue with archie. their friend, lionel jefferson was fixing the toilet for them. when richard and gloria leave archie and edith come home, edith is surprised to see the party. but when richard and gloria come back, richard and archie start to argue about controversial ideas. gloria tells archie that she is going to leave because they keep arguing but she does not. lionel comes back to the house and archie tries to show richard that he likes african-americans but insults jewish people instead. lionel and richard play a joke on archie and try to make him think that he is jewish. edith opens a present from archie but he did not make it. she is very happy but archie is confused. the episodes end with archie insulting richard. 
making the rest of the show.
this was the last pilot and it would be two years until the first episode of the "all in the family" was made. both of the pilot episodes were never put on television. abc did not like the show because they thought it was too controversial and because another show, "turn-on" was ended after one episode. they also thought that the people who watch abc would not like archie bunker. norman lear and bud yorkin took back the screenplay and thought about making a movie with "all in the family" and not a show because norman and bud has made good movies. norman lear had a meeting with united artists about making movies and bud had a meeting with cbs. cbs thought about getting "all in the family" back. norman lear and bud yorkin agreed to make 13 episodes for the first season and cbs bought the show back. 
the show was filmed at cbs television city in hollywood from 1971 to 1975 and then was filmed at metromedia square also in hollywood, from 1975 to 1979. tandem productions was the company that produced the show. norman lear and bud yorkin created the company. norman lear wanted the show to be made in black and white but cbs would not let him. the furniture in the show did not have many colors in them this was because norman lear wanted the people watching the show to make it feel like they were looking at family photos. "all in the family" was the first american sitcom to be recorded in front of a live audience. each episode is 25 or 26 minutes long. cbs had a warning before each episode to warn the people watching that controversial topics would be talked about on the show, but they did it too make people laugh. cbs did this so people would know before the show started if they were going to be offended by what was on the show. rob reiner and sally struthers played michael and gloria instead and the first episode was put on television on january 12, 1971.
"all in the family" was not famous in the first season. but the show started to become famous when cbs had reruns of the first season on television. 
setting and location.
"all in the family" takes place astoria which is a neighbourhood in the queens, new york. many episodes of the show take place at archie and edith's house. the address for the house archie and his family is 704 hauser but the address is not real. the house is real and is in greendale also in new york. the bunker's live near new york state route 25a which is where kelsey's bar is and where "archie bunker's place" is set. many of the places mentioned in the show are real. like the high school that archie bunker goes too is a real high school in flushing, new york.
most sitcoms before "all in the family" did not talk about controversial issues. "all in the family" became very famous because it talked about controversial topics like race and sexuality but in a funny way. many people liked the show because they thought the show was relatable for them because the show was about average people in the 1970s. norman lear used this when he made other shows like "sanford and son". "all in the family" won many awards for it's success. the chairs that archie bunker and edith sit in and the table that is in between the chairs are on display at the national museum of american history. on the table is archie's favorite beer and a bowl to stop his cigar when he is done smoking. the hat that archie wears on the show is also at this museum.
during the 1972 united states presidential election, shirts, and buttons were sold that said "archie bunker for president." in 1998, the united states postal service created a stamp that cost 33 cents and was about "all in the family".
in the sound recordings of the watergate scandal the then-u.s president richard nixon was heard talking about how "all in the family" "glorifies homosexuality." he talks about archie bunker and calls michael his "hippie son-in-law" but not does not say the show's name. richard nixon liked the show, having been mentioned many times in the sitcom and even been the plot of the second episode of the show. nixon did not go on the show.
the rapper, redman says archie bunker name in some of his songs when rapping about cigars because archie is very well known for smoking large cigars.
a main character is a character who is in almost all the episodes or is important to the story.
supporting characters are characters who are in many episodes and help the main characters at times.
a recurring character is a character who is in only a few episodes but does not have a big part.
those were the days.
the opening theme song for "all in the family" is played at the start of each episode. the song is composed by charles strouse and the lyrics were written by lee adams. "those were the days" is sung by archie bunker and edith. edith is playing during the piano during the song. in the introduction many clips of manhattan from the sky are used. the clips start to show the neighborhoods as it gets closer to the bunker's house. the final clip returns to the bunker's house and edith and archie finish singing. there are many shorter versions of the lyrics here is the longest one which was made for atlantic records:
boy, the way glenn miller played
songs that made the hit parade
guys like me we had it made
those were the days
didn't need no welfare state
ev'rybody pulled his weight
gee our old lasalle ran great
those were the days
and you knew who you were then
girls were girls and men were men
mister we could use a man like herbert hoover again
people seemed to be content
fifty dollars paid the rent
freaks were in a circus tent
those were the days
take a little sunday spin
go to watch the dodgers win
have yourself a dandy day
that cost you under a fin
hair was short and skirts were long
kate smith really sold a song
i don't know just what went wrong
those were the days!
in 1975 rob reiner, sally struthers, jean stapleton, and carroll o'connor sung "those were the days" but changed the name to "these are the days." the song was for the live audience but was not but on television. the lyrics were different and it was about what was currently going on and realizing the changes. this was the only time that reiner and struthers were also singing with stapleton and o'connor. 
"remembering you" was the closing theme song for "all in the family". the song would play after each episode had ended and the credits were being shown. the song was composed by roger kellaway. the lyrics were never added to the show but carroll o'connor did sing them when he was an television. during the song the clips from "those were the days" would play but instead it would be backwards. it used to just be a piano playing but lyrics sung by archie bunker actor, carroll o'connor were added. in the episode "stewie loves lois" of "family guy" this song was played for the end credits:
got a feelin' it's all over now - all over now, we're through.
and tomorrow i'll be lonesome, remembering you.
got a feelin' the sun will be gone - the day will be long and blue.
and tomorrow i'll be cryin', remembering you.
there'a far away look in your eye when you try to pretend to me,
that everything is the same as it used to be.
i see it's all over now - all over now, we're through.
and tomorrow i'll be startin' remembering you.
this is the family tree for the bunker family. archie and edith have one daughter, gloria who is married to michael. they have one son named joey. archie also has a brother named fred. the information about archie's siblings do not work a lot. early in the show archie says that he has three siblings. but later on he says he was an only child. but there are episode after this that have archie's brother fred in them. 
episodes and ratings.
after the two pilot episodes from 1968 and 1969, the first episode of the first season of "all in the family" was called "meet the bunkers" and was on television january, 12 1971. most of the seasons had 24 episodes but the first season only had 13 episodes. there were nine seasons of "all in the family". in the episode, "sammy's visit" the longest laugh from the crowd happened when sammy davis jr. kissed archie during a photo. the episode was number 13 on "tv guide"'s 100 greatest episodes of all-time. a special 90 minute episode was made in season nine for the 200th episode. the episode was called "the 200th episode celebration of all in the family". the last episode is called "too good edith" and is used to start the story of the spin-off "archie bunker's place".
five episodes of "all in the family" won awards for the episodes:
syndication is when a television program is being shown on a different television network then the first one it was one. cbs started to do reruns of "all in the family" during the sixth season of the show on september 1, 1975. viacom stopped this in september 1979 and let other television networks air the show. in the late 1980s networks like tbs had the show on. from january 3, 2011, to december 31, 2017, the show aired on antenna tv. as of january 1, 2018, the show began to air on gettv.
"all in the family" is one of three shows ever to be number 1 in the neilsen ratings five years in a row. the show was in the top 10 for seven of the nine seasons. 40.2 million people watch the show's last episode.
"all in the family" first season aired at 9:30 pm because more famous shows were aired at 8:00 pm. when a show is "aired" it means it is on television at that time. when the show started to be famous, cbs moved the show to 8:00 pm because more people would watch at that time. cbs moved the show to 9:00 pm but put the show back to 8:00 in the last season.
sony pictures home entertainment released the first six seasons of "all in the family" on dvd from 2002 to 2007. then in 2010 shout! factory released the seventh season of the show on dvd. in 2011, they released the eight and ninth season on dvd. in 2012 the whole show was released on dvd.
when a new show is created from a show that is already present, that is called a spin-off. "all in the family" has the most spin-offs of any television show ever. there are even spin-offs of the spin-off shows. "maude", "the jeffersons", "good times", and "archie bunker's place" were successful sitcoms and norman lear and cbs decided to make more. but "gloria", "checking in", and "704 hauser" were not successful and were cancelled.
2019 television special.
on may 22, 2019 abc aired a television program special. the special was called "live in front of a studio audience" and new actors did an episode of "all in the family" and "good times". comedian and television host of "jimmy kimmel live!" jimmy kimmel and the creator of "all in the family", norman lear wrote the episode. woody harrelson played archie bunker and marisa tomei played edith bunker. the special was filmed in front of a live audience.
these are the actors and the characters they play in "all in the family".
awards and nominations.
"all in the family" is the first sitcom to have every actor who played the main characters win primetime emmy awards for the show. the show also got nominated for many awards. a nomination is when something is picked with other people to maybe with something.
tca heritage award.
in 2013, the television critics association gave "all in the family" with its heritage award for its cultural and social ways it changed society.
saint can mean different things:
different religions & groups use the term "saint" differently. the word comes form latin "sanctus", which means holy. in general, saints are believed to be good examples of how people should live, or what people should do. saints are synonymous, or are associated, with holiness. in the roman catholic church, to become a saint, you have to go through a process called canonization, which is performed by the pope.
saint lucia is a tropical island country in the eastern caribbean sea. it is a part of the lesser antilles, and it is north of the islands of saint vincent and the grenadines and south of martinique. as of 2010 there are about 174,000 people.
the official language is english. saint lucian creole french (kwéyòl), which is a french-based creole is spoken by 95% of the people. about 70% of the people are roman catholic. 
two nobel laureates, arthur lewis, an economist, and derek walcott, a poet and playwright, have come from the island.
saint lucia is a full and participating member of the caribbean community (caricom), organisation of eastern caribbean states (oecs) and la francophonie.
the first inhabitants of saint lucia were native americans of the kalinago (carib) tribe.
saint lucia has 11 quarters, or parishes of the island.
the cities in saint lucia are:
the volcanic island of saint lucia is more mountainous than many other caribbean islands. the highest point is mount gimie, at above sea level. two other mountains, the pitons, form the island's most famous landmark. they are between soufrière and choiseul on the western side of the island. saint lucia is also one of the few islands in the world that has a drive-in volcano. it is also famous for clear seas and sandy beaches.
the capital city of saint lucia is castries. over one third of all the people live in the capital. major towns include gros islet, soufrière and vieux fort. 
the local climate is tropical. they have northeast trade winds. there is a dry season from december 1 to may 31, and a wet season from june 1 to november 30.
the windward islands cricket team includes players from saint lucia. they play in the west indies regional tournament. darren sammy is the first saint lucian to represent the west indies. he is the current captain.
tourism is important to saint lucia's economy. there are more tourists during the dry season (january to april). saint lucia tends to be popular due to its tropical weather and scenery and its many beaches and resorts.
other tourist attractions include a drive-in volcano, sulphur springs, the botanical gardens, the majestic twin peaks "the pitons", a world heritage site, the rain forests, and pigeon island national park.
most tourists visit saint lucia as part of a cruise. most of their time tends to be spent in castries, although soufriere, marigot bay and gros islet are popular locations to visit.
yuri alexeyevich gagarin (; march 9, 1934 – march 27, 1968) was a soviet and russian cosmonaut (astronaut).
yuri gagarin was born in the village of klushino near gzhatsk (now in smolensk oblast, russia), on 9 march 1934. gzhatsk was renamed gagarin in 1968 in his honour. his parents, alexey ivanovich gagarin and anna timofeyevna gagarina, worked on a collective farm. while manual workers are thought as "peasants," this may be too-simple if applied to his parents — his mother was said to love reading, and his father was a skilled carpenter. yuri was the third of four children, and his elder sister helped raise him while his parents worked. like millions of people in the soviet union, the gagarin family suffered during the nazi invasion in world war ii. his two elder siblings were sent out to nazi germany for slave work in 1943, and did not return until after the war. while a youth, yuri became interested in space and planets, and began to dream about his space tour which would one day become a reality. yuri was thought by his teachers, as smart and hard-working, sometimes mischievous. his mathematics and science teacher had flown in the soviet air forces during the war, which was said to make some impression on young gagarin.
after starting an apprenticeship in a metalworks as a foundryman, gagarin was selected for further training at a technical high school in saratov. while there, he joined the flight club, and learned to fly a light aircraft. in 1955, after finishing his technical schooling, he entered military flight training at the orenburg pilot's school. while there he met valentina goryacheva. yuri married her in 1957, after gaining his pilot's wings in a mig-15. post-graduation, he was told to go to luostari airbase in murmansk oblast, close to the norwegian border, where bad weather made flying risky. as a full-grown man, gagarin was tall, which was an advantage in the small vostok cockpit. he became a lieutenant of the soviet air force on november 5, 1957 and on november 6, 1959 he got the rank of senior lieutenant.
gagarin kept physically fit throughout his life, and was a good sportsman. as the space explorer valery bykovsky wrote:
as well as being a good ice hockey player, gagarin was also a basketball fan, and coached the saratov industrial technical school team, as well as being an umpire/referee.
career in the soviet space program.
selection and training.
in 1960, after the search and selection process, yuri gagarin was selected with 19 other space explorers for the "soviet space program". along with the other soon to be space explorers, he was tested by experiments made to test his physical and psychological score; he also underwent training for the upcoming flight. out of the twenty originally selected, the final choice for the first launch was between gagarin and gherman titov because of their performance in training, as well as their physical fitness.
on 12 april 1961, gagarin became the first man to travel into space, launching to orbit aboard the "vostok 3ka-3" (vostok 1). his call sign in this flight was kedr (cedar; ). during his flight, gagarin famously whistled the song "the motherland hears, the motherland knows" (). the first two lines of the song are: "the motherland hears, the motherland knows/where her son flies in the sky". this song was written by dmitri shostakovich in 1951 (opus 86), with words by yevgeniy dolmatovsky.
around the same time, some western people claimed that gagarin, during his space flight, had made the comment, ""i don't see any god up here"." however, no such words appear in the direct record of gagarin's talk with the earth during the spaceflight. in a 2006 interview a close friend of gagarin, colonel valentin petrov, said that gagarin never said such words, and that the phrase came from nikita khrushchev's speech at the fullness of the central committee of the cpsu, where the anti-religious propaganda was talked about. in a certain context khrushchev said, ""gagarin flew into space, but didn't see any god there"."
fame and later life.
after the flight, gagarin became a world famous celebrity. he toured in many places like in italy, the united kingdom, germany, canada, and japan. he did this to promote the soviet union achievements.
in 1962, he began serving as a deputy to the supreme soviet of the soviet union. he later came back to star city. while there, he worked on designs for a reusable spacecraft. gagarin worked on these designs in star city for seven years. he became lieutenant colonel (or podpolkovnik) of the soviet air force on 12 june 1962. then on 6 november 1963 he got the rank of colonel (polkovnik) of the soviet air force. soviet people tried to keep him away from any flights, being worried of losing their hero in an accident. gagarin was backup pilot for vladimir komarov in the soyuz 1 flight. as komarov's flight ended in a deadly crash, gagarin was banned from training for and helping out in further spaceflight/s.
gagarin then became deputy training director of the star city cosmonaut training base. at the same time, he began to re-join as a fighter pilot. on 27 march 1968, while on a routine training flight from chkalovsky air base, he and flight instructor vladimir seryogin died in a mig-15uti crash near the town of kirzhach. gagarin and seryogin were buried in the walls of the kremlin on red square.
people are not sure what caused the crash, but a 1986 investigation thinks that the turbulence from a su-11 'fishpot-c' interceptor using its afterburners may have caused gagarin's plane to go out of control.
russian documents opened to the public in march 2003 showed that the kgb had changed their own investigation of the accident. in addition to this, one government and two military investigations. the kgb's report removed many conspiracy thoughts, instead of showing the actions of air base personnel added to the crash. the report says that an air traffic controller made gagarin have old weather information. but by that time of his flight, conditions had become very bad. ground crew also left fuel tanks on the aircraft. gagarin's planned flight needed good weather and no outboard tanks. the investigation ended, saying that gagarin's aircraft entered a spin, either because of a bird strike or because of a sudden move to avoid another aircraft. because of the old weather report, the crew thought their altitude to be higher than it actually was, and could not properly react to bring the mig-15 out of its spin.
in his 2004 book "two sides of the moon", alexey leonov tells that he was flying a helicopter in the same area that day when he heard "two loud booms in the distance." his thought was that the sukhoi jet was flying below its minimum allowed altitude, and "without realizing it because of the terrible weather conditions, he passed within 10 or 20 meters of yuri and seregin's plane while breaking the sound barrier." the resulting turbulence would have sent the mig into an uncontrolled spin. leonov thinks the first boom he heard was that of the jet breaking the sound barrier, and the second was gagarin's plane crashing.
the yangtze river, or yangzi (simple chinese: 扬子江 / traditional chinese: 揚子江), or chang jiang (simple chinese: 长江 / traditional chinese: 長江), is the longest river in china and asia, as well as the world's third longest river (after the amazon and the nile). it is honored as one of the two main cradles of chinese civilization. (another is yellow river)
the river is about 3,900 kilometers long and is one of the busiest waterways in the world. it goes from the western part of china (plateau of tibet) into the east china sea, which is part of the pacific ocean. it has been thought of as a dividing point between northern and southern china. it helped start the chinese civilization.
on the river is a big dam called the three gorges dam, which is the biggest in the world. it forms a man-made lake that stretches almost upstream.
the yangtze river is home to many species. the finless porpoise is endangered and the lipotes vexillifer (chinese river dolphin) which died in 2002. 
top tourist attractions for the yangtze river cruise are chongqing dazu carvings, three gorges, lesser three gorges, bai di city, fengdu ghost city and so on.
the yangtze river is also known as the yanugzi or chang jiange.
the yangtze river is becoming extremely polluted. the yangtze river contains oil, dead animals and rubbish including cans, bags, wrappers, glass and plastic bottles. in 2001 about 23.4 billion tons of sewerage and factory waste was dumped in the river.
"sons and daughters of saint lucia" is the national anthem of saint lucia. the song has been used since the country became independent in 1979. 
the 1590s was a decade that started on 1 january 1590 and ended on 31 december 1599.
794 was a common year.
tampico is the main city in the state of tamaulipas, mexico.
it was the site of an incident called the tampico affair during the mexican revolution in the early 20th century that led to armed conflict between mexico and the united states. about 80 years earlier tampico was part of a less serious conflict between the two countries, called the tampico expedition.
a goalkeeper is someone who protects a team's goal. there are goalkeepers in sports like football (soccer) and ice hockey, for example. the goalkeeper's mission is to prevent the opposing team from scoring a goal. goalkeepers normally wear more protective gear than other players on the team but this is not always true.
a goalkeeper's kit (or "uniform") consists of shin guards and gloves to protect his hands from the impact of the ball when he catches it.
historically, however, until the 1960s goalkeepers would wear no hand protection. 
until the early 20th century, the goalkeeper would often wear the same coloured strip as his teammates, with the only different item of clothing being his cap. however, in 1909, the scottish football association took steps to ensure the goalkeeper would wear a different colour from the outfield players. this was to show his different role, as the only player allowed to handle the ball.
the goalkeeper in ice hockey (a "goalie") uses thicker padding than the other players on the team. this is to prevent damage caused by being hit by the puck. the hockey stick of the goalie is much wider than the stick of other players. the bottom edge is also longer and flatter. the goalie has a very large leather glove on one hand. this glove has a large area to help catch the puck. goalies normally wear masks that give protection to the entire face and head as well as the neck.
in field hockey, the goalkeeper stands in the goal net, and stops the other team scoring. goalkeepers need a lot of kit to protect them from the hockey balls that are hit at them. here is a list:
goalkeepers are the only position in hockey allowed to kick the ball. if another player kicked the ball it would be a foul.
1583 (mdlxxxiii) was a common year starting on saturday of the gregorian calendar and a common year starting on tuesday of the 10-day slower julian calendar.
314 was a common year.
year 1500 (md) was a leap year starting on wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the julian calendar. the year 1500 wasn't a leap year in the proleptic gregorian calendar. 
the year was seen as being especially important by many christians in europe, who thought it would bring the beginning of the end of the world. their belief was based on the phrase "half-time after the time", when the apocalypse was due to occur, which appears in the book of revelation and was seen as referring to 1500. this time was also just after the old world's discovery of the americas in 1492, and therefore was influenced greatly by the new world.[1] 
historically, the year 1500 is also often identified, somewhat arbitrarily, as marking the end of the middle ages and beginning of the early modern era.
the end of this year marked the halfway point of the 2nd millennium, as there were 500 years before it and 500 years after it.
mel brooks (born june 28, 1926) is a jewish american actor, comedian, writer, movie director, and producer. when he was born in brooklyn, his name was melvin kaminsky.
he has directed, produced and written several movies. most of these are comedies that make references to other movies. 
brooks is one of the few artists who have received an oscar, emmy, tony, and grammy. he was awarded his first grammy for best spoken comedy album in 1999 for his recording of "the 2000 year old man in the year 2000" with carl reiner. his two other grammys came in 2002 for best musical show album for the soundtrack of "the producers" and for best long form music video for the dvd "recording the producers - a musical romp with mel brooks". he won his first of four emmy awards in 1967 for outstanding writing achievement in variety for a sid caesar special. he went on to win three emmys in 1997, 1998, and 1999 for outstanding guest actor in a comedy series for his role of uncle phil on "mad about you". he won his three tony awards in 2001 for his work on the musical, "the producers" for best musical, best original musical score, and best book of a musical. he also won a hugo award and a nebula award for "young frankenstein". three of brooks's movies are on the american movie institute's list of funniest american films: "blazing saddles" (#6), "the producers" (#11), and "young frankenstein" (#13).
brooks worked with some people many times. performers who worked on three or more of brooks' movies are: gene wilder, dom deluise, madeline kahn, harvey korman, cloris leachman, ron carey, dick van patten and andréas voutsinas. 
on december 5, 2009 brooks was one of five recipients of the 2009 kennedy center honors at the john f. kennedy center for the performing arts in washington, d.c.
on april 23, 2010 brooks was awarded the 2,406th star on the hollywood walk of fame.
brooks was married to florence baum from 1953 to 1962. their marriage ended in divorce. mel and florence had three children, stephanie, nicky, and eddie.
brooks was married to the actress anne bancroft from 1964 until her death from uterine cancer on june 6, 2005. they met at a rehearsal for the perry como variety show in 1961 and married three years later. their son, max brooks, was born in 1972. in 2010, brooks said bancroft was the main force behind his involvement in making "the producers" and "young frankenstein" for the musical theater.
hawaii volcanoes national park is a national park in the u.s. state and island of hawaii. it is a unesco world heritage site. the park was created in 1916. it includes the mauna loa, which is the earth's biggest volcano, and kilauea, the earth's most active volcano.
the park shows the results of millions of years of volcanism, and evolution. these processes produce bare land from the sea, and with complex and unique ecosystems, a distinct ancient hawaiian culture. kīlauea, one of the world's most active volcanoes, and mauna loa is the biggest, it offers scientists with insights on the birth of the hawaiian islands, and can give visitors views of the dramatic volcanic landscapes.
in recognition of its outstanding natural values, hawaii volcanoes national park has been designated as an international biosphere reserve in 1980 and a world heritage site in 1987.
on march 19, 2008, there was a small explosion in halemaumau crater, the first explosive event since 1924 and the first eruption in the kīlauea caldera since september 1982. 
debris from the explosion was scattered over an area of . a small amount of ash was also reported at a nearby community. the explosion covered part of crater rim drive and damaged halemaumau overlook. the explosion did not release any lava, which suggests to scientists that it was driven by hydrothermal or gas sources.
this explosion event followed the opening of a major sulfur dioxide gas vent, greatly increasing levels emitted from the halemaumau crater.
in 2008, hawai'i volcanoes national park and jeju volcanic island and lava tubes became sister parks.
pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a disease that affects about 300,000 people in the us every year, out of 30–50 million cases per year. there is a vaccine that can prevent it, so most cases of it are in places where people cannot afford, cannot get, or refuse to get the vaccine. however, this vaccine does not work forever. the disease lasts about 6 weeks, and symptoms include vomiting, violent coughing, and other flu-like symptoms. it is called whooping cough for the sound an infected person makes when they cough.
the disease usually infects younger people, as they are more prone to diseases.
a deity is thought to be a powerful spirit that controls events and the nature of things. deities are also called gods. a female god is often called a goddess. the adjective of deity is ‘divine’. this word comes from the latin "deus" (female: "dea").
different religions believe in different deities. since there are many religions in the world there are many different ideas about how many deities there are, what they are, and what they can do. followers of many ancient religions and some modern religions believe in many deities, which is called polytheism. 
the two largest religions on earth, christianity and islam, believe in only one god, which is called monotheism. deism is the belief that a deity exists, but that the deity does not very often change or never changes things in the universe. pantheism is the belief that the universe is the deity, while atheism is the belief that there are no deities.
in most religions, believers think deities are immortal (cannot die), and have powers far beyond human powers.
some of the deities of different religions are:
odin (old norse: "óðinn") is the god of wisdom, poetry, death, divination, and magic in norse mythology. son of borr and the giantess (jötunn) bestla, odin is the chief of the æsir and king of asgard. he is married to the goddess frigg, and is father to the gods thor, baldr, höðr, víðarr, and váli.
known as the all-father, odin is often accompanied by two ravens, huginn and muninn, along with the wolves geri and freki; the god rides into battle atop an eight-legged steed, sleipnir, and wields the mighty spear gungnir, which was fashioned for him by the dwarves known as the sons of ivaldi and is said to never miss its target. 
a defining feature of odin is his being one-eyed, a result of him having sacrificed an eye to drink from the well of urðr, which granted him an incomprehensible amount of knowledge of the universe. odin himself often receives counsel from the severed head of the being mímir, which recites secret knowledge to him. half of the souls of those slain in battle will be guided by the valkyries, battle maidens, to valhalla, odin's enormous and majestic hall: the other half go to fólkvangr, freyja's realm. odin was known in old english as wōden, in old saxon as wōdan, and in old high german as wuotan or wōtan, all of which stem from the reconstructed proto-germanic *"wōđanaz". 
the modern english weekday name wednesday bears the god’s name. (from old english "wōdnesdæg", “wōden’s day”).
odin is the son of borr and the jötunn bestla. he is married to the goddess frigg, by whom he is the father of the twin gods baldr and höðr. with the giantesses gríðr and rindr, odin has two other sons named víðarr and váli. his eldest son is thor, god of thunder, born to him by jörð, the personification of the earth.
qazi muhammad (1893-1947) was the nationalist and religious kurdish leader and the head of republic of mahabad (republic of kurdistan), the second modern kurdish state in the middle east (after republic of ararat). he acted as the president of the russian backed republic of mahabad, in kurdistan of iran (eastern kurdistan) in 1946. he was also the founder of the kurdish democratic party of iran. a year later, the kurdish national movement (komeley jiyanewey kurd) that he helped organize was crushed by iran's central government. the iranian military court sentenced him to death, and he was hanged in chuwarchira square in the center of city of mahabad at march 30 1947. mustafa barzani, the father of nationalist kurdish movement in iraqi kurdistan (southern kurdistan), was the defence minister in his cabinet. one of his sons ali qazi is today an active member in the kurdish movement.
brine is water that has more than 5% salt in it. it is used for preserving food. for this it is much like vinegar or sugar. brine is also used to transport heat. adding salt to water lowers the freezing point of the water. the solubility of salt in water depends on temperature. at 15.5°c, a saturated solution of brine can hold 26.4 % salt by weight. at 0°c, it can hold 23.3% salt.
brines also have some pharmaceutical properties, which can be used to treat people, especially those with diseases of the skin, allergies and common colds.
aladdin is a fictional person from the story "aladdin and the enchanted lamp", which is part of the "book of one thousand and one nights". 
the young man aladdin is told by a sorcerer (magician), who is pretending to be his uncle, to get him an oil lamp from a cave. aladdin gets the lamp, but the sorcerer tries to trick him. so, aladdin keeps the lamp for himself. aladdin learns that inside the lamp there is a djinn. the djinn can fulfill every wish of the lamp's owner. with the djinn's help, aladdin becomes rich and powerful and marries a princess. 
the sorcerer returns and tricks aladdin's wife into giving him the magic lamp. aladdin finds out that in a ring he has, there is another djinn. this djinn helps aladdin defeat the sorcerer, get back the magic lamp, and save his wife.
adaptions (new versions of the story).
there have been different versions of the story:
in buddhism, nirvana is the state of perfect peace free from reincarnation reached by not wanting more than you have. it means happiness and peace. it is every buddhist's goal to achieve nirvana. the buddha described it as:
“the far shore, the subtle, the very difficult to see, the unaging, the stable, the undisintegrating, the unmanifest, the unproliferated, the peaceful, the deathless, the sublime, the auspicious, the secure, the destruction of craving, the wonderful, the amazing, the unailing, the unailing state, the unafflicted, dispassion, purity, freedom, the unadhesive, the island, the shelter, the asylum, the refuge...” (sn 43:14)
lahti is a city in päijänne tavastia, finland. literally it means "bay". it is part of the province of southern finland. as of april 2014, there were about 103,450 people living in lahti. lahti was the eighth biggest city in finland as of 31 august 2012.
the concert house sibelius hall () in lahti is named after jean sibelius. many stars, including antti tuisku, have performed there.
lahti's transport was big already at 14th century. lahti was first a village that belonged to hollola. it was been burned in 1877. lahti has been a city since 1905. the population then was 2,779.
in 2016, nastola merged with the city of lahti.
the british virgin islands is a british overseas territory and are part of the virgin islands, a chain of islands in the caribbean. the islands comprise of the eastern half of the island chain. the british virgin islands has sixteen inhabited islands and more than twenty uninhabited islands. over 22,000 people live there, which is fewer than the neighbouring united states virgin islands.
the capital city, road town, is on tortola, one of the islands in the group. most of the people live on tortola, but the other main inhabited islands include anegada, virgin gorda and jost van dyke.
the islands were originally lived in by caribbean indians called arawaks. by the time the first european explorers discovered the british virgin islands all of the arawaks had left. the first europeans to try and settle in the british virgin islands were the dutch, but the english came soon after and the english and the dutch settlers used to fight. the spanish also claimed the islands, but no spanish people ever tried to settle there. but the spanish did attack the british and dutch settlers.
in 1672 the british took control of the islands during a war against the dutch and they have held on to them ever since.
during the early years after european settlement the british virgin islands was a plantation economy which relied heavily upon slave labour. after slavery was abolished in the british virgin islands there was a long period of decline and many people left. those who remained were mostly descended from african slaves, although many of them also left to try and find better lives elsewhere.
in the 1950s the british virgin islands got its own government, and the economy of the islands began to get better with the introduction of tourism and financial services.
the british virgin islands are mostly self-governing, but some parts of the government is run by the united kingdom.
a new constitution was introduced in 2007. it grants more control over everyday life to the islanders, and lists the protection a person can expect from the government. the head of government in the british virgin islands is called the premier, and he is in charge of a group of ministers of government which is called the cabinet. laws are passed by a group of elected politicians in the house of assembly. most of the international relations are still dealt with by the british government in london on behalf of the people of the british virgin islands.
most people in the british virgin islands work in the tourist trade or in financial services. there are also a small number of farmers and fishermen.
a lamp is a device that makes light and heat. lamps usually work with electricity, using a lightbulb. in the united states, a lamp is usually considered a desk lamp or floor lamp. other sources of light are called 'lights', such as streetlights, flashlights, and headlights, which in some countries are called streetlamps, torches and headlamps.
before electric lamps were invented, gas lamps, oil lamps or candles were used.
pinocchio is a fictional character from the 1883 book "the adventures of pinocchio" by carlo collodi.
pinocchio is a puppet, made by wood carver, gepetto. when he tells lies, his nose gets longer. pinocchio learns about being a real life boy and wants to be a real human being instead of a puppet made of wood and strings.
the most well-known version of the story is the 1940 animated disney movie "pinocchio".
diplomacy is the use of tact to gain strategic advantage or to find mutually acceptable solutions to a common challenge. it may include the phrasing of statements in a non-confrontational, or polite manner. diplomacy often involves countries making an agreement with each other, such as a treaty. diplomacy is the talk between the representatives of states, such as their heads of state. sometimes, these talks are about trade or business, and sometimes they are about war and peace. diplomacy happens a lot when two or more countries fight.
diplomats are people that are sent from their home country, to meet with and talk to diplomats and leaders of foreign countries. an important type of diplomat is called an ambassador. an ambassador lives in a foreign country and works in an embassy to be available for meetings with the government of that country.
acellular or non-cellular life is life that exists without a cellular structure. some scientists say that a virus is a type of life form.
the state of méxico is one of the administrative divisions of the country of mexico. it is one of 32 administrative divisions. it is in the centre of the country. it borders hidalgo, querétaro, tlaxcala, puebla, michoacán, morelos and guerrero as well as mexico city. the capital of the state is toluca. its biggest city is ecatepec de morelos, which borders mexico federal district. teotihuacan is also in this state. it is about 21.355 km² in surface. about 14 million people live there as of 2005.
a yawn is a reflex. it involves a large, long taking in of air, the stretching of eardrums as the jaw opens wide, and last a (sometimes loud) breathing out. pandiculation is the act of yawning and stretching simultaneously. it is easy to see when someone is yawning, but no-one knows what its function is.
yawning is commonly associated with tiredness, stress, overwork, lack of stimulation and boredom. in humans, yawning is often triggered by others yawning (e.g. seeing a person yawning, talking to someone on the phone who is yawning) and is a typical example of positive feedback. this "infectious" yawning has also been observed in chimpanzees and dogs. cats both yawn and stretch, though not necessarily at the same time.
the yawn reflex has long been observed to be contagious. in 1508, erasmus wrote, "one man's yawning makes another yawn.," and the french proverbialized the idea to "un bon bâilleur en fait bâillier deux." ("one good gaper makes two others gape"). often, if one person yawns, this may cause another person to "empathetically" yawn. observing another person's yawning face (especially his/her eyes), even reading, or thinking about yawning, or looking at a yawning picture can cause a person to yawn.
the immediate cause for contagious yawning may be the mirror neurons in the frontal cortex of certain vertebrates, which, upon being exposed to a stimulus, activates the same regions in the brain. mirror neurons have been proposed as a driving force for imitation which lies at the root of much human learning such as language acquisition. yawning may be an offshoot of the same imitative impulse.
charles darwin argued, in "the expression of the emotions in man and animals", that if a behaviour was present in many cultures, then it must be inherited (wholly or partly). all traits which appear in a wide range of animals must have some function which is supported (or was supported) by natural selection. in most cases the function is obvious, but with yawning we do not know what that function is. suggestions have been made, but they do not seem to account for its widespread occurrence in mammals, and possibly in other vertebrates.
because mammals have similar emotions, and can show their emotions very clearly, it is agreed that when they look as if they are yawning, it is yawning in every sense. the reasons for this are similar to the reasons why we think other humans feel the same as us when the show the same signs.
constantine can mean:
constantine maroulis (born september 17 1975) is an american singer, actor and writer from new york. he was on the popular television program "american idol". with his past work experiences, he stands out from other "american idol" singers. before he was on television, he sang in the rock band pray for the soul of betty. right now, he is taking a break from his band to sing on his own. he is the first "idol" alum to sign a contract for the making of a new television sitcom.
 is an american actor, musician, singer and writer.
lennon was born on october 9, 1975 at new york hospital in new york city, he is the son of john lennon and his second wife yoko ono. he is japanese on his mother's side and english, welsh and irish on his father's side. this makes him eurasian. he has the same birthday as his father.
lennon is currently dating model/musician charlotte muel. lennon had been engaged to musican bijou phillips.
groups involved in.
lennon has worked with mark ronson and childhood friend jordan galland.
he has been a member of the groups cibo matto, ghost of a saber toothed tiger and dopo yume.
a eurasian person is a person of mixed european and asian descent or mixed parentage (someone with one caucasian parent and one asian parent). in hawaii, the term "hapa" is used. eurasian people can also mean people who live in europe or asia, or by the ural mountains
wallonia (, , , , , ) or the walloon region (french: "région wallonne") is a french-speaking region in the south of belgium. its official languages are french (98%) and german (2%). many people understand the local language walloon, some still speak it, and few people write it. german is spoken mainly in the area of the german-speaking community of belgium.
the capital of the region is namur. other important cities are: liège, charleroi, mons, tournai and verviers.
french speaking walloons share the french community with french speaking people of brussels.
current minister-president of the walloon government is elio di rupo.
wallonia has five provinces:
wallonia (or walloon region) is one of three regions in belgium. the other two regions are:
why was john cabot famous?
john cabot was famous as the famous explorer of the coastline of canada and its subsequent colonization. cabot was the second european to find north america (after christopher columbus). his son, sebastian cabot, accompanied his father on many voyages.
 short biography of john cabot
date of birth: born in 1450 as giovanni caboto
place of birth : genoa in italy
parents: father - guilo caboto, a spice merchant 
sons: ludovico, sebastiano, and sancto
background facts, information & ancestry : ‘caboto’ means “a coastal seaman” which was a common name given to italian sailors and navigators 
 1450 john cabot was born as giovanni caboto in the italian port of genoa 
 1461 john cabot moved to venice with his family. john cabot helped with the family spice trading business
education: john cabot was taught cartography, navigation, astronomy, mathematics and seamanship 
 1474 john cabot married a girl called mattea. john and mattea cabot had three sons called ludovico, sebastiano, and sancto 
 1476 :obtained venetian citizenship and was naturalized on 28 march, 1476 
 1490's moved to the sea port of bristol in england 
 1496 march 5: the english king henry vii granted john cabot the right to 'seek islands and countries of the heathen towards the west, east, and north' sailing under the english flag 
 1497 may 2: john cabot boards his ship, the matthew, to explore the lands across the atlantic, hoping to find a north west passage to the indies and china. 
june 9: john cabot reaches the new world - at either cape breton island or labrador
26 june: begins his return voyage
august 6: john cabot and his crew of the matthew land in bristol and achieved great fame and glory. he was given a gift of â£10 for having "found the new isle" and king henry vii also granted him a pension of â£20 a year 
 1498 february 3: john cabot granted another patent to undertake a second expedition - to "take at his pleasure vi englisshe shippes and theym convey and lede to the londe and iles of late founde by the seid john." john cabot assembles a small fleet of 5 ships and 300 men
july 25: the fleet headed north then sailed along the east coast of america past newfoundland. one of the ships had to go to an irish port because of damage. the remaining four ships of the john cabot fleet continue their journey across the atlantic
cabot reaches the east coast of greenland which he named labrador's land
june 11: the journey was made difficult by icebergs and the cold. the crews mutinied and refused to proceed farther north so john cabot had no alternative but to turn south along the coast of greenland. he crossed the davis strait on to baffin land on to newfoundland and followed the coast nova scotia and new england
at this point the john cabot ships sailed for england 
 1499 the death of john cabot
there is no accurate record of the date or reason for the death of john cabot but his pension continued to be paid unti1 1499. it seems reasonable to assume that john cabot reached england with his returning fleet 
cryptorchidism is a condition where one or both testicles does not drop down ("descend") into the scrotum.
buddy holly (born in lubbock, texas as charles hardin holley, september 7, 1936 – february 3, 1959) was an american rock and roll singersongwriter. in april 1959, he had a number one song (after death) on uk singles chart music chart. he wrote "that'll be the day"; in 1957 the song when played by the crickets, went to number one on billboard hot 100 and uk singles chart.
holly was important in the history of rock and roll music overall, and in the sub genre, rockabilly music.
holly played several different types of instruments. his style was influenced by gospel music, country music, and rhythm and blues. the style of his music shifted from country and western to entirely rock and roll. his group were called the crickets.
buddy holly died on february 3, 1959 when a beechcraft bonanza 35 airplane carrying him crashed into a field near mason city, iowa. also killed in the crash were ritchie valens and j.p. "the big bopper" richardson, including pilot roger peterson.
in popular culture.
singer don mclean's popular 1971 song "american pie" made february 3 known as "the day the music died."
henry john deutschendorf jr. (december 31, 1943 – october 12, 1997) was an american musician and songwriter. he was of german and irish ancestry. he was very popular in the 1970s. he died when the plane he was flying crashed in california.
denver began his music career with folk music groups during the late 1960s. by 1974, he was one of america's best-selling performers, and allmusic has described denver as "among the most beloved entertainers of his era" on 12 october 1997, john denver died in a plane crash aged 53.
awards and recognition.
academy of country music
american music awards
country music association
songwriters hall of fame
on october 12th, 1997 denver was piloting his own "experimental ultralight plane" off of monterey bay, california. he made an error in calculating his remaining fuel levels and fatally crashed directly into the ocean near lover's point, pacific grove, after the plane ran completely out of gas. after a thorough investigation completed by the national aviation services and supporting law enforcement, it was deemed that he was too confined within the limited space of his plane to successfully engage his reserve tank. denver was 53 years old; his remains were cremated, and his ashes were scattered in the rocky mountains.
castaic is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in the u.s. state of california. it is in los angeles county.
north west england is one of the regions of england in the united kingdom. the cities of liverpool and manchester are in the south of this region. the northern area (which includes cumbria and part of lancashire) is full of villages.
the official region consists of the following subdivisions:
central point is a city in oregon, usa. it has a population of 16,550 people as of 2006. it has an area of 3.1 square miles.
puebla, mexico is a mexican city. it is southeast of mexico city in a broad valley. the city has had many names over the years including city of angels, city of tiles, and heroic city of zaragoza.
puebla was the main city of colonial mexico. the architecture and look of puebla is the most european of all the colonial cities. this is because it was built completely by a spanish. most cities at the time were built within an existing native american community.
puebla is highly industrialized, having factories belonging to volkswagen, audi, and bimbo. the historic downtown area remains a spanish colonial treasure. it is filled with 17th and 18th century european architecture. the city has a nice climate all year around, friendly and courteous people living there and good food.
puebla is part of the name of several places:
namur (, ) is a city in belgium. it is both the capital of the province with the same name, as well as of wallonia, one of the three administrative regions of belgium. it is in the french-speaking part of belgium. 
in 2012, there were 112'246 people in namur.
namur is at 50° 27 north, 04° 51 east.
mariska magdolna hargitay (born january 23, 1964 in los angeles, california, usa) is an american actress. she is best known for her role on the television series "". she is also the daughter of actors jayne mansfield and mickey hargitay.
hargitay plays detective olivia benson on the television series "law & order: special victims unit. "olivia is a sex-crimes detective who works with people and children who have been abused, assaulted, raped, molested, and otherwise victimized.
hargitay was inspired by the sad stories she learned on svu, and she created the real-life joyful heart foundation in 2004. the joyful heart foundation helps real-life survivors of domestic violence and sexual assault.
santa cruz de tenerife is the capital of the canary islands. it is in tenerife, the biggest and most important (political and economic) island in the canary islands.
the parliament of the canary islands is in santa cruz de tenerife. the population was 222,417 in 2009. during the carnival of santa cruz de tenerife, thousands of people take to the streets each year for over a week. on january 18, 1980 it was declared a fiesta of international tourist interest by the secretary of state for tourism, and is one of the world's largest carnivals.
saint helena is an island of volcanic origin in the south atlantic ocean at . it is named after saint helena of constantinople. it is part of the british overseas territory of saint helena, ascension and tristan da cunha, which also includes ascension island and the islands of tristan da cunha. saint helena measures about and has a population of 4,084 (2008 census).
napoleon was sent to this island by the british and their allies as a result of napoleon's return from the elba island and loss at the battle of waterloo. napoleon died there in 1821.
the island is on a tentative list of unesco world heritage sites.
early history (1502–1658).
the island was discovered in 1502 by the portuguese admiral joão da nova, and he named it "santa helena" after helena of constantinople. the traditional date of this discovery was long thought to be 21 may, but the results of an investigation into the discovery published in 2015 concluded this date is probably wrong, the 3 may seeming to be historically more valid. another theory holds that the island found by de nova was actually tristan da cunha, to the south, and that saint helena was discovered by some of the ships under the command of estêvão da gama on 30 july 1503.
the portuguese found the island uninhabited, with an abundance of trees and fresh water. they imported livestock, fruit trees and vegetables, and built a chapel and one or two houses. though they formed no permanent settlement, the island was, for ships travelling from asia to europe, an important place to stop to get food and water, and frequently sick sailors were left on the island to recover. after 1588, the island was visited also by dutch and english ships.
the dutch republic formally made claim to st helena in 1633, although there is no evidence that they ever occupied, colonised or fortified it. by 1651, the dutch had mainly abandoned the island in favour of their colony at the cape of good hope.
east india company (1658–1815).
in 1657, the english east india company was given a permit to govern st helena by oliver cromwell, and the following year the company decided to colonise the island with farmers. the first governor, captain john dutton, got there in 1659, and made st helena one of britain's oldest colonies outside north america and the caribbean. a fort was completed and a number of houses were built. after the restoration of the english monarchy in 1660, the east india company received a royal permit to start a colony in the island. the fort was named "james fort" and the town "jamestown", in honour of the duke of york, later king james ii of england.
the importation of slaves was made illegal in 1792 and chinese workers were brought to work in the farms. many were allowed to stay, and their descendents became integrated into the population.
british rule (1815–1821) and napoleon's exile.
in 1815, the british government decided to use the island of st. helena as a place of detention for napoleon bonaparte. to prevent any attempt to escape from the nearby islands, they formally annexed the islands of ascension and tristan da cunha. in 1821, napoleon died on the island of st helena.
in 1858, the french emperor napoleon iii got the possession, in the name of the french government, of longwood house and the lands around it, last residence of napoleon i (who died there in 1821). it is still french property.
crown colony (1834–1981).
on 22 april 1834, the island of st helena became a colony of the british crown.
a local industry using the fibre from new zealand flax was successfully reestablished in 1907 and generated considerable income during the first world war. however, the industry declined because of transportation costs and competition from synthetic fibres and the last flax industry closed in 1965.
in 1922, the ascension then was attached as a dependency followed by the tristan da cunha island 12 january 1938.
1981 to present.
in 1981, the british governmente changed the status of saint helena and the other crown colonies to "british dependent territories".
in 2009, saint helena and its two territories received equal status under a new constitution, and the british overseas territory was renamed saint helena, ascension and tristan da cunha.
geography, plants and animals.
the island of saint helena has a total area of . the centre is covered by forest, of which some has been planted. much of the island has been identified by birdlife international as being important for bird conservation, especially the endemic saint helena plover or wirebird, and for seabirds breeding on the islets near the coast.
the highest point of the island is diana's peak () at . in 1996 it became the island's first national park. in 2000 a project began to replant part of the lost great wood, called the millennium forest, and is now managed by the saint helena national trust, established in 2002.
there are several rocks and islets off the coast, including: castle rock, speery island, the needle, lower black rock, upper black rock (south), bird island (southwest), black rock, thompson's valley island, peaked island, egg island, lady's chair, lighter rock (west), long ledge (northwest), shore island, george island, rough rock island, flat rock (east), the buoys, sandy bay island, the chimney, white bird island and frightus rock (southeast), all of which are within one kilometre of the shore.
the national bird of saint helena is the saint helena plover, known locally as the wirebird. it appears on the coat of arms of saint helena and on the flag.
the climate of saint helena is tropical, marine and mild, tempered by trade winds that blow almost continuously.
saint helena is divided into eight districts. people that works and lives in the jamestown harbour and in the royal mail ship "st. helena" (rms) are included in the census in their work places (see reference).
the island had an economy of only one crop until 1966, based on the cultivation and processing of new zealand flax for rope and string. st helena's economy is now weak, and is almost entirely sustained by aid from the british government.
the tourist industry is heavily based on the presence of napoleon in the island.
saint helena produces what is said to be the most expensive coffee in the world. it also produces and exports "tungi spirit", made from the fruit of the prickly or cactus pears, "opuntia ficus-indica" ("tungi" is the local st helenian name for the plant). ascension island, tristan da cunha and saint helena all issue their own postage stamps which provide a significant income.
banking and currency.
saint helena has its own currency, the saint helena pound, which is at parity with the pound sterling. the government of saint helena produces coins and banknotes. the bank of saint helena was established on saint helena and ascension island in 2004. it has branches in jamestown on saint helena, and in georgetown, ascension island.
a helicopter (also often used: chopper or heli) is a kind of flying machine or aircraft. a helicopter lifts up off 
of the ground and moves because of its rotors. a rotor is several small wings, called rotor blades, that spin together around a shaft. for that reason, helicopters are sometimes called "rotary-wing aircraft". a helicopter flies differently from an airplane. an airplane must move forward to stay in the air, but because the helicopter's rotor blades are always moving, the helicopter can stop and stay in one place above the ground. not needing a runway, they can land in places where an airplane cannot. helicopters can move by tilting their rotor blades, which causes the aircraft to fly in the direction the blades are tilted.
since around 400 bc, the chinese had a flying top that was used as a children's toy. the flying top was made from bamboo and used the same method of spinning wings to fly up in the air. later flying tops were made of feathers tied to a stick. leonardo da vinci first thought of a helicopter flown by a man in 1490, and drew pictures of his ideas. it was hundreds of years later (in the early 20th century) before anyone built one that could really fly. the first practical helicopters were built by frenchman louis breguet in 1935 and by german henrich focke in 1936. a russian immigrant, igor sikorsky, built and perfected the first practical helicopter in america in 1939.
helicopters are especially useful when there are disasters when infrastructure is damaged. food packets, water, medicines and clothes are dropped from the air to people on the ground who cannot be reached by road. when people are injured, helicopters can carry them to hospitals faster than an ambulance on the road. 
helicopters are also used by the military, because they can move troops and equipment to places an airplane cannot take them. attack helicopters act as attack aircraft carrying and shooting guns and missiles.
training helicopter is used for learning how to be a helicopter pilot.
baku (; , from the medieval "bâd-kube", meaning "wind-pounded city", a compound word of "bād", "wind", and "kube", which is rooted in the verb کوبیدن "kubidan", "to pound", thus meaning a place where the wind would be strong and pounding, and ancient city names "baraca"/) is the capital) is the capital and the largest city of azerbaijan, as well as the largest city on the caspian sea and of the caucasus region. it is on the southern shore of the absheron peninsula. baku is located below sea level, which makes it the lowest lying national capital in the world and also the largest city in the world located below sea level. modern baku has three parts: the old town (i̇çəri şəhər), the boomtown and the soviet-built town. about 3 million people live in the metropolitan area. there are large numbers of refugees and internally displaced persons.
in baku area there is a lot of oil. there are a lot of state and private universities.
baku is hosted the 57th eurovision song contest in may 2012. they also bid to host the 2020 summer olympics. the city's three main football clubs are neftchi baku, fc baku and inter baku. baku is one of world's leading chess centres.
today, baku is divided into 11 "raions" (administrative districts) and 5 settlements of city type. 
windows me is the millennium edition of the microsoft windows operating system. windows me is based on windows 98. windows me was based on ms-dos (as were windows 98 and windows 95), and is meant for people using computers in their homes. windows 2000 and windows me are similar in looks, but windows me has features that families find useful, while windows 2000 was meant for businesses, although many home users also used windows 2000 especially after windows me got bad reviews.
it was released in the year 2000, and thus was called windows millennium edition. it was the last windows to be based on ms-dos. unlike windows 2000, windows me generally got negative reviews due to bugs and incompatible hardware. support and updates for windows me (and windows 98) ended in 2006, whereas windows 2000 was supported until 2010.
windows me initially received generally positive reviews, with reviewers citing the operating system's integrity protection (branded as "pc health") and the new system restore feature as steps forward for home users. however, users' real-world experience did not bear this out, with industry publications receiving myriad reports of issues with the "pc health" systems, pcs refusing to shut down cleanly, and general stability problems.
as time went on, the reception became more negative, to the point where it was heavily panned by users, mainly due to stability issues. retrospectively, windows me is viewed as the worst operating system microsoft has ever produced, being unfavorably compared to its immediate predecessor and successor. due to its many bugs and glitches, windows me is considered one of the worst operating systems of all time and the biggest failure in microsoft windows. a "pc world" article dubbed windows me the "mistake edition" and placed it 4th in their "worst tech products of all time" feature in 2006. the article states: "shortly after me appeared in late 2000, users reported problems installing it, getting it to run, getting it to work with other hardware or software, and getting it to stop running." consequently, most home users remained with windows 98, while some moved to windows 2000 despite the latter being enterprise-orientated.
system restore suffered from a bug in the date-stamping functionality that could cause system restore to date-stamp snapshots that were taken after september 8, 2001, incorrectly. this could prevent system restore from locating these snapshots and cause the system restore process to fail. microsoft released an update to fix this problem.
byron hinson and julien jay, writing for activewin, took an appreciative look on the operating system. on the removal of real mode dos, they had noted "the removal of dos has clearly made a difference in windows me in terms of stability (far less blue screen of death are seen now) and booting speed has greatly increased." in a recommendation of the operating system upgrade for users of windows 95 and 98, they had stated "if windows me isn't a revolutionary os it's clear that microsoft has focused its efforts to make it more user-friendly, stable and packed full of multimedia options. the result is great and the enhancements added are really worth the wait." the new features that windows me introduced were also praised and have since remained part of subsequent windows generations.
along with windows 2000 from the nt family, windows me was the last version of windows that lacked product activation.
a librarian is a person responsible for selecting, organizing, and delivering information materials in a variety of formats such as electronic databases, primary source materials, or printed books. librarians also teach people to find and evaluate information found on the world wide web using internet search tools and strategies. librarians may work in different areas. purchasing materials, putting them into categories, teaching, assisting people with questions, and working with information technology are a few of the possible specializations.
the role of a librarian varies across different types of libraries and locations.
to become a librarian in a university a person needs to have a master's degree in library science (mls) or a master's degree in library and information science.
most librarians work for libraries in schools, colleges, or universities or in municipal, regional, or national libraries. some librarians also work for private companies, to help them to organize their documents and reports. there are librarians that also work with the deaf and in prisons.
other jobs in libraries include the job of library technician. to become a library technician, a person needs to complete a college diploma.
geronimo ("chiricahua" goyaałé 'one who yawns'; often spelled goyathlay in english), (june 16, 1829–february 17, 1909) was a well-known native american leader, but not chief, of the chiricahua apache tribe, but he was a bedonkohe apache. he was born in what is now the state of new mexico and was also a respected medicine man. the name geronimo was given to him by mexican soldiers who either called to saint jerome while fighting him or transcribed his name into spanish wrong. he led 38 apache men, women, and children to resist being sent to reservations by the united states government or being captured by the mexican army. he surrendered in 1886. after that, he was moved to many different forts in the united states. in 1904 during the world fair in st. louis, he sold souvenirs and pictures of himself. he died in 1909 from pneumonia.
namur has these meanings:
a gold rush is when a lot of miners go to a mining place full of gold. well-known examples are the california gold rush of 1848, the australian gold rush which began in 1851, or the fraser river gold rush in british columbia, canada in 1858.
the california gold rush started when james wilson marshall was building a water powered sawmill for john sutter in 1848. when he finished building the sawmill, he went to the river to fetch some water. he saw some shiny little flakes of gold in the river. he immediately went to tell john, and they tried to keep it a secret. but word soon got out, and the gold rush started.
it was 1849 when the gold rush started. people who came to california for gold were called forty-niners because they came in the year 1849. some of them became rich but most did not. some people started selling things. many of them became rich, famous, and politically powerful. sometimes a woman could earn more than her mining husband. 
men like levi strauss also sold things. he invented and sold jeans made from strong denim. the california gold rush ended in 1855. many gold miners went back home because gold was harder to find; others found other work.
jeans are a type of pants made from heavy, strong cotton material (fabric) called denim. they were invented in the united states by levi strauss in 1872. in the late 1800s, jeans were worn by workers. jeans are one of the most obvious symbols of american cultural influence in the world. they are worn in many countries around the world.
in the 1950s, jeans became a popular fashion for teenagers and young adults. in the 1950s, jeans were part of rockabilly fashion for teenagers. now, jeans are a very popular type of pants. they are usually worn as casual fashion clothing. jeans are made in many styles and colors.
the word "jeans" came from the french name of the city in italy where a strong cotton fabric was made. the italian city's name, genoa, was spelled "jene" in middle english and "gênes" in the french language. 
sovereignty is the right of a government to have complete control over its area. the idea that this right comes from doing good things for the people under control of the government is as old as ancient greece if not older.
the exact meaning of sovereignty has changed some in the past. the present meaning of sovereignty is said to come from the peace of westphalia, an agreement between the rulers of europe in 1648 which said:
ancient rome was first the roman republic, but then when octavian made the roman empire the emperor of rome said that he was "sovereign". the meaning of this was that he could make any law he wanted, and he did not have to do what the law said himself.
in the time of the middle ages many kings and rulers had to do what other leaders said, such as the leader of the catholic church, the pope. because of this, the idea of "sovereignty" was not much used. 
in the time of the protestant reformation, in the 16th century, governments were breaking away from religious leaders. also many wars were fought between different rulers inside areas that are now sovereign countries. the english civil war is one example of a war fought in this time between leaders inside one country.
the peace of westphalia was made in 1648 and the idea of "sovereignty" came back. governments were now separate from outside leaders and only one government or ruler inside a country could make laws. the divine right of kings became more widespread.
the enlightenment and social contract theory.
the english thinker thomas hobbes wrote a book in 1651 that said rulers and governments are "sovereign" because they are good for the safety of the people. the idea that people could change rulers if they were not safe was new with hobbes.
jean-jacques rousseau wrote a book in 1763 that said the choice of the people is the only thing sovereignty comes from.
both rousseau and hobbes advanced a "social contract" in which people consent to a government's sovereignty just by living in the country and that people give up at least some of their liberty for security
in 1789 the french revolution made an important country's government ruled by the choices of the people for the first time after the middle ages (some cities and small countries were democracies in the middle ages). there were many problems and france went back to the old way soon after, but would be ready for democracy in 1870's. in england, many people got to vote after the reform act in 1832. the united states broke away from england in 1776-1783, but was not an important country at that time.
"sovereignty" when talking about relations between countries mostly means the rights a sovereign state has over its territory.
sometimes there is discussion about when a government loses sovereignty because it is doing bad things for its people. in this case justice may mean other countries need to intrude on the sovereignty of the government.
inside a country.
"sovereignty" when talking about relations between groups inside one country usually means which group has the legitimacy to rule. this may not be certain. sometimes the group who is most able to rule (because of a strong military) is not legitimate.
the (fifa ; french for "international federation of association football") is the organization that controls international football (also called "association football"). the organization’s main buildings are in zürich, switzerland. fifa organizes major international football tournaments, and the most famous one is the fifa world cup, which has been held since 1930. fifa was established on may 21, 1905 in paris and has 209 national associations as its members. the organization’s official languages are english, french, german and spanish.
the president of fifa is currently gianni infantino, serving since 26 february 2016.
the most powerful organ of fifa is the fifa congress, which is an assembly made up of representatives from each member association. the congress holds a regular meeting once a year, and since 1998 an additional meeting has been held every year. only the congress can pass changes to fifa's laws.
the congress decides whether fifa should accept new national associations and elects the president of fifa, its general secretary and the other members of fifa's executive committee. the president and general secretary take care of what goes on within and around fifa. the executive committee, with the president as its head, is responsible for deciding the dates, locations and format of tournaments.
also, there are six regional confederations recognized by fifa which take care of the game in the seven different continents of the world. national associations must be members of both fifa and their regional confederation in order for their teams to compete in fifa's competitions. the six confederations are afc (asian football confederation in asia and australia), caf (confédération africaine de football in africa), concacaf (confederation of north, central american and caribbean association football in north america and central america), conmebol (confederación sudamericana de fútbol in south america), ofc (oceania football confederation in oceania) and uefa (union européenne de football association in europe).
american idol is an american reality-singing competition series created by simon fuller, produced by 19 entertainment, and distributed by fremantlemedia north america. it aired on fox from june 11, 2002 to april 7, 2016, as an addition to the idols format based on the british series pop idol and has since become one of the most successful shows in the history of american television. on march 11, 2018, the 16th season aired on abc.
eventually the american people are allowed to vote by calling or texting, and the person with the fewest votes is off the show.
the tv show consists of multiple rounds of elimination. the singers can be anyone between the age of 15 and 29 years.
host and judges.
"american idol" has three judges, who give comments on performances.
the three judges are: 
a smile is a face made by flexing the muscles near both ends of the mouth. the smile can also be made through the eyes (see 'duchenne smile' below). smiles usually express happiness. a smile can be natural or fake. however, smiling can be different with animals. when smiling, the teeth shows, but sometimes animals do this when they are threatening. when chimpanzees show their teeth, it can also be a sign of fear.
dimples are genetically inherited. they are caused by the flesh underneath the skin, that forms on some people's cheeks, especially when they smile. some people may only have one dimple on only one side of the face.
although there are many different types of smiles, researchers are interested in the duchenne smile because it is done with the eyes. the duchenne smile was named after the french physician guillaume duchenne. duchenne identified two types of smiles. a duchenne smile is when the cheek raises and forms a wrinkle around the eyes. many researchers think that duchenne smiles are usually hard to make when you are pretending to smile.
on the internet, smiles can normally be typed up. this is normally called a smiley, smiley face, or happy face. smileys show emotion when people are not able to see it in real life. smileys typed on the computer are called emoticons. smileys can change depending on where the person typing the smiley is.
western style: :-), :-(, ;-), :-o, :-d, (;d)
eastern style: d(^.^)b, \(^o^)/, >.<, ^_^, *<):)
słupsk is a city in northern poland in pomeranian voivodeship. it has about 100.000 inhabitants and 43,15 km².
the emperor of ethiopia was the name of the ruler of ethiopia until 1975 when the emperors and the royal family, the solomonids, were taken out of power.
the name that was used for "emperor" by the ethiopians means "king of kings".
the solomonid dynasty was a line of emperors that ruled in ethiopia from 1270 to 1975. there were some other emperors that ruled who were not from the solomonid dynasty, but the solomonids were in control most of the time. 
the emperors did not use their real name when they became emperor of ethiopia, but they made up a new one for their rule. for example, the first emperor of the solomonids was yekuno amlak. but he used the name "tasfa iyassus" after he became ruler. 
the dynasty began in 1270, when yekuno amlak killed the last king of the zagwe dynasty, which had ruled ethiopia. yekuno amlak was made king, and european historians say was the first ruler of the dynasty. but most ethiopian books say that menelik i, the son of king solomon of israel and the queen of sheba, was the first emperor of this dynasty.
the leaders of ethiopia from 1270 to 1975 (mostly solomonids): 
the sound of music is a musical. it was based on a 1956 german movie, "die trapp-familie" and "the story of the trapp family singers" by maria von trapp. the book was written by howard lindsay and russel crouse. the lyrics were written by oscar hammerstein ii. the music was written by richard rodgers. it was the last musical written by rodgers and hammerstein. hammerstein died nine months after the broadway opening.
a young austrian woman named maria rainer becomes the governess to the children of captain georg von trapp, a widow. the children included liesl (16), fredrich (14), louisa (13), kurt (10 or 11), brigitta (9), marta (7) and gretl (5). maria teaches the children how to sing, during the famous song "do re mi". the captain and maria fall in love and marry. von trapp refuses to join the nazis and escapes from the salzburg festival, where his family performed. the story ends with maria and her family leaving from austria to switzerland.
"the sound of music" was released on 16 november 1959 at the lunt-fontanne theatre on broadway. it starred mary martin as maria and theodore bikel as captain von trapp. it moved to the mark hellinger theatre on 6 november 1962, and closed on 15 june 1963 after 1,443 performances. the musical opened on the west end at the palace theatre on 18 may 1961. it starred jean bayless as maria and roger dann as capt. von trapp. the musical ran for 2,385 performances.
the musical won a tony award for best musical. 
the musical was released as a 1965 movie starring julie andrews and christopher plummer.
the academy award for best picture is one of the academy awards. also called oscars, the academy awards are given to people working in the movie industry by the american academy of motion picture arts and sciences (ampas). the name of the award has changed over time. it was first outstanding picture in 1927. in 1930, the name was changed to best picture. it is still called that today.
in the list below are the winners of the award for each year. a list of the winners and other nominees is in the main article for each decade.
bulimia nervosa (bulimia) is a disease and a type of eating disorder. it is when a person eats large amounts of food then will force themself to vomit it up or purge. other ways that they get it out of their body include laxatives and exercising. most who have it feel that they are fat and want to be skinny.
most people with bulimia eat large amounts of food then make themselves vomit or purge. typically, they will do this at least once a week or more often. bulimic people often think about how their bodies look, and usually, the motive behind purging is the want to be skinny. the person may also have anorexia nervosa. however, most with bulimia have a normal weight or are overweight, which makes it difficult to know when someone has bulimia from just simply looking at them. it is also common to have calluses or bruising on the fingers from purging.
bulimia nervosa can cause many health problems. because vomit has lots of acid in it, purging frequently can burn the person's mouth, throat, or teeth. one can lose nutrients or fluids in their body. glands in one's throat and face may get larger and hurt. the immune system is weakened, as well as the possibility of muscle or heart problems.
sometimes bulimia can cause difficulty breathing. this is because the acids that are in your mouth go to your lungs and damage the bronchioles. there is also feedback to the ego and a social stigma that may cause further psychological impact.
most people who have bulimia are between the ages of 10 to 25. it is more common in females than it is in males. people who have had past trauma are more likely to be bulimic. people with obsessive compulsive disorder or perfectionism are also likely to have bulimia.
the turks and caicos islands are two groups of islands in the caribbean sea, near the bahamas. the islands lie southeast of mayaguana in the bahamas island chain and north of the island of hispaniola. cockburn town, the capital since 1766, is in the grand turk island about east-southeast of miami, united states.
the islands have a total land area of . and they are on a tentative list of unesco world heritage sites.
the government of great britain is also the ruler of the turks and caicos, but that ruler always acts through a governor. there are local elections for premier (similar to a president). government offices are in the grand turk island.
the two island groups are in the north atlantic ocean, southeast of the bahamas, north of hispaniola, at . the caicos islands are separated by the caicos passage from the closest bahamian islands, mayaguana and great inagua.
the eight main islands and more than 299 smaller islands have a total land area of , consisting primarily of low, flat limestone with extensive marshes and mangrove swamps and of beach front. the weather is usually sunny and relatively dry, but hurricanes are frequent during summer. the islands have limited natural fresh water resources; private cisterns collect rainwater for drinking. the primary natural resources are spiny lobster, conch and other shellfish.
the turks islands are separated from the caicos islands by turks island passage, which is more than deep, the islands form a chain that goes from north to south.
there are only two inhabited islands, and these are:
the inhabited islands of the group are:
turks and caicos islands features a relatively dry and sunny marine tropical climate with relatively consistent temperatures throughout the course of the year. the temperature during summer rarely is over and during winter rarely is below .
eight of the thirty islands in the territory are inhabited, with a total population in 2012 of 31,458: 16,037 males and 15,421 females. the population density is 214 persons per square mile.
total population by island 2001-2012
the official language of the islands is english and the population also speaks turks and caicos islands creole which is similar to bahamian creole. due to its close proximity to cuba and hispaniola, large haitian creole and spanish-speaking communities have developed in the territory due to immigration from creole-speaking haiti and from spanish-speaking cuba and dominican republic.
the people of turks and caicos was 72.8% protestant (35.8% baptists, 11.7% church of god, 10% anglicans, 9.3% methodists, 6% seventh-day adventists), 11.4% catholics, 1.8% jehovah's witnesses, and 14% other.
this is a list of cities in the turks and caicos islands.
the vichy france or the french state was the nominal government of all of france except for alsace-lorraine. it also governed the french colonial empire. it was led by philippe pétain, notable for helping to win world war i. when the french and british armies lost the battle of dunkirk and the rest of the battle of france was being lost, the french parliament made him prime minister. he negotiated an armistice with the germans, agreeing to be neutral in world war ii. pétain became head of state, effectively dictator, and usually did what the germans told him to do. 
the axis powers militarily occupied northern france and part of the southeast. the vichy government, as a client state of germany, controlled the "free zone" or unoccupied parts of france until november1942. the german army ran the northern half. in 1944, the vichy government, now effectively a puppet state, moved to nazi germany, and later disbanded. it became known as vichy france after world war ii. 
anguilla is a group of five islands in the caribbean sea. the islands are ruled by the united kingdom.
anguilla was colonized by the british empire and used to be part of what is now saint kitts and nevis, but broke away in 1980 so it could stay part of great britain. saint kitts and nevis wanted to be independent.
it is named after the spanish word for "eel", because it has such a shape.
anguilla was first settled by arawakan-speaking indians who called it malliouhana. 
the king or queen of the united kingdom is the ruler of anguilla, but she works through a governor. he or she names, or "appoints" the governor, and he is just working there in place of the monarch. the legislature is elected by the people, has 11 members, and is called the house of assembly.
anguilla has mostly been part of the british empire since the 17th century. the british brought thousands of slaves from africa and forced them to work, like they did all over the caribbean and north america. many of the slaves decided to run away rather than be forced to work. when the british decided to abolish slavery they paid all the slave owners a lot of money, but didn't give anything to the slaves. now anguilla gets most of its money from fishing and tourism.
most people in anguilla are protestants, and speak english.
bermuda (/bɜrˈmjuːdə/ "ber-myu-dah"; officially, the bermudas or somers islands) is a british overseas territory in the north atlantic ocean. the land has one main island and 180 smaller islands. bermuda is a popular tourist place, with mild weather during the winter months.
off the east coast of the united states, bermuda's nearest landmass is cape hatteras, north carolina, about 1,030 kilometres (640 mi) to the west-northwest. it is about 1,373 kilometres (853 mi) south of halifax, nova scotia, canada, and 1,770 kilometres (1,100 mi) northeast of miami, florida. its capital city is hamilton.
 in 1505 by spanish navigator juan de bermúdez (who said it to be inhabited only with pigs), after whom the islands are named. bermúdez claimed it for the spanish empire. unoccupied, the island was settled by england in 1609, making it the oldest and most populous remaining british overseas territory. its first capital, st george's, was founded in 1612 and is the oldest continuously inhabited english town in the americas.
the country is in the atlantic ocean, near the western edge of the sargasso sea. it is about 580 nautical miles (1070 km, 670 mi) east-southeast of cape hatteras on the outer banks of north carolina and about 590 nautical miles (1100 km, 690 mi) southeast of martha's vineyard. the island is due east of fripp island, south carolina. it has 103 km (64 mi) of coastline.
the territory has 181 islands. the total area is 53.3 square kilometres (20.6 sq mi). the largest island is "main island", sometimes itself called "bermuda".
bermuda has a subtropical climate. the weather is humid and, as a result, the summertime heat index can be high, even though mid-august temperatures rarely exceed winters are mild, with average daytime temperatures in january and february around the temperature rarely drops below 10 °c 
bermuda is very likely to be affected by hurricanes. the island's small size means that direct landfalls are rare. the last hurricane to cause significant damage to bermuda was category 3 hurricane fabian on 5 september 2003.
the only source of fresh water in bermuda is rainfall. it is collected on roofs and catchments and stored in tanks. each home usually has at least one of these tanks forming part of its foundation.
flora and fauna.
when discovered, bermuda had no people. it was mostly covered by forests of bermuda cedar, with mangrove marshes along its shores. only 165 of the island's current 1000 vascular plant species are considered native. of those 15, including the cedar, are endemic.
many species of palm trees have been introduced to bermuda. coconut palms grow there, making it the furthest north place for the natural growth of this species. while coconuts grow on bermuda, the lack of heat does not usually let them properly set fruit.
the only indigenous mammals of bermuda are five species of bats. all of these bats are also in the eastern united states — "lasionycteris noctivagans", "lasiurus borealis", "lasiurus cinereus", "lasiurus seminolus" and "perimyotis subflavus". other commonly known fauna of bermuda includes its national bird, the bermuda petrel, and the bermuda rock skink. the skink was long thought to have been the only indigenous land vertebrate of bermuda. it has recently been discovered, however, that a species of terrapin predated the arrival of humans on the archipelago.
parishes and municipalities.
bermuda is divided into nine parishes and two municipalities.
bermuda's nine parishes:
bermuda's two municipalities:
bermuda's two informal villages:
despite their names, jones village (in warwick), cashew city (st. george's), claytown (hamilton), middle town (pembroke) and tucker's town (st. george's) are merely neighborhoods. dandy town and north village are sports clubs and harbour view village is a small public housing development.
bermuda has a wealthy economy, with finance as its largest sector, followed by tourism. in 2005, bermuda was even claimed to have the world's highest gdp per capita, yet these statistics are hard to verify as bermuda is not classified as a country but rather as a territory of the u.k.
bermuda's pink sand beaches and clear, cerulean blue ocean waters are popular with tourists. many of bermuda's hotels are along the south shore of the island. in addition to its beaches, there are a number of sightseeing attractions. historic st george's is a world heritage site. scuba divers can explore many wrecks and coral reefs in shallow water (typically in depth) with nearly unlimited visibility. many nearby reefs are easy to access from shore by snorkellers, especially at church bay.
bermuda's most popular visitor attraction is the royal naval dockyard. it includes the bermuda maritime museum. other attractions include the bermuda aquarium, museum and zoo, bermuda underwater exploration institute, the botanical gardens, lighthouses, and the crystal caves with its impressive stalactites and underground saltwater pools.
it is not possible to rent a car on the island. however, visitors can hire motor scooters for use as private transport, or use public transport.
arts and culture.
bermuda has produced, or been home to, actors such as oona o'neill, earl cameron, diana dill, lena headey, will kempe, and most famously, michael douglas and catherine zeta-jones. other movie and television personalities who were born, or have lived, in bermuda include producer arthur rankin, jr., and cartoonist and muppet man michael frith.
music and dance are important in bermuda. noted musicians have included local icons the talbot brothers, who performed for many decades both in bermuda and the united states, and were on ed sullivan's televised variety show. other musicians are jazz pianist lance hayward, singer-songwriter heather nova and her brother, mishka, tenor gary burgess, classical musician and conductor kenneth amis, and more recently, dancehall artist collie buddz.
in 1979, gina swainson was crowned "miss world".
bermuda's national cricket team was in the cricket world cup 2007 in the west indies. their most famous player is dwayne leverock. also very well known is david hemp. the yearly "cup match" cricket tournament between rival parishes st george's in the east and somerset in the west is the time for a popular national holiday.
in 2007 bermuda hosted the 25th pga grand slam of golf. the event returned to bermuda again in 2008 and 2009. bermudian quinn talbot was once the world one-armed golf champion.
the government said in 2006 that it will provide substantial financial support to bermuda's cricket and football teams. bermuda's most famous footballers include clyde best, shaun goater, reggie lambe, sam nusum and ralph bean. in 2006, the bermuda hogges were formed as the nation's first professional football team. the team plays in the united soccer leagues second division.
sailing, fishing, and equestrian sports are popular with both residents and visitors alike. the newport–bermuda yacht race is a more than 100-year-old tradition. a sport unique to bermuda is racing the bermuda fitted dinghy. international one design racing also started in bermuda.
at the 2004 summer olympics, bermuda competed in sailing, athletics, swimming, diving, triathlon and equestrian events. in those olympics, bermuda's katura horton-perinchief made history by becoming the first black female diver in the olympic games. bermuda has had one olympic medallist, clarence hill. hill won a bronze medal in boxing. bermuda also was in men's skeleton at the 2006 winter olympics in turin, italy. jillian teceira was in the beijing olympics in 2008. bermuda also competes in the biennial island games. it will host in 2013.
bermuda has a proud rugby union community. the bermuda rugby union team won the 2011 caribbean championships – defeating guyana in the final.
bermuda is the easternmost point of the so-called "bermuda triangle"– a region of sea in which a number of aircraft and ships have allegedly disappeared under mysterious circumstances. some people think there is a pattern to the disappearances, while other people think it is only coincidence.
tarja halonen (born december 24, 1943) is the former president of finland. she is from helsinki. she was elected in 2000 and 2006. her mandate ended in 2012 and she left office on 1 march 2012.
turku () is a city in southwest finland. it is the fifth-largest city in finland, with a population of around 190,000.
it is next to the municipalities of aura, kaarina, lieto, masku, mynämäki, naantali, nousiainen, pöytyä, raisio and rusko.
the official languages spoken in turku are finnish and swedish.
the harbour of turku is an important port. many ships go from there to mariehamn and to stockholm. turku airport is also one of finland's busiest airports.
turku is located near the mouth of aura river, and is spread on either side of the river. there are ten bridges over the aura river in turku. 
turku is the oldest city in the country. it was founded in 13th century, when finland was part of the kingdom of sweden. it used to be the largest city and capital of finland. from 1809 russia ruled finland, and in 1812 the government moved to helsinki. a big fire destroyed much of turku in 1827. after that, even the university moved to helsinki.
the first school in finland was established in turku, the old cathedral school in 13th century. the first university in finland, "the royal academy of turku" was established in the city in 1640, but it has moved to helsinki and become the university of helsinki. now there are five universities in turku: three in finnish language and two in swedish language.
wings is a silent movie released in 1927. it is most famous as the first movie to win the academy award for best picture.
jack powell (charles "buddy" rogers) and david armstrong (richard arlen) are rivals in the same small american town, both vying for the attentions of pretty sylvia lewis (jobyna ralston). jack fails to realize that "the girl next door", mary preston (clara bow), is desperately in love with him. the two young men both enlist to become combat pilots in the air service. when they leave for training camp, jack mistakenly believes sylvia prefers him; she actually prefers david and lets him know about her feelings, but is too kindhearted to turn down jack's affection.
jack and david are billeted together. their tent mate is cadet white (gary cooper), but their acquaintance is all too brief; white is killed in an air crash the same day. undaunted, the two men endure a rigorous training period, where they go from being enemies to best friends. upon graduating, they are shipped off to france to fight the germans.
mary joins the war effort by becoming an ambulance driver. she later learns of jack's reputation as an ace and encounters him while on leave in paris. she finds him, but he is too drunk to recognize her. she puts him to bed, but when two military police barge in while she is innocently changing from a borrowed dress back into her uniform in the same room, she is forced to resign and return to america.
the climax of the story comes with the epic battle of saint-mihiel. david is shot down and presumed dead. however, he survives the crash landing, steals a german biplane, and heads for the allied lines. by a tragic stroke of bad luck, he is spotted and shot down by jack, who is bent on avenging his friend. when jack lands to pick up a souvenir, he becomes distraught when he learns what he has done, but before david dies, he forgives his comrade.
with the end of the war, jack returns home to a hero's welcome. when he returns david's effects to his grieving parents, david's mother blames the war, not jack, for her son's death. then, jack is reunited with mary and realizes he loves her.
sunrise: a song of two humans or sunrise is a 1927 silent movie. it is the only movie to ever win academy award for unique and artistic production. this category was not used again. it won the award for best cinematography and actress, janet gaynor, won the best actress award. it was directed by f.w. murnau.
the broadway melody is one of the first hollywood musical movies. it was released in 1929. it made more money than any movie that year. it also won the academy award for best picture.
rocky is a 1976 american sports drama movie. it was written by, and starred, sylvester stallone. the movie is about a man living in philadelphia, pennsylvania, who is trying to become a great boxer.
it won three academy awards and was ranked #78 in afi's 100 years... 100 movies list. it was followed by 5 sequels, the most recent came out in 2006.
the movie was made on a budget of less than $1 million. it was shot in 28 days. many people liked the movie. it turned stallone into a major star.
boxer joe frazier has a cameo appearance in the movie. due to the movie's low budget, members of stallone's family played minor roles. michael dorn made his acting debut as creed's bodyguard.
"rocky" received ten academy awards nominations in nine categories, winning three:
the directors guild of america awarded "rocky" its annual award for best movie of the year. it was nominated for the bafta award for best screenplay. the writers guild of america award selected it as the 78th best screenplay of all time.
the deer hunter is a 1978 american war drama movie. it is set from 1967 to 1975 and is about three friends from pennsylvania affected by the vietnam war.
the movie won five academy awards, including best picture and best director. it was named by the american film institute as the 53rd greatest movie of all time. it was nominated for the bafta award for best screenplay. in 1996, "the deer hunter" was picked to keep in the united states national film registry by the library of congress.
"deer hunter" was shown at one theater each in new york and los angeles for a week on december 8, 1978. the release was to qualify the movie for the oscars. and one week would build interest. after the oscar nominations, universal widened the distribution to include major cities. a full-scale release was on february 23, 1979, just following the oscars.
the movie's first reviews were largely enthusiastic. many critics said it was the best american epic since francis ford coppola's "the godfather". some people though did not like how the movie used russian roulette.
many people did not like cimino's next movie, "heaven's gate". because they thought it was so bad, they also changed their thoughts on "the deer hunter". instead of liking the movie people said they did not like it anymore.
a tailor is a person whose job is to make clothes to fit people. a tailor might make a new piece of clothing, or change an item so that it fits better. they also mend (fix) clothes. a tailor is also called a seamster, or a seamstress for a woman.
a template is a tool that shows the shape of something or it is a tool to help make something. it can separate the form of something from the things inside it.
in drawing, a template can be a wood, plastic or metal tool that is used to help make marks with a pen or pencil. lines can be drawn on paper, or on metal or wood to make the same shape many times.
in publishing for example, a template is a layout made by someone else to give an idea what to write in different parts of a book or story. a simple publishing template can have spaces for the words, for pictures, for the story title (name), and for the name of the publication.
humans or machines can use templates. some computer programs that work with the internet use a template to separate the way the program works from the way it shows the words and pictures. it can be a way to copy words and pictures. in computer programming, templates save time because the programmer does not need to write the same words over and over.
when doctors plan to give a person a new bone joint made of metal or plastic, they can use a template in the shape of the new joint. this type of template is put on an x-ray picture of the person to help to decide the size of joint needed.
oliver! is a musical. it is based on the novel, "oliver twist" by charles dickens. the book, lyrics, and music were written by lionel bart.
"oliver!" had its world premiere on 30 june 1960 at the new theatre in the west end. it ran for 2621 performances. the musical was directed by peter coe, and choreographed by malcolm clare. it starred ron moody as fagin, georgia brown as nancy, martin horsey as dodger, and keith hamshere as oliver.
"oliver!" opened on broadway at the imperial theatre on 6 january 1963. georgia brown reprised her role as nancy, clive revill played fagin, davy jones played dodger, and bruce prochnik played oliver. it won three tony awards including best original score.
in 1968, the musical was adapted to a movie of the same name. the movie won the academy award for best picture.
george s. patton was a united states army general during world war ii
patton can also mean:
dr. hook & the medicine show or simply just dr. hook was an american band. they formed in union city, new jersey in 1968. their two best known songs were "cover of the rolling stone" and "sylvia's mother".
gliders are aircrafts which do not have a motor. gliders are controlled by their pilots by using control-sticks. some gliders can only carry one person; others can carry two. in gliders with two seats, each pilot has a control-stick. gliders always have seats for the pilots.
'sailplanes' are gliders with long wings so that they will only lose height slowly. in some places a vertical draft makes the air go up faster than the glider is going down. the pilot of a glider can make it climb by flying to these places. this is called soaring. good pilots can travel long distances by always finding rising air. some pilots race each other over hundreds of kilometres each day. other pilots just fly for fun.
gliders cannot get into the air by themselves. they are pulled into the air by an aircraft with a motor or they are pulled up by motor on the ground.
there are two other types of gliders. hang-gliders have frames to give the wings their shape, but do not have seats for their pilots and do not have control-sticks. the wings of paragliders are like parachutes and so do not have frames to give them their shape. these other two types of glider are often launched from the tops of hills or cliffs.
john stuart mill (20 may 1806 – 8 may 1873) was an english philosopher and political economist. he was a classical liberal thinker of the 19th century. he was for utilitarianism, the ethical theory first proposed by his third godfather jeremy bentham.
as a utilitarian, he believed that the good of society as a whole is more important than the pleasure of one or a few individuals.
jeremy bentham (15 february 1748 – 6 june 1832) was an english, jurist, philosopher, and legal and social reformer. he is best known as one of the first people to be for utilitarianism and animal rights and gay rights. 
bentham was one of the most influential (classical) liberals, partially through his writings but particularly through his students all around the world, including john stuart mill and several political leaders (and robert owen, who later started the idea of socialism). he is believed to be the innovator of classical liberalism, a term first coined in the 19th century. after he died, his body was preserved and is on public display at university college london to this day.
dinosaur comics is a comic by ryan north. it shows dinosaurs who have adventures and talk about philosophy and some other topics. the art is the same every day, but the words are different. this comic is intended to be funny.
things in the comic that are not true: 
a lucid dream is essentially a dream in which the person is aware that he is in the dream. in a lucid dream, the person does not have to be in control of his surroundings for the dream to be lucid, and only being aware of the dream itself is sufficient condition for the dream to be described as lucid. 
the art of lucid dreaming is the art of being able to control your surroundings in the dream itself. people who lucid dream can usually control everything that happens in their dream. they can teleport, fly, make something appear, or even make everything disappear. regular lucid dreamers usually do so for spiritual reasons but there certainly are people who do it for fun or to avoid bad dreams.
ways to lucid dream.
although some people can have lucid dreams without trying, most people do not have them often. it is important to be able to remember dreams, because if the dreamer does not remember them, he or she will not know if they were lucid dreams or not. remembering dreams becomes easier if they are written in a dream diary upon waking up. 
there are some ways that help make lucid dreams more likely. stephen laberge, a psychologist who studies lucid dreams, made the mild (mnemonic induction of lucid dreaming) technique. to do this, the dreamer must wake up after having a dream, and visualise himself or herself being in the dream again, except now knowing it is a dream. the dreamer should think "the next time i am dreaming, i want to remember i am dreaming", and should concentrate on this while returning to sleep.
there are many other ways to help someone lucid dream. one other way is to fall asleep while keeping the mind awake. this is called the wild (wake induced lucid dreaming) technique. it is easiest to perform after waking up from a few hours of sleep.
my fair lady is a musical. it is based on george bernard shaw's play, "pygmalion", and on the movie adaptation of the play starring wendy hiller and leslie howard. the book and lyrics for the musical were written by alan jay lerner. the music was written by frederick loewe. 
the common flower girl, "eliza doolittle", tells us of the simple pleasures she would like in life (a warm room, an enormous chair, chocolate, someone who cares for her) and how much she would appreciate these little things. as eliza grew up on the streets of london, she has a strong cockney accent (therefore pronouncing ‘lovely’ as ‘loverly’), the phoneticist, "professor henry higgins", overhears her and he places a bet that he can turn eliza into a lady within the space of a year. 
the musical premiered on broadway on 15 march 1956 at the mark hellinger theatre. it moved to other theatres in new york during its original run, and closed on 29 september 1962 after 2,717 performances. it starred rex harrison, julie andrews, robert coote, and stanley holloway. it was directed by moss hart. 
the west end production opened on 30 april 1958 at the theatre royal, drury lane. harrison, andrews, coote, and holloway played their broadway roles. it ran for five and one-half years for 2,281 performances.
the musical won the tony award for best musical. 
the musical was made into a movie in 1964 starring audrey hepburn and rex harrison. 
a man for all seasons is a play by robert bolt about the life of sir thomas more that was first put on in 1960. it was made into a movie in 1966 that won the best picture academy award that year. it was also made into a tv movie in 1988.
a composite number (or simply a "composite") is a natural number, that can be found by multiplying prime numbers.
for example, the number "9" can be found by multiplying "3" by "3". another example is the number "12", which is obtained by multiplying "3", "2" and "2".
all natural numbers (greater than 1) can be put in one of the two classes below:
the fundamental theorem of arithmetic (also called the unique factorization theorem) is a theorem of number theory. the theorem says that "every" positive integer greater than 1 can be written as a product of prime numbers (or the integer is itself a prime number). the theorem also says that there is only one way to write the number. if two people found two different ways to write the number, the only thing that can be different is the order in which the primes are written. for example, we can write:
and if somebody else finds "another" way to write 6936 or 1200 as product of prime numbers, we can put those prime numbers in the right order and find out that it is the same as what we have here. finding the prime numbers is called factorization. 
this theorem can be used in cryptography.
the first person who proved the theorem was euclid. the first detailed and correct proof was in the "disquisitiones arithmeticae" by carl friedrich gauß. 
some people may think that the theorem is true everywhere. however, the theorem is "not" true in more general number systems, like . this was first mentioned by ernst kummer in 1843, in his work on fermat's last theorem. for more information about that: read . 
the proof consists of two parts: "first" we show that every number can be written as a product of primes; "second" we show that if we write a number as a product of primes for a second time, then the two lists of prime numbers must be the same. 
first part of the proof.
we show that if "not" every number greater than 1 can be written as a product of primes, we end up in some kind of impossibility. so after that we conclude that it "must" be true that every number can be written as a product of primes. 
so, now see what happens when somebody says that he/she knows a positive integer, greater than 1, which can "not" be written as a product of primes. in that case we ask him/her to mention "all" the numbers, greater than 1, that can "not" be written as a product of primes. one of these numbers must be the "smallest": let's call it "n". of course, this number "n" cannot be 1. further, it cannot be a prime number, because a prime number is a 'product' of a single prime: itself. so it "must" be a product of numbers. thus- 
where both "a" and "b" are positive integers that are of course smaller than "n". but: "n" was the "smallest" number that can not be written as a product of primes. so it must be possible to write "a" and "b" as products of primes, because they are both smaller than "n". but then the product 
can be written as a product of primes as well. this is an impossibility because we said that "n" can not be written as a product of primes. 
we have now shown the impossibility which exists if the first part of the theorem would not be true. in this way we have now proven the first part of the theorem. 
second part of the proof.
now we have to prove that there is only one way to write a positive number greater than 1 as a product of prime numbers. 
to do this, we use the following lemma: if a prime number "p" divides a product "ab", then it divides "a" or it divides "b" (euclid's lemma). 
first we now prove this lemma. well, assume now that "p" does not divide "a". then "p" and "a" are coprime and we have that says that there must be integers "x" and "y" such that 
multiplying everything with "b" gives 
remember that "ab" could be divided by "p". so now, on the left-hand side we have two terms that are divisible by "p". so the term on the right-hand side is also divisible by "p". we have now proven that if "p" does not divide "a", it must divide "b". that proves the lemma. 
now we will prove that we can write an integer greater than 1 in "only one" way as a product of prime numbers. take two products of primes "a" and "b" which have the same outcome. so we know for the outcome of the products that "a" = "b". take any prime "p" from the first product "a". it divides the "a", so it also divides "b". using several times the lemma that we just proved, we can see that "p" must then divide at least one factor "b" of "b". but the factors are all primes themselves, so also "b" is prime. but we know that "p" is also prime, so "p" must be equal to "b". so now we divide "a" by "p" and also divide "b" by "p". and we get a result like "a*" = "b*". again we can take a prime "p" from the first product "a*" and find out that is equal to some number in the product "b*". continuing in this way, at the end we see that the prime factors of the two products must be exactly the same. this proves that we can write a positive integer as a product of primes in only one unique way.
"a portuguesa" ), meaning "song of the portuguese" ( 'the portuguese [song]') is the national anthem of portugal, adopted in 1911. it was composed by alfredo keil, and its lyrics (words) were written by henrique lopes de mendonça in response to the british ultimatum for portuguese troops to get rid of their positions in africa between the (now former) colonies of mozambique and angola in the (also known as the pink map).
welding is a way of heating pieces of metal using electricity or a flame so that they melt and stick together. there are many kinds of welding, including arc welding, resistance welding, and gas welding. the most common type is arc welding. anyone who is near arc welding needs to wear a special helmet or goggles because the arc is so bright. looking at the arc without visual protection may cause permanent eye damage. it is also important to cover all your skin because it can give you something like a sunburn. hot sparks from the weld can burn any skin that is showing. one kind of welding that does not use an arc is oxy-fuel welding (ofw), sometimes called gas welding. ofw uses a flame to heat up the metal. there are other kinds of welding that do not use an arc.
any welding process that utilizes an electric arc is known as arc welding. the common forms of arc welding include: 
arc welding heats metals by making a high-current electric arc between pieces of metal to be joined and an electrode.
use of the electrode varies based on the type of welding process. in smaw, gmaw, and related welding processes, the electrode is consumed and becomes part of the weld. the electrode is usually made of the same kind of metal to be welded. because the electrode is consumed by the welding process, the electrode must constantly be fed into the weld. the smaw welding process features a "stick" electrode impregnated with a weld promoter known as flux, clamped to the end.
the gmaw welding process uses a thin wire on a rotating spool, as a continuous electrode. the size of this electrode varies from around 0.635 millimeters to about 4 millimeters. the welding machine has a motor-driven spool inside that feeds the wire electrode into the weld.
the tig welding (gtaw) process features an electrode that is not consumed by the welding process as the metal that makes up the weld does not have any electricity flowing through it. the electrode is made of tungsten, so used as it will not melt while immersed in the electrical arc. a filler metal, in the form of a rod, can be used to add metal to the weld area.
almost all welding uses filler metal to fill in the small gap between the metal pieces. the extra metal helps to make the weld strong. sometimes welds need to be made without any filler metal. welding with no filler metal is called autogenous welding.
shielding in arc welding.
all types of welding require that the hot metal have protection. dirt, rust, grease, and even the oxidation of the metal under the weld process can prevent a proper weld joint. as such all weld processes use one of two protection methods: flux, and shielding gas.
welding flux may be used in a solid, liquid, or paste form. during welding, the flux will melt and some of it will evaporate. this creates a small pocket of gas around the weld. this pocket of gas prevents oxidation of the metal under weld. melted flux, through a corrosive reaction, cleans contaminants that prevent a proper weld. after welding, the flux solidifies. this layer of solid flux is called slag, and must be removed from the weld. the smaw weld process most commonly uses flux, and is most commonly used on steel.
shielding gas protects the weld by being a pocket of gas around the weld. the purpose of this gas is to keep normal air out, especially oxygen. it is different from flux because there is no liquid on the weld. there is only a gas around the weld. because there is no liquid, it will not clean up dirt and other things on the metal. this means that the metal has to be clean before it is welded. if it is not, the dirt and other things could cause problems. the gases that are usually used are argon, helium, and a mixture that is 3 parts argon and one part carbon dioxide. other mixtures of gases can have nitrogen, hydrogen, or even a little bit of oxygen in them. one kind of welding that uses shielding gas is gas metal arc welding. it is usually used in factories to make things.
welding that uses flux is easier to do outside when it is windy. this is because the liquid flux is protecting the hot metal and it will not blow away. also, the flux is always making the pocket of gas which keeps the electric arc from going out. welding that uses shielding gas usually cannot be used outside because the gas would blow away if there were any wind.
other kinds of welding.
some kinds of welding do not use an electric arc. they might use a flame, electricity without an arc, an energy beam, or physical force. the most common type of welding that does not use an arc is called gas welding. in gas welding, a flammable(meaning it will burn) gas and oxygen are combined and burn at the end of a torch. gas welding does not need any special shielding because a flame which is adjusted right has no extra oxygen in it. it is still important to make sure the metal is clean. the flame heats up the metal so much that it melts. when both the pieces of metal are melted at the edge, the liquid metal becomes one piece.
the other kind of welding that does not use an arc still uses electricity. it is called resistance welding. with this kind, two pieces of thin metal are pinched together and then electricity is made to go through them. this makes the metal get really hot and melt where it is pinched together. the two pieces melt together at that place. sometimes this is called spot welding because the welding can only happen at one small place(or spot) at a time.
forge welding is the first kind of welding that ever was used. forge welding needs the two pieces of metal to so hot that they almost melt. then they are beat together with hammers until they are one piece.
the other kinds of welding that do not use an arc are hard to do, and usually new. they are expensive too. most of these kinds of welding are only done where specially needed. they might use an electron beam, laser, or ultrasonic sound waves.
energy for welding.
every kind of welding needs to use energy. this energy is usually heat, but sometimes force is used to make a weld. when heat is used, it can be from electricity or from fire.
power supplies for arc welding.
a lot of electricity is used in arc welding. some kinds of welding use alternating current like the electricity that buildings use. other kinds use direct current like the electricity in a car or most things with a battery. almost all kinds of welding use a lower voltage than the electricity that comes from a power plant. arc welding requires using a special power supply that makes the electricity from the power plant usable for welding. a power supply lowers the voltage and controls the amount of current. the power supply usually has controls on it that allow these things to be changed. for kinds of arc welding that use alternating current, sometimes the power supply can do special things to make the electricity alternate differently. some power supplies do not plug into a power plug, but instead generate their own electricity. these kind of power supplies have an engine that turns a generator head to make the electricity. the engine might run on gasoline, diesel fuel, or propane.
energy for other kinds of welding.
ofw uses a flame from burning fuel gas and oxygen to heat up the metal. this fuel gas is almost always acetylene. acetylene is a flammable gas that burns very hot, hotter than any other gas. that is why it is used most of the time. other gases like propane, natural gas, or other industrial gases can be used too.
some kinds of welding do not use heat to make the weld. these kinds of welding can get hot, but they do not make the metal melt. forge welding is an example of this. friction stir welding is a special kind of welding that does not use heat. it uses a very powerful motor and a special spinning bit to mix the metals together at the edge. this seems odd because metals are a solid. this is why it takes a lot of force to do and is very hard. the energy for this kind of welding is mechanical energy from the spinning bit.
stalking means following something or somebody secretly. in the animal kingdom, predators often hunt by stalking, or by combining stalking with ambushing. 
someone who likes to watch other people known as a voyeur. when this is continually done to a person it can have a bad effect.
stalking in a way that makes someone feel unsafe is a crime in many countries. it is not just one event but an ongoing process that threatens or makes that person feel scared. someone who does this is called a stalker. the stalker may do this because they want to be involved in that person's life, because they want to have power over that person's life, or for other sexual reasons. the stalker can make that person feel scared. they may feel they do not have the power to stop the stalker. psychologists say stalking is a way of hurting someone's mind. sometimes a stalker may go on to hurt that person's body by assaulting, raping or murdering that person.
stalking can sometimes be done on the internet. this is called cyberstalking.
william henry cosby jr. (; born july 12, 1937) is an american former stand-up comedian, actor, author, producer, musician, and activist. he was also a regular star of movies and television. he was known for creating and starring in "the cosby show". 
in 2018, cosby went to prison because of many sexual assault allegations. 
he got out of prison in 2021, because the supreme court of pennsylvania found that the justice system had made a mistake in the process of convicting him.
cosby was born and raised in philadelphia, pennsylvania. he studied at temple university.
cosby was the class president and a captain of the baseball.
he is the creator of such shows as filmation's animated "fat albert and the cosby kids", nbc's "the cosby show" (in which he played a doctor named heathcliff huxtable) and nick at nite's "fatherhood" (with blair underwood).
on television, he starred in the 1960s spy spoof "i spy", and has also advertised jell-o and other products.
in 1983, cosby released the concert film "bill cosby." cosby performed his first tv stand-up special in 30 years.
on the big screen, he appeared in "leonard part 6" (1987), "ghost dad" (1990), and "the meteor man" (1993).
on may 2, 2015, his last show of the "far from finished" tour was performed at the cobb energy performing arts centre in atlanta, georgia. 
his last known standup performance prior to his conviction was held at the larose jazz club in philadelphia on january 23, 2018.
bill cosby was among hundreds of artists whose material was destroyed in the 2008 universal fire.
cosby married camille hanks cosby in 1964. together, they have five children: erika, erinn, ennis, ensa and evin. cosby lives in suburban philadelphia, pennsylvania. the cosbys have three grandchildren.
since 2016, cosby has been legally blind, as a result of keratoconus.
cosby and his wife have collected more than three hundred works of african-american art since 1967.
sexual assault charges.
as of december 30, 2015, numerous civil lawsuits are active against cosby, and he faces one felony charge of aggravated indecent assault in montgomery county, pennsylvania; a warrant was issued for his arrest. this charge is based on the 2005 allegations of a january 2004 incident. he was released on a $1 million dollar bail later that day. 
in 2014, cosby was set to release his new standup special "bill cosby 77" on netflix. the release of the film was canceled due to allegations of sexual assault against cosby.
cosby's trial started on june 5, 2017. he was found guilty of three counts of assault on april 26, 2018, and was sentenced to 3–10 years in prison in late september 2018. he used lawyer thomas mesereau.
cosby got out of prison on 30 june 2021, because the supreme court of pennsylvania found that the justice system had made a mistake in the process of convicting him. in 2022, the supreme court of the united states decided to not hear the case about cosby getting out of prison.
awards and honors.
cosby has been awarded at least 57 honorary degrees since 1985. several of these honorary degrees have been rescinded due to allegations of sexual assault and/or immoral behavior:
ham is pork that comes from a leg of a pig. 
ham can be dry-cured or wet-cured. dry-cured ham is made by rubbing the meat with salt. wet-cured ham is made with brine.
types of dry-cured ham:
ham is used in spam.
spam is a canned meat food made by the hormel foods corporation. it is made from pork shoulder meat and ham. spam lite, a newer kind of spam, is made with pork and chicken.
there have been many ideas about what the word "spam" means. the hormel foods corporation once said that it means "shoulder of pork and ham", but in some dictionaries "spam" means "spiced ham".
members of staff at the spam museum say it stands for specially produced american meat.
in 2019, spam began making advertisements containing the definition “sizzle pork and mmmm”.
spam was used a lot in world war ii, as there wasn't proper meat. because of that, spam was used as a rationed item.
a mushroom (also called a toadstool) is the part of a fungus that is comparable to the fruit of a plant. unlike plants, mushrooms do not use sunlight to generate energy for themselves. some mushrooms are edible, and are used for cooking in many countries, such as china, korea and europe. other mushrooms, however, are poisonous, and can cause severe illness or death if eaten. people who search for edible mushrooms are called "mycophagists", meaning "mushroom eater", while the act itself is called "mushrooming". mushrooms have been known to support bone health and to regulate blood sugar in diabetics. it is available in different colours and shapes.
structure of mushrooms.
most mushrooms have a stem and a cap. the bottom of the cap sometimes has gills to hold spores, and sometimes holds the spores themselves.
factorization (also called factorisation and factoring) is taking a composite number apart into numbers that multiply together to get the original number. these smaller numbers are called factors or divisors. 1 is a factor of all numbers.
prime factorization is breaking apart a composite numbers into prime numbers that can be multiplied to give the larger number. note that since 1 is not prime, it is not included in the prime factorization.
for example, 12 can be factored as 4 × 3. since 4 is not a prime number, that is not its prime factorization. 12's prime factorization is in fact 3 × 2 × 2.
the numbers which are obtained from the factorization are usually ordered, for example, starting with the smallest number. for example, 72=2^3*3^2. the factorization of every number is unique. this generalizes to:
since finding the numbers to multiply together is very difficult for large numbers, this fact can be used in cryptography.
this is how one type of polynomial is factored.
find two numbers that add up to 9 and can be multiplied to get 20. here, these numbers are 4 and 5.
a joint is the place where two or more bones make contact. they allow movement (except for skull bones) and give mechanical support.
joints have cartilage in between them, which help to make the movement flexible. joints are described structurally and functionally. structural classification is how the bones connect to each other; function is the degree of movement between the articulating bones. 
a synovial bursa is a small fluid-filled sac lined by a synovial membrane. it has an inner capillary layer of viscous synovial fluid (bit like raw egg white). the bursa is "a cushion between bones and tendons" and/or muscles around a joint. this helps to reduce friction between the bones and allows free movement.
muhammad hosni said mubarak (; 4 may 1928 – 25 february 2020), commonly known as hosni mubarak (), was an egyptian politician. he served as president of egypt from 14 october 1981 to 11 february 2011.
mubarak became the vice-president of the republic of egypt after moving up the ranks of the egyptian air force. then he became the president after president anwar sadat was assassinated on 6 october 1981. his almost thirty-year presidency made him egypt's longest-serving ruler since muhammad ali pasha.
as president of egypt, mubarak is thought to have been one of the most powerful leaders in the region. under the 1971 constitution of egypt, mubarak exercised strong control over the country and was generally considered a dictator. in 2005, he called an election and easily won it. many opponents believed mubarak changed the election results so he could win.
in early 2011, during the arab spring, there were huge protests against his government. in the end, mubarak resigned and handed over power to the armed forces. it is hoped that elections later that year for a new government. on 2 june 2012, mubarak was sentenced to life imprisonment for ordering the shooting of protesters in the revolution that ousted him.
on 13 january 2013, egypt's court of cassation overturned mubarak's sentence and ordered a retrial. on retrial, mubarak and his sons were convicted on 9 may 2015 of corruption and given prison sentences. mubarak was detained in a military hospital and his sons were freed 12 october 2015 by a cairo court.
he was acquitted on 2 march 2017 by the court of cassation and released on 24 march 2017.
he died on 25 february 2020 at a cairo hospital after having surgery, aged 91.
euclid of alexandria () (about 325 bc–265 bc) was a greek mathematician who lived in alexandria, egypt and worked at the library of alexandria. little is known about this person, but people think he lived there when ptolemy i was pharaoh. it is not known where and when he was born.
euclid collected together all that was known of geometry, which is part of mathematics. his "elements" is the main source of ancient geometry. textbooks based on euclid have been used up to the present day. in the book, he starts out from a small set of axioms (that is, a group of things that everyone thinks are true). euclid then shows the properties of geometric objects and of whole numbers, based on those axioms.
the "elements" also includes works on perspective, conic sections, spherical geometry, and possibly quadric surfaces. apart from geometry, the work also includes number theory. euclid came up with the idea of "greatest common divisors". they were in his "elements". the greatest common divisor of two numbers is the greatest number that can fit evenly in both of the two numbers.
the geometrical system described in the "elements" was long known simply as geometry, and was considered to be the only geometry possible. today that system is referred to as euclidean geometry to distinguish it from other so-called non-euclidean geometries which mathematicians developed in the 19th century.
in some countries, most notably where the weather is warm, there is a tradition to take a nap right after noon, or early in the afternoon. this tradition is called siesta, and is most common in spain and latin america. some stores and services close while their owners and/or employees take their siesta.
the word "sleep" comes from the old old germanic verbs for sleep. in old and middle high german, it was called "slaf". the original meaning of the word was "to slap", which was related to the word for "flabby" (not hard or firm).
many words related to "sleep" have very different meanings. for example, "sleep" may be used to mean death, so that "putting an animal to sleep" means to kill the animal without pain. "sleep with someone" can also have a sexual meaning.
what sleep is for.
sleep helps the brain function. the details are not fully understood, but it is important to get enough sleep for the body and the brain to be healthy and to work properly. in general, animals (and people) sleep at periodic intervals, such as once a day. certain animals send out signals to the others that they will soon go to sleep. yawning is such a signal.
both humans and many animals sleep about once a day. some animals, such as cats, sleep many times a day for short periods up to 15 hours a day (or even longer).
when people sleep, they often have dreams. probably some animals do, too.
not only people sleep, but all mammals and birds, and most fish, reptiles and other animals also too.
brief stages of sleep.
there are four stages during sleep:
while humans sleep, rem and nrem are sleep patterns that help with long-term memory, remembering information, procedural memory, and creative thinking.
different types of sleep.
in mammals and birds, sleep can be divided into two categories. in one of them, the eyes move rapidly. it is called rem-sleep (rapid eye movement). most dreams take place in this phase. as the body becomes relaxed and the eyes move while sleeping. this phase helps prepare one for the next day. rem-sleep occurs normally at intervals throughout the night, and the periods of rem-sleep increase in length in the second half of the night. it is often encountered 90 minutes after falling asleep, and continues to occur every 90 minutes. rem-sleep was first discovered in 195253.
rem sleep is found in mammals and songbirds, but is "poorly established" in reptiles and fish. according to a survey:
the other category, where this movement of the eyes does not happen, is called nrem-sleep (non-rem sleep). in general, dreams do not occur during this time. there are three or four stages of nrem-sleep. stage i is just barely sleeping, or dozing. stage ii is also light sleep. normally, in adult humans, about half of the time spent asleep is spent in light sleep. stages iii and iv are called deep sleep. deep sleep is necessary for growth and healing. it can be quite difficult to awaken someone who is in stage iii or stage iv sleep. sometimes, stages iii and iv are combined and called stage iii.
adult humans normally sleep in cycles of 90 to 110 minutes each. the night's sleep can be 4 or 5 of these cycles. each cycle includes, in this order: stage i, stage ii, stage iii (iv), and rem.
getting enough sleep.
people who regularly get less than 8 hours of sleep a night tend to complain more and feel very fatigued throughout the day. getting the appropriate amount of sleep is extremely important, as it could affect one’s body and increase the chances of serious health problems. for each age group, there are different amounts of sleep that are recommended:
- toddlers (4 to 12 months): 12 to 16 hours (w/ naps)
- toddlers (1–2 years): 11 to 14 hours (w/ naps)
- preschoolers (3–5 years): 10 to 13 hours (w/ naps)
- grade schoolers (6 to 12 years): 9 to 12 hours
- teenagers(13–18 years): 8 to 10 hours
- adults (including old age): 7 to 9 hours
the timing of sleep and the amount of it are both important. both are different for different people. some adults sleep best from 22:00 to 05:00 or 06:00 or 07:00. some sleep best from midnight to seven or eight. these variations are normal.
how much sleep is enough also depends on age. children need more sleep than adults. newborn babies sleep about 18 hours per day. small babies sleep many times a day; human babies do not develop circadian rhythms before they are 3 – 4 months old. at the age of 1 year, they sleep for about 14 hours.
a nine-year-old should sleep about 9–10 hours per day and teenagers, too, also need that much sleep. adults who sleep less than about 8 hours a day perform worse than those who sleep that long.
poor habits could affect one’s sleep schedule in many ways without taking notice. a few habits that are very common and ruin sleep are:
a good night’s sleep is extremely important for one’s quality of life. people may have trouble going to sleep, staying asleep or getting enough sleep. this usually means that they are too sleepy in the daytime.
there are many things that influence sleep. also some substances, called stimulants – coffee is an example – can cause poor sleep. when people have just eaten something, the body is busy digesting what they have eaten. this can cause poor sleep, too. worrying and stress can also cause poor sleep.
there are many diseases that cause poor sleep. fever can lead to bad dreams. poor sleep can be a side effect of some medications.
sleep disorders directly influence how a person sleeps. examples of sleep disorders are narcolepsy, sleep apnea and circadian rhythm sleep disorders.
the four most common sleep disorders are:
sleep specialists - doctors specialized in sleeping problems - often suggest better sleep hygiene to people with sleeping problems. sleep hygiene means things people can try, such as:
north macedonia ( - severna makedonija) officially the republic of north macedonia ( - "republika severna makedonija"; ) is a country located on the balkan peninsula and in southeastern europe. it was part of yugoslavia. north macedonia borders serbia to the north, albania to the west, greece to the south, and bulgaria to the east. the country's currency is the macedonian denar (mkd).
the capital and largest city is skopje, with more than 500,000 residents. it has many smaller cities. some important ones are bitola, prilep, tetovo, kumanovo, ohrid, veles, stip, and strumica.
north macedonia is often called "a land of lakes and mountains". three large lakes are on the borders of albania and greece, and there are many smaller ones. sixteen mountains are higher than 2000 meters above sea level.
north macedonia is a member of the united nations and world trade organization (wto). it joined nato on 30 march 2020. since december 2005, it is a candidate for joining the european union.
the language spoken by the majority of the population is macedonian. albanian is also spoken by the albanian minority (25%) living in the country. north macedonia has two official languages, macedonian and albanian (since 2019).
ethnic macedonians are slavic peoples. the slavs invaded and settled the balkans in the 6th and 7th centuries. what is now north macedonia used to be the bulgarian occupation zone of kingdom of yugoslavia. vardarska macedonia became a communist state in 1945 and called itself the socialist republic of macedonia in the southeastern part of the country of yugoslavia. when that country broke up in 1991, north macedonia became independent.
in past centuries the territory which today is the republic of north macedonia was ruled by many different states such as bulgaria and many other empires.
during the yugoslav wars, macedonia was mostly peaceful. however in 2001, fighting broke out between ethnic albanians and slavic macedonians. the fighting ended with the ohrid agreement.
people have been living in north macedonia for thousands of years. neolithic people lived in macedonia from 7000 to 3500 bce. the iliad mentions the kingdom of paeonia in macedonia. from 1000 to 1 bce, dacians, thracians,illyrians, celts, and greeks lived in northern macedonia.
alexander the great's empire.
the ancient greek kingdom of macedonia was just hundreds of small, independent, city-states. one example of a city state is illyria. they sometimes merged together, but not often. one city-state that grew over time was the kingdom of macedon. the greek kingdom of macedon is best known for alexander the great. he invaded and controlled the middle east (excluding arabia),turkey, greece, egypt, afghanistan, pakistan, and the gujarat state of india. however, when alexander died in 323 bce, at the age of 33, he lost his vast empire. the empire was divided into 5 countries, lysimachia (macedon), cassander (northern greece), the antigonid empire (turkey, syria, lebanon, israel, southern greece), the ptolemaic empire (egypt), and the seleucid empire (iraq, iran, afghanistan).
towards the end of the 3rd century bce, the romans invaded the balkan peninsula. illyria was taken over in 9 ce. the north and east of macedonia were taken over by the roman empire in the year 29 ce. they became the roman province of moesia. starting in the 3rd century ce, the borders of macedonia were being attacked by the goths, huns, bulgars, avars, and others. in 395 ad, the roman empire split in two. they were the western roman empire and the eastern roman empire (byzantine empire).
although, macedonia was part of the byzantine empire, there was little byzantine influence. in the mid-6th century, slavic tribes started to settle in macedonia. from the 7th century to the 13th century, byzantine macedonia was governed by local princes and kings, allied with the byzantine empire. in the 9th century, the byzantine empire brought christianity to macedonia. the people who brought christianity to macedonia were saints cyril and methodius. their goal was to bring christianity and the cyrillic alphabet to slavs in europe.
the ottoman empire was originally a small city-state in turkey. the city-state grew, and it invaded adrianople in 1354. from there, it expanded and took over turkey. constantinople, the capital of the byzantine empire, did not get invaded by the ottomans until 1453. after the battle of the maritsa river, the ottomans conquered southern serbia and macedonia. macedonia was under ottoman rule until 1913.
after the ottoman empire dissolved, macedonia became a part of the newly formed country yugoslavia. from 1914 to 1941, yugoslavia was a monarchy. during ww2, the axis powers took over yugoslavia. macedonia was taken over by bulgaria. the axis powers left yugoslavia after ww2. after ww2, yugoslavia became a communist state. josip broz tito was the leader of yugoslavia from 1944 to 1980. in 8 september 1991, macedonia became an independent state.
naming dispute with greece.
greece and the republic of north macedonia were arguing over the name macedonia. the united nations calls the republic of north macedonia, "the former yugoslav republic of macedonia" (fyrom) (macedonian: "поранешна југословенска република македонија - пјрм" - "poranešna jugoslovenska republika makedonija -pjrm"). the north and northeast part of greece has been called macedonia for ages and officially since 1912, just like kent, the southeast county of england, has been called kent for a long time. 'fyrom' is also used by nato and many other international organisations. but, many countries now call the country 'republic of macedonia'. the united kingdom, for example, uses republic of macedonia in the diplomatic list.
on 17 june 2018, north macedonia and greece agreed to the prespa agreement which would see the country change its name to the republic of north macedonia. the government started completing the constitutional change needed to change the country's name, which was completed on 12 february 2019.
north macedonia is a democratic country with a parliament.
anorexia nervosa (usually just called anorexia) is an eating disorder. 
people with anorexia think that they are fat, or desperately fear becoming fat even if they are very skinny. to try to lose weight, anorexics do not eat enough. when they do eat, they do not eat the amount of food their body needs, in an effort to avoid gaining weight. this causes them to lose too much weight too quickly. this is very harmful to a person's body. there are various treatments for anorexia. one example is the maudsley method. this type of treatment is for patients who are 18 or younger. two thirds of adolescent anorexia patients are 'recovered' at the end of this treatment. people with anorexia are more likely to die than people with any other mental illness.
doctors use the "diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders" to make a medical diagnosis and decide if a person has anorexia or not. four signs of anorexia are listed in the manual. people do not have to show all four signs for the doctor to decide that they have anorexia.
there is no single cause of anorexia. researchers believe that it is caused by a combination of biological and environmental factors. it has been linked to the media. many people think that anorexia is caused by wanting to be thin like models in magazines. however, it is not that simple.
people who develop anorexia tend to be perfectionistic. they are also more likely to have problems socializing. there has been research about the link between anorexia and autism spectrum disorder (asd), a disorder that involves problems with socializing. another symptom of autism spectrum disorder is ocd, which has also been linked to anorexia. starvation is known to create antisocial behavior so there needs to be research that compares those traits in anorexics with people who have recovered.
madness (or insanity) is a word that can have different meanings:
being able to tell right from wrong is the base of a working society and of law; for this reason, the law treats those people differently who are not able to make this distinction. in the law, when people who can’t understand that their crimes are crimes it’s called the insanity defense.
rabies is a neurotropic (referring to the nuerons) virus, viral zoonotic disease (can spread to humans by animals) that causes acute encephalitis.
the disease is almost always fatal (people and animals die from it) when the symptoms start. there is no treatment and cure for it when the symptoms occur. however, people (and pets) who are treated with vaccines soon after becoming infected have a very good chance to survive.
the disease is transmitted through the saliva and the blood. the usual form of getting it is a bite of a rabid mammal. pets, like dogs need to be vaccinated against it, in most countries.
there is no cure for rabies. there is a vaccine (medicine to try to prevent rabies) against it. the vaccine was first developed by louis pasteur and pierre paul émile roux in 1885. this vaccine used a live virus grown in rabbits, and weakened (through drying it). the first person to be vaccinated was joseph meister (a 9-year-old boy who had been bitten by a dog). vaccines similar to this are still used today, but other vaccines (growing the virus using cell cultures) are more used.
there is also a form of treatment that can be done once a person has been bitten. it needs to be done within 6 days of being bitten. there is no way to know whether someone is infected, until it's too late. treatment starts with washing the wound. this is done to reduce the number of virus particles that enter the body. often patients are given one dose of immunoglobulin and a certain number of vaccines, over a determined period of time, usually a month.
tirana ( or "tirana") is the capital city of republic of albania. it is the largest city in that country. according to 2011 census, the population of the city was 621,286 people. other people think there may be up to 1 million people who live in the city. tirana was founded in 1614. it became albania's capital city in 1920.
the origin of the city name is unknown. according to one of the versions, its name comes from tyrkanos castle, which was near the current location of tirana.
john forbes nash jr. (june 13, 1928 – may 23, 2015) was an american mathematician who worked in game theory and differential geometry. he was born in bluefield, west virginia. he shared the 1994 memorial prize in economics with two other game theorists, reinhard selten and john harsanyi.
nash was born on june 13, 1928, in bluefield, west virginia. he studied at princeton university and at carnegie institute of technology.
the winner of a westinghouse scholarship, he attended the carnegie institute of technology, where he received both his bachelor's degree and his master's degree in 1948. from pittsburgh he went to princeton university where he worked on his equilibrium theory. he received a ph.d. in 1950 with a dissertation on non-cooperative games. the thesis, which was written under the supervision of albert w. tucker, contained the definition and properties of what would later be called the nash equilibrium. his studies on this subject led to three articles:
nash also did important work in the area of manifolds (complex spatial structures):
this work led to "nash embedding theorem": "two real algebraic manifolds are equivalent if and only if they are analytically homeomorphic." 
he is best known in popular culture as the subject of the hollywood movie, "a beautiful mind", about his mathematical genius and his struggles with schizophrenia, with which he was diagnosed.
nash married alicia lopez-harrison de lardé in 1957. they had one son. nash had a first son out of wedlock to elenor stier.. in 1963, the couple divorced. they later remarried in 2001. nash lived in west windsor township, new jersey for a long time.
on may 23, 2015, nash and his wife alicia were killed in a car accident near monroe township, new jersey. a taxi that they were riding in was struck by another vehicle and the pair was ejected from the taxi. nash was 86 years old.
john nash may mean
calisthenics is a series of exercises used to develop strength, power and balance or a repeated rhythmical exercise that uses the weight of the body as resistance or the systematic exercises for attaining strength-gracefulness or the practice of calisthenic exercises.
the name calisthenics is greek in origin, a combination of the words 'beauty' and 'strength'.
calisthenics is recommended for general good health, light exercises designed to promote general physical fitness.
muteness means not being able to speak. a person that cannot speak is called a mute. a mute keeps the ability to hear the speech of others. if not, the person would be a deaf mute.
muteness is a type of speech disorder. a person who chooses not to speak is said to be "silent" rather than mute. slang for this (british english) is "keeping mum".
originally, the common word dumb or "dumbness" used to mean "unable to speak". unfortunately this was taken over to mean ""unwilling" to speak" or "unintelligent". so people prefer "muteness". "dumb" is a much commoner word, and might be used if it would not be misunderstood.
in general, someone who is mute may be mute for one of several different reasons: genetics, psychological, or trauma.
for children, a lack of speech may be developmental, neurological, psychological, or due to a physical disability or a communication disorder. 
adults who previously had speech and then became unable to speak: this may be due to disease, injury, damage or surgery affecting areas of the brain needed for speech. loss of speech in adults may occur, but rarely, for psychological reasons. damage (however caused) to the parts of the brain needed for speech is called aphasia.
treatment or management of muteness depends on what has caused the absence of speech. a speech assessment may decide cause and treatment. treatment of absence of speech is possible in a variety of cases. if the absence of speech is a permanent condition, a range of communication devices are available to help communication.
speech-generating devices help people with speech deficiencies.
a wooden spoon is a spoon made from wood. wooden spoons are used for mixing food. wooden spoon is also a term for last place in a sporting contest.
table tennis, also known as ping pong (a trademarked name), is one of the most popular sports in the world, with players in many countries. it is played by two or four people on a table. to play this game, people use bats and small celluloid balls. you need also a net and a table. table tennis was invented in england in 1880.
the international table tennis federation (ittf), the worldwide organization, was founded in 1926, exactly 46 years after invention. table tennis has been an olympic sport since 1988, 108 years after invention.
many of the best players in the world today come from china.
the sport comes from england during the victorian era, where it was played by the upper-class as a game to be played after meals. it has been suggested that simpler versions of the game should be developed by british military officers living in india during the 1860s or 1870s, who brought it back with them. a row of books stood up along the center of the table as a net, two more books served as rackets and were used to continuously hit a golf-ball.
the name "ping-pong" was in wide use before the british manufacturer j. jaques & son ltd coined the term in 1901. the name "ping-pong" then came to describe the game played using the rather expensive equipment, jaques provided, with other manufacturers calling it table tennis. a similar situation arose in the united states, where jaques sold the rights to the "ping-pong" name to parker brothers. parker brothers then enforced its trademark for the term in the 1920's making the various associations change their names to "table tennis" instead of the more common, but trademarked, name.
the next most important innovation was by james w. gibb, a british addict of the sport, who discovered novelty celluloid balls on a trip to the us in 1901 and found them to be ideal for the game. this was followed by e.c. goode who, in 1901, invented the modern version of the racket by fixing a sheet of rubber to the wooden blade. table tennis became more popular by 1901, to the extent that tournaments were being organised, books being written on the subject, and an unofficial world championship was held in 1902.
in 1921, the table tennis association was founded, and in 1926 renamed the english table tennis association. the international table tennis federation (ittf) followed in 1926. london hosted the first official world championships in 1926. in 1933, the united states table tennis association, now called usa table tennis, was formed.
in the 1930's, edgar snow commented in "red star over china" that the communist forces in the chinese civil war had a "passion for the english game of table tennis" which he found "bizarre". on the other hand, the popularity of the sport waned in 1930s soviet union, partly because of the promotion of team and military sports, and partly because of a theory that the game had adverse health effects.
in the 1950's, paddles that used a rubber sheet combined with an underlying sponge layer changed the game dramatically, introducing greater spin and speed. these were introduced to britain by sports goods manufacturer s.w. hancock ltd. the use of speed glue beginning in the mid-1980's increased the spin and speed even further, resulting in changes to the equipment to "slow the game down". table tennis was introduced as an olympic sport at the olympics in 1988.
ping pong may refer to:
nayarit is a middle sized mexican state. it is on the west coast of mexico (on the pacific ocean shore).
native people from nayarit are called nayaritas (singular: nayarita).
the nayarit capital, is tepic.
filipino might mean:
mindanao is one of the three main island groups in the philippines. it is the southernmost major island of the philippines, and is the only island in the philippines to have many muslim people. mindanao is northeast of sabah. it may also refer to the main island in the group. 
a phylum (plural: phyla) is the third highest rank used in the biological taxonomy of all organisms. the second rank is kingdom and the highest is domain. usually biologists count about 32 phyla of animals, about 14 of plants, and about 8 phyla of fungus, but definitions vary.
with genome analysis, groups of phyla have been put together based on evolutionary relationships. these are informal, not part of the standard classification.
botanists usually prefer the word "division" instead of "phylum".
a knuckle, in anatomy, is where two bones join in the hands or feet. when talking about humans, knuckles most often refer to the joints in the fingers.
animal knuckles, such as "pig knuckles" are sometimes sold as food.
conduction in physics is about forms of energy, namely heat or electricity.
besides conduction, the other major ways of moving energy are by radiation and convection.
a royal family is the family of a monarch (king or queen of a country). or, it is someone who is related to a queen, king or a monarch. a royal family may be called "house of" something, as in "house of habsburg". some royal families such as the british royal family participate in various ceremonies and royal duties.
a general election is an election in which all or most members of a given political body are chosen. the term is usually used to mean the elections held for a nation's primary legislative body. this is different from primary elections, by-elections or local elections. in the united kingdom when parliament is dissolved every seat in the house of commons becomes vacant and a general election is held.
the 2005 united kingdom general election was an election held on may 5, 2005 to elect 646 members to the house of commons of the united kingdom. the three main candidates to become prime minister of the united kingdom are shown to the right. 
the election resulted in the labour party and it's leader tony blair winning a majority in the house of commons for the third time in a row. the labour party did lose 47 of their seats in parliament and the amount of votes they got dropped by 5.5% from the 2001 general election. many people believe the labour party lost support because of labour prime minister tony blair's unpopular decision to send troops to iraq in 2003.
the constituencies of blaenau gwent and wyre forest elected independent candidates. the seat of glasgow east was won by the speaker of the house of commons michael martin, who is not considered to be of any political party.
the next election was held on may 6, 2010. see united kingdom general election, 2010
dover can refer to:
milenko stefanović (february 19, 1930 – july 25, 2022) was the most famous serbian classical and jazz clarinet player – soloist, former principal clarinetist of the belgrade philharmonic orchestra and professor at the josip slavenski school of music, university of pristina and university of the arts in belgrade.
stefanovic began his music study at the age of five. he graduated and completed his postgraduate studies from the belgrade conservatory. his major teacher was professor bruno brun, the founder of modern serbian school of clarinet playing. he also studied chamber music and orchestral playing in salzburg, austria, in the class of igor markevich, erich leinsdorf and fernand oubradous.
stefanovic was a top-prize winner or finalist in the major yugoslavian and international competitions, including the competitions in sarajevo (1952), skopje (1954), ljubljana (1956), moscow (1957), munich (1957), geneva (1957) and prague (1959). 
he was also honored with the award of the yugoslavian radio-television (ohrid, 1972), awards of the city of belgrade for the best concert in the previous concert season (1976, 1981, 1986), as well as with 7th july award (1962), the state’s highest award for the arts.
in 2007, upon recommendation of the expert committee of the ministry of culture, he was awarded special acknowledgement for the highest contribution to the national culture of the republic of serbia. in 2010 the association of musical artists of serbia awarded him with the lifetime achievement award.
during his long career, stefanovic performed throughout europe, africa and north america. stefanovic recorded for the leading radio and television stations in the country and abroad: united kingdom, italy, france, ussr, germany, etc. as a soloist, member of various chamber groups and orchestras, he worked with distinguished yugoslavian and international artists, including anton nanut and many others. 
he was one of the few artists honored to perform copland’s clarinet concerto under the baton of maestro aaron copland (1961). 
he was a long-time principal clarinetist of the belgrade philharmonic orchestra (1954-1976). 
stefanovic also played jazz – as a soloist and member of the belgrade jazz trio and markicevic quintet.
he has a number of personally dedicated clarinet works by prominent yugoslavian composers: dejan despic, aleksandar obradovic, petar bergamo, dusan radic, petar ozgijan, miodrag ilic. 
stefanovic was the chair of the committee in numerous yugoslavian and international competitions.
stefanovic wrote numerous jazz compositions and some film music.
he taught at the josip slavenski school of music, university of pristina and university of the arts in belgrade. his former students hold teaching positions in music schools and universities and play in orchestras in europe, asia, australia and north america. stefanovic wrote several textbooks for the clarinet students.
he served as the vice-chancellor and member of the board of trustees of the university of the arts in belgrade. 
stefanovic is an honorary member and former president of the association of musical artists of serbia.
stefanović died on 25 july 2022 in belgrade, serbia, aged 92.
flash memory is a memory storage device for computers and electronics. it is most often used in devices like digital cameras, usb flash drives, and video games. it was developed in the 1980s from the earlier and similar eeprom.
flash memory is different from ram because ram is volatile (not permanent). when power is turned off, ram loses all its data. flash can keep its data intact with no power at all. a hard drive is also permanent (non-volatile) storage, but it is bulky and fragile. flash memory is one kind of non-volatile random-access memory. it is slower than ram but faster than hard drives. it is often used in small electronics because of its small size and lack of moving parts.
the main weakness of flash memory is that it is more expensive than hard drives for the same amount of storage. another weakness is the number of times that data can be written to it. data can be read from flash as many times as desired, but after a certain number of "write" operations, "write cycles", it will stop working. most flash devices are designed for about 100,000 - 1,000,000 write cycles.
eeprom has the same limitation that flash does: ones made in the 20th century could only survive about 100,000 write cycles, later increased to about a million. it is more expensive than flash, so it is rarely used for storage greater than 128kb. the main difference between eeprom and flash memory is that most eeprom devices can erase any byte of memory at any time. flash memory can only erase an entire chunk, or "sector", of memory at a time. both eeprom and flash are subject to the limitation that only bytes in an 'erased' state can be written, which means that if the user wants to change only one byte of flash, the entire sector must be erased and re-written. this means that flash memory can wear out faster than eeprom. some flash memory can store hundreds of gigabytes, or even terabytes. many are in the form of a pen drive. 
flash memory is used in usb drives, solid-state drives, computer ram (occasionally), hybrid drives (small ssd + hard drive), graphics cards, and memory cards.
bottrop is a city in west central germany, on the rhine-herne canal, in the state of north rhine-westphalia (nordrhein-westfalen). bottrop is in the ruhr industrial area, it is next to essen, oberhausen, gladbeck and dorsten. the city had been a coal-mining and rail center. there are factories producing coal-tar derivatives, chemicals, textiles, and machinery. the population is currently 119,655. bottrop grew as a mining center beginning in the 1860s and was chartered as a city in 1921. in 1975 it was put together with the unification with the neighbor communities of gladbeck and kirchhellen, but gladbeck left in 1976.
the place is first heard of in 1150, as "borthorpe". this name means "village on the hillside". in the year 1423, bottrop is awarded the status of a market town. in 1786 the first cotton mill opens. coal mining starts in 1856. the city gets town privileges in 1919. in 1953, the population passed 100.000 people for the first time.
puducherry, which used to be called pondicherry is a union territory of india. pondicherry is divided into four separate parts: puducherry district, karaikal district, yanam district , and mahe district. these four areas are under one name because they were all once ruled by the french. chandranagore, the fifth former french colony 30 kilometers north of kolkata, in west bengal, india, is now outside this unconnected territory. 
when india took control of them, they took them in as one territory. pondicherry is going through a name change to puducherry, which means "new village" in the local language. it covers an area of 183 mi² or 474 km²; it is bigger than andorra but smaller than saint lucia. 
its a very nice tourist attraction. its has many heritage buildings with old french architecture. the boulevard is ellipse-shaped with two clock towers of the small market and the big market. the area of boulevards close to the beach is called white town. this was the area where initial french settlements were made. that's why it is called white town area.
the new york yankees are a professional baseball team based in new york city, new york in the bronx. they compete in major league baseball (mlb) as part of the american league (al) east division. they are one of two mlb teams based in new york city, the other being the national league's (nl) new york mets. they won 27 world series championships to date, more than any other team in the major leagues. from 1923 to 2008, the yankees home stadium had been yankee stadium. currently, they are playing at their new yankee stadium.
the word "yankee" (slang for "american") and the "uncle sam" top hat, make up part of what they are all about. as with the more common use of the term "yankee", the team name is more often called "the yanks". their most commonly used "unofficial" nickname is "the bronx bombers", or simply "the bombers". this nickname was given to them by the press a long time ago. it refers to their ability to hit home runs a lot (a home run is sometimes called a "bomb"). a less used nickname is "the pinstripers", for their well-known uniform style.
the yankees currently don't have a team captain. derek jeter retired after the 2014 season
the yankees' current team ace is geritt cole.
the new york yankees' main rival is the boston red sox.
the yankees' current team manager is aaron boone.
the yankees' current general manager is brian cashman.
the official fight song for the yankees is "here come the yankees".
after the game, they play frank sinatra's "new york, new york".
they have 22 retired numbers, more than any other teams in mlb. the number 42 was retired not only in the yankees but also throughout major league baseball in honor of jackie robinson who broke the color barrier.
the yankees were also the last team to repeat as world series champions. they won three straight titles from 1998 to 2000.
"pinstripe pride" by marty appel
sir terry pratchett obe (terence david john pratchett; 28 april 1948 – 12 march 2015) was an english author. he was known for his fantasy works, including the famous "discworld" series. his first novel, "the carpet people", was published in 1971. he was the uk's best-selling author of the 1990s. he was born in beaconsfield, buckinghamshire, england.
pratchett died at his home in broad chalke, wiltshire, england on 12 march 2015 from a severe chest infection with final complications from his alzheimers, aged 66.
a critic is a person who reviews things like movies, books, and food to see if they are any good and if other people would like them. they write reviews about what they have seen or read. 
critics may write about art, music, theatre, politics, movies, television, books, or anything in which good or bad is a matter of personal opinion.
roger ebert, gene siskel, raymond williams, susan george, john ruskin, rene ricard, john amis, vladimir vladimirovich kara-murza, george bernard shaw, robert schumann and pauline kael are some famous critics of art, music, politics and movies.
søren aabye kierkegaard (5 may 1813 – 11 november 1855), was a 19th-century danish philosopher and theologian, and is usually thought of as the first existentialist philosopher.
he wrote many philosophical books about faith, existence, emotions, and feeling. he disliked people who tried to make christianity political and people who tried to limit the single individual in favour of groups of many people. many people have found his works interesting and have said that they were great works of philosophy. ludwig wittgenstein, a 20th-century philosopher, thought kierkegaard was "by far, the most profound thinker of the nineteenth century".
he was born in copenhagen, denmark. he attended copenhagen university and earned his master's degree in 1841. during this time, he met and fell in love with regine olsen in 1837. although they were engaged for a time, kierkegaard ended the engagement in 1841.
after breaking up with regine, he spent much of his time writing book after book, in a highly dramatic yet subtle way. he also wrote some of his works using pen names, or pseudonyms. he died in copenhagen. although his works were not very popular during his lifetime, after his death they became influential in the 20th century.
books by kierkegaard. "either/or" and "fear and trembling", both published in 1843, are thought to be especially significant.
despotism is a form of government that is controlled by one person or a small group of people. the person who controls the state is called a "despot". the despot has complete control of the state, like a dictator or tyrant. in history, the pharaohs of egypt were despots. the word "despot" is thought to come from the ancient greek word "despotes", which means "the master".
according to montesquieu, the difference between absolute monarchy and despotism is as follows. in the case of the monarchy, a single person governs with absolute power by fixed and established laws, whereas a despot governs by his or her own will and caprice.
the importance of the idea of despotism is that today it is a very common type of dictatorship or direct rule. ruling monarchies are today few in number.
even when there are elections, as there are for the russian presidency, opposition candidates are at such a disadvantage that they are rarely, if ever, successful.
despotism has always been associated with eastern rather than western states. of the former soviet union, it is only the new states to the west which have attempted, with difficulties, to build genuine democracies (such as moldova and ukraine).
lakshadweep (; iso: , formerly known as the laccadive, minicoy and aminidivi islands (), are a group of islands in the arabian sea. they belong to india. their capital is kavaratti. it covers an area of . eleven of the 36 coral atoll islands of lakshadweep are inhabited. 
the islands are the only coral atolls in india. the people living there are malayalam and mahl people, who have been influenced by arab traders. lakshadweep is a muslim region just like the neighbouring maldives, where tourism is strictly regulated. lakshadweep has the largest percentage of muslims - 98%, even larger percentage than jammu and kashmir and is the only muslim-majority indian administrative division entirely within india. 
apart from the emerging tourism, government jobs, fishing and coconut production are the mainstays of the lakshadweep economy.
the territory used to belong to portugal. in 1961, indian soldiers and air fighters took control of the territory. in 2020, it merged with dadra and nagar haveli to make a new union territory, dadra and nagar haveli and daman and diu.
a riding helmet, sometimes called a horse riding helmet, is a type of helmet made for people who ride horses. it is important to wear a riding helmet when riding. it is easy for a person to fall off a horse and hit his or her head. riding helmets keep the rider of a horse from being hurt. horses can accidentally step on a person who has fallen to the ground.
helmets should be worn by all riders, but are most often worn by english style riders.
ketchup is a kind of thick, liquid sauce. it is made from tomatoes, so it is sometimes called tomato sauce. usually it is used to add flavour to food. some people like to eat sausages, burgers, hotdogs or fishsticks with ketchup. ketchup tastes very unlike the real tomato.
although today's ketchup is tomato based, it did not appear until about a century after other types. by 1801, a recipe for tomato ketchup was created by sandy addison. it was later printed in an american cookbook, the "sugar house book". james mease published another recipe in 1812. in 1824, a ketchup recipe using tomatoes appeared in "the virginia housewife". this was an important 19th-century cookbook written by mary randolph, thomas jefferson's cousin.
as the century went on, ketchup became more popular in the united states. more americans began to like tomatoes. tomato ketchup was sold locally by farmers. a man named jonas yerks (or yerkes) is believed to have been the first man to make tomato ketchup a national phenomenon. by 1837, he had produced and distributed the condiment nationally. shortly after that, other companies did the same. f. & j. heinz created their tomato ketchup in 1876. heinz tomato ketchup was advertised: "blessed relief for mother and the other women in the household!"
the "webster's dictionary" of 1913 defined "catchup" as a "table sauce made from mushrooms, tomatoes, walnuts, etc. [written also ketchup]."
modern ketchup emerged in the early years of the 20th century. this came from a debate over the use of sodium benzoate as a preservative in condiments. harvey w. wiley challenged the safety of benzoate. in response, business owners, particularly henry j. heinz, pursued a different recipe that did not use that preservative.
prior to heinz (and his fellow innovators), commercial tomato ketchups of that time were watery and thin. this was due to the use of unripe tomatoes. those tomatoes were low in pectin. they were less vinegary than modern ketchups. by pickling ripe tomatoes, the need for benzoate was eliminated. there was also no spoiled ketchup or loss in flavor. the changes also helped make it an important american condiment according to some experts.
until heinz, most commercial ketchups appealed to two of the basic tastes: bitterness and saltiness. but the switch to ripe tomatoes and more tomato solids added a stronger "umami" taste. the major increase in the concentration of vinegar added sourness and pungency to the range of sensations experienced while eating it. 
in the past, ketchup was produced from fresh tomatoes after harvesting. vacuum evaporation made it possible to turn tomatoes into a very thick tomato paste. this made it easy to store at room temperature. this allows a factory to produce ketchup throughout the year.
in fast food chains, ketchup is often put in small packets that hold ketchup inside. users tear the side or top of the packet. they then squeeze the ketchup out of the ketchup packets. in 2010, heinz is offering an alternate squeeze and dip cup. this is meant to offer a cleaner method of dispensing the product.
in an earlier approach, some fast food outlets dispense ketchup from pumps into paper cups. some restaurants still use this method.
in october 2000, heinz introduced colored ketchup products called ez squirt. they included green, purple, pink, orange, teal, and blue colored ketchup. these products were made by adding food coloring to the traditional ketchup. these products have been discontinued.
standards and regulations.
regulations in canada.
in canadian markets, the manufacturing of ketchup is regulated by the food and drug regulation. ketchup, a heat processed product, must be made from the juice of red-ripe tomatoes or sound tomato trimmings where the skins and seeds have been removed. the ketchup must contain vinegar, salt, seasoning and a sweetening ingredient. they may also contain a class ii preservative and food colouring, though not required. 
regulations in the united states.
in the united states, ketchup is regulated and standardized by the food and drug administration (fda). ketchup must be prepared from a tomato concentrate, juice from mature red lycopersicum esculentum tomatoes or liquid residue from preparing tomatoes for canning or partial juice extractions. the tomato skins, seeds and other hard substances must be strained. additionally, ketchup must contain any combination of vinegars, nutritive carbohydrate sweeteners, and/or spices, flavouring, onions or garlic.
finnish may mean:
dadra and nagar haveli was a union territory in india. it covers an area of 188 mi² or 487 km², it is bigger than andorra, but smaller than saint lucia.
in 2020, it merged with daman and diu to make a new union territory, dadra and nagar haveli and daman and diu. dadra and nagar haveli is now a district of this territory.
danish can mean:
a birthday is the day when a person was born. in many places, on a person's birthday, he or she celebrates with friends and family at a party, where they eat cake or other foods, and get gifts.
not everyone celebrates birthdays, including jehovah's witnesses.
in many english-speaking countries, people sing the song "happy birthday to you" to the person celebrating her or his birthday. there are similar songs in other languages.
a birthday cake is usually decorated and covered with candles. most of the time, the number of candles is the same as the age of the birthday person.
coming of age.
children usually reach their age of majority on a birthday.
a person's astrological sign is based on his or her birthday.
a birthstone symbolizes the month of birth. in 1912, the jewelers of america agreed on a list of birthstones:
1442 was a common year.
yi i (december 26, 1536–1584) was a korean confucian scholar. his mother was a famous calligraphist, shin saimdang. he was very intelligent as a child, learning to read at three and being very bright at his studies. he was also devoted to his parents: when his mother was sick, he prayed to his ancestors to heal her; and when his father was sick, he cut his own finger with a knife and let his father drink his blood (at that time, people thought human blood was very good medicine).
sunrise is a japanese animation company. the staff uses the name hajime yatate in all their productions by metro-goldwyn-mayer, but this is not a real person--it is a name that all the people who work for the studio use for themselves. 
some cartoons made by the company are:
romanian could mean:
x-radiation is a kind of electromagnetic radiation. x-rays are waves of x-radiation. x-rays have a shorter wavelength, and therefore more energy, than ultraviolet radiation. they have a much shorter wavelength than visible light (the light that we can see). radiation with shorter wavelengths (more energy) than the x-ray is called gamma radiation (γ-rays). these are all parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.
the wavelength of x-rays covers a wide range. most x-rays have a wavelength in the range of 0.01 to 10 nanometres. this corresponds with frequencies in the range 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz (3×1016 hz to 3×1019 hz) and energies in the range 100 ev to 100 kev.
x-rays can go through many solid materials. for this reason, taking photograms with x-rays is used in medicine in order to see bones and other things inside the body. sometimes the term "x-ray" means these pictures instead of the radiation that makes them.
what these images show will depend on three things: rayleigh scattering, compton scattering and photoabsorption. the images show bone because it is dense enough that x-rays are not able to pass through it. instead, the x-rays are either absorbed or scattered. the images do not show skin and muscle, however, because these tissues are transparent enough for the x-rays to pass through them without being absorbed too much. to detect tumors, other imaging devices are used; such as magnetic resonance imaging. a computed tomography scanner combines an x-ray machine and computer to construct a three dimensional (3d) picture. this has some ability to see other things besides bone.
x-rays are made by hitting metal with fast-moving electrons. they are photons, tiny packets of energy that can move atoms and change chemicals in the body. they are ionizing radiation but the things they do depend on the wavelength of the x-rays (or how much energy they have). x-rays with smaller energies ("soft" x-rays) cause the photoelectric effect. mid-level energies cause compton scattering. high-level energies ("hard" x-rays) cause pair production. x-rays used for making pictures of people have low to medium energy. radiation therapy that treats cancer uses compton scattering and sometimes pair production.
there are small amounts of x-rays in the air. like other energy in the air, x-rays can change living cells. exposing the human body to high doses of x-rays for a long time is dangerous. it can cause cancer. however, cancer cells are hurt more easily, so x-rays are sometimes used to kill them.
a computed tomography (ct) scanner is an x-ray machine that takes cross section images. they can help a doctor in diagnosis.
hanoi () is the capital of vietnam. it is also the second most populated city in the country. in 2004, about 3,083,800 people lived in the city. it has been the capital of the democratic republic of vietnam (north vietnam) since 1945 and the capital of the socialist republic of vietnam (all of vietnam) since 1976. before that, it was the capital of the country now called vietnam for most of the time from at least the 11th century until 1802. the city is on the right of the red river, and the city's name translates to english as "inside the river". things made there include machine tools, plywood, textiles, chemicals and handicrafts. hanoi is at 21°2' north, 105°51' east, 1,760 km north of ho chi minh city (formerly saigon). popular tourist sites in the city include ho chi minh's mausoleum, hoa lo prison, and the palace of literature. nearby hanoi is also where pho, vietnamese beef noodle soup, was first created.
the chronicles of narnia is a series of seven fantasy books, written by british author c. s. lewis. they have been published since 1954 and have sold over 100 million copies in 41 languages. the books were written by lewis between 1949 and 1954, they were also illustrated by pauline baynes. in 2005, 2008 and 2010, the first three books were made into movies.
the seven books.
"the lion, the witch and the wardrobe".
completed by the end of march 1949 and published by geoffrey bles in london on 16 october 1950, "the lion, the witch and the wardrobe" tells the story of four ordinary children: peter, susan, edmund, and lucy pevensie, who have been evacuated to the english countryside from london in 1940 following the outbreak of world war ii. they discover a wardrobe in professor digory kirke's house that leads to the magical land of narnia. the pevensie children help aslan, a talking lion, save narnia from the evil white witch, who has reigned over the land of narnia for a century of perpetual winter. the children become kings and queens of this new-found land and establish the golden age of narnia, leaving a legacy to be rediscovered in later books.
this book is set 1300 years after "the lion, the witch and the wardrobe". narnia is ruled by the telmarines, a very mean people. the pevensie children are called to narnia by susan's horn, which is blown by prince caspian. there is a big war between the telmarines and narnians. at the end of the book, peter and susan are told that they will not be able to come back to narnia. the book was published in 1951.
"the voyage of the dawn treader".
in the third book, lucy and edmund return to narnia with their cousin, eustace. they travel on a ship with caspian, now king of narnia. they are looking for seven lords who were sent away from narnia by caspian's uncle, miraz. this book was published in 1952.
"the silver chair".
eustace returns to narnia with jill, a friend from school. he finds caspian very old. aslan tells jill to find rillian, caspian's son, who has been missing for many years. a marsh-wiggle named puddleglum travels with them. this book was published in 1953.
"the horse and his boy".
this book is set during the rule of the pevensies. shasta, is a young boy living in the country of calormen. he decides to run away when he finds out he is not the son of arsheesh. he heads north to narnia with a talking horse, bree, a calormene noblewoman, aravis, and her talking horse, hwin. it was published in 1954.
"the magician’s nephew".
this book is set before any of the others. it tells about a boy, digory, and his friend, polly. they travel to narnia through the experiments of digory's uncle, andrew. it describes the creation (beginning) of narnia and the first king and queen. it also shows the beginning of jadis, who is called the white witch in "the lion, the witch and the wardrobe". the book was published in 1954.
"the last battle".
completed in the spring of 1953 and published in 1956," the last battle" tells about the end of the world of narnia. jill and eustace return to save narnia from shift, an ape, who tricks puzzle, a donkey, into pretending to be the lion, aslan. the pevensie children (without susan, who has decided that narnia was just part of a game they played as children), along with their parents and friends, die in a train crash and lived in narnia forever with aslan.
"the chronicles of narnia" have been made into several movies, tv films, video games, and stage plays.
"the chronicles of narnia" movie series.
the first was "the lion, the witch and the wardrobe", which was released in 2005, made a worldwide total of $744,783,957. "prince caspian," released on may 16 2008, is the second of seven movies to be released by disney pictures. disney also had plans to create the third book in the series: "the voyage of the dawn treader," which was released in 2010.
asatru (icelandic: ásatrú) is a religion which involves the worship of ancient germanic and scandinavian viking spirits and gods. it received official legal establishment in 1970s in iceland through the efforts of and other icelanders, who rejected christianity and performed "launblót" (secret offering) to pre-"kristnitaka" (christianization of iceland) nordic gods and goddesses. the current recognized national organization of asatru in iceland is ásatrúarfélagið. the name is derived from two old norse words. it means "faith in the æsir," the germanic and viking gods.
a person who practices asatru is called an "asatruar", and is sometimes referred to as a heathen. asatru is also called wodanism, wotanism or germanic paganism.
common books that describe the knowledge in depth include the sagas and the eddas.
in the united states, asatruar parents often choose not to have their children circumcised, though some subgroups, including the asatru teutsch, that do not strongly support or oppose the practice.
gods and goddesses.
asatru is a polytheistic religion in which various goddesses and gods are worshiped. the most prominent are thor, odin, freyja, frigg, freyr, tyr, loki, and heimdall.
major holidays revolve around the changing seasons with yule being the most important. it is celebrated in late december and continues for twelve days. holidays also vary greatly between different groups.
 4. asatruteutsch modern belief book https://acrobat.adobe.com/link/review?uri=urn:aaid:scds:us:46eecc48-d413-476c-a506-0ff22a6acc31
otherkin are people who believe that part of them is not human inside. they say that, inside themselves, they feel more like another animal than a human. that other animal can be, for example, a wolf, a dragon or an alien. some otherkin say that they are vampires and are usually acting like them, for example by drinking blood.
otherkin may also say they feel a special connection to other natural elements, for example minerals, the likes of fire, water, and wind, or plants.
otherkin is a neologism—a new word—and it is usually used only by people who say they "are" otherkin. the definition can change depending on who uses the word. some otherkin say that their souls or minds are not human, that they were another species in a past life, or that being not-human is part of their religion. (otherkin practice many different religions, however.) a few of them say that their physical bodies are not human, either, but there is no proof either for or against that.
pedro romeiras was a portuguese principal ballet dancer born 3 july 1961, in lisbon. he was the gold medal winner of the ii prix français de la danse 1982.
a bonfire or balefire is a large controlled outdoor fire made from bales of straw or wood. the word is believed to come from "bone fire". in the time of the celts, there were midsummer festivals where animal bones were burnt to ward off evil spirits. 
what it means in great britain.
in great britain, bonfires are particularly associated with "guy fawkes night". this night is also known as "fireworks night" or "bonfire night". on this night, people celebrate that the gunpowder plot was discovered. this discovery took place on 5 november 1605. they do this celebration each year. (it is called an "annual celebration".)
in northern ireland, "bonfires" are associated with celebrations on the anniversary of the battle of the boyne.
what it means in japan.
in japan, large fires called bon-bi are set to welcome the return of the spirits of the ancestors. though the two terms are not etymologically or historically related, they serve similar purposes and indicate the universal importance of large fires.
use of bonfires for rituals.
bonfires were also used for rituals. the idea was that the fire would purify. it was used to consecrate things, or people, that is to make them sacred, in some way. in ancient times, cattle were important symbols of wealth and status. such cattle were led through the smoke of a bonfire. couples who were to be wed on may day would leap through the flames of the bonfire to seal their vows. coals from a bonfire would be taken home to light the fires in family hearths. this practice was thought to bring good fortune. people also believed that the residents of the faery realm were incapable of producing fire themselves; embers of bonfires would be carried to the underworld and tended there.
neopagan and wiccan beliefs.
along with the maypole, the bonfire is an important component of the wiccan and neopagan celebration of beltaine, also known as may day.
nine woods are placed into a traditional wiccan balefire. these woods are rowan, dogwood, elder, poplar, oak, juniper, holly, cedar, and apple. occasionally, pine is also used instead of holly or elder, as are a handful of other woods. in some regions, superstition, religious belief, or tradition prohibits the cutting of certain trees.
bic runga (born january 13, 1976) is a singer from new zealand. she was born in christchurch. she has sold lots of albums in new zealand.
the names of her albums are:
the sputnik programme was a soviet union spacecraft programme. sputnik 1, the first satellite in the programme, was launched on october 4, 1957. this was the first man-made satellite ever to enter orbit.
the united states was very surprised when the soviet union sent sputnik 1 into space. it did not want to fall behind. so, it began spending more money on science and education. this was when the space race between the soviet union and the united states began.
the word "sputnik" comes from the ,
 or , not .
carnival is a public festival which takes place in many cities and towns in many countries around the world. it is in february or march each year. carnival can sometimes last for several weeks. in some places there is only one day of celebration. there are often street parades, bands, costumes and many people wear masks. carnival is linked to religious traditions in the catholic and eastern orthodox churches, and it is also linked to local customs.
many christian churches have a 40-day "season" of fasting called lent, in which christians prepare for easter which is one of the two most important feasts in the christian year (the other being christmas). easter is in late march or april. lent always begins on a wednesday, which is called ash wednesday in february or march. on that day, many people go to church and have some ash smeared on their forehead as a sign of sorrow for their sins. then for 40 days, they try to work hard on improving themselves and thinking about the teachings of jesus. it is usual for people to "give up" something for lent. they might stop smoking or stop watching tv so they can spend more time reading the bible or talking with the family. many people give up all their favourite foods and have no cake, wine, beer, chocolate, ice cream or other luxury foods.
the name "carnivale" comes from italian and means "putting aside the flesh". this means that during lent people were not to think about their "flesh" (their bodies) but do things that were good for their souls. the word "flesh"" also means "meat" so many people would eat no meat during lent.
mardi gras means "fat tuesday". this was the day just before lent. the first day of lent was called mecredi meagre meaning "mean wednesday". ("mean" used to mean "poor" and "thin" rather than "nasty".)
during the middle ages in europe, it was normal for people to have a big feast on the tuesday before the lenten fast started. in many towns this developed into a big public party, with entertainment in the town square. there is a famous painting by pieter bruegel dating from the 1550s and showing the "battle of carnival and lent". (see top of page)
about pieter bruegel's famous painting.
in this picture by pieter bruegel, a man representing carnival is pushed on a barrel by people in costumes and masks. he is about to do battle with lent. his weapon is a skewer covered with pieces of roast meat. he balances a blackbird pie on his head. lent, who is very skinny, fights him with two little fish on a bread-board. the person at the front wears a mask and plays a very noisy instrument called a "rummelpott".
modern celebrations of carnival.
nowadays many cities and towns around the world celebrate carnival for a week or more. the final day of the celebration is mardi gras, when there is often a parade. in some cities the mardi gras parade is held on the weekend before lent begins, rather than on the tuesday, so as not to disturb the business and traffic of the town.
in some towns such as the belgian town of binche the preparations for the carnival are complex and start many weeks before carnival takes place, with most of the town's people taking part in some way. the carnival of binche is listed with unesco as an event of great historic importance because it has been held there in almost the same way for more than 500 years.
carnival is celebrated differently around the world, but there are some things that are similar: 
in the carnival of rio de janeiro, which is one of the biggest and most famous in the world, a major feature is the glamorous costumes as both men and women wear bright colours and wonderful headdresses to dance down the street to the sound of many bands. in rio there are many very large and expensive decorated "floats".
in new orleans the bands are one of the most important parts of the carnival celebrations. in düsseldorf in germany, one of the features of the carnival parades are the enormous models of politicians and other well-known people. in sydney, the sydney gay and lesbian mardis gras which started out as a parade for sydney's homosexual community, now includes exhibitions, live theatre and competitions, and stretches over two weeks.
in venice the carnival was celebrated from december 26 until lent began. during that time, people were allowed to disguise themselves by wearing masks in the street. in the 1930s this was forbidden by the italian government, but in 1980 a mask-makers shop was set up in venice again. soon the old tradition was brought back, and now many people dress in costume and wear masks for two weeks before lent begins.
in brussels in belgium, the main carnival procession is held in the grande place, the town square in front of the gothic town hall with its huge tower. every part of the procession is ruled by a tradition, but some of the traditions are so old that no-one remembers what they mean anymore. at the beginning of the procession is a large group of people dressed in beautiful costumes of silk and velvet, who act out an historic scene of the coming of the king of spain and his royal court to brussels 500 years ago. when they have taken their seats, there comes an amazing procession which includes stilt walkers, fire eaters, goldilocks with a dancing bear, a mad camel, a wizard, lots of men in huge feathery headdresses, and the archangel michael whose job is to frighten the devil. these characters are traditional to brussels. in every city, the characters that take part are different.
the country of uruguay in south america is a fun place to be during carnival. in uruguay, carnival has its own special musical performance.
during february and march, it is summer in uruguay. everybody goes into the streets, from old people to children. there are people dancing, singing, and playing a special kind of music. this kind of dance and music is called murga.
people do murga performances in groups. the biggest groups have 17 people. they wear funny clothes with lots of colors. they play the drums and sing. the members of the groups are not professional singers or dancers. they are people with other jobs. each group prepares and practices their own dance and songs for months. then, they try to be the best group at the festival. each group's dance and songs last about 45 minutes. the songs are stories about important people or events in the news, so people think watching murga is like watching a play at the theater.
uruguay’s carnival started over 100 years ago. it is the world's longest and is about 40 days long. people still work during that time, but in the evenings and on weekends, they enjoy the festival.
different uses of the word "carnival".
although the word "carnival" still has its old meaning, it is often used to mean public entertainments of different kinds. some towns have carnivals that have nothing to do with lent and are at different times of year. nowadays there are all sorts of different carnivals. some of these carnivals, like the notting hill carnival in london and the melbourne cup racing carnival in australia are very famous.
the word "carnival" is now used for festivals, parades and competitions of all sorts. there are school sports carnivals, folk carnivals, multi-cultural carnivals, horse racing carnivals, wine and food carnivals and boating carnivals.
fasting is a kind of abstinence. it is when someone does not eat or drink for some specified period of time. it is only the case if the person does so of his or her own will. it may also be that the person only eats and drinks certain kinds of food. most often, fasting is done for religious reasons. depending on the tradition, fasting practices may forbid sexual intercourse, (or any sexual desire), masturbation, as well as refraining from eating certain types or groups of food (e.g. meat).
fasting for religious and spiritual reasons has been a part of human custom since pre-history. it is mentioned in the qur'an, in the mahabharata, in the upanishads, and in the bible, in both the old and new testament. in buddhism it is also taught as a way to getting nirvana. 
in almost all cases, there are exceptions for observing the fasting. these are made for the following groups of people
fasting as a form of protest is called a hunger strike.
timed fasting is known as intermittent fasting.
there are different ways to time your fast. you can:
walpurgis night ("valborgsmässoafton" in swedish, "vappu" in finnish, "volbriöö" in estonian, "valpurģu nakts" or "valpurģi" in latvian, "walpurgisnacht" in german), "čarodějnice" in czech is a holiday celebrated on april 30 or may 1, in finland, sweden, bohemia (czech republic), estonia, latvia and germany.
the festival is named after saint walburga (known in scandinavia as "valborg"; alternative forms are "walpurgis", "wealdburg", or "valderburger"), born in wessex in 710 a niece of saint boniface. according to legend, she was a daughter to the saxon prince st. richard. together with her brothers she travelled to württemberg, germany where she became a nun and lived in the convent of heidenheim, which was founded by her brother wunibald. walburga died on 25 february 779 and that day still carries her name in the catholic calendar. however she was not made a saint until 1 may in the same year, and that day carries her name in the swedish calendar.
historically the walpurgisnacht is derived from pagan spring customs, where the arrival of spring was celebrated with bonfires at night. viking fertility celebrations took place around april 30 and due to walburga being declared a saint at that time of year, her name became associated with the celebrations. walburga was worshipped in the same way that vikings had celebrated spring and as they spread throughout europe, the two dates became mixed together and created the walpurgis night celebration.
in germany, walpurgisnacht, the night from april 30 to may 1, is the night when allegedly the witches hold a large celebration on the blocksberg and await the arrival of spring. when the travel to that mountain is too far, they may also chose another hill in the region they live. 
"walpurgis night (in german folklore) the night of april 30 (may day's eve), when witches meet on the brocken mountain and hold revels with their gods..." 
"brocken the highest of the harz mountains of north central germany. it is noted for the phenomenon of the brocken spectre and for witches' revels which reputably took place there on walpurgis night. 
the brocken spectre is a magnified shadow of an observer, typically surrounded by rainbow-like bands, thrown onto a bank of cloud in high mountain areas when the sun is low. the phenomenon was first reported on the brocken." 
—taken from oxford phrase & fable.
avian influenza (bird flu, or grippe of the birds), is an illness caused by a virus. the virus, called "influenza a" or "type a", usually lives in birds. sometimes it infects mammals, including humans. 
there are many types of influenza a, which was first found in a bird in italy in 1878. most types have weak symptoms, such as breathing problems, similar to the common cold.
but some types kill birds, and a few kill humans and other mammals. one type of bird flu, called "spanish flu", killed 50 to 100 million people in 1918/1920. another type, called "asian flu" killed one million in 1957, and another one, called "hong kong flu", also killed one million people in 1968.
a subtype, called "h5n1", killed six people in hong kong in 1997, but did not kill again until 2003, this time in china. until the middle of 2005, it was primarily found in southeast asia but since then has spread to parts of africa and europe. it has killed tens of millions of birds and resulted in the slaughter of hundreds of millions of other birds to limit its spread. so far it is mostly a bird disease and rarely infects humans. the concern about h5n1 is that it is constantly evolving at a very fast rate. it might create a human flu pandemic. governments around the world are spending money to deal with this problem: studying h5n1, creating vaccines, conducting pandemic practice exercises, stockpiling useful flu medication, and many other activities. 
the "jyllands-posten" muhammad cartoons controversy is a controversy about a series of cartoons. they were first published in a danish newspaper. the publication led to an outcry, and sparked violent protests in the islamic world, with many people dying. the cartoons were drawn and created by kurt westergaard.
the crisis began after cartoons depicting the islamic prophet muhammad were published in the danish newspaper "jyllands-posten" on september 30, 2005. danish muslim organizations staged protests in response. as the controversy has grown, some or all of the cartoons have been reprinted in newspapers in more than fifty other countries. the protests got worse when fake cartoons were released.
one of the cartoons showed muhammad with a bomb in his turban. some people thought this was saying that all muslims are terrorists. but other cartoons made fun of the jyllands-posten newspaper. one insulted the editors of the newspaper, by using the language farsi. 
critics claims that the cartoons are culturally insulting, islamophobic, blasphemous, and intended to humiliate a "marginalized" minority. however, supporters of the cartoons claim they illustrate an important issue and their publication exercises the right of free speech. they have also claimed that similar cartoons are made relative to other religions, arguing that islam and its followers have not been targeted in a discriminatory way. 
blasphemy is a word that means "speaking badly about a religion", or "insulting a god". some religions see blasphemy as a religious crime. many countries witha state religion have laws that make blasphemy a crime. for example, blasphemy can be punished with the death penalty in saudi arabia or pakistan. in other countries, the punishment for the crime is a fine, or imprisonment.
some countries do not have laws against blasphemy. for example, after the french revolution, france made blasphemy legal to make sure people would have freedom of religion and the freedom of the press.
the united states, canada, and many european countries, have laws to protect people who speak badly about religion. sometimes people do this in a satirical way, like with a movie that makes fun of a religion. in these countries, profanity is often protected by freedom of speech as well.
brie is a type of soft cheese with a yellowish interior and a white layer (the "rind") on the outside of the cheese. the rind is eaten as well as the inside of this cheese. like other cheeses, brie is a dairy product made from cows' milk. brie cheese may be served with fruit as a dessert at the end of a meal, or with a relish.
the cheese is sometimes served slightly melted or baked, in a round, lidded ceramic dish, and topped with nuts or fruit, or both.
how it is made.
brie is a french cheese, and protected by aoc ("appellation d'origine contrôlée"). this means only this cheese from this region (near paris) can properly call itself "brie". this is ignored by some countries outside europe, but the system of aoc is used in the wine business, so many parts of the world do honour it, and have similar arrangements.
the milk of soft cheeses ("à pate molle" in french) is not heated during the production of the cheese. talleyrand said about this kind of cheese that it was the "king of cheeses". he said that in the 19th century. this kind of cheese has been made for at least 1000 years.
in europe this cheese is usually not treated chemically, so it might change in consistency or color. it will go bad if it is not kept cool. if that means it is kept in a refrigerator, note that it should not be eaten that cold. it is best eaten when it is somewhat below normal room temperature. in most countries, brie-style cheeses are made with pasteurized milk.
brie can be aged, that is, carefully treated for up to a year. then it has a darker colour and a stronger taste. this is rarely seen outside of france.
types of brie.
the following kinds of brie exist:
other french "bries" are:
bries from outside france:
brie de meaux.
cheeses are made into round loaves, of about 36 cm in diameter. the cheeses then weight about 2.5 kilograms. it is best tasted from april to october, after a ripening period of 8 to 10 weeks. about 2% of the production occurs on farms.
brie de melun.
the brie de melun is smaller than the brie de meaux, but more salt is added to it. the ripening period is 10 weeks. it is best consumed april to september, but it can be found march to november, in some locations. about 5% of production occurs on farms.
what brie should look like.
when people buy brie, they should make sure that it has the following traits:
charles maurice de talleyrand-périgord (february 2, 1754 - may 17, 1838) was a french diplomat. 
he was a bishop and worked successfully for louis xvi. he changed sides and served the french revolution and napoleon i. when napoleon started losing his wars, talleyrand changed sides again and served louis xviii. he represented france at the congress of vienna. he changed sides once more and served louis philippe i. since the beginning of the 19th century he was known simply as "talleyrand". he is widely seen as one of the most pragmatic and influential diplomats in european history. he was known to accept bribes from other european powers, especially while he served under napoleon.
pasteurization (or pasteurisation) is a process of heat processing a liquid or a food to kill pathogenic bacteria to make the food safe to eat and to preserve longer. it involves heating the food to kill most harmful microorganisms. producers pasteurize dairy and other foods to make them safe to eat. the process is named after louis pasteur. he was the first person to learn how to do it successfully. the first pasteurization was done by louis pasteur and claude bernard on 20 april 1862.
unlike sterilization, pasteurization is not intended to kill all microorganisms in the food. instead, pasteurization gets a "log reduction" in the number of microorganisms. it brings their number down so they are unlikely to cause disease if the product is kept in the refrigerator and consumed before its sell-by date. commercial sterilization of food is not common, because it tends to destroy the flavour of the food.
pasteurization is usually done to milk, which was first suggested by franz von soxhlet in 1886. there are two popular ways to pasteurize milk. first, high temperature/short time (htst), and second, ultra-high temperature (uht). htst is the most common method. milk only labeled "pasteurized" (or "past") is usually treated with the htst method, whereas milk labelled "ultra-pasteurized" or "uht" must be treated with the uht method. htst is when the milk is at a temperature of 72 degrees celsius (or 161.5 degrees fahrenheit) for at least 15 seconds. uht is when the milk is at a temperature of 138 °c or 280 °f for at least two seconds. 
pasteurization rules are usually set by national food safety agencies (like the usda in the united states and the food standards agency in the united kingdom). these agencies say milk has to be htst pasteurized to have the "pasteurized" label. there are different rules for different dairy products, depending on the fat content and what they will be used for. for example, the pasteurization rules for cream are different than the rules for fluid milk, and the standards for pasteurizing cheese are designed to keep the phosphatase enzyme fresh, which helps in making the cheese.
htst pasteurized milk normally has a refrigerated shelf life of two or three weeks, but ultra pasteurized milk can last much longer when refrigerated, sometimes two or three months. when uht pasteurization is mixed with safe handling and container technology, it can even be stored unrefrigerated for even longer periods of time.
alternative pasteurization standards and raw milk.
in addition to the standard htst and uht pasteurization standards, there are other lesser-known pasteurization techniques. the first technique, called "batch pasteurization", involves heating large batches of milk to a lower temperature, typically . the other technique is called higher-heat/shorter time (hhst), and it lies somewhere between htst and uht in terms of time and temperature. pasteurization causes some irreversible and some temporary denaturization of the proteins in milk.
in most legislations, double pasteurization is not allowed. a heat treatment at a lower temperature or for a shorter time is sometimes performed. possibly, such milk could be called "raw milk" or, confusingly, "unpasteurized milk". it cannot be called "pasteurized", even though a significant number of pathogens are destroyed during the process.
in recent years, there has been some consumer interest in raw milk products, due to perceived health benefits. advocates of raw milk maintain, correctly, that some components survive in milk that has not been pasteurized. specifically, raw milk contains immunoglobulins and the enzymes lipase and phosphatase, which are inactivated by heat. raw milk also contains vitamin b6 of which up to 20% may be lost on heat treatment. it is also claimed to contain beneficial bacteria which aid digestion and boost immunity. 
commercial distribution of packaged raw milk is not allowed in most us states.
some doctors (and some raw milk advocates) acknowledge that certain people should not drink raw milk, including pregnant or breast-feeding mothers, those undergoing immunosuppression treatment for cancer, organ transplant, or autoimmune diseases; and those who are immunocompromised due to medical conditions such as aids.
in fact, some doctors suggest that babies and breast-feeding mothers avoid all but uht pasteurized dairy products. 
in africa, it is common to boil milk whenever it is harvested. this intense heating greatly changes the flavor of milk, which the people in africa are accustomed to.
milk pasteurization standards have been subject to increasing scrutiny in recent years, due to the discovery of pathogens that are both widespread and heat resistant (able to survive pasteurization in significant numbers). researchers have developed more sensitive diagnostics, such as real-time pcr and improved culture methods, that have enabled them to identify pathogens in pasteurized milk.
one bacterium in particular, the organism "mycobacterium avium" subspecies "paratuberculosis" (map), which causes johne's disease in cattle and is suspected of causing at least some crohn's disease in humans, has been found to survive pasteurization in retail milk in the u.s., the u.k., greece, and the czech republic. the food safety authorities in the u.k. have decided to re-evaluate pasteurization standards in light of the map results and other evidence of harmful, pasteurization-resistant pathogens.
the usda (which is responsible for setting pasteurization standards in the u.s.) has not re-evaluated their position on pasteurization adequacy. they do not dispute the studies, which are at this point accepted by the scientific community, but maintain that the presence of map in retail pasteurized milk must be due to post-pasteurization contamination. however, some researchers within the fda, which is responsible for food safety in the u.s., have begun pushing for a re-evaluation of these results. there is a small but growing body of criticism directed at these agencies by crohn's disease sufferers, scientists, and doctors. some have suggested that the u.s. dairy industry has been successful in suppressing the agencies' response to a potential health crisis, for fear of consumer panic which would lead to a decrease in milk consumption. it is worth noting that while map has not been definitely proven to be harmful in humans, all other mycobacteria are pathogenic, and it has been definitively shown to cause disease in cattle and other ruminants.
a newer method called flash pasteurization involves shorter exposure to higher temperatures, and is claimed to be better for preserving color and taste in some products.
the term cold pasteurization is used sometimes for the use of ionizing radiation (see food irradiation) or other means (e.g. chemical) to kill bacteria in food. food irradiation is also sometimes called "electronic pasteurization".
soft cheese (in french: "fromage à pate molle") is any kind of cheese that does not get heated during production.
an example of soft cheese would be brie.
a cult is a group of people who have a religion or a set of beliefs. in modern times the term "cult" usually does not mean a mainstream religion, but a group set up "in opposition to a centre of established authority". new age religions were often called cults because they were thought to be deviant social movements.
the word cult originally meant a system of ritual practices. it was first used in the early 17th century to mean homage paid to a divinity. it came from an ancient latin word "cultus" meaning "worship".
a cult is often a small, newly started religious movement. cults have beliefs or practices that many people think of as being odd, or that have practices that most people in the world do not practice. more than that, cults have often been led by people who are not elected, and control the group according to their own wishes. some cult leaders have been dangerous criminals (charles manson; peoples temple) or even lunatics. killings and mass suicides have occurred in cults (order of the solar temple; heaven's gate). of course, a "suicide" enforced by armed guards carrying sub-machine guns (peoples temple; movement for the restoration of the ten commandments of god) is not a simple suicide as generally understood. it is at least an assisted and coerced suicide.
whether a religious group is or is not a cult can be a hard question to answer. what is at one point in time considered a cult may later be accepted as a religion and what at one point of time is considered an accepted religion may later become a cult.
treatment of cult members.
some form of persuasion or mind control can be used to recruit and maintain members. the objective is to prevent the faithful from thinking critically, and making choices in their own best interest. 
the following methods have been used in some or all cults studied:
this view is disputed by some. "society for the scientific study of religion" stated in 1990 that there was not sufficient research for a consensus, and that "one should not automatically equate the techniques involved in the process of physical coercion and control with those of nonphysical coercion and control".
management style of cults.
an oft-repeated criticism of cults is that their management style is dictatorial and exploitative. the following is one example:
use of violence.
ownership of weapons and violence has occurred in some cults. the branch davidians under the direction of david koresh used violence against federal agencies, with tragic results for both sides. the later fbi report reveals the extent of their arms stockpile.
the people's temple included guards armed with submachine guns. these guards killed the visiting u.s. congressman ryan, and stood around the believers as they committed suicide. members of the manson family were convicted of several murders.
the cult are a english rock band. they formed in 1982 under the name death cult and later renamed to southern death cult in 1983, then was again renamed to their current name the cult.
1028 (mxxviii) was a common year when the julian calendar was used. it was the twenty-eighth year of the 2nd millennium and the 11th century.
james albert michener ( or ; february 3, 1907 – october 16, 1997) was an american writer. his books include "tales of the south pacific", "hawaii", "the drifters", "texas", and "poland". most of his 40 books are very large sagas. they are about the lives of many generations in a particular place. his non-fiction writings include the 1992 book "the world is my home" and "sports in america".
michener wrote that he did not know who his parents were or exactly when and where he was born. he was raised by an adoptive mother, mabel michener, in doylestown, pennsylvania. some have argued that mabel was his birth mother. he graduated from swarthmore college, where he played basketball, in 1929. he later studied at the colorado state teachers college. he taught there for several years. he also taught at harvard university. 
his writing career began during world war ii. he was assigned to the south pacific ocean as a naval historian. he used his time there as the basis for "tales of the south pacific", his first book. this book was the basis for the musical "south pacific".
michener met his wife mari while in japan. his novel "sayonara" is autobiographical.
on january 10, 1977, he was given the presidential medal of freedom by gerald r. ford.
in his final years, he lived in austin, texas, where he died of kidney failure on october 16, 1997 at the age of 90.
the war of 1812 was fought between the british empire and the united states from 1812 to 1815 on land in north america and at sea. the british forces were helped by canadian militia (volunteers) and native americans because british soldiers were busy fighting napoleon i in europe.
in nearly every battle, the british defeated the attacking american forces. the war increased nationalism in both canada and the united states.
one reason given by americans for declaring war was that the british were bothering american ships. the british claimed to be looking for british sailors who had deserted. many british sailors deserted from the
miserable conditions and the harsh discipline. originally, many of the sailors had been pressed into service. it was the practice of the british to arrest any man they found on a street and to force him to serve on their ships. many british sailors who escaped signed on as crew aboard american merchant ships. the british claim was somewhat true.
in 1807, an american ship was boarded and then fired on, which created outrage among the american public. the british were also seizing american sailors at sea and forcing them to serve in the navy.
the numbers of american seamen pressed into british service is not well known and may have been greatly exaggerated. the british were also sponsoring native american territories in the midwest to stop the united states from expanding westward. that made 10,000 native americans fight for the british.
napoleon i started the french invasion of russia in 1812, just as the war started in north america. the americans thought that the british would be busy fighting the french during the napoleonic wars to do much in north america. 
fighting began when the united states started to attack the canadian provinces in 1812. however, the british and the canadians successfully defended their borders. in 1813, british and american ships fought in the battle of lake erie. americans under oliver hazard perry won, which gave them control of lake erie. american forces raided and burned toronto, which was then called york.
in 1814, napoleon i abdicated the french throne. that freed up experienced british troops to be sent to north america. they burned the unfinished washington, dc, and also attacked baltimore. an american lawyer, francis scott key wrote a poem about the battle of baltimore. the poem was later used to give the words to a song that later became the us national anthem: "the star spangled banner." the war ended in 1815. the british attacked new orleans but were stopped by the americans under general andrew jackson.
unknown by both sides, a peace treaty had already been signed.
the two countries signed the treaty of ghent to end the war, on december 24, 1814 in belgium. fighting continued into january 1815 because the forces did not know about the treaty, but no great changes took place afterward. the british stopped impressing sailors because the napoleonic wars had been finished.
most americans heard of the victory in the battle of new orleans before they heard of the treaty. the federalist party, which had opposed the war, became disliked as pro-british and soon disappeared.
from the british perspective, the war of 1812 was a minor sideshow. the americans called it their victorious "second war for independence". the british remembered it as the americans trying to take advantage of their being involved in a war against the french empire and paid no attention to american grievances.
in canada, the war of 1812 was an unwanted war. it concerned the distant capitals of washington, dc, and london, not them. in lower canada, now quebec, it was considered an anglo-saxon war. in quebec there was little love for the british, but the british had guaranteed their right to speak french. since they did not know what would happen if the americans took over, they chose the lesser evil and supported the british.
upper canada (later part of the province of ontario) had been settled by american loyalists who fled after the revolutionary war. they had little love of their former countrymen in the us but had become outnumbered by americans who later came north to settle. when the americans attempted to invade canada, the canadian militias were eager to defend their homeland.
in us history, the war of 1812 is the most obscure conflict. the average american remembers very little about the war. some may remember the star spangled banner, the burning of washington, or the battle of new orleans. otherwise, it is a little-understood conflict. the issues are complex. most scholars would agree it was fought over maritime issues. since the british navy was then the most powerful in the world, it was easier to attack the british on land by invading canada. former us president thomas jefferson predicted the "acquisition of canada, will be a mere matter of marching."
british who knew about the little war felt that they had won, no matter what americans thought. canadians kept their independence from the us and so felt that they had won. the americans felt they won although they lost in canada since they lost none of their territory, repelled the invasion of maryland, were free to fight the indians without british interference, and were no longer impressed on the high seas. of all three, the british are perhaps the happiest because they have completely forgotten about the war.
chandigarh, also called "the beautiful city", is a city in india. it is a union territory, because it is the capital of two states: punjab and haryana. as a territory it does not belong to either state. before 1 november,1966 it was capital of punjab, but after formation of haryana on 1 november, 1966 it become a union territory.there are many tourism places in chandigarh like rock garden, rose garden and sukhna lake.
chandigarh came into existence in 1952 when its first stone was laid. it is one of the modern cities of india, designed by a french architect le carbusier. it was the dream city of india's first prime minister, sh.jawahar lal nehru.
it is well known for its mixed cultural background and its fast development in the field of information technology. it has outlets of many famous multinational companies established here and is emerging as a hub for business development. the territory covers an area of 44 mi² or 114 km², it is bigger than montserrat but smaller than jersey. it's also the proposed capital of khalistan.
convection is the movement of heat because of the movement of warm matter.
for example, atmospheric circulation moves warm air to cool places, causing wind. wind, in turn, can enter and cool a room if the window is open. the movement of the clouds, the ocean currents and many types of heaters are examples of convection.
forced convection and natural convection.
convection can happen naturally ("natural convection") or because of a moving device ("forced convection").
the fan is a device that produces the movement of the air artificially. the air in this case is moving because of the rotation of the fan. this is an example of "forced convection".
natural convection happens because a fluid is lighter if is hot and it is heavier if is cold, so if a fluid has a hot part and a cold part, the hot part will naturally move upward and the cold part naturally moves downward. for example, if the water in a pot is hotter near the bottom because of the fire, it moves from the bottom to the surface. at the same time the water near the surface is colder so it moves to the bottom.
convection currents occur when there are significant differences in temperature between two parts of a fluid. when this happens, hot fluids rise and cold fluids sink. this causes movements or currents in the fluid. atmospheric circulation, for example, is made by convection currents.
a chipmunk is a small squirrel-like rodent. it is in the sciuridae family. about twenty-three species fall under this title, with one species in north america.
the name may have originally been spelled "chitmunk" (perhaps from a native american word meaning "red squirrel"). however, the earliest form comes from the oxford english dictionary (in 1842) as "chipmonk". other early forms include "chipmuck" and "chipminck". 
chipmunks are hoarders, meaning they store food for winter.
chip 'n dale, two disney cartoon characters, are famous chipmunks in pop culture. another such trio is alvin, simon and theodore (created by ross bagdasarian).
major general vicente mondéjar piccio (1 march 1927 – 28 april 2015) was a filipino soldier. he was chief of the philippine air force during the last years of the dictatorship of marcos, notably during the 1986 people power revolution.
the piccio family is a family of portuguese jewish origin. the family's name is an italianisation of the original portuguese figo.
donald duck is a cartoon character created by walt disney. he is a white duck with an yellowish-orange bill and legs. he usually wears a sailor cap, a blue sailor shirt and a black or red bow tie. he first appeared on-screen in "the wise little hen" on 9 june 1934. donald is scrooge mcduck's nephew. his girlfriend is daisy duck. his nephews are huey, dewey and louie. donald appeared in animated shorts, comic books, and newspaper comic strips. donald duck appears frequently in "mickey mouse clubhouse".
donald duck is the third most popular cartoon character of all time, after mickey mouse and bugs bunny. donald duck has had a star on the hollywood walk of fame since 2004.
montevideo is the capital and the largest city in uruguay. it was founded by the portuguese in 1717. its best neighbourhood is called carrasco. this neighbourhood is very exclusive due to its architectural styles.
esther is the name of a book in the tanakh (the hebrew bible) and the old testament, and also its title heroine. it is the basis for the jewish celebration purim.
author and date.
although it is never said who wrote the book of esther, from inside evidence it is possible to make some guesses about the author and when it was written. the author was a jew, because he emphasizes where the jewish festival came from and from the jewish nationalism inside the story. the author probably lived in a persian city, because he knew persian customs well, and does not say anything about the land of judah or jerusalem. the earliest date of the book would be a little while after the events were told, for instance, about 460 b.c. (before ezra's return to jerusalem). it is also thought that the festival of purim had been celebrated some time before this book was written.
purpose, themes, and features.
the author's main purpose was to write about how the yearly festival of purim started and to make people remember the saving of the jewish people during king ahaseurus' reign. the book shows both the start of the festival and why it should continue to be celebrated.
in the book, the author repeatedly talks about the conflict between israel and the amalekites, a conflict that began during the exodus and continued through israel's history. the author of esther views them as the symbol of all the powers of the world against god's people. now that israel has been released from captivity, haman's dangerous edict is the final try in the old testament time to get rid of them. when haman is defeated, israel enjoys a time of rest.
feasting is another important theme in esther, as seen in the picture on the left. banquets are the setting for important parts of the story. there are ten banquets.
style and features.
repetition is one of the main stylistic features of the book of esther. the three groups of banquets come in pairs; there are two lists of the king's servants; two reports that esther hid her identity; two gatherings of women; two houses for the women; two fasts; two talks by haman with his wife and friends; two sudden visits to the king by esther; two coverings of haman's face; two royal commands; two cool-downs of the king's anger; two days for the jews to protect themselves and take vengeance; and two letters about how purim started.
another important feature of this book that has often been wondered about is that it never directly talks about god, worship, prayer, or sacrifice. this has made some people think the book is not as religious as other books. however, it is possible that the author purposefully did not say anything about god or anything religious to show more clearly that it is god who controls all the "unimportant" coincidences that are in the story and ends in saving the jews.
the book of esther is about a jewish girl adopted by her cousin, mordecai, after her parents died. 
the persian king ahaseurus kicked out his wife, queen vashti, after she refused his demand, and fell in love with esther at a beauty contest. he took esther as the new persian queen, not knowing she was a jew.
haman, ahaseurus' prime minister, developed a grudge against mordecai because he would not bow down to him, but only to the god of israel. he despised mordecai because he was a jew, and tried to trick the king into making a law to kill all jews. haman was unaware that queen esther herself was a jew.
queen esther discovered the plot by haman and worked to stop it. she invited the king to dine with haman present so she could tell him about the plot. but her courage failed her and she said nothing. 
she again invited king ahaseurus and haman to dine and this time she told the king of haman's plot. the king, furious, stormed out and haman begged esther for mercy. when the king returned, he mistakenly believed haman had molested his queen, and had him hanged on the same gallows that haman had prepared for mordecai. in the end, thanks to esther's courage and influence, the king changed the law and saved the jewish people.
clay is a fine-grained silicate mineral made when rocks break down. wet clay is soft and can be shaped to make pottery, bricks and other things. when it is shaped and then fired in a kiln to make it hard, it becomes pottery.
clay often contains some water because the water molecules stick to the tiny grains. there may also be some organic materials in the clay.
there are 35 recognized clay mineral species on earth, they make muds stick together ('cohesive'), or able to flow ('plastic'). the thixotropy of clay sometimes causes landslides.
quartz, feldspars, iron oxides, and carbonates can weather to sizes of a typical clay mineral. the formation of clay is well understood. it can come from soil, volcanic ash, and glaciation. ancient mudrocks are another source, because they weather and disintegrate easily.
clay is by far the smallest particles recognized in mudrocks. a clay particle is about 1/1000th the width of a sand grain. this means a clay particle will travel 1000 times further at constant water velocity, thus requiring quieter conditions for settlement. where the grains are more than a few millimeters wide, the material is called silt, not clay.
the rifle is a gun with a stock to brace against the shoulder and a barrel with twisting grooves. the grooves are called rifling and make bullets spin as they fly through the air. rifles are made to shoot many different sizes of bullets using different amounts of gunpowder. rifles are usually made to be able to hit targets at long ranges. modern rifles are made for many different purposes. some are made for hunting animals. some are made for soldiers to use in war. others are made for police to have in case they need them. some rifles are made for target shooting. 
rifles can work in different ways. some rifles have what is called a bolt action. a small handle is used to move a part of the rifle called a "bolt". by moving the bolt backward, then forward, allows the shooter put a bullet in the chamber ready for firing. it also ejects any spent shells still in the chamber from any previously fired rounds. the rifle in the picture above is a bolt action. some rifles are semi-automatics, where a bullet is loaded (automatically) and fired each time the trigger is pulled. some are fully automatic, which work like semi-automatics but allow the shooter to fire more than one bullet at a time by holding down the trigger. the automatic rifle stops firing when the trigger is released or it runs out of ammunition.
[warning, the following may contain errors]deuterocanonical books means "second canon" in greek. it usually means the parts of the bible that are only used by some christian churches (mostly roman catholic and orthodox). the books only exist in greek language manuscripts that were written by the jewish people living in greek speaking areas of the mediterranean sea between 250 and 50 bc, as were all of the books of the old testament. it was not until circa 900 ad that the old testament as known in jewish and protestant religions was written in hebrew and limited to the current so-called "canons".[citation needed, see dead sea scrolls]
the books are not part of the jewish tanakh (also called the "hebrew bible"), although they were quoted as scripture well into the middle ages as is found in the jewish mishna and later rabbinical writings, even into the 6th century ad. the current jewish canon was closed by the time of the masoretic text in the 10th century ad. 
some books considered deuterocanonical by catholics are:
the "book of daniel" and the "book of esther" are longer in catholic bibles than in protestant bibles because they have more stories.
many, but not all protestant churches do not accept these books as inspired by god and use the derogatory term for them: apocrypha. martin luther considered these books good to read while john calvin read and studied them but did not think they should be part of the bible. the catholic church, the orthodox church, 
1247 was a year starting on a tuesday of the julian calendar
a sidekick is someone who regularly travels with, and helps, another person. in fiction, the other person is often a crimefighter or superhero, such as batman and his sidekick robin. some people consider sancho panza, don quixote's ever-faithful companion, to be a type of sidekick, even though the book was written long before the word sidekick was invented. annabeth chase is nobody's sidekick.
a jurist (from medieval latin) is someone who researches and studies jurisprudence (theory of law).
the nicobar islands are an island chain in the eastern indian ocean. they are part of india.
the nicobar islands include 22 islands of different sizes. the largest one is great nicobar. the total land area of the chain is 1841 km². the highest point on the nicobars is mount thullier at 642 m. the population of the islands was 42,026 in 2001, roughly 65% of whom are indigenous peoples (the nicobarese and shompen peoples, listed among the scheduled tribes of india), and 35% migrants from india and sri lanka.
the nicobars are located southeast of the indian subcontinent. they are separated form the subcontinent by the bay of bengal by about 1,300 km and are separated from the andaman islands to the north by the 150 km wide ten degree channel and are 189 km from the indonesian island of sumatra to the southeast. the andaman and nicobar islands separate the bay of bengal from the andaman sea. until the 2004 indian ocean earthquake, indira point, south of great nicobar, was the southernmost point in india.
the islands cluster into three groups. the northern group includes car nicobar (127 km²) and uninhabited batti malv (2 km²). the central group includes chowra (8 km²), teressa (101 km²), poahat (13.3 km²), katchal (174 km²), camorta (188 km²), nancowry (67 km²), and trinket (86 km²); the isle of man and tillangchong (17 km²) are uninhabited. tillangchong is a wildlife sanctuary. the southern group includes great nicobar (1045 km²), little nicobar (157 km²), kondul (4 km²) and pulomilo (1 km²); the islets of meroe, trak, treis, menchal, cubra, pigeon, and megapod are uninhabited. megapod is a wildlife sanctuary.
administratively the islands are part of the andaman and nicobar islands, a union territory of india. the capital of the andaman and nicobar islands territory is port blair on south andaman. the union territory is divided into two districts, andaman district and nicobar district (the latter encompassing all of the nicobars). the indian government presently restricts access to the nicobars by special permit, and in general non-indian citizens are forbidden from visiting the nicobar islands.
the or knm is one of the major art museums in japan. it is in higashiyama ward in kyoto.
the museum has art works and archaeological objects of japan. in the collection, there is an emphasis on material from the heian period through the edo period when kyoto was the capital of japan.
the museum is currently undergoing renovation and will reopen in 2013.
kmn was established in 1889 as the imperial museum of kyoto.
construction on the museum building finished in october 1895.
the museum's first exhibition was opened in 1897.
the museum went through a series of name changes. in 1900, it was called the imperial household museum of kyoto.
in 1924, the museum was donated to the city of kyoto in honor of the marriage of crown prince hirohito. at that time, the name was changed to the imperial gift museum of kyoto.
the current name was selected upon in 1952.
the is one of the major museums in japan. it is in dazaifu in fukuoka prefecture.
the museum acquires, conserves, researches, communicates and exhibits a collection of art works and archaeological objects of japan and east asia. in the collection, there is an emphasis on the formation of japanese culture through exchanges with other asian countries and kyushu.
kyushu national museum opened in 2005. the building was designed by kiyonori kikutake.
the museum was the first new national museum in japan in over 100 years.
in december 2008, the museum was the venue for a trilateral diplomatic meeting between representatives of japan, china and the republic of korea.
the or momat is one of the major art museums in japan.
momat collects, houses, and preserves a collection of modern art, including both japanese- and western-style paintings, prints, watercolors, drawings, and sculpture, all dating from the meiji period through the 20th century.
momat is in kitanomaru park in tokyo.
momat was established in 1952.
holly brook hafermann, (born february 23, 1986), also known by the name skylar grey, is an american singer-songwriter. she has been on the songs of several rappers and r&b musicians.
hayley nichole williams (born december 27, 1988) is an american singer and songwriter. she is the lead singer of the american rock band paramore. she has also been on the songs of r&b musicians and rappers. in 2002, at the age of 13, hayley moved from her hometown in mississippi, to tennessee, where she met two of her future band members josh and zac farro at her new school.
while still in school, she tried out for a local funk cover band called ‘the factory’, in which she met her jeremy davis, who also went on to be in paramore.she was discovered in 2003 by managers dave steunebrink and richard williams who signed the her to a production deal at just 14 years of age.
oneota is the name archaeologists have given to a culture found in north america. oneota was mostly in what is now wisconsin and neighboring states. it lasted from about ad 900 until about 1700. archaeologists think oneota became historic macro-siouan tribes such as the ioway. a long-accepted ancestry to the ho-chunk is not certain.
temple run is a video game made by imangi studios. right now it is for ios systems, which the iphone and the ipad use, and the android system for mobile phones. in the itunes store, it has been in the top 50 most-downloaded apps in december 2011, and also became the number 1 free ios app. it has went to the position of the top moneymaking ios app. the game itself used to be 99 cents, but now it relies on players purchasing in-game coins, while the game itself is free.
the game is based around guy dangerous and other explorers that take a little statue from an ancient temple. the players control the characters and to begin the game the player must take the little statue. these players are guy dangerous, scarlett fox, barry bones, karma lee, montana smith, francisco montoya, and zack wonder. however, the player's efforts to steal the treasure seem useless when a group of evil monkeys pursue the player out of the temple, starting a "run." there is no finish line; the object of the game is to run as far as possible by going around obstacles that require the player to either jump (slide finger forward duck (slide finger backwards), or turn (slide finger to the right or left) in a precise manner. while all of this is happening, the player will be chased by the "evil monkeys". while playing, the player needs to tilt their device either to the left or the right to get coins. these coins are usually in the shape of a yellow diamond but according to their point value, they can also be a red diamond, a 2-point coin, or a blue diamond, a 3-point coin. coins can be earned in game play to unlock objectives, and can also be spent at the store.
husband-and-wife team keith shepherd and natalia luckyanova, along with artist kiril tchangov, created the hits harbor master and temple run. at first, the game was released for 99 cents, but soon enough they released temple run free, but with purchasable in-game coins. this made revenue multiply five times with in game coin purchasing. both shepherd and luckyanova made the game, while tchangov made the pictures.
doug a. crossman (born june 13, 1960 in peterborough, ontario) is a canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman. he played a combined 14 seasons in the nhl. he was drafted with the 112th overall pick by the chicago black hawks in the 1979 nhl entry draft. he played 3 seasons with the chicago black hawks, 5 with the philadelphia flyers, 1 with the los angeles kings, 2 with the new york islanders, 1 with the hartford whalers, 2 with the detroit red wings, 1 with the tampa bay lightning and 2 with the st. louis blues. crossman was also a member of the 1987 canada cup canadian national team.
james sie (born december 18, 1962) is an american stand-up comedian, actor, voice artist, and comedian, best known as the voice of monkey in "".
wingert was born in summit, new jersey.
wallace michael shawn (born 12 november 1943) is an american actor, voice actor, playwright, and essayist, best known as the voice of rex in the "toy story" series, calico in ', vizzini in "the princess bride", and the voice of taotie in '. shawn is from new york city.
shawn was born in new york city, to a jewish family. his parents are william shawn (1907–1992), the long-time editor of "the new yorker", and journalist cecille shawn (née lyon; 1906–2005); his brother, allen, is a composer.
simon maxwell helberg (born december 9, 1980) is an american stand-up comedian and actor. he is best known for his role as howard wolowitz in the sitcom "the big bang theory". he is the voice of bian zao in the nickelodeon show "".
helberg was born in los angeles, california. he is the younger son of german-born actor sandy helberg. he was raised in judaism.
helberg is married to actress jocelyn towne. on may 14, 2012 their daughter adeline was born.
ernest leslie dickens (june 25, 1921 – september 27, 1985) was a canadian professional ice hockey defenceman that played 6 seasons in the nhl. he played 2 seasons with the toronto maple leafs and 4 seasons with the chicago black hawks. dickens won the stanley cup with the toronto maple leafs in 1942. he was also named to the ahl first all-star team in 1947 and was named a “honoured member” of the manitoba hockey hall of fame.
the or momak is one of the major art museums in japan. it is in the okazaki area in kyoto.
the museum has modern art, including japanese-style painting ("nihonga"), western-style painting ("yōga"), prints, sculpture, crafts and photography.
the museum is currently undergoing renovation and will reopen in april 2012.
momak was established in 1963. in the early days, it was a part of the national museum of modern art, tokyo. it was an .
in 1967, this annex became the national museum of modern art, kyoto.
the current building was designed by fumihiko maki. it was opened in 1986.
the aichi s1a "denko" (bolt of light) was a japanese night fighter aircraft.
the aichi s1a was intended to replace the nakajima j1n1-s "gekkou" ("irving"), used during the second world war. the aircraft was not completed before the war ended. two prototypes were made in 1945. the project was cancelled after the prototypes were destroyed during bomb attacks.
john dall (born john jenner thompson, may 26, 1918 - january 15, 1971) was an american actor. 
he was born in new york city. he starred in "rope" with farley granger and james stewart. dall played the male lead role in "gun crazy".
dall died of a heart attack in beverly hills, california.
 is an art museum in tokyo, japan. 
the museum collects, houses, and preserves a collection of art which include impressionists, post-impressionists and twentieth-century art by japanese, european and american artists. ceramic works from ancient greece are also featured.
the bridgestone museum is in kyōbashi, chūō ward. it is on the second floor of the headquarters of the bridgestone corporation.
the museum was established in 1952 by ishibashi shojiro. he was the founder of bridgestone tire company. his personal collection of art formed the core of the museum's holdings.
in 50 years, the collection has expanded. in 1980, the museum gained international attention when it purchased pablo picasso's "saltimbanque seated with arms crossed". in 1987, the museum bought pierre-auguste renoir's "mlle georgette charpentier seated".
the museum has several works by shigeru aoki, including the large painting " a good catch" (海の幸 umi no sachi).
the is a museum about money in japan.
the mission of the museum is to help increase visitors’ understanding of the history of japanese money. pure gold oban are on display. pre-yen "sen" coins are also exhibited.
the museum is near the bank of japan building in the chūō ward of tokyo.
the museum opened in november 1985.
in 2002, the bank of japan gave the museum its collection of old gold and silver coins. these coins had historical and cultural significance.
peter boulware is a former american football linebacker. boulware played for the florida seminoles in college football. he was picked by the baltimore ravens of the nfl to play professional football, which he did through 2005. in 2008, boulware ran for the florida house of representitives, but lost. he wore #58.
boulware was born on december 12, 1974 in the usa state of south carolinia.
in college, boulware played for the florida seminoles. he had success and was known for being a good sack artist. boulware accepted an athletic scholarship to florida state university, where he played for coach bobby bowden's florida state seminoles football team from 1993 to 1996. he redshirted his freshman season in 1993; as a redshirt freshman in 1994, he recorded 37 tackles, five sacks, and five tackles for loss. one of his sacks was recorded against florida gators quarterback danny wuerffel in the 1995 sugar bowl.
as a sophomore, boulware totaled 46 tackles, an acc-leading ten sacks, and 18 tackles for losses, which ranked second in the acc, and was named honorable mention all-acc. as a junior, boulware totaled 68 tackles, a school record 19 sacks, 20 tackles for losses, seven forced fumbles, and three fumble recoveries. he was a consensus first-team all-american, all-acc, acc defensive player of the year, as well as national defensive player of the year by football news. his 19 sacks were the most in the nation. boulware decided to leave school early and enter the 1997 nfl draft.
boulware graduated on april 26, 1997 with a degree in management information systems.
boulware was picked by the baltimore ravens in 1997. boulware won the nfl defensive rookie of the year award in 1997 after 11.5 sacks. while with baltimore, boulware became part of a famous linebacker group that included jamie sharper and ray lewis. boulware became a super bowl champion when the ravens beat the new york giants in super bowl xxxv. the next year, he had 15 sacks. he intercepted a pass in 2002 and returned it six yards.
injuries plagued boulware over his next several seasons in the nfl. they cost him all of the 2004 nfl season as well as large portions of 2003 and 2005. boulware was released by the ravens after the 2005 season, and soon retired.
over his career in the nfl, boulware added 399 tackles (289 alone), 70 sacks (second all-time on the ravens list, behind only terrell suggs), 13 forced fumbles, five fumble recoveries, and one interception, which was returned for six yards. boulware was inducted into the baltimore ravens ring of honor in a 2006 game against the cincinnati bengals.
in 2008, boulware ran for the florida house of representitives as a member of the republican party, but lost. he is now an official on a toyota car store.
warren sapp (born 19 december 1972) was a national football league player for the oakland raiders.
the or ima is a prefectural art museum in northern honshu. it is at morioka in iwate prefecture.
the museum's art is created by local artists such as yorozu tetsugoro, matsumoto shunsuke, and funakoshi yasutake.
after the 2011 tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, all the temporary exhibitions during april 2011- march 2012 were canceled.
the museum was opened in 2001.
wrigley field was a baseball park in los angeles, california. it was a home field of the minor league baseball teams called the los angeles angels and the hollywood stars. it was also the home of the los angeles angels of the american league in 1961.
the ballpark was built in 1925, by the same people who had built the much more famous wrigley field in chicago, illinois. it was on a city block bound by avalon boulevard, 42nd place, san pedro street, and 41st street. it opened in the last part of the 1925 baseball season and closed for baseball after the 1961 season.
it was used for other events from time to time. martin luther king, jr. led a civil rights rally there on may 26, 1963. it was used as a set for several movies and tv shows. it was used for boxing matches a few times. it was also used for soccer matches. the ballpark was torn down in 1969. the block is now the home of a public park called gilbert lindsay park.
santonio holmes (b. march 3, 1984)is an american football wide receiver for the new york jets of the national football league. he was picked by the pittsburgh steelers in the 2006 nfl draft. he played for the ohio state buckeys in college. in super bowl xliii, holmes caught the game-winning throw from ben roethlisberger. he played one more year with pittsburgh before going to the jets in 2010.
chykie brown (born december 26, 1986 in houston, texas) is an american football cornerback for the baltimore ravens of the nfl. he was drafted by the ravens in the fifth round of the 2011 nfl draft. he played college football for the university of texas at austin.
brown was born on march 26, 1986. he grew up around the area of houston in the usa state of texas.
brown attended the university of texas at austin in college. he played cornerback and wore #8. brown was a reshirt freshman in 2006, and attended college for five years. he had eleven tackles in 2007, eight on special teams in thirteen games. in 2008, brown recorded 28 tackles and a sack. he was limited by injuries, but returned and regained a starting spot before the fiesta bowl. in 2009, brown had his best year. he recorded 48 tackles (31 solo), had two interceptions, and two sacks. he started just nine games in 2010, and his season ended with a forearm injury against kansas state university. brown managed to log in 19 tackles (14 solo), and a sack in his final season with the texas longhorns.
brown was drafted in the 5th round of the 2011 nfl draft by the baltimore ravens. in the final preseason game, brown returned an interception for a touchdown. brown recorded four tackles for baltimore in 2011. brown was often used on special teams as he wore #23.
chris carr is an american football cornerback in national football league who is currently a free agent. he played college football for the boise state broncos. he was signed by the oakland raiders as an undrafted free agent in 2005. in 2006, he returned an interception 100 yards for a touchdown against the pittsburgh steelers. carr played for the tennessee titans in 2008. carr signed with the baltimore ravens in 2009, and had two interceptions that year and the next. in 2011 (after signing a 4-year contract), carr had a down year, and missed time do to injuries. he has severed as a veteran guide to younger baltimore cornerbacks. he was released in the next off-season.
priest holmes (born october 7, 1973) is a former american football runningback. he played college football for the texas longhorns. holmes went undrafted into the nfl in 1997. he was signed by the baltimore ravens. in 1998, he rushed for 1,008 yards and seven touchdowns after not playing the previous year. in 2000, baltimore picked jamal lewis, and holmes became a backup. the ravens won super bowl xxxv that year. holmes, wanting more playing time, signed with the kansas city chiefs. he rushed for well over 1,000 yards in his first three seasons with the team. injuries bothered holmes during his later time in kansas city. he was again replaced by a younger runningback, larry johnson. he retired on november 21, 2007.
on november 2, 2014, he was inducted into the chiefs hall of fame.
 or ipma is a prefectural art museum in central honshū. it is in kanazawa, ishikawa, japan. it was built on the edge of the kenrokuen garden near the 21st century museum of contemporary art, kanazawa.
the museum's art includes some of the prefecture's most important cultural assets and works by artists with some connection to the region.
ipma was first opened in 1959. when the collection outgrew its original building, a new one was built. the current structure was completed in 1983.
the core of the museum's holdings come from the maeda family collection which was formerly housed in at the university of tokyo.
jake delhomme is an american football quarterback for the houston texans of the nfl. he played college football for the university of southwest louisiana. delhomme spent most of his nfl career with the carolina panthers after bouncing around to and from different teams from different leagues. he became a pro bowler in 2005. 
delhomme had trouble with turnovers in his later days with carolinia. he was signed by the cleveland browns in 2010, and threw only two touchdowns next to seven interceptions. delhomme was signed by the houston texans in 2011 after injuries to quarterbacks matt schaub and tj. yates.
matt schaub (born june 25, 1981) is an american football player. he plays quarterback for the houston texans of the nfl. he played college football for the virginia caveliers. schaub was drafted by the atlanta falcons in 2004. he played with the falcons for three years behind michael vick. schaub signed with the texans in 2007. he became a solid starter and was selected to the 2009 pro bowl. in 2011, schaub had a season-ending injury. schaub was replaced by rookie tj. yates and veteran jake delhomme.
tj. yates (b. may 28, 1987 is an american football quarterback. he plays for the houston texans of the national football league. he played college football for the north carolinia tarheels.
yates was picked by houston in the 5th round of the 2011 nfl draft. yates became a starter after matt schaub suffered a season-ending injury. he threw three touchdowns next to three interceptions in the regular season, but guided the texans to their first ever playoff appearance. yates played well in a wild card win over the cincinnati bengals, but threw three interceptions in a divisional loss to the baltimore ravens.
john harbaugh (born 9/23/1962 in toledo, ohio, usa) is the head coach for the baltimore ravens of the national football league. since taking over the position from brian billick in 2008, harbaugh has gotten the ravens to the playoffs in each season, and is the only nfl head coach to do so. harbaugh was previously the special teams coordinator and secondary coach of the philadelphia eagles for nine seasons. he is part of the famous harbaugh coaching tree, that includes father jack harbaugh and younger brother jim harbaugh.
harbaugh has been respected as a great coach. as previously mentioned, harbaugh is the only head coach in nfl history to take his team to the playoffs in each of his first four seasons. harbaugh has also been successful on most challenge attempts.
however, harbaugh has sometimes been criticized for keeping unpopular offensive coordinator cam cameron, among some other things.
but in 2013 he led the baltimore ravens to the super bowl.
jim harbaugh (born december 23, 1963) is an american football coach and former player. he is now the head coach of the michigan wolverines, the team representing the university of michigan. before returning to michigan, where he had played in college, he had coached the san francisco 49ers of the national football league. harbaugh is also a former nfl quarterback.
harbaugh was previously a quarterback in the nfl, and had a mediocre playing career in the 1990s. after his playing days were over, harbaugh became a coach. he was notably the head coach of the stanford cardinal in college football. harbaugh was known for his energetic style. he was then hired by the san francisco 49ers of the nfl to be their head coach.
in a game against the detroit lions (49ers win), a postgame handshake made national news. in the game, harbaugh challenged a scoring play. however, under nfl rules, scoring plays are always reviewed. detroit coach jim schwartz reportedly screamed a curse. after san francisco won, the coaches went to midfield to shake hands. however, schwartz accused harbaugh of "smacking his back and shaking his hand too hard." shartz chased harbaugh down the field, and they had to be separated. this is often called "the handshake game."
harbaugh later led the san francisco 49ers to the nfc championship. he won the nfl coach of the year award for taking a struggling team (and quarterback, in alex smith) and taking them deep into the playoffs. jim also adopted a chant used by his father. it has regularly been referenced in the 49ers' locker rooms. it goes: ""whooo's" got it better than us?" answer: "nooooobody!"
he left the 49ers after the 2014 nfl season and returned to michigan as the wolverines' new head coach.
jim harbaugh is part of the famous harbaugh coaching tree that includes father jack harbaugh and older brother john harbaugh.
amqui is a city in quebec, canada. it is the biggest city of the matapedia valley in eastern quebec.
wwe '12 is a wrestling video game that was published by thq. it is available for the playstation 3, wii and xbox 360 systems. it is the first game in the "wwe" series and fourteenth in the entire series. it was released on november 22, 2011 in north america, november 25 in the united kingdom, and january 26, 2012 in japan.
the weak/strong grapple system from the past games has been removed. characters now perform different moves based on their opponent's current physical state. players now have a window of opportunity to attack while still in a downed state and can also interrupt moves and royal rumble eliminations with attacks. similarly, the pinning meter from the past games has been reworked to make it more difficult to kick out as a wrestler takes more damage. the game's artificial intelligence has also been adjusted to prevent players from overusing the same move. in addition, the ability to store finishing moves has returned. a new feature called "dynamic comebacks" gives players on the verge of losing the opportunity to successfully hit a combination of moves to gain two finishing moves. new "wake up taunts" bring a downed opponent to their feet for a finishing move (such as randy orton pounding on the ground before his rko finishing maneuver). players also have the ability to target specific limbs during matches and perform submissions through a new "breaking point" submission minigame.
"wwe universe", the mode in which players participate in matches and storylines that are booked automatically, returned from the previous year with additional cutscenes. the "road to wrestlemania," the mode in which players participate in a pre-scripted storyline featuring actual wwe superstar voices also returned. instead of choosing one of a number of different stories lasting three months each, the mode in wwe '12 consists of a single storyline taking place over eighteen months of wwe programming and encompassing two wrestlemania events. the mode is split into three acts, the first of which sees the player assuming the role of the villainous sheamus. the second act is centered around the heroic triple h and the final act features the player taking control of a created superstar named jacob cass. the game also includes creation modes for superstars, entrances, finishing moves, storylines, highlight reels, and arenas, as well as the ability to share creations online.
development and release.
wwe '12 was first announced on june 1, 2011 with the catch phrase, ""bigger, badder, better"." thq promoted a new animation system dubbed "predator technology." the "predator technology" makes the wrestlers in the game look more realistic. in addition to allowing players to interrupt moves, attack animations such as john cena's five knuckle shuffle and booker t's scissor kick no longer warp players to the center of the ring. more realistic ring rope physics have also been added, with ropes moving as characters are slammed to the mat. the developers have also made efforts to prevent the collision detection problems that have affected the series in the past. on july 28, 2011, it was announced that those who pre-ordered the game would be able to play as the rock and also receive alternate attires for the miz. on august 13, 2011, jerry lawler was announced as downloadable content (dlc). total nonstop action wrestling performer austin aries voiced the main character of jacob cass in the road to wrestlemania mode.
on october 26, 2011, thq revealed that the first dlc pack would consist of shawn michaels, jerry lawler, jim ross, michael cole, alternate attires for the road warriors, and tag team attires for christian and edge. the next day, information regarding the divas dlc pack was released, announcing new playable characters including trish stratus, kharma, nikki and brie bella, vickie guerrero and alicia fox. it was also announced that alicia fox would be free dlc. the third dlc pack would include batista, brodus clay, randy savage and mick foley.
the xbox 360 and playstation 3 versions garnered mixed reviews. ign gave the game a 9.0 out of 10, stating that the gameplay changes are "breathing new life into its core mechanics." mike d'alonzo of g4 called it "the best wrestling game ever made." however, andy hartup of computer and video games gave the game a 6.7 out of 10 and wrote that the game, "offers little more than some new gloss painted over an old product." game informer's dan ryckert echoed the sentiment, stating, "thanks to a severely downgraded story mode and a lack of substantial improvements, this is the weakest wwe title in years."
streptococcal pharyngitis or strep throat is an illness that is caused by the bacteria called “group a streptococcus”. strep throat affects the throat and the tonsils. the tonsils are the two glands in the throat at the back of the mouth. strep throat can also affect the voice box (larynx). common symptoms include fever, throat pain (also called a sore throat), and swollen glands (called lymph nodes) in the neck. strep throat causes 37% of sore throats among children.
strep throat spreads through close contact with a sick person. to be sure that a person has strep throat, a test called a throat culture is needed. even without this test, a likely case of strep throat can be known because of the symptoms. antibiotics can help a person with strep throat. antibiotics are medicines that kill bacteria. they are used mostly to prevent complication such as rheumatic fever rather than to shorten the length of sickness.
signs and symptoms.
the usual symptoms of strep throat are a sore throat, fever of more than 38 °c (100.4 °f), pus (a yellow or green fluid made up of dead bacteria, and white blood cells) on the tonsils, and swollen lymph nodes.
there can be other symptoms such as:
a person who gets strep throat will show symptoms one to three days after coming in contact with a sick person.
strep throat is caused by a type of bacteria called group a beta-hemolytic streptococcus (gas). other bacteria or viruses can also cause a sore throat. people get strep throat by direct, close contact with a sick person. the illness can spread more easily when people are crowded together. examples of crowding include people in the military or in schools. the gas bacteria can dry out into dust, but then it cannot make people sick. if bacteria in the environment are keep moist they can make people sick for up to 15 days. moist bacteria can be found on things like toothbrushes. these bacteria can live in food, but this is very unusual. people who eat the food can become sick. twelve percent of children with no symptoms of strep throat have gas in their throats normally.
a checklist called the modified centor score helps doctors decide how to care for people with sore throats. the centor score has five clinical measurements or observations. it shows how likely it is that someone has strep throat.
one point is given for each of these criteria:
a test called a throat culture is the main way to know if a person has strep throat. this test is correct 90 to 95 percent of the time. there is another test called a rapid strep test, or radt. the rapid strep test is faster than a throat culture but correctly finds the illness only 70 percent of the time. both tests can show when a person does not have strep throat. they can show this correctly 98 percent of the time.
when a person is sick a throat culture or rapid strep test can tell if the person is sick from strep throat. people who have no symptoms should not be tested with a throat culture or rapid strep test as some people have streptococcal bacteria in their throats normally without any bad results. and these people do not need treatment.
causes of similar symptoms.
strep throat has some of the same symptoms as other illnesses. because of this, it can be hard to know if a person has strep throat without a throat culture or rapid strep test. if the person has fever and sore throat with coughing, a runny nose, diarrhea, and red itchy feeling eyes, it is more likely to be a sore throat that is caused by a virus. infectious mononucleosis can cause swollen lymph nodes in the neck and a sore throat, fever, and it can make the tonsils get bigger. this diagnosis can be determined by a blood test. there is however no specific treatment for infectious mononucleosis.
some people get strep throat more often than others. removing the tonsils is one way to stop these people from getting strep throat. getting strep throat three or more times in one year may be a good reason to remove the tonsils. waiting is also appropriate.
strep throat usually lasts a few days without treatment. treatment with antibiotics will usually make the symptoms go away 16 hours quicker. the main reason for treatment with antibiotics is to reduce the risk of getting a more serious illness. for example, a heart disease known as rheumatic fever or a collection of pus in the throat known as retropharyngeal abscess. antibiotics work well if given within 9 days of the start of symptoms.
medicine to lessen pain can help with the pain caused by strep throat. these usually include nsaids or paracetamol which is also known as acetaminophen. steroids are also useful, as is viscous lidocaine. aspirin may be used in adults. it is not good to give aspirin to children because it makes them more likely to get reye's syndrome.
penicillin v is the most common antibiotic used in the united states for strep throat. it is popular because it is safe, works well and does not cost much money. amoxicillin is usually used in europe. in india, it is more likely for people to get rheumatic fever. because of this, an injected medicine called benzathine penicillin g is the usual treatment. the antibiotics lower the average length of symptoms. the average length is three to five days. antibiotics lowers this by about one day. these medicines also reduce the spread of the illness. the medicines are used mostly to try to reduce rare complications. these include rheumatic fever, rashes, or infections. the good effects of antibiotics should be balanced by the possible side effects. antibiotic treatment may not need to be given to healthy adults who have bad reactions to medication. antibiotics are used for strep throat more often than would be expected from how serious it is and the speed at which it spreads. the medicine erythromycin (and other medicines, called macrolides) should be used for people who have bad allergies to penicillin. cephalosporins can be used in people with lesser allergies. streptococcal infections might also lead to swelling of the kidneys (acute glomerulonephritis). antibiotics do not reduce the chance of this condition.
the symptoms of strep throat usually get better, with or without treatment, in about three to five days. treatment with antibiotics reduces the risk of worse illnesses. they also make it harder to spread the illness. children may return to school 24 hours after first taking antibiotics.
these very bad problems might be caused by strep throat:
strep throat is included in the broader category of sore throat or pharyngitis. about 11 million people get sore throats in the united states each year. most cases of sore throat are caused by viruses. the bacteria group a beta-hemolytic streptococcus causes 15 to 30 percent of sore throats in children. it causes 5 to 20 percent of sore throats in adults. cases usually happen in late winter and early spring.
richard martin lloyd walters (born 14 january 1965), better known by his stage name, slick rick, is an english rapper and record producer from a jamaican family. he is also known by the names mc ricky d and rick the ruler. he is also known for wearing an eye patch when performing after he was blinded in his right eye from broken glass as an infant. he burst onto the rap scene in doug e. fresh & the get fresh crew where he went by the stage name, mc ricky d. 
slick rick has released 4 studio albums:
angel stadium of anaheim is a baseball park in anaheim, california. it is the home field of the los angeles angels. it opened in 1966. it has had several names over the years. it began as anaheim stadium.
guaranteed rate field is a baseball park in chicago, illinois. it is the home field of the major league baseball team called the chicago white sox. it opened in 1991, replacing historic comiskey park. before u.s. cellular, a wireless telephone carrier, bought naming rights in 2003, with the stadium then being renamed u.s. cellular field, the ballpark was known as "new comiskey park" or just "comiskey park", in honor of the old park. 
the stadium name lost most of its value in chicago after the company sold its local network to sprint in 2012. during the 2016 mlb season, the white sox made a new deal with chicago-based mortgage lender guaranteed rate. the stadium name officially changed on november 1 of that year.
the kauffman stadium is a baseball park in kansas city, missouri. the kansas city royals play there.
loandepot park (originally marlins park) is a baseball park in the miami, florida neighborhood of little havana that is home to the miami marlins of major league baseball. before loandepot park opened in 2012, the team, then known as the florida marlins, played home games at the venue now known as hard rock stadium. loandepot park is located on the former site of the orange bowl stadium.
on march 31, 2021, the miami marlins announced that the team had sold naming rights to marlins park to loandepot. the name of the baseball park was changed to loandepot park.
comerica park is a baseball park in detroit, michigan. it is the home field of the major league baseball team called the detroit tigers. it was opened in 2000. before that, the tigers had played in historic tiger stadium.
shadrach kabango (born july 18, 1982 in kenya), known by his stage names, shad and shad k., is a canadian rapper. 
shad was born in kenya to rwandan parents and was raised in london, ontario. he self-made his debut album, "when this is over" with a $17,500 cash prise that he won from 91.5 the beat's rhythm of the future talent competition. his album "the old prince" was nominated for a juno award for "rap recording of the year", and was also nominated for the 2008 polaris music prize. his third album, "tsol" was nominated for the 2010 polaris music prize, a 2011 muchmusic video award, and won the juno award for "rap recording of the year" at the 2011 juno awards.
shad has released 3 studio albums:
ronald reagan washington national airport is an airport near washington, d.c.. it is in arlington county, virginia. it is the commercial airport closest to washington, d.c. the metropolitan washington airports authority (mwaa) is in control of the airport. it is named after 40th president of the united states ronald reagan.
flights into and out of dca cannot be longer than . this rule is used to limit the number of aircraft over washington. it causes most of the air traffic to be sent to the washington dulles international airport which is larger and further from the city. there are some exceptions to this rule. in 2010, the airport served about 18.1 million passengers. reagan national is a focus city for american airlines. they are the airport's largest carrier. the american airlines shuttle has air shuttle service to laguardia airport in new york city and logan international airport in boston, massachusetts. delta air lines' delta shuttle also has air shuttle service to laguardia. these shuttle flights leave reagan international about once an hour. an exception to this rule permits 20 long-haul flights a day. most are from the west coast: non-stops from seattle, los angeles, san francisco, and portland oregon. however, san juan puerto rico is also part of this group. these exemptions were created in 2003 and 2012. 
hoover field, which opened in 1926, was the first major terminal in the washington area and was located on a piece of land close to where the pentagon stands today. the airport had one runway that crossed a local street, which meant that tarmac workers had to stop automobile traffic during take-offs and landings. the next year, washington airport, another privately operated field,was opened next to it. in 1930, the economic turmoil caused by the great depression caused the two terminals to join to form washington-hoover airport. washington-hoover airport's initial field was in a poor and undesirable location. on one side of the airport was u.s. route 1, an important highway in the d.c. area. the highway had electrical wires running alongside it, meaning that it posed as a threat to planes that landed and took off from the field. additionally, there was also a smokestack that was dangerously close and in the way of one of the runway. a dump was also very close to the airport.
thirty-seven studies done between 1926 and 1938 showed the need for a better airport. however, due to a law that did not allow the federal government to build airports, it could not be considered or planned for. on top of this, congress refused to even attempt to make plans for a new airport. president franklin d. roosevelt, knowing this information, grew tired of waiting on congress, and moved forward with attempting to create the new airport, which he could do on the technicality that he was allowed to spend money when congress was not in session. he used that power to spend $15 million to construct a new airport that better served the nation's capital, and construction on washington national airport broke ground in 1938. congress did not think that what fdr did was legal, but did not stop the construction from being built.
the airport today sits south of washington, d.c., parallel to u.s. route 1. the eastern side of the airport had to be enlarged to make room for the runways, so developers filled in a small section of the potomac river to make room for them. the western part of the airport was once part of a large virginia plantation, known as . for many years the plantation house was near where the airport parking lot stands today, but in 1930, the house burned down. in 1998, efforts to preserve the site of where the house once stood were made by the metropolitan washington airports authority, and a small exhibit of the house exists today in terminal 1 of the airport.
the airport opened on june 16, 1941. in 1945, congress passed a law that said that the airport was in virginia but under the control of the federal government.
the april 1957 "official airline guide" shows that the airport had 316 weekday departures.
in 1977, the washington metro opened a station at the airport along the blue and yellow lines.
the location of the runways is limited by the location of the airport. it has not changed much over time. one of the few changes was made in 1956. the fourth runway was closed. it was an east-west runway. it is now used just for moving aircraft and for parking them. the terminal building was made larger in 1958. the north terminal was added. the two buildings were connected in 1961. a united airlines building was built in 1965. facilties for american airlines were built in 1968. a commuter terminal was built in 1970.
although the airport has been made larger, there have been efforts to limit this. because of the use of jet aircraft and the amount of traffic, congress passed the washington airport act of 1950. this caused the opening of dulles airport in 1962. problems with noise caused noise restrictions to be made. this happened before jet aircraft use began in 1966. the federal aviation administration put restrictions on national and four other airports in 1969 to limit problems with high amounts of traffic.
transfer of control and renaming.
in 1984, secretary of transportation elizabeth dole created a group to look into moving control of national and dulles airports from the federal aviation administration (faa) to a local group. the selected group(s) could use the money the airports made to pay make them better. the group felt that it would be better for one agency to be in control of both airports. the other choice was to have virginia control dulles and the district of columbia control national. in 1987, congress gave control of the airport from the faa to the new metropolitan washington airports authority (mwaa). this groups choices were still under the control of a congressional review panel. the constitutionality of the review panel was later challenged in the supreme court. the court has twice said that it was not constitutional. even after this, congress still takes control of the airports.
in 1998, some friends of ronald reagan wanted to name things in all 50 states after him. they wanted a law that would change the name of the airport to "ronald reagan airport". democratic congressmen thought it would be better to change the name of the building of the bureau of the public debt instead. they said that the airport was already named after george washington. congress chose to change the name of the airport to "ronald reagan washington national airport". because of the length of the name, many people call it "national airport". congress did not give money to make new signs with the new names. because of this, it took time for the name to be used commonly. the name of the airport's metro station is still "national airport". in early 2001, a letter signed by 24 members of congress asked that wmata change the name of the station. a policy from 1987 says that if a group wants to change the name of a station that they must pay the cost of changing the signs and maps. the price to make these changes was thought to be $400,000. because of this, the name was not changed. this caused republican congressman bob barr of georgia to say they would not give money to the agency unless the station was renamed. congress ultimately voted to require the renaming on november 30. according to the general manager at the time, richard a. white, metro paid to rename the station.
air florida flight 90.
on the afternoon of january 13, 1982, after some very cold weather and a morning of blizzard conditions, air florida flight 90 crashed on take-off. it had been waiting forty-nine minutes on a taxiway and took off with ice and snow on the wings. the boeing 737 aircraft could not gain altitude. less than from the end of the runway, the airplane hit the 14th street bridge. it cut off the tops off vehicles and fell through the ice covering the potomac river. the weather and traffic caused problems with helping the people on the plane. with the help of people in the cars, a united states park service police helicopter crew, and one of the plane's passengers who later died, five people on the plane were saved. the other 74 people on the plane died. four people in the vehicles on the bridge also died.
"this article uses public domain material from websites or documents of the air force historical research agency."
lardarius webb (born october 12, 1985) is a former american football free safety. he was picked by baltimore in the 3rd round of the 2009 nfl draft. webb played college football at nicholls state university. he won super bowl xlvii with the ravens when they defeated the san francisco 49ers 34-31.
early years/high school.
webb was born in the usa state of alabama. in high school, he spent time as a runningback, quarterback, and defensive back. 
webb originally attended the university of southern mississippi. webb did not miss a game in his first season and had 55 tackles as a sophomore. 
in 2007 webb changed to nicholls state university. in his first game, webb intercepted three passes and returned one for a touchdown. webb played several positions.
lardarius webb was drafted by the baltimore ravens in the 3rd round of the 2009 nfl draft. webb returned kicks and punts as well as helping in baltimore's secondary. in 2009, webb returned a kickoff 95 yards for a touchdown against the denver broncos. his season ended with a torn acl against the chicago bears. he finished his rookie season with 35 tackles (32 alone), 1 sack and 6 knocked down passes. he also returned 35 kick-offs for 918 yards (26.2 average) and a touchdown.
webb had 54 tackles (47 alone), 9 passes knocked down, and 2 interceptions in the 2010 regular season. however, he gave up a huge 58-yard completion to pittsburgh steelers wide receiver antonio brown in a divisional playoff loss. 
in 2011 webb became a full-time starter. he had 67 tackles (54 alone), a sack, 20 knocked down passes, 5 interceptions (three more in the playoffs), 81 regular season return yards, and two touchdowns (one a punt return, another off a 73-yard interception).
he won super bowl xlvii with the ravens when they defeated the san francisco 49ers 34-31.
alvin nathaniel joiner (born september 18, 1974 in detroit, michigan), known by his stage name, xzibit, is an american rapper, actor and television host. he is known for hosting the mtv television show pimp my ride. he has also appeared in many movies as well. he is currently working on his seventh studio album, "napalm". he has also become an internet meme.
xzibit has released 6 studio albums:
antonio tavaris brown (born july 10, 1988) is an american football wide receiver. he was drafted by the pittsburgh steelers in the 6th round of the 2010 nfl draft. brown played college football at the university of central michigan.
brown played college football for the central michigan university. he was noted for his versatility and was even an all-american.
brown was drafted by the pittsburgh steelers in the 6th round of the 2010 nfl draft. brown spent time playing as a wide receiver and a returner. he returned a kickoff 89 yards for a touchdown in his rookie season. brown is famous for a 58-yard third-down helmet reception against lardarius webb of the baltimore ravens in a playoff win. 
in 2011, brown beat out veteran hines ward and fellow 2nd-year receiver emmanuel sanders. he became a starter alongside mike wallace. as well as returning kicks and punts very successfully, brown had 69 catches for 1,108 yards and two touchdowns. brown was named the steelers' team mvp of the season.
in 2019, brown was traded to the oakland raiders and then to the new england patriots. in 2021, he was traded again to the tampa bay buccancers. the reason why brown was traded is that he had issues with teammates off the field.
 is a prefecture in the chūbu region of japan on the island of honshū. the capital is kanazawa.
ishikawa was formed merging kaga province and the smaller noto province.
ishikawa is on the sea of japan coast. toyama prefecture and gifu prefecture are on the eastern border of the prefecture. the southern border of ishikawa meets fukui prefecture.
the noto peninsula is in the northern part of the prefecture. the southern part is mostly of mountains.
kanazawa is in the coastal plain.
the prefecture includes some islands in the sea of japan, including notojima, mitsukejima, hegurajima.
national parks are established in about 13% of the total land area of the prefecture.
shrines and temples.
"shirayamahime jinja" and "keta jinja" are the chief shinto shrines ("ichinomiya") in the prefecture. 
cam cameron is an american football coach who is currently the offensive coodinator of the baltimore ravens. he was the head coach for the miami dolphins in 2007, but was fired after a 1-15 season. cameron has been heavily criticized for his conservative (safe) play-calling.
cameron spent time as a college football assistant. he was also the head coach of indiana university's football team. 
early nfl coaching.
cameron spent some time as the washington redskins's quarterbacks coach. he was later promoted to the offensive coodinator position of the san diego chargers, where he helped guide future-star quarterback drew brees.
miami dolphins head coach.
cameron was hired as the head coach of the miami dolphins before the 2007 season. however, the franchise had its worst ever season and finished 1-15. he had an overtime victory against the baltimore ravens, coincidentally cameron's next team. cameron was replaced by tony sparano.
during a baltimore ravens roster and coaching overall, john harbaugh hired cameron as the new baltimore offensive coodinator. in 2008, cameron worked on the suggs package, a play-calling that would have both quarterbacks joe flacco and troy smith. following 2008, cameron was criticized heavily for his conservative (safe) play-calling. after his contract expired following the 2011 season, harbaugh announced that cameron would in fact be back.
tony sparano (october 7, 1961 – july 22, 2018) was an american football offensive coodinator for the new york jets of the national football league. he was previously the head coach of the miami dolphins. (took over from cam cameron.) in his first season with miami (2008), sparano got the team from a 1-15 record to 11-5 and the division lead. however, the remainder of sparano's dolphins career was a disappointment.
sparano and his wife, jeanette, have two sons: tony, andrew, both members of the university at albany. at age 17, sparano had an incident which burnt his eyes, which is why he always wears his signature sunglasses even at night.
on july 19, 2018, sparano was hospitalized in eden prairie, minnesota after suffering from chest pains. he was released the following day and died two days later from a type of coronary heart disease at the age of 56.
restart is a brazilian teenage pop band. the band's hit songs include "recomeçar", "vou cantar", "levo comigo" and "amanhecer no teu olhar".
water treatment is treating water to make it suitable to be used. providing drinking water is one of the main uses of water treatment. 
many factories also need very clean water to make steam or to make high quality products. some of this water has to be made very pure with almost no other chemicals dissolved in it.
treating sewage so that it does not cause harm to the environment is another use of water treatment.
which type of water is generally used in the treatment of water?
saline water can be treated to yield fresh water. two main processes are used, reverse osmosis or distillation. both methods require more energy than water treatment of local surface waters, and are usually only used in coastal areas or where water such as groundwater has high salinity.
دستگاه تصفیه آب پاکسازان 
how is water treated to make it drinkable?
filtration - the clear water on top passes through filters composed of sand, gravel and charcoal to remove dissolved particles such as dust, parasites, bacteria, viruses and chemicals. disinfection - chlorine or chloramine is added to kill parasites, bacteria, viruses and germs.apr 14, 2016
what is the difference between water treatment and water purification?
also known as water purification, water treatment is the process of removing potentially harmful impurities from drinking water. unlike water filtration, water treatment systems can get rid of all unseen materials by chemically treating the water with iodine or chlorine. ...nov 4, 2019
how is basic water treatedcoagulation / flocculation. coagulation is adding liquid aluminum sulfate or alum and/or polymer to raw or untreated water. ...
theodore "ted" joseph marchibroda (march 15, 1931 – january 16, 2016) was a former american football quarterback and head coach in the national football league. 
he started playing as quarterback for the pittsburgh steelers. he then played for the arizona cardinals when they were in chicago. 
he was a head coach for the indianapolis colts from 1975-1979 when they were in baltimore. he returned to the colts as a head coach in indianapolis from 1992-1995. he was an offensive coodinator on several teams. marchibroda was signed by the new baltimore ravens from 1996 to 1998 as their head coach. marchibroda has since retired from coaching.
marchibroda died on january 16, 2016 in weems, virginia from natural causes at the age of 84.
art modell was an american businessman and national football league owner. he was married to patricia breslin (1931-2011) from 1969 until her death. art modell was the owner of the cleveland browns from 1961 to 1995. due to the team's financial and field troubles, modell moved the team from cleveland to baltimore in a highly criticized move in 1995. however, modell agreed to let the browns' history stay. an expansion franchise, the "reactivated" cleveland browns, would begin play in 1999. with the new baltimore ravens, modell won super bowl xxxv. he sold the team to steve biscotti before the 2004 nfl season.
modell died at johns hopkins hospital in baltimore, maryland on september 6, 2012.
jack harbaugh (born june 28, 1939 in crestline, ohio, united states) is a former american football high school football and college football coach and player.
harbaugh played for the bowling green falcons from 1957 to 1960 and won the mid-american conference championship in 1959 with the team. as a coach, harbaugh was the head coach for eaton high school from 1964 to 1965. after going to morehead state from 1966 to 1967, harbaugh returned to bowling green from 1968 to 1970 as an assistant. he also became an assistant for the iowa hawkeyes (1971-1973), the defensive backs coach for the michigan wolverines (1973-1979), the dbs coach for the stanford cardinals (1981-1982), western michigan broncos (1982-1986), an assistant for the pittsburgh panthers (1987-1988), a western kentucky hilltoppers head coach (1989-2002), a san diego toreros head coach (2004-2009), and, after a three-year retirement, jack harbaugh returned to the stanford cardinals as a runningbacks coach in 2009." jack (and his son, jim) often use the following harbaugh chant: "whoo's" got it better than us?" answer: "nooobody!" this was also used by jack's wife.
however, jack harbaugh most famous for his spot in the harbaugh coaching tree. his sons, john harbaugh and jim harbaugh are currently nfl head coaches, who face each other in the 2013 super bowl. jack is married to jackie.
jim schwartz is an american football head coach for the detroit lions of the national football league. a maryland native, schartz eventually rose to notable coaching positions. before the 2009 nfl season, schartz left his post as the defensive coordinator of the tennessee titans and became the head coach of the detroit lions, who went 0-16 the year before. sschartz got detroit to the playoffs in 2011.
in a game against the san francisco 49ers (49ers win) in 2011, a postgame handshake made national news. in the game, san francisco head coach jim harbaugh challenged a scoring play. however, under nfl rules, scoring plays are always reviewed. schwartz reportedly screamed a curse. after the 49ers won, the coaches went to midfield to shake hands. however, schwartz accused harbaugh of "smacking his back and shaking his hand too hard." shartz chased harbaugh down the field, and they had to be separated. this is often called "the handshake game."
ozzie newsome is an american football general manager currently of the baltimore ravens of the nfl. newsome is a former nfl tight end, who wore #82 with the cleveland browns. newsome is the nfl's third all-time leading receiver for a tight end, with 662 career catches. newsome retired as a player after the 1990 season cleveland, but joined the browns front office as an executive that same year. in 1996, the browns became the baltimore ravens. newsome quickly rose up the rankings under owner art modell. after the 2003 season, modell, along with several other ravens front office members, retired. this left many open spots. newsome became the team's new general manager under new owner steve biscotti. 
throughout his career in the nfl, ozzie newsome has been known as one of the best tight ends and front office men in the history of the league. with baltimore, newsome signed hall of famers mike singletary, shannon sharpe, and rod woodson. he also drafted almost certain future hall of famers ray lewis, johnathon ogden, ed reed, and terrell suggs, among other notables.
the is a art museum in central honshū in japan. it is in kanazawa in ishikawa prefecture. it is next to the kenroku-en japanese garden and near the ishikawa prefectural museum of art. the museum opened in october 2004.
the museum has a large collection of modern art. art made after 1980 is an important part of the collection.
artists in the collection include:
francis alys, matthew barney, tony cragg, olafur eliasson, leandro erlich, isa genzken, kojima hisaya, gordon matta clark, carsten nicolai, giuseppe penone, gerhard richter, murayama ruriko, hiraki sawa, atsuko tanaka, james turrell, patrick tuttofuoco, anne wilson, and suda yoshihiro.
kazuyo sejima and ryue nishizawa of the architect office sanaa designed the building. they won the 2010 pritzker architecture prize, partly because of their work on the museum.
the building is a circle, with a diameter of 112.5 meters.
shan e punjab is a field hockey team for the punjab province in pakistan. they are a part of the pakistan hockey federation. field hockey is the national sport of pakistan.
 is a art museum of a prefecture in eastern kyushu. it is in the city of miyazaki.
the museum has artworks by artists who are either from miyazaki prefecture or who are in some way connected to it.
the museum was first opened in 1995.
bananarama are a british female pop duo. the current band members are sara dallin and keren woodward. the group was formed in 1979 in london by dallin, woodward and siobhan fahey. the group had their first hit in 1982. fahey was replaced by jacquie o'sullivan in 1988. o'sullivan left in 1991.
the google science fair is a yearly, online, worldwide science competition. it is sponsored by google, lego, cern, national geographic, and scientific american. the first competition took place in 2011. the science fair is open to 13–18 year old students around the world. students make an explanation for something, do an experiment and write down their results.
grace ethel cecile rosalie allen (july 26, 1895 – august 27, 1964) was an american actress and comedian. she was in many movies. her career in the entertainment industry lasted until 1958. she was the wife of actor george burns
tiki barber is a former american football runningback (new york giants), commentator, and children's author. he is the identical twin brother of tampa bay buccaneers cornerback ronde barber. 
barber played college football for the virginia cavaliers.
nfl playing career.
new york giants.
in 1997, barber was drafted by the new york giants. by all field accounts, barber's nfl career was a success. he got the giants to a super bowl xxxv appearance and became the team's all-time leading rusher. barber, however, surprised many when he decided to retire after the 2006 season. in 2007, the giants won super bowl xlii without barber.
in the 2011 offseason, barber announced that he would seek an nfl comeback. the statement was not received well by nearly anyone, since barber was 35 years old, well beyond the normal age that famous runningbacks retire. barber talked about going to the tampa bay buccaneers and joining his twin brother ronde barber, but a tampa bay front office executive promptly said "no way." barber was brought in by the miami dolphins for a tryout, but was not signed.
barber has drawn critics on and off the field. he has been criticized for remarks he made about giants teammates michael strahan and eli manning. barber also divorced is wife while she was pregnant to marry a woman he had a relationship with while married.
tiki and twin brother ronde barber have written several children's books about their childhood and how they grew up. the twins have published *"by my brother's side" (2004), "game day" (2005), "teammates" (2006), "kickoff!" (2007), "go long!" (2008), "wild card" (2009), "red zone" (2010), and "goal line" (2011). these have generally been popular.
ronde barber is an american football cornerback for the tampa bay buccaneers of the national football league. barber won super bowl xxxvii with tampa bay in the 2002 nfl season. he is the identical twin of former new york giants runningback tiki barber. throughout his nfl career, ronde barber has made 1,138 tackles (958 alone), 27 sacks, forced 15 fumbles (recovered 12), intercepted 43 passes, had 763 total return yards, and seven touchdowns.
ronde barber as a children's author.
twin brothers ronde and tiki barber published the following books (have been generally popular):
oriole park at camden yards, also called oriole park or camden yards, is a baseball park in baltimore, maryland. it is the home field of the major league baseball team called the baltimore orioles. it opened in 1992, replacing the orioles' long-time home memorial stadium.
the ballpark was built on the site of a railroad area called camden yards. the long brick building outside the right field area was part of that rail yard. the birthplace of babe ruth is also nearby. it is a museum which is a couple of blocks west of the ballpark.
progressive field is a baseball park in cleveland, ohio. it is the home field of the major league baseball team called the cleveland guardians (cleveland indians from 1915 to 2021). it opened in 1994, replacing cleveland stadium, which had been the indians' home for over 60 years.
the ballpark was originally called jacobs field, for a former team owner who had bought the naming rights. the ballpark was nicknamed "the jake". in 2008, the naming rights were sold to the progressive corporation, an insurance company.
choctaw stadium (known until august 2021 as globe life park in arlington) is a stadium in arlington, texas. from its opening in 1994 until 2019, it was a baseball park that was home to the of the major league baseball team called the texas rangers. the ballpark replaced the old home of the rangers, arlington stadium. it closed as a baseball park in october 2019, after which the rangers moved across the street to a retractable-roof stadium, globe life field.
after the rangers moved out, the stadium was rebuilt for football and soccer, and soon gained new tenants in both sports. in football, the dallas renegades, a team in the revival of the xfl, started playing there when the league started in february 2020. in soccer, north texas sc, a team that plays in the third level of u.s. soccer, usl league one, started playing at globe life park in march 2020. the latter team, the reserve team of major league soccer's fc dallas, had played its first season of 2019 at fc dallas' home of toyota stadium in another dallas–fort worth suburb, frisco.
in august 2021, the stadium received its current name via a sponsorship contract with choctaw casinos & resorts, a native american casino company.
rogers centre is a sports stadium in toronto, ontario, canada. it is right next door to the cn tower. it is the home field of the major league baseball team called the toronto blue jays. until 2015, it was also home to the toronto argonauts of the canadian football league.
when rogers centre opened in 1989, it was called the skydome. it hosted the wwf's wrestlemania vi on april 1, 1990 and wrestlemania x8 on march 17, 2002. wrestlemania x8 attracted the largest ever paid crowd to skydome with 68,237 fans.
t-mobile park is a baseball park in seattle, washington. it is the home field of the seattle mariners of major league baseball. it opened in 1999, and it replaced the mariners' old stadium, the kingdome.
the stadium opened as safeco field, with the locally based safeco insurance signing a 20-year contract to place its name on the stadium. with the contract ending after the 2018 season, safeco chose not to renew it. the team then signed a new 25-year naming rights contract with wireless carrier t-mobile us, the main american arm of german telecom giant deutsche telekom. the new name took effect on january 1, 2019.
oracle park is a baseball park in san francisco, california. it is the home field of the major league baseball team called the san francisco giants. it replaced candlestick park as the home of the giants. it was originally called pacific bell park, and later as sbc park and at&t park. the most recent name change came in 2019, when locally based technology giant oracle corporation signed a naming deal with the giants.
busch stadium is a baseball park in saint louis, missouri. it is the home field of the major league baseball team called the st. louis cardinals.
the stadium was named for the anheuser-busch brewing company, which was based in st. louis for a long time, and once was the owner of the cardinals. busch stadium was built next door to the cardinals' previous ballpark, busch memorial stadium.
coors field is a baseball park in denver, colorado. it is the home field of the major league baseball team called the colorado rockies. it was named for the coors brewing company. coors is based in denver, and bought the naming rights to the ballpark.
great american ball park is a ballpark in cincinnati, ohio. it is the home field of the cincinnati reds major league baseball team. it opened in 2003, and replaced the old home of the reds, riverfront stadium.
american family field, originally known as miller park, is a baseball park in milwaukee, wisconsin. it is the home field of the major league baseball team called the milwaukee brewers. it opened in 2001 to replace the old milwaukee county stadium that the brewers played in. it was supposed to open in 2000, but a accident during construction delayed its opening. the first sponsor of the stadium was the miller brewing company. miller's contract with the stadium was for $40 million, and ran until january 1, 2021. american family insurance replaced miller as the park's sponsor effective in 2021.
american family field has a roof shaped like a fan that can be opened and closed depending on the weather.
minute maid park is a baseball park in houston, texas. it is the home field of the major league baseball team called the houston astros.
it was originally called enron field. after enron dropped its naming rights, the ballpark was temporarily renamed astros field. the park was renamed again when minute maid bought the naming rights. because the ballpark is small and cozy, it is sometimes called "the juice box".
the stadium has a special roof which can be opened during nice weather and closed during rain. it also has a train above the outfield wall that moves on its track when the astros get a home run.
petco park is a baseball park in san diego, california. it is the home field of the major league baseball team called the san diego padres. it opened in 2004, replacing the old home of the padres, qualcomm stadium.
pnc park is a baseball park in pittsburgh, pennsylvania. it is the home field of the major league baseball team called the pittsburgh pirates. it opened in 2001, replacing the old home of the pirates, three rivers stadium.
the home depot (or home depot) is a american company in the united states. it sells things for people to improve their homes and build things. it has over 2,000 stores. the home depot's main office is near atlanta, georgia.
the home depot makes more money than any other home improvement store. it is the fourth largest chain store in general. the stores are very big, with high ceilings, like a warehouse. they are usually 105,000 square feet. (9,755 square meters). the biggest home depot is . it is in vauxhall, new jersey.
bernard marcus, arthur blank, ron brill and pat farrah founded the home depot in 1978. they wanted to have warehouses to sell home-improvement tools and materials. a banker named ken langone helped them get enough money.
the first two stores opened in 1979 in the city of atlanta. the first headquarters was on terrell mill road in marietta, georgia. in the 1990s, the home depot moved its headquarters to some skyscrapers near the town of vinings, georgia.
the two founders, marcus and blank retired in 2000. robert nardelli became the new ceo. robert nardelli quit as ceo on january 3, 2007. he quit because of controversy about how much he was paid when the company was not doing well. frank blake became the new ceo.
naming rights is the term used when a company pays money to the owners of a stadium or other sports venue, to have that stadium named for the company. an example is the baseball park called coors field. this is done by a legal contract, usually for a limited number of years. "naming rights" is also called corporate sponsorship.
the is an incorporated administrative agency. it is a special type of semi-governmental entity in japan.
the mint has its head office in osaka with branches in tokyo and hiroshima.
the meiji government established the japan mint.
in the early meiji era, paper currency was printed by dondorf and naumann in germany.
a proposal to construct a banknote manufacturing plant in japan was approved in december 1874. a two-story western red brick building was completed in october 1876.
the mint became an incorporated administrative agency on april 1, 2003.
"give me all your luvin" is a song by madonna featuring rappers nicki minaj and m.i.a. the song was released in february 2012. it was released by interscope. it was musically influenced by the 1982 toni basil song "mickey" and the 2005 gwen stefani song "hollaback girl".
the song reached number one in canada, the top ten in the us, and the top 40 in the uk. the artists performed the song at super bowl xlvi. m.i.a. flipped the middle finger, which was not caught in time by the censors.
background and writing.
in december 2010, madonna posted a message on her facebook, exclaiming: "its official! i need to move. i need to sweat. i need to make new music! music i can dance to. i'm on the lookout for the maddest, sickest, most badass people to collaborate with. i'm just saying".
"give me all your luvin" was written by madonna, martin solveig, nicki minaj, m.i.a., and michael tordjman, while production was helmed by madonna and solveig.
release and leaks.
on november 8, 2011, a demo version of the song, named "give me all your love", was leaked. according to keith caulfield from "billboard", "within a few hours, [the song and its leak] was among one of the top 10 trending topics worldwide on twitter." madonna's manager, guy oseary, addressed the leak on twitter adding the singer's statement on the situation: "my true fans wouldn't do this". oseary also clarified that their initial plan was for new music to come out in 2012 itself. he was happy with the positive reaction to the demo, but asked fans to help him police any more leaks. the leaked demo lacked vocals from both minaj and m.i.a. which madonna reflected upon, "it's really disappointing because you don't want things to come out till you're done with them, till you're ready. it's like everybody looking at your unfinished painting. it's like, 'wait a minute. i didn't finish that. that's not fair."
credits and personnel.
credits and personnel adapted from "mdna" album liner notes.
comiskey park was a baseball park in armour square, chicago, illinois. for more than 80 years, it was the home field of the major league baseball team called the chicago white sox. it was opened in the middle of the 1910 baseball season, and closed after the end of the 1990 season. it was replaced by the park now known as guaranteed rate field, which was built across the street to the south of comiskey park. the old ballpark was made of steel, concrete and bricks. it was fully destroyed in summer 1991.
trevor smith, jr., better known as busta rhymes, (born may 20, 1972) is an american rapper and record producer. he was born and raised in new york city to jamaican parents. 
he has performed with many pop groups, such as the pussycat dolls. he has carried many hit singles in his name. he is a very successful rapper who has made a lot of rap and hip hop hits. he also has a special rapping style.
so far he has been nominated for eleven grammy awards.
in 1989 rhymes started a rap group called leaders of the new school with charlie brown, dinco d, and cut monitor milo. the group's first album was released in 1991 by elektra records. in 1993 the band broke up.
in 1995 rhymes started making his first solo album, "the coming". it was released march 26 1996.
"when disaster strikes...", rhymes' second album, was released september 16, 1997.
december 15, 1998 "e.l.e. (extinction level event): the final world front" was released. it was nominated for best rap album, best rap solo performance and best rap performance by a duo or group at the grammy awards.
"anarchy" was released 2000. it was his last album on elektra records. on october 2 2001 "total devastation: the best of busta rhymes" was released. in the same month rhymes released a new album, "genesis". four singles were released from it.
"it ain't safe no more..." was released november 26 2002. the album's second single was "i know what you want". the song had mariah carey singing in it. it reached number 3 in the uk singles chart.
in 2006 "the big bang" was released. it was rhymes' only release on dr. dre's aftermath entertainment record label. five singles were released from it.
rhymes' eighth album, "back on my b.s." was released 2009.
"year of the dragon" was released 2012 for free on google play.
rhymes' next album "extinction level event 2" was released in 2014.
rhymes is a muslim. he has four children: three sons named t'ziah (born 1993), t'khi (born 1999), and trillian (born 2001), and a daughter named mariah (born 1998).
 was a town in miyako district, fukuoka, japan.
on march 20, 2006 toyotsu was merged with the towns of katsuyama and saigawa, all from miyako district, to form the new town of miyako.
the ancient capital city of buzen province was near toyotsu.
bloomington, minnesota is a suburb of minneapolis, minnesota and saint paul, minnesota. it is south from minneapolis and southwest from st. paul. it is the third largest city in minnesota. bloomington is probably best known for being the site of the mall of america.
graphology is the study of a person's handwriting, and what it reveals about them. it has been controversial since its beginning, and many think it is a pseudoscience.
graphology in linguistics has a different meaning. there it means the writing system of a language, a parallel term to phonology.
trent dilfer (b. march 13, 1972) is an espn analyst and former american football quarterback. he played in the nfl for the tampa bay buccaneers (1993-1999), baltimore ravens, (2000), seattle seahawks (2001-2004), cleveland browns (2005), and san francisco 49ers (2006-2007). the only time dilfer did not play in a season in his career was 2006 with san francisco. during his career, dilfer has been criticized for bad throwing. he did, however, win super bowl xxxv with the ravens. he is famous for the conservative offense he was in with the ravens in 2000, where he replaced tony banks.
rodrick "rod" kevin woodson is a former american football defensive back. he played college football for the purdue boilermakers. woodson was drafted into the national football league by the pittsburgh steelers in 1987. he has also played for the san francisco 49ers (1997), baltimore ravens (1998-2001), and the oakland raiders (2002-2003). woodson won super bowl xxxv with baltimore. woodson has also been a regular appearance on the nfl network. in 2011, the oakland raiders signed him as their cornerbacks coach. that was woodson's only season as a coach. then he went back to being a sports analyst for college and nfl football on radio. in 2009, woodson was inducted into the pro football hall of fame in canton, ohio. woodson's 11 interceptions returned for touchdowns are an nfl record. 
, also known as tobunken, is a semi-governmental entity which focuses on the preservation of japan's cultural heritage of objects, artworks and writings.
"tobunken" is an independent administrative institution (iai).
"tobunken" was founded in 1930 as the art research institute.
in 1952 "tobunken" was reorganized into the tokyo national research institute for cultural properties.
a department of restoration was added in 1973 and an archive set up in 1977.
a program for international cooperation was set up in 1993.
in 2001, the tokyo institute and the nara national research institute for cultural properties merged.
in 2007, the research institutes were merged with the tokyo national museum, the kyoto national museum, the nara national museum and the kyushu national museum.
poaching is the illegal hunting, killing or capturing of animals. people poach because animal products, such as hide, ivory, horn, teeth and bone, are sold to dealers who make clothes, jewelry and other materials from them. the poaching causes various effects, its most direct impact is extinction, either globally or within a given locality. 
poachers catch indian tigers with steel traps. this is against the law. after trapping a tiger, they kill it and sell the body parts for money. like the rhino, the tiger is a very endangered species. if the killing does not end, they both face extinction (all of that type of animal dies). extinction means that someday there may be no indian tigers or rhinos left on earth.
san juan bautista de la salle (born 30 april 1651 in reims, france – died 7 april 1719) was a priest and an educational reformer. he was the creator of the institute of the brothers of the christian schools. he was beatified on 19 february 1888 and canonized on 29 may 1900 by pope leo xiii. he had to take the administration of family business after his parents died, so he completed his theological studies and was ordered to the priesthood at the age of 26 on 9 april 1678. two years later he received a doctorate in theology.
de la salle was a pioneer in programs for training lay teachers. in 1685, he founded what is generally considered the first normal school — that is, a school with the purpose of train teachers — in rheims, france. he was a pedagogical thinker of note and is among the founders of distinctively modern pedagogy.
jose carlos araujo nunes (born 1977 in castelo de paiva) is a portuguese footballer who plays for rcd mallorca. before he played in very important teams like: maia (1997-2001), salgueiros (2001-2002), gil vicente (2002-2004), sporting de braga (2004-2006). in his history he won a lot of awards the best award is the champions league in his career.
nunes made his debut for the new club on the 29th septiembre, starting in a 0–3 home loss to fc barcelona.
in mid-august 2011, nunes suffered a serious knee injury during a friendly with s.s.c. napoli.
nunes has traveled with the portuguese in the last world cup but only plays two games in all the world cup
he palays with the best players in the world.
played versus the best players in the worldfor example:
eto'o,cristiano ronaldo, leo messi and many more
this season will be the last of nunes
nunes is married to a european model and has a nine year old daughter
first captain of rcd mallorca
when he was nine years portuguese call it a team to play tournament after tournament and call him a german team.
nunes continued to figure prominently in 2009–10, as mallorca won its first 10 home league games of the campaign.
"california gurls" is a hit single performed by katy perry featuring snoop dogg. the song was released in 2010 and was very popular. this was the lead single of "teenage dream", her hit record. it was no.1 in several countries.
it also went diamond in 99 countries and named as the best-selling song of all tine
brooks & dunn is an american country music duo. in 1991 the duo had its first number one song on music charts hot country songs and country chart in canada.
the duo has been active again since 2015.
they were active from 1990 to 2010. the duo consisted of kix brooks and ronnie dunn who were originally paired by their record producer tim dubois. the duo won the country music association vocal duo of the year award every year between 1992 and 2006, although they didn't for 2000. their two songs "hard workin' man" and "my maria" won the grammy award for best country performance by a duo or group with vocal in 1993 and 1996. they announced that they would be breaking up on august 10, 2010.
christian "flake" lorenz (born 16 november 1966) is a german musician. he has been a member of the band rammstein since the since the band was formed. he plays synthesizer or keyboard when performing. lorenz has been known to smash them at the end of a performance.
an exothermic reaction is a reaction where the substances react chemically to release energy in the form of heat. 
an example of this is combustion (burning). exothermic reactions transfer energy to the surroundings. the energy is usually transferred as heat energy, causing the reaction mixture and its surroundings to become hotter. the temperature increase can be detected using a thermometer. some examples of exothermic reactions are: 
the chemical reaction that does the complete opposite, and absorbs heat, is an endothermic reaction.
heinrich ludwig hermann müller (1829–1883) was a german botanist who provided important evidence for darwin's theory of evolution.
müller was an early investigator of coevolution.p27 he was the author in 1873 of "die befruchtung der blumen durch insekten", a book translated at the suggestion of darwin in 1883 as "the fertilisation of flowers". he and darwin corresponded—36 letters between the two, or from darwin concerning müller, are recorded. darwin cited him extensively in "the descent of man" for his information about the behavior of bees.
hermann was the brother of fritz müller,p29 the german doctor who lived in the amazon and researched its natural history. the work of both brothers was well known to darwin.
this author is usually abbreviated h.müll. when citing a botanical name.
deoli is a city and municipality in tonk district of rajasthan, india.
 was a very old province of japan in the area of shimōsa and kazusa provinces on the island of honshū. it was sometimes called . 
the boundaries of this ancient entity are within chiba prefecture and ibaraki prefecture. 
the history of the province started and ended before the taihō code was established at the beginning of the 8th century.
maxi iglesias (born 6 february 1991) is a spanish actor.
early life and education.
iglesias was born in madrid. his mother's name is mercedes, she works in business management, and his father, francisco, died when iglesias was six years old. iglesias is an only child. he attended school at colegio cardenal spínola in madrid. iglesias' first movie was "la pistola de mi hermano" (1997).
maxi became famous in 2008 with the series "física o química". iglesias has appeared in the following series: "física o química", "hospital central", "amar en tiempos revueltos", "cuentame como paso", "los protegidos" and "toledo". iglesias appeared in the following movies: "la pistola de mi hermano" (1997), "8 citas" (2008), "mentiras y gordas" (2009), "after" (2009), "el diario de carlota" (2010), "xp3d" (2011) and "el secreto de los 24 escalones" (2012). he is appearing in the new tv series "toledo", in the series he plays "martín".
also is currently dancing as one of the stars in the univision spanish show "mira quien baila"
his hobbies are playing soccer, skiing and playing playstation. iglesias currently lives in madrid. his favorite music is electro-house, he's a dj, his dj name is "dj max". maxi is good friends with luis "lucho" fernández, both have worked together in "los protegidos" and in "xp3d". he is also good friends with úrsula corberó, both have been friends for a long time, they have worked together in "xp3d". maxi's dream is to work with javier bardem one day, and achieve an acting career in hollywood.
 was a very old province of japan, in the area of hizen and higo provinces. it was sometimes called .
the boundaries of this ancient entity are within nagasaki (without tsushima and iki), saga and kumamoto prefectures. 
the history of the province started and ended before the taihō code was established at the beginning of the 8th century.
 was a very old province of japan in the area as okayama prefecture and eastern hiroshima prefecture on the island of honshū. it was sometimes called .
kibi was divided into bizen, bitchū, and bingo provinces in the late 7th century.
paul rugg is an american screenwriter, producer, and voice actor. he is the voice of master yao in "".
vor or vor may refer to:
"sun is up" is a song by inna. inna is a singer of dance music from romania. the song is also a single and the first single from inna's second album. the album is called "i am the club rocker". "sun is up" was launched in romania in august 2010. in 2011, it was out in uk, france, germany, etc. it was a #1 in switzerland and bulgaria and a top ten in france and romania. the video for the song is in spain at a hotel and in it, inna is in love with her photographer.
 was a old province of japan north of the island of hokkaido. it included islands which are commonly known as the kurile islands or kurile islands. the history of the province started in 1869 and ended in 1882.
the boundaries of this ancient province are generally mirrored in part of what is today called nemuro subprefecture.
after 1869, the northern japanese island was known as hokkaido. regional subdivisions were established. chishima province was one of the new entities which were created in 1869.
in the meiji period, the provinces of japan were converted into prefectures. the maps of japan including chishima province were reformed in the 1870s.
in 1882, chishima and the other ten provinces of hokkaido were reorganized as hakodate prefecture, sapporo prefecture and nemuro prefecture.
sony pictures animation is an american computer-animated movie production company. it is owned by sony pictures entertainment. the company was founded in may 2002. it is working closely with sony pictures imageworks, which takes care of the digital production. theatrical releases are distributed by columbia pictures, and direct-to-video releases are distributed by sony pictures home entertainment.
their first movie "open season" was released on september 29, 2006, it's latest release was "the angry birds movie 2" on august 13, 2019, and it's next release being "the mitchells vs. the machines" on april 30, 2021, along with three direct-to-video sequels: "open season 2" (released on september 24, 2008), "open season 3" (released on october 21, 2010), and "" (released on november 6, 2015). the studio's most successful movie to date is "the smurfs". however, its most critically acclaimed movie is "arthur christmas", which was co-produced with aardman animations.
kim wilde (born kim smith on 18 november 1960) is a british singer. she was born in chiswick, middlesex. she is the eldest child of rock musician marty wilde. she had her first hit single, "kids in america" in 1981. she also released "kim wilde", her first album, in 1981. in 1983 wilde won best british female solo artist (uk) at the brit awards. wilde released her most recent album "wilde winter songbook" on 11 november 2013. it is a christmas album.
 was a old province of japan on the island of hokkaido. the history of the province started in 1869 and ended in 1882.
the boundaries of this ancient province are generally mirrored in what is today called hidaka subprefecture.
after 1869, the northern japanese island was known as hokkaido. regional subdivisions were established. hidaka province was one of the new entities which were created in 1869.
in the meiji period, the provinces of japan were converted into prefectures. the maps of japan including hidaka province were reformed in the 1870s.
in 1882, hidaka and the other ten provinces of hokkaido were reorganized as hakodate prefecture, sapporo prefecture and nemuro prefecture.
the burke and hare murders (or west port murders) were serial murders in edinburgh, scotland, from november 1827 to 31 october 1828.
the murders were done by irish immigrants william burke and william hare. they sold the corpses of their 17 victims to dr robert knox. knox was a fellow of the royal society, and the conservator of the museum of comparative anatomy in edinburgh. he was a teacher of human anatomy to edinburgh medical students, so needed bodies for his students to dissect.
the murderer's accomplices included burke's mistress, helen mcdougal, and hare's wife, margaret laird. from their method of killing their victims has come the word "burking", meaning to purposefully smother and, more generally, to quietly suppress.
from 1826 to 1840 knox ran barclay's anatomy school in surgeon's square, edinburgh. he was the most popular lecturer on anatomy in scotland, but his class were always short of bodies to dissect.
before the anatomy act of 1832 widened the supply, the only legal supply of corpses for anatomical purposes in the uk were those condemned to death and dissection by the courts. this led to a shortage of legitimate subjects for dissection. the shortage became more serious as the need to train medical students grew, and the number of executions fell.
in his school knox ran up against the problem from the start, since – after 1815 – the royal colleges had increased the study of anatomy in the medical curriculum. if he taught according to what was known as ‘french method’ the ratio would have had to approach one corpse per pupil. as a consequence, body-snatching became so common that it was not unusual for relatives and friends of someone who had just died to watch over the body before and after burial, to stop it being taken.
in november 1827 william hare began a new career when an indebted lodger died on him by chance. he was paid £7.10/- (seven pounds & ten shillings) for delivering the body to knox. now burke and his accomplice hare set about murdering tramps and drunks on a regular basis. after 16 more transactions, in what became known as the west port murders, on 2 november 1828 burke and hare were caught. the whole city were convulsed with horror, fed by ballads, broadsides and newspapers, at the terrible deeds of burke & hare. hare turned king's evidence, and burke was hanged, dissected and displayed.
knox was not prosecuted, which outraged many in edinburgh. his house was attacked by a mob, and windows were broken. a committee of the royal society of edinburgh cleared him of blame, but there was no forgetting his part in the case, and many were wary of him.
discovery and trial.
the last victim was marjory campbell docherty. burke lured her into the lodging house by claiming that his mother was also a docherty. he had to wait to kill her because the lodgers james and ann gray were present. the grays left for the night and neighbours heard the sounds of a struggle.
the next day ann gray, who had returned, became suspicious when burke would not let her approach a bed where she had left her stockings. when the grays were left alone in the house, they checked the bed and found docherty's body under it. on their way to alert the police, they ran into mcdougal who tried to bribe them with an offer of £10 a week. they refused.
burke and hare had removed the body from the house before the police arrived. however, under questioning, burke claimed that docherty had left at 7:00 a.m., while mcdougal claimed that she had left in the evening. the police arrested them. an anonymous tip-off led them to knox's classroom where they found docherty's body, which james gray identified. william and margaret hare were arrested soon there after. the murder spree had lasted twelve months.
kronberger 61, also known as the "soccer ball", is a nebula discovered by an amateur astronomer in january 2011. newer images of this nebula were taken by the gemini observatory. the nebula was discovered by austrian mattias kronberger, a member of the amateur group "deep sky hunters". they found it while searching near the northern constellation of cygnus.
australian aboriginal myths, also known as dreamtime stories and songlines, are the stories traditionally performed and told by the indigenous people of australia. each of the language groups across australia has its own stories.
all the myths explain important features and meanings within each aboriginal group's local landscape. they give cultural meaning to the australian physical landscape. people who know these stories have access to the wisdom and knowledge of australian aboriginal ancestors back beyond the reach of memory.
david horton wrote in the "encyclopaedia of aboriginal australia" that:
"a mythic map of australia would show thousands of characters, varying in their importance, but all in some way connected with the land. some emerged at their specific sites and stayed spiritually in that vicinity. others came from somewhere else and went somewhere else."
"many were shape changing, transformed from or into human beings or natural species, or into natural features such as rocks but all left something of their spiritual essence at the places noted in their stories."
australian aboriginal myths have been described as parts of a catechism, a liturgical manual, a history of civilization, a geography textbook, and to a much smaller extent a manual of the world and the universe.
an australian linguist, r. m. w. dixon, collected many aboriginal myths in their original languages. he discovered some landscape details in myths were the same as scientific discoveries being made about the same landscapes. for example, on the atherton tableland, myths tell of the origins of lake eacham, lake barrine, and lake euramo. geologists have dated the volcanic explosions which formed the lakes, and were described by aboriginal myth tellers, as having happened more than 10,000 years ago. pollen fossil sampling from the bottom of the craters agrees with the aboriginal myth-tellers' story. when the craters were formed, the area was eucalyptus forest, not the current wet tropical rain forests.
dixon said that aboriginal myths about the origin of the crater lakes might be accurate back to 10 000 years ago. further investigation by the australian heritage commission led to the crater lakes myth being listed on the register of the national estate, and included within australia's world heritage nomination of the wet tropical forests. it is an "unparalleled human record of events dating back to the pleistocene era."
since then, dixon has found many similar examples of australian aboriginal myths that accurately describe landscapes of an ancient past. he particularly noted many myths telling of previous sea levels, including:
aboriginal mythology: whole of australia.
there are at least 400 aboriginal groups across australia. each group has its own name, its own language and often their own dialects. each group had its own myths, and the words and names of individual myths come these language groups.
with so many different aboriginal groups, languages, beliefs and practices, it is not possible to describe under a single heading, the full range and diversity of all myths across the entire continent.
"the encyclopaedia of aboriginal australia" does however note that "one intriguing feature [of aboriginal australian mythology] is the mixture of diversity and similarity in myths across the entire continent."
the similarity in aboriginal myths and mythology includes:
"..they generally describe the journeys of ancestral beings, often giant animals or people, over what began as a featureless domain. mountains, rivers, waterholes, animal and plant species, and other natural and cultural resources came into being as a result of events which took place during these dreamtime journeys. their existence in present-day landscapes is seen by many indigenous peoples as confirmation of their creation beliefs.."
"..the routes taken by the creator beings in their dreamtime journeys across land and sea.. link many sacred sites together in a web of dreamtime tracks criss-crossing the country. dreaming tracks can run for hundreds, even thousands of kilometres, from desert to the coast [and] may be shared by peoples in countries through which the tracks pass.."
australian anthropologists describe aboriginal myths still being performed across australia by aboriginal peoples as having an important social function. the myths explain the order of their daily lives; helping shape peoples' ideas; and assisting to influence others' behaviour. also the performance often adds and "mythologises" historical events in the service of these social purposes in a rapidly changing modern world. as r.m. w. dixon writes:
"it is always integral and common.. that the law (aboriginal law) is something derived from ancestral peoples or dreamings and is passed down the generations in a continuous line. while...entitlements of particular human beings may come and go, the underlying relationships between foundational dreamings and certain landscapes are theoretically eternal...the entitlements of people to places are usually regarded strongest when those people enjoy a relationship of identity with one or more dreamings of that place.
this is a central strong feature of aboriginal identity. it is more than just a matter of believing. the dreaming existed, and continues to exist, while humans are only temporary.
aboriginal myths across australia are a kind of unwritten (oral) library. from this library, aboriginal people learn about the world and see an aboriginal 'reality' with concepts and values vastly different from those of western societies:
"aboriginal people learned from their stories that a society must not be human-centred but rather land centred, otherwise they forget their source and purpose...they are interconnected with the rest of creation, that they as individuals are only temporal in time, and past and future generations must be included in their perception of their purpose in life."
"people come and go but the land, and stories about the land, stay. this is a wisdom that takes lifetimes of listening, observing and experiencing...there is a deep understanding of human nature and the environment...sites hold 'feelings' which cannot be described in physical terms...subtle feelings that resonate through the bodies of these people.. it is only when talking and being with these people that these 'feelings' can truly be appreciated. this is.. the reality of these people.."
australia wide myths.
in 1926 a british anthropologist, professor alfred radcliffe-brown, noted many aboriginal groups across australia shared versions of a single myth. the myth told of a powerful, creative, dangerous snake or serpent, usually of enormous size. this serpent was linked with rainbows, rain, rivers, and deep waterholes.
radcliffe-brown used the words "rainbow serpent" to describe this common, recurring myth. he listed the different names used across australia for this "rainbow serpent":
this 'rainbow serpent', a snake of enormous size, lives in the deepest waterholes. it came from a larger being which can be seen as a dark streak in the milky way. it shows itself to people in this world as a rainbow as it moves through water and rain, shaping landscapes, naming and singing of places, swallowing and sometimes drowning people; strengthening the knowledgeable with rainmaking and healing powers; blighting others with sores, weakness, illness, and death.
even australia's 'bunyip' was identified as a 'rainbow serpent' myth of the above kind. the words used by radcliffe-brown are now commonly used by government agencies, museums, art galleries, aboriginal organisations and the media to refer to australian aboriginal myth specifically, and as a shorthand term for australian aboriginal mythology generally.
captain cook myths.
another myth found across australia is about a person who arrives from the sea. this person, usually from england, either offers gifts or brings great harm. the person is most often called 'captain cook', and portrayed as a villain.
the aboriginal myths about 'captain cook' are not oral history. they are not part of james cook's exploration of the east coast of australia in 1770. aboriginal people did meet with cook, especially during his seven-week stay on the endeavour river. the guugu yimidhirr people may remember these meetings.
the australia wide captain cook myth, however, tells of a symbolic british character who arrives from across the oceans sometime after the aboriginal world was formed and the original social order founded. this captain cook signals dramatic changes in the social order, into which present-day aborigines have been born.
in 1988 australian anthropologist kenneth maddock examined several versions of this 'captain cook' myth as recorded from a number of aboriginal groups around australia: 
"set up the people [cattle industry] to go down the countryside and shoot people down, just like animal, they left them lying there for the hawks and crows...so a lot of old people and young people were struck by the head with the end of a gun and left there. they wanted to get the people wiped out because europeans in queensland had to run their stock: horses and cattle."
examples of myths.
the murrinh-patha people live in the saltwater country inland from the town of wadeye. they describe a dreamtime in their myths which anthropologists believe is a religious belief but different from most of the world's other religious beliefs.
the murrinh-patha have a oneness of thought, belief, and expression without equal in christianity. they see all parts of their lives, thoughts and culture as being influenced by their dreaming. they do not see a difference between spiritual or material things. there is no difference between things that are sacred and things that are not. all life is 'sacred', all conduct has 'moral' results. all life's meaning comes out of this eternal, everpresent dreaming.
"the sacred is everywhere within the physical landscape. myths and mythic tracks cross over.. thousands of miles, and every particular form and feature of the terrain has a well-developed 'story' behind it."
this murrinh-patha mythology is based on a view of life that believes life is "...a joyous thing with maggots at its centre.". life is good and caring, but during life's journey, there are many painful sufferings that each person must come to understand and live through as he grows. this is the message being told within the murrinh-patha myths. it is this philosophy that gives murrinh-patha people reason and meaning in life.
the following murrinh-patha myth, for example, is performed in murrinh-patha ceremonies to initiate young men into adulthood. 
"a woman, "mutjinga" (the 'old woman'), was in charge of young children, but instead of watching out for them during their parents' absence, she swallowed them and tried to escape as a giant snake. the people followed her, spearing her and removing the undigested children from the body."
within the myth and in its performance, young children must first be swallowed by an ancestral being who changes into a giant snake. the children are then vomited up before being accepted as young adults with all the rights and benefits of young adults.
the pintupi peoples from australia's gibson desert region have a mostly 'mythic' form of understanding their identity, all events happen and are explained by the social structures and rules told of, sung about, and performed within their superhuman mythology. that is, the structures of society come from the myths, not from their own political actions, decisions or influences of local individuals. 
"the dreaming.. provides a moral authority lying outside the individual will and outside human creation.. although the dreaming as an ordering of the cosmos is presumably a product of historical events, such an origin is denied."
"current action is not understood as the result of human alliances, creations, and choices, but is seen as imposed by an embracing, cosmic order."
within this pintupi view of the world, three long geographical tracks of named places control and guide society. they are interrelated strings of important places named and created by mythic characters on their way through the pintupi desert region during the dreaming. it is a complex mythology of stories, songs and ceremonies known to the pintupi as "tingarri". it is most completely told and performed by pintupi peoples at larger gatherings within pintupi country.
steve bisciotti (born april 10, 1960 in philadelphia, pennsylvania, usa) is a baltimore businessman. in 2004, he became the majority owner of the baltimore ravens. he bought the team in 2004 from previous owner art modell. he owns a business that works with technology and computers.
the 34th g8 summit was a meeting in 2008 for the leaders of canada, the european commission, france, germany, italy, japan, russia, the united kingdom and the united states.
this meeting of the group of eight (g8) was the 34th meeting in a series which began in 1976. the g8 and the summit are part of a "consultative process and not an international organization".
the meeting took place in japan at on the northern island of hokkaidō. the international group of leaders met from july 7–9, 2008.
the participants were the "core members" of the group:
a small others were invited to join some of the discussions.
the g8 plus the five other nations were known as g8+5.
heads of international organizations.
leaders of some organizations were invited to be part of some of the discussions.
carol banawa (born march 4, 1981) is a filipino singer. her album "carol" had a hit and was certified gold. her three other albums, "carol: repackaged", "transition", and "follow your heart" was certified platinum. her album, "my music, my life" was released in 2010, under black bird records. she was also a part of star magic batch 4 alumni.
in 2011, she won in asap pop viewers choice 2011 for "pop movie themesong" after singing the official theme song of the filipino movie "till my heartaches end".
she is currently signed to asap records.
the 26th g8 summit was a meeting in 2000 for the leaders of canada, the european commission, france, germany, italy, japan, russia, the united kingdom and the united states. 
this meeting of the group of eight (g8) was the 26th meeting in a series which began in 1976. the g8 and the summit are part of a "consultative process and not an international organization". 
the meeting took place in japan at naha on the sothern island of okinawa. the international group of leaders were together from july 21-23, 2000.
the participants were the "core members" of the group:
global health first appeared as an international agenda issue at this meeting.
throw momma from the train is a 1987 american black comedy movie. it was inspired by "strangers on a train", which also plays a role in the movie. the movie's title comes from "mama from the train," written by irving gordon and sung by patti page.
it stars danny devito (who also directed), tom hanks, anne ramsey, kim greist, rob reiner, branford marsalis, and kate mulgrew, with a cameo appearance from oprah winfrey. the movie received mixed to positive reviews, but it was a commercial success. anne ramsey was singled out for praise for her portrayal of mrs. lift; she got an academy award nomination for best supporting actress.
anne ramsey (march 27, 1929 – august 11, 1988) was an american stage, television, and movie actress. she is probably most famous for her roles as mama fratelli in "the goonies" and momma in "throw momma from the train".
her somewhat slurred speech was caused in part from having had some of her tongue and her jaw removed during surgery for esophageal cancer in 1984. in 1988, her cancer came back, and she died in august at the motion picture & television country house and hospital in woodland hills, california.
golden sun () is a fantasy handheld role-playing video game series. it was developed by camelot software planning and published by nintendo. the three games in the series are "golden sun", ' and '. they were released in north american in 2001, 2003 and 2010.
the series' is based on alchemy. in the first game, young adept (means who can control alchemy) isaac and his friends travel to stop alchemy from returning to the world. but in the second book, players' task is let the alchemy return the world. 30 years later, the first two games character's children start a new adventure.
"golden sun" and "golden sun: the lost age" are both in ign's readers choice top 100 games.
the 19th g7 summit was a meeting in 1993 for the leaders of canada, the european commission, france, germany, italy, japan, the united kingdom and the united states.
the international group of leaders were together in japan from july 7-9, 1993. the meetings were held at the state guesthouse (akasaka palace) in tokyo.
the tokyo summit of the group of seven (g7) was the 19th meeting in a series which began in 1976.
two previous g7 summit was hosted by japan at tokyo (1979 and 1986).
the g8 and the summit are part of a consultation process. the g8 is not an international organization. it is an informal group.
the participants were the "core members" of the group:
this was the first international summit for prime minister campbell and for president clinton.
the g7 leaders agreed to work on common strategies for global economic growth; and they discussed
the group of leaders called for an "international agreement" to "protect forests." there is little evidence of follow-up.
the 12th g7 summit was a meeting in 1986 for the leaders of canada, the european commission, france, germany, italy, japan, the united kingdom and the united states.
the international group of leaders were together in japan from may 4-6, 1986. the meetings were held at the state guesthouse (akasaka palace) in tokyo.
the tokyo summit of the group of seven (g7) was the 12th meeting in a series which began in 1976.
a previous g7 summit was hosted by japan at tokyo in 1979)
the g8 and the summit are part of a consultation process. the g8 is not an international organization. it is an informal group.
the participants were the "core members" of the group:
the g7 leaders agreed to work together to improve policy coordination. there was a decision to establish a meeting of finance ministers.
the 5th g7 summit was a meeting in 1979 for the leaders of canada, the european commission, france, germany, italy, japan, the united kingdom and the united states.
the international group of leaders were together in japan june 28-29. the meetings were held at the state guesthouse (akasaka palace) in tokyo.
the tokyo summit of the group of seven (g7) was the 5th meeting in a series which began in 1976. 
this was the first g7 summit in japan
the g8 and the summit are part of a consultation process. the g8 is not an international organization. it is an informal group.
the participants were the "core members" of the group:
the g7 leaders agreed to cooperate in the area of energy for developing countries.
the marvelettes was an american singing group that were active from 1960 to 1972. members of the group were gladys horton, katherine anderson, wanda rogers, anne bogan, georgeanna tillman, wyanetta cowart and georgia dobbins. they are probably best known for their #1 hit, "please mr. postman". they were inducted into the vocal group hall of fame in 2004 and were inducted into the michigan rock and roll legends hall of fame in 2007.
the group has received several honors, including the vocal group hall of fame and the pioneer award from the rhythm and blues foundation. in 2005, two of the group's most successful recordings, "please mr. postman" and "don't mess with bill" earned million-selling gold singles from the riaa. in 2012, the marvelettes were nominated for 2013 induction to the rock & roll hall of fame.
other notable recordings were "playboy", "beechwood 4-5789", "danger! heartbreak dead ahead", "the hunter gets captured by the game", "when you're young and in love".
the marvelettes released 12 albums:
john ramsay, 1st lord bothwell (born about 1464, died 1513) was a scottish lord. in parliament on 24 february 1484, james iii of scotland gave him the barony (title) of bothwell. he forfeited the title on 8 october 1488 and became sir john ramsay of trarinzeane.
the dieppe raid is also known as the battle of dieppe, operation "rutter" and, later, operation jubilee. it was a second world war allied attack on the german-occupied port of dieppe. the attack took place on the northern coast of france on 19 august 1942.
the attack began at 5:00 a.m. and by 10:50 a.m. the allied commanders had to call a retreat. over 6,000 infantrymen, mostly canadian, were supported by a canadian armoured regiment. they were also helped by a strong force of royal navy and smaller royal air force group.
the goal was to capture a major port for a short period and to gather information. upon retreat, the allies also wanted to destroy coastal defences, port structures and important buildings. the raid was also intended to improve morale and demonstrate the commitment of the united kingdom to attack a western front in europe.
none of these goals were achieved. there was not enough allied artillery support. the troops were trapped on the beach by obstacles and german gunfire. after less than 10 hours since the first landings, the last allied troops had all been either killed, evacuated, or captured by the germans.
instead of showing the british commitment, the terrible number of allied deaths showed that the allies were not ready to invade france for a long time. the attack did help the allies to gather some information.
a total of 3,623 of the 6,086 men (almost 60%) who went ashore were either killed, wounded, or captured. the royal air force did not get the "luftwaffe" to start a battle. the raf lost 96 aircraft (at least 32 to being shot down or accidents), compared to 48 lost by the "luftwaffe".
the royal navy lost 33 landing craft and one destroyer. the events at dieppe affected the plans for the north african (operation "torch") and normandy landings (operation "overlord").
the british decided the dieppe attack could be planned within a month. they were very careful to keep the attack secret. no records were kept of the plans.
after the evacuation of the british expeditionary forces from dunkirk in may 1940, the british started to plan an attack force. it would use new ways of doing sea landings on beaches (amphibious warfare).
the british started planning was to see if they could capture a port. this would allow them to test out how to use ships in the attack. it would also allow them to test new equipment.
dieppe, a coastal town in france, is built along a long cliff by the english channel. in 1942, the germans set up two large artillery batteries at berneval-le-grand and varengeville. one important consideration for the british planners was that dieppe was within range of the royal air force's fighter aircraft.
there was also pressure from the soviet government to attack the germans in western europe. by early 1942, the wehrmacht's operation "barbarossa" attacks did not destroy the soviet union.
however, the germans moved into southern soviet territory, pushing toward stalingrad. joseph stalin demanded that the allies attack in france to force the germans to move 40 divisions away from the eastern front. this would make the fighting less hard for the red army.
the dieppe raid was a major attack planned by vice-admiral lord mountbatten.
the attacking force would consist of 5,000 canadians, 1,000 british troops, and 50 united states rangers.
it was originally planned in april 1942 and code named operation "rutter". the allies planned to do a major attack on a german-held port on the french coast and to hold it for two tides. they would destroy enemy buildings and defences before withdrawing.
this plan was approved in may 1942. it included british parachute units attacking german artillery batteries. the canadians would land on the beaches and attack. the parachute operation was cancelled and instead no. 3 commando and no. 4 commando would land by sea and attack the artillery batteries.
the canadian government wanted that canadian troops to do some fighting. the 2nd canadian infantry division, commanded by major general john hamilton roberts, was selected for the main force. 
the plan called for an attack, without any heavy air bombing.
the lack of enough bombing was one of the main reasons for the attack's failure. some people think that air and naval bombing was not done to limit casualties of french civilians in the port.
the dieppe landings were planned on six beaches. four were in front of the town, and two to the eastern and western sides. 
armoured support was provided by the 14th army tank regiment (the calgary regiment (tank)). 58 of the new churchill tanks would be sent ashore using the new landing craft tank (lct). in addition, three of the churchills had flame-throwers and all could operate in the shallow water near the beach.
naval and air support.
the royal navy would supply 237 ships and landing craft. however, pre-landing naval gunfire support was limited, consisting of six hunt-class destroyers with 4-inch guns. the royal air force would supply 74 squadrons of aircraft, of which 66 were fighter squadrons.
there was not much information about the beaches. there were german gun positions on the cliffs, but these had not been spotted. the planners thought that dieppe is not heavily defended and that the beaches in are suitable for landing infantry, and armored fighting vehicles.
the german forces at dieppe were ready for the attack. they were warned by french double agents that the british were planning some action in the area. they had also detected increased radio talk and landing craft being gathered together in the southern british coastal ports.
dieppe and the cliffs were well defended. the 1,500 troops were
placed along the beaches of dieppe and the nearby towns, covering all the likely landing places.
the germans had machine guns, mortars and artillery. the city and port was protected.
the "luftwaffe" forces were "jagdgeschwader 2" (jg2) and "jagdgeschwader 26" (jg26), with 200 fighters, mostly the fw 190. there were about 100 bombers from "kampfgeschwader 2" (kg2), "kampfgeschwader 45" (kg45), and "kampfgeschwader 77" (kg77), mostly dornier 217s.
the allied fleet left the south coast of england on the night of 18 august 1942. the canadians left from the port of newhaven. the fleet of eight destroyers and motor gun boats to protect the landing craft and motor launches were preceded by minesweepers that cleared paths through the english channel for them.
the initial landings began at 04:50 on 19 august. there were attacks on the two artillery batteries on the sides of the main landing area.
on their way in, the landing craft and escorts heading towards puys and berneval ran into a small german group of ships and exchanged fire at 03:48.
the goal for lieutenant colonel john durnford-slater and no. 3 commando was to do two landings east of dieppe to destroy the coastal artillery battery near berneval. the battery could fire upon the landing at dieppe to the west.
the craft carrying no. 3 commando approached the coast to the east. they were not warned of the approach of a german convoy that had been found by british "chain home" radar stations at 21:30.
german s-boats escorting a german tanker torpedoed some of the landing craft and damaged the escorting steam gun boat 5.
motor launch 346 and landing craft flak 1 fired on the german boats. the group got spread out, with some losses, and the enemy's coastal defences were alerted.
only 18 commandos got near the german artillery battery. they fired guns at the germans. although unable to destroy the artillery, it caused problems for the german artillery troops.
the commandos had to pull back because there were many enemy troops.
the goal for lieutenant colonel lord lovat and no. 4 commando (including 50 united states army rangers) was to do two landings west of dieppe. they had to destroy the coastal artillery battery "hess" at blancmesnil-sainte-marguerite. landing on the right side, they climbed the hill and attacked. they destroyed the artillery battery of six 150 mm guns. this was the only success of operation "jubilee". the commando then withdrew at 07:30 as planned.
most of no. 4 returned to england. this part of the raid was seen as a good example of how the royal marine commando should attack during landings. lord lovat was awarded the distinguished service order, and captain patrick porteous no. 4 commando, was awarded the victoria cross.
the naval battle between the small german convoy and the craft carrying no. 3 commando had made the german defenders at blue beach aware of the attack. the landing near puys by the royal regiment of canada plus three platoons from the black watch of canada and an artillery group was ordered to destroy machine gun and artillery batteries protecting the dieppe beach.
they were delayed by 20 minutes and the smoke that should have hidden their attack had lifted. the germans were ready in their defensive positions for the landings. the well-fortified german forces fired guns at the canadian forces that did land on the beach.
as soon as they reached the shore, the canadians found themselves unable to move forward. the royal regiment of canada had many deaths. of the 556 men in the regiment, 200 were killed and 264 captured.
on green beach at the same time that no. 4 commando had landed, the south saskatchewan regiment went towards pourville. they landed at 04:52 without being detected. the regiment managed to leave their landing craft before the germans could start firing their guns.
the regiment had to enter pourville to cross the river by the only bridge. before they managed to reach the bridge, the germans had put machine guns and anti-tank guns there which stopped them. with dead and wounded canadians lying on the bridge, lieutenant colonel charles cecil ingersoll merritt, the commanding officer, crossed the bridge several times. he wanted to show his soldiers that the bridge could be crossed. lieutenant colonel merritt was awarded the victoria cross.
pourville radar station.
one of the goals of the dieppe raid was to discover the technology of a german radar station.
raf flight sergeant jack nissenthall, a radar specialist, was to attempt to enter the radar station and learn its secrets. if he were about to be captured, the soldiers with him had to kill him. he knew a lot of secrets about allied radar. he also carried a cyanide pill to take if he was captured.
nissenthall and his men could not enter the radar station due to strong german defences. nissenthall did cut all telephone wires.
phoebe jane elizabeth tonkin (born 12 july 1989 in sydney, australia) is an australian actress. she is best known for portraying cleo sertori in ' and fiona maxwell in "tomorrow, when the war began". as of 2011, she portrays faye chamberlain in "the secret circle". she was nominated 2008 australian film institute awards best lead actress in television drama for '.
american football is one of many sports often played in high schools. games are not extremely high tech.
the afc north is a division in the afc conference of the national football league. teams in the division are the pittsburgh steelers, baltimore ravens, cincinnati bengals, and the cleveland browns. pittsburgh has won the super bowl six times, the most of any team in the league. baltimore has won it twice. cincinnati and cleveland have never been super bowl champions. the steelers own all three of the other teams.
anthony "tony" siragusa sr. (may 14, 1967 – june 22, 2022), nicknamed "goose", was an american football field analyst and former player. he covered the national football league for fox sports. siragusa played college football for the university of pittsburgh. 
siragusa also had a professional career as a defensive tackle. he made the indianapolis colts roster as an undrafted free agent in 1990. he signed with the baltimore ravens in 1997. in 2000, siragusa was part of a great baltimore defense that won super bowl xxxv. siragusa retired after the 2001 nfl season.
"goose" was known for his "fun and loose" personality.
siragusa was married and had three children.
on june 22, 2022, siragusa died in his sleep at his home in ortley beach, new jersey, at the age of 55.
, also called ifuri, was a old province of japan on the island of hokkaido. the history of the province started in 1869 and ended in 1882.
the boundaries of this ancient province are generally mirrored in what is today called iburi subprefecture.
after 1869, the northern japanese island was known as hokkaido. regional subdivisions were established. iburi province was one of the new entities which were created in 1869.
in the meiji period, the provinces of japan were converted into prefectures. the maps of japan including iburi province were reformed in the 1870s.
iburi and the other ten provinces of hokkaido were reorganized as hakodate prefecture, sapporo prefecture and nemuro prefecture.
ali eisner (born 13 may 1973) is a puppeteer, writer, musician and composer on/for children's television. she can currently be seen on kids' cbc as "mamma yamma" (a fry cook who lives in kensington market), on tvo kids as "jay" the blue jay, and as "banjo" on pbs's "the let's go show".
the anti-counterfeiting trade agreement (or acta) is an international treaty that wants to make it easier to fight product piracy to protect intellectual property. this includes fighting counterfeits and copyright infringement, and imposing stricter regulations on generic drugs. acta is based on an earlier agreement called trips.
japan is the only country that has ratified this. european union also has signed it but many people in europe is against the agreement because it can violate human rights especially the freedom of expression and privacy.
earnest alexander byner (born september 15, 1962) is an american football coach and former running back. he is famous for one well known mistake while playing with the cleveland browns. while playing against the denver broncos in a 1986 playoff game, byner fumbled at the denver one yard line, which led to a broncos victory. the play was called "the fumble." byner immediately became an assistant coach after his playing days were over.
a generic drug is a drug that uses the same active ingredients than another drug, which is already on the market. this second drug often uses a brand name. the german company bayer developed an analgesic based on acetylsalicylic acid in the late 19th century. it marketed the drug as "aspirin". the drug is no longer under copyright, and anyone can produce a drug with the same active substances, but they may not call that drug aspirin, because that is a trade name. very often, such drugs are marketed with the name of the main active substance, and the name of the company producing the drug. in most cases generic drugs are cheaper to buy than the branded alternatives.
super bowl xxv was the 25th super bowl played. it was between the new york giants and buffalo bills. new york beat buffalo 20-19. scott norwood's last second field goal to win for the bills went wide right. this started a four-game super bowl-losing streak for the bills. the game was played at tampa stadium.
conduit is a tube that electrical wires are run through. conduit protects the wire from damage. the most common type of conduit is called electrical metallic tubing (emt). conduit is common in commercial and industrial installations, and in garages and unfinished basements in homes. general wiring in homes is usually done with nm cable (commonly referred to by the trade name romex), not conduit. conduit is usually made of metal, but it can also be made of plastic.
víctor manuel casadesús castaño, usually just called víctor (born 28 february 1985 in palma, majorca, balearic islands), is a spanish footballer. he plays for rcd mallorca as a forward.
víctor played for spain at the 2004 uefa european under-19 football championship. he scored for spain in the 2–2 semifinal draw (which they won in a penalty shootout) over ukraine. he eventually got into the u-21s.
gpgpu refers to using a graphics processing unit to perform tasks normally done by a central processing unit.
gpus are stronger than cpus of the same price, but are normally restricted to tasks involving graphics, like playing videos and rendering graphics in video games.
lee unkrich (born august 8, 1967) is an american director, editor, and screenwriter. he was the director of "toy story 3" (2010). he also helped direct other pixar movies. these include "toy story 2", "monsters, inc." and "finding nemo". unkrich was born in cleveland, ohio.
in the bleachers is a comic that comments on, and lampoons, sports. it was created in 1985 by cartoonist steve moore. it is syndicated internationally by universal press syndicate.
the former provinces of hokkaido were created by the meiji period government of japan in 1869. they lasted only until the creation of prefectures.
in 1869, the island of hokkaidō was organized into 11 provinces. 
other than the hokkaido provinces, the majority of japan's former provinces were converted into prefectures by the meiji government between 1870 and 1876.
the hokkaidō provinces were dissolved in 1882. in that year, they were replaced with hakodate prefecture, sapporo prefecture and nemuro prefecture. 
in 1886, hakodate, sapporo and nemuro prefectures were abolished. the reform replaced with another entity called the . 
in 1947, hokkaido prefecture was established. the old provincial boundaries are mirrored in the island's subprefectures.
list of provinces.
although the 19th century provinces of hokkaidō lasted for only a short time, the subdivisions of the land of the island are very much like those which still exist.
 was in the area of the islands of kunashiri and etorofu and the kuril islands.
 was in the area of hidaka subprefecture
 was in the area of iburi subprefecture.
 was in the area of ishikari subprefecture.
 was in the area of sōya subprefecture and abashiri subprefecture.
 was in the area of kushiro subprefecture and part of abashiri subprefecture. 
 was in the area of the mainland portion of nemuro subprefecture.
 was in the area of the southern part of oshima subprefecture and hiyama subprefecture. 
 was in the area of the southern part of shiribeshi subprefecture,
 was in the area of rumoi subprefecture and the northern half of kamikawa subprefecture. 
 was in the area of tokachi subprefecture.
a urinary tract infection (uti) is an infection caused by bacteria in part of the urinary tract. in the lower urinary tract, it is simple cystitis (a bladder infection). in the upper urinary tract, it is a kidney infection. symptoms from a lower urinary tract infection include painful peeing and frequent peeing or wanting to pee (or both). symptoms of a kidney infection include fever and side and back pain. in old people and young children, the symptoms are not always so clear. the main cause for both types is the bacteria "escherichia coli." other bacteria, viruses, or fungus may be the cause in rare cases.
women get urinary tract infections more often than men. half of women have an infection at some point in their lives. it is common to have repeated infections. risk factors include sexual intercourse as well as family history. sometimes a person who had a bladder infection will get a kidney infection. kidney infection may also, but rarely, be caused by bacteria in the blood. diagnosis in young healthy women can be based on symptoms alone. sometimes, the urine needs to be tested. a person with frequent infections can take low-dose antibiotics to prevent future infections.
antibiotics are used to treat simple cases of urinary tract infections. resistance to antibiotics is increasing. people who have complicated urinary tract infections sometimes have to take antibiotics for a longer time, or might take antibiotics intravenously (through a vein). if symptoms have not improved in two or three days, the person will need further tests. in women, urinary tract infections are the most common form of bacterial infection. ten percent of women develop urinary tract infections each year.
signs and symptoms.
lower urinary tract infection is also known as a bladder infection. the most common symptoms are burning with peeing and having to pee frequently (or wanting to pee) without vaginal discharge or significant pain. these symptoms can vary from mild to severe. in healthy women, the symptoms last an average of six days. some people will have pain above the pubic bone (lower abdomen) or in the lower back. people who have an upper urinary tract infection, or pyelonephritis (a kidney infection), can have flank pain, fever (a high temperature), or nausea and vomiting. those symptoms are in addition to the normal symptoms of a lower urinary tract infection. in rare cases the urine looks bloody or contains visible pyuria (pus in the urine).
in young children, fever can be the only symptom of a urinary tract infection (uti). many medical associations recommend a urine culture for females younger than two year old or uncircumcised males who are younger than a year and have a fever. infants with uti sometimes eat poorly, vomit, sleep more, or show signs of jaundice ( a yellow coloring of the skin). older children can have new urinary incontinence (loss of bladder control).
in the elderly.
urinary tract symptoms are frequently not seen in those who are old. sometimes, the only symptoms are incontinence (loss of bladder control), a change in mental status (ability to think), or feeling tired. the first symptom for some old people is sepsis, an infection of the blood. diagnosis can be difficult because many old people are incontinent (cannot hold their pee) or have dementia (poor thinking abilities).
"e. coli" is the cause of 80–85% of urinary tract infections. "staphylococcus saprophyticus" is the cause in 5–10% of cases. in rare cases, viral or fungal infections cause urinary tract infections other bacterial causes of uti include:
these bacterial causes are not common and usually happen when the person has an abnormal urinary system or the person has a urinary catheterization (tube inserted into the bladder. urinary tract infections due to"staphylococcus aureus" usually happens after the person has had a blood infection.
sexual intercourse is the cause of 75–90% of bladder infections in young, sexually active women. the risk of infection is related to how often they have sex. with utis so frequent when women first get married, the term "honeymoon cystitis" is often used. in post-menopausal women (women who have stopped menstruating), sexual activity does not affect the risk of developing a uti. using spermicide (a gel or cream to kill sperm) increases the risk of utis.
women get more utis than men because women have a urethra that is much shorter and closer to the anus. as a woman's estrogen (a hormone) levels decrease with menopause, the risk of urinary tract infections increases due to the loss of protective vaginal flora (good bacterial that live in the vagina).
a urinary catheter is a tube that is put into the bladder to drain the urine. using a catheter increases the risk for urinary tract infections. the risk of bacteriuria (bacteria in the urine) is 3% - 6% every day the catheter is used. antibiotics do not stop these infections. the risk of an infection can be decreased by:
bladder infections are more common in some families. other risk factors include diabetes, being circumcised, and having a large prostate (a gland around the urethra in males). complicating factors are not completely clear. these factors may include some anatomic problems (relating to physical narrowing), functional, or metabolic problems. a complicated uti is more difficult to treat and usually needs more aggressive evaluation, treatment, and follow-up. in children, utis are linked to vesicoureteral reflux (an abnormal movement of urine from the bladder into ureters or kidneys) and constipation.
the bacteria that cause urinary tract infections usually go into the bladder from the uretha. it is believed these bacteria come from the bowel. females are at greater risk because they have a short urethra that is close to their anus). after entering the bladder, "e. coli" are able to stick to the bladder wall. they form a biofilm, which is a coating of microorganisms, that resists the body's immune response. however, infections can also come through the blood or lymph.
the following activities do not cause a uti or make them happen less frequently: 
people who often get utis and who use spermicide or a diaphragm for birth control should use a different type of birth control. cranberry (juice or capsules) may decrease the number of infections, but some people cannot use cranberries for long periods of time. gastrointestinal (stomach) upset occurs in more than 30% of people who regularly drink cranberry juice or take capsules. as of 2011, probiotics used intravaginally (in the vagina) require further study to determine if they are helpful.
for people who keep getting infections, taking antibiotics for a long time is helpful. drugs frequently used include nitrofurantoin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. if infections are related to sexual intercourse, some women find it useful to taking antibiotics after sex. in post-menopausal women, using topical vaginal estrogen (a hormone applied to the skin of the vaginal) has been found to reduce getting a uti. unlike topical creams, the use of vaginal estrogen from pessaries (medical devices put in the vagina is not as useful as low-dose antibiotics. a number of vaccines are being developed (as of 2011).
there is little evidence that using preventative antibiotics decreases urinary tract infections in children. it is rare for people who have no problems with their kidneys to develop kidney problems from frequent utis. having frequent urinary tract infections as a child causes less than a third of a percent (0.33%) of chronic kidney disease in adults.
in most cases, utis can be diagnosed just from the symptoms and there is no need for laboratory testing. urinalysis (testing the urine) can be used to confirm the diagnosis in complicated cases. the urine is tested for urinary nitrites, white blood cells (leukocytes), or leukocyte esterase. another test, urine microscopy, looks for red blood cells, white blood cells, or bacteria. urine culture is considered positive if it shows a bacterial colony count of greater than or equal to 103 colony-forming units per ml of a typical bacteria that causes infections of the urinary tract. cultures can also be used to test which antibiotic will work. however, women with negative cultures can still improve with antibiotic treatment. uti symptoms in old people can be vague, and diagnosis can be difficult as there is no really reliable test.
a urinary tract infection in the lower urinary tract is known as a bladder infection. a uti in the upper urinary tract is known as pyelonephritis or kidney infection. if the urine has significant bacteria, but there are no symptoms, the condition is known as asymptomatic bacteriuria.
a urinary tract infection is said to be complicated if:
otherwise if a women is a healthy and before menopause, the infection is said to be uncomplicated. when children also have a fever, the urinary tract infection is considered to be an upper urinary tract infection.
to diagnose a urinary tract infection in children, a positive urinary culture is required. contamination poses a frequent challenge so a cutoff of 105 cfu/ml is used for a "clean-catch" mid-stream sample, 104 cfu/ml is used for catheter-obtained specimens, and 102 cfu/ml is used for suprapubic aspirations (a sample drawn directly from the bladder through the stomach wall with a needle). the world health organization does not like the use of “urine bags” to collect samples because there is a high rate of contamination when that urine is cultured. catheterization is preferred if an individual is unable to use a toilet. some medical groups, such as the american academy of pediatrics, recommend renal ultrasound and voiding cystourethrogram (watching a person's urethra and urinary bladder with real time x-rays while they urinate) in all children who are younger than 2 years old and have had a urinary tract infection.other medical groups such as the national institute for clinical excellence recommend routine imaging only in babies younger than 6 months old or who have unusual findings.
in women with cervicitis (inflammation of the cervix) or vaginitis (inflammation of the vagina) and in young men with uti symptoms, a "chlamydia trachomatis" or "neisseria gonorrheae" infection may be the cause. vaginitis may also be due to a yeast infection. interstitial cystitis (chronic pain in the bladder) can be the cause for people who have uti symptoms many times, but whose urine cultures remain negative and do not improved with antibiotics. prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate) may also be considered in the differential diagnosis.
phenazopyridine can be used in addition to antibiotics to help ease the burning pain of a bladder infection. however, phenazopyridine is no longer commonly recommended due to safety concerns. it can cause methemoglobinemia, which means there is higher than normal level of methemoglobin in the blood. acetaminophen can be used for fevers.
women who keep getting simple utis can benefit from self-treatment; these women should get medical treatment medical only if the initial treatment fails. health care providers may also prescribe the antibiotics by phone.
simple infections can be diagnosed and treated based on symptoms alone. oral antibiotics such as trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (tmp/smx), cephalosporins, nitrofurantoin, or a fluoroquinolone will shorten the time to recovery. all these drugs are equally effective. a three-day treatment with trimethoprim, tmp/smx, or a fluoroquinolone is usually enough. nitrofurantoin needs 5–7 days. with treatment, symptoms should improve within 36 hours. about 50% of people will get better without treatment within a few days or weeks. the infectious diseases society of america does not recommend fluoroquinolones as first treatment because of concerns that overuse will lead to resistance to this class of drugs, making these drugs less effective for more serious infections. despite this precaution, some resistance has developed to all of these drugs because to their widespread use. in some countries, trimethoprim alone is deemed to be equivalent to tmp/smx. children with simple utis are often helped by a three-day course of antibiotics.
pyelonephritis (kidney infection) is treated more aggressively than a simple bladder infection using either a longer course of oral antibiotics or intravenous antibiotics. seven days of the oral fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin is typically used in geographic areas where the resistance rate is less than 10%. if the local resistance rates are greater than 10%, a dose of intravenous ceftriaxone often is prescribed. people with more severe symptoms are sometimes admitted a hospital for ongoing antibiotics. if symptoms do not improve following two or three days of treatment, it can mean that the urinary tract is blocked by a kidney stone.
urinary tract infections are the most frequent bacterial infection in women. they occur most frequently between the ages of 16 and 35 years. ten percent of women get an infection yearly; 60% have an infection at some point in their lives. nearly half of people get a second infection within a year. urinary tract infections occur four times more frequently in females than males. pyelonephritis (a kidney infection) occurs between 20–30 times less frequently than bladder infections. pyelonephritis is the most common cause of hospital acquired infections, accounting for approximately 40% of hospital-acquired infections. rates of asymptomatic bacteria in the urine increase with age from 2% to 7% in women of childbearing age to as high as 50% in elderly women in care homes. rates of aysmtomatic bacteria in the urine among men over 75 are 7-10%.
urinary tract infections can affect 10% of people during childhood. urinary tract infections in children are the most common in uncircumcised males younger than 3 months of age, followed by females younger than one year. estimates of frequency among children, however, vary widely. in a group of children with a fever, ranging in age between birth and 2 years, 2- 20% were diagnosed with a uti.
society and culture.
in the united states, urinary tract infections lead to nearly seven million office visits, a million emergency department visits, and 100,000 hospitalizations every year. the cost of these infections is high due to both lost time at work and costs of medical care. the direct cost of treatment is estimated at 1.6 billion usd yearly in the united states.
urinary tract infections have been described since ancient times. the first written description, found in the ebers papyrus, dates to around 1550 bc. the egyptians described a urinary tract infection as "sending forth heat from the bladder." herbs, bloodletting, and rest were the common treatments until the 1930s, when antibiotics became available. sulphonamides became available around 1935.
pregnant women with utis have a higher risk of kidney infections.during pregnancy, high progesterone (a hormone) levels decreased muscle tone of the ureters and bladder. decreased muscle tone leads to a greater likelihood of reflux, where urine flows back up the ureters and toward the kidneys. if bacteria are present, pregnant women have a 25-40% risk of a kidney infection. thus treatment is recommended if urine testing shows signs of an infection—even in the absence of symptoms. cephalexin or nitrofurantoin are typically used because those medications are generally considered safe in pregnancy. a kidney infection during pregnancy may result in premature birth or pre-eclampsia (a state of high blood pressure, kidney dysfunction, or seizures).
"thumbelina" () is a fairy tale by hans christian andersen. 
the tale was first printed by c. a. reitzel on 16 december 1835 in copenhagen, denmark. "thumbelina" is about a tiny girl. she has several adventures with a toad, a mole, a field mouse, and other creatures of field and forest. at the end, she meets and falls in love with a flower-fairy prince just her size. 
"thumbelina" was one of nine fairy tales andersen printed between 1835 and 1837 in a series of three booklets. these booklets were called "fairy tales told for children". "thumbelina" appeared in the second booklet with "the naughty boy" and "the traveling companion". the first booklet included "the tinderbox", "great claus and little claus", "the princess and the pea", and "little ida's flowers". the third booklet was printed in 1837. only two tales, "the little mermaid" and "the emperor's new clothes", appeared in the third and final booklet. 
"thumbelina" is completely andersen's invention. he did however know tales about tiny people such as "tom thumb" and the six-inch tall lilliputians in "gulliver's travels". he may have taken some inspiration from these tales. andersen's tales were not liked by the danish critics. they did not like their casual style and their lack of morals. one critic liked "thumbelina". he called it "delightful". the tale has been adapted to an animated movie and a live-action television programme.
a woman wants a baby. she asks a witch to help her. the witch gives the woman a barleycorn. she tells the woman to plant it, and wait for what will happen. the barleycorn is planted, and a flower grows. when the woman kisses the flower, it pops open to reveal tiny thumbelina. 
one night, thumbelina is asleep in her walnut-shell cradle. she is carried off by a toad who hops through an open window. the toad wants the tiny girl as a bride for her son. she puts thumbelina on a lily pad for safekeeping. thumbelina escapes the toad with the help of friendly fish and a white butterfly. she floats away on the lily pad.
she is suddenly snatched and carried away by a cockchafer (beetle). the beetle's friends are proud and arrogant. thumbelina is not of their social class. they take a dislike to her at once. the beetle drops her without a second thought, and flies away. 
thumbelina lives alone as best she can in the fields. when winter comes, she needs to find a place to live. she is finally given a home by an old field mouse. thumbelina thanks the mouse by taking care of her little house. 
the mouse thinks thumbelina should marry her neighbor, a smart and well-to-do mole. thumbelina finds the idea of being married to such a creature hateful. after all, he spends all of his days underground and never sees the sun or sky. 
the field mouse does not listen to thumbelina's protests. she continues to urge the marriage. at the last minute, thumbelina flies away with a swallow to a far, sunny land. thumbelina brought the swallow back to health during the winter. they have been friends ever since. 
the swallow carries thumbelina to a sunny land. in a field of flowers, thumbelina meets a tiny flower-fairy prince just her size and to her liking. they wed. her husband gives her a pair of wings so she can fly with him on his travels from flower to flower. she is given a new name, maia. 
in the last page of the story, the swallow has flown to a poet's window, and tells him the complete story of thumbelina.
"note:" mary howitt was the first to translate the story into english. she disliked the encounter with the witch. in her translation, she starts the tale with a beggar woman giving a peasant's wife a barleycorn in exchange for food. once the barleycorn is planted, tiny thumbelina (tommelise) emerges from its flower.
hans christian andersen was born in odense, denmark on 2 april 1805. his father was hans andersen, a shoemaker. his mother was anne marie andersdatter, a laundress. andersen was an only and a spoiled child. he shared a love of books with his father. his father read him "the arabian nights" and the fables of jean de la fontaine. together, they built panoramas, pop-up pictures, and toy theatres. father and son took long walks into the countryside.
andersen's father died in 1816. from then on, andersen was on his own. andersen was a tall, thin boy who was bullied by other boys. he wanted to escape them, and his poor, illiterate mother. he advertised his artistic talents to the middle class of odense. he sang and danced in their homes. on 4 september 1819, the fourteen-year-old andersen left odense for copenhagen with gifts of money he had received from his neighbors. he carried a letter of reference to the ballerina madame schall, and had dreams of becoming a poet, a ballet dancer, or an actor.
after three years in copenhagen without someone to support him, andersen finally found an interested gentleman in jonas collin, the director of the royal theatre. collin believed in the boy's talents. he managed to have the king send andersen to a grammar school in slagelse, a country town in west zealand. he thought andersen would continue his education at copenhagen university at the right time.
at slagelse, andersen was taught by the short, fat, balding thirty-five-year-old simon meisling. this man was interested in ancient greece and rome, and had translated virgil's "aeneid". andersen was not the brightest student in his class, and meisling gave andersen his sharp disapproval. "you're a stupid boy who will never make it," meisling told him. meisling is believed to be the model for the learned mole in "thumbelina".
fairy tale and folklore researchers iona and peter opie believe that "thumbelina" is a "distant tribute" to andersen's friend, henriette wulff, the small, delicate, handicapped daughter of the danish translator of shakespeare. she loved andersen as thumbelina loves the swallow; however, there is no written evidence to support the "distant tribute" theory.
“thumbelina” is completely andersen’s invention. he knew other tales of little people such as the old english fairy tale of "tom thumb" and jonathan swift’s "gulliver's travels" with its tiny, six-inch lilliputians. he may have found inspiration in these tales for "thumbelina". he knew voltaire‘s short story, “micromégas“ (with its cast of huge and tiny peoples), and e. t. a. hoffmann’s hallucinatory, erotic tale "meister floh". in hoffmann's tale, a tiny lady torments the hero. a tiny girl also appears in andersen‘s prose fantasy, "a journey on foot from holmen's canal to the east point of amager" (1828). another image from literature similar to andersen’s tiny being inside a flower is found in e. t. a. hoffmann’s "princess brambilla” (1821).
first printing and critical reception.
andersen printed two booklets of "fairy tales told for children" in 1835. the first booklet was printed in may, and the second in december. "thumbelina" was first printed in the december booklet by c. a. reitzel on 16 december 1835 in copenhagen. "thumbelina" was the first tale in the booklet. the booklet included two other tales: "the naughty boy" and "the traveling companion". "thumbelina" was printed again in collections of andersen's works in 1850 and 1862. 
the second booklet of "fairy tales told for children" featured "the tinderbox", "great claus and little claus", "the princess and the pea", and "little ida's flowers". the third booklet, printed in 1837, included "the little mermaid" and "the emperor's new clothes".
the first reviews of the seven tales of 1835 did not appear until 1836. the danish critics did not like them. they thought the informal, chatty style of the tales and their lack of morals were not appropriate for children’s stories. one critic however thought that "thumbelina" was “the most delightful fairy tale you could wish for.”
the critics did not believe andersen should write other fairy tales. one journal never mentioned the first seven tales at all. another advised andersen not to waste his time writing fairy tales. one critic stated that andersen "lacked the usual form of that kind of poetry [...] and would not study models". andersen felt he was working against their ideas of what a fairy tale should be. he returned to writing novels, believing that this was his true calling. the critical reaction to the 1835 tales was so rough that andersen waited a year before printing "the little mermaid" and "the emperor's new clothes". these two tales appeared in the third and final booklet of "fairy tales told for children" in 1837.
mary howitt was the first to translate "tommelise" into english. she printed it in 1846 as "thumbelina" in "wonderful stories for children". however, she did not approve of the opening scene with the witch. instead, she had the childless woman provide bread and milk to a hungry beggar woman. the childless woman was then rewarded with a barleycorn.
charles boner also translated the tale in 1846 as "little ellie". madame de chatelain called the tiny child 'little totty' in her 1852 translation. the editor of "the child's own book" (1853) called the child throughout, 'little maja'. h. w. dulcken's widely printed volumes of andersen's tales appeared in 1864 and 1866. mrs. h. b. paulli translated the name as 'little tiny' in the late-nineteenth century.
in the twentieth century, erik christian haugaard translated the name as 'inchelina' in 1974. jeffrey and diane crone frank translated the name as 'thumbelisa' in 2005. modern english translations of "thumbelina" are found in the six-volume complete edition of andersen's tales from the 1940s by jean hersholt. erik christian haugaard’s translation of the complete tales was published in 1974.
fairy tale and folklore researchers iona and peter opie have written that "thumbelina" is an adventure story from the female point of view. they believe the story teaches the reader that people are happiest with their own kind. thumbelina is a passive character and the victim of circumstances, they point out. her male counterpart tom thumb (one of the tale’s inspirations) is an active character. he makes himself felt, and exerts himself.
folklorist maria tatar sees “thumbelina” as a runaway bride story. she notes that it has been viewed as an allegory about arranged marriages. she points out that "thumbelina" is a fable about being true to one’s heart. "thumbelina" upholds the notion that the love of a prince is to be valued above all else. 
tatar points out that in hindu belief, a thumb-sized being known as the innermost self or soul dwells in the heart of all beings, human or animal. this concept may have absorbed by european folklore, then taken form as tom thumb and thumbelina. both characters seek transfiguration and redemption. she sees parallels between andersen’s tale and the greek myth of demeter and her daughter, persephone. despite the pagan references in the tale, she notes that "thumbelina" refers to christ‘s suffering and resurrection, and the christian concept of salvation.
andersen biographer jackie wullschlager writes that “thumbelina” was the first of andersen's tales to dramatize the sufferings and hardships of one who is different. as a result of being different, thumbelina becomes the object of mockery. it was also the first of andersen's tales to use the swallow as the symbol of the poetic soul. andersen identified with the swallow as a migratory bird whose pattern of life his own traveling days were beginning to resemble.
roger sale believes andersen's feelings of social and sexual inferiority were expressed in the tale by creating characters that are inferior to their beloveds. the little mermaid, for example, has no soul while her human beloved has a soul as his birthright. in “thumbelina”, andersen suggests the toad, the beetle, and the mole are thumbelina’s inferiors. they should remain in their places rather than wanting their superior. sale indicates they are not inferior to thumbelina but simply "different". he suggests that andersen may have done some damage to the animal world when he colored his animal characters with his own feelings of inferiority.
jacqueline banerjee views the tale as a story about failure. “not surprisingly,“ she writes, “”thumbelina“ is now often read as a story of specifically female empowerment.“ susie stephens believes thumbelina herself is a grotesque. she observes that “the grotesque in children’s literature is [...] a necessary and beneficial component that enhances the psychological welfare of the young reader“. children are attracted to the cathartic qualities of the grotesque, she suggests. 
sidney rosenblatt in his essay, "thumbelina and the development of female sexuality" believes the tale may be analyzed from the perspective of freudian psychosexual development. he believes the story is one of female masturbation. thumbelina herself, he posits, could symbolize the clitoris, her rose petal coverlet the labia, the white butterfly "the budding genitals", and the mole and the prince the anal and vaginal openings respectively.
"thumbelina" has been adapted to different media. the earliest animated version of the tale is a silent, black-and-white release by director herbert m. dawley in 1924. lotte reiniger released a 10-minute movie adaptation in 1954 featuring her "silhouette" puppets.
don bluth's full-length animated movie, "thumblina" may be one of the best known versions. the story was also adapted to the live-action television program, "faerie tale theatre". this production starred carrie fisher. the direct-to-dvd animated movie, "barbie presents thumbelina" was released in 2009. russia and japan have also released animated productions.
michael "mike" mcglone (born 10 august 1972) is an american actor, singer, songwriter, and comedian. he is best known as the geico insurance spokesperson.
"puss in boots" is a fairy tale. it was written/recorded by charles perrault. the story is the classic "animal as helper" tale. it is about a cat who uses tricks and lies to gain power, money, and a princess in marriage for his lowborn master. the story first appeared in a handwritten manuscript in 1695 with four other tales by perrault. it was published in paris in 1697 by claude barbin in "histoires ou contes du temps passé" (), a collection of eight fairy tales by perrault. the book was a great success. 
a tale from gianfrancesco straparola's "le piacevoli notti" () (1550-55) and another from giambattista basile's "pentamerone" (1634) are similar to "puss in boots". straparola's story was published in france in 1560. it may have influenced perrault. "pentamerone" was not published in france during perrault's lifetime. it is not likely he knew basile's tale. 
a miller dies. he leaves a cat to his youngest son. the cat requests a pair of boots. he tells the boy he will make his fortune. the cat makes friends with the king by bringing him wild game in the name of his master. one day, the king rescues the boy from drowning. he dresses him in clothes from his own wardrobe. the king's daughter falls in love with the handsome boy at once. the cat takes possession of a castle for his master by killing an ogre. the boy marries the king's daughter.
golden sun is a game boy advance handheld role-playing video game. it was developed by camelot and published in 2001 by nintendo. it's the first of the "golden sun" series. in japan, it's named ōgon no taiyō hirakareshi fūin (, meaning "golden sun: the broken seal"). in 2003, the second of the series named "" was released. the game's "djinn" setting is unusual.
the game's story take place on a magic world named "weyard". it's an alchemy world, and alchemy can be controlled by adepts. long long ago, alchemy was sealed, but one day some young adepts let it return to weyard. to keep world safety, they have to travel to let alchemy be sealed again.
ign's craig harris said "golden sun" "is the best game in all 2d-based japanese rpg".
stories or tales from past times () is a collection of eight fairy tales by charles perrault. it was published in paris in 1697 by claude barbin. the collection is also known as "mother goose's tales" (). the eight tales are "the sleeping beauty in the wood", "little red riding hood", "bluebeard", "puss in boots", "diamonds and toads", "cinderella", "rickey with the tuft", and "hop o' my thumb". later editions included three verse tales by perrault: "griselda", "the silly wishes", and "donkeyskin". the stories have been translated into many languages. they have been published around the world.
"bluebeard" () is a fairy tale by charles perrault. it first appeared in a handwritten and illustrated manuscript in 1695 titled "contes de ma mère l'oye" (). the deluxe volume was intended for mademoiselle, the 19-year-old niece of louis xiv. it included four other tales by perrault. "bluebeard" was first published anonymously in january 1697 in paris by claude barbin in "histoires ou contes du temps passé" (), a collection of eight fairy tales by perrault. the tale is about a cruel man who murders his wives so that he will inherit their wealth. he puts their corpses in a secret room opened only by a magic key.
jacque barchilon believes the tale is original with perrault because there are no close antecedants. the taboo of the forbidden room is found in eastern literature, and barchilon writes that the tale has an "oriental character". he points out that the french associated beards with turkish fashions, and early illustrations depict bluebeard wearing a turban-like headdress.
medieval murderer of children gilles de rais may have been the inspiration for the character of bluebeard. de rais was a marshal of france and joan of arc's military companion. his victims (mostly young boys) were said to number 140. the breton king comorre the cursed (c.500 ad) is another candidate. tales similar to "bluebeard" include "the fitcher's bird" by the brothers grimm and the english tale "mr. fox".
a rich man has a blue beard which frightens young women. he has been married several times but no one knows what has happened to his wives. he woos two young sisters in the neighborhood but neither are inclined to consider marriage. he treats them to a lavish time in his country house. the younger sister decides to marry him. shortly after the wedding (and before he travels to a far land on business), bluebeard gives his wife the keys to his house. one key opens a door to a distant room. he forbids her to enter this room. he leaves and his wife opens the door to the forbidden room. here she finds bluebeard's former wives, all dead and lying on a floor covered with blood. she drops the key. it is magic and becomes stained with blood that cannot be washed away. bluebeard returns. he discovers the blood-stained key and knows his wife has disobeyed his order. he tells her she will take her place among the dead. he grants her a few minutes to pray. she calls her sister anne and asks her to go to the top of the tower to see if her brothers are on the road. after several tense moments, anne reports seeing the men approaching. bluebeard raises a cutlass to decapitate his wife. her brothers burst into the room. they kill bluebeard. their sister is safe.
all that heaven allows is a 1955 romantic drama movie. it stars jane wyman and rock hudson. douglas sirk directed. it is based on a story by edna l. lee and harry lee. the movie was produced by ross hunter, and released by universal pictures. it was chosen for preservation in the united states national film registry.
cary scott is a rich widow. her social life is dull. it centers on her two adult children, her country club friends, and a couple of men with romantic hopes. she falls in love with young landscape designer ron kirby. he is her social inferior. he proposes and she says yes. her children and friends disapprove. because of this, cary ends the relationship with ron. cary returns to her lonely life. she sees other women getting engaged and living lives of happiness. she finds the courage to defy social norms and commits to loving ron.
bosley crowther did not like the movie. he wrote, "the script was obviously written to bring [wyman] and mr. hudson, who made a popular twosome in the "magnificent obsession", together again. solid and sensible drama plainly had to give way to outright emotional bulldozing and a paving of easy clichés."
imitation of life is a 1959 american romantic drama movie. it stars lana turner, john gavin, juanita moore, susan kohner, and sandra dee. douglas sirk directed. the movie is based on a book by fannie hurst. it was produced by ross hunter and released by universal pictures. the movie tells the story of two women and their daughters over the years.
madame x is a movie from 1966 starring lana turner, constance bennett, john forsythe, ricardo montalbán, burgess meredith, and keir dullea. it was directed by david lowell rich and produced by ross hunter.
holly parker marries a rich and ambitious politician named clayton anderson (forsythe). he is often travelling. holly steps out now and then with phil (montalbán). she breaks the relationship off, but phil refuses to be dismissed. he dies while arguing with her.
holly's mother-in-law (bennett) realizes the scandal will destroy her son's political goals. she tells holly to disappear forever by staging a fake drowning. she does so, and flees to europe.
the years pass. holly drinks heavily and pals around with dan (meredith). they return to america. holly discovers dan plans to blackmail her husband. she kills him. she refuses to reveal her identity to the police, and signs a confession with the letter "x".
the court assigns her an attorney who happens to be her son clayton jr. (dullea). the trial is nerve wracking for holly. weary and ill, she dies in jail without revealing that she is her attorney's mother.
louis vuitton is a french fashion house formed in 1854 by louis vuitton. it sells shoes, watches, jewellery, accessories, sunglasses and books. it sells its products in boutiques. the products are still made by hand. in 1867, the company participated in the universal exhibition in paris. to protect the duplication of his look, he changed the trianon design to a beige and brown in 1876. the company opened its first store in london, england on oxford street. in 1959 he created purses, bags and wallets. in 1977, the company had an annual income of 70 million francs.
shapley 1 (also known as "sp 1" or "pln 329+2.1") is a planetary nebula in the constellation of norma. the nebula was discovered by the astronomer harlow shapley in 1936 and it is about 1,000 lightyears away from earth.
pus is a fluid that is created as a result of certain inflammations in vertebrates. in vertebrates, white blood cells fight the inflammation. neutrophils destroy the agents that cause the infection, for example bacteria, macrophages engulf and neutralise these agents. pus is made of dead neutrophils and macrophages, mostly. in most cases, pus is the result of bacterial infection, but it can also result from other conditions, such as psoriasis.
leptin is a hormone made by cells in fat tissue that reduces hunger. that helps the energy balance in the body. 
leptin is opposed by the actions of the hormone ghrelin, the "hunger hormone". both hormones act on receptors in the hypothalamus. they adjust appetite to get energy homeostasis. 
in obesity, a decreased sensitivity to leptin comes up. this leads to a feeling of hunger, despite high energy stores.
although regulation of fat stores is the primary function of leptin, it also plays a role in other physiological processes. these additional functions are still being studied.
leptin was recently discovered in 1994 by jeffrey m. friedman and colleagues at rockefeller university. its discovery is important in the study of obesity which has become a problem in western society. the importance of leptin was discovered through experiments done on mice in a laboratory. scientists found that mice who had more leptin in their bodies were thinner and didn't need to eat as much. leptin levels can be increased by reducing stress and having quality or restful sleep.
pollyanna (1960) is a walt disney productions movie. it stars child actress hayley mills and jane wyman. the movie is based on the 1913 children's novel "pollyanna" by eleanor porter. david swift wrote the screenplay and directed the movie. "pollyanna" is the first of six movies mills made for disney. she won an academy juvenile award for her performance as pollyanna.
pollyanna is an orphan. she arrives in the town of harrington to live with her rich aunt polly. the girl is a happy youngster who believes in the goodness of life. she makes many friends. aunt polly controls the town because she is the richest citizen. the people of harrington want an old orphanage rebuilt. aunt polly opposes the idea. the people defy aunt polly and plan a bazaar to raise funds for a new building. aunt polly is furious. she forbids pollyanna to participate. on the evening of the bazaar however, pollyanna slips away and has a wonderful time. she returns home. she tries to avoid her aunt by climbing a tree outside her bedroom window. she falls and injures her legs. her cheerful spirits sink, making recovery doubtful. the people of harrington learn of pollyanna's accident. they visit her and assure her that she is loved. pollyanna's spirits return to their usual cheerfulness. she leaves for baltimore with aunt polly to have an operation on her legs.
tropaeolum is a genus of roughly 80 species of annual and perennial herbaceous flowering plants and the only genus in the family tropaeolaceae. the genus "tropaeolum" is native in central america and south america. the roots of the specie t. polyphyllum from chile can survive underground when air temperatures drop as low as -15°c (5°f).
yun hyu (korean:윤휴, 尹鑴, october 14, 1617–may 20, 1680) was a neo-confucian scholar, politician, and soldier during the korean joseon dynasty. his other names were baegho (백호, 白湖) and haheon (하헌, 夏軒). his chinese style names were du'goe (두괴, 斗魁) and huijung (희중, 希仲). he was a middle-ranking member of the north man party.
the sleeping beauty is a ballet in a prologue and three acts. marius petipa and ivan vsevolozhsky wrote the story of the ballet. it was based on charles perrault's 1697 fairy tale "the sleeping beauty in the wood". tchaikovsky wrote the music. marius petipa designed the dances. "the sleeping beauty" was first presented at the mariinsky theatre in st. petersburg, russia, on 15 january 1890. carlotta brianza danced the princess and pavel gerdt the prince, with marie petipa as the lilac fairy and enrico cecchetti as carabosse. it was first presented in europe in a shortened version by the ballets russes in london on 2 november 1921. catherine littlefield designed the first complete "sleeping beauty" in the united states, and presented the production on 12 february 1937 at the academy of music, philadelphia, with the philadelphia ballet.
about ten years after tchaikovsky's "swan lake" was presented for the first time, tchaikovsky was asked to write a ballet for the mariinsky theatre in st. petersburg. the ballet would be based on charles perrault's fairy tale "the sleeping beauty in the wood". tchaikovsky was very happy this story had been chosen. it was set in the age of louis xiv. he would have the chance to write music in the baroque style.
petipa gave tchaikovsky very special directions about tempi, meter, and other musical matters. he even specified the length of particular pieces in exact numbers of bars. he asked for a waltz in act 1, a mazurka in act 2, and a polonaise in act 3. the ballet is tied together (and its drama and suspense heightened) through the repeated use of the two musical themes representing good and evil, personified by the lilac fairy and carabosse respectively. petipa's specifications stimulated tchaikovsky's imagination, rather than hindered it as one might expect.
tchaikovsky's interest in setting the tale reaches back to 1867. it was then that he wrote a little ballet on the story for the children of his sister alexandra davydova. he had done the same for "swan lake". in november 1888, he had a conference with theater officials and petipa. a draft of the scenario was drawn up. petipa provided tchaikovsky with a detailed analysis of the musical requirements. the composer set to work, and finished the score on 1 september 1889.
a brief overture contrasts the themes of the malicious carabosse and the benevolent lilac fairy. when the curtain rises, the court assembles for princess aurora's christening. six fairies present their gifts. carabosse, a fairy overlooked by the master of ceremonies, enters. she curses aurora. the princess shall die on her 16th birthday, she says, after pricking her finger on the spindle of a spinning wheel. the remaining seventh fairy the lilac fairy comes forward. she cannot put the curse to rest, but she can soften it. the princess shall not die, she commands, but sleep one hundred years. at the end of that term, a prince will awaken her with true love's kiss.
sixteen years after the christening of princess aurora, the court assembles in the palace gardens to celebrate aurora's birthday. villagers dance a waltz. aurora dances an adagio with four noble suitors. carabosse enters unnoticed and slips aurora a spindle. the princess pricks her finger on the spindle. she falls to the ground, sound asleep. the princess is carried into the palace by the noble suitors. the lilac fairy puts the entire court to sleep, then causes a dense forest of trees and thorns to surround the castle.
"scene 1." "the prince's hunt. a woodland glade with a river in the background." the stage is empty. hunting horns are heard. prince desire, his tutor galifron, and his friends enter. they have paused in the hunt to take refreshments. several dances are performed by various ladies of the court. the hunt is resumed. the prince is tired so chooses to remain alone in the forest. here, he meets the lilac fairy who emerges from a boat of mother of pearl on the river. she has chosen him as the prince to awaken princess aurora, and presents various visions of the princess to him. he quickly falls in love with her from the visions and begs the lilac fairy to lead him to her. the lilac fairy guides him through the forest until they reach the enchanted castle where aurora rests.
"scene 2." "sleeping beauty's castle." the sleeping beauty lies on a canopied bed. the king and queen sleep in armchairs nearby. the courtiers and pages sleep standing up and leaning upon one another. dust and cobwebs cover everything. the lilac fairy and the prince enter. he tries to rouse the princess and the court, but without success. the lilac fairy stands aside without interfering. the prince kisses the princess. she awakens. the dust and cobwebs disappear. the court awakens. the king grants the marriage of the prince and princess.
"the wedding of prince désiré and princess aurora on the esplanade of king florestan's palace."
the court assembles to celebrate the marriage of prince désiré and princess aurora. the king and queen make their entrances with the newlyweds. the festivities begin with a series of "divertissements". the diamond, gold, silver, and sapphire fairies dance. several fairy tale characters dance: puss in boots and the white cat; the bluebird and princess florine; little red riding hood and the wolf; cinderella and prince fortuné; and finally hop o' my thumb with his brothers and the ogre. the prince and princess dance a "pas de deux". roman, persian, indian, american, and turkish characters dance a sarabande. the act ends with a "tableau vivant" representing the glory of the fairies. this "tableau" was changed to represent the glory of apollo.
in archaeology, geography, and history, a human settlement is a place where people live, either permanently (all the time) or temporarily (only some of the time). when people go to an area to live there, it is called settling an area. when they come from far away it is sometimes called a colony. the term may include hamlets, suburbs, towns and cities. nomadic people do not settle. 
microtia meaning 'small ear' is a deformation of the outer ear. over 90% of the time, only one ear is affected, but both ears can be affected. more boys are affected than girls. the right ear is more affected than the left. one in 1000 people have microtia. it can affect hearing. there are four grades of microtia:
grade iii is most common, and can be corrected by surgery.
 was a old province of japan on the island of hokkaido. the history of the province started in 1869 and ended in 1882.
the boundaries of this ancient province are generally mirrored in what is today called ishikari subprefecture.
after 1869, the northern japanese island was known as hokkaido. regional subdivisions were established. ishikari province was one of the new entities which were created in 1869.
in the meiji period, the provinces of japan were converted into prefectures. the maps of japan including ishikari province were reformed in the 1870s.
in 1882, ishikari and the other ten provinces of hokkaido were reorganized as hakodate prefecture, sapporo prefecture and nemuro prefecture.
 was a old province of japan on the island of hokkaido. the history of the province started in 1869 and ended in 1882.
the boundaries of this ancient province are generally mirrored in what are today called sōya subprefecture and abashiri subprefecture.
after 1869, the northern japanese island was known as hokkaido. regional subdivisions were established. kitami province was one of the new entities which were created in 1869.
in the meiji period, the provinces of japan were converted into prefectures. the maps of japan including kitami province were reformed in the 1870s.
in 1882, kitami and the other ten provinces of hokkaido were reorganized as hakodate prefecture, sapporo prefecture and nemuro prefecture.
 was a old province of japan on the island of hokkaido. the history of the province started in 1869 and ended in 1882.
the boundaries of this ancient province are generally mirrored in what are today called kushiro subprefecture and part of abashiri subprefecture.
after 1869, the northern japanese island was known as hokkaido. regional subdivisions were established. kushiro province was one of the new entities which were created in 1869.
in the meiji period, the provinces of japan were converted into prefectures. the maps of japan including kushiro province were reformed in the 1870s.
in 1882, kushiro and the other ten provinces of hokkaido were reorganized as hakodate prefecture, sapporo prefecture and nemuro prefecture.
the name albert ii refers to :
 was a old province of japan on the island of hokkaido. the history of the province started in 1869 and ended in 1882.
the boundaries of this ancient province are generally mirrored in what is today called nemuro subprefecture.
after 1869, the northern japanese island was known as hokkaido. regional subdivisions were established. nemuro province was one of the new entities which were created in 1869.
in the meiji period, the provinces of japan were converted into prefectures. the maps of japan including nemuro province were reformed in the 1870s.
in 1882, nemuro and the other ten provinces of hokkaido were reorganized as hakodate prefecture, sapporo prefecture and nemuro prefecture.
queen letizia of spain ("letizia ortiz rocasolano", born 15 september 1972), is the wife of felipe vi of spain, former prince of asturias, the heir apparent to the spanish throne. before her marriage to the prince, she worked as a journalist for several mass media companies. these included the austrian newspaper "la nueva españa", "abc" and efe. she also presented the news on television. in 2000, she received the larra prize for her work as the best journalist under 30 years of age. 
in 1998, she married alfonso guerrero. the next year they divorced. later she met the prince felipe at a dinner party. they married on may 22, 2004. their daughter leonor was born in october 2005. she is the second in the line of succession for the spanish crown. sofía, her second daughter, was born in april 2007. 
since her second wedding, she has had the title of princess of asturias. she accompanies her husband on official travel wherever she can. she very much likes fashion. people and the press are always noticing what she is wearing.
following the abdication of her father-in-law in june 2014, her husband succeeded to the spanish throne as felipe vi with letizia as his queen. 
giovanni francesco "gianfrancesco" straparola, also known as zoan or zuan francesco straparola da caravaggio (c. 1480 – c. 1557) was a writer from caravaggio, italy. his principal work is "le piacevoli notti", a collection of 75 stories. modelled on decamerone, it has participants of a 13-night party in the island of murano, near venice, tell each other stories that vary from the bawdy to the fantastic.
among the tales are:
 was a old province of japan on the island of hokkaido. the history of the province started in 1869 and ended in 1882.
the boundaries of this ancient province are generally mirrored in what are today called oshima subprefecture and hiyama subprefecture.
after 1869, the northern japanese island was known as hokkaido. regional subdivisions were established. oshima province was one of the new entities which were created in 1869.
in the meiji period, the provinces of japan were converted into prefectures. the maps of japan including oshima province were reformed in the 1870s.
in 1882, oshima and the other ten provinces of hokkaido were reorganized as hakodate prefecture, sapporo prefecture and nemuro prefecture.
"diamonds and toads" () is a fairy tale by charles perrault. it first appeared in a handwritten and illustrated manuscript in 1695 called "contes de ma mêre l'oye" (). the volume was intended for the king's niece, and included four other tales by perrault. it was first published in paris in 1697 by claude barbin in "histoires ou contes du temps passé" (), a collection of eight prose fairy tales by perrault. "le doie pizzelle" () is a similar tale in giambattista basile's "pentamerone" (1550-53). other versions of perrault's tale exist, including one collected in hesse by the brothers grimm. iona and peter opie write, "the theme of this tale is one of the most popular in the world, that of the proud and the privileged being brought low, and the meek and down-trodden being raised above them." christopher betts believes the tale was intended for a young audience, "old enough to appreciate that the unkind sister is 'rude' ... but not enough to object to the scarcely disguised nannyish advice."
a widow has two daughters. the elder is ugly, selfish and rude. the younger is beautiful, kind and polite. the younger is sent to fetch water from a spring. an old woman dressed in rags (a fairy in disguise) asks for a drink of water. the girl politely gives her one. in thanks, the fairy causes diamonds and roses to drop from the girl's mouth whenever she speaks. at home, her mother is amazed. she sends her elder daughter to the spring. the girl meets a grandly-dressed lady (the fairy) who asks for a drink of water. the girl responds rudely. the fairy causes snakes and toads to drop from her mouth. at home, her mother is furious. she blames the younger sister. the girl runs into the woods. she meets a prince who falls in love and marries her. the elder sister dies after running away from home. a rhyming moral tells the reader that politeness and gentle words are worth more than jewels. they may bring unexpected rewards.
illustrations of the tale by laura vlentine fr "aunt louisa's nursery favorite" (1870).
 was a old province of japan on the island of hokkaido. the history of the province started in 1869 and ended in 1882.
the boundaries of this ancient province are generally mirrored in what are today called shiribeshi subprefecture and the northern part of hiyama subprefecture.
after 1869, the northern japanese island was known as hokkaido. regional subdivisions were established. shiribeshi province was one of the new entities which were created in 1869.
in the meiji period, the provinces of japan were converted into prefectures. the maps of japan including shiribeshi province were reformed in the 1870s.
in 1882, shiribeshi and the other ten provinces of hokkaido were reorganized as hakodate prefecture, sapporo prefecture and nemuro prefecture.
about schmidt is a 2002 american comedy-drama movie set in nebraska and colorado. it was directed by alexander payne and starred jack nicholson.
 was a old province of japan on the island of hokkaido. the history of the province started in 1869 and ended in 1882.
the boundaries of this ancient province are generally mirrored in what is today called rumoi subprefecture and the northern half of kamikawa subprefecture.
after 1869, the northern japanese island was known as hokkaido. regional subdivisions were established. teshio province was one of the new entities which were created in 1869.
in the meiji period, the provinces of japan were converted into prefectures. the maps of japan including teshio province were reformed in the 1870s.
in 1882, teshio and the other ten provinces of hokkaido were reorganized as hakodate prefecture, sapporo prefecture and nemuro prefecture.
"hop o' my thumb" (french: le petit poucet) is a fairy tale by charles perrault. it was first published in 1697 in paris by claude barbin in "histoires ou contes du temps passé" (stories or tales of past times), a collection of eight fairy tales by perrault. the story tells of several brothers abandoned by their parents. the smallest brother is the same size as a person's thumb. he saves his brothers from an ogre. perrault's rhyming moral at the end of the story tells readers that sometimes the smallest boy in the family brings good things to all.
 was a old province of japan on the island of hokkaido. the history of the province started in 1869 and ended in 1882.
the boundaries of this ancient province are generally mirrored in what is today called tokachi subprefecture.
after 1869, the northern japanese island was known as hokkaido. regional subdivisions were established. tokachi province was one of the new entities which were created in 1869.
in the meiji period, the provinces of japan were converted into prefectures. the maps of japan including tokachi province were reformed in the 1870s.
in 1882, tokachi and the other ten provinces of hokkaido were reorganized as hakodate prefecture, sapporo prefecture and nemuro prefecture.
"grenade" is a song by the singer and songwriter bruno mars. it was released in september 2010. critical reception was mostly positive. the song reached #1 in many countries. "grenade" is a heartbreak single about masochism during love relationships.
sleeping beauty (1959) is an american-french animated movie produced by walt disney productions and released to movie theaters by buena vista distribution. it is based on the 1697 fairy tale "the sleeping beauty in the wood" by charles perrault. the movie was directed by les clark, eric larson, and wolfgang reitherman, under the supervision of clyde geronimi. additional story work was provided by joe rinaldi, winston hibler, bill peet, ted sears, ralph wright, and milt banta.
the movie's musical score and songs are arrangements or adaptations of material from the 1890 "sleeping beauty" ballet by pyotr ilyich tchaikovsky. buena vista distribution released the movie to theaters on november 11, 1959. it was the first animated movie to be photographed in the technirama widescreen process. the movie was presented in super technirama 70 and 6-channel stereophonic sound in first-run engagements.
the movie generated mixed reviews from critics. they thought the movie was slow-paced and lacked character development. "sleeping beauty" earned approximately $7.7 million in box office rentals. its production costs totaled $6 million, making it the most expensive disney movie to that date. the high production costs of the movie resulted in the company posting its first annual loss in a decade for fiscal year 1960, and many animators were laid off.
"cupid's chokehold" is a song by the rap group gym class heroes. it was released twice. the first time was in 2005. the second time was in 2007. the single became a hit song around 2007. it contains samples of the song "breakfast in america" by the group supertramp. patrick stump sings on it. the song reached #4 on us record charts. it reached #3 in the united kingdom and canada.
emily erin deschanel (born october 11, 1976) is an american actress, movie producer and television producer. she is best known for her role as the main character in the television series "bones".
deschanel was born in los angeles, california. she is of french, swiss, dutch, irish and english ancestry. she is the elder daughter of caleb deschanel and mary jo deschanel (nee weir). her sister is actress zooey deschanel.
deschanel married david hornsby in 2010. the couple's son was born in 2011.
gilles de rais (1405 ?–26 october 1440) was a marshal of france, joan of arc's comrade in arms, and a murderer. he was the son of guy de laval/rais and marie de craon. he became rich when a relative died. he was made a marshal of france in 1429. he spent much of his money putting on a play that he wrote. he dabbled in alchemy. his criminal career began in 1434. in 1440, he was arrested, tried, and hanged. de rais may have killed 140 people. most of his victims were young boys. he may have been the inspiration for the 1697 fairy tale "bluebeard" by charles perrault.
"ligeia" is a short story by edgar allan poe. it was first published in "the american museum" in 1838. it was revised and reprinted many times during poe's lifetime.
the story tells of an unnamed narrator's beautiful wife ligeia. she composes the poem "the conqueror worm" before dying. the narrator then marries the lady rowena. she shortly sickens and dies. the narrator stays with her body overnight. she comes back from the dead as ligeia.
criticism was positive. charles eames of "the new world" wrote, "the force and boldness of the conception and the high artistic skill, with which the writer's purpose is wrought out, are equally admirable." thomas dunn english wrote in october 1845 that "ligeia" was "the most extraordinary, of its kind, of his productions".
in 1964, director roger corman adapted the story to a movie, "the tomb of ligeia", starring vincent price.
"the facts in the case of m. valdemar" is a short story by edgar allan poe. it was first published in 1845. the tale tells of a dying, mesmerized man whose body disintegrates once the trance is lifted. poe was inspired to write the tale after reading a description of an operation performed upon a mesmerized patient. the tale has a great deal of gore, leading to the speculation that poe had studied medical texts. "valdemar" has been adapted to the movies and to radio drama.
the narrator mesmerizes an ill friend, m. valdemar. valdemar reports first that he is dying and then that he is dead. the narrator leaves him in a mesmeric state for seven months. during this time valdemar is without pulse, heartbeat, or breath. his skin is cold and pale. finally, the narrator tries to wake him. valdemar's swollen black tongue begs to be returned to sleep or to be fully wakened. he shouts "dead! dead!" repeatedly. the narrator takes valdemar out of the trance and his body immediately disintegrates into a "nearly liquid mass of loathsome—of detestable putrescence."
poe was inspired to write "valdemar" after reading a letter about an operation on a mesmerized patient. the tale was published in december 1845 in two different new york journals. one used the title "the facts in m. valdemar's case". in england, the tale was published first as "mesmerism in articulo mortis" and later as "the last days of m. valdemar".
poe employs detailed descriptions and high levels of gore in "valdemar". he may have studied medical texts. valdemar's eyes at one point leak a "profuse outflowing of a yellowish ichor", for example. the tale's imagery is summed up in the final lines: "...his whole frame at once — within the space of a single minute, or even less, shrunk—crumbled—absolutely rotted away beneath my hands. upon the bed, before that whole company, there lay a nearly liquid mass of loathsome—of detestable putrescence." the disgusting imagery probably inspired later fiction including that of h. p. lovecraft. those final lines make up one of the most powerfully effective moments in poe's work, incorporating shock, disgust, and uneasiness into one moment. this ending shows that attempts to appropriate power over death will have hideous results and, therefore, ultimately will be unsuccessful.
movie adaptations include a segment in roger corman's "tales of terror" (1962) and george a. romero's "two evil eyes" (1990). "edgar allan poe's valdemar" (2000) was a dramatic adaptation for national public radio.
the is a time in the history of japan which is traditionally dated 300 bc to 300 ad.
early evidence of yayoi culture is found on the island of kyūshū. over time, it spread to the island of honshū.
iron and bronze were first used in japan at about the same time. iron was used for tools and weapons. bronze was used for ritual objects such as mirrors, daggers and spears.
the yayoi tools included as axes and hoes for agriculture etc., but also weapons such as arrowheads and swords.
the yayoi people (弥生人 "yayoi jin") were ancient people that migrated to the japanese archipelago from southeastern china during the yayoi period (300 bce–300 ce). modern japanese people are direct descedants of the yayoi and have about 97% yayoi dna.
the yayoi and the modern japanese people are closely related to other east asian (or mongoloid) people, such as chinese or vietnamese people. they belonged to the haplogroup o and spoke the proto-japonic languages. most scientists and linguists suggest that they originated somewhere in southeastern china and migrated from their into japan.
pepin the hunchback (, , c. 767 - 811) was a prince of frankish empire. he was the first son of charlemagne and grandson of pepin the short.
party of five is an american drama television series. it was broadcast on the fox network from september 12, 1994 until may 3, 2000. the series is set in san francisco, california. it was well liked by the critics but the series had very low ratings. the network wanted to stop broadcasting it after the 1994-1995 season but chose not to do this. the main stars of the series included jennifer love hewitt, scott wolf, matthew fox, lacey chabert, david collins, paula devicq, scott grimes, michael a. goorjian, jeremy london and neve campbell. the series was given a "best drama" golden globe award in 1996.
the atelopus ignescens is a species of toad. it is often known as the jambato toad or the quito stubfoot toad. they belong to the family bufonidae. they live in ecuador. they were thought to be extinct until some were discovered in 2016. their habitat is subtropical or tropical high-altitude. it was believed to be the closest relative of the carrikeri harlequin frog.
the yunnan lake newt ("cynops wolterstorffi") was a species of newts. it was part of the family salamandridae. it was also known as wolterstorff's newt. it used to live in china.
william shakespeare (bapt. 26 april 1564 – 23 april 1616) was an english playwright, poet, and actor. he wrote 39 plays (with about half of them considered comedies) and two long poems in his lifetime. he lived in stratford-upon-avon, in warwickshire, england. his plays are still performed today. he is often quoted in modern writing.
shakespeare wrote his works between about 1590 and 1613. his plays are among the best known in english literature and are studied in schools around the world. along with writing, shakespeare also acted in the chamberlain's men acting company, starting in 1594.
shakespeare wrote plays of different kinds, or genres. there are histories, tragedies and comedies. shakespeare was the first person ever to write a tragicomedy. (a tragicomedy is a play that mixes comedy and tragedy, with a happy ending.)
shakespeare's plays are written in poetic language. many of the plays are set in strange, distant places and times. the stories are often exciting, very funny (in the comedies), or very sad (in the tragedies). these stories make people want to know what will happen to the characters. the plays talk about things that are still important today, like love, sadness, hope, pride, hatred, jealousy, and foolishness.
shakespeare added new words and phrases to the english language. he created over 1,700 english words. he also made some words more popular. 
shakespeare was born in stratford-upon-avon. his date of birth is believed to be 23 april, though the exact date is unknown. he was the third of eight children. shakespeare was probably educated at the king's new school in stratford. latin was popular in grammar schools during the elizabethan era, so shakespeare learned latin very intensively. 
when shakespeare was 18, he married anne hathaway, a 26-year-old woman. their wedding was rushed because anne was already pregnant. they had three children: susanna (who married john hall); hamnet (who died at the age of 11 from unknown causes); and judith (who married thomas quiney). by 1592, shakespeare had become an actor and was becoming well known as a writer of plays. 
at the time of his death in 1616, only some of shakespeare’s plays had been published in single editions. his plays were collected and published in 1623, seven years after he died. there is proof that people in shakespeare's time thought highly of him. after his death, even his rival ben jonson said:
shakespeare was involved in the building of the globe theatre in 1599. (it burned down a few years later.) his plays are still performed at a new globe theatre, built in 1997 near the original.
marriage and sexuality.
although shakespeare was married to a woman and fathered three children, people have questioned his sexuality. some people, such as peter holland of the shakespeare institute at birmingham university, have pointed out that shakespeare directed some of his sonnets towards young men. they say this is evidence that he may have been bisexual.
who wrote "shakespeare"?
about 150 years after his death, some writers suggested that shakespeare did not actually write all of the works that are called his. they had various reasons for saying this. for example, the person who wrote "shakespeare’s works" knew a lot about other countries (especially italy and france), but william shakespeare never left england. several other writers of "shakespeare" have been suggested, such as francis bacon, christopher marlowe, and edward de vere, 17th earl of oxford. however, most scholars believe that william shakespeare did write the works that bear his name.
a palaestra was a building in ancient greece. it is the place where wrestling was taught and practiced. it consisted of a large square or rectangular courtyard. this courtyard was open to the sky. it was surrounded by colonnades. off these colonnades were dressing rooms, lecture rooms, bath rooms, and rooms for storing equipment. wrestlers practiced under the colonnades in all weathers. 
palaestras were often near gymnasiums. they were sometimes a part of gymnasium complexes. most cities in the greek world had a palaestra. large cities may have had several. some palaestras were privately owned. most were built with taxes. the palaestra was very much a part of the everyday lives of greek men and boys. some men felt as much affection for the palaestra they grew up in as modern men feel for their "alma mater". some men were buried in their favorite palaestra.
what was a palaestra?
a palaestra was a building in ancient greece where wrestling was taught and practiced. the word "palaestra" is based on the greek word "pale", which means wrestling. from the sixth century bc through the end of the roman imperial age, palaestras were built throughout greece. the earliest ones were privately owned, but by the fifth century bc public ones were being built. almost every greek city had at least one palaestra and some large cities had several. 
palaestras were often located near or were attached to gymnasiums. the gymnasium probably first appeared in the sixth century bc. both were often referred to simply as "the gymnasium". greek historian, biographer, and essayist plutarch writes that a palaestra was used solely for wrestling and the "pankration", a sport similar to but much rougher than wrestling. boxing was taught and practiced in the gymnasium. retired athletes owned and operated small palaestras. greek males of all ages joined palaestras. elderly (old) men sometimes had their own palaestras.
design of the palaestra.
vitruvius was a roman architect who lived in the age of augustus. he made a plan for the perfect palaestra in his book "on architecture". this palaestra is similar to the one at olympia, greece, the site of the ancient olympic games. vitruvius' palaestra has a large courtyard open to the sky. this courtyard is surrounded by roofed colonnades.
the yard would have been filled with "skammata"pits where wrestlers and pankratiasts would have practiced. a "skamma" ("dug-up part") was an area where the soil had been turned over and covered with a thick layer of sand to provide a firm foundation for the wrestlers. because wrestlers may have had to compete in rainy weather, there were two "skamma" in the palaestra: a dry one and a wet one. wrestlers called the mud in the wet "skamma" "beeswax". 
the wrestlers themselves turned over the soil and sand with a pick axe. this was considered a meaningful exercise and the pick axe became a symbol for wrestling in greek art. it is likely the wet "skamma" was located under the colonnades to prevent evaporation. greek physicians thought a mixture of mud and oil had curative powers and a mixture of mud and oil was often used in the pits.
vitruvius describes single colonnades on three sides of the yard and a double colonnade on the north side. this double colonnade would protect the room behind it from sun and rain. the palaestra was a place for training the body and the mind. this room was the "ephebeion". it was here that young men ("ephebes") would receive instruction on greek culture. stone benches would have been set into the walls. 
to the right of the "ephebeion" vitruvius would have had three rooms: the punching bag room, the dust and powder room, and a room for bathing. to the left of the "ephebeion" would be a room for storing oil, and a group of rooms for a furnace and hot baths. hot baths were a roman necessity and were not found at olympia however. this may have been because of the scarcity of water at olympia. the baths at olympia were simple but those at delphi were large and elaborate.
vitruvius does not mention the undressing room ("apodyterion") but there certainly would have been at least one in every palaestra. "pale" and "pankration" were both practiced in the nude. vitruvius does not mention a ball room ("sphairisterion") either, which some palaestra had. it is not known if this room was used for ball games, storage, or exercise.
on rainy days, wrestling was taught and practiced beneath the two to four roofed colonnades that lined the yard. just off these colonnades were dressing rooms, rooms for bathing, storage rooms, and rooms for lectures and meeting friends. these rooms were often used for homosexual or pederastic trysts. 
hermes enagonios ("hermes of the contest") presided over the palaestra. he was depicted on a rectangular piece of marble as a head and an erect penis. hermes was the god of wrestling and sometimes said to be the father of palaestra, the goddess of wrestling. in greek art, a herm often indicates the scene is a palaestra. statues of apollo and herakles also stood in a palaestra.
life in the palaestra.
wrestling was a highly esteemed sport in ancient greece. it was less rough than boxing or the pankration, required less space than other sports, and, as a result, was the most popular sport among athletes. references to the sport are frequent in the literature of ancient greece, especially poetry.
males of all ages joined palaestras, just as modern men and boys join the ymca, gyms, or health clubs. greek men developed an affection for the gymnasiums and the palaestras where they grew up, and some were buried in their favorite gymnasium or palaestra. these buildings could be a center for politics: the plot to free thebes from sparta was formed in a palaestra and a revolt against macedon found its supporters in the gymnasiums and palaestras of argos. 
some people were not allowed in the palaestra. these included the "paidogogos"older slaves or grandfathers who led young boys to the palaestra and waited for them near the front door. others not allowed in the palaestra included girls and women, cripples, alcoholics, craftsmen, vendors (salesmen), slaves or freed slaves, the insane, and openly lewd homosexuals. death was not unknown in the palaestra. one wrestler fell on a hard surface and died ten days later from chest injuries.
every palaestra had a number of handsome young men called "prosgymnastes". they waited around offering to wrestle others for a fee. these young men were known casually as "statues". wrestling one was known as "hugging a statue". these young men were not held in high esteem.
in a place where men, young men, and boys were nude, homosexual interaction was common. the authorities tried unsuccessfully to curb it. greek vase paintings of males in the palaestra show teens goosing each other or older males offering love gifts such as hares to teens. in "lysis", the athenian philosopher sokrates is pulled into a palaestra by a group of teenagers. they tell him that one of their number is in love with another. most greek males considered a homosexual relationship a positive palaestra experience. archaeologist stephen miller writes that eros was worshipped as much as hermes and herakles in the palaestra.
the black-tailed rattlesnake ("crotalus molossus") is a species of venomous pit vipers, found in southwestern united states of america and mexico. there are currently three subspecies recognized.
most black-tailed rattlesnakes grow to the length of . they can be as long as . females are said to be larger than males.
the black-tailed rattlesnake is olive green, yellow, brown, or black in color. they are called the "black-tailed rattlesnake" because of their tail which is the color of black. like other rattlesnakes the black-tailed rattlesnake has a rattle on the end of its tail, but its rattle is weak and can be broken. they can shed their skin several times a year.
the black-tailed rattlesnake is also called the "green rattler", the "dog-faced rattlesnake", and the "mountain diamondback".
where they live.
the black-tailed rattlesnake is found in southwestern united states of america and mexico. in the u.s.a it is found in arizona, new mexico, and west and central texas, in mexico it is found in oaxaca. it is also found on islands of the gulf of california, like san estèban island and tiburòn island.
in the spring and fall the black-tailed rattlesnake are diurnal, in the summer they are nocturnal so they can avoid the heat, and in the winter they hibernate in other animals dens. even though they are okay climbers and good swimmers they are terrestrial. they live in grasslands, deserts, mountain areas, and forests.
like all rattlesnakes they are carnivores and eat rodents, other small mammals, birds, and small reptiles.
the black-tailed rattlesnakes mate in the spring, once they have mated the male stays with the female to stop other males from mating with her. it is in the summer that the female gives birth to her young, the young stay with their mother for around a day or two before leaving by their selves. a female usually mates every year and has 10-12 young at a time. they live for around 15–20 years.
young men's christian association (or the ymca or the y) is an organization headquartered in geneva, switzerland. it was originally meant to put christian principles into practice. it was founded in 1844 in london, england, united kingdom. at first, the organization provided beds and shelter to young men leaving the countryside for work in the cities. it promotes muscular christianity.
basketball was invented in an american ymca. 
the similar young women's christian association or ywca was founded in 1870.
antisocial personality disorder (aspd) is a personality disorder. a person with aspd fails to conform with socially accepted behavior. people with this disorder often disregard social norms or the rights of other people. people with extreme antisocial personality disorder are sometimes nicknamed sociopaths or psychopaths but those words aren’t really scientific nomenclature. 
the aspd pattern begin in childhood or adolescence and continues into adulthood. people with aspd have no conscience or sense of morality, although the large majority know right from wrong. those with aspd often commit crimes. they can also be impulsive, aggressive, reckless, and destructive. about three percent of men and one percent of women have aspd.
according to the latest version of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (the dsm-v), a person has aspd if they fit the following requirements:
the causinae, commonly known as the "night adders", are a subfamily of venomous vipers found in sub-saharan africa. the family is monotypic, since it only has the genus "causus". there are six species.
the night adders can grow to around 60 to 90 centimeters (24 to 36 in) long. they are usually dark gray, light gray, light brown, or black in color with gray or black blotches.
even though they are called the night adders, they are usually active at day, but some are active at night. when they are attacked or disturbed, they usually coil up and start hissing at their enemy to scare it off. some may raise their head and neck off the ground, and with their tongue sticking out, move froward like a the cobra does. 
they eat mainly toads and frogs, but there are reports of some night adders eating almost everything they can find until they are completely unable to swallow any more food.
all night adders are oviparous, which means they lay eggs. this is unusual for most vipers, because most vipers are viviparous, they give live birth. they lay around two dozen eggs at a time. these eggs take around four months to hatch, when they hatch the hatchlings are 4-5 inches (10-12.5 cm) long. 
the night adders have very big venom glands, which are around 10 centimeters long. but even though the venom glands are big, the adders don't always use their venom on their prey. the venom would kill the prey fast enough, but they usually seize their prey and swallow it.
when someone is bitten by a night adder, the venom does not spread around the body, and only causes swelling in the place of the bite. there have been no reports of deaths by night adder venom.
the common night adder is a species of venomous vipers found in sub-saharan africa. 
the common night adder can grow up to around 60 centimeters (24 in) long, making it the longest species of the genus "causus". the longest ever recorded was a male found in eastern zimbabwe which was 93 centimeters (around 37 in) long. they are usually olive green, brown, or grayish-brown in color with black rhombic-shaped blotches, but not all have blotches on them.
the common night adder is also called the "rhombic night adder", the "demon night adder", the "cape viper", and the "african night adder".
where they live.
the common night adder is found in the savannas of sub-saharan africa, from nigeria, east to sudan, ethiopia, somalia and kenya, south to tanzania, uganda, rwanda, burundi, democratic republic of congo, angola, zambia, malawi, zimbabwe, northern botswana, mozambique, swaziland, and eastern south africa.
the common night adder is a fairly fast species of snake; it can move at the speed of 3.3 km per hour. they are usually found on the ground, but they can climb trees and can swim. they are mainly nocturnal, but some have been seen basking in the early morning or late afternoon. when disturbed they coil up, inflate their body (which makes the black blotches on them stand out), and start hissing loudly.
common night adders are oviparous, meaning that they lay eggs, while other vipers are usually viviparous, meaning that they give live birth. females lay around two dozen eggs at a time, which take around four months to hatch. once hatched, the young are 10 to 12.5 cm long and eat small frogs and toads.
their diet is made up of mainly frogs and toads, and sometimes small mammals like mice and rats.
polystyrene is a form of chemical compound that is mainly used for a wide variety of packaging. it is an aromatic polymer made from the monomer styrene, a liquid hydrocarbon that is manufactured from petroleum by the chemical industry. polystyrene is one of the most widely used plastics, the scale being several billion kilograms per year.
polystyrene can be in either a thermoset or a thermoplastic form.
allometry is the study of the relationship of body size to shape. in particular, it refers to the rate of growth of one part of the body compared to other parts. 
in most cases, the relative size of body parts changes as the body grows. most allometric relationships are adaptive. for example, organs which depend on their surface area (such as the intestine) grow faster as the body weight increases.
also, there are changes in allometry as a clade evolves. allometry is an important way to describe changes in gross morphology (body shape) during evolution. changes in time of development in an evolutionary series or clade are very common. the trend is known as heterochrony.
allometry was first outlined by otto snell in 1892, d'arcy thompson in 1917, and julian huxley in 1932. the relationship between two measured quantities is often expressed as a power law:
or in a logarithmic form: 
where formula_3 is the scaling exponent of the law.
on being the right size.
j.b.s. haldane's 1926 essay "on being the right size" gives an overview of the way size interacts with body structure. haldane's thesis is that sheer size very often defines what bodily equipment an animal must have:
many of his examples are based on the square-cube law. if an animal's length is doubled, its surface area will be squared and its weight cubed. this alone causes allometric changes in any evolutionary lineage where successive species get larger or smaller. there are many such lineages.
, also known by her married name as , is a japanese amateur athlete, coach, university professor and sports administrator. she is best known as a gymnast who competed in the 1956 summer olympics, in the 1960 summer olympics, and in the 1964 summer olympics.
she won a gold medal on the balance beam at the 1954 world gymnastics championships. she is the only japanese woman to win a gold medal in this international competition.
abhinav bindra (born september 28, 1982, in dehradun) is an indian amateur athlete and businessman. he is best known as the current world and olympic champion in the 10 m air rifle event.
at the beijing olympic games, he became the first indian to win an individual olympic gold medal.
he was born in punjab. he became interested in shooting a gun as a sport when he was in school in chandigarh
lake mackay (pintupi: "wilkinkarra") is a large salt lake in central australia. it stretches across the border between western australia and the northern territory. all around it is desert. the great sandy desert is to the northwest, the tanami desert is to the northeast, and the gibson desert is to the south. there are hundreds of salt lakes along this border area, and lake mackay is the largest. it has a surface area of , and is about long from east to west and north to south. it is the second-largest lake in australia.
the lake was named after the first european to visit it, donald george mackay. the lake is most often dry, because of quick evaporation. salt and other minerals float on the surface.
lake mackay is a central place in dreamtime stories for several aboriginal groups, especially the pintupi. the lake forms the centre of the pintupi ancestral lands. many sacred paths and tracks come together at the shores of the lake. according to mythology, the lake was formed after a fierce bushfire that ruined the land around it.
papunya is a small community in central australia. it is about northwest of alice springs in the northern territory. the people who live there are aboriginal people who were forced off their traditional country during the 1930s and 1940s. they are mainly from pintupi- and luritja-speaking groups. in the 2006 census, papunya had a population of 299. the town is now on private aboriginal land. people visiting or travelling through need a permit.
during the late 1950s, a lutheran mission was set up at papunya. in the 1970s, many of the people living here moved back to their homelands as part of the outstation movement. the pintupi moved back west, closer to their homeland around lake mackay. they set up the town of kintore in 1981, about west of papunya. during this time, local painters were slowly forming a new style of art. by the mid-1980s, it became internationally known as papunya tula.
william thomas stead (5 july 1849 – 15 april 1912) was a british writer and journalist. he was a pioneer of investigative journalism, and one of the most controversial figures in british journalism during the victorian era.
his death occurred during the sinking of rms titanic.
kintore (pintupi: "waḻungurru"; ) is a remote town in the northern territory of australia. it is about west of alice springs and close to the border with western australia. almost all the people who live there are aboriginal, and most are pintupi.
kintore was founded in 1981. many pintupi people who lived in the community of papunya (to the east) decided to move back to their own country. they had been forced to leave these lands decades before because of weapons testing at woomera in south australia. kintore is a major centre for the western desert art movement, which began at papunya during the 1970s. the paintings made here are visual descriptions of dreamtime stories. they have gained fame around the world. a number of members of the aboriginal art school papunya tula live at kintore.
thomas daniel "tim" conway (december 15, 1933 – may 14, 2019) was an american stand-up comedian, actor, director, writer, singer, voice artist, and comedian. he has worked in sitcoms, comedy sketches, and in movies. conway is best known for "mchale's navy" as ensign charles parker. to younger viewers, conway is known for barnacle boy in "spongebob squarepants".
conway was born thomas daniel conway in willoughby, ohio on december 15, 1933. his mother was romanian. he was raised in chagrin falls, ohio.
conway went to bowling green state university.
conway was married twice: his first marriage was to mary anne dalton in 1961.
conway and dalton had six children. one of them is radio host tim conway, jr.. conway and dalton divorced in 1978. conway's second marriage was in 1984 to charlene fusco. conway and ernest borgnine were good friends until borgnine's death in 2012.
conway died on may 14, 2019, at the age of 85 from complications of normal pressure hydrocephalus.
this is a complete list of all cities and towns in bulgaria sorted by population. province capitals are shown in bold.
this is a list of cities and towns in burkina faso.
this is a list of cities in cambodia.
cillian murphy (born 25 may 1976) is an irish movie and theatre actor. murphy is known for his roles in christopher nolan movies such as scarecrow in "the dark knight trilogy" (2005–2012). he also appeared in "inception" and "dunkirk". he also plays tommy shelby in the bbc drama television series "peaky blinders". he was nominated for a golden globe award in 2005 for his role as patrick/patricia "kitty" braden in "breakfast on pluto".
murphy was born on 25 may 1976 in douglas, county cork, ireland. he was raised in ballintemple, a suburb of cork. his father, brendan murphy, worked for the irish department of education. his mother is a french teacher. he went to university college cork.
murphy started his career as a rock musician. after he turned down a record deal, he started his acting career in a play in disco pigs in 1996. he went on to star in a british and irish movie and stage production in the late 1990s and early 2000s. his first worldwide role was in 2003 as the hero in the horror movie "28 days later".
murphy's best-known roles were villains in two blockbusters: scarecrow in the superhero movie "batman begins", and as jackson rippner in the thriller movie "red eye". he also played the scarecrow in the next two batman movies: "the dark knight" and "the dark knight rises". he played the orphan teen in the 2005's "breakfast on pluto". for that role, he was nominated for a golden globe award. he played a 1920s irish revolutionary in "the wind that shakes the barley".
he has also played the main protagonist, thomas shelby, in the bbc drama "peaky blinders".
murphy lived in london, england from 2001 until 2015 when he moved to dublin, ireland. he often works in or near a city. he has no thoughts of moving to hollywood. he doesn't feel right with the celebrity circuit. he often gives interviews about his movies. he does not give information about his private life. he didn't appear on tv interviews until 2010. he won an irish film & television award in 2007. he won a drama desk award in 2012.
murphy married yvonne mcguinness in 2004. they have two sons; malachy (b. 2005) and carrick (b. 2007). he currently lives in monkstown, dublin, ireland.
hurricane charlie was the deadliest storm in 1951. it was the second hurricane of the year in the atlantic hurricane season. this hurricane hit jamaica with winds around category 3 levels, strengthened to category 4 at 135 miles an hour and then struck mexican yucatán peninsula. the storm made its last landfall in the tampico area of mexico. over 250 people died, half of whom near the tampico region. this hurricane was tampico's worst tropical cyclone since 1936.
edward thomas "tom" hardy, cbe, (born 15 september 1977) is an english movie, television, stage, voice actor and screenwriter. he is known for his roles in ', "rocknrolla", "bronson", "inception", "tinker tailor soldier spy", "this means war", and the television series '.
for his work in that series, he earned a nomination for a bafta award for best actor. he also played freddie jackson in martina cole's "the take". that was a television movie based on cole's novel of the same name. he played bane in christopher nolan's 2012 movie "the dark knight rises". hardy also played max rockatansky in "" and as venom in the 2018 movie "venom".
hardy appeared as farrier in the 2017 nolan movie "dunkirk". he created, co-produced, and took the lead in the eight-part historical fiction series "taboo" (2017) on bbc one and fx.
hardy was born on september 15, 1977 in hammersmith, london, england. he is an only child. his parents were anne (née barrett) and edward "chips" hardy. he was raised in east sheen, london. hardy went to reed's school, tower house school, and the drama centre london.
hardy married sarah ward in 1999. they divorced in 2004. he has a son with ex-girlfriend rachael speed, louis thomas hardy (born 8 april 2008). hardy proposed to actress charlotte riley, after a year of dating. they were married in 2014.
he was appointed commander of the order of the british empire (cbe) in the 2018 birthday honours for services to drama.
the ebers papyrus (c. 1550 bc) is an ancient egyptian medical treatise. it covers both practical and magical advice. there are over 700 different drugs described in the papyrus. some are useful such as opium for pain. other things in the papyrus can seem ridiculous. an example of that is tapping a person on the head with a fish if they have a migraine. aside from covering a large number of treatments, the papyrus also has information on a broad range of ailments from intestinal complaints and eye problems to depression or other mental disorders.
marion cotillard (born september 30, 1975) is a french stage and movie actress, and singer.
she made her career well known by roles in such movies as in "la vie en rose", "my sex life...or how i got into an argument", "taxi", "furia", "jeux d'enfants" and "a very long engagement". she has also appeared in movies like "big fish", "a good year", "public enemies", "nine", "inception", "midnight in paris", "contagion", "the dark knight rises" and "rust and bone".
in 2007, cotillard starred as a french singer in édith piaf in "la vie en rose". for that role she won the academy award, the bafta award, the césar award, and the golden globe award for best actress. she made movie history by becoming the first person to win an academy award for a french language performance. in 2010 she received a golden globe nomination for her performance in the musical "nine".
early life and family.
cotillard was born in paris, france on september 30, 1975 to jean claude-cotillard who is an actor, former mime, and a molière award-winning director. cotillard's mother monique (known as niseema) theillaud, is also an actress and a drama teacher. she has two younger twin brothers, quentin and guillaume. guillaume is a screenwriter and director. she began acting during her childhood, appearing on stage for her father's plays.
cotillard currently lives with her partner guillaume canet. many reports say the couple prefers to live a simple lifestyle, and they are often spotted in cafes and shopping together in paris. neither of the two discusses their relationship with the media, although photos of the couple regularly surface in the european tabloids. on may 20, 2011, the couple had their first child called marcel.
cotillard has dubbed several films and documentaries in france and in the u.s., and also dubbed in french all of her roles in english-language films.
matthew avery modine (born march 22, 1959) is an american actor, activist, director, producer, writer and cinematographer. 
his movie roles include private joker in stanley kubrick's "full metal jacket", the title character in alan parker's "birdy", high school wrestler louden swain in "vision quest", football star turned spy alec mccall in "funcky monkey" and the oversexed sullivan groff in "weeds". he appeared in christopher nolan's "the dark knight rises" as officer peter foley. he also played dr. martin brenner in netflix's "stranger things".
he unsuccessfully ran for national president of the sag-aftra two times in 2019 and in 2021.
modine was born on march 22, 1959 in loma linda, california. he is the son of dolores (née warner), a bookkeeper, and mark alexander modine, who managed a drive-in theater. he was educated at brigham young university. he was raised in salt lake city, utah.
modine is married to caridad rivera since 1980 and have two children. his daughter, ruby modine, is an actress and dancer.
omar suleiman (, 2 july 1936-19 july 2012) was an egyptian general, diplomat, and politician. he was the spy intelligence chief from 1993 to 2011 while hosni mubarak was president of egypt. in january 2011 suleiman was appointed vice-president by mubarak. he served until they left in early february 2011. in 2012, suleiman wanted to be president but was disqualified from running. he was not seen in public since mubarak's regime ended. on 19 july 2012, suleiman died in cleveland, ohio, u.s. from heart attack while undergoing medical trials.
a dacquoise is a dessert cake. it is made with layers of almond and hazelnut meringue and whipped cream or buttercream. the name comes from the french word "", meaning "of dax". (dax is a town in southwestern france.) it is usually served chilled with fruit. one form of dacquoise is "marjolaine". "marjolaine" is long and rectangular and combines almond and hazelnut meringue layers with chocolate buttercream.
a classic "dacquoise" is made of two layers of a meringue filled with an egg-yolk-based buttercream. often, the layers are of a meringue "japonais". (meringue "japonais" means there are ground nuts added.) the nuts can be blanched almonds or hazelnuts. while this "dacquoise" is based on layers of meringue "japonais", it is held together with a mix of sour cream and milk and dark chocolates.
stapleton is a village and civil parish in city of carlisle, cumbria, england. in 2001 there were 221 people living in stapleton. it has a church called st mary.
parton is a village and civil parish in copeland, cumbria, england. in 2001 there were 924 people living in parton.
bewcastle is a village and civil parish in city of carlisle, cumbria, england. in 2001 there were 411 people living in bewcastle.
burtholme is a village and civil parish in city of carlisle, cumbria, england. in 2001 there were 184 people living in burtholme.
castle carrock is a village and civil parish in city of carlisle, cumbria, england. in 2001 there were 303 people living in castle carrock.
cumrew is a village and civil parish in city of carlisle, cumbria, england. in 2001 there were 85 people living in cumrew. it has a church called st mary.
cumwhitton is a village and civil parish in city of carlisle, cumbria, england. in 2001 there were 293 people living in cumwhitton.
farlam is a village and civil parish in city of carlisle, cumbria, england. in 2001 there were 590 people living in farlam.
irthington is a village and civil parish in city of carlisle, cumbria, england. in 2001 there were 712 people living in irthington.
midgeholme is a village and civil parish in city of carlisle, cumbria, england. in 2001 there were 67 people living in midgeholme. there is also midgeholme colliery in midgeholme.
upper denton is a village and civil parish in city of carlisle, cumbria, england. in 2001 there were 92 people living in upper denton. it has a church.
westlinton is a village and civil parish in city of carlisle, cumbria, england. in 2001, there were 359 people living in westlinton.
 is a japanese athlete. she is best known as a women's field hockey player who competed in the 2004 summer olympics and in three summer olympic games. 
komazawa was born in osaka. as a schoolgirl, she became interested in field hockey. at tenri university, she played on the school's field hockey team. 
the arjuna awards were established by the government of india in 1961. the honour recognizes "outstanding achievement in sports and games". the award includes a cash prize. the arjuna awards recognise the achievements of the country’s sportsmen.
the symbol of the award is a small bronze statue of arjuna with his bow.
the indian government confers arjuna award on selected athletes who take part in olympic games, asian games, commonwealth games, world cup championships and sports for the physically challenged.
renault 12 toros is a modernized version of renault 12 in turkey. it was designed in 1989, and released in the second half of the year. the name "toros" comes from the taurus mountains in turkey. renault 12 toros had high traction so it used for many years. it was used as the official vehicle for many years by the turkish national police and turkish gendarmerie. its production stopped in 2000 because its emissions polluted too much for the european union's emission norms.
karnam malleswari (born june 1, 1975) is an indian athlete. she is best known as a weightlifter who won a bronze medal in the 2000 summer olympics at sydney. she became the first indian woman to stand on an olympic victor's podium, and she was the only indian to win a medal in the 2000 olympic games.
in 1992, malleswari was the first indian woman to win a world title in any sport.
onuk sazan was the first supercar and second sports car made in turkey. it was developed by onuk company (a military and civilian speedboat producer in turkey) and renault. onuk sazan was designed by demir sümer, gökhan akış, eralp noyan and jan nahum. its name was inspired by the dr. ekber onuk's deceased son's nickname, sazan ("carp"). only 5 of these cars are made each year. its price is €200000.
rajyavardhan singh rathore (born january 29, 1970) jaisalmer, rajasthan is an indian athlete. he is best known for shooting in the 2004 summer olympics in athens.
in the 2004 games, rathore finished second in the men's double-trap shooting event. he was the first indian to win an individual silver medal.
sir bradley marc wiggins, cbe (born 28 april 1980) is a british cyclist. he was born in ghent, belgium. he grew up in kilburn and maida vale, london. his mother linda is english; his father was australian cyclist gary wiggins (1952-2008). 
wiggins won a bronze medal at the 2000 summer olympics, a gold medal, silver medal and bronze medal at the 2004 summer olympics, two gold medals at the 2008 summer olympics and a gold medal at the 2012 summer olympics. he won the 2012 tour de france.
david william kelly (july 11, 1929 – february 12, 2012) was an irish actor. he acted in several movies and television shows from the 1950s until his death in 2012. kelly is known in ireland as rashers tierney in "strumpet city".
in britain, he is known as cousin edna in "me mammy" and as the builder mr. o'reilly in "fawlty towers". in the united states, kelly is known as grandpa joe in tim burton's "charlie and the chocolate factory". he is also known as michael o'sullivan in "waking ned".
kelly was born on july 11, 1929 in dublin, ireland. he went to the abbey school of acting. kelly was married to laurie morton from 1961 until his death in 2012. they had two children; david kelly, jr. and miriam kelly. kelly died on february 12, 2012, his cause of death was pneumonia complicated by lung cancer in dublin, ireland. he was 82 years old. kelly was buried at the mount jerome cemetery & crematorium.
jonathan frid (john herbert frid; december 2, 1924 – april 14, 2012) was a canadian stage, radio, voice, television, and movie actor. he was best known for playing the role of vampire barnabas collins on the gothic american television show "dark shadows". 
frid was born on december 2, 1924 in hamilton, ontario, canada. he had scottish, english, german, and danish ancestry. he learned how to become an actor in ontario, new york city, and london. frid was not married. 
frid died in the early hours of april 14, 2012 at the juravinski hospital in hamilton, ontario, canada. he died from complications of pneumonia due to a fall he had several days before, he was 87 years old. frid had a nephew david howitt, who confirmed his death.
 is a japanese athlete. he is best known as an equestrian rider who participated in three summer olympic games.
hoketsu is the oldest olympian to compete for japan. he is the second oldest olympian after oscar swahn who was a 72-year-old swedish shooter who won bronze medal at the 1920 summer olympics in antwerp.
francis michael gough (23 november 1916 – 17 march 2011) was an english character actor who as appeared in over 150 movies. he is perhaps best known world wide for his roles in the hammer horror films from 1958, and for his work as batman's loyal butler alfred pennyworth in "batman", "batman returns", "batman forever", and "batman & robin". gough and actor pat hingle are the only two actors to appear in all 4 batman movies directed by tim burton or joel schumacher. gough has also been in some other tim burton movies, "sleepy hollow", "tim burton's corpse bride", and "alice in wonderland".
gough was born on 23 november 1916 in kuala lumpur, british malaya. his parents were frances atkins (née baillie) and frances berkely gough.
gough was married four times; first to dinan graves they divorced. second to anne leon in 1950 through 1964. third to anneke wills in 1962 until they divorced in 1979. lastly to henrietta lawrence in 1980 until his death in 2011. gough had 3 children; emma, simon, and jasper.
gough died on 17 march 2011 in his home in salisbury, wiltshire from pneumonia complicated from prostate cancer. he was 94 years old. he was cremated. michael keaton who played batman in the first two batman films, said "to mick - my butler, my confidant, my friend, my alfred. i love you. god bless. michael (mr. wayne) keaton.". gough was cremated and his ashes were rest at sea.
the 2012 aurora shooting took place in aurora, colorado, united states, on 20 july 2012. gunman james eagan holmes shot dead 12 people and wounded 58 others at "the dark knight rises" premiere at a movie theater. he was arrested a few minutes later. 
holmes was convicted in 2015 of twenty-four counts of first-degree murder, 140 counts of attempted first-degree murder, one count of possessing explosives and a sentence enhancement of a crime of violence. he was sentenced to life in prison without possibility of parole.
martin patterson "pat" hingle (july 19, 1924 january 3, 2009) was an american actor. he played commissioner james gordon in the tim burton/joel schumacher batman films: "batman", "batman returns", "batman forever", and "batman & robin". hingle and michael gough are the only two actors to appear in all 4 batman movies. hingle worked from 1954 through 2006.
hingle was born on july 19, 1924 in miami, florida. his parents were marvin louise (née patterson), a schoolteacher and musician, and clarence martin hingle, a building contractor.
hingle enlisted in the u.s. navy in december 1941, dropping out of the university of texas. he served on the destroyer "uss marshall" during world war ii. he returned to the university of texas after the war ended and earned a degree in radio broadcasting. he learned to act at the actors studio.
hingle was married two times; first to alyce faye dorsey in 1947 until they divorced in 1972. he was married to julie wright from 1979 until his death in 2009. hingle had 3 children with dorsey; jody, billy, and molly. with wright, he had two children. hingle graduated from weslaco high school in weslaco, texas in 1942.
near death experience.
in 1960, he had been offered the title role in "elmer gantry", but burt lancaster filled the part because hingle had been in a near fatal accident. he was caught in his west end avenue apartment building in an elevator that had stalled between the second and third floors. he crawled out and sought to reach the second floor corridor but lost his balance and fell fifty-four feet down the shaft. he fractured his skull, wrist, hip, and most of the ribs on his left side. he broke his left leg in three places and lost the little finger on his left hand. he lay near death for two weeks, and his recovery required more than a year.
hingle died on january 3, 2009 in carolina beach, north carolina from myelodysplastic syndrome, he was 84 years old. hingle was cremated and his ashes were scattered into the atlantic ocean.
bernard hill (born 17 december 1944) is a british movie, theatre, and television actor since 1975. his career has lasted more than 30 years.
hill is known for playing yosser hughes in the british television drama "boys from the blackstuff". he is also known for the roles in movie blockbusters films such as captain edward smith in "titanic", king theoden in "the lord of the rings movie series", and as the warden of the san quentin prison in clint eastwood's "true crime".
hill was born in blackley, manchester, england in 17 december 1944. he attended at xaverian college although back then it was called "the xaverian school", and then to the manchester polytechnic school of drama at the same time as richard griffiths. he graduated with a diploma in theatre in 1970.
he is married to marianne hill and has a son named gabriel hill.
in his commentary on "" (2002) extended edition dvd, he admits that during the course of shooting he first broke his sternum, then had his ear slashed open by a sword.
the optic nerve, also known as cranial nerve ii or simply as cn ii, is one of twelve cranial nerves but is also considered to be part of the central nervous system. it sends information from the retina (the outermost part of the eye) to the brain. the brain forms a picture using the information so that you can see things.
the retina sees the image upside-down and the optic nerve sends it to the brain so it turns it back into normal.
aaron edward eckhart (born march 22, 1968) is an american movie, television, stage, and voice actor.
eckhart became known world-wide in such films as in "erin brockovich" (2000), and gained a golden globe award nomination for best actor for his role in "thank you for smoking" (2006). he is also known for his role as two-face in the 2008 summer blockbuster "the dark kinght" (2008). eckhart alongside nicole kidman worked in a movie called "rabbit hole" (2010)
eckhart was born in cupertino, california on march 22, 1968. he was raised in los angeles, california. eckhart studied at the american community school and at the american international school of sydney. he was once engaged to actress emily cline. they separated in 1998. eckhart now lives in beverly hills, california.
thomas geoffrey "tom" wilkinson jr. (born 5 february 1948) is an english movie, television, stage, and voice actor. he has been nominated for an academy award, for his roles in "in the bedroom" and "michael clayton". in 2009, he won golden globe and a primetime emmy award for best supporting actor in a miniseries or film for his role in "john adams". wilkinson is also known for his works in 2005 blockbuster "batman begins" and as joseph p. kennedy, sr. (the father of president john f. kennedy). in 2011 miniseries "the kennedys".
wilkinson was born on 5 february 1948 in wharfedale, west riding of yorkshire, england to thomas wilkinson sr. a farmer. wilkinson was trained at the royal academy of dramatic arts and university of kent. wilkinson is married to diana hardcastle since 1998 and have two daughters, alice and mollie. both wilkinson and hardcastle both played the real life couple joe and rose kennedy in the 2011 miniseries "the kennedys".
rutger oelsen hauer (january 23, 1944 – july 19, 2019) was a dutch stage, television, and movie actor.
hauer's career began during the year 1969 with the role in a popular dutch television series "floris", directed by paul verhoeven. his notable works include "flesh & blood", "blind fury", "blade runner", "the hitcher", "nighthawks", "wedlock", "sin city", "confessions of a dangerous mind", "ladyhawke", "buffy the vampire slayer", "the osterman weekend", "the blood of heroes", "batman begins", "hobo with a shotgun", "the rite", and he won a golden globe award for best supporting actor for his role in "escape from sobibor". hauer was a dedicated environmentalist and founded an aids awareness organization, the rutger hauer starfish association.
hauer was born on january 23, 1944 in breukelen, netherlands. his parents were arend and teunuk hauer, both drama teachers. hauer was raised in beetsterzwaag, netherlands. hauer lived in malibu, california, united states. hauer married ineke ten kate in 1985. he had one daughter, aysha hauer, with his first wife heidi merz. he was the grandfather of fashion model leandro maeder.
hauer was made a knight in the order of the netherlands lion in 2013.
hauer died on 19 july 2019 at his home in beetsterzwaag, switzerland at the age of 75 after a short-illness.
 is a japanese athlete. she is best known as a long-distance runner competing mainly in the marathon. 
in 2008, she retired from racing.
takahashi was not a successful runner in high school. she improved after she graduated from college. 
james allen whitmore, jr. (october 1, 1921 february 6, 2009) was an american stage and movie actor.
born on october 1, 1921 in white plains, new york. to florence belle (née crane) and james allen whitmore, sr.. whitmore graduated from yale university before serving in the united states marine corps during world war ii.
following the war, whitmore appeared on broadway, where he won a special tony award in 1948. his first major movie was "battleground", for which he was nominated for the academy award for best supporting actor. other major movies include; "the asphalt jungle", "the next voice you hear", "kiss me, kate", "them!", "black like me", and "give 'em hell, harry", for which he was nominated for the academy award for best supporting actor for his role as 33rd president of the united states harry s. truman.
whitmore also appeared as general oliver o. howard in the 1975 tv movie "i will fight no more forever", based on the 1877 conflict between the united states and nez perce trib, led by chief joseph.
whitmore's last major role was as librarian brooks hatlen in the critically-acclaimed and the academy award-nominated 1994 movie "the shawshank redemption".
although not always politically active, in 2007, whitmore received some publicity with his endorsement of barack obama for u.s. president. in january 2008, whitmore appeared in television commercials for the first freedom first campaign, which advocates preserving "the separation of church and state" and protecting religious liberty.
whitmore was married four times; once to nancy mygatt in 1947 until they divorced in 1971. then he married audra lindley in 1972 until they divorced in 1979. later he once again married nancy mygatt in 1979 until they divorced once again in 1981. lastly whitmore married noreen nash in 2001 until whitmore's death in 2009. he only has three sons from his first marriage including; james whitmore, jr..
whitmore died on february 6, 2009 in his malibu, california home from lung cancer from which he had since november 2008. he was 87 years old. whitmore was later cremated and his ashes were scattered at sea.
rohullah nikpai (born june 15, 1987) is an athlete from afghanistan. he won an olympic bronze medal for taekwondo.
nikpai started his training in kabul, afghanistan, at the age of 10. at the 2006 asian games in doha, qatar nikpai was in the flyweight division. he lost to silver medalist nattapong tewawetchapong of thailand in round 16. 
nikpai was in taekwondo at the 2008 summer olympics. he defeated two-time world champion juan antonio ramos of spain. winning the bronze medal made him afghanistan's first olympic medalist in any event. afghanistan president hamid karzai immediately called to congratulate nikpai. he also gave him a house paid by the government. "i hope this will send a message of peace to my country after 30 years of war," nikpai said.
mustapha moussa (born february 2, 1962 in oran) is a boxer from algeria.
moussa won the bronze medal in the light heavyweight division (75–81 kg) at the 1984 summer olympics in los angeles. he was the first algerian to win an olympic medal.
moussa became a professional boxer in 1988. he was not very successful. he lost his first fight tomauro galvano. he fought once in 1992 and 2004, losing both fights. 
crotalus enyo, also known as the "lower california rattlesnake", is a species of venomous pit viper. there are currently two subspecies found.
male baja california rattlesnakes are larger than females with some which can grow up to the length of . the head is small and narrow while the eyes are very big. they are usually light brown or dark brown in color, but some are also gray. they have blotches which are black or light brown with dark edges.
where it lives.
the baja california rattlesnake is found in deserts and pine-oak forests of northwestern mexico. they are also found on islands of the gulf of california.
young baja california rattlesnakes eat lizards and small centipedes, while adults eat rodents and large centipedes of the genus scolopendra.
baja california rattlesnakes mate in the spring and give birth to their young in summer or early fall. they give birth to 2-7 young at a time, and the young are around long.
mohamed zaoui (born may 14, 1960) is a boxer from algeria. zaoui won the bronze medal in the middleweight division (71–75 kg) at the 1984 summer olympics in los angeles.
harold rowe "hal" holbrook (february 17, 1925 – january 23, 2021) was an american movie, television, stage and voice actor. holbrook was known to the general audience for playing famous author mark twain in plays or on biographical shows.
holbrook was born in cleveland, ohio. he began acting in 1954. he began his mark twain routine, so that he can earn money.
holbrook soon began appearing on plays. he then called his twain show "mark twain tonight". he is also known for his fictional-political shows and as "deep throat" in "all the president's men". he also played abraham lincoln in several biographical television movies.
holbrook was nominated for many awards during his career. he is the oldest actor to have nominated for an academy award for best supporting actor.
holbrook was born on february 17, 1925 in cleveland, ohio. his parents were harold rowe holbrook and aileen davenport. his parents left him, so he and his two sisters were raised by his grandparents in south weymouth, massachusetts. he studied at culver academies and at denison university. his acting career would begin in theater in 1954.
holbrook is known for his television roles. these include abraham lincoln, hays stone in "the bold ones: the senator" and capt. lloyd bucher in "pueblo". but he is best known as mark twain in comedy stage works and comedy shows. his first solo performance as twain was at lock haven state teachers college in pennsylvania in 1954. holbrook had to smoke for his role as twain. he would later name that play "mark twain tonight". he has portrayed twain longer than samuel langhorne clemens did.
holbrook first appeared in movies in 1966, in "the group". after this, he appeared in two more movies: "magnum force" in 1973 and "all the president's men" in 1976. later, he appeared in "the fog", "wall street", "hercules", "the bachelor", and in "walking the dead".
he was also known for his role in the 2007 movie "into the wild", for which he was nominated for a screen actors guild award and an academy award. he also appeared in "water for elephants" in 2011.
later he has appeared as francis preston blair in steven spielberg's movie "lincoln" in 2012. he appeared during the opening ceremony of the 2013 screen actors guild awards.
holbrook starred in the 2014 animated movie "" as a fire truck named mayday. holbrook is set to star in the 2015 thriller movie "go with me" along with anthony hopkins.
holbrook was married to ruby holbrook from 1945 until they divorced in 1965. then he was married to carol eve rossen from 1966 until they divorced in 1979. he was last married to dixie carter from 1984 until her death in 2010. holbrook has two children with ruby and one with rossen.
holbrook met carter on the set of "the killing of randy webster" in 1980. holbrook now lives in mclemoresville, tennessee, and in beverly hills, california. holbrook has stated that he was a political independent because he votes for both democrats and republicans.
holbrook died at his home in beverly hills, california, on january 23, 2021 at the age of 95. his death was announced more than a week later, on february 2.
awards and nominations.
holbrook has won three tony awards, in 1971, 1974, and in 1976. he won a drama desk award in 1989. he also won a primetime emmy award in 1966. he was nominated for an academy award and a screen actors guild award in 2007 for his role in "into the wild". in 2008, at age 82, he became the oldest male actor to be nominated for an academy award. his nomination displaced ralph richardson, who previously held that distinction. here is the list of nominations or winning awards:
broadcast film critics association awards
chicago film critics association awards
online film critics society awards
screen actors guild awards
primetime emmy awards
hassiba boulmerka (born 10 july 1968 in constantine, algeria) is a former algerian middle distance athlete.
boulmerka started running seriously at the age of ten. she focused on the 800 and 1500 metres. she was successful in national and regional races. her first major international tournament was the 1988 summer olympics in seoul. she was eliminated in the preliminary heat of both the 800 and 1500 m.
the first major race she won was the 800 m. at the "golden gala" race in rome, italy. a month later, she was at the world championships. she won the 1500 m.
muslim groups in algeria did not like her. they thought she showed too much of her body when racing. boulmerka received death threats. she had to move to europe to train. she won the 1500 m gold medal at the 1992 barcelona olympics. it was algeria's first gold medal at the olympic games.
she won a bronze medal at the 1993 world championships in stuttgart. in 1995, she did not win a single race until the world championships in gothenburg. she was at the 1996 summer olympics in atlanta, but sprained her ankle in the semi-finals. she stopped racing after 1997.
boulmerka was later elected to the athletes' commission of the international olympic committee.
boulmerka has returned to algeria and is now a businesswoman.
hocine soltani (december 27, 1972 in thenia – march 1, 2002 in marseille) was a boxer from algeria. he won two olympic medals. in 1992 he was third in the featherweight division (54–57 kg). at the 1996 summer olympics he won a gold medal in lightweight.
hocine became a professional boxer in 1998. he only fought four times, winning each time. he quit boxing in 2000. soltani disappeared in march 2002. his body was found near marseille, france in september 2004. 
hendrik frensch verwoerd (8 september 1901 – 6 september 1966) was prime minister of south africa from 1958 to 1966. he was the person chiefly responsible for apartheid. 
he was born in the netherlands. his parents emigrated to southern africa when he was two years old. in 1950, verwoerd became minister of native affairs (native meant the black africans in the country). he was prime minister from 1958 to 1966, when he was murdered. verwoerd was associated with the national party.
verwoerd is often called the "architect of apartheid" for his role in apartheid policy when he was minister of native affairs and then prime minister. verwoerd once described apartheid as a "policy of good neighbourliness".
on 9 april 1960 a white farmer named david pratt attempted to murder verwoerd by shooting him, but verwoerd survived the attack.
in 1960, verwoerd announced that he planned to hold a referendum in south africa on whether to remain a commonwealth realm under the british monarch's rule or become a republic. the south african parliament (a kind of legislature) voted to present the referendum to the people, and it was held in october. voters were asked if they wanted to remain under the british monarch's rule, or become a republic. 52% voted to change to a republic. south africa became a republic on may 31, 1961.
the national party government under verowoerd continued to develop the military, and it successfully made new developments in arms production including aircraft, small arms, armed vehicles, and even nuclear weapons.
three days before his death, verwoerd held talks with the prime minister of the lesotho, one of the native tribes in south africa, chief leabua jonathan, at the union buildings in pretoria. following the meeting, a joint statement was issued by the two governments with special emphasis on "co-operation without interference in each others' internal affairs".
on 6 september 1966, verwoerd was murdered in cape town, shortly after entering the house of assembly at 2:15 pm. a parliamentary messenger named dimitri tsafendas stabbed verwoerd in the neck and chest four times before other assembly members restrained him. members who were also trained as medical practitioners rushed to aid verwoerd and started giving cardiopulmonary resuscitation. verwoerd was rushed to groote schuur hospital, but was declared dead upon arrival.
richard wayne "dick" van dyke (born december 13, 1925) is an american actor, comedian, dancer, producer, singer and writer with his career that has lasted 60 years. he is the older brother of jerry van dyke and father of barry van dyke.
van dyke starred in many movies; "bye bye birdie", "mary poppins", "chitty chitty bang bang" and "night at the museum" and in television series "the dick van dyke show" and in "diagnosis: murder". he has a star in the hollywood walk of fame. van dyke was once offered the role as ambassador thorn in the 1976 movie "the omen", but turned it down because of the movie's violent gory content.
van dyke was born on december 13, 1925 in west plains, missouri. he was raised in danville, illinois. van dyke now lives in malibu, california. during his early years, van dyke use to work as a weather man.
marriages and family.
van dyke has been married to margie willett in 1948 until they divorced in 1984. he was married to arlene silver since 2012. van dyke had been partners with michelle triola from 1976 until her death from lung cancer in 2009. van dyke has 4 children and one grandson.
he has won a grammy award, a tony award, and an emmy award. he has been honored a disney legend award in 1999. he was given the life achievement award from the screen actors guild in 2013.
in 2021, van dyke was honored with the kennedy center honors.
van dyke was a heavy cigarette smoker for most of his life. he has been using nicorette gum since 2003.
in april 2013, van dyke revealed that he has been displaying symptoms of a neurological disorder since 2006, but despite undergoing tests no diagnosis has been made. in 2013 the actor stated that his dental-related implants might be responsible.
on august 19, 2013, it was reported that van dyke, age 87, was rescued from inside his jaguar by a passerby as the actor's car caught fire on a los angeles-area highway. he was not injured in the fire. the car burned down to its frame.
eli herschel wallach (december 7, 1915 – june 24, 2014) was an american movie, television, voice, and stage actor who gained fame during the late 1950s. for his performance as silva vacarro in "baby doll", he won a bafta award for best newcomer, an honorary academy award, an emmy award, a tony award, and a golden globe award nomination.
wallach was born on december 7, 1915 in red hook, brooklyn, new york and studied at the university of texas at austin, city college of new york, and at the neighborhood playhouse school of theatre.
wallach's famous roles are tuco in "the good, the bad and the ugly", calvera in "the magnificent seven", and as mr. freeze in "batman". other roles includes; don altobello in "the godfather part iii", cotton weinberger in "the two jakes", and arthur abbott in "the holiday". he is still an active actor even in his nineties and being in films as in "wall street: money never sleeps" and in "the ghost writer".
wallach was married to anne jackson since 1948. they had three children. his great nephew was movie critic a. o. scott. wallach lived in east hampton, new york.
wallach, during a set of a movie he was in, accidentally drank from a bottle of acid that a technician had carelessly placed next to his soda bottle. he spat it out quickly, but was angry because his vocal cords could have been damaged if he had swallowed any of it.
wallach died at his home in new york city, new york from natural causes on june 24, 2014, aged 98.
in australia, the outstation movement is the movement of australian aboriginal people from large towns to much smaller communities, called outstations. it is mostly seen in the northern territory and amongst the people of the western desert.
before the 20th century, most aboriginal families lived by themselves or in groups of 20–30 people. they were nomadic (moving from place to place), hunting and foraging across the deserts. as euro-australians started to build roads, towns and farms on aboriginal lands, the native people were forced out. they had to move off their lands into towns or missions. there, the government would give them food, water and clothes.
this way of life did not suit them. in the towns, there were many conflicts between different ethnic groups, people became addicted to alcohol, and many of them died from foreign diseases. many groups were also far away from their traditional homelands, which were important to them and their spirituality. from the 1970s, many families started to move away from the towns. they returned to the places they grew up, and set up smaller communities.
one of the main reasons behind the movement is for aboriginal people to get back autonomy and self-sufficiency. the communities manage themselves, as nomadic groups (or "tribe") did many years before. hunting and foraging – getting their own food, and food for everybody – is still important.
the santa catalina rattlesnake ("crotalus catalinensis"), also known as the ""santa catalina island rattlesnake", is a species of venomous pit viper found only on santa catalina island in the gulf of california. there are currently no subspecies recognized.
the santa catalina rattlesnake is a small and slender species of rattlesnake. it can grow up to the length of 73.1 centimeters (28.8 in), and is known for being one of the few rattlesnakes which don't have a rattle on the end of their tail. some santa catalina rattlesnakes are light cream in color with reddish-brown blotches down their back, while some are ash gray with dark gray blotches on them.
while other rattlesnakes of the genus "crotalus"" are mainly terrestrial (live on land), the santa catalina rattlesnake's small size makes it very good climber. in july, the hottest month on santa catalina island, the santa catalina rattlesnake is found on branches of bushes and trees so they can escape the heat on the ground.
since the santa catalina rattlesnake lives mainly in trees, scientist first thought this rattlesnake eats birds, but scientist have now found out that around 70% of the santa catalina rattlesnake's diet is made up of small mammals like the santa catalina deer mouse, and around 30% is made up of lizards like the santa catalina desert iguana and the santa catalina side-blotched lizard.
claire conner mccaskill (born july 24, 1953) is an american politician. she was the united states senator from missouri from 2007 to 2019. she is a member of the u.s. democratic party. she was the first woman from missouri elected to the united states senate. before being elected to united states senate mccaskill was the missouri state auditor from 1999 to 2007. she was born in rolla, and she went to school at the university of missouri.
mccaskill lost to josh hawley by nearly 9% in her re-election bid in 2018.
arlene carol dahl (august 11, 1925 – november 29, 2021) was an american actress. she was a former mgm contract star. dahl became famous in the 1950s. she was born in minneapolis and starred in many movies. she was the mother of actor lorenzo lamas.
dahl died on november 29, 2021 at her home in new york city, aged 96.
the didache (pronounced ""did" ah kay") or the teaching of the twelve apostles is an early christian hand book. it was written in the first or early second century ad.
it gives information about christian ethics, rituals such as baptism and eucharist, and church organization.
youth riding a rooster is a red-figure plate painted by epiktetos about 520–510 bc. its diameter measures 7 3/8 in. (18.7 cm). the plate is in the metropolitan museum of art in new york city. it shows a boy riding a rooster. it was a rare subject among ancient artists. it probably references homosexual relations between older men and youths. it also references the practice among greek males of giving a rooster as a love gift.
the vase scholar sir john beazley wrote in 1918 in "attic red-figured vases in american museums" (p. 18): "the best of [epiktetos] is in his plates. you cannot draw better, you can only draw differently. epiktetos' people are all lightness and fairy grace, as if they belonged to a world where passion and pain were unknown, to those 'woods of athens' where oberon reigned in the days before 'the middle summer's spring'".
the plate was discovered in vulci in 1828. twenty years later it became the possession of the second marquess of northampton. on july 2, 1980, his great-great-grandson, the seventh marquess, sold it with other pottery at christie's in london.
footrace on a panathenaic amphora is a depiction of an ancient greek footrace on a terracotta amphora dated about 530 bc. it is said to be by the euphiletos painter. the height of the amphora is tall. 
the amphora would have been filled with olive oil from the sacred groves at athens then given as a prize to the winner of a footrace in the panathenaic games at athens. these games were held every four years. the amphora is held in the collections of the metropolitan museum of art in new york city. 
these prize amphores were made to a standardized shape, held about 42 quarts, and were decorated in the black-figure technique. an armed athena was depicted on the front of the amphora and a picture of the sport on the back. this amphora depicts five men and a youth. 
the museum writes, "notice the wealth of incised lines depicting musculature, a preoccupation of greek artists for centuries to come ... an inscription on the front of the amphora gives not only the official designation of the vase as a prize, but also the signature of the potter, nikias, a rare occurrence on pots of this shape."
greg louganis (born january 29, 1960) is an american olympic diver and author. he was born in el cajon, california. he is of samoan and swedish descent and was adopted by a greek-american couple. he received a james e. sullivan award from the amateur athletic union. he won a silver medal at the 1976 summer olympics in montreal. 
two years later, louganis received his first world title in a tower event. he won many gold medals each at the 1984 summer olympics in los angeles and 1988 summer olympics in seoul.
greg louganis is openly gay. he was diagnosed with hiv in 1988. he wrote the book "breaking the surface" about his life.
vicki ann axelrad (also called vicki lawrence; born march 26 1949) is an american comedienne, actress and a singer. she is best known for her acting on the "carol burnett show" and as thelma harper on "mama's family". she was often on game shows in the 1970s and 1980s.
georges jean raymond pompidou ( , ; 5 july 19112 april 1974) was a french politician. he was the president of the french republic from 20 june 1969 until 2 april 1974. he was born in cantal. he fought in world war ii. 
he also was prime minister of france from 14 april 1962 until 10 july 1968. in 1968, he was elected president. he died of lymphoma in paris. he is the only french president of the french fifth republic to die in office. 
john deszo ratzenberger (born april 6, 1947 in bridgeport, connecticut) is an american actor, voice actor, and entrepreneur. 
he is best known for his role as cliff clavin in "cheers" and for his role in all of the "pixar" animated movies which includes; hamm in "toy story", "toy story 2", "toy story 3", "toy story 4" and ', p.t. flea in "a bug's life", the abominable snowman in "monsters, inc.", the school of moonfish in "finding nemo", the underminer in "the incredibles" and in "the incredibles 2", mack the truck in "cars", "cars 2" and in "cars 3", mustafa the waiter in "ratatouille", john in "wall-e", tom the construction worker in "up", gordon the guard in "brave", the abominable snowman in "monsters university", fritz in "inside out", earl in "the good dinosaur", bill the crab in "finding dory" and as juan ortodoncia"' in "coco".
ratzenberger was married to georgia stiny from 1985 until they divorced in 2004. ratzenberger has a son james john (b. 1987), and a daughter nina kathrine (b. 1989). ratzenberger is a republican.
shaivism is a form of hinduism, which sees shiva as the most important deity. in practice, there are different branches of shaivism. shaivism is common in india, nepal and sri lanka. it can also be found in malaysia, singapore, and indonesia.
shaivism are routed from southern part of india, mainly from present day tamil nadu, the oldest shiva temples in the state are living proof for that..major kings ruled southern india also considered lord siva as their god
arthur christopher orme plummer (december 13, 1929 – february 5, 2021) was a canadian actor. his career began in 1946. he first acted on broadway in 1954. his first important stage roles were as cyrano de bergerac in "cyrano" (1974) and iago in "othello". he was also in "hamlet at elsinore", "macbeth", "king lear", and "barrymore".
after being on stage, he acted in his first movie in "stage struck" (1958). he had his first main role that same year in "wind across the everglades". he became well known for playing captain georg von trapp in the musical movie "the sound of music" (1965). 
plummer played many historical people in movies, including commodus in "the fall of the roman empire" (1964), arthur wellesley, 1st duke of wellington in "waterloo" (1970), rudyard kipling in "the man who would be king" (1975), mike wallace in "the insider" (1999), leo tolstoy in "the last station" (2009), kaiser wilhelm ii in "the exception" (2016), and j. paul getty in "all the money in the world" (2017).
plummer narrated the animated series "madeline". he voiced charles muntz in the disney pixar movie "up" (2009). his final roles were as harlan thrombey in "knives out" (2019), frank pitsenbarger in "the last full measure" (2020) and as howard lawson in the television drama "departure".
plummer won many awards for his work. he won an academy award, two primetime emmy awards, two tony awards, a golden globe award, a screen actors guild award, and a british academy film award. he was one of the few actors and only canadian to have won the triple crown of acting. he won the academy award for best supporting actor for "beginners" (2010). at the time, at age 82 he was the oldest person to win an acting oscar. he was nominated again for an academy award for "all the money in the world". this made him the oldest person to be nominated for an acting oscar at age 88.
plummer was born on december 13, 1929, in toronto, ontario. he was the only child of john orme plummer and isabella mary abbott. his great-grandfather was canadian prime minister sir john abbott. plummer's parents divorced not long after he was born. he was raised by his mother in the abbott family home in senneville, quebec. he spoke english and french very well.
at an early age, he loved acting and went to high school of montreal. he wanted to become an actor after watching laurence olivier's movie "henry v" (1944). he learned acting as an apprentice with the montreal repertory theatre. plummer never went to college or university, something he wished he did. later in life, mcgill university gave an honorary degree to plummer.
in 1946, the "montreal gazette"s theatre critic herbert whittaker liked plummer's role as mr darcy in a montreal high school play of "pride and prejudice". whittaker was also a stage director and he hired plummer at age 18 to play oedipus in jean cocteau's "la machine infernale".
plummer started acting in 1948 with ottawa's stage society. in 1952, he was in many stage works with the bermudiana theatre in bermuda. while working there, he was hired by an american producer. edward everett horton hired plummer to play gerard in the 1953 play of andré roussin's "nina".
plummer had his first broadway role in january 1953 in "the starcross story". his next broadway role, "home is the hero", lasted from september to october 1954. plummer was tyrone power's understudy. after acting in "night of the auk", plummer was in elia kazan's broadway play "j.b.". he played jason in robinson jeffers' version of "medea" in paris in 1955. also in 1955, he played mark antony in "julius caesar". he also played ferdinand in "the tempest" at the american shakespeare festival.
plummer began acting at the stratford shakespeare festival in 1956. he played the main character in "henry v". he played the main role in "hamlet" and sir andrew aguecheek in "twelfth night" in 1957. the next year, he played leontes in "the winter's tale", bardolph in "henry iv, part 1", and benedick in "much ado about nothing".
in april 1961, he played benedick in "much ado about nothing" with the royal shakespeare company at the shakespeare memorial theatre in stratford-upon-avon, england. he later played the main character of "richard iii" a month later. he played king henry ii in jean anouilh's "becket". for his role, plummer won the evening standard award for best actor.
at the stratford festival, he played philip the bastard in "king john" and mercutio in "romeo and juliet". in 1962, he played the main roles in both "cyrano de bergerac" and "macbeth". he returned in 1967 to play mark antony in "antony and cleopatra".
plummer played the main role in a 1963 play of bertolt brecht's "the resistible rise of arturo ui". he was also in peter shaffer's "the royal hunt of the sun", playing francisco pizarro. many critics liked plummer's roles as ui and pizarro.
royal national theatre and broadway roles.
from june 1971 to january 1972, he worked for the royal national theatre. he acted in jean giraudoux's "amphitryon 38" directed by laurence olivier; georg büchner's "danton's death"; adrian mitchell's "tyger"; luigi pirandello's "the rules of the game"; and eugene o'neill's "long day's journey into night" at the new theatre in london. from may to june 1973, he was on broadway. he played the main character in "cyrano". it was a musical version of edmond rostand's 1897 play "cyrano de bergerac". plummer won a tony award and a drama desk award for that role. later that year, he played anton chekhov in neil simon's "the good doctor". he played quentin in arthur miller's 1974 version of "after the fall".
plummer was in "lovers and madmen" at the opera house at the kennedy center in washington, d.c. in 1973. he also appeared in "love and master will" at the same place in 1975.
in 1982, he was in the broadway play of the shakespearean tragedy "othello", playing iago. his role as the main villain had positive reviews from critics, such as "the new york times". for his role, he got a tony award for best actor in a play nomination losing to roger rees.
in 1988, he played the main role in broadway's "macbeth". he also had positive reviews for his role as the main character. he worked with jason robards in the 1994 version of harold pinter's "no man's land". for his role in "no man's land", plummer was nominated for a tony award.
plummer became well known for playing actor john barrymore in the 1997 broadway play of william luce's "barrymore". he had many positive reviews from critics. vincent canby of "the new york times" called plummer a great actor. his role as barrymore, gave plummer his second tony award and a drama desk award.
later stage career.
in 2002, he appeared in "king lear", directed by jonathan miller. the play had strong positive reviews. he was nominated for a tony award and a drama desk award for his role in "king lear". he also got a tony award nomination for playing henry drummond in the 2007 version of "inherit the wind". he played julius caesar in george bernard shaw's "caesar and cleopatra". the play was filmed and shown in canadian movie theaters on january 31, 2009. in 2009 and 2010, plummer was in two stratford festival plays of shaw's "caesar and cleopatra" and william shakespeare's "the tempest". plummer returned to the stratford festival in the summer of 2010 in "the tempest" where he played prospero. in 2014, plummer presented a stage play "a word or two" in los angeles.
plummer's movie career began in 1958 when sidney lumet hired him as a young writer in "stage struck". that same year, plummer played the main character in nicholas ray's movie "wind across the everglades". plummer did not appear in any other movie for six years after 1958. he returned to acting to play roman emperor commodus in anthony mann's "the fall of the roman empire" (1964).
"the sound of music" and success.
plummer became well known for his role as captain von trapp in robert wise's musical movie "the sound of music" (1965). plummer however, said the movie was "so awful and sentimental and gooey". the movie made the most money than any other movie since "gone with the wind". plummer hated being on the movie, but liked working with julie andrews. during his career, he tried not to talk about the movie. he did not show up at the 40th anniversary cast reunion. he did talk about the movie for the 2005 dvd release. he appeared for the 45th anniversary with the full cast on "the oprah winfrey show" on october 28, 2010. in one interview he said that he had great memories of making the movie.
he was in "inside daisy clover" (1965) and then played world war ii agent eddie chapman in "triple cross" (1966). he had a role as field marshal erwin rommel in "the night of the generals" (1967). plummer replaced rex harrison for the movie version of "doctor dolittle". however, harrison later came back for the movie. plummer was paid $87,500 for signing the contract.
plummer had the main role in "oedipus the king" (1968) and "the high commissioner" (1968). he was later in "battle of britain" (1969) and "lock up your daughters" (1969). that same year, he played inca emperor atahualpa in "the royal hunt of the sun". plummer played the duke of wellington in "waterloo" (1970) with rod steiger as napoleon bonaparte. he played rudyard kipling in "the man who would be king" (1975). he was also in the comedy "the return of the pink panther" (1975), with peter sellers and "the silent partner" (1978). he was in "aces high" (1976), "starcrash" (1978), and "international velvet" (1978). he played sherlock holmes in "murder by decree" (1979).
plummer was in the romantic drama "somewhere in time" (1980), the drama "eyewitness" (1981), and the comedy "dragnet" (1987). plummer also did some voice work. he voiced henri the pigeon in "an american tail" (1986) and the grand duke of owls in "rock-a-doodle" (1991).
plummer was in "" (1991). he was also in spike lee's drama biographical movie "malcolm x" (1992), mike nichols' horror drama "wolf" (1994), taylor hackford's psychological drama "dolores claiborne" (1995), and terry gilliam's science fiction drama "12 monkeys" (1995). one of plummer's most well known roles was as journalist mike wallace in michael mann's "the insider" (1999). plummer later played dr. rosen in ron howard's academy award-winning movie "a beautiful mind" (2001). he played uncle ralph in the 2002 movie version of charles dickens novel "nicholas nickleby". he also played the philosopher aristotle in "alexander" (2004). plummer was wanted for the role of gandalf for "the lord of the rings" movie series. he did not want the role.
in 2004, plummer played john adams gates in the disney adventure movie "national treasure". in 2005, he appeared in stephen gaghan's drama "syriana", the romantic comedy "must love dogs", and terrence malick's drama "the new world". plummer did not like working with malick on "the new world". he called malick "boring" and told him to get a writer instead of malick doing everything. he played arthur case in another spike lee's movie called "inside man" (2006). that same year, he was in the romantic drama "the lake house" (2006). in 2009, plummer voiced the main villain charles muntz in pixar's animated movie "up". muntz character design was inspired by plummer. that same year he also had a voice role in "9" playing 1.
"beginners" and final years.
in january 2010, plummer got his first academy award nomination for his role as author leo tolstoy in "the last station" (2009). in an interview about his academy award nomination, plummer said: "well, i said it's about time! i mean, i'm 80 years old, for god's sake. have mercy". he lost the academy award to christoph waltz.
plummer had a role in david fincher's "the girl with the dragon tattoo", playing businessman henrik vanger. plummer got his second nomination for the academy award for best supporting actor for his role as hal in mike mills' independent comedy drama movie "beginners" (2011). in the role, plummer played a dying 80-year old who recently came out as gay to his son. he won the academy award for his role in "beginners" at age 82. at the time, this made plummer the oldest actor to win an academy award. in 2021, anthony hopkins won an academy award at age 83, beating plummer's record. his academy award also made plummer one of the few actors and only canadian to win the triple crown of acting. in 2014, he appeared with shirley maclaine in the comedy-drama "elsa & fred". in 2015, he was in "remember" as a holocaust survivor with dementia. plummer played ebenezer scrooge in "the man who invented christmas" (2017).
in november 2017, plummer was hired to replace kevin spacey as j. paul getty in "all the money in the world". he was director ridley scott's first choice for the role, but tristar pictures wanted a more well known actor for the role. plummer was hired because spacey had been accused of sexual harassment and sexual assault. all scenes that had spacey were filmed again with plummer. this happened a few weeks before the movie's release. for his role, plummer earned golden globe, bafta, and academy award nominations for best supporting actor. plummer, at age 89, became the oldest actor to be nominated for an academy award.
plummer had a role in rian johnson's mystery thriller movie "knives out" (2019) as rich mystery writer harlan thrombey. plummer also played frank pitsenbarger in the war drama "the last full measure" (2020), in his final movie role. in 2021 before his death, plummer was hired to play the main character for a movie version of shakespeare's "king lear".
plummer had his first television role in 1953 for canadian broadcasting corporation version of "othello". he was also in a 1953 "studio one" episode "the gathering night". in the 1950s, he appeared in "the alcoa hour", "general electric theater", "kraft television theatre", and "omnibus". in 1956, he was in an episode of cbs's "appointment with adventure".
he was in the live television drama "little moon of alban". he got his first emmy award nomination for this role. he played torvald helmer in a 1959 television movie version of henrik ibsen's "a doll's house". plummer had a role in the television version of philip barry's "the philadelphia story" (1959). in 1964, his role as gloomy dane in the bbc's "hamlet at elsinore" got him his second emmy nomination. he played hamlet in "hamlet at elsinore".
later work and success.
he played herod antipas in the television miniseries "jesus of nazareth" (1977). plummer played herbert kappler in the television movie "the scarlet and the black". he had a role in the television series "the thorn birds". from 1993 to 1995, he narrated the animated television series "madeline" and won an emmy award for his voice work. he also narrated the animated television series "the world of david the gnome".
in 2000, plummer played sir david maxwell fyfe in the emmy award-winning "nuremberg" (2000). that same year he was in "american tragedy" as f. lee bailey. he was in "miracle planet", and a documentary by ric burns about eugene o'neill. he got an emmy award nomination for his role in the television movie version of the play "on golden pond". plummer voiced arngeir, speaker for the greybeards, in the video game "".
at the age of 89, he appeared in a main role in "departure". it was a canadian-british television series. plummer returned for season 2, but worked from home because of the covid-19 pandemic. he finished filming for the second season before his death.
personal life and death.
plummer married tammy grimes in 1956. their marriage lasted four years. they had a daughter together, actress amanda plummer. plummer was married to journalist patricia lewis from 1962, until their divorce in 1967. he later married actress elaine taylor in 1970. they lived together in weston, connecticut. he used to live in darien, connecticut before moving to weston. plummer had no children by his second or third marriages.
in 1968, plummer was honored as a companion of the order of canada. his memoir, "in spite of myself", was published in november 2008. plummer supported the theatre museum canada and donated money to keep the museum open.
plummer died at his home in weston, connecticut on february 5, 2021 at the age of 91. he died two and a half weeks after a fall where he hit his head. plummer's wife elaine said that he had died "peacefully" when she was at his side. prime minister of canada justin trudeau said that there is "no doubt [that] his work will continue to inspire and entertain us all for years to come". he called plummer an "iconic actor".
"the sound of music" actress julie andrews said that "the world has lost a [great] actor today and i have lost a [good] friend".
ana de armas, jamie lee curtis, katherine langford, rian johnson, chris evans, don johnson, william shatner, anne hathaway, elijah wood, vera farmiga, ed asner, ridley scott, spike lee, simon pegg, kate beckinsale, antonio banderas, leonard maltin, daniel dae kim, george takei, russell crowe, bruce greenwood and joseph gordon-levitt also reacted to his death.
jeffrey michael tambor (born july 8, 1944 in san francisco, california) is an american actor and voice actor who is known for his role as hank knigsley on "the larry sanders show", king atlantis in "spongebob squarepants", and as george bluth, sr. and oscar bluth on "arrested development". he won a golden globe award and an emmy award in 2015.
tambor was married to kathryn mitchell from 1991 until they divorced in 1999. he is currently married to kasia ostlun since 2001 and have 4 children together.
wilbert "bill" cobbs (born june 16, 1934) is an american movie and television actor. he has starred in over 120 movies and television programs.
cobbs was born on june 16, 1934 in cleveland, ohio. cobbs is the second cousin of the late african american actor james baskett.
cobbs career began during 1973 in the movie "santa buddies: the legend of santa paws". he is known for his role in "the bodyguard". cobbs latest appearance was in "the muppets" (2011) and in "oz the great and powerful" (2013). cobbs is not married and lives in los angeles, california and in new york city, new york. cobbs continues to act.
a world line is the unique path that an object has as it travels through both space and time, usually called spacetime. as we learn from special relativity, the faster an object goes, the more time slows down for that object. as you can see in the illustration to the right, the slower object has a quicker passage of time than the very fast object, the one which time passes much more slowly for. when an object reaches the speed of light, it will be zero on the "t" axis, meaning that it will have made no progress in the time direction. basically, the world lines show that when the speed of light is reached, time stops for the observer. world lines are very often used in theoretical physics and special relativity, as well as general relativity.
the concept of world lines is used widely in theoretical physics, for it shows some interesting facts about high-speed motion. for example, the time dilation equation presented by albert einstein is algebraically undefined when an object's velocity is the speed of light, but using world lines one can find that when the speed is the speed of light, time will stop. although einstein's equation (for time dilation) does show that an object going faster than light goes backward in time, the same concept can be described using world lines.
vase in the form of a phallus is an ancient greek terracotta vase in the form of a flaccid, uncircumcised, penis. the scrotum and pubic hair are depicted. its overall measurements are 4 ½ 4 3 ½ (11.4 10.2 8.9 ). it dates back to the archaic period, about 550 bc to 500 bc. phallic vases are rare in archaic greek pottery, and this vase is thought to have held a perfumed oil, used for erotic or medicinal purposes. it is also believed to have been made in rhodes. the museum writes that the vase displays a playfulness typical of greek art.
noureddine morceli (born february 28, 1970 in ténès, chlef province) is a retired algerian athlete. he won the 1500 m run at the 1996 summer olympics. he won the silver medal in the 1500 m at the world junior championships in 1988. morceli went to college in riverside, california.
morceli was coached by his brother abderrahmane. his brother ran for algeria in the moscow olympics of 1980 and in los angeles in 1984.
mohamed bahari (born june 29, 1976 in sidi bel abbes, algeria) is a boxer from algeria.
bahari won the bronze medal in the middleweight division (71–75 kg) at the 1996 summer olympics in atlanta. bahari became a professional boxer in 2003. his last fight was in 2004. he retired with a record of 3-2-2.
george homer ryan, sr. (born february 24 1934) is an american politician. he is a republican. he was the former governor of illinois. he is a member for the united states republican party. his political career was tarnished due to scandals and corruption: ryan was found guilty on almost all charges and sent to prison. he was released in 2013. ryan was illinois' governor beginning 1999 until 2003. he is listed as federal inmate number 16627-424, and was scheduled july 4, 2013. he was released in june 2013.
nouria mérah-benida (born october 19, 1970 in algiers) is an algerian middle distance runner.
at the 1999 all-africa games in johannesburg mérah-benida won silver medals in both 800 metres and 1500 metres. at the 2000 summer olympics in sydney she won the gold medal. in 2000 she also won an 800 m silver medal and a 1500 m gold medal at the african championships.
ali saidi-sief (born march 15, 1978 in constantine) is an algerian olympic runner. his speciality is the 1500 m race. he won a silver medal in the 2000 summer olympics for the 5000 m.
saidi-sief received a two-year suspension from the international association of athletics federations. he failed a urine test at the 2001 world championships in athletics in edmonton, canada. he tested positive for nandrolone, a banned performance-enhancing steroid.
djabir saïd-guerni (born march 29, 1977 in algiers) is an algerian retired athlete. he ran in the 800 metres. he won a bronze medal in the 2000 summer olympics.
he announced his retirement on 6 may 2007, following injury problems. his personal best time was 1:43.09 minutes. he got this in september 1999 in brussels.
abderrahmane hammad zaheer (born may 27, 1977 in dellys) is a former algerian track and field athlete. he was in the high jump. he won the bronze medal in the 2000 summer olympics. he was also in the 2004 athens olympics. his personal best of 2.34 m is the algerian record for the event. he retired from the sport in 2010.
hammad began his international career as a junior in 1994. he won the high jump silver medals at the african junior athletics championships and pan arab junior championships. he went on to win the african junior gold medal the following year. then he won the arab junior title in 1996. he was at the 1996 world junior championships in athletics but did not make it into the final round.
hammad had his first international success at senior level in 1997. he won the silver at both the pan arab championships and the 1997 pan arab games.
the 2000 season was the top of his career. he kept his title at the 2000 african championships in athletics in algiers. he made his areer best jump of 2.34 m. he then was in his first olympicss at the 2000 sydney games. he won the bronze medal. he won the high jump at the 2001 mediterranean games. he was ninth at the 2001 world championships in athletics. he won his third high jump title in a row at the 2002 african championships in athletics. he took bronze at the 2002 iaaf grand prix final. he placed fourth for africa at the 2002 iaaf world cup.
he represented algeria for a second time at the olympics at the 2004 games in athens. he failed to reach the final. he was at the 2004 pan arab games and took the high jump title.
mohamed allalou (born september 28, 1973) is an algerian boxer. he was in the men's light welterweight division at the 2000 summer olympics. he won the bronze medal. he was also in the 1996 summer olympics.
epiktetos was an ancient greek potter and vase painter. his name means "newly acquired". he may have been a slave, as were most potters and painters in ancient greece. he worked mostly with cups and plates between 520 and 490 bc in the red-figure style. he signed more than half his works. he was an expert with the "tondo"the circular picture at the bottom of a cup. he painted mostly everyday scenes rather than mythological ones. his end is unknown.
soraya haddad (born september 30, 1984 in el-kseur) is an algerian judoka. she won the bronze medal in the women's 52 kg weight class at the 2008 summer olympics. she was african champion four times: 2004, 2005, 2008 and 2011. she also won the bronze medal in the 48 kg category in the 2005 world championships in egypt. 
amar benikhlef (born 11 january 1982) is an algerian judoka. he won the silver medal in the 90 kg group of judo in 2008.
a "kalos" inscription is a marking on ancient greek pottery. they were prevalent during the classical period (550 to 450 bc). "kalos" (καλός) means "beautiful", and in these inscriptions it had an erotic meaning. the word kalos was followed by the beloved's nameusually a youth, but sometimes a girl or woman working as a prostitute. these inscriptions are usually found on the drinking cups used during a drinking party. they were probably declarations of love. they are sometimes found as graffiti on walls.
 is a japanese athlete. he is best known as a hammer thrower who took part in four summer olympic games. 
murofushi was born in numazu, shizuoka prefecture. his family were international sports competitors. his early interest in the hammer was encouarged by his father, shigenobu murofushi, who is an olympic athlete and asian games champion. he is the brother of yuka murofushi, who is also an olympian. 
murofushi won the gold medal in the hammer throw at the 2004 summer olympics in athens.
he won the bronze medal at the 2012 summer olympics in london.
lachesis, also known as the "bushmasters", is a genus of venomous pit vipers found in forests of central and south america. the name "lachesis" is also the name of one of the three fates in greek mythology. there are currently three species found.
adult bushmasters can grow up to the length of 2 meters (6.5 ft) to 2.5 meters (8.25 ft), but there have been some which have grown up to the length of 3 meters (10 ft). the largest one ever found was 3.65 meters (12 ft) long, making the bushmasters the longest venomous snakes in the western hemisphere and the longest vipers in the world. they are not the heaviest vipers in the world, but adults usually weigh up to 3 to 5 kg (6.6 to 11 ib). 
where they live.
bushmasters are found in forest areas of central and south america. they are also found on the island trinidad
bushmasters are oviparous: they lay eggs. this makes bushmasters different to other pit vipers found in the new world, because other pit vipers are viviparous, they give live birth instead of laying eggs. a female can lay around a dozen eggs at a time. the female stays with her eggs until they have hatched and may attack any predator that comes near the nest.
the bushmasters are one of the largest and dangerous snakes in south america, and can inject a large amount of venom into their enemies. even young bushmaster's bites are harmful, but bushmasters are nocturnal (they are active at night), so not a lot of people have been bitten by them.
leonid georgievich yengibarov (; ; march 15, 1935 – july 25, 1972) was a soviet clown and actor.
yengibarov was born in moscow. his father was armenian. his mother was russian. he started his career as a boxer. in 1955 he joined the state school of circus art. after graduation in 1959 he moved to yerevan and joined the armenian state circus.
he was one of the first soviet clowns to create the poetic, intellectual clownery. he was invited to work in cinema. his first film was "a path to the arena".
in 1960s he was known as one of the best clowns in the ussr and eastern bloc. he created a pantomime troupe, and managed to stage only a single piece, "star rain" before his death in 1972.
wife: jarmila galamkova
daughter: barbara yengibarova (born in 1965)
films about him
the great sandy desert is a desert in the northwest of australia, mostly in western australia. it is the second-largest desert in australia (after the great victoria desert). it covers about . south of the great sandy desert is the gibson desert, and to the east is the tanami desert.
there are not many people living in the great sandy desert. most of them are aboriginal communities and mining towns. the aboriginal people of the desert fall into two main groups: the martu in the west and the pintupi in the east. they both speak western desert languages.
the area does not get much rain, but even in the driest parts rainfalls rarely drop below . the rate of evaporation (how quickly the water dries up) is very high. most of the rain comes from thunderstorms. many drought years end with a monsoon or tropical cyclone. on average for most of the area, there are about 20-30 days where thunderstorms form.
most of the plants growing across the great sandy desert are spinifex grasses. animals living in the desert include dingos, red kangaroo, monitor lizards, bilbies, marsupial mole, thorny devils, bearded dragons and many other species of lizard.
the first european to cross the desert was peter warburton. he made the journey from alice springs leaving in april 1873 and arriving at de grey station in january 1874. when warburton arrived, he was starving and blind in one eye. he thanked his survival on his aboriginal companion charley. 
the disrobing of christ is an oil painting by el greco. it was completed in the spring of 1579 for the high altar of the sacristy of the cathedral of toledo, where it still hangs. it measures 285 x 173cm. harold wethey says that the painting is a "masterpiece of extraordinary originality". the power of the picture depends upon el greco's original and forceful use of color.
azemiopinae, commonly known as the "fea's vipers", is a monotypic subfamily made for a monotypic genus, "azemiops", which contains the venomous viper, azemiops feae. it is found on the mountains of southeast asia.
the feas's vipers can grow up to the length of 77 cm. they are blueish-gray or black in color with orange crossbands, the head is orange while the chin and throat is yellow, it also has yellow eyes.
where they live.
the fea's viper is found in northern vietnam, southern china, south-east myanmar, and south-east tibet. in china the fea's viper is found in fujien, guangxi, jiangxi, kweichow, sichuan, yunnan, zhejiang.
the fea's viper is found on mountains which have an altitude of 1000 meters. it prefers to live in cool climates which have an average temperature of 18-25 °c. in vietnam it is found in bamboo forests.
the fea's viper is said to be nocturnal, but some people say that it crepuscular, and it hibernates in the winter. when disturbed, the fea's viper flattens its body to make it look wider, and opens its mouth widely to show its fangs, giving its head a triangular shape. it sometimes also vibrates it tail. fea's vipers are said to eat small mammals.
the parable of the prodigal son is one of the parables of jesus. it is found only in the gospel of luke at 15:11-32. the parable is about a son who wastes his share of his father's estate. he loses all his money and gets work feeding pigs—one of the lowest jobs a person can do according to the jewish religion. he repents and returns to his father's house. he is welcomed and a feast is held. his older, dutiful brother who has worked without reward for his father resents the fuss made over the prodigal son. his father reminds him that all he has is his. he says they should still celebrate the return of the younger boy because he has come back to them. in the western catholic church, this parable is usually read on the third sunday of lent. in the eastern orthodox church it is read on the "sunday of the prodigal son". the parable is the subject of much art, music, literature, and stage works.
this is the last of three parables about loss and redemption. it follows the parable of the lost sheep and the parable of the lost coin. jesus tells this parable after the pharisees and religious leaders accuse him of welcoming and eating with "sinners." the father's joy described in the parable reflects divine love, the "boundless mercy of god," and "god's refusal to limit the measure of his grace."
the parable of the mustard seed is one of the parables of jesus. it is found in three of the gospels of the new testament: gospel of matthew (13:31–32), gospel of mark (4:30–32), and gospel of luke (13:18–19). the differences among the three tellings are minor. 
in matthew and luke, this parable is followed by the parable of the leaven. the parable of the leaven also has a theme about the kingdom of heaven growing from small beginnings. a version of the parable also occurs in the non-canonical gospel of thomas 20.
the parable from matthew reads: "the kingdom of heaven is like a grain of mustard seed, which a man took, and sowed in his field; which indeed is smaller than all seeds. but when it is grown, it is greater than the herbs, and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and lodge in its branches." the parables from mark and luke are similar.
the parable of the lost sheep is one of the parables of jesus. it is found in the gospel of matthew at 18:12–14 and the gospel of luke at 15:3–7. it also appears in the non-canonical gospel of thomas. the parable is one of three that tell of loss and redemption. the others are the lost coin and the prodigal son. the lost sheep tells of a shepherd who leaves his 99 sheep to search for one sheep that is lost. joel b. green writes that "these parables are ... about god, ... their aim is to lay bare the nature of the divine response to the recovery of the lost." the parable has been depicted often in art.
the brandenburg gate () on the "luisenplatz" in potsdam, should not be confused with the gate of the same name on berlin's "pariser platz", it was built in 1770/71 by carl von gontard and georg christian unger by order of frederick ii of prussia. it stands at the western end of "brandenburger straße", which runs in a straight line up to the church of st. peter and st. paul.
previously, from 1733, there was another, simpler gate on the same spot, which resembled a castle gateway. together with the city wall, a form of toll barrier, and the other gates it was intended to prevent desertion and smuggling.
towards the end of the seven years' war, frederick the great had the old gate demolished and built, in its stead, this new brandenburg gate, as a symbol of his victory.
since the city wall was demolished around 1900 the brandenburg gate has been a free-standing structure.
this is a list of amphibians by family
total 6771 species
order anura frogs and toads.
total 5966 species
order caudata salamanders.
total 619 species
order gymnophiona or caecilia.
total 186 species
frogs have become a popular exotic pet. they can be kept in basic conditions, compared to reptiles. they are not expensive and their food is easily purchased. common pet frogs includes ranids, hylids, bufonids, leptodactylids, and dendrobatids.
pet frogs can be fed a lot of different live foods. these include crickets, rodents and fish. small pet frogs will only eat crickets, fruit flies, springtails and other small arthropods. medium-sized pet frogs can be fed larger crickets, mealworms, butterworms, silkworms, grasshoppers and small fish. large pet frogs like "ceratophrys" can be fed small fish, other frogs, reptiles, and small mammals such as mice or rats.
amphibians of all sizes would need different terrariums. tree frogs like to climb and can escape if a pet owner does not add a top cover for their tanks. semi-aquatic amphibians need both land and water divided in the tank. tropical frogs would need mist and high humidity in their terrariums. all water for amphibians must be dechlorinated. the chlorine can kill amphibians, and may be in tap water. many amphibians are popular exotic pets and are found in some pet stores.
bombinatoridae or fire-bellied toads is a family of toads. it includes two genus "barbourula" and "bombina". they have bright colors which means that they are toxic.
deborrah kaye "debbie" allen (born january 16, 1950, houston ) is an american dancer, actress and television producer. she also taught choreography and acted in broadway plays.
ascaphidae is a family of frogs. they are called tailed frogs because they have an organ that looks like a tail. the tail helps them to live in fast-moving streams. they live in north america.
the pipidae is a family of frogs. they do not have tongues. there are over 30 species of pipidae frogs. they are found in tropical places in south america and africa.
the african bullfrog ("pyxicephalus adspersus") is a species of frog. they are in the ranidae family. they are commonly named pixie frog because of their latin name. they are found in angola, botswana, kenya, malawi, mozambique, namibia, south africa, eswatini, tanzania, zambia, zimbabwe, and possibly democratic republic of the congo. they live in dry savannas, subtropical or tropical habitats. males are bigger and longer than females.
twyla tharp (born july 1 1941) is an american dancer and choreographer. she lives and works in new york city. 
her work often uses classical music, jazz, and contemporary pop music. in 1973, tharp choreographed the ballet "deuce coupe" to the music of the beach boys. it is considered to be the first crossover ballet. later she choreographed "push comes to shove". that ballet featured mikhail baryshnikov and is now thought to be the best example of the crossover ballet.
tharp has choreographed dances for many important ballet companies around the world. she also has had success on broadway. in 1985, her staging of "singin' in the rain," played at the gershwin for 367 performances. her dance musical "movin' out" ran for 1,331 performances on broadway. the musical is set to the music and lyrics of billy joel. it received 10 tony award nominations and tharp was named best choreographer. 
honors and awards.
twyla tharp received two emmy awards, 19 honorary doctorates, the vietnam veterans of america president’s award, the 2004 national medal of the arts.
tharp was inducted into the academy of achievement in 1993.
she was named a kennedy center honoree for 2008.
chytridiomycosis is a disease that can kill amphibians, for example frogs. a fungus causes it. the chytrid fungus "batrachochytrium dendrobatidis" causes the disease. the animals can catch it from each other. chytridiomycosis one reason why there are fewer amphibians on earth than there were. the fungus has decreased the amphibian population by 30% worldwide. many spcies are now extict because they died of chitridiomycosis. in some species, only a few animals die, but in other species, they all die. this is called 100% mortality. there is no cure. 
temnospondyls are an order of small to giant batrachomorph tetrapods. they lived worldwide from the carboniferous to the triassic. a few species continued into the lower cretaceous.
the temnospondyls are similar or identical to the labyrinthodonts minus the lepospondyls. it is probably an evolutionary grade, not monophyletic. it is convenient to use, because all these early amphibia were so different from present-day amphibia.p169 many in the early permian looked more like reptiles because they were adapted to life in a drier climate. nevertheless, they were amphibians, and many larval stages have been found.
they are a large group of some 40 families and 160 genera.p322 fossils have been found on every continent. their evolutionary history spans 210 million years. during this time, they adapted to a wide range of habitats including fresh water, terrestrial, and even coastal marine environments.
fossils are known from the larval stage, metamorphosis, and maturity.p184 most temnospondyls were semiaquatic, although some were almost fully terrestrial, returning to the water only to breed. these temnospondyls were some of the first vertebrates fully adapted to life on land. although temnospondyls are considered amphibians, many had characteristics such as scales, claws, and armour-like bony plates which modern amphibians do not have.
the youngest known temnospondyl is the australian koolasuchus that lived about 120 million years ago during the early cretaceous.
the lepospondyli are a large group of batrachomorph tetrapods from the palaeozoic era. they are sometimes included in the labyrinthodonts. 
they lived during the carboniferous to the early permian. there are six different groups. the acherontiscidae, adelospondyli, aïstopoda, lysorophia, microsauria and nectridea. the included species which looked somewhat like newts, eels, snakes and lizards. some of them were aquatic, semi-aquatic, and terrestrial animals. none of them were big animals.
peltobatrachus (from greek pelte, meaning shield and batrakhos, meaning frog) is an extinct genus of temnospondyl amphibians from the late permian period of tanzania. they were large and slow-moving animals. they reached 70 centimeters (2.3 ft) in length. they were terrestrial amphibians. they only went back to the water to lay their eggs. they eat insects, worms and snails.
a terrestrial animal is an animal that lives on land such as dog, cat, an ant or an emu. it can also be used for some species of amphibians that only go back to the water to lay their eggs. it is usually a term to describe the difference between animals that live in water, (such as lobsters and fish), from animals that live on land.
a sister group or sister taxon is a term used to describe the closest relatives of an organism (or other taxon) in a phylogenetic tree. it is a term in cladistics.
the sister group of organism a is b. the sister group of the clade b+a, is c.
reptiliomorpha is a clade of the amniotes and those tetrapods that share a more recent common ancestor with amniotes than with living amphibians (lissamphibians).
unfortunately, different experts have used the term in several different ways. it has even been used for fossils of early amphibians. it is best used for animals which lay cleidoic eggs, but are not synapsids. otherwise precursors of reptiles (sauropsids) get lumped together with precursors of mammals (synapsids).
its only justification is that it may not always be possible to decide which group a fossil is from. but gradually, as with "seymouria", it is possible to separate fossils into more specific grouups.
youth riding a hippalektryon is a circular painting (tondo) in the bottom of the bowl of an ancient greek terracotta drinking cup. it was painted by epiktetos. it is dated to the archaic period of greek art (ca. 530–520 bc). the cup stands about 5 1/8 in. (13 cm) tall. a hippalektryon is a mythical creature, part horse and part rooster. the cup is held in the collections of the metropolitan museum of art in new york city. the museum writes, "late sixth-century vases connected with drinking occasionally have subjects that go beyond the familiar gorgons, griffins, or sphinxes. the hippalektryon belongs to this category. it is interesting to compare this piece to the fine early red-figure plate by epiktetos showing a youth riding a rooster."
the genre known as spy-fi is a cross-over between the genres of spy fiction and science fiction. the story usually involves a spy with advanced technological weapons or gadgets, and sometimes the villain is a mad scientist or evil genius with robots or advanced technological weapons and gadgets. the film and novel series "james bond" was a popularizer of the genre, as well as such tv shows as the man from uncle, , and i spy.
amanda marshall (born august 29, 1972) is a canadian pop-rock singer. her self-titled first record was in 1995. it was a major success in canada. her most successful single was "birmingham". marshall has released many singles. she has not had a studio album since around 2001.
singing reveler is the tondo (circular painting) in a terracotta drinking cup said to have been painted by epiktetos. it is dated about 520510 bc. the cup measures 3 1/16 x 9 15/16 x 7 1/16 to 7 3/16 in. the cup is in the collections of the j. paul getty museum.
the tondo depicts an older, balding man reclining on a couch and singing. the setting is probably a drinking party ("symposium"). these cups were meant to be used at such parties and were often decorated with party scenes. 
the tondo presented problems to painters. it was difficult to present upright figures in a circle. epiktetos solved this problem by using the couch as a line. the man's mantle slipping from the couch creates depth and space. the museum writes, "epiktetos also used the circular frame of the tondo as part of the composition: it supports the man's pillow, and he props his foot on it."
pentathletes is a painting on an ancient greek terracotta drinking cup from athens. it is said to be the work of the carpenter painter. it is dated about 510500 bc. the cup measures 4 5/16 x 15 x 13 3/16 in. in the circular painting (tondo) at the bottom of the bowl of the cup, a youth pulls an older man to him for a kiss. the outside of the cup depicts bearded men and youths exercising with discus and javelin. a youth in a long robe plays music. the pictures reflect the interests of the aristocrats who would have used such a cup at a drinking party.
a salt plain (also known as a salt pan or salt flat) is a flat area of ground covered with salt and other minerals. they are usually purely white. they are found in desert areas. in areas where salt plains form, the rate of evaporation (how quickly water dries up) is faster than the rate of precipitation (how often rain falls). a salt plain is formed where a lake or pond would otherwise be found. when the water dries up, the minerals stay left behind on the suface of the ground. over thousands of years, the minerals (usually salts) build up on the surface.
large salt plains are common in the sahara desert, the kalahari desert, the rann of kutch, the western united states and the central deserts of australia. the altiplano in bolivia has the world's largest salt plan, the salar de uyuni.
a witchetty grub (also spelled witchety grub or witjuti grub) is the large, white larva of a moth. it is a name used in australia. normally, it refers to the larvae of the cossid moth "endoxyla leucomochla", found in central australia. these moths eat the roots of the witchetty bush (a plant named after the grubs). it is also sometimes used to refer to the larvae of other cossid moths, as well as those of ghost moths (hepialidae). it is used mainly when the larvae are being thought of as food. because it contains a lot of protein, the grub is the most important insect food of the desert. it was a staple in the diets of nomadic aboriginal people living in the outback.
the name "witchetty" (or "witjuti") comes from the adnyamathanha language. the name comes from the words "wityu" (meaning "hooked stick") and "vartu" (meaning "grub").
the carpenter painter was a red-figure vase painter. he worked in athens. he was active between 515 and 500 bc. he chiefly painted cups. his real name is unknown. "carpenter painter" is taken from his depiction of a carpenter at work on a cup in the british museum. few of his works are known. the way he painted nipples, pectorals, hands, garments, and other details identify his work.
john allen astin (born march 30, 1930) is an american movie, television, stage, voice, and radio actor. he has acted in many movies and television shows. he is best known for his role as gomez addams in "the addams family", his role in "evil roy slade", and other comedic characters.
astin was born on march 30, 1930 in baltimore, maryland. he studied at washington & jefferson college and at johns hopkins university.
astin was married to suzanne hahn from 1956 until they divorced in 1972. he was married to patty duke from 1972 to 1985. he married valeri ann sandobal in 1989. astin had five sons; three by hahn (david, allen, and tom), one by duke (mackenzie) and one adopted by astin and duke (sean). astin lives in baltimore, maryland.
peter seamus lorcan o'toole (2 august 1932 – 14 december 2013) was an irish movie and stage actor. he was known for his stage plays that were mostly based on that of william shakespeare.
o'toole was born on 2 august 1932 in connemara, county galway, irish free state.
o'toole's career lasted almost 60 years. he became famous for his role as t. e. lawrence in "lawrence of arabia" (1962). he received his first academy award nomination for that role. he received seven more academy award nominations – for "becket" (1964), "the lion in winter" (1968), "goodbye, mr. chips" (1969), "the ruling class" (1972), "the stunt man" (1980), "my favorite year" (1982), and "venus" (2006). o'toole holds the record for the most academy award nominations by an actor without a win.
o'toole won four golden globes, a bafta award, and an emmy award. he also received an honorary academy award in 2003. 
o'toole died on 14 december 2013 in london, england from stomach cancer. he was 81 years old. 
o'toole was born on 2 august 1932 in connemara, county galway, irish free state. his mother was constance jane eliot (née ferguson), a scottish nurse. his father was patrick joseph o'toole, an irish footballer.
o'toole was raised as an irish catholic. he was raised in leeds, west riding of yorkshire, england and stayed there until he was forced out due to world war ii. o'toole studied to become an actor at the royal academy of dramatic art from 1952 until 1954.
o'toole's career began in 1954 on stage. his movie career began in 1960 in the movie "kidnapped" as robin macgregor. his became famous when he played t. e. lawrence in "lawrence of arabia". he became one of the most famous actors during the 1960s and 1970s. in 1972 o'toole played both miguel de cervantes and don quixote in "man of la mancha".
in 1980, he received good reviews for playing the director in the behind-the-scenes movie "the stunt man". he received mixed reviews as john tanner in "man and superman" and as henry higgins in "pygmalion". he won a laurence olivier award for his performance in "jeffrey bernard is unwell" (1989).
o'toole played king priam in the 2004 movie "troy". his last worldwide movie role was as food critic anton ego in the 2007 disney-pixar movie "ratatouille". on 10 july 2012 o'toole released a statement that he would be retiring.
he was offered a knighthood but rejected it in objection to prime minister margaret thatcher's policies.
o'toole was nominated for eight academy awards. he holds the record of having the most nominations for an academy award without winning. he won four golden globes, a bafta award, and an emmy award. in 2003 o'toole received an honorary academy award.
o'toole was married to siân phillips from 1959 until they divorced in 1979. o'toole had three children; two daughters with phillips (kate and patricia) and a son by his girlfriend karen brown (lorcan patrick o'toole). o'toole lived in london, england. he was lifelong friends with irish actor richard harris until harris' death in 2002.
illness and death.
o'toole recovered from stomach cancer in the 1970s. he also had stomach cancer for the last eighteen months of his life. he died of the disease in the wellington hospital in london, aged 81. president of ireland michael d. higgins lead a tribute to o'toole. higgins called o'toole "a friend". 
o'toole's funeral was held on 20 december 2013 at his london home. rock star sting and ex-wife siân attended his funeral. his remains were later cremated. o'toole's remains ware being planned to be taken back to his birthplace of connemara, ireland. his daughter kate said, "we're bringing him home. it's what he would have wanted." at the mean time, o'toole's ashes are kept in a safe in the irish presidential mansion.
cerastes is a genus of small venomous vipers growing up to the length of around 50 cm. there are currently three species found. they are usually known as the ""horned vipers", the "north african desert vipers", or the "cerastes vipers"".
the horned viper is nocturnal and terrestrial (lives on the ground), and is usually found buried underneath the sand. they are said to be slow moving, but they are able to do sidewinding. when they do sidewinding they can move faster across the sand. they are able to sink into the sand by moving in a rocking motion. they sink into the sand tail first and keep on sinking deeper into the sand until only their eyes and nose are sticking out of the sand. the reason they do this is so they can ambush prey which come close to it. they are oviparous, meaning they lay eggs. they live in the deserts of north africa, arabia, and iran.
the horned viper catch their prey by ambushing. they eat mainly rodents, birds and lizards.
las vegas culture is the name for a number of setltements on the coast of present-day ecuador. these settlements were created between roughly 8000 and 4600 bce. in total, there are 31 settlements. the people who lived there were hunter-gatherers. they had also started agriculture. bone points and a spatula have been discovered. they may have been used for making nets or textiles, along with various tools and containers shaped of shell; wood, bamboo, reeds, and bark are also believed to have been used in the tool industry.
no mummies have been found on the coast of ecuador. the las vegas people had similarities with the people whose remains are preserved as the chinchorro mummies of the north coast of chile.they also lived at the same time. 
yu kil-chun (, 1856 – 1914) was a korean politician, philosopher, thinker, reform activist and independence activist during the joseon dynasty. his nickname was gudang, chunmin, guyil.
yu kil-chun was born in kwangju. in his early years he studied under park kyu-su and oh kyung-suk. as a young man in 1881, he went to meiji japan to study at keio university. he then went to the united states in 1884 to study mathematics. after his he was accused of supporting the "gaehwadang" (enlightenment party). he was arrested and put in jail from 1885 to 1894.
between 1894 and 1895, yu worked for the government of prime minister kim hongjip. he was vice minister of state for home office. in october 1895, korea's king gojong claimed that yu was involved in the assassination of queen min. kim was killed and his cabinet was disbanded. yu went to the russian embassy and escaped the country for exile in japan. he returned to korea in 1907 after he was pardoned by emperor sunjeong.
in 1910, when korea was annexed by imperial japan, yun started a movement against the annexation. yu was offered the title "danshaku" by the government of japan, but he refused it. he died in 1914 of a heart problem. he was aged 58.
plot may mean:
katherine esther jackson (born may 4, 1930 as kattie b. screws) is the matriarch of the jackson family of musicians and singers, including michael jackson, la toya and janet jackson. she is the widow of joe jackson. 
jackson had 10 children. several of the children became famous. in 1986 "essence" honored her as "mother of the year".
in 1990, jackson released her autobiography, "my family". the book told about her elderly years and her relationship with her husband and their children.
on june 25, 2009, michael jackson died. katherine was granted temporary guardianship of michael's three children. in 2012 her guardianship was suspended for a short time. the guardianship resumed with tj jackson, michael's nephew, added as a co-guardian. 
fax (short for facsimile), or telecopying, is the transmission of scanned printed material (both text and images), to a telephone number connected to a printer or other output device. 
the original document is scanned with a fax machine (or a telecopier), which turns the contents (text or images) into a bitmap, then the bitmap is sent through the telephone system. the receiving fax machine reconverts the coded image, printing a paper copy. 
businesses usually have some kind of fax system, but the technology has faced increasing competition from internet-based methods. fax machines still retain some advantages, particularly in the transmission of sensitive material which, if sent over the internet, may be intercepted. however, encryption (a secret coding system) can make internet messages secure.
in some countries, because electronic signatures on contracts are not recognized by law while faxed contracts with copies of signatures are, fax machines enjoy continuing support in business.
in many businesses, standalone fax machines have been replaced by fax servers which receive and store incoming faxes electronically. the servers route them to users on paper or via a secure email. such systems reduce costs by eliminating unnecessary printouts and reducing the number of inbound phone lines needed by an office.
scottish inventor alexander bain worked on chemical mechanical fax type devices and in 1846 was able to reproduce graphic signs in laboratory experiments. he received the first fax patent in 1843. frederick bakewell made several improvements on bain's design and demonstrated a telefax machine. the pantelegraph was invented by the italian physicist giovanni caselli he introduced the first commercial telefax service between paris and lyons in 1865, some 11 years before the invention of telephones. 
in 1881, english inventor shelford bidwell constructed the "scanning phototelegraph" that was the first telefax machine to scan any two-dimensional original, not requiring manual plotting or drawing. around 1900, german physicist arthur korn invented the "". it became widely used in continental europe after a wanted-person photograph was transmitted from paris to london in 1908. its main competitors were the "bélinograf" by édouard belin first, then since the 1930s the "hellschreiber", invented in 1929 by german inventor rudolf hell, a pioneer in mechanical image scanning and transmission.
transmission by landline was replaced by radiotransmission, and from 1960 by satellite transmission. digital systems are now universal. faster, more efficient and cheaper fax machines have allowed even small companies to own a fax machine. the technology is now world-wide.
audrey meadows (born february 8 1922; died february 3 1996) was an american actress. she was best known for her role as alice kramden on the 1950s american television comedy "the honeymooners". she was born in new york city by the name audrey cotter. meadows died as a result of lung cancer.
carl von gontard (january 13, 1731 in mannheim – september 23, 1791 in breslau) was a german architect; he worked primarily in berlin, potsdam, and bayreuth.
he modified the original deutscher dom and cathedrals in berlin and added the domed towers.
cloris leachman (april 30, 1926 – january 27, 2021) was an american actress.
she was in many stage plays, movies, and television programs. she won eight primetime emmy awards and one daytime emmy award. she was a vegetarian. leachman was born in des moines, iowa.
leachman won the academy award for best supporting actress in 1971 for her role as ruth popper "the last picture show".
leachman died on january 27, 2021, at her home in encinitas, california at the age of 94. the cause of death was a stroke caused by covid-19.
the neue kirche (; colloquially , meaning "german cathedral"), is in berlin. it is on the gendarmenmarkt across from the "french church". the lutheran and calvinist congregants used german as their native language. this is different than the french-speaking calvinist congregation who owned the on the opposite side of gendarmenmarkt. the congregants' native language combined with the domed tower gave the church its colloquial naming.
mantellinae is a subfamily of frogs. they are part of the family mantellidae. these frogs lives in madagascar and mayotte. these frogs looks similar to poison dart frogs. most mantellinae frogs are toxic. they have a lot of warning colors. there are over 100 species in this family.
species and family.
there are two genus:
the pacific tree frog ("pseudacris regilla") is a species of tree frog. they live on the west coast of north america. this includes california, oregon and washington in the united states, and british columbia in canada. they live on the ground, but some have been found living in places 10,000 feet above sea level. they are the only frogs to make a "rabbit" sound. human beings also brought it to ketchikan, alaska.
this frog is small. the adult frog is 3/4 of an inch to 2 inches long from nose to rear end. it has a stripe near each eye. sometimes there is a mark in the shape of a triangle on its head and dark marks on the legs. the frog's main body can be gray, green, light brown, brown, or black. in color. this frog can change color. it can be dark in color with no spots, then medium in color with spots, then light in color with no spots. it takes the frog about 8 to 10 minutes to change from dark to light. this frog has large disks on its toes for climbing and webbed skin on its back feet.
this frog eats insects: leaf-hoppers, spring-tails, flies, stoneflies, ants, wasps, beetles, and caterpillars. it can also eat spiders, snails, and isopods.
this frog moves around at night but it does sometimes move during the day. it can climb trees but it spends most of its time on the ground.
the female frog lays 5 to 60 eggs at a time in bodies of water at least 4 inches deep. the eggs sometimes stick to twigs or other things underwater. the tadpoles are about 45 mm long. they are black or yellow-brown in color with a white or near-white belly. 
the edible frog ("pelophylax" kl. "esculentus") is a species of frogs. it lives in europe. it is also known as water frog or green frog. however, green frog is usually given to the north american frog "lithobates clamitans". the edible frog is used as a food source to people in france.
the texas toad ("bufo speciosus") is a species of toads. they are very small only reaching three inches. they live in the united states in the state of texas. but they are also found in oklahoma, new mexico and mexico.
 (german for: french cathedral) is the colloquial naming for the "french church of friedrichstadt" (, ) in berlin on the gendarmenmarkt across from the deutscher dom ("german cathedral"), formerly a church of german-speaking congregants.
the first parts of the actual "french church" were built from 1701 to 1705 for the huguenot (calvinist) community. at that time, huguenots made up about 25% of berlin's population. the "french church" was modelled after the destroyed huguenot temple in charenton-saint-maurice, france.
in 1785 carl von gontard modified the church and built - wall to wall next to it - the domed tower, which - together with the french-speaking congregants - earned the church its naming. the domed tower is technically no part of the church, there is no access between church and tower, because both buildings have different owners. the tower, similar to that of deutscher dom, was simply built to give the gendarmenmarkt a symmetric design. 
the church is not a cathedral in the strict sense of the word because it has never been the seat of a bishop.
the domed tower, which is a viewing platform open to visitors, provides a panoramic view of berlin. a restaurant is located in the basement underneath the prayer hall. the tower also contains the huguenot museum of berlin.
the cane toad ("bufo marinus") is a species of toad. they are also known as the giant neotropical toad and the marine toad.
cane toads are terrestrial amphibians. this means that they only go back to the water to lay their eggs. they live in central america and south america. however, they have been introduced to oceania and the caribbean.
nearly 80 years ago, a group of 102 cane toads were sent to queensland to catch sugar beetles. 
cane-growers were concerned about the damage insect larvae were doing to crops. the insects were native to australia, but bad for the valuable cane crops.
the first cane toads were brought into queensland by reginald mungomery, an entomologist. before 1935, australia had no toads. the entire continent, full of various frog species, had no toads. tough and always moving into new areas, the cane toads started reproducing and expanding outwards every wet season. this "invasion front" moved around 10 km a year until the 1960s, when it began speeding up significantly.
cane toads are rapidly adapting to dry climates, a huge change from their origins in the south american rainforest. they have poison gland in their skin.
in their native habitat, a number of fish and reptiles prey on the tadpoles and the adult toad.
these include the broad-snouted caiman ("caiman latirostris"), the banded cat-eyed snake ("leptodeira annulata"), eels (family anguillidae), various species of killifish, the black rat ("rattus rattus") and the asian water monitor ("varanus salvator").
they have far fewer predators in australia but, as time passes, some of the local animals will adapt their behaviour. already some australian crows have learned strategies allowing them to feed on cane toads, such as using their beak to flip toads onto their back. opossums of the "didelphis" genus likely can eat cane toads with impunity. meat ants are unaffected by the cane toads' toxins, and therefore are able to kill them. the cane toad's normal response to attack is to stand still and let its toxin kill the attacker, which allows the ants to attack and eat the toad.
in popular culture.
a cane toad is one of the non-human characters in dave barry's 1999 novel "big trouble" and in the 2002 movie based on the novel.
the parotoid gland is a skin gland on the back, neck and shoulder of toads and some frogs and salamanders. it's secretes has a substance that predators can smell. this smell will tell them that they are toxic animals. the substance, bufotoxin, acts as a nuerotoxin.
parotoid glands looks like warts on an amphibian skin. however, warts are grown by viral infections. parotoid glands are normal and healthy parts of the animals that have them. many people believe that touching a toad may cause warts. however, this is not true.
mole salamanders are member of the genus "ambystoma". they are a group of animals that live in north america. they are the only genus in the family ambystomatidae. the axolotl ("ambystoma mexicanum") is a popular exotic pet. they are also used in research. the tiger salamander ("ambystoma tigrinum") is an official amphibian of many us states. they are also sold as pets.
a rib is a bone that forms a structure around the thorax of vertebrates. this is known as the rib cage. humans have 24 ribs, 12 on each side. 
it is a common urban legend that male humans have one fewer pair of ribs than female humans. however, this is not true. this came from the christian bible explaining the creation of eve from the rib of adam.
taricha is a genus of newts. there are only three species and four subspecies. they are called western newts and pacific newts. all newts are part of the family salamandridae. the three species in this genus are california newt, the rough-skinned newt and the red bellied newt. they are all found on the west coast of the united states.
genus "taricha" (western newts / pacific newts) - 3 species
the plethodontidae is a family of lungless salamanders. they are the largest groups of salamanders. they probably evolved in north america, where there are 14 genera and about 150 species. only one species is in europe: it is "speleomantes", the cave salamander.
most of them are terrestrial and are active in daytime. lungless salamanders may communicate with their nose.p168 slender salamanders are found in the pacific coast. they are sometimes called "worm salamanders". this is because they have slimmer (skinny) bodies than most salamanders.p182 if touched, slender salamanders will bounce on the ground and then run away.
irritation in biology is a state of inflammation or painful reaction to allergy or cell damage. the skin and the eyes may turn red.
slender salamander is a common name given to lungless salamanders of the genus batrachoseps. they are different from other lungless salamanders. they have four toes on each foot. they live in oregon, california and baja california in mexico.
19 species are recognized in this genus:
a pacific coast is when a country is next to the pacific ocean.
countries on the western side of the americas have a pacific coast as their western border.
countries on the eastern side of asia have a pacific coast as their eastern border.
countries in oceania may have a pacific coast anywhere, including their entire border
the chinese fire belly newt ("cynops orientalis") is a species of newts. they are small and will reach up to 2.2-4 inches (6-10 cm). they are black and have bright orange colors on their front side. they are commonly found in pet stores. they are sometimes confused with the japanese fire belly newt. this is because of their small size and colors. however, the chinese fire belly newt has smoother skin and a rounder tail than the japanese fire belly newt.
a quarter dollar or quarter, is a coin worth ¼ of a united states dollar. they are worth 25 cents. the quarter has been produced since 1796.
ichthyophis beddomei is a species of caecilians. they are sometimes called beddome's caecilian. they are part of the family inchthyophiidae. they have a dark violet-brown body. they have yellow stripes from their head to their tail. their upper lip and lower jaw are yellow. they live in western ghats.
agalychnis callidryas, known as the red-eyed treefrog is a species of tree frogs.
red-eyed tree frogs spend most of their time on large tropical leaves. they are not poisonous, and rely on camouflage to protect themselves. during the day, they stay still, cover their blue sides with their back legs, tuck their bright feet under their stomachs, and shut their red eyes. so they look almost completely green, and are well hidden amongst the leaves. the large red eyes are a defensive adaptation called deimatic behaviour. when a red-eyed tree frog detects a predator, it abruptly opens its eyes and stares at the predator. the sudden appearance of the red eyes may startle the predator, giving the frog a chance to flee.
they are active at night. they like to eat small insects.
during mating, the female carries the male on her back for several hours during the process. the female chooses a leaf above a pond or large puddle on which to lay her clutch of eggs. the male puts out his sperm onto the eggs as they are released.
tree frogs lay jelly-like eggs. the mothers will stay near them and help them fight any hungry animals that want to eat them. they become a tadpole in one or two weeks. they drop from the leaf and into the lake which is below the leaf.
if predators are close enough to produce vibration, the embryos sense this. after a few seconds, they vigorously hatch out into tadpoles and spread out to escape.
the common frog ("rana temporaria") is a species of frog. they are also known as the european common frog or the european common brown frog. they live in europe, the arctic circle, scandinavia, urals, iberia, italy, balkans and ireland. they are an introduced species in most countries.
quantum theory may mean:
the bronzed frog or günther's golden-backed frog ("hylarana temporalis") is a species of frog. they are found in forests of western ghats, india and sri lanka. they are an important prey for many snakes include the malabar pit viper and the vine snake.
the jefferson salamander ("ambystoma jeffersonianum") is a mole salamander. they live in northeastern united states, southern ontario and southwestern quebec. it was named after jefferson college in pennsylvania.
it is usually dark gray, brown or black. others can have silver or blue spots on their sides. these salamanders are very skinny with a wide nose and long toes. they can reach up to 11 to 18 cm.
like other mole salamanders, the jefferson salamander burrows. they have lungs that helps them to dig. they are only active at night. they are only active in the day when its mating season. they will breed in early spring after snow has melted in their area.
the california giant salamander ("dicamptodon ensatus") is a species of salamanders. they are part of the family dicamptodontidae. they live in california and western united states. they are related to the idaho giant salamander, pacific giant salamander and the coastal giant salamander. 
, also known as tatsuya itou, is a japanese actor. 
he was born in beijing, china and grew up in yokohama, kanagawa. when he was a student of nihon university college of art, he was spotted and recruited as a fresh actor by nikkatsu. 
fuji made his debut on films from nikkatsu(japanese film distributing agency) in 1962. his first movie is "bokyo-no-umi". he is the first actor who trains his body for acting in japan. early in his career, he was often assigned the role of a villain, but ever since then, he has acted various kind of role. in the nagisa oshima's film "in the realm of the senses", he acted in a passionate and violent love scene, and the movie caused a lot of fuss. 
bolitoglossa is a genus of salamanders. they are also called tropical climbing salamanders and web-footed salamanders. they are part of the plethodontidae family. they live in central america and south america. they are terrestrial amphibians.
117 species are currently assigned to this genus.
green toad ("anaxyrus debilis") is a species of toads. they live in southwestern united states in states like arizona, new mexico, colorado, kansas and texas. they can also be found in northern mexico in states like tamaulipas, san luis potosí, durango and zacatecas.
green toads are green or yellow with black spots. they are not a large toad. they grow up to 2 inches. they are only active at night. they will breed in spring, summer and autumn. males will call a female to lay her eggs in his territory.
the smooth newt is a species of newts. they are also known as the common newt. it is the most common newt species of the "lissotriton" genus of amphibians. they live in europe, southern france and the iberian peninsula.
the midwife toad ("alytes") is a genus of frogs. they part of the discoglossidae family. they live in most of europe and northwestern africa. they look like toads because of their hard skin. they get their name because they take care of their young on their backs. they help them from not being eaten from hungry animals. when they hatch the frog will go back to the water and allow them to swim away. 
van dyke's salamander ("plethodon vandykei") is a species of salamanders. they are part of the family plethodontidae. these salamanders have been used in research studies. 
potamogeton is a genus of aquatic plants. they live in freshwater such as ponds and lakes. they part of the family potamogentonaceae. their common name is pondweed. the genus name means "river neighbor". they are also a food source for many fish and algae eaters.
filter feeders are animals that feed on matter and food particles from water. some animals that do this are clams, krill, sponges, baleen whales and many fish such as sharks. some birds such as flamingos are also filter feeders. filter feeders can help clear water.
ceratophrys is a genus of frogs. they are part of the family leptodactylidae. they are also part of the subfamily ceratophryinae. they are also known as south american horned frogs as well as pacman frogs. this is because they look like the video game character pac-man.
the raaf woomera test range is a weapons testing facility in south australia. it is run by the royal australian air force (raaf). it covers and area of , and is the world's largest weapons test facility on land. the range is a restricted area, called the woomera prohibited area. the airspace above it is also restricted, and is called the woomera restricted airspace.
the range was originally set up as a place for the british to test missiles during world war ii. the british asked to do weapons testing here (in the centre of australia), because not many people lived there. a commonwealth weapons design and test project, called the australian-anglo joint project, was signed in 1946. the range originally had an area of .
between 1955 and 1963, the british ran a series of seven nuclear-weapon tests at maralinga, then inside the range. the joint project ran until 1980, when the british withdrew from the program. the range is still used as a testing site by the australian defence force. access is leased to foreign militaries and private companies for their own testing of weapons.
it is named after the dharuk word for a spear-thrower.
balgo is a small community in western australia. it is surrounded by the great sandy desert and the tanami desert. it is an aboriginal community; the area is traditionally kukatja country. there are also some pintupi families living there, who were displaced in the 1950s and 1960s. many of them came to live here from papunya, including some of the original artists of the papunya tula movement. many of them later left balgo when kintore and kiwirrkurra were set up in the 1980s. in 2006, balgo had about 460 people living there.
komatsu is a city in ishikawa prefecture, japan.
it is in the southern part of the prefecture, near the sea of japan.
charles nelson perkins, ao, (16 june 1936 – 19 october 2000) was an australian activist and aboriginal leader. he was also a professional football player.
perkins grew up in alice springs. his mother was arrernte, and his father was kalkadoon. he later moved to sydney, and graduated from the university of sydney in 1965. he was the first indigenous australian to graduate from a university.
perkins campaigned for aboriginal land rights. in 1965, he was an important person in the freedom ride campaign, which aimed to raise public awareness of the standards of living, literacy and health conditions among the aboriginal population. the group was famous for publicising acts of discrimination.
perkins was also important in the campaign for the referendum in 1967, which allowed aboriginal people to be counted in censuses, and parliament to make special laws specifically for aboriginal people. from 1969, perkins worked as a public servant in the ministry of aboriginal affairs. he was made permanent secretary of this department in 1981, which made him the first aboriginal to become the permanent head of a federal government department. he served as secretary until 1988.
perkins died in october 2000 of kidney failure.
kottabos player is an attic red-figure terracotta kylix said to have been painted by someone close to the kleophrades painter. it dates to the greek archaic period, about 500 bc. the kylix's height with handles is 3 3/16 in. (8.1 cm) and its width with handles is 10 1/16 in. (25.5 cm). 
the diameter of the bowl is 7 5/8 in. (19.3 cm). the kylix is in the collections of the metropolitan museum of art in new york city. the figure is a symposiast playing a party game called kottabos. he is about to fling the last of the wine in his cup at a lamp stand in an attempt to knock the lamp stand's finial off. the winner was he who did so.
the kleophrades painter was a red-figure athenian vase painter. his real name is unknown. his name is taken from a potter's signature on a vase. he was active from about 510470 bc. his work is considered some of the finest of the red figure style. he was probably the pupil of euthymides, one of the red-figure pioneers. his work is identified by its stylistic traits. he was very productive. more than 100 vases of his work have survived. he worked in both black- and red- figure styles and techniques. he was conservative, often using old-fashioned techniques. his subjects were traditional but with a emphasis on the trojan war. he preferred painting large vessels such as amphores.
allan clyde holding (27 april 1931 – 31 july 2011) was an australian politician. he was leader of the opposition in victoria for ten years, and was later a federal minister. he was a member of the australian labor party.
holding was elected to the victorian legislative assembly for the seat of richmond in 1962. he was a strong supporter of indigenous australian rights (including land rights) and national aid for schools. in 1977, he was elected to the house of representatives as member for melbourne ports. when bob hawke became prime minister in 1983, he put holding in charge of aboriginal affairs. during his term, holding tried to make federal laws for aboriginal land rights. but brian burke, the labor premier of western australia, did not want this, because it would have upset the mining and agricultural industries, which were very important to his state. holding was forced by hawke to drop the proposal. in 1987, he was moved to the ministry of employment services and youth affairs. the next year, he was made minister for transport, and then later minister for immigration.
kottabos () was a party game played at symposia in ancient greece. it was popular in the 5th and 4th centuries bc. it was also popular with the etruscans. the game is played by flinging a bit of wine from one's cup at targets. the player would utter the name of his lover. the game was probably of sicilian origin but spread throughout the greek world. many greek poets mention the game in their works. by the time of the roman empire and the age of alexander the great, the game had died out. it is not mentioned in latin literature. 
charlie mcmahon (born in the blue mountains, new south wales in 1951) is an australian didgeridoo player. he was one of the first non-aboriginal musicians to become a famous player of the instrument. he is probably one of the most famous players of the instrument around the world.
the band in which he became famous was called gondwanaland. he has toured across australia, often visiting remote communities in the outback, and also in europe and the united states. he often played gigs with midnight oil. mcmahon's style became an influence for many well-known didgeridoo players. he is also the inventor of the "didjeribone", a sliding didgeridoo made of plastic, played in a similar way to the trombone.
a symposium (plural: symposia) was a drinking party in ancient greece. guests were males. well bred women did not attend. boys or slave girls served the food and drink, danced, juggled, played music, or otherwise entertained the assembly. these servers were usually nude. the symposium was an aristocratic institution often held to celebrate a young man's entry into adult society, an athletic victory, or a poetic achievement. it was an occasion for male conversation and debate. party-goers reclined on couches and pillows. guests played a game called kottabos, wrestled, and held song contests. a symposium is described in plato's "the symposium". the party is attended by socrates and the young, drunken, and nearly nude alcibiades.
foster brooks (may 11, 1912 – december 20, 2001) was an american movie, television, radio, stage actor, singer, entertainer, television personality and comedian. he was known for playing a lovable drunken man in nightclubs and television shows. brooks is also known for appearing in the dean martin celebrity roasts. 
brooks was born in louisville, kentucky. brooks was married twice. first to loretta brooks from 1933 until they divorced in 1950. and to teri brooks from 1950 until his death in 2001. brooks died on december 20, 2001 from heart failure in his encino, los angeles, california home, aged 89. 
robert montgomery "bob" knight (born october 25 1940) is a retired american basketball sports coach. he won over 900 ncaa division i men's college basketball games. knight is well known as the head coach of the indiana hoosiers from 1971–2000. he also coached for the texas tech from 2001–2008.
knight was born in massillon, ohio. he studied at ohio state university.
he has been praised for having a clean program. none of his teams was ever sanctioned by the ncaa for any recruitment violations. he has, however, attracted some controversy for throwing a chair across the courts during a game. he was once arrested for assault. he was fired from indiana in mid september 2000.
in april 2015, it was announced that espn would not sign knight's contract for another season.
james michael tyler (may 28, 1962 – october 24, 2021) was an american actor. he was best known for playing gunther in the sitcom series "friends". tyler was born in greenwood, mississippi and was raised in winona, mississippi.
in june 2021, tyler said he was diagnosed with stage-4 prostate cancer back in 2018. he died from the disease at his los angeles, california home on october 24, 2021 at the age of 59.
choi chang-ik (hangul:최창익, hanja:崔昌益, 1896-1957), also known as choe chang ik, was a north korean soldier and politician.
in the early north korean government, choi was deputy prime minister from 1952 to 1956.
in a 1956-1957 purge, he was removed from government by forces led by kim il-sung. he was expelled from the korean workers' party.
kim tu-bong (march 16, 1886 – 1958) was a korean linguist, politician, and the first north korean head of state.
in 1946, kim became chairman of the workers party of north korea. 
from 1948 until 1958, he was chairman of the presidium of the supreme people's assembly.
echis is a genus of venomous vipers found in dry regions of africa, middle east, pakistan, india, and sri lanka. the name ""echis" is a greek word which means "viper". echis is also known as the "saw-scaled vipers", or the "carpet vipers"". they are responsible for most of the snakebites and deaths in the world. there is currently eight species found. 
the saw-scaled vipers are a small group of snakes, with adults growing up to the length of 90 cm (36 in). its head is short, wide and pear-shaped, its snout is short and round, and it has large eyes.
where it lives.
the saw-scaled viper is found in dry regions (like deserts) in africa, the middle east, pakistan, india, and sri lanka.
not much is known about what the saw-scaled vipers eat, but some say they eats beetles, spiders, scorpions, centipedes, other snakes, small mammals and birds.
most species of the saw-scaled viper, like the ones found in africa, are oviparous meaning they lay eggs, while other species, like the ones found in india, are viviparous meaning they give live birth.
atheris is a genus of venomous vipers found only in rain forest areas of sub-saharan africa. there are currently eight species found. atheris are commonly known as "bush vipers". they are all arboreal (meaning they live in trees), but they can sometimes be seen on the ground.
bush vipers are small snakes, with adults growing to the size of around 40 to 78 cm. they all have broad, triangular heads with large eyes and a slender body.
where they live.
the bush viper lives in rain forest areas of sub-saharan africa, far from humans, but some bush vipers are threatened because of habitat loss. 
bush vipers eat small amphibians like frogs, and toads, reptiles like lizards and other snakes, rodents and birds. they ambush their prey by hanging on to a branch of a tree, waiting for a prey to come close, then jump on the prey and inject venom, and then swallow it. some bush vipers in zoos only eat mice and small birds, but there have been reports on some eating each other.
all bush vipers are viviparous, meaning they give live birth. they mate between september and november, and females give to their young in march or april. 
the venom of bush vipers is hemotoxic, it causes pain, swelling, and stop blood clotting. there is no antivenom, but there has been reports on echis antivenom working on some bush viper's bites.
the maristes valldemia school (aka: col·legi maristes valldemia, col·legi valldemia or valldemia), is in mataró, province of barcelona - catalonia (spain). it is a catholic school run by marist brothers. it is dedicated to our lady the virgin of the candle. "fundació champagnat, fundació privada" owns the school.
the school was founded in 1855 by three piarists related persons: the priest ermengol coll de valldemia, pelegrí ferrer and ramon cuspinera. its first name was «colegio de cataluña», and it was on the land of a traditional catalan manor named "can miralpeix". the school's aim was to provide a modern and christian education. after 1858, the school was known as «» (in catalan) or «» (in spanish). in 1888 the school was given to the marist brothers to run. 
 from 2012 the official name is maristes valldemia.
the main building was designed by the architect jeroni boada, and later improved in 1911 by josep goday i casals (who used to be an student at the school, and founder member of the alumni association).
the school received its first international recognition at the paris exposition of 1900, a gold medal in recognition of quality education. during the convulsive years that marked the spanish civil war, valldemia was converted into a hospital and blood bank.
today, the school has 1200 students from ages 3 to 18, who are taught by a staff of 90 teachers.
wonga phil harris (june 24, 1904 – august 11, 1995) was an american actor and comedian. he was known for being the voice of thomas o'malley the alley cat in "the aristocats", harold the seahorse in the little mermaid, and cri-kee in "mulan". in 1995, he had a heart attack and later died in rancho mirage, california at age 91.
pierce the veil is an post hardcore group formed in san diego, california in 2007. the band consists of frontman vic fuentes, percussionist mike fuentes, bassist jaime preciado, and guitarist tony perry. they released their debut studio album "a flair for the dramatic" on june 26, 2007 and released the singles "yeah boy and doll face" and "chemical kids and mechanical brides." they released their second full-length album "selfish machines" on june 21, 2010 and released the single "caraphernelia." the band started joining vans warped tour and playing on side stages to promote their music alongside other post-hardcore bands. in 2012, the band prepped their third album "collide with the sky", which was released on july 17, 2012, and released the singles "king for a day" and "bulls in the bronx." they started performing live on the main stage at warped tour throughout the summer of 2012. 
the two leading members of the band were known to be in a band called before today before pierce the veil was formed with the addition of tony perry and jaime preciado. side projects included mike and vic fuentes being in the alternative rock group isles & glaciers, which split up in 2010. they released one ep album titled "the hearts of lonely people" on march 9, 2010. 
collide with the sky is the third album by san diego experimental rock group pierce the veil. it was released on july 27, 2012 under fearless records in the united states. the album's lead single "king for a day" was released on june 5, 2012 for digital download and contemporary radio. the single features sleeping with sirens singer kellin quinn. the second single titled "bulls in the bronx" was released on june 25, 2012 for digital download. the band supported the album throughout the 2012 van's warped tour in the summer.
according to vic fuentes, "the theme to the album artwork is 'jumping off of the ground that is breaking beneath you'. the idea is to inspire hope amongst the chaos that may be happening around you. if the ground was breaking beneath your feet, your first reaction may be to run and jump to safety, and it's that moment where you are suspended in the air that i am focusing on. a still frame where you're not sure if the person is falling or flying. it's about freeing yourself from the things that are breaking or falling apart in your life, and inspiring a sense of hope from the desperation".
the album has been received rather well by critics. alternative press rated the album 4/5 stars saying "collide with the sky is ptv's best work to date". they praised the album for the power pop hooks on "props & mayhem", saying that you should download "tangled in the great escape". absolutepunk commented that the album is "sure to continue pierce the veil's steady ascent to the top of their league", concluding that "[it] proves pierce the veil are seemingly still one step ahead of everyone else when it comes to concocting energetic slices of post-hardcore and that they won’t be dropping the ball any time soon."
the album was released in the united kingdom on july 16, 2012. it was released in the united states on july 17, 2012 with the release of the bonus track "hold on till may", the acoustic version.
pedro armendáriz, jr. (april 6, 1940 – december 26, 2011) was a mexican actor and television actor.
armendáriz, jr. was born on april 6, 1940 in mexico city, mexico, the son of actors carmela (née pardo) and to pedro armendáriz, sr, both mexican. his grandmother was from the united states. armendáriz, jr. was married to mexican actress ofelia medina.
his career began in 1965 and is known for playing a small role with his father armendáriz, sr. in "licence to kill" (1989). his final role was in the 2012 movie "casa de mi padre".
in november 2011 armendáriz, jr. was diagnosed with lung cancer. on december 26, 2011 armendáriz, jr. died in a memorial hospital in new york city, new york from eye cancer, aged 71. he was later buried in panteón jardín, mexico city.
phyllis ada driver (july 17, 1917 – august 20, 2012) was an american voice, movie and stage actress and comedian who makes self deprecating jokes about her age and her terrible cooking. she has performed in many movies and television programs. 
diller was born on july 17, 1917 in lima, ohio. she was of german and irish descent. she was educated at bluffton college, she was the classmate of hugh downs. 
diller's career would begin in 1952 and would later appear in almost 100 of movies and television programs, her movie include; "the fat spy", "the boneyard", "happily ever after", "silence of the hams", and in "a bug's life". her television programs appearances also include; "alice through the looking glass", "the pruitts of southampton" aka "the phyllis diller show", "the muppet show", "hey arnold!", "the powerpuff girls" and as peter griffin's mother in "family guy".
diller married sherwood anderson diller from 1939 to 1965. second and thirdly, she married warde donovan from 1965 to 1966, and again they married until they divorced again in 1974. she had a partner robert p. hastings from 1985 until his death in 1996. she had six children with her first husband.
diller died of natural causes in los angeles, california on august 20, 2012.
sherman alexander hemsley (february 1, 1938 – july 24, 2012) was an american actor.
hemsley was born on february 1, 1938 in philadelphia, pennsylvania to and was raised in south philadelphia by his mother, who was a factory worker. he left school to join the air force, where he served in for four years. later he returned to philadelphia where he worked in a post office during the day and at night he went to acting classes. later he moved to new york still working for the post office during the day and at night he went to acting classes.
hemsley's career began when he starred in a 1970 broadway play in "purlie" as gitlow. hemsley's television career began in 1970 in the television series "all in the family". and his first movie was in the 1979 movie "love at first bite". hemsley is mostly known as for his role as george jefferson on the cbs in television series "the jeffersons", and as deacon ernest frye on the nbc series "amen". he also played earl sinclair's horrifying boss, and a triceratops in jim henson's sitcom "dinosaurs".
personal life and death.
hemsley was a smoker and never married. hemsley lived in el paso, texas and died there after he was found in his home on july 24, 2012. the cause of his death was a lung tumor caused by superior vena cava syndrome, aged 74. hemsley was cremated.
gangster squad is a 2013 movie about the mafia. it stars emma stone and nick nolte. this crime picture was to have been released in september, 2012. after the 2012 aurora shooting certain scenes had to be removed and this caused a delay. the movie has been released january 11, 2013 by warner bros.
frontiers of the roman empire is a world heritage site. the site includes three walls in different parts of europe. they were part of the frontiers of the roman empire.
limes (plural: 'limites') is the latin name of walls at the border of the roman empire. there were many such fortifications.
the latin word has a number of meanings, but the most common one is border.
the term "limes" was used by roman writers to describe paths, walls, boundary stones, rivers marking a boundary, but its meaning was not the same as the modern boundary.
some notable examples of roman "limites" are:
christopher francis ocean (born christopher edwin breaux; october 28, 1987), known professionally as frank ocean, is an american singer, songwriter, and rapper. he was born in long beach, california and moved to new orleans, louisiana when he was five. ocean made an early career as a ghostwriter for artists such as brandy, justin bieber, beyonce, and john legend. in 2010, he became a member of odd future. his first mixtape, "nostalgia, ultra", was released in 2011. 
in 2012, bbc said that ocean finished second place in its sound of 2012 poll. ocean appeared at coachella. he was scheduled for lollapalooza at the end of his 2012 summer tour. his first studio album, "channel orange", was a digital download only on itunes for one week. then it was a full release on july 17, 2012. it was nominated for six grammy awards.
ocean won the 2013 brit award for international male solo artist.
in august 2016, ocean released his second studio album, "blonde".
ocean was one of the first major hip-hop/r&b artists to say that he had a same-sex relationship.
thomas edward "tom" bosley (october 1, 1927 october 19, 2010) was an american actor. bosley is known for his role as howard cunningham in "happy days". he also starred in roles in "murder, she wrote" and "father dowling mysteries". he starred in the broadway musical "fiorello!" that earned him a tony award.
bosley was born on october 1, 1927 in chicago, illinois, the son of dora (née heyman) and benjamin bosley. although well known for playing a catholic priest-and numerous protestants-bosley was actually jewish. during world war ii, bosley served in the united states navy. while attending depaul university, in chicago. in 1947 bosley's stage career began in "our town" with the canterbury players at the fine arts theatre. bosley performed at the woodstock opera house in woodstock, illinois, in 1949 and 1950 alongside paul newman.
bosley played the knave of hearts in a hallmark hall of fame telecast of eva le gallienne's production of "alice in wonderland" in 1955. but his career began in a stage role based on new york city mayor fiorello h. la guardia in the long broadway musical "fiorello!" (1959), for which he won a tony award. in 1994, bosley originated the role of maurice in the broadway version of disney's "beauty and the beast". bosley also toured as cap'n andy in harold prince's 1994 revival of "show boat".
his first movie role was in 1963, as would-be suitor of natalie wood in "love with the proper stranger". other movies include; "the world of henry orient", "divorce american style", "yours", "mine and ours", "gus" and the television movie "the triangle factory fire scandal". bosley shared a heartfelt story about his life during the holocaust in the documentary movie "paper clips".
among his early television appearances was in the 1960 cbs summer replacement series, "diagnosis: unknown", with patrick o'neal. in 1962, he played assistant district attorney ryan in the episode "the man who wanted to die" on james whitmore's abc legal drama "the law and mr. jones". in 1969, he appeared in a comedy episode from "the virginians".
happy days and other notable movie and television roles.
bosley's best known role was the character howard cunningham, richie and joanie cunningham's father, in the long running "happy days". bosley was also known for playing sheriff amos tupper on "murder, she wrote". he also played father frank dowling in the tv mystery series, "father dowling mysteries". along the television appearances, one notable early performance was in "eyes" segment of the 1969 pilot episode of rod serling's "night gallery", directed by steven spielberg and joan crawford.
bosley also starred in the 2008 hallmark channel television movie "charlie & me". in 2010, he appeared in "the backup plan" starring jennifer lopez, which was his last movie before his death.
in 1984, bosley guest-hosted the "macy's fourth of july fireworks spectacular" with local newscaster pat harper.
during the 1970s and 1980s, bosley did several commercials for the glad sandwich and garbage bags.
bosley did radio commercials for the new saturn car company a "different kind of car company," in 1990.
later in life he was the television spokesman for smc (special merchandise corporation), a national wholesaler and dropshipper.
bosley was also the "face" of lifeback usa helping bring the benefits of life settlements to seniors, having himself sold an unwanted life insurance policy during his later life.
role in popular culture.
in a 1997 of "the simpsons", homer claims to have been the son of tom bosley. homer and marge are going to their high school reunion:
homer: it'll be great to see the old gang again. potsie, ralph malph, and the fonz.
margie: that wasn't you, that was "happy days"!
homer: no, they weren't all happy days. like the time pinky tuscadero crashed her motorcycle, or the night i lost all my money to those card sharks and my dad tom bosley had to get it back.
personal life and death.
bosley was married to jane eliot from 1962 until they divorced in 1978. later in 1980 bosley married patricia carr until his death in 2010. bosley had a daughter amy bosley.
bosley died on october 19, 2010, at a hospital in rancho mirage, california from heart failure complicated by staphylococcal infection. he was 83 years old. bosley had lung cancer. his remains are buried at forest lawn memorial park in hollywood hills, california.
dabry's sturgeon, also known as the yangtze sturgeon ("acipenser dabryanus"), is a member of the family acipenseridae and the order acipenseriformes.
the fish is thought to have lived at the same time as dinosaurs. it may have lived as long as 140 million years ago. because of that, it is sometimes called a living fossil. it is an animal carefully protected by the chinese government. it is named a "national treasure" much like the giant panda.
the fish can be between in body length. it can weigh on average. a grown-up sturgeon measures up to long, and weighs over . this makes it the third biggest only to the white sturgeon and atlantic sturgeon. 
sturgeon are anadromous. this means they spawn in fresh water and migrate to salt water to mature. 
it lives on the main streams of the yangtze river and coastal regions of qiantang river, minjiang river and pearl river. 
raymon lee cramton or chad everett (june 11, 1937 – july 24, 2012) was an american actor. he was known for his role as dr. joe gannon in the television drama "medical center".
everett was born raymon lee cramton on june 11, 1937 in south bend, indiana, to virdeen (née hopper) and harry clyde "ted" everett. he was raised in dearborn, michigan. everett was educated at fordson high school and at wayne state university.
everett has appeared in shows including "cold case", "medical center", "supernatural", "malibu", and movies including: "aiplane ii: the sequel", "the firechasers", "made in paris", and "the impossible years".
personal life and death.
everett was married to actress shelby grant from 1966 until her death in 2011. everett had 2 children. everett died of lung cancer on july 24, 2012 in los angeles, california, aged 75.
luca signorelli (probably born in 1441 or 1445, died 16 october 1523 in corona, italy) was an italian painter. he was also called luca d'egidio di ventura and luca da cortona. he is one of the most important painters of the renaissance in italy. he was good at painting perspective. one of the techniques he used is called "foreshortening" - with it a distance appears shorter than it actually is, because the object painted is shown at an angle. from 1499 to 1503, he painted a series of frescoes in orvieto cathedral, called "the last judgement". this is what he is remembered for most. 
cgi is an abbreciation, that can stand for:
bitis is a genus of venomous vipers found in africa and the southern arabian peninsula. this group contains the largest and smallest vipers in the world. there are currently 14 species found. bitis are commonly known as the "african adders", or the "african viper".
both the largest viper, and the smallest viper in the world belong in this group. the largest viper, the gaboon viper, grows up to the length of 2 meters, while the smallest viper, the namaqua dwarf adder, grows up to the length of only 28 cm. all african adders have wide, triangular heads, a large, rounded snout, and small eyes.
where they live.
the african adders are found in africa, and the southern arabian peninsula.
african adders are terrestrial (meaning they live and are found on the ground), and ambush their prey. they are slow, and sluggish, but they can bite their prey or enemy with amazing speed. african adders are known for when being disturbed inflating their body, and hissing loudly. all african adders are viviparous, meaning they give live birth. they eat small rodents like mice and rats, birds, amphibians like frogs and toads, other snakes
computer-generated imagery (cgi) is using computer graphics, especially in movies. these images are used for special effects, simulation, and commercials, amongst others. sometimes the technology is used to produce a static background, which is then merged into the image; at other times it is used to produce animations in 2d or 3d. in its broadest sense, a computer- generated image (cgi) can be defined as any image that is created with the use of a computer- based processor or program. because computers are widely used, both in image generating and in image processing, these images are pervasive- from billboard advertisements to film productions and photography. 
 benjamin morrell, (july 5, 1795 – 1839) was an american sea captain, navigator and explorer.
between 1821 and 1823, he made four important trips, especially in the southern ocean, the pacific islands and the eastern shores of the americas.
he wrote a memoir about his travels titled "a narrative of four voyages" and, following the information provided, earned a bad reputation as a liar, because it contained inaccuracies and also contained a somewhat fanciful way of exposing their experiences.
donna lewis (born august 6th 1973) is a welsh singer who is best known for her hit single "i love you always forever". she released her first two albums under atlantic records although she now has an independent label. lewis was born in wales.
brain stew, a.k.a. jaded is a song by the punk rock band green day. the song was on their fourth studio album "insomniac" in the year 1995.
paula cole (born april 5, 1968) is an american singer and songwriter. her songs include "where have all the cowboys gone?". cole was born in the boston area. she received a grammy award for "best new artist" in 1998 and released more albums over the years.
eristicophis is a monotypic genus made for the venomous viper species ""e. macmahonii". it is found in the desert areas near the borders of iran, pakistan, and afghanistan. there are currently no subspecies recognized. the e. macmahonii is also known as the "mcmahon's viper", the "asian sand viper", the "leaf-nosed viper", and the "whiskered viper"". 
the mcmahon's viper is a small species of snake, growing up to less than one meter. males are smaller than females; males can grow up to the length of 22-40 cm, and females can grow up to the length of 28-72 cm. they are reddish-brown or yellowish brown in color.
where they live.
the mcmahon's viper is found in the desert regions of balochistan, near the borders of iran, pakistan, and afghanistan. 
the mcmahon's viper is said to be nocturnal, but some say it is crepuscular, meaning it is active during the early morning or late evening. it is able to sidewind on loose sand, and sometimes climbs into bushes. it is a aggressive snake, hissing very loudly when disturbed or annoyed, and sometimes it raising its head of the ground and starts striking aggressively. it is able to sink into the sand by moving in a rocking motion. when it sinks into the sand it leaves its eyes and snout sticking out of the sand. 
the mcmahon's viper eats small lizards, small rodents like mice, and sometimes birds.
the mcmahon's viper is oviparous, meaning it lays eggs. it lays around a dozen eggs at a time, and these eggs take around 6-8 weeks to hatch. when the eggs hatch the young are about 6 inches (15 cm) long.
not much is known about the mcmahon's viper venom, but some say it is similar to the venom of the echis.
macrovipera is a genus of venomous vipers, found in semi-deserts of north africa, middle east, and milos archipelago in the aegean sea. macrovipera are commonly known as the "large palearctic vipers". the large palearctic viper is responsible for many bites in africa and western asia each year. there are four species currently found. 
besides the milos viper, all the vipers in this group grow up to the length 1.5 meters. 
where they live.
the large palearctic viper lives in dry regions of morocco, algeria, and tunis in north africa, east to pakistan, kashmir, and india, north to milos archipelago in the aegean sea, and armenia and dagestan in russia.
lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender rights in the united states have changed over time, and different states have different rules about them. sexual acts between adults (depending on the age of consent in each state. this varies from age 16 to 21), and adolescents of an age close to an adult, of the same sex have been legal in the u.s. since 2003. 
family, marriage, and anti-discrimination laws are different in every state. on june 26, 2015, the supreme court said that states could not have laws against same-sex marriage. this decision is called "obergefell v. hodges". before "obergefell v. hodges", same-sex marriage was legal in 36 states and in washington, d.c.
twenty-one states plus washington, d.c. have made discrimination because of sexual orientation illegal. sixteen states plus washington, d.c. have made discrimination because of gender identity or expression illegal. hate crimes because of sexual orientation or gender identity can also be punished under matthew shepard and james byrd, jr. hate crimes prevention act of 2009. 
human rights campaign is the biggest lgbt-rights group in the u.s.
atropoides is a genus of venomous pit vipers found in mexico and central america. there is currently three species found. atropoides are also known as the ""jumping pit vipers" or the "jumping vipers"".
jumping vipers grow up to the length of around 90 centimeters (36 inches), while the longest ever found was 120.2 centimeters (47 in). all of them are thick-bodied, with the mexican jumping pit viper being the thickest, and the picado's jumping pit viper being the slimmest. it has a large head, with small eyes, and a rounded snout, it also has a short tail. they are gray-brown, reddish brown or black in color with brown blotches on them.
where they live.
the jumping vipers are found on the mountains of east mexico, the lowlands of central america, and panama.
even though this snake is known as the "jumping viper" they do not really jump, but some say when they attack an enemy or prey they strike at such a force they actually leave the ground. they are slow moving and are not very aggressive snakes. they are active during both night and day, but those which are found on high altitudes are usually active at day time.
adult jumping vipers eat mainly small mammals and lizards, while young jumping vipers eat orthopterans, and skinks. 
shawn colvin (born january 10, 1956 in vermillion, south dakota) is a singer-songwriter and a musician. she began her career in the 1980s, though it was not until 1997 that she became mainstream: her song "sunny came home" (from her album "a few small repairs") was number one on the "billboard" adult pop songs chart in august 1997. colvin released more records during the late 1990s, 2000s and 2010s.
the trs-80 is a computer made by tandy corporation sold by radio shack.
cheryl ladd (born cheryl jean stoppelmoor, july 12, 1951 in huron, south dakota) is an american actress. ladd is known for many television series and many movies. she is best known for her role as kris munroe in "charlie's angels". she was with the show until 1981.
andrea true (born andrea marie truden, july 26, 1943 - november 7, 2011) was an american porn star and a singer from the disco era of the 1970s. she is best known for her single "more, more, more". it was released in 1976. it peaked at #4 on the "billboard" hot 100.
true was born in nashville, tennessee as andrea marie truden. she moved to new york city during her teenage years. she wanted to seek fame as a movie star or singer. true sang in clubs. she got minor roles in mainstream movies from time to time. she was in movies, such as "the way we were". but the fame she sought was fleeting. when some friends asked her to join them in a porn movie, true went along with the idea.
true acted in porn movies in scandinavia in the 1960s. by the end of the decade, she began appearing in american adult movies. in the 1970s and 1980s, she acted in more than 50 hardcore porn movies in the early new york.
by the time of her singing career, true said she was getting tired of porn. 
in early 1977, true released another song, "n.y. you got me dancing" from her follow-up studio album "white witch". the song was true's second biggest hit. it reached #27 on the american "billboard" pop chart. 
true's third album, "war machine" (1980), failed. when that happened, she tried to return to porn. but at almost 40, she was too old to return. she also could not go back to music due to a goiter that had developed on her vocal cords.
andrea true died of heart failure in kingston, new york, where she was raised. 
the chicago board of trade building is a skyscraper in chicago, illinois, united states. the chicago board of trade building is currently the 37th tallest building in chicago. it stands , and has 44 floors. the building has a faceless statue of ceres (goddess of agriculture) as a reference to the exchange's heritage as a commodity market.
the chicago board of trade building was built in 1929 and finished in 1930. it is at 141 w. jackson boulevard at the foot of the lasalle street canyon, in the chicago loop community area in cook county. it first became a chicago landmark in may 4, 1977. the building was made a national historic landmark on june 2, 1978. it was added to the national register of historic places on june 16, 1978.
originally built for the chicago board of trade (cbot), it is now the primary trading venue for the derivatives exchange, the cme group, the cme group was founded in 2007 when the chicago board of trade and the chicago mercantile exchange merged.
the building has been featured in several movies, such as "", "batman begins", "ferris bueller's day off", and "the dark knight". the building was featured as the outer part of the daily planet in the 2013 superman movie "man of steel".
the torrent salamander is a species of salamanders. they are also known as cascade salamanders. they are part of the family rhyacotritonidae. they live in the pacific northwest.
the genus is divided into four species
the wood frog ("rana sylvatica") is a species of frog. it is part of the family ranidae. it lives in north america and is the state amphibian of new york. the wood frog hibernates during winter. 
the desert froglet ("crinia deserticola") is a species of frog. they are part of the myobatrachidae family. they live in australia. they live in savannas and deserts.
the moor frog, wolterstorff's frog, swedish swamp frog, siberian frog, or altai swamp frog ("rana arvalis") is a species of frog. it is part of the family ranidae. it lives in many parts of europe and asia, as far north as siberia. it is skinny, reddish-brown and semi-aquatic amphibians.
the california tree frog ("pseudacris cadaverina") is a species of tree frogs is a frog that live in california in the united states and baja california in mexico. they often look like stones because of their skin which helps them to camouflage. they have webbed feet and their skin is rough and looks like warts. they can reach up to 2.9 to 5 cm long.
ensatina is a genus of lungless salamanders. they are a complex of subspecies of "ensatina eschscholtzii", found in forests in british columbia, washington, oregon, california and baja california, mexico.
the "ensatina" salamander is a ring species in the mountains around the californian central valley. the complex forms a horseshoe shape around the mountains. though interbreeding can happen between each of the 19 populations around the horseshoe, the "ensatina eschscholtzii" subspecies on the western end of the horseshoe cannot interbreed with the "ensatina klauberi" on the eastern end. it is an illustration of "nearly all stages in a speciation process" (dobzhansky). richard highton argued that "ensatina" is a case of multiple species and not a continuum of one species.
the foothill yellow-legged frog ("rana boylii") is a species of frogs. they are part of the "rana" genus in the ranidae family. they are small frogs only reaching 3.72-8.2 cm long. they are found in northern oregon, california and baja california in mexico. 
centroleninae is a subfamily of frogs. there are nine genera.
dendrobatoidea is a superfamily of frogs. there are two family of frogs.
 is a japanese football player. she played for the japan national team.
kawasumi was a member of the japan national team that won the 2011 world cup. she scored two goals during the tournament.
she played on the women's team which won a silver medal in the 2012 summer olympics in london. her play was highlighted when she scored a crucial goal in her team's first match in the olympic tournament.
pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome (pans) is the name of a disease that normally begins in childhood. it causes obsessive-compulsive disorder (ocd) and/or tics. the symptoms begin very suddenly. if it is not treated at the beginning the disease can be there also in adults. the reason for pans can be a bacteria called "group a streptococcus" (pandas type) or an immunologic reaction to other pathogens like certain bacteria or viruses. (pitands type). 
signs and symptoms.
patients suffering from pans show sudden begin ocd and/or tics and at least two of these symptoms:
pans shares symptoms with other diseases. therefore diagnostic tests must be done to exclude other conditions like sydenham's chorea, lupus erythematosus, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, and tourette syndrome. proof of acute rheumatic fever would exclude a pans classification.
there is no direct treatment for pans available yet. this means today only some of the symptoms can be treated. but scientists are already working to develop treatments with antibiotics and immune-based therapies that can heal the disease. nevertheless early and consequent treatment of the symptoms seems to be important. otherwise the disease can become a lifelong problem.
the cattaro (italian province), called in italian "provincia italiana di cattaro" was an administrative section of the "governorate of dalmatia", created during world war ii by the kingdom of italy with "regio decreto legge" of may 18, 1941.
the newly created province had approximately the borders of the albania veneta, that was part of the republic of venice until 1797 in southern dalmatia.
in the province of cattaro there were the cities of cattaro, perasto, risan|, teodo and castelnuovo di cattaro. the province had a small territory around the "bocche di cattaro" (boka kotorska) of 547 km² and nearly 39,800 inhabitants. the island of saseno in albania was annexed to the province, after separating it from the province of zara (since 1920 this little island was part of italy).
the population was mostly slav, but there were nearly 3,000 autochthonous italians, descendants from the dalmatian italians since roman times: they were concentrated in the areas of cattaro and perasto.
italian general vittorio ambrosio conquered in a few days all the dalmatian coast of yugoslavia, and occupied the area around cattaro (called "kotor" since 1919) in april 1941.
the new italian province of cattaro was created by order of italian leader benito mussolini the next month, with the "may 19 treaty between italy and croatia". francesco scassellati sforzolini was named "prefect" of the cattaro province, serving from june 1941 to june 1943.
the governorship of the cattaro province (and all the governorate of dalmatia) was held by giuseppe bastianini until january 1943 when he was recalled to italy to join the cabinet; his place as governor was taken by francesco giunta.
in summer 1941 the italian government started a policy of italianization in all the governorate of dalmatia. new italian schools were opened in the "bocche di cattaro" (now called boka kotorska). administrative personnel from italy moved to cattaro city (nearly 6,700 dalmatian italians took refuge in italy after the creation of jugoslavia in 1919, and many of them were offered work if they returned to settle with their families in the governorate of dalmatia). bastianini started needed public works, building hospitals, sewage and roads in the area.
some 500 jews took refuge in the cattaro province, after escaping the ustasha and nazi german persecution in their areas of former jugoslavia.
the province was spared the bloody guerrilla, that happened in the rest of italian-occupied montenegro, until mid-september 1943 when germans took control of the area and the italian province of cattaro disappeared. the italian division "emilia" of the "xiv° corpo d'armata" fought the german occupation of the province of cattaro, having 597 deaths e 963 wounded soldiers, from september 9 until september 16, 1943.
"comuni" of the province of cattaro.
these were 15 "comuni" (municipalities) in the italian province of cattaro. the first name is in italian, the second in montenegrin-serbian and the third in croatian:
a.n.t. farm is an american sitcom. the first episode played on television on may 6, 2011. it continued as a regular series starting on june 17, 2011. the pilot episode, "transplanted" aired after the last episode of "the suite life on deck". the show was created by dan signer. he was a screenwriter and co-executive producer of "the suite life on deck". he also made the ytv series "mr. young". disney channel approved the show in mid-november 2010. production began in early 2011. the first promo was released during the premiere of "lemonade mouth".
the show takes place in san francisco, california. the show stars china anne mcclain, sierra mccormick and jake short. they are middle school students in a gifted education program called the "advanced natural talent" (or "a.n.t.") program. on november 30, 2011, "a.n.t. farm" was accepted for a second season. it started on june 1, 2012. the last show aired on march 21, 2014.
williams syndrome (ws) is a rare development problem. it is characterized by a distinct "elfin" facial appearance, strong language skills and cardiovascular troubles. there is a degree of low intelligence tied to williams syndrome. there are also language and motor skills delays.
 is a former japanese football player. she played for the japan national team.
miyama was a member of the japan national team that won the 2011 world cup.
she was named the asian football confederation (afc) women's player of the year in 2011
miyama was a member of the women's team in the 2008 summer olympics at beijing. she was elected captain of the team which won a silver medal in the 2012 summer olympics in london.her play was highlighted when she scored a crucial goal in her team's first game.
henry franklin winkler obe (born october 30, 1945) is an american movie, television, stage, voice actor, director, producer, and writer. winkler won two golden globe awards, in 1976 and in 1977, for his role as fonzie or the fonz in "happy days".
winkler was born on october 30, 1945 in new york city, new york. his parents were ilse anna maria (née hadra), and harry irving winkler, a lumber company executive. winkler's jewish parents emigrated from germany to the united states in 1939, before the beginning of world war ii.
winkler attended the mcburney school. he received his bachelor's degree from emerson college in 1967. he earned his master of fine arts degree from the yale school of drama in 1970. in 1978 emerson college and austin college gave winkler an honorary doctorate of humane letters.
winkler is best known for his role as fonzie (also called the fonz) on the 1970 american sitcom "happy days". fonzie was a leather-clad greaser and an auto mechanic. the character started as a minor character, but became more important before the show's end.
in october 2008, winkler appeared in a video with ron howard, again playing their roles of fonzie and richie cunningham, trying to make people vote for barack obama. the video was called "ron howard's call to action". it also featured the late andy griffith.
as of june 2010, winkler has appeared on the usa show "royal pains".
on june 19, 2010, winkler appeared on itv world cup live show. winkler represented the united states in the world cup wall chart.
as of the summer/fall 2010 season, winkler has joined the cast in the adult swim web series "children's hospital" playing a hospital administrator.
in late september 2010, winkler voiced professor nathaniel zib in the lego factory mini-series "rise of the rookies".
on may 31, 2011, winkler's book, "i've never met an idiot on the river". it shows winkler's love of flying and fishing.
in 2011, winkler guest-starred as ambush bug in the series finale of "batman: the brave and the bold".
in the 2013 broadway season, winkler, cheyenne jackson, alicia silverstone, and ari graynor are set to star in the david west read play "the performers" opening nov 14, 2012 at the longacre theatre.
winkler appeared in the movie "here comes the boom" (released october 12, 2012), as the music teacher at wilkinson high school.
in september 2011, winkler was made an honorary officer of the order of the british empire (obe) "for services to children with special educational needs and dyslexia in the uk."
winkler has been married to stacey weitzman since may 5, 1978. they have two children; zoe emily (b. 1980) and max daniel (b. 1983). winkler also has a stepson from weitzman's last marriage to howard weitzman.
naomi judd (born diana ellen judd; january 11, 1946 – april 30, 2022) was an american country music singer, songwriter, and activist.
judd was married to michael ciminella from 1964 to 1972. she married larry strickland in 1989.
naomi was the mother of christina ciminella (aka wynonna judd) and ashley. ashley is an american movie and stage actress. naomi and daughter wynonna formed a successful country singing duo called the judds. that group ended after naomi was diagnosed with hepatitis c in 1990. judd was also a writer.
after her last tour, judd had depression, anxiety, panic attacks, edema, baldness, tremors and suicidal thoughts.
judd shot herself on april 30, 2022 in franklin, tennessee at the age of 76. she had mental health issues such as depression. the day after her death, the judds were honored into the country music hall of fame.
 was a japanese athlete. she was best known as a figure skater. 
inada won the japan figure skating championships seven times. 
inada was a member of the japan national team at the 1936 winter olympics. at age 12, she was the youngest japanese competitor in all olympic games.
farnaz ghazizadeh (; born december 3, 1974 in tehran, iran) is an iranian journalist, blogger, and bbc persian television presenter. she has been involved in bbc persian television.
a spear thrower is a wooden tool used for throwing spears. it gives the human arm more leverage to build up the spear's velocity. this gives the spear more force and makes it go faster. spear throwers were used in many civilisations. it was used by the aztecs, who called it an "atlatl". it is also used by aboriginals in australia, where it has become most widely known as a "woomera" (the dharuk name for it).
a featherfoot is a sorcerer in australian aboriginal spirituality. a featherfoot is usually a bad spirit who kills people. in most traditional aboriginal beliefs, there is no such thing as a natural death. every death is caused by evil spirits or spells. it is usually because of an enemy, who wants revenge for something.
a featherfoot is so named because they are believed to have supernatural powers, including the ability to fly and move inter-dimensionaly when threatened as means of escape. he wears special shoes made of feathers (usually emu) and hair, stuck together with human blood. scholars say that the shoes leave no tracks (footprints).
south-west of western australia, which includes the noongar people, have a local scary story to tell at night. when the featherfoot is hunting you, it waits till you’re alone or in a small group, at night walking to a destination. the person or the group will start to get a sense of foreboding, followed by a strong sense they are being followed. the featherfoot is close behind, following. its steps are silent and leave not tracks. the only way to survive a feathfoot attack is to never look behind you until you get back to a light source. keep walking and don’t look back, it’s when the person looks behind them, is when it attacks. often the reason the spirit will follow and attack someone is because they have committed a crime, or something as heinous or evil.
all that is left behind after an attack, is a single large unknown bird feather and a small amount of the victims blood.
one has been witnessed to live in the western australian, albany narrikup region, where many animal remains are also found near it's lair in bushland. it is threatened by dogs.
marla maples (born october 27, 1963 near dalton, georgia) is an american movie actress and television personality. she is best known for her marriage to the businessman and president donald trump. she is a distant cousin of the actress heather locklear. she was born in cohutta, georgia.
mikantji is a waterhole in the northern territory of australia. it is an important sacred site for warlpiri-speaking aborigines. the site features in their dreaming stories. fire- and rain-making rituals are performed here by the warlpiri.
mikantji is located about northwest of yuendumu, on the road coming north from papunya.
milton teagle simmons (born july 12, 1948), better known as richard simmons, is a fitness guru and actor. he promotes programs aimed towards weight loss. he is known for his eccentric, outgoing, and flamboyant personality.
while growing up, simmons had asthma. he was obese when he was a teenager. by the time he graduated from high school, he weighed 268 pounds (122 kg). he had tried many failed diets for losing weight.
in the 1980s he had his own fitness show, "the richard simmons show". it lasted four years. the show was a hit. it taught people how to lose weight. it also taught healthy cooking and exercise.
simmons was born in new orleans, louisiana. he later moved to los angeles.
park jung-yang (, hanja: , may 3, 1872 – april 23, 1959) was a korean bureaucrat, politician and scholar, popular rights activist and liberalism activist. he lived during the joseon dynasty and japanese rule of korea. he was an active pro-japanese collaborator. his pen name was haeahk (, )·ilso (일소, 一笑). another name was wongeun (, ).
gabrielle anne carteris (born january 2, 1961 in scottsdale, arizona ) is an american actress. she has performed on television. she may be best known for playing andrea zuckerman on the television series "beverly hills, 90210".
on april 9, 2016, carteris was elected sag-aftra president.
calcium hypophosphite is used in the poultry industry. it helps when birds don't have enough calcium and phosphorous. not having enough of those can cause thin-shelled eggs, lameness, weak bones, etc.
 is a japanese athlete. he is best known as an skier who competed in three winter olympic games.
igaya was born in tomarimura, hokkaidō. he graduated from dartmouth college in 1957.
igaya was a member of the japanese team in the 1952 winter olympics, in the 1956 winter olympics, and in the 1960 winter olympics.
in 1956, he won the silver medal in the slalom event. he was the first japanese athlete to win a medal in a winter sport.
in 1982, igaya became a member of the international olympic committee (ioc). after his retirement in 2011, he was granted honorary ioc membership status.
ivana marie "ivanka" trump (), also known as yael kushner (; born october 30, 1981), is an american businesswoman, writer, heiress, and former model. trump was assistant to the president from march 29, 2017 to january 20, 2021. she is the daughter of former u.s president donald trump and czech model ivana trump. she works at the trump organization with the company's real estate and hotel management. she also has several other business deals.
on october 25, 2009, trump married jewish american businessman jared kushner after converting to judaism earlier that year in july.
in january 2017, it was said that trump and her husband were buying and moving into a family home in the kalorama neighborhood of washington, dc. federal forms released in 2017 say that trump and her husband may have assets worth more than $740 million.
trump is bilingual, speaking english and french. she also has a basic knowledge of her mother's native language of czech.
indira is a 1996 tamil movie. it was written by mani ratnam. it was directed by his wife and national award winning actress suhasini. "indira" dealt with the caste issues in a typical tamil nadu village through the eyes of an upright young dalit girl.
 is a japanese athlete. he is best known as an equestrian who competed in two summer olympic games. he is the current president of the japanese olympic committee.
takeda was born on november 1, 1947 in tokyo. he was the third son of prince tsuneyoshi takeda and his great-grandfather was emperor meiji.
he graduated from keio university in 1970 with a degree in law.
takeda was a member of the japanese team in the 1972 summer olympics at munich and the 1976 summer olympics at montreal.
he was a competitor in the all japan equestrian championships in 1969, 1975, 1977, 1978 and 1982. 
in 2001, he became president of the japanese olympic committee. he is also an executive board member on the olympic council of asia.
in july 2012, he was elected to be a member of the international olympic committee (ioc). 
 is a japanese athlete. he is best known as a ski jumper and as the winner of an olympic gold medal.
in the 1972 winter olympics in sapporo, kasaya earned japan's first olympic winter games gold medal in the 70m ski jump.
shallow grave is a 1994 british crime thriller movie set in edinburgh. it was written by john hodge, produced by andrew macdonald and directed by danny boyle. it stars ewan mcgregor as journalist alex, kerry fox as doctor juliet and christopher eccleston as accountant david. the three are friends who share a flat. they interview people who want to become their fourth flatmate and choose hugo (played by keith allen). alex, juliet and david find him dead in his room and a suitcase full of money in the room. they decide to keep his death secret, cut up and dispose of the dead body in a shallow grave and keep the money.
 is a japanese football player. he played for the japan national team.
otsu was born in mito on march 24, 1990. after graduating from seiritsu gakuen high school, he joined j1 league club kashiwa reysol in 2008. he played many matches from first season. however kashiwa was relegated to j2 league end of the 2009 season. in 2010, kashiwa won the champions and was returned to j1 in a year. in july 2011, he moved to german bundesliga club borussia mönchengladbach. however there were few opportunities to play. in 2012, he moved to dutch eredivisie club vvv-venlo. although he played many matches, the club was relegated to eerste divisie end of the 2012/13 season. in january 2015, he returned to his first club kashiwa reysol. in 2018, he moved to yokohama f. marinos. yokohama won the j1 league champions in 2019. in 2021, he moved to j2 club júbilo iwata.
in july 2012, otsu was selected the japan u-23 national team for 2012 summer olympics. he played all 6 matches and scored 3 goals, japan won the 4th place. on february 6, 2013, he debuted for the japan national team against latvia. he played 2 games for japan in 2013.
"...baby one more time" is the first single for britney spears released off her first album as its first single. it went to number one on the "billboard" hot 100. the video was memorable for spears being dressed in a schoolgirl uniform.
the song was mostly written by max martin. it was originally pitched to the r&b group tlc but they turned it down.
"womanizer" is a 2008 song. it is the first song on britney spears' sixth album "circus". it was the first single released off that album. it went to number one on the "billboard" hot 100. it is an electropop song referring to a womanizing man.
"if u seek amy" is a song on britney spears' sixth album "circus". it was the third single released off that album in early 2009. it hit the top 40 on the "billboard" hot 100. because of the double entendre in the song, radio stations played an edited version titled "if u see amy".
"everytime" is the third single released off of britney spears' fourth album "in the zone". it was released in early 2004. it was co-written by spears herself. it hit the top 40 of the "billboard" hot 100.
"oops!... i did it again" is the title track of britney spears' second album. it was the first single released off that album. the song was released in early 2000. it reached the top 40 of the "billboard" hot 100.
"i'm a slave 4 u" is a song from britney spears' third album, "britney". it was the first single off that album. it was released in late 2001. it was the only song from the album to hit the top 40 on the "billboard" hot 100.
the song created controversy. that was partly because of the words, which could be seen as sexual. it was also partly because of her performance of the song on the mtv video music awards.
"gimme more" is a song from britney spears' album "blackout". the song was released in late 2007. it was her comeback single after a few years out of the music business because of her personal problems. it hit the top 10 on the "billboard" hot 100. it is a dance-pop and electropop song with elements of disco music. its lyrics are apparently about dancing and having sex although they're actually about the media fascination for spears' private life as noted in lyrics such as "cameras are flashing my way darty dancin' they keep watching, feels like the crowd was saying: gimme more"
the song was first performed at the 2007 vma awards; a performance heavily criticized by the media comparing it to spears' standards in previous ceremonies. it was also performed during the femme fatale tour in an egypt-style remix in 2011 as well as in vegas residency in 2013.
the song was an international success reaching the top 10 in more than 15 countries including the us, uk and australia among others
wm morrison supermarkets plc (morrisons) () is the fourth biggest supermarket in the united kingdom. its main offices are in bradford, west yorkshire, england. the company is usually called morrisons. in 2008, sir ken morrison left the company.
dalton philips is the current head. the old ceo was marc bolland, who left to become ceo of marks & spencer.
as of september 2009, morrisons has 455 shops in the united kingdom.
on 15 march 2007, morrisons said that it would stop its old branding and go for a more modern brand image. their lower price brand, "bettabuy", was also changed to a more modern brand called the "morrisons value". this brand was then changed again in 2012 as morrisons started their low price option brand called "m savers".
in 2005 morrisons bought part of the old rathbones bakeries for £15.5 million which make rathbones and morrisons bread.
in 2011, morrisons opened a new 767,500 square/foot centre in bridgwater for a £11 million redevelopment project. this project also made 200 new jobs.
a dermal bone (membrane bone) is a bony structure that is part of the intramembranous ossification (the bone that helps fetus development in mammals). it is part of the vertebrate skeleton. these include the skull, jaws, gills, fins and exoskeleton.
the orange-thighed frog, northern orange-eyed frog or lime tree frog ("litoria xanthomera") is a species of tree frogs. they live in tropical places in queensland, australia. they are green with orange eyes. they also look like the red-eyed tree frog. the orange-thighed frog is a medium-sized tree frog. they can reach up to 5.5 centimeters in length. it is a skinny frog with a thin body, flat head and large orange eyes.
this frog lives in rainforests where the trees are close together. it spends almost all its time high in the trees. it only comes down from the tree to look for mates and lay eggs. male orange-thighed frogs gather in groups in ponds. they call for a mate from branches or on the edge of the water. their call is a long "aaa-rk". they mate with females after a heavy rainfall. their eggs are brown and the female can lay from 800 to 1600 eggs. the orange-thighed frog's tadpole are similar to the red-eyed tree frogs.
this frog was in danger because human beings would cut down its forests to take the wood to build things. now, people visiting their forests for fun is a larger problem.
discoglossidae is a family of frogs. they are commonly known as the disc-tongued frogs. they live in europe but some species have been found in northeastern africa. an extinct species of the discoglossidae family used to live in israel.
the family has two genus. they include the "alytes" and "discoglossus". the "discoglossus" frogs looks very alike to toads and can be found on land. the "alytes" are more smoother and look more like frogs. they are seen in the water. all of the species of the discoglossidae will lay their eggs in ponds and will turn into tadpoles.
the genus "bombina" and "barbourula" also used to be under this family but have now been moved to the bombinatoridae family,
enneabatrachus hechti is an extinct species of an extinct genus of prehistoric frogs. they lived during the late jurassic period. there has been many fossils found of them. there was one found in como bluff, wyoming. they are part of the family discoglossidae. the specimen found in wyoming was only a few millimeters long.
bufonidae is a family of the "true toads". the family has 35 genus. the bufonidae toads are found almost everywhere and are well known. true toads can be found on every continent except australia and antarctica. they can be found in rain forest. they lay their eggs in strings. they will hatch and become tadpoles. however, the genus "nectophrynoides", their young will not develop from a tadpole stage.
true toads do not have any tooth. their skin looks like warts. they have a pair of parotoid glands on the back of their heads. these glands has alkaloid poison. they get this type of poison from stress. they have also other toxins such as bufotoxin. male toads has a bidder's organ. the organ will become an active ovary if conditions are right. they will then become a female.
bufonidae has about 500 species among 37 genus.
sirenidae or sirens is a family of aquatic salamanders. they have very small front legs and do not have back legs. they have gills for breathing. sirens are found only in the southeastern united states and northern mexico.
the siren family (sirenidae) is subdivided into two genera, with two species each:
lumbricus terrestris (also known as the california blackworm or bloodworm) is a species of worm. these worms live in shallow water such as marshes, ponds and swamps. they feed on microorganisms. adult blackworms can lay 150 to 250 eggs.
the fathead minnow ("pimephales promelas"), also know as the rosy red minnow, is a species of freshwater fish. they are in the "pimephales" genus of the cyprinid family. they live in north america and central canada. this minnow has been introduced to many areas by people. they are golden. they are a feeder fish and are sold in pet stores.
ed, edd n eddy is a children's animated television series created by danny antonucci. it was produced by the studio a.k.a. cartoon and cartoon network studios. the show is about three boys called "the eds" who live in a cul-de-sac. they also create scams (tricks) in their neighborhood. these tricks could be items that the other kids might want to buy. they do this so the other kids will give them money to buy jawbreakers. most of the times, their plans end in a bad way.
before cartoon network started writing the show, antonucci tried to sell it to nickelodeon. however, the channel wanted to control what he does with the show. antonucci did not agree to that and went with the former. four specials, and two books were made. the characters of the show were also in many comic books and video games. the series ended with the tv movie "ed, edd n eddy's big picture show" on september 6, 2010.
the show got mostly good reviews and many awards and nominations. kids and adults from 31 million households in 30 different countries watched the show. the show became cartoon network's longest-airing show.
alexandrea "alex" borstein (born february 15, 1971) is an american actress, voice actress, writer, and comedian. borstein is known for her long running role as lois griffin in the animated television series "family guy" and will be the voice of princess reina fellow princess in the upcoming nick jr. series "destiny's side".
born in highland park, illinois and studied san francisco state university. borstein was trained in comedy at the acme comedy theatre, near hollywood, california, and was selected to join madtv after being searched by talent agents who noticed her comedy work at the theatre. borstein was a writer and voice actress for several shows like; "casper, pinky and the brain" and "power rangers: zeo", "powerpuff girls", before joining the cast of "madtv" as a featured player, and as a theatre player in 1997. 
borstein is married to jackson douglas since 1999 and have a child barnaby douglas, and henrietta douglas.
michael robert "mike" henry (born november 7, 1965 in pontiac, michigan) is an american voice actor, writer, producer, singer, and comedian. he is best known for his work on "family guy" where he is a writer, producer, and voice actor. 
he does the voice for many characters, such as cleveland brown, herbert, bruce, and greased up deaf guy, and consuela. starting with the show's fifth season, henry had received billing as a main cast member. in 2009, henry, seth macfarlane, and richard appel created a spin-off of "family guy" called "the cleveland show" to focus on cleveland and his new family.
henry is currently married to sara henry and have two children.
connie sellecca (born concetta sellecchia on may 25, 1955 in bronx, new york) is an american actress and former model who has starred in many television programs and many movies. she was nominated for a golden globe award for best actress in a television series drama in 1987.
 was a japanese athlete. he is best known as a track and field) competitor in three summer olympic games.
he was the first japanese olympic gold medalist. he was the first asian olympic champion in an individual event.
oda's main event was triple jump, but he also competed in long jump and high jump.
he participated in all three events in the 1924 summer olympics, the 1928 summer olympics and the 1932 summer olympics. 
in 1928 games in amsterdam, he won the gold medal in the triple jump event. 
oda later also set the world record in the sport, when he jumped for 15.58 m while studying in waseda university during 1931.
he became a member of the japanese olympic committee.
during the 1964 summer olympics in tokyo, the olympic flag was raised to a height of exactly 15.21 meters, to pay respect to oda's achievement 36 years earlier.
the autism spectrum or autistic spectrum is a range of disorders called pervasive developmental disorders. these disorders include autism, asperger syndrome, rett syndrome and more. 
jodie lee ann sweetin (born january 19, 1982) is an american actress. she is well known for her role as stephanie tanner in the sitcom "full house" from 1987 to 1995. she has also performed in other television programs.
peter paul wyngarde (cyril goldbert; 23 august 1927 – 15 january 2018) was an english singer, television and movie actor best known for his role as jason king, a bestselling novelist turned sleuth, in two british television series in the late 1960s and early 1970s: "department s" (1969 - 1970), and "jason king" (1971 - 1972). 
wyngarde was born in marseille, france to a french mother and english father. wyngarde was married to dorinda stevens from 1951 until 1956 and they had no children. wyngarde died on 15 january 2018 at a london hospital at the age of 90.
wyngarde recorded songs for rca victor during the 1970s.
freddy west tjakamarra (previously tjukurti tjakamarra; born around 1932 – died 1994) was an australian aboriginal artist. he was a leader of the pintupi people during their return to traditional lands in the 1980s. he was one of the founders of the kiwirrkurra settlement in 1983. as a painter, west was part of the western desert movement, and was one of the very first painters of the papunya tula school. 
freddy west was born in the great sandy desert sometime in the early 1930s. he was born in the pollock hills, north of where kiwirrkura is today, and lived a nomadic, hunter-gatherer lifestyle for the first half of his life. he and his family were mostly based along the western shore of lake mackay. they often travelled with another group, led by a man named waku tjungurrayi. these families became some of the last nomadic groups left in the desert – most other families having been settled in government stations since the 1950s. in 1962, west decided that he would go and join his relatives, who were living at papunya. this is traditionally luritja land, but the pintupi had become displaced here because of weapons tests being done at woomera. he met some officers of the territory's welfare department in the area of dovers hills, and arranged for them to take him and his family to papunya in a year's time. in august 1963, west and his family began to walk to papunya and met the welfare officers on the way. west had two wives: parara and payu, who were sisters of the napaltjarri skin grouping.
at papunya, west started to paint with geoffrey bardon. he became one of the first members of the papunya tula school, and a shareholder in the company. in the late 1970s, west campaigned strongly within the pintupi community for them to leave papunya and return to their traditional country in the west. he moved back west with other pintupi in 1981 and set up the community of kintore. he was later an important person in the establishment of kiwirrkurra, in 1983. he lived there for most of the rest of his life. he married a third wife in october 1984, takariya napaltjarri. she was the daughter of waku tjungurrayi, and had only come out of the desert a few days before they were married. they soon separated, and takariya remarried. with his two other wives, west had 15 children. he died in 1994.
west did not paint much compared with many other early papunya artists. his early works depicted abstract scenes of men's ceremonies, and were very decorated. his later works depicted stories from the pintupi dreamtime ("tingari"), using a motif of circles and lines. he has works in the australian museum in sydney, the national museum of australia in canberra, the art gallery of western australia in perth, and the art gallery of south australia in adelaide.
pinta pinta tjapanangka (late 1920s – 1999) was an australian aboriginal artist. he was one of the very first members of the papunya tula art movement. he is a well-known painter of western desert art. he belonged to the pintupi community, and painted stories from the pintupi dreaming ("tingari"). he painted mythological events that happened around his homeland, including around winparrku, lake macdonald and lake mackay.
pinta pinta was from western australia. he was born at yumari, a place in the great sandy desert. he was probably born sometime in the late 1920s (around 1927 or 1928). before contact with white society, he lived a nomadic way of life in the desert. in the 1950s, he walked with his family to stay at haasts bluff, a government rations outpost. this was his first contact with modern australian civilisation. his was one of the last groups in the country to come out of the desert.
pinta pinta began painting in the mid-1970s, at papunya. he moved to kintore after it was founded in 1981. in 1984, pinta pinta and his family set up an outstation at winparrku (mount webb), between kintore and kiwirrkurra. the family moved here shortly after. in 1988, he had a small part in the move "evil angels".
his paintings mostly stick to black, white and ochre in colour. the most obvious motif seen in them is the circles and lines, which depict dreaming tracks. some of his works are in the australian museum, the national gallery of victoria and the museum and art gallery of the northern territory.
he had two sons, matthew (born early 1960s) and nyilyari (born about 1965). nyilyari also became a famous artist.
the house centipede ("scutigera coleoptrata") is a yellowish grey centipede having up to 15 pairs of legs. 
the species are found all across the world and live in human apartments or houses. the house centipede is an insectivore; it kills and eats arachnids and insects. they were first discovered around 1758. these centipedes are harmless to humans, although humans may be startled by them. it is a nocturnal animal.
house centipedes live from three to seven years, depending on the environment. they can start breeding in their third year. 
they are among the fastest artropods: they can reach speeds of up to 420mm/s, which is about 1.5km/h. 
dominick "dom" deluise (august 1, 1933 may 4, 2009) was an american actor, voice actor, comedian, movie director, television producer, chef and author.
he was the husband of actress carol arthur from 1965 until his death in 2009. he was the father of actor, director, pianist, and writer peter deluise, actor david deluise, and actor michael deluise. he starred in several movies directed by mel brooks. he was in a series of movies with career-long best friends burt reynolds. he was a voice actor in most of the animated movies by don bluth. deluise appeared in "the dean martin show". he appeared in more than 100 movies.
deluise was born on august 1, 1933 in brooklyn, new york city. his parents were italian americans vincenza "jennie" (née destefano), a homemaker, and john deluise, a garbage collector. he was raised a roman catholic. he attended the high school of performing arts and tufts university.
in 1964, he married actress carol arthur; together they have three sons: peter deluise (born 1966), david deluise (born 1971), and michael deluise (born 1969).
deluise lived in santa monica, california until his death there on may 4, 2009 he had renal failure due to diabetes and also had cancer. he died from kidney failure and complications of cancer. he was 75 years old. deluise is buried next to his parents in new york city.
agkistrodon piscivorus, also known as the cottonmouth snake, water moccasin, or water viper, is a species of highly venomous pit viper (a type of snake) found throughout southeastern united states. commonly called cottonmouths because of their all-white mouth, they are often confused with northern water snakes, which are harmless, but the cottonmouth is much the opposite.
cottonmouths live throughout southeastern united states, often found in water sources, such as marshes, bogs, lakes, rivers, ponds and almost every body of water you could imagine. 
the cottonmouth's diet consists of birds, frogs, toads, lizards, smaller cottonmouths, small alligators and turtles, and a few other things. a lot of snakes eat whatever they can find. 
cottonmouths are one of the most dangerous snakes in the world. remember the rhyme: if it's white, stay away! if it's not, you'll live to see another day. 
richard vincent "dick" van patten (december 9, 1928 – june 23, 2015) was an american actor, businessman, and animal welfare advocate. he was best known for his role as tom bradford on the television sitcom "eight is enough".
van patten was born in queens, new york.
he began working as a child actor. he was successful on the new york stage, appearing in more than a dozen plays as a teenager. he later starred in many television roles including the long running cbs television series, "i remember mama" and "young dr. malone". later he would star or co-star in many feature movies including mel brooks' "robin hood: men in tights", charlton heston's "soylent green" and the academy award winning "charly".
van patten is the founder of natural balance pet foods and national guide dog month. van patten has been married to patricia poole since 1954. they have three children; vincent van patten, nels van patten, and jimmy van patten.
van patten died at the age of 86 from diabetic complications in santa monica, california.
daphne zuniga (born october 28, 1962) is an american actress. she is best known for playing jo reynolds in the television series "melrose place" and as victoria davis on the cw teen drama "one tree hill". 
zuniga supports equality now. equality now works to make legal changes in countries to better lives of females. also, she is working to restore the river in los angeles. she is a member of the board of directors for a group working to restore the river area.
general yun chi-wang (윤치왕, 尹致旺) (february 17, 1895 – december 21, 1982) was a south korean politicians, solder and gynecologist. he was the half brother of yun chi-ho, uncle of yun poson, 4th president of south korea.
gretchen elizabeth carlson (born 21 june 1966 in minnesota) is an american television personality. she performs hosting shows on fox news. before that, carlson received the title of miss america 1989 (she still works with the miss america pageant club). later she teamed up with cbs news. she joined fox news around 2005.
greta van susteren (born june 11, 1954 near appleton, wisconsin) is an american news commentator and television personality on fox news network . she is the host of on the record on fox news network. she is also a former criminal defense and civil trial lawyer. she co-hosted burden of proof along with roger cossack on cable news network(cnn) prior to switching to fox. she received the american bar association’s presidential award for “excellence in journalism” in 2001.
she married lawyer john p. coale in 1988. they are members of the church of scientology. 
tucker swanson mcnear carlson (born may 16, 1969) is an american paleoconservative television host and political commentator who has hosted "tucker carlson tonight" on fox news since 2016. he is a contributing editor for "the weekly standard". he started his television career as a political analyst for the cable news network (cnn) and also a host on that network, co-hosting the spin room and crossfire. he left cnn in 2004. he then started hosting a show on msnbc. carlson co-founded "the daily caller", funded by foster friess. he currently co-hosts a weekend morning talk show on fox news channel. 
tucker was born in san francisco and grew up in carlsbad, california.
in 2006, he was a contestant on "dancing with the stars". he was the first person eliminated from the competition. 
rules of engagement is an american sitcom set in new york city. it aired from february 5, 2007 to may 20, 2013 on cbs. it has five main characters. patrick warburton and megyn price play married couple jeff and audrey. oliver hudson and bianca kajlich play engaged couple adam and jen. david spade plays womanizing narcissistic single man russell. adhir kalyan plays timmy, russell's office assistant.
geraldo rivera (born july 4, 1943, manhattan, new york city) is an american attorney, journalist, author, reporter, and talk show host. he almost always appears on fox news. he hosted a talk show, "geraldo", which ran for eleven years and featured many controversial guests. he began hosting for fox news not long after the attacks of september 11, 2001. he hosts "geraldo at large". he has written six books.
the government of the united kingdom, formally referred to as his majesty's government, is the central government of the united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland. it is also commonly referred to as simply the british government or the uk government.
the government is led by the prime minister, who chooses the other ministers. the prime minister and the other most powerful ministers belong to a group known as the cabinet, who are the most important decision makers in the government. these ministers are all members of parliament (mps). laws are made by mps voting in parliament, which is called 'legislative authority'. these laws make what is called primary legislation. 
the prime minister now is rishi sunak, the present leader of the conservative party. liz truss, the former leader, was only prime minister for a short time and had succeeded boris johnson, who had been prime minister from 2019 until his resignation in 2022.
the government is chosen by the people indirectly. the people of the united kingdom vote in a general election, appointing representatives to the parliament, at least once every five years. the monarch must select as prime minister the person who is likely to have the support of parliament. by convention, that is normally the leader of the party that has the most mps in the house of commons. the prime minister leads the government and exercises executive power on behalf of the monarch, in accordance with the laws set by parliament, including appointing ministers to the executive branches of government. 
under the british constitution, laws are made or unmade by parliament. the policy and administration of the laws is done by the direction of the prime minister and the cabinet. this is called executive authority. the monarch is obliged to follow the advice of the government and has not refused to do so since the 17th century. the cabinet members advise the monarch as part of a group called privy council. they also use their power directly as leaders of the government departments. 
the british kind of government is sometimes called parliamentary government.
there are separate governments in wales, scotland and northern ireland, each responsible to their own local parliament. these parliaments have certain limits decided by the main parliament in westminster. there is no separate english parliament.
margot louise hemingway (february 16, 1954-july 1, 1996), later called margaux hemingway, was an american actress and fashion model. she was born in portland, oregon. she was the sister of mariel hemingway. on july 1, 1996, the day before the anniversary of her grandfather ernest hemingway's own suicide, margaux killed herself: she overdosed with a drug called phenobarbital. she was found dead inside her apartment in santa monica, california.
styx (formerly known as s/2012 (134340) 1 and informally as p5) is a small moon of the dwarf planet pluto. it was discovered on june 26, 2012, using the hubble space telescope. it is the fifth moon of pluto discovered so far. the others are charon, discovered in 1978, nix and hydra, which were discovered in 2005, and kerberos, discovered in 2011.
the moon was discovered using nine sets of images taken between 26 june and 9 july 2012 by wide field camera 3 of the hubble space telescope. nasa announced the discovery on 11 july 2012. the images were taken as part of a hubble survey searching for potential hazards for the new horizons mission. the new horizons space probe is going to pluto at the moment and will arrive in july 2015. the discovery of the moon has made scientists worried about the mission. pluto may have more bodies, such as dust or rings, orbiting it which cannot be found. these bodies could damage the new horizons probe. the current plan for new horizons is that it will pass just inside the orbit of charon. but this could change if scientists think that the space probe will be damaged.
the moon is 10 to 25 km across. because of its small size, it is likely to be irregular in shape. the moon is very faint, about one one-hundred-thousandth as bright as pluto. the moon is likely to be made of water ice.
styx orbits the centre of mass of pluto and charon at a distance of around 42,000 km. this is in between the orbits of charon and nix. the orbital path of the moon is very nearly circular, like the other moons of pluto. the moon orbits in the same orbital plane as the other moons. the moon takes around 20 days to orbit pluto.
the moon system around pluto may exist because of a collision of pluto with a large kuiper belt body a very long time ago. pluto’s moons may have formed from the scattered pieces of rock left behind after the collision.
the doon school (informally "doon school" or "doon") is a boys-only private boarding school in dehradun, uttarakhand, india. the school was founded by satish ranjan das, a calcutta lawyer. doon's first headmaster was arthur e. foot, a former science master at eton college. the present headmaster is peter mclaughlin, who has occupied the post since 2009 and is the ninth headmaster of the school.
the school houses roughly 500 pupils aged 13 to 18. every year in january and april, the school admits pupils aged 13 in grade 7 (known as d-form) and aged 14 in grade 8 (c-form) respectively. doon pupils take the indian certificate of secondary education in tenth grade and are thereafter offered two strands for the final two years: international baccalaureate (ib) or indian school certificate (isc). the school began offering the ib curriculum only in 2006, before which all pupils had to sit the isc examinations in twelfth grade. 
doon has consistently been ranked among the best residential schools of india by media such as "the times of india" and "outlook". doon remains a boys-only school despite continued pressure from political leaders, including president pratibha patil, to become coeducational. former students of the school are commonly known as "doscos". although the total number of doscos is relatively small (estimated at 5,000 since the school's founding), they include some of india's most prominent politicians, government officials and business leaders. the best known alumnus is former indian prime minister rajiv gandhi.
maria muldaur (born in new york city, september 12, 1943) is an american singer and songwriter. her birth name was maria grazia rosa domenica d'amato. she is a folk-blues singer who contributed to the revival of american folk music in the early 1960s and recorded the 1974 hit song "midnight at the oasis".
gavin christopher newsom (born october 10, 1967) is an american politician and businessman who is the 40th and current governor of california. as a member of the democratic party, he previously served as the 49th lieutenant governor of california from 2011 to 2019 and served as the 42nd mayor of san francisco from 2004 to 2011. 
early life and education.
gavin christopher newsom was born on october 10, 1967 in san francisco, california to tessa menzies newsom and william a. newsom lll. during his childhood he was diagnosed with dyslexia, which made it very difficult to read, write, spell and work with numbers and his parents divorced in 1972 when he was five years old. during his teen years, newsom had to work several jobs to support his family plus he was a shooting guard as a basketball player in high school.
he attended schools and universities such as, ecole notre dames des victories, redwood high school, santa clara university and later graduated with a bachelor of science and also studied abroad in rome, italy.
political career (1997–present).
mayor of san francisco (2004–2011)
in november 2003, newsom announced his candidacy for mayor and a month later he was confirmed the winner of the mayoral race with eleven thousand votes and was officially sworn in as the 42nd mayor of san francisco on january 8, 2004. 
in november 2007, he ran for reelection to and was sworn in for a second term in january 2008. he served as mayor of san francisco from 2004 until his term ended in january 2011. 
newsom previously served as a member of the san francisco board of supervisors from 1997 until january 2004, shortly before becoming mayor of the city.
lieutenant governor of california (2011–2019)
in march 2010, newsom officially announced his candidacy for lieutenant governor and he won the democratic primary in june 2010, he won the election along with former california governor jerry brown and was officially sworn in as 49th lieutenant governor of california on january 10, 2011. 
in 2014, he ran for reelection to a second term and was sworn in for a second term in january 2015. newsom served as lieutenant governor of california from 2011 until his term ended in january 2019.
governor of california 
in 2015, while newsom was still lieutenant governor, he announced that in 2018 that he planned to run for governor. in june 2018, he won the democratic primary and had chosen former ambassador eleni kounalakis as his running mate for lieutenant governor. 
in november 2018, he defeated republican candidate john h. cox, and was confirmed the winner of the race newsom was officially sworn in as 40th governor of california on january 7, 2019.
in late 2021, newsom launched his reelection campaign to a second term as governor. on november 8, 2022, he defeated state senator and republican candidate brian dahle to a second term as governor with eleni kounalakis as his running mate in the 2022 election.
marriage, family, and personal life.
newsom was previously married to attorney kimberly guilfoyle from 2001 until they divorced in 2006.
he had met actress jennifer siebel on a blind date at the yerba buena center for the arts in october 2006, and soon began dating afterwards. he officially proposed to siebel in january 2008 and announced their engagement. seven months later they officially got married in july 2008. 
they have four children together, two daughters named, montana and brooklynn newsom and two sons named, dutch and hunter newsom and he also has a sister named hilary newsom and is related to u.s. house speaker nancy pelosi.
the prytaneion was a building at olympia, greece. it was here that feasts in honor of the olympic victors and official guests were held in ancient times. the prytaneion was built towards the end of the 6th century bc. it was located northwest of the temple of hera at olympia. during roman times (as evidenced by the many bricks), it was reconstructed and extended many times. the altar of hestia (the greek virgin goddess of the hearth) was in the building. it was on this altar that the olympic eternal flame burned day and night. every year, olympian priests would daub the great altar of zeus with a mixture made from the ashes of the altar of hestia and the water of the river alpheios. the altar of hestia was in a square room on the southern side of the building. the rooms on the west side and the peristyle court on the north side were used for feasting and cooking. 
florence nightingale graham (31 december 1884 – 18 october 1966), better known as elizabeth arden, was a canadian–american business woman who founded what is now known as elizabeth arden, incorporated. she built a cosmetics network in the united states. at the peak of her career, she became one of the richest women in the world. she was born near to woodbridge in the province of ontario.
the pintupi nine were a group of aboriginal australians. they are said to have been the last aborigines in australia to come into contact with modern civilisation. the group lived a nomadic, hunter-gatherer way of life in the great sandy desert, before they met with their relatives near kiwirrkurra in october 1984. most other groups from this region had left the desert over 20 years before. they had been settled in towns to the east and west, but this group had stayed behind.
the group belonged to the pintupi community. they lived on the western side of lake mackay, north of where kiwirrkurra is today. it was made up of a single family. the father of the group had recently died, leaving two widows and seven children, most of whom were young adults. the family was moving south, hoping to find some of their relatives. they came across another family setting up an outstation, but ran away after a misunderstanding. their relatives from kiwirrkurra went to find them and then brought them into modern society.
most pintupi families had been settled in rural communities well over 20 years before. starting from the 1930s, the pintupi were forced to leave their homeland because of weapons tests being done at woomera. most were taken to papunya, very far to the east, which is historically luritja land. others were moved northwest to balgo, in kukatja country. after this time, the pintupi were said to have given up looking for any of their relatives living in the desert after they lost contact with the general community. they believed such people had died.
by the 1960s, there were only a few families still living as nomads in the desert. most of them had heard about white people and places like papunya. but they had not come into contact with them. they chose to keep living in the way they had always lived. this was a problem, because they were all closely related. pintupi follow a strict system of kinship (called skin groupings) that says who they can marry. it makes sure they avoid inbreeding. as not many families were left in the big desert, there were almost no eligible partners for the younger men and women.
much later, the aboriginal land rights act would be passed by the northern territory in 1976. many pintupi started to return to their land to set up permanent communities. they established the town of kintore in 1981. further west, kiwirrkurra was founded in 1983 near lake mackay. this salt plain is the heart of the pintupi homeland, and is where this particular family mostly lived.
the family was originally led by a man named waku tjungurrayi. he had four wives: papalya, nanu, watjunka and another woman (whose name is not known to outsiders). these wives were all sisters belonging to the nangala skin group. papalya was waku's main wife. they had three children: topsy, warlimpirrnga and takariya. waku also had another child, piyiti, with the fourth (unnamed) sister. in the early years, this family sometimes travelled and hunted with another group. it was led by a man named tjukurti tjakamarra (later known as freddy west). in 1962, west and his family decided they would go to live at papunya. waku did not want to leave, so they left waku's family and went east.
about a year later, the eldest daughter, topsy, left the group. she married a man named tommy tjakamarra, who had come across the family while on his way northeast to mikantji. topsy had nobody to marry in her own group and tommy had the right skin name. so they left to settle at mikantji. around this time, piyiti's mother died.
waku died in about 1964. soon after, a man named lanti (or "joshua") joined the group and married the three widows. he had lived at balgo, but left there after getting into trouble with the catholic missionaries. he came across the group while walking south across the desert. he took waku's place as leader of the group. nanu was his main wife. they had three children: tamayinya, yalti and yukultji. lanti also had another child, walala, with watjunka. watjunka died sometime during the 1970s. when lanti died around 1980, there were nine left in the group.
the group was made up of two women and their seven children. all were born in the desert, so their exact ages are not known.
life in the desert.
the family lived travelling between temporary waterholes around lake mackay. they followed the clouds, as the presence of water dictated where they would go. they wore only small belts made out of hair. they carried wooden spears, spear-throwers and boomerangs for hunting. they also had an axe-head that lanti had brought from balgo. the group mostly ate lizards, witchetty grubs and bush plants. they also hunted rabbit, kangaroo, emu, goanna and snake.
the family knew of places like papunya, balgo and mikantji. they knew their relatives lived there. but lanti had always kept the group away from those places. they had also heard stories about "kartiya" (whites), but did not understand who they were. the few encounters they had with modern objects (cars, planes) were associated with the supernatural. in an interview, warlimpirrnga remembered, "joshua had told us about white men and motor cars. we knew there were non-aboriginal people closing in around us. we didn't know what was happening."
to add to this, there were people who knew this family were still living in the desert. these included topsy and freddy west. they and their families all moved to kiwirrkurra in 1983. other locals would sometimes see campfires in the distance at night and footprints in the sand and knew they belonged to a group wandering the desert. the territory's welfare department were also said to have known about this particular group as early as 1962, and anthropologists working with the pintupi during this time would often hear about these people.
the father, lanti (or "joshua"), died sometime around 1980. he died at kuwarla, at the northern end of lake mackay. as is customary, the family moved away from the area in mourning. they travelled south, hoping to find some relatives.
the encounter that led to the group leaving the desert happened on 13 october 1984. warlimpirrnga and piyiti were out hunting. they were at lake mackay, about two days walk from where their family was camped. they saw smoke coming from a campfire to the south. it was at winparku, a waterhole between kiwirrkurra and kintore. a man named pinta pinta and his two sons were setting up an outstation there. after dark, warlimpirrnga came close to the group. they were clothed and sitting next to a four-wheel drive. they drew water for warlimpirrnga from a pump.
warlimpirrnga was scared. he was also angry, because these strangers were sitting on the land of his ancestors. they were in fact related, but didn't know each other. warlimpirrnga knew only about his relatives from what his mothers had told him of them. they had an argument, and pinta pinta became frightened. each thought the other was a featherfoot (sorcerer). when the man's son fired a shot from a rifle, warlimpirrnga ran off. he took his family north, deep into the desert for safety. this was their first encounter with other people in 20 years.
meanwhile, pinta pinta and his family drove west through the night to kiwirrkurra. he told everyone they had seen a featherfoot man. but when he described the man to them, freddy west said he thought it was warlimpirrnga. the next day, the elders met and decided to find the group and bring them in. on 15 october, a team of seven pintupi and charlie mcmahon, the community co-ordinator, went out to winparku. together they followed the group's tracks across the desert in two four-wheel drives. on the second night, they could see the family's campfire in the distance. the next day, mcmahon had to go back. his friend, geoff toll, drove up to continue the search with the others. they found the family the next morning, on 18 october. they had tracked them north for to maruwa, a waterhole near lake mackay.
on first seeing toll, a white man, warlimpirrnga remembers, "i couldn't believe it. i thought he was a devil, a bad spirit. he was the colour of clouds at sunrise." yalti thought the white man was a spirit sent to punish her for something she had done wrong. the family were very scared. they tried to run and hide from the trackers. warlimpirrnga tried to attack them, but freddy west was able to calm him by showing him how they were related. the trackers gave the family jam from a tin and pieces of chocolate to eat. they convinced the family to come with them to kiwirrkurra. they told them that there was lots of food and that water came out of pipes. yalti said that this concept was unbelievable to them.
when they got to kiwirrkurra, the family saw their relatives again for the first time in over 20 years. they were angry at them for leaving them behind and not coming to find them. when they saw topsy, her brother and sister were so angry that they hit her. after a few days, takariya was married off to freddy west. it was a gesture between the two groups.
the meaning of the event was understood in many different ways. agencies serving aboriginals thought the group's discovery would help them in the debate about indigenous land rights. fred myers, an anthropologist who was invited to kiwirrkurra to study the new group, argues that the event became a part of the pintupi's struggle to get back their autonomy, which they had lost when they first came out of the desert to settle at papunya. he argues that their main goal was to maintain the new people's ability to govern their own lives.
before news of the group's discovery spread, the leaders of kiwirrkurra worked to protect the privacy of the family members. they also wanted to protect them from the same kind of shame or teasing they had experienced themselves coming out of the desert many years before.
one of the first people to be told about the event was the aboriginal affairs minister, clyde holding. his department wanted to use the group's story in the campaign for aboriginal land rights. holding gave the story to "the herald", a newspaper from melbourne. in exchange, the newspaper agreed not to tell anyone where the group was. the story was first reported on the newspaper's front page on 24 october, with the headline claiming it had "found the lost tribe". the news caused a sensation, and instantly made headlines across the country. they became popularly known as the "pintupi nine" or the "last nomads". the family themselves, however, would not tell their own story until much later in life.
this publicity became a problem for holding. the leaders at kiwirrkurra were angry with him for giving the story to the press. the newspaper had published photographs of the family members without their permission. it had caused other reporters to try to enter their community to get information. they also did not agree with how the media was defining the event. the little information the press had been given had led to romanticised reports of a "first contact" or a "discovery". but from the pintupi point of view, the family were relatives whom they knew and had a history with. as they saw it, the group had not been "discovered", but were just coming back together after being separated.
when they had first arrived, a doctor from kintore had examined the family and decided they were strong, fit, and very healthly. but in a few days time, they all got sick. they did not have any natural immunity to diseases. holding wanted a government team of medical specialists to treat them. but kiwirrkurra's leaders would not let any other doctors look at the family. the only people who were allowed to treat them were the local "ngangkari" (medicine man) and the doctor at kintore.
at this time, the pintupi still blamed government doctors for the deaths of many of their people who had come in from the desert during the 1960s. these people had died from infection and disease, and holding was trying to avoid this happening again. by early november, serious concerns about the survival of the family were being raised. the secretary of the department of aboriginal affairs, charles perkins, strongly criticised the kiwirrkurra leaders for violating the family's civil rights. he said that if they did not get the proper medical care, all nine of them would die within two months.
the doctor at kintore thought that it was the pintupi's responsibility to decide what was best for their own. they trusted him, and let him treat the family. all nine of the family members had caught coughs and a bacterial infection called treponema. the doctor treated them and gave them several immunisations. they eventually became healthy again.
the eldest brother, piyiti, returned to the desert in 1986. he left in secret and covered his tracks so nobody could follow him. it is not clear why he left, or whether anyone knows why. one local claimed it was because he had heard stories about pintupi people dying from diseases, and was afraid it would happen to him. mcmahon thinks it was because he found it hard to adapt (adjust) to things—particularly conflict, since he had lived all his life with his family. there are different theories about what happened to piyiti. some people think he is still living in the desert. warlimpirrnga, in an interview in 2004, claimed to have seen piyiti in alice springs, and said he now calls himself "yari yari".
the others stayed at kiwirrkura for many years. in 1998, papalya died from kidney failure. she was probably almost 70 when she died, and was buried in kiwirrkura. nanu died in march 2001, also close to 70 years old. because of a major flood at kiwirrkura at the time, she was buried in kintore.
the six remaining members became painters of the papunya tula school. the three brothers—warlimpirrnga, tamayinya (now known as thomas) and walala—now live mostly in alice springs. their paintings have often sold for several thousands of dollars. warlimpirrnga, particularly, is one of the most well-known artists of the western desert style. he has paintings in several national art galleries across the country. he and yalti have three children. except for thomas, they are all married with children. takariya separated from freddy west and remarried. yalti, yukultji and takariya still live in kiwirrkurra. all six of them still speak only pintupi.
the family became the last group of people living a traditional hunter-gatherer lifestyle in australia. they were the last aboriginal people to make contact with modern civilisation.
walala tjapaltjarri (born walala tjapangati) is an australian aboriginal artist. he is one of the most well-known artists of the western desert style.
walala was born in the late 1960s or early 1970s. he was born at marua, near lake mackay. he grew up living a nomadic, traditional way of life in the desert. his family had never come into contact with modern, euro-australian society. he had never seen a white person, and his family always thought the aeroplanes they saw flying overhead were ghosts or spirits. before walala was born, his father lanti had lived for a short time at the mission in balgo. but he had run away after getting into trouble for stealing food. it was his decision to stay in the desert, and kept his family far away from the towns. walala's mother was named watjunka, and he was watjunka's only child. he also had two other mothers, papunya and nanu, who were his father's secondary wives (and his mother's sisters). his father and watjunka both died when he was young. the family finally came into contact with outsiders in october 1984, and were settled at kiwirrkurra. he and his family became known as the last aborigines living a traditional nomadic way of life in australia.
he is now married with two children, and lives between kiwirrkura, alice springs, and yuendumu, where his wife is from. he paints at hoppy's camp, outside alice springs.
walala began painting in december 1987, a few years after settling at kiwirrkurra. he was introduced to painting by his cousin warlimpirrnga. he taught walala about using paints and canvas. walala joined the papunya tula artists, and he, thomas and warlimpirrnga eventually gained fame internationally as the tjapaltjarri brothers. although he normally paints using "tjapaltjarri" as a surname, walala's skin name is "tjapangati".
his paintings depict scenes from the tingari cycle (sacred and secret songs about the ancestors of the pintupi). he uses only four colours at most, sticking to earthy, ochre colours to reflect the desert landscape. the places he depicts in his paintings are part of his traditional country, including marruwa, mintarnpi, wanapatangu, mina mina, naami, yarrawangu and wilkinkarra (lake mackay). these were places where the ancestors stopped for ceremonies when travelling across the country.
walala uses acrylic paintings on canvas. his early work was in the flowing "dot" style of painting typical of the papunya tula artists. his style became different during the late 1990s, and began to paint rigid rectangles, replacing dotted lines with thick, solid lines.
his first exhibition was in 1997, for the national aboriginal and torres strait islander art award in darwin. most of his work is shown in exhibitions alongside the works of other aboriginal artists. he has paintings in permanent collections in australia, europe and the united states. walala paints the most out of the three tjapaltjarri brothers. when painting regularly, he earns up to au$2000 a day. his paintings often sell for many thousands of dollars.
thomas tjapaltjarri (born tamayinya tjapangati, also often known as tamlik) is an australian aboriginal artist. he and his brothers warlimpirrnga and walala have become well-known as the tjapaltjarri brothers. thomas and his family became known as the last group of aborigines to come into contact with modern, european society. they came out of the desert in 1984, and became known as "the last nomads".
thomas was born in the desert of western australia sometime in the 1960s. he and his family lived a traditional nomadic way of life on the western side of lake mackay. they had never come into contact with european society. most other pintupi families had been settled in remote towns to the east and west of their traditional country during the 1950s. thomas' father, lanti (or "joshua"), had lived for a short time at the mission in balgo, but he had run away after getting into trouble for stealing food. it was his decision to stay in the desert, and kept his family far away from the towns.
thomas' mother was named nanu. he also had two other mothers, papunya and watjunka, who were his father's secondary wives. he had two younger sisters, yalti and yukultji, a younger half-brother walala, and four other "siblings" (cousins by blood relation). his father died sometime around 1980. the family finally came into contact with outsiders in october 1984, and were settled at kiwirrkurra. the event was big news at the time, and the family became famously known as "the last nomads". thomas was diagnosed with epilepsy shortly after this.
thomas began painting in december 1987, a few years after settling at kiwirrkurra. his cousin warlimpirrnga had already made a name for himself as an artist and he encouraged thomas to paint too. thomas and walala joined the papunya tula artists, and they and warlimpirrnga eventually gained fame internationally as the tjapaltjarri brothers. although he normally paints using "tjapaltjarri" as a surname, thomas' skin name is "tjapangati".
his paintings depict stories from the pintupi dreaming. they are mostly about places and events in the tingari cycle (a cycle of myths about the ancestors of the pintupi). his designs are inspired by those painted on the body during ceremonies. he uses acrylic paints on canvas, sticking to earthy colours (black, white and ochres). he paints simple shapes with dotted lines, which is a style that his brothers also use.
he has had paintings shown in many exhibitions around australia, and also in switzerland, germany, france and the united states. his larger paintings sell for at least au$6000 in alice springs and au$9500 in galleries in melbourne and sydney.
adenorhinos is a monotypic genus made for the venomous viper species, ""adenorhinos barbouri". it is a small and rare terrestrial (lives on the ground) snake found in the uzungwe and ukinga mountains in south-central tanzania in africa. there is currently no subspecies found.
the adenorhinos is a small species of snake, growing up to the length of 40 cm (16 inches). it has a broad, triangular head, with short and rounded snouts. it is brown or blackish-brown in color, with dark rhombic blotches down the back and a green or olive green belly.
where it lives.
the adenorhinos is found in bamboo areas of the uzungwe and ukinga mountains in south-central tanzania in africa. it is also found in moist forests.
the adenorhinos barbouri is also known as the "uzungwe viper", the "barbour's viper", the "worm-eating viper", the "barbour's short-headed viper", the "udzungwa viper", the "short-headed viper", and the "uzungwe mountain bush viper"".
the uzungwe viper eats slugs, earthworms, and frogs.
megan mullally (born november 12, 1958 in los angeles) is an american television performer and stage actress who won two emmy awards for her "will & grace" acting. she worked for theater in chicago and has done many performances in multiple broadway musicals. she also starred in many television programs besides "will & grace". she has been married to nick offerman since 2003.
yukultji napangati is an australian aboriginal artist. she is a painter of the papunya tula group of artists. she is part of a generation of female painters who followed in the footsteps of the original male papunya tula artists.
yukultji grew up around marruwa, a waterhole near lake mackay. she grew up without knowing about places like kiwirrkurra, or her relatives living there. she had never met anyone from outside her own family. her family lived a completely traditional nomadic way of life. her father, lanti (or "joshua"), had lived for a short time at the mission in balgo, but he had run away after getting into trouble for stealing food. it was his decision to stay in the desert, and kept his family far away from the towns. yukultji's father died sometime around 1980. the family finally came into contact with outsiders in october 1984, and were settled at kiwirrkurra. the event was big news at the time, and the family became famously known as "the last nomads". yukultji was the youngest of this group.
yukultji experienced major culture shock when first coming out of the desert. she often found new things difficult to understand. in an interview once, she remembers, "i hopped into a car and crouched down, and i saw the trees move. i was frightened. i was scared. i jumped right off because the trees were racing around the place."
yukultji began painting in the early 1990s. before this, she had watched her brothers painting and later decided to try it for herself. she paints stories and songs from her and her mother's dreaming. these stories are about her traditional country, around marruwa, ngaminya and marrapinti.
her paintings are shown in several public collections in australia. her work has been shown in over 80 exhibitions in australia and overseas. she was a finalist in the national aboriginal and torres strait islander art awards, in 2006, 2009, 2010 and 2011. in 2012, yukultji won the alice prize, an award for australian artists in alice springs.
yalti napangati (born around 1970) is an australian aboriginal artist. she is a painter of the western desert style of art, and paints for the papunya tula school. her husband, warlimpirrnga, is also a well-known artist. they were both members of the infamous pintupi nine, the last group of aborigines living a traditional way of life in australia.
yalti was born in the great sandy desert, sometime around 1970. she and her family lived as nomads in the desert, travelling along the western side of lake mackay. most other pintupi families had moved into settlements during the 1950s, but yalti's father kept the family away from these. her parents were lanti (or "joshua") and nanu. she has an older brother, tamayinya, and a younger sister, yukultji. she married warlimpirrnga sometime during the early 1980s, possibly when she was as young as 12. she and her family came out of the desert in 1984. she now lives at kiwirrkurra, and has two sons and two daughters.
yalti finished her first paintings for papunya tula in june 1996. she makes acrylic paintings of landscapes associated with pintupi dreaming stories. her paintings are of important places in her country, around marruwa, laurryi, wirrulnga and patjarr.
gatwick airport railway station is a station in the south of england for gatwick airport. trains are currently run by gatwick express, first great western, southern and thameslink.
megyn price (born march 24, 1971 in seattle) is an american screen and television actress. she is known for her acting in the sitcoms "grounded for life" and "rules of engagement". she also performs in other tv shows.
needham market railway station is a station in suffolk, england for needham market. trains are currently run by greater anglia. fast trains to london or norwich do not stop here. trains to cambridge, peterborough or ipswich do stop here. 
luritja is the name of an australian aboriginal group of the western desert. they speak the luritja dialect of wati, the language of the western desert people. the dialect itself has several varieties. the luritja lands include areas to the west and south of alice springs. the region is centred on kings canyon. their neighbours are the arrernte (east), the warlpiri (north), the pintupi (west), and the pitjantjatjara (south).
in recent decades, many from this group have inter-married with pintupi-speaking people. during the mid 20th-century, the pintupi were forced to leave their lands and were settled into government-built stations. papunya became a settlement for both pintupi and luritja. in the 1980s, many of these people moved back west to kintore. both communities now mainly speak a hybridised dialect known as pintupi-luritja.
the name "luritja" is thought to come from the arrernte word "lurinya", which means "foreigner". over time younger generations have taken on the name as their ethnonym. the total population of luritja people (including those at papunya) is probably in the thousands. this makes them the third largest of the central australian aboriginal populations, behind the arrernte and pitjantjatjara.
stowmarket railway station is a station in suffolk, england for stowmarket. trains are run by greater anglia to london, norwich, ipswich, cambridge and peterborough.
kukatja is an ethno-linguistic group of the western desert people in central australia. the people who speak the kukatja language live in the tanami and great sandy deserts in western australia. their lands are south of halls creek, around balgo and lake gregory. they neighbour the pintupi and ngarti (east), the yulparitja and walmatjarri (west), and the jaru (north). in the 1996 census, about 580 people spoke the language.
sudbury railway station is a station in suffolk, england for sudbury. trains are currently run by greater anglia. 
beccles railway station is a station in suffolk, england for beccles. trains are currently run by greater anglia.
brampton railway station is a station in suffolk, england for the village of brampton. trains are currently run by greater anglia. 
brandon railway station is a station in norfolk, england for brandon in suffolk. the station is at the county boundary of norfolk. trains are run by greater anglia.
bury st edmunds railway station is a station in suffolk, england for bury st edmunds. trains are currently run by greater anglia. 
the following services currently call at bury st edmunds:
darsham railway station is a station in suffolk, england for the village of darsham. trains are currently run by greater anglia. 
derby road railway station is a station in suffolk, england. trains are currently run by greater anglia. 
elmswell railway station is a station in suffolk, england for elmswell. trains are currently run by greater anglia. 
felixstowe railway station is a station in suffolk, england for felixstowe. trains are currently run by greater anglia. 
halesworth railway station is a station in suffolk, england for halesworth. trains are currently run by greater anglia. 
volusia county is a county in the east-central part of the u.s. state of florida. it is bordered by st. johns river to the west and the south, with the atlantic ocean to the east. the county was founded on december 29, 1854. at the 2010 united states census, 494,593 people lived there. it is the sole county of the deltona–daytona beach–ormond beach, fl metropolitan statistical area. the county seat is deland, and the largest municipality is deltona.
lakenheath railway station is a station in suffolk, england. trains are currently run by greater anglia. 
lowestoft railway station is a station in suffolk, england for lowestoft. trains are currently run by greater anglia. 
melton railway station is a station in suffolk, england for melton. trains are currently run by greater anglia. 
newmarket railway station is a station in suffolk, england for newmarket. trains are currently run by greater anglia. 
oulton broad north railway station is a station in suffolk, england for oulton broad. trains are currently run by greater anglia. 
oulton broad south railway station is a station in suffolk, england for oulton broad. trains are currently run by greater anglia. 
saxmundham railway station is a station in suffolk, england for saxmundham. trains are currently run by greater anglia. 
somerleyton railway station is a station in suffolk, england for somerleyton. trains are currently run by greater anglia. 
thurston railway station is a station in suffolk, england for thurston. trains are currently run by greater anglia. 
trimley railway station is a station in suffolk, england for trimley. trains are currently run by greater anglia. 
wickham market railway station is a station in suffolk, england for wickham market. trains are currently run by greater anglia. 
woodbridge railway station is a station in suffolk, england for woodbridge. trains are currently run by greater anglia. 
harwich international railway station is a station in essex, england for harwich international port. trains are currently run by abellio greater anglia. 
east coast was a government-owned british train operating company. it ran high-speed passenger trains on the east coast main line between london, yorkshire, the north east and scotland, being forced to take over after national express east coast defaulted on their franchise. it started operations on 14 november 2009. it ended operations on 28 february 2015. they had 45 locomotives and served 53 stations whilst operating 12 of them. the franchise was re-let to virgin trains east coast, ending the period of government ownership, despite contributing a lot of money to the treasury and calls for the government to retain the franchise.
east coast paid back over £1 billion to the government over the course of its franchise, more than twice as much as rival virgin trains did in the same time period on the west coast main line. however, it used relatively old trains and therefore had much lower leasing costs, as in 2012/13 virgin paid £302 million for its fleet of trains, while east coast paid £53 million.
east coast’s successor, virgin trains east coast pays much more money back to the government than east coast did: £3.3 billion over 8 years, compared to east coast’s £1 billion.
pervasive developmental disorders (pdd) are a group of disorders. there are five disorders in the group. these disorders all slow down the rate a child learns to talk and listen to others, as well as cause other problems.
hofstra university is a private university in hempstead, new york. the university has about 12,400 students. it was founded in 1935. the current president of the university is stuart rabinowitz.
the athletics teams of the university are called the pride. they have 15 varsity teams and they compete in the colonial athletic association.
winona state university is an american public university in winona, minnesota. it is the oldest member of the minnesota state colleges and universities system. wsu has more than 80 programs on its main campus. it was established in 1858.
george mason university (also known as gmu or "mason") is a public university in fairfax, virginia. the university has about 32,562 students. it was founded in 1957. the current president of the university is alan g. merten.
the athletics teams of the university are called the patriots. they have 22 varsity teams, most of which compete in the atlantic 10 conference (a10). mason has different conference memberships in two sports that the a10 does not sponsor. the men's volleyball team plays in the eastern intercollegiate volleyball association, and the wrestling team is a member of the eastern wrestling league.
georgia state university is a public university in atlanta, georgia. the university has about 31,533 students. it was founded in 1913. the current president of the university is mark p. becker.
the athletics teams of the university are called the panthers. they have 16 varsity teams and they compete in the sun belt conference.
james madison university is a public university in harrisonburg, virginia. the university has about 18,971 students. it was founded in 1908. the current president of the university is dr. linwood h. rose.
the athletics teams of the university are called the dukes. they have 19 recognized varsity teams, six for men and 13 for women, with almost all competing in the sun belt conference.
béarnaise sauce () is a sauce made of clarified butter, egg yolks, and herbs. it is considered to be a 'child' of the mother hollandaise sauce, one of the five mother sauces in french haute cuisine. the difference is only in their flavouring: béarnaise uses shallot, chervil, peppercorn, and tarragon, while hollandaise uses lemon juice.
in appearance it is light yellow and opaque, smooth and creamy.
béarnaise is a traditional sauce for steak.
although a similar recipe was published in 1818, béarnaise sauce was likely first created by the chef collinet, the inventor of puffed potatoes (), and served at the 1836 opening of "le pavillon henri iv", a restaurant at saint-germain-en-laye, not far from paris. evidence for this is reinforced by the fact that the restaurant was named for henry iv of france, a gourmet himself, who was born in the former province of béarn.
a béarnaise sauce is simply clarified butter, an egg yolk, a shallot, a little tarragon vinegar. it takes years of practice for the result to be perfect.
like hollandaise sauce, there are several methods for the preparation of béarnaise sauce. please refer to the preparation section of that article for basics. here we highlight the differences.
the most common preparation is a "bain-marie" method where a reduction of vinegar is used to acidify the yolks. escoffier calls for a reduction of wine, vinegar, shallots, fresh chervil, fresh tarragon and crushed peppercorns (later strained out), with fresh tarragon and chervil to finish instead of lemon juice. others are similar. alternatively, the flavourings may be added to a finished hollandaise ("sans" lemon juice).
béarnaise sauce is often wrongly called "bernaise sauce", as if it were from "bern", the capital city of switzerland, which is in no way connected with this sauce or its origins.
some assume béarnaise refers to the béarn region, a former province now in the "département" of pyrénées-atlantiques, in southwestern franceto refer to the region of béarn however, the sauce has no tradition in the cooking of the area, and larousse has the name honouring henri iv of france, a native of béarn, and for whom the restaurant where the sauce was first shown was named. henri iv was often known as le grand béarnais
a la béarnaise.
some recipes are called à la béarnaise even when they are not accompanied by a béarnaise sauce. this is because the recipes themselves are linked to the béarn region. this added to confusion over the naming of the sauce.
northeastern university is a private university in boston, massachusetts. the university has about 20,749 students. it was founded in 1898. the current president of the university is joseph aoun.
the athletics teams of the university are called the huskies. they have 17 varsity teams, most of which compete in the colonial athletic association. the men's and women's ice hockey teams play in hockey east.
old dominion university (odu) is a public university in norfolk, virginia. the university has about 24,125 students. it was founded in 1930. the current president of the university is john r. broderick.
center for teacher quality and education leadership.
in 2006, odu started the center to "“train teachers for success in urban school environments.” the center connects communities with odu's program for research and evaluation in public schools (preps). preps helps schools comply with the no child left behind act. both the center and preps are parts of the darden college of education.
phillip a. hamilton was vice chairman of the appropriations committee of the virginia house of delegates. hamilton and three other people wanted the part-time job of leading the center. odu hired hamilton. hamilton then sponsored amendments to the virginia budget that gave the center $500,000. odu paid hamilton about $80,000 between 2007 and 2009. in 2009, the united states federal government began investigating hamilton for bribery and extortion. hamilton left odu in august 2009. later that year, hamilton lost his reelection. in january 2011, hamilton was indicted in federal court. prosecutors used hamilton's emails to show how his job was tied to the budget increase. on august 12, 2011, hamilton was sentenced to 114 months in prison.
the sports teams of the university are called the monarchs (men, plus most women's teams) and lady monarchs (historically used for women's teams, but today only for women's basketball). they have 18 varsity teams. most of which compete in the sun belt conference (sbc). four odu women's sports and one men's sport play in other conferences because the sbc does not have enough teams in those sports to run a league. women's field hockey plays in the big east conference, women's lacrosse and rowing in the american athletic conference, women's swimming & diving in conference usa (which had been odu's full-time home from 2013 to 2022), and men's swimming & diving in the coastal collegiate sports association.
towson university (tu) is a public university in towson, maryland. the university has about 20,856 students. it was founded in 1866. the current president of the university is dr. kim schatzel.
it started in baltimore as state norman school in 1866. tu moved to towson in 1915. in 1935, the name was changed to state teachers college at towson because maryland opened more colleges. in 1963, tu became towson state college. in 1976 the name changed to towson state university. finally, in 1997, it became towson university.
the athletics teams of the university are called the tigers. they have 18 varsity teams and they compete in the colonial athletic association.
the university of north carolina wilmington is a public, coeducational university in wilmington, north carolina. the university has about 16,000 students. it was founded in 1947. the current chancellor of the university is jose v. sartarelli.
the athletics teams of the university are called the seahawks. they have 19 varsity teams and they compete in the colonial athletic association.
faculty include herbert berg, philosophy and religion.
şebnem sönmez (full name tevhide şebnem sönmez, born june 5, 1968) in istanbul, turkey. she is a turkish theatre and cinema actress.
sönmez started to develop her experience of playing in a theatre in istanbul pendik youth theatre while she was a student in high school. sönmez took part in the theatre plays at the kartal art theatre and taner barlas mim theatre. after completing her diploma from istanbul state conservatory, she worked at dormen theatre. sönmez made appearances in numerous television series and continued her theatre experience at besiktas cultural center. she taught theatre in kindergarten, primary and high school. while she was teaching in a school as a grade teacher, she founded a theatre group named "yaz tiyatrosu" (summer theatre) in her school and she continued her acting.
şebnem sönmez was married to olgun şimşek.
the colonial athletic association (caa) is a ncaa conference that play in the ncaa division i. the conference is headquartered in richmond, virginia and features universities and colleges from the eastern united states.
the caa was founded in 1979 when the eastern college athletic conference (ecac) split its basketball league into several conferences. it was first known as the ecac south basketball league, and became the colonial athletic association in 1985 when it added other sports.
these colleges and universities are "full members" of the caa, meaning that they play almost all of the sports that the caa sponsors.
the caa has run a football conference since the 2007 season. caa football plays in division i fcs (football championship subdivision), the lower of two levels of ncaa division i football. although the caa as a whole dates only to 1979, the football conference can trace its history to the late 1930s.
in 1938, five schools in new england formed the new england conference. when one of the schools left in 1945, the other schools joined with two other new england schools to form the yankee conference, which began play in 1947. in 1975, the yankee conference dropped all sports other than football, and over time many schools outside of new england joined the league. due to changes in ncaa rules in 1997, the yankee conference merged into the atlantic 10 conference (a10). after the caa announced plans to start a football league in 2007, all of the a10 football teams decided to join the caa for that sport.
of the full members of the caa, delaware, elon, james madison, towson, and william & mary have football teams. the other schools that play football in the caa, sometimes called "associate members", are:
other associate members.
the caa has several other associate members, each of which plays one sport in the conference. in addition to these, football associate villanova became a caa member in a second sport in 2015.
the university of north carolina at greensboro is a public university in greensboro, north carolina. the university has about 18,502 students. it was founded in 1891. the current chancellor of the university is linda p. brady.
the athletics teams of the university are called the spartans. they have 16 varsity teams and they compete in the southern conference.
east tennessee state university is a public university in johnson city, tennessee. the university has about 15,000 students. it was founded in 1911. the current president of the university is brian noland.
the athletics teams of the university are called the buccaneers. they have 18 varsity teams, most of which compete in the southern conference. the football team, which will resume play in 2015 after a 12-year absence, will play the 2015 season as an independent (not in a conference).
a berliner is a type of doughnut from germany and europe.
they are made from sweet yeast dough fried in fat or oil, with a marmalade or jam filling and usually icing, powdered sugar or conventional sugar on top. they are sometimes made with chocolate, champagne, custard, mocha, or "advocaat" filling, or with no filling at all. the filling is injected with a large syringe after the pastry is fried.
the name of the doughnut is different in various areas of germany. most areas in german speaking regions call it a "berliner". residents of berlin, brandenburg and saxony often know them as "pfannkuchen", which in the rest of germany generally means pancakes - pancakes are known there as "eierkuchen" (lit. egg cakes). in parts of southern and central germany (bavaria), as well as in much of austria, they are a variety of "krapfen"; in hessen they are referred to as "kräppel" or "kreppel", or, in palatinate, "fastnachtsküchelchen" (literally: "little carnival cakes").
in south tirol, part of northern italy, the food is called "krafen" or "krapfen". in slovenia, it is "krof"; in croatia "krafne"; in bosnia, and serbia "krofne". in poland they are known as "pączki", in the czech republic as kobliha. in hungary, it is called "fánk". all of these are essentially identical preparations. in spain it is called "berlinesa". in the netherlands it is called "berlinerbol". in france it is called "boule de berlin".
in english-speaking countries, berliners are often called doughnuts and are usually filled with jam, jelly, custard or whipped cream. however, in south australia, the kitchener bun is a berliner cut on the side for the filling of jam and cream. in anglophone north america, the most common term for the jam- or jelly-filled pastry is "jelly doughnut". the name is somewhat misleading, since the jam or jelly used is specially made with less pectin, so that it does not "set" like jams and jellies manufactured for table use but has a consistency comparable to bavarian cream.
the cream or custard-filled variety usually also feature chocolate icing and are sometimes called bavarian cream or boston cream doughnuts (the latter name from its resemblance to boston cream pie). the boston cream doughnut has been designated the official state doughnut of massachusetts.
in ontario and the prairie western provinces of canada, as well as parts of the midwest in the u.s., such a round jelly- or custard-filled doughnut is commonly called a "bismarck," while a filled bar doughnut is called a "long john", and usually contains pastry creme, custard or whipped cream but can contain a jelly filling. other canadian terms include "jambuster" in manitoba, and "burlington bun" in nova scotia.
new year's eve.
berliners are traditionally eaten to celebrate on new year's eve ("silvester") as well as the carnival holidays (mardi gras). a common german practical joke is to secretly fill some berliners with mustard instead of jam and serve them together with regular berliners without telling anyone.
in portugal, berliners are slightly bigger than their german counterparts. they are known as "bolas de berlim" (berlin ball) and the filling is always an egg-yolk- based yellow cream called "creme pasteleiro" (lit. confectioner's cream). the filling is inserted after a half- length cut and is always visible. regular sugar is used to sprinkle on it. they can be found in almost every pastry shop in the country. 
such versions are also found in latin america, in chile, uruguay and argentina, where it's not only filled with custard (called "crema pastelera"), but with jam (especially red ones) or manjar blanco. in brazil, berliners are called "sonhos" (dreams) and traditionally filled with yellow cream (called simply "creme"). some modern variants filled with "doce de leite" (a type of milk jam), or a mix of chocolate and "doce de leite", can be found in rio de janeiro's bakeries.
in israel, a version of the pastry called "sufganiyah" is traditionally eaten during the holiday of hanukkah. while sufganiyot are usually filled with jam, many modern variants exist.
campbell university is a private, coeducational baptist university in buies creek, north carolina. the university has about 10,471 students. it was founded in 1887. the current president of the university is jerry m. wallace.
the athletics teams of the university are called the fighting camels. they have 18 varsity teams which mostly compete in the big south conference. despite the big south sponsoring football, the campbell football team plays in the pioneer football league (pfl). that league is made up of schools that choose not to offer scholarships for football, despite offering them in other sports.
belmont university is a private, coeducational university in nashville, tennessee. the university has about 5,936 students. it was founded in 1890. the current president of the university is robert fisher.
the athletics teams of the university, called the bruins, mostly play in the missouri valley conference (mvc). the men's tennis team plays in the horizon league because the mvc sponsors tennis only for women.
florida gulf coast university is a public, coeducational university in fort myers, florida. the university has about 12,024 students. it was founded in 1991. the current president of the university is wilson g. bradshaw.
the athletics teams of the university are called the eagles and they have 15 varsity teams. they compete in the atlantic sun conference.
jacksonville university is a private university in jacksonville, florida, united states. the university has about 3,600 students. it was founded in 1934. the current president of the university is kerry d. romesburg.
the athletics teams of the university are called the dolphins and they have 20 varsity teams. they compete in the atlantic sun conference.
kennesaw state university is a public, coeducational university in kennesaw, georgia. the university has about 23,452 students. it was founded in 1963. the current president of the university is daniel s. papp.
the athletics teams of the university are called the owls and they have 15 varsity teams. most teams compete in the atlantic sun conference (a-sun). the football team, which began play in 2015, plays in the big south conference because the a-sun does not sponsor football.
lipscomb university is a private, coeducational university in nashville, tennessee. the university has about 3,742 students. it was founded in 1891. the current president of the university is l. randolph lowry iii.
the athletics teams of the university are called the bisons and they compete in the atlantic sun conference.
clay county is a county in illinois.
clay county is a county in indiana. its county seat is brazil.
mercer university is a private, coeducational university in macon, georgia. the university has about 8,000 students. it was founded in 1833. the current president of the university is william d. underwood.
the athletics teams of the university are called the bears. they have 19 varsity teams that mostly compete in the southern conference (socon). two women's sports that are not sponsored by the socon, beach volleyball and lacrosse, play in the atlantic sun conference.
the university of north florida (unf) is a public university in jacksonville, florida. the university has about 16,509 students. its campus comprises 1,300 acres amid a natural preserve on jacksonville's southside. it was founded in 1969. the current president is david szymanski.
unf was established in 1965 and began offering classes in 1972. unf was initially designated an upper division college for juniors and seniors. it began admitting freshmen in 1984.
the university has 220 clubs and organizations for students as well as an active student government and greek life. the student-run newspaper "the spinnaker" is published monthly. the university's intercollegiate athletics teams are known as the ospreys, and are currently members of the atlantic sun conference in ncaa division i.
the university was founded in 1969 after midway between downtown jacksonville and the jacksonville beaches were set aside for the campus, of which were donated by the skinner family of jacksonville. construction on classrooms and buildings began in 1971 and unf opened in the fall of 1972 with an initial enrollment of 2,027 juniors, seniors and graduate students, supported by 117 faculty and more than 150 staff. originally, like the other florida state institutions opened around this time, unf was designated as a "senior" college, meaning that it would enroll only upperclassmen and graduate students.
the athletics teams of the university are called the ospreys. they have 10 varsity teams. they compete in the atlantic sun conference.
university of south carolina upstate is a public university in spartanburg, south carolina. the university has about 4,608 students. it was founded in 1967. the current chancellor of the university is dr. john c. stockwell.
the athletics teams of the university are called the spartans. they have 13 varsity teams. they compete in the atlantic sun conference.
stetson university is a private, co-educational university in deland, florida. the university has about 2,200 students. it was founded in 1883. the current president of the university is wendy b. libby. 
the athletics teams of the university are called the hatters. they compete in the atlantic sun conference.
the asun conference is a ncaa conference whose members play in ncaa division i. the conference is headquartered in atlanta and mostly features universities and colleges from the southeastern united states. the asun did not play football until 2022, when it began play in the second level of division i football, the football championship subdivision (fcs).
the asun began in 1978 as the trans america athletic conference (taac). it became the atlantic sun conference in 2001 and rebranded itself as the asun conference in 2016.
as of the 2022–23 school year, the asun has 14 full members, or schools that play almost all of their sports in the conference.
the asun has added five members in the 2020s. first, three schools, one a returning member, joined in 2021. the first-time members were the university of central arkansas and eastern kentucky university, which respectively arrived from the southland conference and ohio valley conference (ovc). jacksonville state university, which had been an asun member from 1995 to 2003, returned after spending 18 years in the ovc. at that time, the asun technically began sponsoring football, but did not start conference play. it partnered with the western athletic conference, which was launching an fcs football league in the fall 2021 season. under the agreement, the three newest members, all of which play fcs football, became de facto wac football members for that season only. 
the next membership change came in july 2022 with the arrival of football-sponsoring austin peay state university from the ovc and non-football queens university of charlotte from the division ii south atlantic conference. when peay was announced as an incoming asun member, it gave the conference six members that play fcs football and award scholarships for that sport, which is the number of teams needed for a conference to receive an automatic bid to the fcs playoffs. however, the asun would lose one of those six members when jacksonville state announced a 2023 move to conference usa (c-usa). jsu began a transition to fbs in 2022, making it ineligible for the fcs playoffs. the wac lost two of its planned six playoff-eligible members in 2022, with sam houston starting an fbs transition ahead of its 2023 move to c-usa and incarnate word backing out of a planned move to the wac and remaining in the southland conference. this led the asun and wac to renew their football partnership for 2022. both conferences will play separate league schedules, with officials from each conference choosing their one automatic playoff team. the new asun football league, launching in 2022, will feature austin peay, the three 2021 arrivals, kennesaw state, and north alabama. three other asun schools sponsor football but will not play that sport in the asun. stetson plays in the pioneer football league, whose members do not award football scholarships; liberty plays as an independent in the top level of d-i football, the football bowl subdivision; and bellarmine began play in sprint football, a weight-restricted form of the sport not run by the ncaa, in 2022.
the asun also has 12 "associate members" that play one or two sports in the conference while being full members of another conference. seven of these schools, plus full members bellarmine and jacksonville, make up the asun men's lacrosse league, restarted in the 2021–22 school year (2022 season) after having been shut down when the asun began a lacrosse partnership with the southern conference (socon). four more schools joined in july 2021. two returned women's lacrosse to the asun after the socon shut down its women's lacrosse league, and three joined in beach volleyball.
after the atlantic 10 conference started a men's lacrosse league for the 2023 season, taking away two of the socon's six men's lacrosse members, the socon shut down its men's lacrosse league. jacksonville, which had played in socon men's lacrosse in the 2022 season by agreement between the asun and socon, returned that sport to the asun. it was joined in asun men's lacrosse by mercer, a full socon member that was already an asun beach volleyball member, and lindenwood, which started a transition to d-i in 2022 as a new member of the ohio valley conference (ovc), which does not sponsor the sport. lindenwood also joined the asun in women's lacrosse, also not sponsored by the ovc, at that time.
the "joined" column shows the year in which a school joined the asun. since all asun sports that have associate members (beach volleyball and men's and women's lacrosse) are spring sports, this means the year of joining is the calendar year before the first season of asun play. 
higher learning is a 1995 american drama movie directed by john singleton and starring ice cube, laurence fishburne, tyra banks, jennifer connelly, kristy swanson and omar epps. its subjects include racial prejudice, crime and struggles with sexuality taking place at a fictional university.
the oomycota are a class in a huge phylum of eukaryotic microorganisms called the heterokonts. oomycetes are a distinct phylogenetic line of fungus-like microorganisms.
they are not actually fungi, though some have filaments as fungi do. like fungi, they are saprophytic and pathogenic. also like fungi, oomycetes rarely have septa, and if they do, they are scarce.
they are microscopic organisms that reproduce both sexually and asexually. oomycetes are some of the most prolific pathogens of plants, causing devastating diseases such as potato blight and sudden oak death.
they are often referred to as water moulds (or moulds), although the water-loving nature which led to that name is not true of most species, which are terrestrial pathogens.
most oomycetes produce two types of spores. the main dispersing spores are asexual, self-mobile spores called zoospores. these do chemotaxis toward a food source in surface water. a few oomycetes produce asexual spores that are distributed by wind. oomycetes also produce sexual spores, called "oospores". these are translucent, double-walled, spherical structures which can survive harsh conditions.
hurricane helene was one of the most powerful atlantic storms of 1958. the storm's peak winds were 135 miles per hour. this hurricane moved north of the west indies and brushed the united states' east coast. helene was the only hurricane to affect the united states in 1958.
the garter snake ("thamnophis sirtalis") is a colubrid snake.
it is common across north america between alaska/canada and central america. it is the single most widely distributed genus of reptiles in north america. it is famous for its resistance to the poison produced by the rough-skinned newt. garter snakes are actually venomous, just not to humans, since the amount of toxin in their saliva is too weak to really cause damage to a human. the worst they could do to you is musk on you or bite you and leave a harmless rash. in fact, cat bites are probably more serious than garter snake bites. they prey on rodents, small fish, small birds, salamanders, earthworms (not red wigglers, as they are bad for them) insects, and insect larva. they are attracted to water sources and hiding spots. you can identify a garter snake because almost every species has a stripe running down its back, the color varying and depending on the species, as there are many different species of garter snakes. they are incredibly common animals, settling in backyards and local woods. as you read this, there is probably at least one garter slithering in the nature-filled area behind you, whatever that may be. all snakes like to hide, and garters are no exception, even if they are incredibly common and small. they hide under leaves, trees, bricks and rocks stacked up, plants, sticks, and anything they can find. if you are trying to "catch" a garter, look for them under these places, and you just might find them. like most snakes, female garters tend to be longer than the males, so that's one form of sexing them. 
james allan black (born june 1, 1977 in franklin, tennessee) is an american professional wrestler who is better known by the ring name, james storm and is currently signed to total nonstop action wrestling where he was once one-half of the wrestling stable, "beer money, inc." with robert roode. storm is a six-time nwa world tag team champion with chris harris (six) and christopher daniels (one), five-time and current tna world tag team champion with gunner (one and current) and robert roode, two-time world beer drinking champion. storm also won the asylum alliance tag team tournament in 2003 with harris, the team 3d invitational tag team tournament in 2009 with roode and the tna tag team championship series in 2010 with roode.
shawn hernandez (born february 11, 1973 in houston, texas) is an american professional wrestler who is better known by the ring name, hernandez and is currently signed to total nonstop action wrestling. hernandez is also known for forming the tag team stable, the latin american xchange with homicide which ended when he was betrayed by homicide and was attacked by him on the september 10 edition of tna impact!. 
he has been a two time nwa world tag team champion with homicide and a two time tna world tag team champion with homicide (once) and matt morgan (once). he also won the deuces wild tournament in 2008 with homicide.
his finishing move is called the "border toss" which is a throwing crucifix powerbomb.
albany county is a county in the u.s. state of wyoming, and was created on december 16, 1868. as of 2010, 36,299 people lived there. albany county's seat is laramie.
natrona county is a county in the u.s. state of wyoming. it was created on december 16, 1868. as of 2010, 75,450 people lived there. natrona county's seat is casper.
manufacturing engineering is a field of engineering dealing with the design, development, and implementation of integrated systems of humans, machines, and information resources to provide products and services.
manufacturing engineering applies knowledge and skills in the physical, social, engineering, and management sciences, as well as in human sciences, computer systems and information technologies, manufacturing processes, operations research, production, and automation.
nuclear engineering is a field of engineering dealing with application of atomic nuclei breakdown and other sub-atomic physics, based on the principles of nuclear physics. it includes the interaction and maintenance of nuclear fission systems and components such as nuclear reactors, nuclear power plants, and nuclear weapons.
nuclear engineering also includes the study of nuclear fusion, medical and other applications of radiation, radiation safety, heat transport, nuclear fuel and other related technologies, nuclear proliferation, and the effect of radioactive waste or radioactivity on the environment.
edie falco (born july 5, 1963) is an american movie, television and stage actress. she plays carmela in hbo's "the sopranos". she starred in "nurse jackie" as the title character. she also acted in many movies.
the tragedy of cymbeline is a play by william shakespeare. it is based on a story in a book called "holinshed's chronicles" by raphael holinshed. shakespeare also used "history of the kings of britain" by geoffrey of monmouth about the real-life british king cunobelinus. shakespeare also used a story in a book by giovanni boccaccio called "decameron" for some details. the first known performance was in april 1611. it was first printed in 1623 in the first folio, a collection of all of shakespeare's plays. 
systems engineering is a field of engineering that deals with complex engineering projects which should be designed and managed over the life cycle of the project. therefore, issues such as logistics, the coordination of different teams, and automatic control of machinery become really complicated. systems engineering deals with work-processes and tools to handle such projects. for this, it applies both technical and human-centered disciplines such as control engineering, industrial engineering, organizational studies, and project management.
leigh francis (born 30 april 1973) is an english comedy performer best known for his portrayal of foreign celebrity-obsessed character avid merrion in channel 4 comedy programme "bo' selecta!", as well as northern businessman keith lemon in "keith lemon's very brilliant world tour" and "celebrity juice". as keith lemon, he has also made many appearances on "big brother's" companion shows "big brother's little brother" and "big brother's big mouth".
hurricane flora was among the deadliest atlantic hurricanes. this hurricane happened in autumn 1963. the storm hit southwestern haiti at peak intensity (her winds peaked at 145 miles per hour). flora then drifted over cuba for almost four days before heading northeast into the atlantic. between seven thousand and eight thousand people died due to flora. at that time, the death toll was the most from any storm since the galveston hurricane in september 1900. the name flora was later retired.
dance-pop is a genre of pop music that originated in the 1980s and is still popular nowadays. it incorporates elements of normal pop music, and it is (usually) fast-paced and upbeat. this is a common genre for many artists, including lady gaga, michael jackson, madonna, rihanna, kesha, britney spears, whitney houston, janet jackson, and katy perry.
electropop (also called technopop) is a musical genre in which electronic music and pop music are combined together. the genre has been popular since the 1990s, 2000s and 2010s. "electropop" is the short form of "electronic pop".
doc walker is a country music band from portage la prairie, manitoba, canada, which is near winnipeg. band members are murray pulver - guitars and vocals, chris thorsteinson - lead vocals and guitars, dave wasyliw - vocals and guitars. they have been together since the band formed in 1995, have been called "the hardest working country band in canada".
they have had several top 10 songs on the charts. hits include "beautiful life", "from here", and "i'm gonna make you love me". other great songs are "that train", "north dakota boy", "rocket girl", "driving with the breaks on", "coming home", and "whoever made those rules". 
“simplicity is the best hook sometimes,” -chris thorsteinson.
mechatronics (or mechatronic engineering) is a combination of mechanical engineering, electronic engineering, computer engineering, control engineering, and systems-design engineering in order to design and manufacture some useful products. mechatronics is an engineering system design that combines several areas of study and avoids splitting engineering into separate disciplines.
the tree of life is a metaphor which expresses the idea that all life is related by common descent.
charles darwin was the first to use this metaphor in modern biology. it had been used many times before for other purposes.
the "evolutionary tree" shows the relationships among various biological groups. it includes data from dna, rna and protein analysis.
tree of life work is a product of traditional comparative anatomy, and modern molecular evolution and molecular clock research. below is a simplified version of present-day understanding. 
jean-baptiste lamarck (1744–1829) produced the first branching tree of animals in his "philosophie zoologique" (1809). it was an upside-down tree starting with worms and ending with mammals. however, lamarck did not believe in common descent of all life. instead, he believed that life consists of separate parallel lines advancing from simple to complex.
the american geologist edward hitchcock (1763–1864) published in 1840 the first tree of life based on paleontology in his "elementary geology". on the vertical axis are paleontological periods. hitchcock made a separate tree for plants (left) and animals (right). the plant and animal trees are not connected at the bottom of the chart. furthermore, each tree starts with multiple origins. however, they were not "evolutionary" trees, because hitchcock believed that a deity was the agent of change.
the first edition of robert chambers' "vestiges of the natural history of creation" was published anonymously in 1844. it contained a tree-like diagram in the chapter 'hypothesis of the development of the vegetable and animal kingdoms'. it shows a model of embryological development where fish (f), reptiles (r), and birds (b) represent branches from a path leading to mammals (m).
in the text this branching tree idea is tentatively applied to the history of life on earth: "there may be branching".p191
darwin's tree of life.
charles darwin (1809–1882) was the first to produce an evolutionary tree of life. he was very cautious about the possibility of reconstructing the history of life. in "on the origin of species" (1859) chapter iv he presented an abstract diagram of a theoretical tree of life for species of an unnamed large genus (see figure).
in darwin's own words: "thus, the small differences distinguishing varieties of the same species, will steadily tend to increase till they come to equal the greater differences between species of the same genus, or even of distinct genera."
this is a branching pattern with no names given to species, unlike the more linear tree ernst haeckel made years later.
in his summary to the section as revised in the 6th edition of 1872, darwin explains his views on the tree of life:
the tree of life today.
the model of a tree is still considered valid for eukaryotic life forms. research into the earliest branches of the eukaryote tree suggests a tree with either four supergroups, or two supergroups. there does not yet appear to be a consensus; in a review article, roger and simpson conclude that "with the current pace of change in our understanding of the eukaryote tree of life, we should proceed with caution".
biologists now recognize that the prokaryotes, the bacteria and archaea have the ability to transfer genetic information between unrelated organisms through horizontal gene transfer (hgt). recombination, gene loss, duplication, and gene creation are a few of the processes by which genes can be transferred within and between bacterial and archaeal species, causing variation that is not due to vertical transfer.
there is emerging evidence of hgt occurring within the prokaryotes at the single and multicell level and the view is now emerging that the tree of life gives an incomplete picture of life's evolution. it was a useful tool in understanding the basic processes of evolution but cannot explain the full complexity of the situation.
three's company is an american situation comedy. it aired on the abc network. it began in march 1977 and ended in september 1984.
the show is a remake of the british sitcom "man about the house". nowadays the domestic distribution rights are handled by creator don l. taffner's estate and the international rights are handled by fremantlemedia (whose company thames originated the sitcom "man about the house").
the show is set in santa monica, california. it is about a man pretending to be gay so his landlord won't evict him, it is also about financial struggling such as the roommates not being able to pay their rent. the sitcom heavily relies on innuendo and sexy misunderstandings. it is also a comedy of errors. the show had two spinoffs also based on britcoms: "the ropers" ("george & mildred") & "three's a crowd" ("robin's nest").
the series was later the subject of the made-for-tv movie "". the movie showed how cast changes led to the show ending.
filmation associates or filmation studios was an american production company that produced animated television series and live action programming during the late 20th century. founded in 1963, the company was in reseda, california.
theriodonts are a major group of therapsids. they are a clade which include not only the traditional theriodonts, but also their descendants the mammals as well (in the same way that theropod dinosaurs include the birds as a sub-clade).
they can be defined in traditional terms as a suborder of synapsida that lived from the middle permian to the middle cretaceous. theriodonts appeared about 265 million years ago, in the middle permian. even these early theriodonts were more mammal-like than their relatives. 
theriodonts fall into three main groups: gorgonopsia, therocephalia and cynodontia. early theriodonts may have been warm-blooded. early forms were carnivorous, but several later groups became herbivorous during the triassic. 
theriodont jaws were more mammal-like than was the case of other therapsids, because their dentary (lower jaw) was larger, which gave them more efficient chewing. several other bones that were previously on the lower jaw, moved into the ears, allowing the theriodonts to hear better and their mouths to open wider. this made the theriodonts the most successful group of synapsids. 
eutheriodonts refer to all theriodonts except the gorgonopsians (the most primitive group). they included the therocephalians, cynodonts and their descendants – the mammals. the name means "true beast tooth". the eutheriodonts have larger skulls, accommodating larger brains and improved jaw muscles. 
the theriodonts (eutheriodonts) are one of the two synapsid survivors of the great permian–triassic extinction event, the other being the dicynodonts. therocephalians included both carnivorous and herbivorous forms; both died out after the lower triassic. 
the remaining theriodonts, the cynodonts, also included carrnivores such as "cynognathus", as well as newly evolved herbivorous traversodonts. while traversodonts for the most part remained medium-sized to reasonably large (length of largest species up to 2 meters), the carnivorous forms became progressively smaller as the triassic progressed. 
by the upper triassic the small cynodonts included the rodent-like tritylodonts (possibly related to or descended from travsersodonts), and the tiny, shrew-like, trithelodonts, which evolved into the first mammals. the trithelodonts died out during the jurassic, and the tritylodonts survived in the cretaceous, but the mammals continued to evolve. many mammal groups managed to survive the cretaceous–tertiary extinction event, which wiped out the non-avian dinosaurs, allowing the mammals to diversify and dominate the earth.
laura ingraham (born 19 june 1964) is an american conservative political commentator, author and radio host. her nationally syndicated talk show "the laura ingraham show" was broadcast for nine years on the talk radio network. she has been known for her controversial statements against the left wing party.
a peptide bond is a special chemical bond that happens between two amino acids. in the reaction (called condensation), the two amino acids are combined into a "dipeptide". 
repenomamus is the largest known mammal from the cretaceous period. its fossil was found in manchuria.
there is good evidence that it fed on dinosaurs. it is not known whether "repenomamus" was a hunter or a scavenger.
"repenomamus" was carnivorous. a specimen of "r. robustus" has been discovered with the fragmentary skeleton of a juvenile "psittacosaurus" preserved in its stomach. 
this is the strongest evidence that mesozoic mammals fed on dinosaurs, though there were earlier indications of this.
the larger species, "r. giganticus", is the largest mammal known from the cretaceous. "r. giganticus" was more than 1 metre (39 inches) long and weighed about 12–14 kg (26–31 lb). its skull measures 16 cm (6.25 in) long, its body 52 cm (20.5 in), and the preserved part of its tail 36 cm (14 in). 
the fossils were recovered from the lagerstätte of the yixian formation in the liaoning province of china, renowned for its extraordinarily well-preserved fossils of feathered dinosaurs. they have been dated to 130 million years ago, during the lower cretaceous period.
"repenomamus" is a genus of triconodonts, a group of mammaliaformes with no modern relatives. 
frederick william iii () (3 august 1770 – 7 june 1840) was king of prussia from 1797 to 1840.
frederick william was born in potsdam in 1770 as the son of friedrich wilhelm ii of prussia and frederika louisa of hesse-darmstadt. he was considered to be a shy and reserved boy,
as a soldier he received the usual training of a prussian prince, obtained his lieutenancy in 1784, became a colonel in 1790, and took part in the campaigns against france of 1792-1794. on december 24, 1793, frederick william married louise of mecklenburg-strelitz. they had ten children. in the "kronprinzenpalais" (crown prince's palace) in berlin, frederick william lived a civil life with a problem-free marriage, which did not change even when he became king of prussia in 1797.
he succeeded to the throne on 16 november 1797 and took over personal power without giving responsibility to his ministers. unfortunately he was not able to follow a consistent course for himself.
his sense of duty can be seen from this quote:
at first frederick william tried to follow a policy of neutrality in the napoleonic wars. but in the end he entered into war in october 1806. on 14 october 1806, at the battle of jena-auerstädt, the french defeated the prussian army, and it collapsed. the royal family fled to east prussia, where emperor alexander i of russia (who, rumour has it, had fallen in love with queen louise) helped them against napoleon.
but alexander was defeated as well. at tilsit france made peace with russia and prussia. napoleon dealt with prussia very harshly, prussia lost many of its polish territories, as well as all territory west of the elbe, and had to pay for french troops that occupied prussia.
although frederick william himself resigned to prussia's fate, his ministers set about a reform of prussia's administration and military.
after napoleon's defeat in russia (1813) frederick william turned against france and signed an alliance with russia. prussian troops played a key part in the victories of the allies in 1813 and 1814.
at the congress of vienna, frederick william's ministers succeeded in securing important territorial increases for prussia. after the war, frederick william did not keep the promises he had made in 1813 to supply prussia with a constitution.
he died on 7 june 1840. his eldest son, frederick william iv, succeeded him.
population growth is the rate at which a population grows or expands. for example, if a population increased from 100 to 110 in a year, then it would have had a population growth of 10% per year.
world population has been rising since the end of the black death, around the year 1350. 
population began growing rapidly in the western world during the industrial revolution. several factors were notable: the coming of modern agriculture, and the control of epidemic diseases (black death, cholera, typhus). modern water engineering brought clean water to many large cities. deaths from world wars, especially wwi, reversed the trend, but only for a while. 
the most significant increase in the world's population has been since the 1950s in asia and latin america. medical advances, and increases in farming, have been the main causes.
a single example is both astonishing and revealing. since 1945, half the forests of indonesia have been replaced with farmland. as late as 1900, indonesia was still a densely forested country: forests covered 84 percent of the total land area. deforestation became serious in the 1970s, and has gone faster since then. about 170 million hectares (estimated in 1900) decreased to less than 100 million hectares by the end of the 20th century. in 2008, it was estimated that tropical rainforests in indonesia would be logged out in a decade. of the total logging in indonesia, up to 80% is said to be done illegally.
olathe is a city in johnson county, kansas, united states. it is also the county seat of johnson county. in 2010, 125,872 people lived in olathe. it is the fourth biggest city in kansas. by 2018, the census bureau estimated 139,605 people lived in olathe.
olathe was created by dr. john t. barton in spring 1857. he came to the center of johnson county, kansas. he later told about his ride to friends: "...the prairie was covered with verbena and other wild flowers. i kept thinking the land was beautiful and that i should name the town beautiful." purportedly, barton asked a shawnee interpreter how to say "beautiful" in his native language. the interpreter responded, "olathe."
olathe was incorporated in 1857. it was not the first city in johnson county. because it grew very quickly, it became the county seat in october 1859. growing hatred across the united states about the issue of slavery led to many fights between abolitionist settlers and nearby slave state missouri. these fights would grow, and they would become a part of the bigger fight known as bleeding kansas. when kansas became a state in 1861, it was a free state. when it became a state, violence stopped. peace, however, would continue to elude olathe for many years to come. in 1861 union officials and local military forces created a military post in the city. it had one company of soldiers, and it had the local militia.
on september 6, 1862, william quantrill led guerrilla confederate soldiers in an attack against olathe. a half dozen people died, and most of the city was destroyed. quantrill captured the outpost, and he tried forcing the men to fight for the confederacy. kansas militia continued to stay in the olathe military post for the rest of the civil war.
confederate soldiers would try to attack olathe two more times. the first time happened on august 20–21, 1863 as quantrill was going through on his way to lawrence, kansas (see lawrence massacre). the second raid happened on october 24-5, 1864, when confederate major general sterling price with 10,000 men went through on their retreat south (see price's raid).
when the confederates surrendered, the military post was ended in august 1865.
in 2008, the u.s. census bureau said olathe was the 24th fastest-growing city in the united states. the same year, cnn/money and "money" magazine said olathe was #11 on its list of the "100 best cities to live in the united states."
on february 22, 2017, adam purinton said racial things and shot at crowded austins bar and grill in southern olathe. he shot and injured three people. one person died. the victims were alok madasani, srinivas kuchibhotla, and ian grillot. purinton was later arrested in clinton, missouri. he was charged with one count of first-degree murder and two counts of attempted first-degree murder. this shooting got international attention because two of the victims were indian.
the united states census bureau says that the city has a total area of . of that, is land and is water. olathe has two public lakes: lake olathe and cedar lake with .
olathe's black bob park is named after hathawekela shawnee chief black bob.
olathe has a humid continental climate. it has cold winters and hot summers. temperatures range from an average high of and low in january to an average high of nearly in july. the temperature reaches an average of 36 days per year and an average of 3 days per year. the minimum temperature falls below freezing (32 °f) on average of 102 days per year. it does not go below very often.
the area gets about of precipitation during an average year. most of the rain happens in may and june.
the 2010 census says that there were 125,872 people, 44,507 households, and 33,274 families living in olathe.
the headquarters of garmin, a company famous for making gps systems, is in olathe.
the city's 2015 comprehensive annual financial report says that the biggest employers in the city are:
the twenty-third united states census, known as census 2010 or 2010 census was a count of the population of the united states. it was done by the census bureau. it found that the population of the united states on april 1, 2010 was 308,745,538. this was an increase of 9.7 percent over the 281,421,906 people counted during the 2000 census. this was the twenty-third federal census.
the census bureau did not use a long form for the 2010 census. the 2010 census used only a short form asking ten basic questions. 
the 2010 census cost $13 billion. it cost about $42 per capita. to compare, the 2010 census per-capita cost for china was about us$1; for india, the cost was us$0.40. operational costs were $5.4 billion, under the $7 billion budget. in december 2010 the government accountability office (gao) noted that the cost of doing the census has doubled each decade since 1970. in a detailed 2004 report to congress, the gao asked the census bureau to fix cost and design problems. they estimated the 2010 census cost to be $11 billion.
in august 2010, commerce secretary gary locke said that the census operational costs were a lot less than what they thought it would be. their budget was almost $7 billion, but they saved:
objectivism may mean:
attila, or attila the hun (406-453), was a leader of the huns from 434 ce until he died in 453 ce. he was one of the most common ruler. 
attila led the hunnic empire, and was known as a feared military commander. he invaded gaul, and nearly captured the city of aurelianum. in 451 ce, he lost the battle of the catalaunian plains, the only one he ever lost. he also invaded italy and attacked and looted several towns.
attila died in 453. the traditional account of his death is that it happened the night after his marriage to a woman named ildiko. the huns declined in the years immediately after attila's death.
the southeastern pennsylvania transportation authority (septa) is an agency that is in control of many types of transport, including buses, commuter rail, elevated rail and subways. it operates 13 "regional rail" services in the philadelphia, pennsylvania area.
mount pinatubo is a stratovolcano on luzon in the philippines. it is near the tri-cabusilan mountain range, separating luzon's west coast from the central plains. 
before 1991 the volcano was inconspicuous and heavily eroded. it was covered with dense forest, and several thousand indigenous people lived there. the volcano erupted in june 1991, destroying thousands of buildings and houses and killing over 800 people. mount pinatubo's eruption effects were felt worldwide. there is now a caldera where before was the central cone.
it erupted in june 15, 1991 and is located on the island of luzon in the phillipines. many lahars and pyroclastic flows damaged much of the infrastructure of the country. they also killed upwards of 800 people. officials at the us marine base were able to evacuate many people, but property damage was costly, totaling billions of phillipine pesos.
the transit agency septa operates many regional rail services. septa regional rail runs in the city and suburbs of philadelphia, pennsylvania. the lines were originally owned by the reading railroad and the pennsylvania railroad, long-time competitors. the center city commuter connection connects the thirteen lines. the core stations in the cccc are suburban station, the elevated 30th street station and jefferson station.
brookings is a city in the u.s. state of south dakota. it is the county seat of brookings county, and 22,056 people lived there at the 2010 census. the mayor of brookings is tim reed. brookings was founded in 1883. the city of brookings was named after wilmot wood brookings, a pioneer promoter.
mama's family was an american sitcom that aired beginning january 22, 1983 and ended february 24, 1990. the show was first canceled in may 1984, but returned in september 1986 in first run syndication; between its cancellation and september 1985 nbc aired reruns of the sitcom.
the show's theme song is "bless my happy home" by emmy and grammy award winner peter matz (music) and vicki lawrence (lyrics). the show's producers chose to use an instrumental version.
university of south dakota is a public university in vermillion, south dakota. the university has about 10,515 students. it was founded in 1862. the current president of the university is james w. abbott.
the athletics teams of the university are called the coyotes. they have 15 varsity teams, most of which compete in the summit league. the football team plays in the missouri valley football conference.
south dakota state university is a public university in brookings, south dakota. the university has about 12,816 students. it was founded in 1881. the current president of the university is david chicoine.
the athletics teams of the university are called the jackrabbits. they have 19 varsity teams, most of which compete in the summit league. the football team plays in the missouri valley football conference.
black rebel motorcycle club is an american rock band from san francisco, california. black rebel motorcycle club has three members in the band; the current band members are peter hayes, robert levon been and leah shapiro. 
dj hero is a music video game, released on october 27, 2009 in north america, october 28, 2009 in australia and on october 29, 2009 in europe. the game was released for the playstation 2, playstation 3, xbox 360 and wii video game consoles. the game uses a turntable-shaped controller that allows players to simulate the motions of a dj. the game is a spin-off of the "guitar hero" video game series. it was well-received by journalists. gamespot gave the game a 8.0 for both the 360 and ps3 and ign gave the game a 9.0 for both the 360 and ps3. the game had such good sales that it produced a sequel called "dj hero 2".
the ncaa men's division i basketball championship, or ncaa tournament is a single-elimination (if you lose a game, you stop playing) college basketball tournament with 68 college teams playing each other. the national collegiate athletic association (ncaa) created it in 1939. when it was started in 1939, it only had eight teams. it has grown slowly, but steadily.
the tournament is played from mid-march to early april, so basketball around that time is sometimes called "march madness".
there are two ways to get in. you can win your conference (a group of about 8 to 12 basketball teams) championship, or get voted in by the ncaa. at first, only one team was allowed in from each conference, but now more can come from each conference.
the tournament is split into four groups called regionals. each regional has 17 teams, seeded (numbered from best to worst) 1 through 17. the 16 and 17 seeds play each other at the beginning. then the 1 seed plays the 16 seed, the 2 seed plays the 15 seed, and so on. then the winners advance to the next round. there are six rounds.
"these words" is a pop and r&b single. it is sung by natasha bedingfield. it comes from bedingfield's debut record "unwritten". it was the album's 2nd international single. the song hit top forty worldwide and was certified platinum for the united states and australia. it was released in 2005 in the united states.
jarome arthur-leigh adekunle tig junior elvis iginla (born july 1, 1977) is a canadian professional ice hockey right winger. he currently plays for the colorado avalanche of the national hockey league (nhl).
he played in the whl for the kamloops blazers where he played three seasons. he was drafted by the dallas stars with the 11th overall pick in the 1995 nhl draft but did not play a game with them. he also played for the calgary flames for 16 years where he was the captain. he was traded to the pittsburgh penguins on march 28, 2013 in exchange for kenneth agostino, ben hanowski, and a first-round draft pick in the 2013 nhl draft. he played 28 combined games with the penguins. he is a christian of his father's faith.
on july 5, 2013, iginla signed a one-year, $6 million contract with the boston bruins.
on july 1, 2014, iginla signed three-year, $16 million contract with the colorado avalanche.
susan lynn orman, better known as suze orman (born june 5, 1951) is an american financial advisor, motivational speaker, and television host. orman was born in chicago. she received her b.a. in social work. she worked as a financial advisor for merrill lynch. in 1983 she became the vice-president of investments at prudential bache securities. in 1987, she founded the suze orman financial group. she hosts "the suze orman show" on cnbc since 2002. orman has written seven new york times best seller books. she also hosted six pbs specials based on her books, for which she won two daytime emmy awards. in addition to this, she also hosts programs on qvc.
finding nemo is an action-adventure video game. the game was released for the game boy advance, playstation 2, xbox, and nintendo gamecube video game consoles. the game was also released for the macintosh, mobile phone, and for microsoft windows. gamespot gave the game a 6.2 for the xbox, ps2 and gamecube and ign gave the game a 6.0 for the xbox, ps2 and gamecube. the game is based on the 2003 movie "finding nemo".
there was also a sequel for the nintendo ds called, that was released on february 9, 2006. 
estelle getty (july 25, 1923 july 22, 2008) was an american actress. she was born in new york city to polish immigrants and was jewish. she is best known for playing sophia on the television show "the golden girls" from 19851992. she also starred in several motion pictures and other television sitcoms.
estelle scher was the daughter of the polish-jewish immigrants sarah and charles scher. her father opened a glass business in new york city.
she had an acting career and got a job in new york and then, she began to appear in films.
from 1985-1992 she played in "the golden girls" as "sophia petrillo". in 1986, she was awarded a golden globe award and in 1988, an emmy award.
in the spinoff series "the golden palace" (1992-1993), she played the same role
after the end of "the golden girls" and "the golden palace" she played the role of "sophia" in "empty nest".
she was also in films like "stuart little" and "stop! or my mom will shoot" with sylvester stallone.
personal life and death.
in 1947 she married arthur gettleman and took the surname of her husband. she changed the surname in getty. in 2000 she was diagnosed with parkinson's disease and didn't appear in public. in 2004, her husband died and she moved to los angeles. she died in 2008, just 3 days before her birthday. in her later years, after retiring from acting, she also battled lewy body dementia.
aqua is a danish-norwegian group who sing dance-pop music. the group were first signed in 1994. they have made two studio albums, two compilation albums, two remix albums and sixteen singles. the group split up in 2001 and reformed in 2007.
the saturn vue was a car. it was a compact crossover suv. general motors' made it. the vue was part of the saturn brand. the saturn corporation made it from 2002 to 2005. the vue was the first gm vehicle to use the theta platform. theta has become global since it replaced the gm suv frames, especially the chevrolet blazer frame. 
in 2006 gm introduced the second generation of the vue, built by opel. it was a rebadged opel antara with changes for the american market. this generation of the vue was sold from 2007-2009 until saturn stopped selling cars in 2010. the vue is still being made by the general motors company. general motors reintroduced the vue to fleets and companies as the chevrolet captiva sport. in september 2014 gm announced that it would stop making the captiva sport and start selling its new subcompact cuv the trax instead. until 2012 the vue was the only saturn model that was re-introduced later followed by the outlook's body style being used on the acadia.
a blister is a small pocket of fluid in an upper layer of the skin caused by friction, burning or freezing. most blisters are filled with a clear fluid called serum or plasma (blister water). some blisters, however, are filled with blood; they are called blood blisters.
the saturn outlook was a full-size crossover suv that was built by general motors' saturn brand. the outlook was made by the saturn corporation from 2006 to 2010 until saturn went defunct in 2010. the saturn outlook replaced the relay minivan which was discontinued due to its unsuccessful sales. the vehicle received a 5 out of 5 stars for both frontal and side by the national highway traffic safety administration and was also named insurance institute for highway safety's top safety pick in both 2008 and 2009. although the saturn brand is no longer active gm has decided to use the bodyshell of the outlook on the redesigned gmc acadia.
the saturn relay was a minivan that was built by general motor's saturn brand. the relay was made by the saturn corporation from 2005 to 2007. the relay was the first and only minivan made by the saturn company. the relay is also the only saturn vehicle that was a badge engineered vehicle. due to poor sales the relay was replaced by the saturn outlook in 2006.
weeds is an american comedy television series which was on showtime from august 8, 2005 - september 16, 2012. the series is about a widow (who is played by mary-louise parker) who is a mother of two sons silas (who is played by hunter parrish) and shane (who is played by alexander gould) and she turns to selling marijuana to support her family after her husband, judah (who was played by jeffrey dean morgan) suddenly dies.
the highwayman is a long poem by alfred noyes published in 6996966996969. it is written in bald form. it wasn't very popular when first published, and is still a barely read narrative poem today.
"the highwayman" tells the story of a highwayman who is in love with the daughter of an innkeeper. her name is bess and she has long black hair and red lips. a jealous ostler (person who works in the stable) who is in love with bess reports the highwayman to the army.
when they come to ambush him, bess kills herself to warn him and save his life. when he hears about the way she died, he becomes very angry and is shot down on the highway. the poem ends by saying that the ghosts of the two lovers eat each other. what a happy ending 
source code is a 2011 american science fiction-thriller movie that was produced by mark gordon, jordan wynn and philippe rousselet and was directed by duncan jones. source code was released on april 1, 2011 in north america. the movie gained very positive reviews with a 90% from rotten tomatoes and a 74 out of 100 from metacritic.
a highwayman was a type of robber who attacked people who were travelling. they were common in the british isles from the time of elizabeth i to the 1800s. highwaymen rode on horses. they were thought to be socially superior to footpads (who robbed on foot).
some highwaymen robbed alone but others worked in gangs. they often targeted coaches because they did not have much defence, they stole money, jewellery and other valuable items. the penalty for robbery with violence was execution by hanging. the 17th century highwayman james hind was hanged, drawn and quartered. as a supporter of king charles, the protectorate charged him with treason.
one of the most famous highwaymen was dick turpin, who was hanged for his crimes in 1739. the australian bushranger ben hall was said to be one too. 
the worst place for highwayman were shooter’s hill and finchely common.
highwayman were not only just men but woman too.the soldiers would catch the highwayman.
narrative poetry is a type of poetry that tells a story. narrative poems can be short or long. some are novels or short stories written in verse form. many older narrative poems were designed to be passed on through generations as a way of recording history.
bothwell castle is a large medieval castle in scotland. it is sited on a high, steep bank, above a bend in the river clyde, in south lanarkshire. it is located between uddingston and bothwell, about south-east of glasgow. the castle was built in the 13th century by the ancestors of clan murray. it was built to guard a strategic crossing point of the clyde. bothwell played a key role in scotland's wars of independence. it changed hands several times.
velpur is a village in india. it is in the state of andhra pradesh in the west godavari district.
child labour means that children are forced to work like adults and take part in an economic activity. according to the ilo international labour organization the term is applied to people up to age thirteen, or seventeen in case of dangerous work. only about a fourth of the ilo members have ratified the respective convention, but the age limits are generally accepted. 
when children work like adults, this will deprive them of their childhood: very often, they cannot attend regular school either. this kind of work is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful.
child labour is fundamentally different from casual work done by children, like guarding other children, or helping here and there. child labour is forbidden in most countries. in some places minor boys and girls work in tea stalls, restaurants, hotels and other small shops. some work in huge factories like brick factories. the main reason why child labour occurs is poverty.
there are two kinds of work that minors can do:
in general the second kind of work is usually labelled child labour. estimates are that up to 350 million children are affected by child labour. eight million of these are affected by the worst forms of child labour: they are child soldiers, they are forced into child prostitution, they are used for child pornography, they are child slaves, debt bondage or affected by human trafficking.
often such cases are known through scandals in the mass media. in that manner, a working child is often seen as a slave, working in a sweet shop in a third world country, producing textiles, or as one of the street children in south america. the reality is different though: such shops exist all over the world, also in countries like the united states or italy. the fact that child labour is involved is often hidden: more than three quarters of this work is done in the sector of agriculture, or it has to do with activities done at home, in the context of the family. if child-slaves exist, they are only a minority. this form of work done by children also existed before industrialisation and globalisation, the two phenomena have made it more visible. 
a cash crop is a crop that is grown to be sold on the market. this is different from a subsistence crop which is grown for the personal use of the farmer, or as food for the farmer's animals.
there are several different categories of cash crops, for different purposes.
food crops are grown to be eaten by humans or animals. since modern agriculture(farming) methods allow farmers to grow much more food than they need to feed themselves and their families, the extra is sold to others.
some food crops include:
spices and herbs.
spices and herbs are ingredients added to food in order to make it taste less bland. spices/herbs do not make up much of a meal but are very flavorful. since spices/herbs are used in small amounts but can be grown in much larger quantities, the surplus grown is sold as a cash crop.
some spices/herbs include:
material crops are plants which have parts that can be used as raw materials to create objects with. material crops are not eaten, but sold to the market for usage for various purposes.
some material crops include:
medicinal and drug crops are grown for their effects on the human or animal body. medicinal crops can help with healing, relieving pain, and curing illness. some medicinal crops can be used to substitute for sugars. drug crops are crops that are used for recreational purposes and often have addicting effects.
some medicinal crops include:
some drug crops include:
ornamental plants are crops grown and sold for the purpose of making a place look more attractive. these include flowers, though they can be any plant that decorates an indoor or outdoor space. ornamental crops are frequently used in gardens, parks, and public places.
some decorative crops include:
caulfield is a suburb in melbourne, victoria, australia, 7 miles south-east from melbourne's central business district. its local government area is the city of glen eira. in 2006 there were 4790 people living in caulfied.
the boundaries of caulfield are kooyong road in the west, glen eira road in the north, glenhuntly road in the south and booran road in the east.
caulfield is best known as the location of caulfield racecourse and the caulfield campus of monash university.
it is not known why the area was called caulfield, but it is probably linked with baron caulfeild of ireland. john caulfield was an early settler in the colony of victoria. the name caulfield was in use by 1853, and the early maps always place it somewhere around the racecourse.
the whole area was named the caulfield road district in 1857. caulfield post office opened on 1 january 1863 and closed in 1974. caulfield junction post office opened in 1923 and is still open.
parks and open space.
caulfield park is a large victorian era garden between by hawthorn, balaclava and inkerman roads. it has a war memorial, a decorative lake and playing fields for various sports.
caulfield is one of melbourne's suburbs most serviced by public transport.
trains connect the suburb to the city via the major transport interchange, caulfield railway station at caulfield east.
trams service north, south and east caulfield with route 67 (along glenhuntly road) route 64 (along hawthorn road), crossing hawthorn road at both balaclava road and glenhuntly road and route 3 near the railway station.
helen shardey is the liberal state member for caulfield.
caulfield has an football team playing in the southern football league.
the stereo mcs are an electronic dance group from london which formed in 1985. they are best known worldwide for their 1992 top 20 single "connected".
the stratosphere is one of the layers of the atmosphere of the planet earth. it extends from about 8 km above the poles (18 km above the equator) to about 50 km. in the stratosphere, the temperature rises with increasing height. this makes the stratosphere very stable. this temperature gradient is caused by the ozone layer which absorbs some uv radiation from sunlight. the absorbed radiation is converted to heat. 
this differs from the lower layer, the troposphere, where temperature declines with higher altitude, and from the next higher layer, the mesosphere, where the temperature again declines.
airplanes that are going far usually fly in the lower stratosphere, because the engines are more efficient in cold air and drag is small in low air density air.
computers that use a computer network or internet network need to be identified. for this reason, many network connection types, like ethernet or wi-fi, use unique addresses to identify the network card, a part of a computer, to access the network. these addresses are usually called the media access control address or mac address.
each computer is given a mac address by its computer maker. the way for giving mac addresses to computers, created by xerox, is used. mac addresses have 48-bits (how many 1s or 0s it has in it). as each of the twelve entries can have 16 possible values (0 through 9 and a through f), there are 1612 or 248 (or 281,474,976,710,656) possible mac addresses. mac addresses identify many things, such as the type of device being used.
a mac address is used by the network to send and receive data (computer information) to the right place almost like mail being sent and received from a home mail address. the mac address is like door number or street number. 
chloë sevigny (born november 18, 1974) is an american actress, fashion designer and former model. she was born in springfield, massachusetts and raised in darien, connecticut. her father was of french canadian origin; her mother is polish american. sevigny starred in many independent or "avant garde" movies during the 1990s and 2000s. she also had a fashion career during the mid 1990s. 
tara lipinski (born june 10, 1982) is an american figure skater. she won the ladies' singles olympic gold medal for figure skating at the 1998 winter olympics. she is the youngest individual to win a gold medal in winter olympics' history. 
lipinski was born in philadelphia, pennsylvania. she was the daughter of patricia (née brozyniak), a secretary, and jack lipinski, an oil executive and lawyer. she was raised in new jersey.
awards and recognition.
the year before her olympic win, the u.s. olympic committee named lipinski the 1997 female athlete of the year. lipinski is particularly proud of the recognition she has received from fans. in 1999 and 2000 she was voted best female athlete at the nickelodeon kids' choice awards.
anna freud (3 december 1895 – 9 october 1982) was the sixth and last child of sigmund freud and his wife martha bernays freud.
she was born in vienna. she followed the path of her father and contributed to the field of psychoanalysis.
with melanie klein, she may be considered the founder of psychoanalytic child psychology. as her father put it, child analysis had received a powerful impetus through "the work of frau melanie klein and of my daughter, anna freud". her work emphasized the importance of the ego and its ability to be trained socially.
key moments in life.
after a somewhat troubled childhood, anna was psychoanalysed by her father. when her analysis was completed in 1922, she became a psychoanalyist herself. she taught at the vienna psychoanalytic training institute on the technique of child analysis. from 1925 until 1934, she was the secretary of the international psychoanalytical association. she continued child analysis and seminars and conferences on the subject.
after the anschluss in 1938 the freuds fled vienna and came to london. freud himself was dying of cancer, so anna ran the household. anna had a professional disagreement with melanie klein, who had come to london much earlier, and was already established as a child psychologist. a series of 'controversial discussions' were held by the british psychoanalytical society. the discussions were about the training and the ideas of both parties. eventually agreement was reached that both 'schools' should co-exist inside the society. the society now has three training divisions: kleinian, freudian and independent.
during the war, freud studied the effect of deprivation of parental care on children. she set up a centre for young war victims, called "the hampstead war nursery". here the children got foster care, with mothers 
encouraged to visit as often as possible.
in 1947, freud and kate friedlaender established the hampstead child therapy courses. five years later, a children's clinic was added. freud started lecturing on child psychology.
from the 1950s until the end of her life freud travelled regularly to the united states to lecture, teach and visit friends. during the 1970s she was concerned with the problems of emotionally deprived and socially disadvantaged children. at yale law school, she taught seminars on crime and the family.
freud died in london on 9 october 1982. she was cremated at golders green crematorium and her ashes placed in a marble shelf next to her parents' ancient greek funeral urn. her lifelong friend dorothy burlingham and several other members of the freud family also rest there.
anna freud lived with her close friend dorothy burlingham, daughter of louis comfort tiffany, for years.
freud, anna (1966–1980). "the writings of anna freud": 8 volumes. new york: indiana university of pennsylvania 
fcsb is a football team from bucharest, romania. it was founded on 7 june 1947 as "asa bucureşti" ("asa bucharest"). the original fc steaua bucurești team was part of the namesake csa steaua bucurești sports club and belonged to the ministry of national defence. fc steaua bucurești was forced to change its name to fcsb in 2017. it has won the most championships in romania, 26, and it is the only team from romania to win a uefa champions league title. its chairman is george becali (usually "gigi" becali).
chevrolet express and gmc savana are full sized passenger or cargo vans made via general motors. these vans seat between eight and fifteen passengers. the cargo vans are used for commercial and business purposes. the express/savana vans were first produced around 1996.
weatherford is a city in parker county, texas near fort worth. it is part of dallas-fort worth metropolitan area.
the green river formation is an eocene rock formation on the eastern side of the rocky mountains. it records sediment from a group of intermountain lakes. its fine fossils make this a lagerstätte, a place of exceptional preservation.
the various fossil beds of the green river formation span a 5 million year period, dating to between 53.5 and 48.5 million years ago (mya). during this period the climate moved from the moist early eocene climate and the slightly drier mid-eocene. 
the sediments are deposited in very fine layers, in pairs: a dark layer from the growing season, and a light-hue inorganic layer in winter. 
each pair of layers is called a varve and represents one year. the sediments of the green river formation present a continuous record of six million years. the mean thickness of a varve here is 0.18 mm, with a minimum thickness of 0.014 mm and maximum of 9.8 mm.
the sedimentary layers were formed in a large area named after the present-day green river, a tributary of the colorado river. the formation is in three separate basins around the uinta mountains of northeastern utah:
conditions at the time.
the formation has many evaporites – minerals formed by the evaporation of lakes. this suggests that high salinity was one of the causes of the superb fossilisation.
another factor was the frequent ash falls from nearby volcanoes. rapid burial also prevents normal decomposition.
fossils preserved suggest that the region was a low, subtropical, freshwater basin when the sediments accumulated.
the green river fossils show a transition between the moist early eocene climate and the slightly drier mid-eocene. the climate was moist and mild enough to support crocodiles, which do not tolerate frost, and the lakes were surrounded by sycamore forests. as the lake configurations shifted, each green river location is distinct in character and time. the lake system formed over underlying river deltas and shifted in the flat landscape with slight tectonic movements
the green river formation contains the largest oil shale deposits in the world. the 213 billion tons of oil shale contain an estimated 2.38 × 10¹¹ m³ (1.5 trillion us barrels) of shale oil. this is a tribute to the high volume of organic material that was buried. the source of the organic material was probably cyanobacteria, which thrive in warm alkaline lake conditions.
the lagerstätten formed in anoxic conditions in the fine carbonate muds that formed in the lakebeds. lack of oxygen slowed bacterial decomposition and kept scavengers away. leaves of palms, ferns and sycamores, some showing the insect damage got during their growth, were covered with fine-grained sediment and preserved. insects were preserved whole, even delicate wing membranes and spider spinnerets.
the fauna included fish, alligators, bats, turtles, dog-sized horses, insects, and many other species of plants and animals
norma egstrom (may 26, 1920 - january 21, 2002) was an american actress and jazz singer. she is better known as peggy lee. she acted in many movies. she also wrote the music for them. she sang and acted for six decades. lee was born in jamestown, north dakota.
hurricane alex was a rare june hurricane and the first tropical cyclone of the 2010 atlantic hurricane season. the storm first struck near belize as a tropical storm. after entering the gulf of mexico, alex became a hurricane and struck northeast mexico; it was the first hurricane in june since hurricane allison in 1995. the storm killed 51 people (33 directly) and caused almost $1.9 billion in damage (2010 usd).
an optical gain medium (also called an "active laser medium") can make light stronger. in general, gain media must be powered by another energy source in order to have energy to provide as light. some gain media can be powered using electricity, but many others need light energy from bright flash lamps or a laser. optical gain media are used in lasers. the first lasers used artificial ruby as their optical gain medium.
microvillus (plural microvilli) is a very tiny hair-like membrane in the body. the microvillus greatly increase the amount of surface area for a cell. in humans, the microvilli can give a cell 600 times more surface area. they are good for absorbing things and for secreting things. they are found in many places in a human body including the ear, the tongue, the nose and the intestines. 
on a tongue, the microvilli are the tiny hairs on the taste buds that send signals to the brain. these signals are interpreted by the brain, and tells the brain what things taste like. over time, as a person tastes more and more things, the brain stores the information the microvilli send in a databank of information. this databank is used to compare new tastes to old tastes, and help to classify them by comparing and contrasting their qualities.
in the intestines, the microvilli are able to absorb (take) nutrients from the digested food for the body to use.
english is the "de facto" national language of the united states, with 82% of the population claiming it as a mother tongue, and some 96% claiming to speak it "well" or "very well". however, no "official language" exists at the federal level. there have been several proposals to make english the national language in amendments to immigration reform bills, but none of these bills have made a federal language. however, some states have adopted the english language as their official language. on the other hand, a lot of another languages, like spanish, french, italian, arabic, japanese, korean, russian, polish, finnish, dutch, german, swedish, norwegian, danish, welsh, irish, scottish gaelic, hindi, mandarin, hebrew, cantonese, chinese, ukrainian, navajo, indonesian, malay, vietnamese, tagalog, portuguese, etc. are spoken in the united states as second languages.
judith miller is an american conservative journalist. she was born january 2, 1948. she worked for the new york times until retiring from there around november 2005. she later became a contributor to fox news and then a contributing writer for a conservative magazine called "newsmax".
her coverage of iraq's alleged weapons of mass destruction (wmd) program both before and after the 2003 invasion generated much controversy. a number of stories she wrote while working for "the new york times" later turned out to be inaccurate or simply false.<
gilda susan radner (june 28, 1946 – may 20, 1989) was an american actress and comedian. she was born in detroit, michigan. she was one of the original cast members of nbc's comedy program "saturday night live" (for which she won an emmy award in 1978). she died from ovarian cancer in los angeles, california.
she was married to actor gene wilder before her death.
september affair is a 1950 musical movie that was produced by hal b. wallis and was directed by william dieterle. the movie was released on october 18, 1950 in north america. the movie received positive reviews and also won a golden globe award in 1951 for best original score.
how to train your dragon is a 2010 computer animated fantasy-comedy movie based on the 2003 book of the same name and made by dreamworks animation. it was released on march 26, 2010. it received positive reviews with rotten tomatoes giving the movie a 98% and metacritic gave it a 74 out of 100. the movie was nominated for two academy awards for best animated feature and best original score. a sequel, "how to train your dragon 2", was released on june 13, 2014. a third film, "how to train your dragon 3", was released on february 22, 2019.
christopher charles mintz-plasse (born june 20, 1989 in woodland hills, los angeles, california) is an american actor. he is famous for playing the character "fogell/mclovin" in the movie, superbad and "chris d'amico/red mist" in the movie, kick-ass.
jonah hill feldstein (born december 20, 1983 in los angeles, california) better known as, jonah hill is an american actor, producer, screenwriter and comedian. he is notable for playing the character "seth" in the movie, superbad. he started his acting career in his first philosophical comedy movie, i heart huckabees as bret.
cheryl hines is an american actress and television director. she is most noted for playing cheryl in the hbo show "curb your enthusiasm". she was born september 21, 1965, miami beach, florida.
jill eikenberry (born 21 january 1947) is an american actress. she was born in new haven, connecticut. her most well known role was playing ann kelsey in "l.a. law" (1986-1994). she appeared in many television movies in the 1980s. 
kids helpline is a counselling service in australia for people who are between 5 and 25 years old. children & young people contact kids helpline to speak about problems in their lives. these problems range from fighting with friends and breaking up with a partner to suicidal thoughts and being hurt or abused. 
kids helpline employs about 110 people to work as counsellors. the call centres are based in brisbane so all the calls that people make to the kids helpline go through to a call centre in brisbane. these counsellors listen to nearly 6,000 calls from young people each week. kids helpline is run by yourtown. most of the money needed for it to run is raised through lotteries held by yourtown. the australian government also helps by giving some money. optus is their biggest sponsor.
kids helpline was opened for taking calls on the 25 march 1991. on the first day more than 3,200 young people rang up to ask for help. by the 17th day, 122,000 thousand calls had been made. not many of these calls were able to be answered. after a year of been open for people to call the kids helpline had answered 75,000 calls.
kids helpline was added into different states one at a time. in 1993 it was open into the whole nation of australia. in 1999 "email counselling" was offered for the first time and in may 2000 "web counselling" was offered for the first time.
since the first call was taken in 1991, the kids helpline has been contacted more than 8 million (8,000,000) times.
ways of contacting.
the kids helpline offers three different ways of communicating with them.
phoning 1800 55 1800 anywhere in australia will connect you to a counselor from kids helpline. the contact by phone can be made at any time of the day and on any day in the week. this is the quickest way of getting support. if the problem is really urgent kids helpline advises that contacting them by phone is the best way to get support immediately. contacting this number in australia is for free using a landline & mobile phone.
this is called "web counselling". web counselling allows a person who wants help to talk over the internet to a counselor. this is done through instant messaging, or sending messages back and forth between a person wanting help and a counselor in a chat room (similar to skype and eheadspace). web counselling is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
a person needing help may send an email to the kids helpline and then wait for a response. this is the slowest way of getting help because it sometimes takes a counselor up to two weeks to reply to each email. for a person needing immediate assistance it is recommended to phone kids helpline on 1800 55 1800.
zack and miri make a porno is a 2008 american romantic sex comedy movie. it was produced by scott mosier and was directed by kevin smith. the movie was released on october 31, 2008 in north america. the movie received positive reviews with a 65% rating on rotten tomatoes and a 56 out of 100 from metacritic.
zack brown and miri linky are stuck living together in a run down apartment in monroeville, pennsylvania. they have been unable to keep up with their monthly rent, causing the landlord to shut off electricity and water in their apartment. in this dire situation, zack and miri turn to making pornography as a means of paying back their rent. zack turns to a longtime friend and co-worker for some money to kick start his career in pornography. they hire a group of talented actors and actresses, who are seeking to advance themselves in the movie industry. like many new movie directors, zack encounters some difficulties during the first few weeks of his movie career. the room that he rents out to movie his pornographic masterpiece is destroyed.
pineapple express is an 2008 american stoner action comedy movie produced by judd apatow and shauna robertson, and directed by david gordon green. it was released on august 6, 2008 in north america. the movie received positive reviews with a 68% rating on rotten tomatoes and a 64 out of 100 from metacritic.
the twilight zone is an american television series created by rod serling. it is a series of unrelated stories of drama, psychological thriller, fantasy, science fiction, suspense, and/or horror, often ending with a dark or unexpected twist. a popular and critical success, it introduced many americans to serious science fiction and abstract ideas through television and "twilight zone" books and comics.
the success of the first series started two revival series: one series that ran for several seasons on cbs and in syndication in the 1980s, and another series that ran on upn from 2002 to 2003. it would also lead to a movie, a radio series, a comic book, a magazine and other spin-offs that would go on for 50 years.
aside from serling himself, who wrote nearly two-thirds of the series' total episodes, writers for "the twilight zone" included authors such as charles beaumont, richard matheson, jerry sohl, george clayton johnson, earl hamner, jr., reginald rose, harlan ellison and ray bradbury. many episodes also featured adaptations of classic stories by such writers as ambrose bierce, lewis padgett, jerome bixby and damon knight.
"twilight zone"'s writers often used science fiction as a way for social commentary. television networks and sponsors who had censored all possible offensive material from the mostly live dramas were not aware of the methods developed by writers such as ray bradbury for dealing with important issues through fantasy. themes include nuclear war, mass hysteria, and mccarthyism, subjects that were not allowed on more "serious" primetime television.
the first series contained 156 episodes. seasons 1, 2, 3, 5 were half hour shows. season four (1962–1963) contained one-hour episodes.
the blackshirts were a fascist paramilitary group in italy during the rise and reign of benito mussolini. they operated from 1923-1943 . the sa or the brownshirts was formed in 1921 by the national socialist german workers party or better known as the nazi party .
caterine deshayes, sometimes known as catherine monvoisin, or simply la voisin was a murderous french serial killer. she was born around 1640, and executed as a witch on 16 february 1680, in paris; together with several others. she played an important role in the so-called affair of the poisons. she lived from charging high fees to make horosocopes. she celebrated black masses, practiced abortions, sold love potions and poisons. she is said to have sacrificed infants. together with the hellfire club this is one of the earliest known examples of theistic satanism.
many nobles were among her clients, among them, madame de montespan a courtesan of louis xiv.
carol burnett is an american singer, writer, dancer, actress and comedian. she is notable for her stage and television acting. she began her career in new york. she had her own television program: "the carol burnett show" (1967-1978 on cbs). burnett was born in san antonio, texas in 1933.
burnett has won many awards. these include six emmy awards, five golden globes and a tony.
"boy meets curl" is the twelfth episode of the simpsons twenty-first season. in this episode, the simpson family visit vancouver where marge and homer compete in the 2010 winter olympics in the mixed-doubles curling team with seymour skinner and his mother agnes. marge's sweeping earns a win for the team and they earn a spot for the olympics. meanwhile, lisa is given an olympic mascot pin and she decides to collect them but her pin collecting addiction goes out of control. marge injures her shoulder in the semi-finals and she is told that she will never sweep again and that the american mixed curling team must concede the gold medal to sweden. lisa buys so many olympic mascot pins that she doesn't have anymore money left so she trades her pearl necklace for a mascot pin from the 1924 winter olympics. bart offers to help lisa with defeating her pin collecting addiction and manages to get back her necklace by tricking the pin vendor with "fatov," who is a phony mascot that was "created" in advance for the 2014 winter olympics but the mascot is really homer's mouth, clipped by bart from his driver's license. when marge is about to leave vancouver, she reveals that she is left-handed to homer and says that she always used her right hand to not seem unusual. she has enough strength to change maggie's diaper and dress her with one hand. they both decide to re-participate in the gold medal game where they defeated sweden and won the gold medal.
a ball and socket joint (enarthrosis, spheroidal joint) is a joint in which the ball-shaped surface of a bone fits into the cup-like indentation of another bone. this type of joint allows the bone to move in a 360° angle—with more freedom than other joints.
examples of this type of joint occur:
alexandre étienne choron (caen, 1837 – 1924) was a french chef. as "chef de cuisine" of the celebrated restaurant voisin on the rue saint honoré, choron is best known for his invention of choron sauce, a béarnaise sauce enriched with tomato concentrate.
choron is also remembered for the food he served during the siege of paris by the prussians, which began on 19 september 1870. during the siege, parisians were reduced to eating cats, dogs, and rats. the bourgeois did not want to eat such "low" animals, and the "de luxe" restaurants had plenty of customers. as food reserves dwindled, these restaurants, including voisin, improvised. choron served exotic animal dishes at voisin. for the midnight christmas meal of 1870, choron had a menu mostly of the best parts of the animals kept in the "jardin d'acclimatation" (one of the paris zoos). the menu – stuffed head of donkey, elephant consommé, roasted camel, kangaroo stew, bear shanks roasted in pepper sauce, wolf in deer sauce, cat with rat, and antelope in truffle sauce – has become legendary. the menu's wines were mouton-rothschild 1846, romanée-conti 1858 and château palmer 1864.
choron became famous for his elephant dishes (): "trompe d’éléphant in sauce chasseur" and "éléphant bourguignon". after the elephant at the "jardin d'acclimatation" were used at the christmas table, the two elephants (castor and pollux) at the paris' "jardin zoologique" were consumed on 31 december 1870 at voisin. in early january, it was the elephant at the "jardin des plantes" (paris' botanical garden) which was sent to the abbatoir. it was bought by choron for his restaurant at the price of 15 francs per pound. by 13 january voisin was out of elephant meat and substituted horse. the siege was lifted two weeks later.
femme fatale is the seventh studio album by american recording artist britney spears. it was released on march 25, 2011 by jive records.
sassafras is a genus that contains three current and one extinct species of deciduous trees in the family lauraceae. it was originally in eastern north america and eastern asia.
sassafras trees grow from tall and from wide. the trunk grows across.
"sassafras" was named by the botanist nicolas monardes in the 16th century. it is said to be a corruption of the spanish word for saxifrage.
jean-baptiste-camille corot (16 july 1796 – 22 february 1875) was a french landscape and portrait painter as well as a printmaker in etching. 
he is a key figure in landscape painting, and painted many works. he was in the neo-classical tradition, but he anticipated the "en plein air" (painting outside in front of the scenery) of impressionism.
poa pratensis, also smooth meadow-grass, common meadow grass, or kentucky bluegrass, is a perennial species of the grass family "poaceae". it is native to europe, asia, and northern africa. it is tall.
"poa pratensis" makes a useful pasture plant. it is also used for making lawns in parks and gardens. "poa" is greek for fodder, which is food fed to livestock.
the name kentucky bluegrass came from its blue flower heads.
tim russert (may 7, 1950 - june 13, 2008) was an american television journalist and lawyer. he was the longest serving moderator for nbc's "meet the press" beginning in 1991. he was the senior vice president of nbc news and a frequent correspondent and guest on nbc's "the today show" and "hardball". he was born in buffalo, new york. russert died from a heart attack in washington, d.c.
kangaroo jack is an 2003 american-australian adventure comedy movie set in new york city and australia. it was produced by jerry bruckheimer and was directed by david mcnally. "kangaroo jack" was released on january 17, 2003 in north america. the movie received negative reviews with a 8% rating on rotten tomatoes and a 16 out of 100 from metacritic.
the university of kentucky sometimes shortened to uk is a public, co-educational university in lexington, kentucky. the university has about 27,209 students. it was founded in 1865. the current president of the university is dr. eli capilouto. 
the athletics teams of the university are called the wildcats. they have 19 varsity teams, almost all of which compete in the southeastern conference. the men's soccer team plays in conference usa, and the rifle team competes in the great america rifle conference.
in the 2014-15 season of the men's basketball team, the team won all 31 regular season games and started 38-0. however, they were upset by wisconsin in the final four, who they played also the year before. they would finish 38-1.
central connecticut state university is a public university in new britain, connecticut. the university has about 12,315 students. it was founded in 1849. the current president of the university is jack miller. 
the athletics teams of the university are called the blue devils. they have 14 varsity teams and they compete in the northeast conference.
the university of north carolina at charlotte is a public, coeducational university in charlotte, north carolina. the university has about 24,700 students. it was started in 1946. the current chancellor of the university is dr. phillip l. dubois. 
the athletics teams of the university are called the charlotte 49ers. they have 16 varsity teams, most of which compete in conference usa (c-usa). the football team, which only started playing in 2013, will not join c-usa until 2015.
on april 30, 2019, a mass shooting happened at the university in which two people were killed and four other people were hurt.
george hearst (1820 – 1891) was a successful prospector during the gold rush. he was born in missouri into a family of farmers. he went west during the gold rush. by the 1860s he owned many copper and silver mines. his mining business grew bigger. in 1880 he bought the san francisco "examiner" to promote his political opinions and himself. he favored the two-party system. he said to mark twain in san francisco that he was a republican so his little boy, william randolph hearst, would become a democrat. in 1886 he became a state senator in california. later, his son bought more and more newspapers, which were often accused of being sensational.
dances with wolves is an 1990 american epic drama-western movie that was produced by jim wilson, kevin costner and jake eberts and was directed by kevin costner. dances with wolves was released on november 21, 1990, in north america. the movie received positive reviews with a 76% rating on rotten tomatoes and a 72 out of 100 from metacritic. the movie won 7 academy awards for best picture, directing, writing adapted screenplay, best cinematography, film editing, sound mixing and original music score. the movie also won 2 golden globe awards for best motion picture – drama and best director.
surfer, dude is an 2008 comedy movie that was produced by sidney gus gustawes, mark gustawes and matthew mcconaughey and was directed by s.r. bindler. "surfer, dude" was released on september 5, 2008 in north america. the movie received strongly negative reviews with a 0% rating on rotten tomatoes and a 16 out of 100 from metacritic.
meet the fockers is a 2004 american comedy movie. it was produced by robert de niro, jon poll, jay roach, jane rosenthal and nancy tenenbaum and was directed by jay roach. meet the fockers was released on december 22, 2004 in north america. the movie received mixed reviews with a 38% rating on rotten tomatoes and a 41 out of 100 from metacritic. it is the first sequel to the 2000 movie, "meet the parents". the second sequel which was called, "little fockers" was released in 2010.
barcelona sants (also ) is the main railway station in barcelona, operated by renfe. built in the 1970s, the current station has become barcelona's most important transport centre. the station is named after sants, the neighbourhood of barcelona that it is in.
the station has recently been remodeled so that the spanish high-speed train ave, which began service on 20 february 2008, can use it.
location and layout.
the station is in the sants-montjuïc district of barcelona, northwest of the city centre. it is easily reached by metro or bus from anywhere in the city. the station has two entrances.
the station has been built in a modern airport style. all its platforms are underground. the current redevelopment is aimed to make the surface-level entrance and ticket-hall area larger and brighter. a four-star hotel (hotel barceló sants) occupies most of the upper floors of the station's main building. there is also an adjacent international bus station also called barcelona sants.
hampton university is a private university in hampton, virginia. the university has about 5,000 students. it was founded in 1868. the current president of the university is william r. harvey. it is a historically black university.
the athletics teams of the university are called the pirates. they have 16 varsity teams and they compete in the mid-eastern athletic conference.
bethune-cookman university is a private university in daytona beach, florida. the university has about 4,000 students. it was founded in 1904. the current president of the university is trudie kibbe reed. it is a historically black university, which means that it was founded to educate african american students.
the athletics teams of the university are called the wildcats. they have 7 varsity teams and they compete in the mid-eastern athletic conference.
a bain-marie (or water bath) is a piece of equipment used in science, industry, and cooking to heat materials gently and gradually to fixed temperatures, or to keep materials warm over a period of time.
the bain-marie comes in a wide variety of shapes, sizes, and types, but traditionally is a wide, cylindrical, usually metal container made of three or four basic parts: a handle, an outer (or lower) container that holds the working liquid, an inner (or upper), smaller container that fits inside the outer one and which holds the material to be heated or cooked, and sometimes a base underneath. under the outer container of the bain-marie (or built into its base) is a heat source.
typically the inner container is immersed about halfway into the working liquid.
the smaller container, filled with the substance to be heated, fits inside the outer container, filled with the working liquid (usually water), and the whole is heated at, or below, the base, causing the temperature of the materials in both containers to rise as needed. the insulating action of the water helps to keep contents of the inner pot from boiling or scorching.
when a bain-marie is filled with water the maximum temperature of the material in the lower container will not exceed 100 degrees celsius (the boiling point of water at sea level). using different working liquids (oils, salt solutions, etc.) in the lower container will result in different maximum temperatures.
a contemporary alternative to the traditional, liquid-filled bain-marie is the electric "dry-heat" bain-marie, heated by element below both pots. the dry-heat form of electric bains-marie often consumes less energy, requires little cleaning, and can be heated more quickly than traditional versions. they can also operate at higher temperatures, and are often much less expensive than their traditional counterparts.
electric bains-marie can also be wet, using either hot water or vapor, or steam, in the heating process. the open, bath-type bain-marie heats via a small, hot-water tub (or "bath"), and the vapour-type bain-marie heats with scalding-hot steam.
bains-marie were originally developed for use in the practice of alchemy, when alchemists needed a way to heat materials slowly and gently. in that early form of chemical science, it was believed by many that the best way to heat certain materials was to mimic the supposed natural processes, occurring in the earth's core, by which precious metals were believed to be germinated.
the name comes from the medieval-latin term "balneum" (or "balineum") "mariae"—literally, "mary's bath"—from which the french "bain de marie", or "bain-marie", is derived. there are many theories as to how the name "marie" came to be associated with this equipment:
creighton university is a private, coeducational, jesuit, roman catholic university in omaha, nebraska. the university has about 7,385 students. it was founded in 1878.
the athletics teams of the university are called the blue jays. they have 14 varsity teams, 13 of which compete in the big east conference. in women's rowing, a sport that the big east does not sponsor, creighton competes in the west coast conference.
austin peay state university is a public university in clarksville, tennessee. the university has about 10,723 students. it was founded in 1927. the current president of the university is timothy hall. 
the athletics teams of the university are called the governors. they have 7 varsity teams and they compete in the ohio valley conference.
mercedes ruehl (born february 28. 1948) is an american stage, television and motion picture actress. she was born in new york city. she is best known for her supporting role in the 1991 movie "the fisher king".
the university of akron is a public, coeducational university in akron, ohio. the university has about 29,251 students. it was founded in 1870. the current president of the university is luis m. proenza. 
the athletics teams of the university are called the zips. they have 15 varsity teams and they compete in the mid-american conference.
eastern michigan university is a public, coeducational university in ypsilanti, michigan. the university has about 23,000 students. it was founded in 1849. the current president of the university is susan martin. 
eastern michigan university has degrees and programs at the bachelor's, master's, specialist's and doctoral levels. 
the university has seven parts:
the athletics teams of the university are called the eagles. they have 21 varsity teams, almost all of which compete in the mid-american conference. in women's rowing, a sport that the mac does not sponsor, the eagles compete in the colonial athletic association.
western michigan university is a public university in kalamazoo, michigan. the university has about 25,045 students. it was founded in 1903. since 2000, the president of the university has been john m. dunn. 
the athletics teams of the university are called "the broncos". they have 15 varsity teams and they compete in the mid-american conference except in men's ice hockey, where they compete in the national collegiate hockey conference.
central michigan university is a public, coeducational university in mount pleasant, michigan. the university has about 28,389 students. it was founded in 1892. the current president of the university is george e. ross. 
the athletics teams of the university are called the chippewas. they have 16 varsity teams, all but one of which competes in the mid-american conference (mac). the only exception is the women's lacrosse team. because cmu is the only mac member that plays women's lacrosse, that team plays in the atlantic sun conference.
perleberg (low german: "perlberg") is a german town in the state of brandenburg. it is halfway between the cities berlin and hamburg. it is the capital of the district of prignitz. in 2010 about 12,400 persons lived in this town.
northern illinois university is a public university in dekalb, illinois. the university has about 25,313 students. it was founded in 1895. the current president of the university is john g. peters. on february 14, 2008, a gunman named steven kazmierczak shot and killed 6 people (including himself) as well as injured 21 people on the university campus which made it the fourth-deadliest university shooting in united states history.
the athletics teams of the university are called the huskies. they have 17 varsity teams and they compete in the mid-american conference. 
 bowling green state university is a public university in bowling green, ohio. the university has about 22,882 students. it was founded in 1910. the current president of the university is dr. carol a. cartwright. 
the athletics teams of the university are called the falcons. they have 7 varsity teams for men and 10 for women, most of which compete in the mid-american conference. the men's ice hockey team plays in the central collegiate hockey association, which was re-formed starting with the 2021–22 season by several schools that left the western collegiate hockey association. bowling green had been a member of the first ccha for that league's entire history (1971–2013).
kent state university is a public university in kent, ohio. the university has about 41,365 students. it was founded in 1910. the current president of the university is beverly warren.
the athletics teams of the university are called the golden flashes. they have 17 varsity teams and they compete in the mid-american conference. 
ohio university is a public university in athens, ohio. the university has about 25,908 students. it was founded in 1804. the current president of the university is m. duane nellis. 
the athletics teams of the university are called the bobcats. they have 16 varsity teams and they compete in the mid-american conference. 
the st. cloud state university is a university in st. cloud, minnesota. it was established in 1869. it has over 15,000 students. it is the largest member of the minnesota state colleges and universities system.
st. cloud state has teams in 20 ncaa sports, plus the non-ncaa sport of nordic skiing, nicknamed huskies. of the ncaa teams, 18 play in the northern sun intercollegiate conference, a division ii conference. the men's and women's ice hockey teams compete in the top-level ncaa division i, with the men playing in the national collegiate hockey conference and the women in the western collegiate hockey association.
ball state university is a public, coeducational university in muncie, indiana. the university has about 21,401 students. it was founded in 1918. the current president of the university is jo ann m. gora.
the athletics teams of the university are called the cardinals. they have 18 varsity teams and they compete in the mid-american conference.
"this is the university in ohio. for the university in florida, see university of miami."
miami university is a public, coeducational university in oxford, ohio. the university has about 20,126 students. it was founded in 1809. the current president of the university is david c. hodge. 
the athletics teams of the university are called the redhawks. they have 8 varsity teams for men and 10 for women, most of which play in the mid-american conference. the men's ice hockey team plays in the national collegiate hockey conference.
colgate university is a private university in hamilton, new york. the university has about 2,837 students with really really white teeth. it was founded in 1819. since 2010 the president of the university is jeffrey herbst.
the athletics teams of the university are called the raiders. they have 25 varsity teams and they compete in the patriot league.
la niña is a coupled ocean atmosphere phenomenon that is counterpart to el niño. the
name means "little girl" in spanish. la niñas are often, though not always, preceded by an el niño phenomenon. weather patterns in the united states are usually different than during el niño years. during la niñas the atlantic hurricane season produces more intense storms than normal.
a strong la niña hit in 1988-1989. a weaker one took place during 1995. an extended strong la niña spell took place from 1998 to 2000, followed by neutral periods between 2000 and 2002. a more recent la niña happened in 2007-2008, followed by neutral conditions in 2008-2009.
in political parties, the central committee (also called steering committee or national committee) is a group of party members that make all decisions for the party.
the committee is usually led by a chairman. the committee usually elects it's chairman to represent it, and also elects other important members of the party.
in one-party dictatorships, the central committee is all-powerful and leads the country. in the soviet union, for example, joseph stalin, used his power as general secretary to have complete control over the communist party of the soviet union's central committee and was able to become more powerful than the committee itself.
this tuesday in texas was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by world wrestling federation (wwf). it was held on december 3, 1991 at freeman coliseum in san antonio, texas. there were five professional wrestling matches were scheduled on the card. the main event was a rematch involving hulk hogan and the undertaker. lukewarm reaction made the experiment a failure.
perry arthur satullo (born october 25, 1966) is an american professional wrestler. he is best known for wrestling with world wrestling federation (wwf) and extreme championship wrestling (ecw) under the ring name, perry saturn.
in an interview, saturn revealed that he had been shot with a .25 caliber handgun in the back of the neck while he was trying to save a woman who was being raped by two men. after he was shot, satullo became addicted to crystal meth and was homeless for two and a half years. many friends and fans believed that he was dead until he made a surprise appearance at a wwe event.
john anthony tenta, jr. (june 22, 1963 – june 7, 2006) was a canadian sumōtori and professional wrestler. he was best known for wrestling with the world wrestling federation (wwf) under the ring names, earthquake and golga and world championship wrestling (wcw) under the ring names, avalanche and the shark. 
he was also known for being a sumo wrestler where did quite well but retired from the sport due to the difficulty of the sumo lifestyle, the toll the hard ring surface was taking on his body and the large tattoo of a tiger on his left biceps which in japan is associated with gangsters. he was born on june 22, 1963 in surrey, british columbia and died on june 7, 2006 in sanford, florida from bladder cancer.
tenta was shown in the video games, wwf wrestlefest in 1991, wwf super wrestlemania in 1992, king of colosseum ii in 2004 and as dlc character in wwe smackdown vs. raw 2009 in 2009.
tenta held many championships during his professional wrestling career:
arthur griffith (; 31 march 1872 – 12 august 1922) was the founder of sinn fein, which became the political wing of the irish republican army. griffith said the act of union of great britain and ireland in 1800 was illegal and that there should therefore be one government for great britain and another for ireland. the king of great britain would also be king of ireland. 
elected to the parliament in 1918, he was also responsible for the anglo-irish treaty (1921) which helped set up the irish free state.
aristide briand (; 28 march 1862 – 7 march 1932) became the prime minister of france in 1909. he participated in the movement for labour-union formation and also in drafting the law of separation of church and state. briand was criticised for trying to make peace with germany. however, it was briand who played a leading role in formulating the locarno pact, a treaty intended to establish peace in western europe and ease relations with germany.
james william "jimmy" reihsnukks (may 18, 1943 – january 15, 2017) was a fijian semi-retired professional wrestler. he is better known by his ring name, jimmy "superfly" snuka. his first match was in 1967. snuka is one of the most remembered wrestlers, along with hulk hogan, ted dibiase, and more. his daughter tamina snuka currently works for the wwe. his son jimmy snuka, jr. also worked for the company.
as of march 2013, he no longer wrestles although he still makes appearances now and again. in august 2015, his wife announced that snuka was diagnosed with stomach cancer.
on september 1, 2015, snuka was arrested and charged with third-degree murder and involuntary manslaughter in the 1983 death of his girlfriend nancy argentino at an allentown, pennsylvania hotel. the charges were dismissed in 2017, because of snuka's terminal illness and dementia. 
snuka died of stomach cancer on january 15, 2017 in pompano beach, florida, aged 74.
william scott "bill" goldberg (born march 27, 1966 in tulsa, oklahoma) is an american professional wrestler who is best known for wrestling with wcw and wwe. goldberg also played professional football with the los angeles rams and the atlanta falcons. he currently hosts the television show "garage mahal" which is shown on the diy network and he is currently a wwe hall of famer .
sienna rose diana miller (born december 28, 1981) is a british-american actress, model and fashion designer. she has starred in "layer cake", "alfie", "factory girl", and "the edge of love". she was nominated for the orange rising star award in 2008.
miller was born on december 28, 1981 in new york city, united states to a south african mother and american father. she has lived in england for most of her life and has dual citizenship - american and british.
before her professional acting career, miller worked as a photographic model. she signed with tandy anderson of select model management london. she modeled for coca-cola, italian "vogue", and posed topless in the 2003 pirelli calendar. miller signed a two-year contract with pepe jeans london. the jeans ad campaign first appeared in magazines march 2006. in february 2009, hugo boss fragrances said that miller would be the new ambassador for their "boss orange" women's perfume.
miller's had a relationship with jude law, her co-star from "alfie". on christmas day 2004, they became engaged. on july 8, 2005, law issued a public apology to miller for having an affair with the nanny of his children. after trying to mend their relationship, miller and law finally separated the following november.
in 2008, miller had a highly publicized affair with married actor balthazar getty. miller later sued two british tabloids over the publication of photos showing her and getty together.
she was in a relationship actor tom sturridge between 2011 and 2015. they have a daughter, marlowe ottoline, born in july 2012.
julie christie (born 14 april 1941) is a british actress. she has worked in theatre, motion picture and television. she has won the academy, golden globe, bafta and screen actors guild award. in 1997 she was given a bafta academy fellowship award, a lifetime achievement award. she has starred in many movies throughout her career. she was born in british india to british parents.
in 1967, "time" magazine said of her: "what julie christie wears has more real impact on fashion than all the clothes of the ten best-dressed women combined".
in the early 1960s, christie dated actor terence stamp. she became engaged to don bessant, a lithographer and art teacher, in 1965. she dated actor warren beatty from 1967 to 1974. in november 2007, aged 66, christie married "the guardian" journalist duncan campbell. he had been her partner since 1979.
she is active in various causes, including animal rights, environmental protection, and the anti-nuclear power movement. she is also a patron of the palestine solidarity campaign. 
royal court theatre
wyndhams theatre & theatr clywd 
chichester festival theatre (and on tour, bath, oxford, richmond and guildford)
the 2011 tōhoku earthquake and tsunami was a 9.0-magnitude earthquake followed by tsunami waves. it was measured at 8.4 on the jma seismic intensity scale the earthquake happened off sendai, miyagi prefecture, on the east coast of the tōhoku of japan, on march 11, 2011 at 05:46:23 utc. it was at a depth of 24.4 km (15.2 miles). it was the most powerful earthquake to hit japan in recorded history. it was also the fourth most powerful earthquake on earth since modern record-keeping began in 1900.
on 10 february 2015, the japanese national police agency report confirmed 15,890 deaths, 6,152 injured, and 2,590 people missing.
days before the main earthquake, there were several foreshocks. the biggest one was a 7.2 magnitude earthquake on 9 march, about from the main earthquake's location.
the united states geological survey said the centre of the earthquake was from tokyo. a 7.7 aftershock happened 30 minutes following the first quake. there have been more than 600 aftershocks bigger than magnitude 4.5 or more.
the earthquake damaged buildings and started fires. the shinkansen high speed bullet trains were stopped and haneda airport was closed after the quake. various train services around japan were also stopped. hundreds of flights to japan were cancelled due to the earthquake and tsunami, affecting many people. a large fire broke out at an oil refinery in ichihara, chiba prefecture.
the nuclear power plants shut down automatically. at first the japanese prime minister said that no radioactive material leaked. about 51,000 people were moved away from the nuclear reactor at the fukushima daiichi nuclear power plant in fukushima city when its cooling system failed. there are fears that the nuclear reactor might meltdown.
the earthquake started a tsunami warning for japan's pacific coast and other countries, including new zealand, australia, russia, guam, philippines, indonesia, papua new guinea, nauru, hawaii, northern mariana islands (usa) and taiwan. the tsunami warning issued by japan was the most serious on its warning scale. it warned that the wave could be as much as 10 meters high. a 0.5 meter high wave hit japan's northern coast. kyodo news agency reported a four-metre-high tsunami hit the iwate prefecture in japan. miyagi prefecture was flooded, with waves carrying buildings and cars along as they travelled inland. in some areas the waves reached 10 km inland.
at 9:28 p.m (hst) the national weather service issued a tsunami warning until 7 a.m. for all of hawaii. tsunami waves were expected to arrive in hawaii at 2:59 am local time. a wave two meters high reached california, after travelling across the pacific ocean at a speed of 500 kilometres per hour. a man in california was drowned after being swept into the ocean while trying to take a photograph of the tsunami wave.
the japanese national police agency has officially confirmed 15,890 deaths, 6,152 injured, and 2,590 people missing across 18 prefectures, as well as over 126,000 buildings damaged or destroyed.
the fukushima nuclear disaster began on march 11 2011, just hours after the initial wave. the connection to the electrical grid was broken. all power for cooling was lost and reactors started to overheat. there was a partial core meltdown in reactors 1, 2, and 3; hydrogen explosions destroyed the upper part of the buildings housing reactors 1, 3, and 4; an explosion damaged the containment inside reactor 2; fires broke out at reactor 4. despite being initially shutdown, reactors 5 and 6 began to overheat. spent nuclear fuel rods stored in pools in each reactor building overheated as water levels in the pools dropped. the accident is the second biggest nuclear accident after the chernobyl disaster, but more complex as all reactors are involved.
there were 4.4 million households that had their electricity supply cut off, including 11 nuclear power plants.
the quake moved parts of northeast japan as much as closer to north america, making parts of japan's land "wider than before," according to geophysicist ross stein. areas of japan closest to the epi-center shifted the most.
the pacific plate itself may have moved westwards by up to . other estimates put the amount of slippage at as much as , covering an area some long by wide. if confirmed, this would be one of the largest recorded fault movements to have been associated with an earthquake.
according to italy's national institute of geophysics and volcanology, the earthquake shifted the earth's axis by . this deviation led to a number of small planetary changes, including the length of a day and the tilt of the earth. the speed of the earth's rotation increased, shortening the day by 1.8 microseconds due to the redistribution of earth's mass.
the axial shift was caused by the redistribution of mass on the earth's surface, which changed the planet's moment of inertia. due to the conservation of angular momentum, such changes of inertia result in small changes to the earth's rate of rotation. these are expected changes for an earthquake of this magnitude.
the tōhoku expressway, which serves northern japan, had to be closed due to cracks on the roads. the whole railway network was closed, but was reopened hours after the earthquake. up to 100,000 people were stuck waiting for a ride straight out of the city.
in response to the great disaster, emperor akihito directly addressed his subjects in a television broadcast. this was the first time any emperor had used television in this way.
there were other people from other countries helping people after this disaster. for example, google set up a people finder service, which allowed users to ask for or post information about missing people.
wikinews has news related to:
lea michele sarfati (born august 29, 1986), known by her stage name lea michele, is an american actress and singer. michele began working as a child actress on broadway in shows like "ragtime" and "les misérables". she was the first person to play the character wendla in the musical "spring awakening" and now plays rachel berry in the fox television series "glee".
michele was born in the bronx, new york city, in 1986. her mother is edith sarfati, a nurse, and her father is marc sarfati, a deli owner. michele's mother is italian american and roman catholic, while her father is a spanish sephardic jew. michele grew up in new york city and tenafly, new jersey. she went to rockland county day school for elementary school in new york and then tenafly high school. michele was home schooled one year while working in toronto canada on "ragtime". she went to stagedoor manor in the catskills, a performing arts training center. she was then later accepted to the cap21 program at the tisch school of the arts at new york university, but instead continued working on stage.
at eight years old, michele went with a friend to an open casting call for a musical. she decided on a whim she wanted to try out. she was offered the part and made her debut on broadway in 1995 as a replacement in the role of young cosette in the new york city showing of "les misérables". then, in 1998, she played tateh's daughter, the little girl, in the original broadway cast of "ragtime". in 2004, michele played shprintze and chava in the broadway revival of the musical "fiddler on the roof". she also sang on the 2003 broadway revival cast recording of "fiddler on the roof".
she played the role of wendla in steven sater and duncan sheik's musical version of "spring awakening", starring in early workshops to off-broadway and finally playing the role in the broadway production at the age of 20. around the same time that the show was set to go to broadway, she was offered the role of eponine in the broadway revival of "les misérables". she decided to remain with "spring awakening", which debuted on broadway in december 2006. she was nominated for a drama desk award for her acting in "spring awakening" in the category of outstanding actress in a musical.
on may 18, 2008, michele left "spring awakening" with co-star jonathan groff. she acted in a reading of sheik and sater's new musical, "nero", in july 2008 at vassar college. from august 8–august 10, 2008, she played eponine in the hollywood bowl's "les misérables" concert. she sings on the original broadway cast recordings of "ragtime" and "spring awakening".
michele stars in the fox television series "glee", where she plays the star singer of a high school glee club, rachel berry. the pilot debuted on may 19, 2009. she has won a screen actors guild award for outstanding ensemble performance and the 2009 satellite award for best actress. she also received nominations for an emmy award, two nominations for a golden globe award, and teen choice award for her performance in the role. her cover of the all-american rejects' "gives you hell" reached the top 40 on the us billboard 200. michele is the lead singer in 14 of the top 20 selling "glee" songs as of 2010.
michele was included in "time" magazine's 2010 list of the 100 most influential people in the world. fhm named her #7 on 2010 sexiest women list, which was the highest ranking for a new entry on the list that year. michele was named to people magazine's best dressed list of 2010 as "the newbie" and she was voted "2010 most stylish star" by e! online.
in 2010, michele joined the cast of the animated movie "dorothy of oz", voicing the lead role of dorothy gale. that same year, she joined the cast of garry marshall's romantic comedy "new year's eve".
before super bowl xlv, on february 6, 2011, she performed "america the beautiful" with the air force tops in blue.
michele is active in charities for gay rights and animal rights, as well as in numerous other charities. in 2008, michele was a part of the peta ad campaign "buck cruelty! say no to horse-drawn carriage rides". in april 2010, michele appeared in a psa for peta speaking out against fur clothing. in september 2010, michele was honored by peta for her work for animals. in addition to working with peta, michele is also a vegan.
in support of gay rights, michele performed at the human rights campaign dinner in november 2009. in the same month, michele and jonathan groff sang in the true colors cabaret, a fundraiser in support of gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender equality.
in 2008, michele performed at a benefit concert, "alive in the world", to aid the twin tower orphan fund. michele has also been active with broadway cares/equity fights aids. for broadway cares, michele has participated in broadway barks, broadway bares, easter bonnet competition and the flea market and grand auction. in october 2010, michele performed at a benefit concert for the painted turtle, a camp for children with illnesses. the concert celebrated the 35th anniversary of "the rocky horror picture show", with michele playing the lead role of janet weiss for the benefit. in february 2011 she performed for the grammy's musicares benefit in los angeles, california. money earned by the event go to help musicians in need.
cory allan michael monteith (may 11, 1982–july 13, 2013) was a canadian actor and musician, best known for his role as finn hudson on the fox television series "glee".
monteith was born in calgary, but raised in victoria, british columbia. he began his acting career in vancouver, british columbia. he played small roles in "final destination 3", "whisper" and "deck the halls". he had a regular role in "kyle xy". he also guest starred in such canadian-filmed television shows as "smallville", "supernatural", "flash gordon", "stargate atlantis" and "stargate sg-1".
in 2005 he acted in "killer bash" about a murdered geek's soul taking revenge on his murderer's children by taking over a girl's body. in 2007, he starred in the mtv series "kaya".
in 2009, monteith was cast in the fox series "glee", playing finn hudson, the male lead of the glee club and the quarterback of mckinley high school. for his audition tape, he drummed on tupperware using pencils. the first time he sang in front of an audience was at his in-person audition, at which he sang "honesty" by billy joel. he and lea michele, his "glee" co-star, were included in "entertainment weekly"'s 2009 "summer must list", being named "summer's must songbirds" for their roles as finn and rachel on "glee", respectively.
in april 2010, monteith was cast in the romantic comedy movie "monte carlo". in may 2010, the cast of "glee" went on a two week live tour with stops in los angeles, phoenix, chicago and new york city. the cast performed many hits from the show and had several skits between songs.
on august 8, 2010 he co-hosted the teen choice awards. monteith hosted the gemini awards in toronto on november 13, 2010.
in january 2011, he was filmed for the movie sisters and brothers with dustin milligan, and it was announced that monteith is at the center of a new untitled workplace comedy, starring and co-producing.
monteith played drums for the indie rock band "bonnie dune" based in los angeles. members include lead singer justin wilczynski (who co-starred with monteith on the short-lived mtv series "kaya"), guitarist seth roberts (who is the singer of the band lakes), and bassist josh kerr.
monteith was born in calgary, alberta and raised in victoria, british columbia. he had one older brother. his parents divorced when he was 7 years old. he lived with his mother in calgary, alberta, with his father living in oromocto, new brunswick. before becoming an actor, he worked in nanaimo, british columbia as a wal-mart people greeter, at a car wash, taxicab driver, school bus driver and roofer.
he lived in los angeles. he dropped out of school in the ninth grade. monteith said in an interview: "it wasn't for me. i can remember ever since about the sixth or seventh grade, i just didn't understand why i had to learn what i was learning. for some reason, there was a spirit of rebellion in me."
monteith was found dead in his fairmont pacific rim hotel room on july 13, 2013 in vancouver, british columbia. he was 31. the cause of his death was of a drug overdose of heroin and alcohol.
beyti is a type of turkish meat dish.
during a visit to switzerland in 1961, beyti güler was inspired by the renowned butcher möller's way of preparing meat. when he returned home, he introduced a dish consisting of roasted lamb fillets wrapped in strips of lamb cutlet fat. it came to be named after him when the kebap's fame spread all over the world.
beyti is a restaurant in istanbul, turkey. it was opened in 1945 in the neighbourhood of küçükçekmece. it is owned and managed by beyti güler. the restaurant specialises in traditional turkish food, particularly roasted meat.
beyti güler is descended from turkic people who fled from samarkand to crimea in the 1720s. in the 1870s, after the crimean war, the family moved to romania, then part of the ottoman empire. the family immigrated to turkey in 1935.
in 1945 beyti and his father opened a small roadside meat restaurant of 30 m² with four tables in the suburbs of istanbul. the restaurant only had 20 seats, but became popular soon after opening. many came for the döner kebap that was rarely available elsewhere.
an article published in 1965 in the "new york herald tribune" led to international fame. from 1966 to 1974, the restaurant catered daily to four pan am airliners. the restaurant served u.s. president richard nixon aboard air force one during his first official trip to europe, an opportunity that helped the turkish kebap (grill) dishes become renowned.
during a visit to switzerland in 1961, beyti güler was inspired by the renowned butcher möller's way of preparing meat. when he returned home, he introduced a dish consisting of roasted lamb fillets wrapped in strips of lamb cutlet fat. it came to be named after him when the kebap's fame spread all over the world.
in more than fifty years many heads of state, high-ranking politicians, top businessmen and celebrities around the globe have dined in beyti during their visits to istanbul.
jane lynch (born july 14, 1960) is an american comedian and actress. since 2009, she has played sue sylvester in the fox musical-comedy series "glee" for which she has won an emmy award and a golden globe award. she has also acted in comedy movies such as "best in show", "the 40-year-old virgin" and "role models", as well as television shows as lawyer joyce wischina in "the l word", dr. linda freeman in "two and a half men" and diana reid on "criminal minds". she has appeared on "icarly" as sam's mother. she was also a regular on the comedy-drama series "party down" as constance carmell; the role got good reviews.
lynch was born and raised in dolton, illinois, the daughter of a homemaker mother and a banker father. she was raised in an irish catholic family and went to thornridge high school. she got her bachelor's degree in theatre from illinois state university and her mfa in theatre from cornell university.
lynch spent fifteen years in chicago, acting in the steppenwolf theatre company, and touring with the second city comedy troupe. she played carol brady in "the real live brady bunch". she also wrote and starred in the award-winning play "oh sister, my sister".
her breakthrough movie role was as christy cummings, the butch lesbian personal dog handler to trophy wife sheri ann cabot (jennifer coolidge) in director christopher guest's mockumentary "best in show" (2000). she also appeared in guest's "a mighty wind" (2003) as porn actress-turned-folk singer laurie bohner and in "for your consideration" (2006) as an entertainment reporter.
lynch is also a television actress. she starred with john hannah and william fichtner in 2002's "mds", and has made guest appearances in many television shows, including "l.a. law", "judging amy", "the west wing", "7th heaven", "friends", "dawson's creek", "felicity", "arrested development", "lovespring international", "two and a half men", "weeds", "boston legal", "the l word", "criminal minds", "help me help you", "gilmore girls", "the new adventures of old christine", "psych", "monk" and "party down", among others.
in 2005, lynch was named as one of power up's "10 amazing gay women in showbiz."
audiences and critics took notice of lynch for her oddball role in judd apatow's "the 40-year-old virgin". she told "fresh airs terry gross the role was originally intended for a man but, at the urging of steve carell's wife nancy walls, was offered to lynch instead. since then, she has starred in a series of movies including "role models", ', "alvin & the chipmunks", ', "space chimps", "the rocker", "the hammer", "another cinderella story", ', and "spring breakdown".
in "julie and julia", she played the role of dorothy mcwilliams, julia child's sister. "entertainment weekly" dedicated an article on their website toward the possibility of her performance receiving an academy award nomination.
beginning 2009, lynch appeared on the fox show "glee". she won glowing reviews for her role as the aggressive cheerleading coach sue sylvester. mary mcnamara of the la times wrote, "lynch alone makes glee worth watching." before her work with "glee", she was a series regular on the starz comedy "party down". though the series was renewed for a second season, lynch would not be returning because of her work on "glee". on december 15, 2009, lynch received a golden globe nomination for best supporting actress in a series, miniseries, or television movie for her role on "glee". she lost to chloë sevigny. the series itself also received nominations in three other categories. on august 29, 2010, lynch won the primetime emmy award for outstanding supporting actress - comedy series.
lynch hosted "saturday night live" on october 9, 2010; the news of her hosting was accidentally revealed to her by her "glee" boss, ryan murphy, by text message. lynch also guest starred on the nickelodeon show "icarly" as pam puckett, sam puckett's mother, in the episode "isam's mom".
lynch appeared at the 2010 mtv video music awards on september 12, 2010.
in january 2011, lynch was awarded the golden globe in the best supporting actress in a series, miniseries, or television movie catergory. she also started appearing in comcast's xfinity ads that are shown on both the internet and television in the united states, mainly with two different laptops and two different colored persian cats.
lynch, who is openly lesbian, married clinical psychologist dr. lara embry on may 31, 2010 at the blue heron restaurant in sunderland, massachusetts. on june 10, 2013, lynch announced they were divorcing. embry herself received publicity surrounding a custody battle over two children with her former partner.
a husband is a married man. "married" means that the law says two people are legally "joined". during the wedding ceremony, the husband is called the groom (or bridegroom). in christianity and judaism a husband can have one wife (monogamy). in islam a husband can have up to four wives (polygamy).
michael kort (born 1944) is an american historian. after studying at johns hopkins university and new york university, he eventually became a professor at boston university. he specializes in soviet history.
kort's books include biographies of nikita krushchev and mikhail gorbachev, as well textbooks about the soviet union. other nonfiction books include "the rise and fall of the soviet union" and "marxism in power".
freezing rain is rain that freezes when it hits the ground. it happens when the air is above freezing, but the ground is below freezing. it makes things slippery, and can cause problems.
in mathematics, an operation is a function which takes one or more inputs (called operands) and produces an output. some of the most common operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, all of which take two inputs and produce an output. these are called binary operations, and are often used when solving math problems. other types of operations are called unary operations, which take only one input and produce an output. 
there are more operations than these, including raising numbers to exponents, taking the root and applying the logarithm.
below is a list of the most used operations.
list of mathematical operations.
addition is the first arithmetic operation and hyperoperation. it is the inverse operation of subtraction. the terms in an addition are called "addends", and the result of an addition is called a "sum".
the symbol for addition is +
examples of additions:
any number plus zero is the same number (formula_6). this is called the "additive identity".
for example: formula_7
changing the order of the addends in an addition does not change its sum. this is called the "commutative property of addition".
for example: formula_8
changing how addends are grouped in an addition does not change its sum either. this is called the "associative property of addition".
for example: formula_9
additive inverses (opposites).
the opposite of a number formula_10 is formula_11. a number formula_10 plus its opposite formula_11 is always equal to 0: formula_14
for example, the opposite of 5 is -5, because formula_15
the absolute value of two opposite numbers is always the same.
subtraction is the second arithmetic operation and the inverse operation of addition. the number that is being subtracted is the "subtrahend" and the number it is subtracted from is the "minuend". the result of a subtraction is called a "difference".
the symbol for subtraction is −
examples of subtractions:
because of the "additive identity", any number minus zero is the same number (formula_22).
in a subtraction of two terms, switching the minuend and the subtrahend changes the sign of the answer, meaning subtraction is anticommutative.
for example: formula_23 and formula_24
multiplication is the third arithmetic operation and the second hyperoperation. it is the inverse operation of division. the terms in a multiplication are called "factors", and the result of a multiplication is called a "product".
multiplication is repeated addition.
the symbol for multiplication is × (• in algebra)
examples of multiplications:
any number times one is the same number (formula_30). this is called the "multiplicative identity".
for example: formula_31
changing the order of the factors in a multiplication does not change its product. this is called the "commutative property of multiplication".
for example: formula_32
changing how factors are grouped in a multiplication does not change its product either. this is called the "associative property of multiplication".
for example: formula_33
multiplicative inverses (reciprocals).
the reciprocal of a number formula_34 is formula_35. a number formula_34 times its reciprocal formula_35 is always equal to 1: formula_38
for example, the reciprocal of 3 is 1/3, because formula_39
to get the reciprocal of a fraction, switch the numerator and the denominator: the reciprocal of formula_40 is formula_41
division is the fourth arithmetic operation and the inverse operation of multiplication. the number that is being divided is the "dividend" and the number it is divided by is the "divisor". the number on top of a fraction is called the "numerator" and the number at the bottom is called the "denominator". the result of a division is called a "quotient".
division is repeated subtraction.
the symbol for division is / or a fraction.
examples of divisions:
because of the "multiplicative identity", any number divided by one is the same number (formula_47).
division by zero is undefined (formula_48).
in a fraction, switching the numerator and the denominator gives the reciprocal of the fraction.
for example: formula_49
exponentiation is the fifth arithmetic operation and the third hyperoperation. it is one of the inverse operations of roots and logarithms. the number that is being multiplied is the "base" and the number of times it is multiplied is the "exponent". the result of an exponentiation is called a "power".
exponentiation is repeated multiplication or division.
the symbol for exponentiation is the superscript (xy) or the caret (^).
examples of exponentiations:
because of the "multiplicative identity", the first power of any number is the same number, and the zeroth power of any number is one (formula_56 and formula_57).
roots are the sixth arithmetic operation and one of the inverse operations of exponentiation and logarithms. the first term is called the "index", and the second term is called the "radicand". the result of a root is called a "base". when there is no index, this means it is a square (2) root.
the symbol for roots is the radical (formula_58).
examples of roots:
the first root of any number is the same number (formula_64).
logarithms are the seventh arithmetic operation and one of the inverse operations of exponentiation and roots. the first term is called the "base", and the second term is called the "power". the result of a logarithm is called an "exponent". when there is no base, this means it is a base 10 logarithm.
the symbol for logarithm is logb(a)
examples of logarithms:
the logarithm of 1 (formula_70) is 0 in every base. this is because formula_71
the logarithm base e, or natural logarithm, is written as formula_72.
modulation is the eighth arithmetic operation. it gives the remainder of a division. the first term is called the "modulend" and the second term is called the "modulator". the result of a modulation is called a "modulus".
the symbol for modulation is \
examples of modulations:
formula_77\formula_34 is always equal to zero, because zero can be divided by any number (formula_85).
factorial is a function which gives the number of ways to arrange formula_10 objects. the term is called the "index". the result of a factorial is also called a factorial.
the symbol for factorial is !
the first factorials are:
formula_93 is equal to one because there is exactly one way of arranging 0 objects. factorials are undefined for negative numbers. factorials of fractional numbers can be calculated using the gamma function.
absolute value is a function which gives the distance from zero (or magnitude) of a number.
the symbol for absolute value is formula_94
examples of absolute values:
the absolute value of formula_100 is the same as the absolute value of formula_101 (formula_102). this is because subtraction is anticommutative.
the 39 clues is a series of eleven adventure books written by rick riordan. in the series, the two main characters, dan and amy cahill's grandmother. in her will, she says each person can get one million dollars or search for clues around the world and become super powerful. there are also online and card games. in book ten it states that all who pass through the gauntlet will get double the amount they turned down.
the fictitious cahill family has supposedly changed the world more than any other family. most famous people are apparently cahills. they are split into five branches, the lucians, ekatrinas, tomas, janus, and madrigal.
the lucians are good leaders and spies, and are also good with poisons.
the ekaterinas are very inventive and good scientists.
the tomas are very tough and strong.
the janus are very creative and good artists, musicians, and authors.
the madrigals are trying to keep their other family members from being too violent/getting all 39 clues.
dan cahill is an 11-year-old boy who likes ninjas, video games, eating, gross stuff, and collecting things. dan has asthma, but a photographic memory.
amy cahill is a 14-year-old girl who likes reading and museums. she is scared of public speaking. dan and amy live in boston, massachusetts
grace cahill is dan and amy's recently deceased (dead) grandmother. she took them to museums, and secretly got them ready for the hunt. amy, dan, and grace are madrigals.
nellie gomez is their au pair. she is about 22 years old, and can speak a lot of languages and fly an airplane. she has dyed (colored) hair.
isabel kabra is a lucian and dan and amy's main enemy. she is very mean and has tried to kill both of them at different times. her children, ian and natalie kabra help her.
irina spasky is a lucian woman in her 40s or 50s. she appeared to be dan and amy's enemy, but turns out to be their ally.
alistair oh is a 64-year-old korean man. his branch is ekaterina. he has formed an alliances with amy and dan, but ends up betraying (breaking a promise) them. he is bae oh's nephew.
jonah wizard is a 15-year-old janus boy and world-famous pop star. his mother, cora wizard, really pushes him to do well, and his father, broderick wizard, types on his blackberry a lot.
the starling triplets, ned, ted, and sinead are ekaterinas who were severely injured in a bomb blast in book 1, but get back in the hunt in book 10.
the holts are a tomas family of five. they are all very strong. amy and dan made a temporary alliance with 15 year old hamilton holt.
in book 1, the cahills learn that their family is the most powerful family in the world. they split into groups and start on the clue hunt. they go to places where benjamin franklin went, including boston, philadelphia, and paris.
in book 2, amy and dan go to a monestary in the alps, [where they are chased by monks], and venice.
in book 3, they go to japan and south korea, where they team up with alistair, but he later abandons them.
in book 4, they go to a tomb in an egyptian pyramid where they meet irina.
in book 5, amy and dan team up with the holts to go to different cities throughout russia. they have to go to five cities in 36 hours to get into the amber room, which holds the fifth clue.
in book 6, they go to a mine in australia and almost get killed by isabel. irina turns out to be their ally, but then she dies in a fire in indonesia caused by isabel.
in book 7, amy and dan go to pretoria, in south africa. while they are there, they barely escape out of a tomas stronghold and discover that they are madrigals.
in book 8, amy and dan go to china, where they get separated. dan stays with jonah and his family for a while, but eventually he takes a train to lhasa, near mount everest. in a village near lhasa, dan meets amy as they both try to take a helicopter to go to mount everest.
in book 9, they go to the caribbean, where they learn more about their family branch, and that they need to unite the family.
in book 10, they go to england and amy and dan successfully unite the family. they do this by having to go through a cave with explosions.
a first-person narrative is a narrative mode in which a story or work that is narrated (told) by one character at a time, speaking from their point of view only. first-person narrative may be told by only one storyteller, or many.
this type of narrative can use such words like me, myself and i.
jacksonwald is a community in exeter township, pennsylvania, united states. it is less than a mile from the borough of st. lawrence, pennsylvania.
monica denise arnold (born october 24, 1980), known simply as monica, is an american r&b singer-songwriter. her debut album "miss thang" was released in 1995. her second album, "the boy is mine", was successful internationally. she was born on october 24, 1980.
wanda sykes (born march 7, 1964) is an american writer, comedienne and actress. she was born in portsmouth, virginia and raised in washington, d.c. she starred in the sitcom "curb your enthusiasm" on the hbo network. in november 2009 her late night talk show "the wanda sykes show" premiered.
sykes is lesbian. she married her wife, alex, in 2006.
perilla is a genus of annual herb which is a member of the mint family. in mild climates the plant can reseed itself. there are both green leafed and purple leafed versions of this plant. the plant's leaves resemble stinging nettle leaves, though they are slightly rounder in shape.
aurelian jake smith, jr. (born may 30, 1955) is an american semi-retired professional wrestler. he is best known for wrestling with wwf, wcw and ecw under the ring name, jake "the snake" roberts. he is a second generation wrestler because his father is aurelian "grizzly" smith. he was known for bringing out snakes during his matches, one of his snakes being a python named damien.
he made a surprise return on the january 6, 2014 episode of "raw" titled "old school raw" and dumped a snake on the face of a downed dean ambrose. on the january 27, 2014 episode of "raw", jerry lawler announced that roberts was the second entrant in the wwe hall of fame class of 2014.
during his life, he suffered from alcohol and drug addiction. he moved in with former professional wrestler diamond dallas page to help get his life back on track.
in february 2014, it was reported by tmz that roberts had been suffering from muscular cancer below his knee, and was scheduled to go into surgery for it on the 25th. responding to the article, roberts was quoted as saying "if the devil can't defeat me, cancer doesn't stand a chance in hell! pray for sick children who face this horrible disease 'cause the snake will be just fine." in july 2014, roberts announced that he was cancer-free, as various operations had been successful.
on august 28 2014, he got sick during a flight from atlanta to las vegas where he was supposed to attend a birthday event for wrestler nick cvjetkovich. it was first reported that roberts had become unconscious but it was later confirmed that he was both alert and awake during the flight and had notified the flight attendant of pain and shortness of breath. it was stated that he was in a 'coma-like' state in order to treat pneumonia. after he was taken to the icu in las vegas, he was diagnosed with pneumonia, which was something his own doctors missed. it was also confirmed that doctors had found an abnormality on his brain which they feel could be a result of all the bumps robert's took over his career.
on september 6, 2014, robert was released from the hospital and attended the future stars of wrestling's "survival of the fittest" event the same day. at the event, he announced that doctors had found more cancer, this time in his chest.
michael william "mike" krzyzewski (, born february, 13, 1947) is an american college basketball coach. he is sometimes referred to as coach k. he was born in chicago and went to school at the united states military academy, where he played guard. he served in the army as a basketball coach, and was later the coach of the u.s. military academy's basketball team. in 1980, krzyzewski became the head coach at duke university, where he has been for 31 years. his teams have been to the ncaa tournament 27 times, been to the final four 11 times, and won 4 national championships. krzyzewski has also been the coach of the united states national basketball team since 2006. he was elected to the basketball hall of fame in 2001.
glenn ford (may 1, 1916 - august 30, 2006) was an american actor, born in canada.
born gwyllyn samuel newton ford in quebec city, canada. he son of a canadian railroad worker. glenn studied at santa monica high school. after graduating he started working in small local theaters.
glenn ford interrupted his actor career in 1942 to enlist as a volunteer in the marine corps of the united states during world war ii. ford was assigned in 1943 to active duty in san diego base. then be promoted to sergeant
glenn ford also joined the naval reserve united states in 1958 and was promoted to lieutenant commander. ford touts the navy through radio and television spectacles. he was promoted to captain in 1968.
glenn ford was married four times, and a son, peter ford.
he died at 90 years old on august 30, 2006 at his residence of beverly hills.
his first movie work, was a short night in "manhattan" (1937). he is remembered for playing the role of johnny farrell in classic movie "gilda" (1946), with rita hayworth.
his long list of movie include "the adventures of martin eden" (1942), "the doctor and the girl" (1949), "plunder of the sun" (1953), "torpedo run" (1958), "experiment in terror" (1962), "four horsemen of the apocalypse" (1962), "dear heart" (1964), "is paris burning?" (1966), "midway" (1976).
he also participated in the movie of 1978 "superman", playing the role of jonathan kent superman's father.
among his most notable roles are that of the incorruptible detective. sgt dave bannion, who must fight against the mafia, in "the big heat" (1953), also he played role of school teacher who is harassed by his students in "blackboard jungle" (1955).
he has starred in big western movies, in the history of hollywood as "texas" (1941), "the desperadoes" (1943), with randolph scott, "the man from colorado" (1948), with william holden, "lust for gold" (1949), "the redhead and the cowboy" (1951), "the man from the alamo" (1953), "the violent men" (1955), "jubal" (1956), with ernest borgnine, "the fastest gun alive" (1956), "" (1957), "cowboy" (1958), "the sheepman" (1958), "cimarrón" (1960), "a time for killing" (1967), "the last challenge" (1967), "day of the evil gun" (1968), and "heaven with a gun" (1969). his latest western movies are: "santee" (1973).
in 1962 glenn ford won a golden globe, as best actor for the movie pocketful of mir, directed by frank capra. for his outstanding career in the movies, glenn ford star on the hollywood walk of fame at 6933 hollywood boulevard. he was also inducted into the hall of fame western artists at the national cowboy & western heritage museum in oklahoma city, oklahoma.
in 1971 he starred in the cbs television series "cade's county", he plays county sheriff sam cade, is a must fight against crime. in this series works the son of glenn ford, peter ford.
glenn ford has had great performances in movies and series for television "the brotherhood of the bell" (1970), "the greatest gift" (1974), "the disappearance of flight 412" (1974), "the 3,000 mile chase" (1977), "police story: no margin for error" (1978), "the sacketts" (1979), his last role was that of rev. rogers, in drama "final verdict" (1991).
randy savage (real name randall mario poffo, november 15, 1952 – may 20, 2011) was an american professional wrestler who was best known for wrestling with world wrestling federation (wwf), world championship wrestling (wcw) and total nonstop action wrestling (tna). his father angelo poffo (1925-2010) was a wrestler, as is his brother, lanny poffo (born 1954). savage was married to professional wresting manager, miss elizabeth until they divorced in 1992. poffo also released a rap record called, "be a man" which featured a diss track about hulk hogan and a tribute song about "mr. perfect" curt hennig. he died on may 20, 2011 after having a heart attack while driving in seminole, florida, resulting in a car accident.
on march 28, 2015, he was inducted into the wwe hall of fame by hulk hogan. he was represented by his brother lanny poffo.
lynne ewing is an american book writer and a movie writer.
she moved a lot as she was growing up; her father was in the marine corps. she has two sisters. lynne finished high school in lima, peru after going to seven other schools. the time she was in the country peru, she learned to speak the language spanish. she attended the university of california at santa barbara. she was 30 years old when she began writing for newspapers, documentaries, magazines, and did screen writing. she is also a counselor. the first books that she wrote were "drive-by" and "party girl". "drive-by" took six years to write, and "party girl" has been made into a movie called "living the life". she has written the finished book daughters of the moon and sons of the dark line of books. she lives in los angeles and washington d.c.. ms. ewing has two children, jonathan, a molecular biologist, and amber, a lawyer who works around the country. she has also been to japan, china, russia, europe, malaysia, singapore, laos, myanmar, and thailand. she has started a new line of books named sisters of isis. 
in 2001, lynne's book "party girl" became a movie called "living the life"; lynne was one of two moviewriters.
shemp howard (march 11, 1895 - november 22, 1955) was an american comedian and actor. he was born in brooklyn, new york.
he worked for a short time with larry fine and moe howard in the early 1930s three stooges. he later return to the group in 1947. he replaced curly howard who was ill. "fright night" (1947), was his first short movie with the three stooges, followed by "out west" (1947), one of the best episodes of the three stooges. shemp filmed 73 short movies with the three stooges between 1947 and 1955. these included "i'm a monkey's uncle" (1948), "mummy's dummies" (1948), "hokus pokus" (1949), "the ghost talks" (1949), "malice in the palace" (1949), "three arabian nuts" (1951), "corny casanovas" (1952), "up in daisy's penthouse" (1953) and "musty musketeers" (1954). shemp howard also worked with the three stooges on television.
moorhead is a town in minnesota with a population of 32,177. it is regarded as the twin city of fargo, north dakota, since they are right next to each other. the town was first built in 1870 near a natural crossing point for the red river. it was named after william g.moorhead, who was a director of the northern pacific railway. 
musician buddy holly was on his way to moorhead when he died in a plane crash. this was called "the day that music died" in the song "american pie", by don mclean.
harold edward "red" grange (june 13, 1903 – january 28, 1991) was an american football halfback and actor that played in the national football league (nfl) for 9 seasons. he was nicknamed "the galloping ghost" from a chicago sportswriter named warren brown. he played in the nfl for 3 teams during his professional career the chicago bears in 1925 and again from 1929-1934 and also played for the new york yankees in 1926 and 1927. he played college football at the university of illinois at urbana-champaign and his jersey number #77 is retired by the university and is also retired by the chicago bears. grange also acted in two silent movies; one minute to play in 1926 and racing romeo in 1927. he is inducted into the college and pro football hall of fame and in 2008 espn named him the greatest college football player of all time. grange never fumbled the football during his nfl career.
caddyshack is a 1980 american sports comedy movie that was produced by douglas kenney and was directed by harold ramis. caddyshack was released on july 25, 1980 in north america. the movie received positive reviews with a 76% rating on rotten tomatoes.
this movie had a sequel, "caddyshack ii".
bull durham is an 1988 american romantic comedy baseball movie set in durham, north carolina. it was produced by thom mount and mark burg and was directed by ron shelton. bull durham was released on june 15, 1988 in north america. the movie received positive reviews with a 98% rating on rotten tomatoes and a 73 out of 100 from metacritic.
ostracods are a class of the crustacea. they are often called seed shrimps because of their appearance. 
some 65,000 species (13,000 of which are living) have been identified. 
ostracods are small crustaceans, typically around in size, but varying from to in the case of "gigantocypris". 
their bodies are flattened from side to side and protected by a bivalve-like, chitinous or calcareous valve or "shell". the hinge of the two valves is in the upper (dorsal) region of the body.
marine ostracods live in the zooplankton. others live in the benthos, on or in the upper layer of the sea floor. 
many ostracods are also found in fresh water. terrestrial species of "mesocypris" are known from humid forest soils of south africa, australia, new zealand and tasmania. they have a wide range of diets, and the group includes carnivores, herbivores, scavengers, and filter feeders.
copepods may not be monophyletic. ostracod taxa are grouped into a class based on gross morphology (what they look like). their dna sequence analysis in their mitochondria has been examined. the results are not clear.
urban decay is the process in which a city or area goes into conditions of disrepair or becomes decrepit or filled with blight. urban decay involves white flight, population changes, depopulation, economic troubles, high local unemployment, higher than usual crime and political issues. blight is associated with condemned properties, empty lots and deserted areas that often attract criminal activity. that includes squattiing in these buildings/homes, 
aerobic is an adjective that means 'requiring oxygen'.
aerobic may also refer to:
mark copani (born november 7, 1981 in syracuse, new york) is a retired american professional wrestler who is best known for wrestling with world wrestling entertainment (wwe) under the ring name, muhammad hassan. 
his gimmick was about a middle eastern-american wrestler that wanted acceptance from the stereotypes created by the 9/11 attacks. his gimmick got attention from the new york post, tv guide, variety and other news sources because he was supposed to face the undertaker in a match the great american bash and teddy long put hassan's manager, daivari in a match with the undertaker on the earlier version of smackdown.
after daivari was defeated, hassan began to pray on the entrance ramp and five masked men came out that were dressed in black shirts, ski-masks, and camo pants. they were armed with clubs and a piano wire and they beat and choked the undertaker out, and hassan put him in the camel clutch.
three days later before the episode aired, the london bombings took place and upn didn't have enough time to edit the segment out of the episode and they showed the unedited version in the united states and canada but was removed from airing in australia and europe.
upn urged the wwe to remove hassan's character from television which they succeeded in when copani was released from his wwe contract on september 21, 2005.
essen may refer to:
wwe smackdown vs. raw 2006 is a wrestling video game that was published by thq except in japan where it was published by yukes. the video game was released for the playstation 2 and playstation portable video game systems. the video game was released on november 11, 2005 in europe and november 14, 2005 in north america for the playstation 2 and on december 16, 2005 in europe and december 13, 2005 in north america for the playstation portable.
it is part of the wwe smackdown vs. raw video game series.
wwe smackdown vs. raw 2008 is a wrestling video game that was published by thq. the video game was released for the playstation 3, playstation 2, playstation portable, nintendo ds, wii and xbox 360 systems. the video game was also released as a mobile game. the video game was released on november 9, 2007 in europe and on november 13, 2007 in both north america and australia the game was also released on november 9, 2007 in europe, november 13, 2007 in north america and on november 22, 2007 in australia for the psp.
the game was the first of the smackdown vs. raw games to feature the newly revived ecw brand.
it is part of the wwe smackdown vs. raw video game series.
single white female is a 1992 american thriller movie. the movie stars bridget fonda, who plays a young businesswoman looking for a roommate in new york city. the roommate she chooses (played by jennifer jason leigh) initially seems normal. however, she later tries to take over her life and shows that she is a controlling and violent woman who has borderline personality disorder. the film is based on john lutz's suspense novel "swf seeks same". "single white female" was released in august 1992. it was directed by barbet schroeder.
wwe smackdown! vs. raw is a wrestling video game that was published by thq except in japan where it was published by yuke's. the video game was only released for the playstation 2 video game console. the video game was released on november 2, 2004 in north america, november 12, 2004 in europe and on february 3, 2005 in japan. it was called exciting pro wrestling 6: smackdown! vs. raw in japan. it is part of the wwe smackdown vs. raw video game series.
peter jennings (29 july 1938 – 7 august 2005) was a canadian journalist, born in toronto, ontario. 
he was a journalist and news anchor for "world news tonight" on abc between 1983 and 2005. 
he died in manhattan, new york city, in 2005 of complications from lung cancer.
a scram or scram is a quick shutdown of a nuclear reactor. it is done in an emergency (a dangerous situation). a scram is performed by quickly inserting all of the control rods, or, if this fails, injecting boric acid into the reactor. a reactor that has been shut down still requires cooling due to decay heat. if the cooling system fails, the core can still melt down even if the reactor has been shut down. this has happened during several nuclear accidents, including three mile island and fukushima. the rbmk reactors used in the soviet union had graphite-tipped control rods, a design flaw which caused the reactivity to increase for a moment when the reactor was scrammed. this design flaw contributed to the chernobyl disaster.
sorrel ("rumex acetosa"), also called common sorrel or garden sorrel, is a perennial herb that is cultivated as a garden herb or leaf vegetable (pot herb). sorrel is also known by the names spinach dock and narrow-leaved dock.
sorrel is a slender plant. it is about 60 centimetres (cm) high, and it has roots that go far into the ground. sorrel also has juicy stems and leaves that can be eaten.
it has ed spikes of reddish-green flowers, which bloom in summer, becoming purplish. the stamens and pistils are on different plants (dioecious); the ripe seeds are brown and shining.
common sorrel has been cultivated for centuries. the leaves may be puréed in soups and sauces or added to salads and shav; they have a flavour that is similar to kiwifruit or sour wild strawberries. the plant's sharp taste is due to oxalic acid, which is a poison. in small quantities sorrel is harmless; in large quantities it can be fatal.
rock springs is an american city in the state of wyoming. it is in sweetwater county. the city has about 18,708 people. the current mayor of rock springs is carl demshar. on september 2, 1885, a riot between the chinese immigrant miners and white immigrant miners killed at least 26 people and it was caused because of racial tensions and labor dispute.
buffalo is an american city in the state of wyoming. it is in johnson county. the city has about 3,900 people. the town is known for methane production from the coal bed methane extraction method that is used in the powder river basin.
 is the capital city of miyagi prefecture, japan. it is the largest city in the tōhoku region. sendai is also called the . about 1,045,986 people live in the city as of 2010.
date masamune built the castle at sendai in 1601. the modern-day city of sendai developed around it.
on march 11, 2011, an earthquake and a tsunami badly damaged the city and its surroundings.
 is in nearby natori, miyagi, south southeast of sendai station. the airport was badly damaged by the tsunami, but re-opened for limited service the next month. the us state department said the airport was safe to visit.
there are several ski resorts and golf clubs in sendai. the football club vegalta sendai has its stadium in the city. sendai has one university: tohoku university.
an electron transport chain (etc) is how a cell gets energy from sunlight in photosynthesis. electron transport chains also occur in reduction/oxidation ("redox") reactions, such as the oxidation of sugars in cellular respiration.
in aerobic respiration, each molecule of glucose leads to about 34 molecules of atp (adenosine triphosphate) being produced by the electron transport chain. this is by far the most productive part of respiration.
the electron transport chain consists of a series of redox reactions in which electrons are transferred from a donor molecule to an acceptor molecule. the underlying force driving these reactions is the free energy (energy available to do work) of the reactants and products. any reaction that decreases the overall free energy of a system will happen.
atp synthase is an enzyme found among all domains of life. it is powered by a transmembrane proton electrochemical gradient. this is the result of the series of redox reactions. what the electron transport chain does is produce this gradient. the free energy is used to drive atp synthesis.
david carradine (december 8, 1936 hollywood, california, u.s. – june 3, 2009, bangkok, thailand), was an american actor. he was famous as the lead in a 1970s tv series "kung fu".
carradine had an unstable childhood. this instability continued throughout his life. he married five times. he was frequently arrested and prosecuted for a variety of offenses which often involved substance abuse. he died on june 3, 2009, from erotic asphyxiation.
carradine began his career participating in small roles in 1960s television show as armstrong circle theatre, wagon train, the virginian, bob hope presents the chrysler theatre. 
his first starring role was in the tv western "shane" (1965), where he played a lone cowboy going from town to town helping people who have problems with gunmen and bandits. 
he leapt to fame in 1972 playing the role of kwai chang caine, in the tv series "kung fu". kwai chang caine is a shaolin monk fugitive who fled to america to escape the emperor who put a price on his head, for the crime of his father.
63 episodes were filmed between (1972 - 1975). he returned to play the character in "kung fu: the movie" (1986), and "kung fu: the legend continues" (1992 - 1997) (tv series). 
one of his films for television was "high noon, part ii: the return of will kane" (1980), with lee majors and directed by jerry jameson.
carradine had appearances in many television series including: "gunsmoke", "night gallery", "ironside", "darkroom", "airwolf", "the fall guy", "north and south" (mini-series), "matlock", "profiler", "acapulco h.e.a.t.", and "family law".
he was also the voice of clockwork for the t.v. show danny phantom.
after "kung fu", david starred in movies "death race 2000" (1975), with sylvester stallone, "cannonball!" (1976), bound for glory (1976), he plays the role of woody guthrie an american folk singer, "thunder and lightning" (1977), "the serpent's egg" (1977), director ingmar bergman, "gray lady down" (1978), "circle of iron" (1978).
in 1980, carradine starred in "the long riders", with stacy keach, and directed by walter hill. in 1983 co-starred in "lone wolf mcquade", with chuck norris.
in the mid 1980s, he acted in low-budget films, among which are "armed response" (1986), "crime zone" (1989). 
he returned to play the role of bill in quentin tarantino's film " (2003), with uma thurman. 
carradine starred in major motion pictures and several important awards were awarded to him.
fortaleza esporte clube is a football club which plays in brazil.
jack palance (born volodymyr palahniuk; february 18, 1919 – november 10, 2006) was an american actor. he won an academy award for his role in the comedy movie "city slickers" (1991).
palance was born in pennsylvania. his parents were ukrainian immigrants.
palance began his career by participating in supporting roles in movies like "panic in the streets" (1950), "sudden fear" (1952), "second chance" (1953). one of his most memorable roles was that of gunman jack wilson, in the classic western "shane" (1953), with alan ladd.
his first important lead role was in the (1956) robert aldrich war movie, "attack" as lt. joe costa. in 1957, he starred in the western "the lonely man", with anthony perkins. and also star works on some classics including "ten seconds to hell" (1958), by robert aldrich, "the barbarians" (1960), "barrabas" (1961), "the professionals" (1966).
he played the role of fidel castro, in the movie "che!" (1969), with omar sharif as che guevara. another role was capt. quincey whitmore, in "chato's land" (1972), with charles bronson and directed by michael winner.
1970 was working in europe and participated in some spaghetti western films and some crime and gangster roles.
palance starred in several horror movies includine "torture garden" (1967), and "craze" (1974) by freddie francis. "the strange case of dr. jekyll and mr. hyde" tv (1967), he played the role of dracula in the tv movie "dracula" by dan curtis, "alone in the dark" (1982). 
by late 1980s he acted in major productions such as "young guns" (1988), "batman" (1989), play role of carl grissom, "tango & cash" (1989). 
palance won an academy award for his role as curly washburn, in the comedy movie "city slickers" (1991).
he had a long career in television. he starred in the series "the greatest show on earth" (1962), as johnny slate, and played the role of lt. alex bronkov in the crime series "bronk" (1975-1976). he was the host of the popular show "ripley's believe it or not!" (1982-1986).
as special guest star in "playhouse 90", "the man from u.n.c.l.e.", "convoy", "buck rogers in the 25th century".
vagrancy is a phenomenon in biology when animals appear very far from their normal range. these animals are called vagrants. the term accidental can be used as well. there are a number of reasons for such animals to become a vagrant - such as weather conditions - but these causes are still rather confused.
vagrancy is known to occur in birds, insects, mammals and turtles.
kamaishi is a city in iwate prefecture. 32,609 people live there as of march 2020. it is a historic city because of its part in world war ii where it was the first naval bombardment by the u.s. navy. the city was completely detroyed on june 15, 1896 when a 7.2 magnitude earthquake and tsunami hit the coast of iwate. the city was again destroyed in 2011 by the 2011 tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. 
fukushima is a city in northern japan. it is the capital of fukushima prefecture. the city of iino was merged into the city of fukushima on 1 july 2008.
the abukuma river flows through this city.
burt lancaster (november 2, 1913 - october 20, 1994), was an american actor and director.
lancaster was born in new york. after working in a circus, he began his career in hollywood with "the killers" (1946), with ava gardner. next was "brute force" (1947), in which he played joe collins, an inmate who plans to rebel against the prison authorities.
in the 1950s, he continued to have success in films such as "the flame and the arrow" (1950), "jim thorpe -- all-american" (1951), "the crimson pirate" (1952), "from here to eternity" (1953), "the rose tattoo" (1955), and "the devil's disciple" (1959).
the decade of the 1960s was one of the best for lancaster. he starred in "elmer gantry" (1960), and won an oscar for his role. in "judgment at nuremberg" (1961), he played dr. ernst janning, a nazi doctor on trial for crimes against humanity. in "birdman of alcatraz" (1962), he played robert franklin stroud, a man who spent most of his life in prison.
other major films were "il gattopardo" (1963), "the list of adrian messenger" (1963), "the swimmer" (1968), "airport" (1970), and "scorpio" (1973). in "the island of dr. moreau" (1977), he played the evil scientist dr. paul moreau who experiments with human beings.
he won two academy awards. one of them was for his leading role in "elmer gantry".
european movies and television series.
lancaster had various jobs in european film and television. they included "gruppo di famiglia in un interno" (1974), "novecento" (1976), "the cassandra crossing" (1976), "la pelle" (1981), with marcello mastroianni, "il giorno prima" (1987), "la bottega dell'orefice" (1989), and the tv mini-series "väter und söhne - eine deutsche tragödie" (1986).
titles included hollywood productions as "apache" (1954), "vera cruz" (1954), "gunfight at the o.k. corral" (1957), "the unforgiven" (1960), "the professionals" (1966), "lawman" (1971), and "valdez is coming" (1971). 
television movies and series.
he also had few starring roles in television including "marco polo" (1982) (mini-series), "barnum" (1986), and the tv miniseries "on wings of eagles" (1986). in "on wings of eagles", he played lieutenant colonel arthur e. 'bull' simons, a retired military officer who led the rescue of kidnapped civilians in the middle east.
his three last jobs were in tv films "the phantom of the opera" (1990), "voyage of terror: the achille lauro affair" (1990), and "separate but equal" (1991), with sidney poitier.
fairly legal was an american legal drama television series that was created by michael sardo. fairly legal debuted on january 20, 2011 on the usa network. filming for the show takes place in vancouver. the story is about a woman named kate reed who is a former lawyer turned mediator. she works at the san francisco law firm that her father has started and left her and the law firm to deal with his death.
james "jim" fullington (born june 16, 1963 in sandy, utah) is an american professional wrestler who is best known for wrestling with extreme championship wrestling (ecw) under the ring name, the sandman. when he was wrestling for ecw he was nicknamed a "hardcore icon". he also wrestled for wwe from 2005 to 2007, total nonstop action wrestling from 2002 to 2003 and again in 2010, and world championship wrestling (wcw) in 1991. on july 20, 2008, fullington was arrested for fighting at a yonkers, new york restaurant with the employees.
fullington has held many championships during his professional wrestling career:
christopher b. "chris" candito (march 21, 1972–march 28, 2005) was an american professional wrestler. he was better known by his ring name chris candido. he was best known for his time with world championship wrestling (wcw), extreme championship wrestling (ecw), new japan pro wrestling (njpw), total nonstop action wrestling (tna), and smoky mountain wrestling (smw). he was also known for his time with the world wrestling federation (wwf) where he competed under the ring name skip and was part of the tag team, the bodydonnas. 
he was married to wrestling valet, tammy lynn sytch who is better known by the name, sunny.
on april 24, 2005 at lockdown, candido suffered a fractured tibia and fibula as well as a dislocated ankle during a steel cage match with lance hoyt against apolo and sonny siaki. he would undergo surgery the next day and would have titanium plates and screws inserted into his leg. candido would be at the following "impact!" tapings and managed the naturals when they defeated america's most wanted to win the nwa world tag team championship. on april 28, 2005, candido felt ill and his condition had worsened during the day. candido collapsed during the evening and he was rushed to the robert wood johnson university hospital in new brunswick, new jersey. he was diagnosed with pneumonia. the doctors drained his lungs, but he died shortly afterwards. his brother johnny said that candido had died because of a blood clot, a complication from surgery.
on the april 29 episode of "impact!" as well as at the hard justice ppv event, tna paid tribute to candido. tna decided to hold a tournament called the chris candido memorial tag team tournament in his honor in late 2005. in 2009, candido was inducted into the hardcore hall of fame.
fukushima daiichi nuclear power plant (also called fukushima i) is a disabled nuclear power plant in the town of ōkuma in fukushima prefecture, japan. fukushima daiichi was the first nuclear power plant to be built and run only by the tokyo electric power company (tepco).
in march 2011 there were nuclear emergencies at the power plant and some other japanese nuclear facilities, which raised questions about the future of nuclear power. following the fukushima nuclear disaster, the international energy agency halved its estimate of additional nuclear generating capacity to be built by 2035.
the nuclear reactors.
the nuclear reactors for units 1, 2, and 6 were supplied by general electric, those for units 3 and 5 by toshiba, and unit 4 by hitachi. the architectural design for the general electric's units was done by ebasco. all of the building work was done by kajima. since september 2010, unit 3 has been fueled by mox fuel|mixed-oxide (mox) fuel. units 1–5 had/have a mark 1 type (light bulb shaped torus) containment structure, unit 6 has mark 2 type (over/under) containment structure.
unit 1 is a 439 mw boiling water reactor (bwr3) constructed in july 1967. it started to commercially make electricity on march 26, 1971, and was planned to shutdown in march, 2011. it was damaged during the 2011 sendai earthquake and tsunami. the reactor had high atomic and earthquake safety levels when it was made, but it is now both old and out of date. no one knew such a bad earthquake could happen in japan. unit 1 was designed for a earthquake "peak ground acceleration" shaking motion of 0.18 g (1.74 m/s2) and a seismic "response spectrum" based on the 1952 kern county earthquake. all units were inspected after the 1978 miyagi earthquake when the seismic "ground acceleration" was 0.125 g (1.22 m/s2) for 30 seconds, but no damage to the critical parts of the reactor was discovered.
2011 fukushima nuclear disaster.
in march 2011, soon after the sendai earthquake and tsunami, the japanese government cleared people from around the plant and started local emergency laws at fukushima i. ryohei shiomi of japan's nuclear safety board was worried about the chance of a meltdown at unit 1. the next day, the chief cabinet secretary, yukio edano said that a partial meltdown at unit 3 was "highly possible."
the nuclear engineering international group had reported that units 1, 2 and 3 were automatically shut down. units 4, 5 and 6 had already been shut down for maintenance. back-up generators were damaged by the tsunami; started at first, but stopped after 1 hour later.
japan’s government said it had and a nuclear emergency when the cooling problems happened as the back-up diesel generators broke down. the cooling is needed to remove decay heat even when a plant has been shut down, due to the long term atomic reactions. hundreds of japanese troops were said to be trucking generators and batteries to the site.
reactor and generators damage reports (09.53 utc, 16-3-2011).
after the back-up diesel generators pumps broke down, emergency batteries ran low after about eight hours. batteries from other nuclear plants were sent to the site and mobile electric and diesel generators arrived within 13 hours, but work to connect portable generating equipment to power water pumps was still continuing. the diesel generators would normally be connected by switching gears in a basement area of the power station's buildings, but this had been flooded by the tsunami.
data estimated by jaif (japan atomic industrial forum).
later, unit 4 at the nearby fukushima ii nuclear power station was also shut down by the safety systems. now, a source of off-site power is available but the damage level at the plant is bad.
proposed long term safety activity.
officials have thought about putting in or aerial dropping radiation killing boric acid, boronated plastic beads or boron carbide pellets into the spent fuel pools to absorb neutrons. france flew 95 tonnes of boron to japan on 17 march 2011. neutron are absorbed by boric acid, which has been injected into the reactor cores, but is unclear if boron was also included with the hose and fire truck water spraying of sfps.
a 'sarcophagus tomb' and liquid metal.
on 18 march, the reuters news agency reported that hidehiko nishiyama, a spokesman of japan's nuclear agency was asked about burying the reactors in a sand and concrete tomb, said: "that solution is in the back of our minds, but we are focused on cooling the reactors down."
after the chernobyl disaster, the atomic safety workmen used 1,800 metric tonnes of sand and clay cover the plant. this created a problem because they were thermal insulators and trapped heat inside. so first a non-evaporating coolant such as a liquid metal has to be put on it. after it has all cooled off a structure such as the chernobyl nuclear power plant 'sarcophagus tomb'.
the nuclear emergencies at fukushima daiichi and other nuclear facilities raised questions about the future of nuclear power. platts has said that "the crisis at japan's fukushima nuclear plants has prompted leading energy-consuming countries to review the safety of their existing reactors and cast doubt on the speed and scale of planned expansions around the world". following the fukushima nuclear disaster, the international energy agency halved its estimate of additional nuclear generating capacity to be built by 2035.
mark appleyard (born november 11, 1982 in oakville, ontario) is a canadian professional skateboarder. he is currently sponsored by element skateboards, thunder, autobahn, globe shoes, volcom, ccs, arnette, and vivo. he was the thrasher skater of the year in 2003.
pierre-luc gagnon, sometimes known as plg for short (born may 2, 1980 in boucherville, montreal) is a canadian professional skateboarder. he is currently sponsored by osiris, darkstar, electric, rds, skullcandy, capix, boost mobile and monster energy drink. he has competed in five x games where he won fifteen medals, four of them being gold.
at 32 years old, pierre-luc gagnon is a successful skateboarder and well-known in his discipline. he has won eight gold medals at the x-games competition.
gagnon found his passion at the age of nine years old. he asked his father to buy his first skateboard. when he got it, he started to visit the local planchodrome intensively. but during the winter in quebec, it is harder to find a place to practice this sport. with a group, they decided to rent a localation where they put some ramps. 
in 1992, his father, who is a physical education teacher, convinced the city of boucherville to open an indoor skate park. after this, he practiced his sport each day after school for six years and gained skills.
in 1996, he tries his luck during a competition (vans amateur series) which accompanies a musical tour everywhere in north america. the winner of each city is allowed to go to los angeles for the big final. gagnon won the whole competition and had his first contract with vans. he started his professional career by doing demonstration with the team and competition.
but in 2000, he decided to move to california where the sport is more important and he could do it all year long. there is also more competition in california. since he moved there, he has competed in brazil, china and switzerland. for him, skateboarding is not just a sport; it is a kind of art. it is a way of expressing himself, being original and unique. it is not a traditional sport where everybody executes the same tricks. a skateboarder needs to develop a unique style almost like an artist.
pierre-luc gagnon said that skateboarding helps kids to use their imagination for trying new things. he fell in love with skateboarding when he started and he never stops. he started to go to the skate park each day after school at the age of nine, and now he practices it six days a week three hours by day.
jeffrey "jeff" demarco teague (born june 10, 1988 in indianapolis, indiana) is an american basketball player that currently plays for the atlanta hawks of the nba. he went to wake forest university for college where he played for the wake forest demon deacons basketball team. he was drafted by the atlanta hawks with the 19th pick in the 2009 nba draft. teague is probably best known for his known for his ability to drive to the basket and his shooting ability.
russell tyrone jones (november 15, 1968 – november 13, 2004), better known by his stage name ol’ dirty bastard was an american rapper. he was best known for being one of the founding members of the rap group wu-tang clan. as a solo artist, he had released two studio albums.
jones was an african american who had 3 children. he had problems with drug addiction, meaning he could not stop taking them. he also broke the law a lot. his convictions included attempted assault and using cocaine. 
jones died on november 13, 2004 due to an accidental drug overdose of a mixture of cocaine and prescription drug tramadol, just two days before his 36th birthday.
awards and nominations.
ol' dirty bastard released two studio albums before his death:
ol' dirty bastard had 3 singles during his career:
gibsons is a canadian city in british columbia, canada. gibsons is on the sunshine coast. the canadian television series, "the beachcombers", was set and shot in gibsons. the movies "charlie st. cloud" and "needful things" were filmed in gibsons. the town also won the berkeley springs international water tasting contest which made them the first in the world. the town was first called gibson's landing in 1929 but was changed to gibsons in 1947.
devin star tailes (born july 2, 1989), best known by her stage name dev, is an american singer. her associated acts include far east movement. her song "booty bounce" was sampled in the far east movement's "like a g6". her most successful single was "in the dark".
dev was born in tracy, california. she later moved herself to los angeles.
courtenay is a canadian city in british columbia, canada. courtenay is on the east coast of vancouver island. the current mayor of courtenay is greg phelps. courtenay has a population of 21,940 people as of 2006. in 1946, a magnitude 7.3 earthquake hit the west of courtenay. a lot of chimney's were destroyed- there was also damage to the local post office and elementary school. it was the largest earthquake to hit vancouver island.
the december 2010 north american blizzard was a historic blizzard that hit the northeaster part of north america in late december 2010. the blizzard produced heavy snow and strong winds. over of snow on parts of new york city. an area south of elizabeth city, new jersey had the most snow fall. it had of snow. elizabeth city itself got of snow.
the storm that caused the snowfall started as drizzle in california. it grew into a rainstorm. as it moved northeast, it turned into a blizzard. on 26 december 2010, the blizzard reached new york city. the blizzard caused a large amount of snow and strong winds. it also caused thundersnow, where thunder and lightning happen while snow is falling. it moved away from the city on december 27th. on december 28th, the blizzard moved out over the atlantic ocean.
new jersey got a large amount of snow. there was also rain in the area of cape may. elizabeth city got of snow. an area south of elizabeth city had the most snow fall. it had of snow. the blizzard produced heavy snow and strong winds there. that was a historic blizzard for the area.
new york city received a large amount of snow and had high winds. about of snow fell on the city. places east of the city, for example eastern long island, saw some rain from the storm. the blizzard did not affect far north of new york city. albany got less than of snow from the blizzard.
connecticut did have snowfall, but it was not an unusual amount for that state. between from of snow fell in connecticut. hartford had only of snow. new haven, the closest area in connecticut to new york city, saw about of snow.
massachusetts saw between of snow. this is not an unusual amount for the area.
thomas michael zbikowski (born may 22, 1985 in park ridge, illinois, often known as just "zibi") is a professional boxer and american football safety for the indianapolis colts of the national football league. zbikowski was drafted out of the university of notre dame by the baltimore ravens with the 86th pick in the third round of the 2008 nfl draft. he also played for the baltimore ravens from 2008 to 2011.
zbikowski is also a boxer and holds a 4-0 boxing record. most of his boxing was during the 2011 nfl lockout. many ravens fans enjoyed watching him play as they waited for the lockout to end.
zbikowski played college football with the notre dame fighting irish.
zbikowski made his college debut (start) as a sophomore in 2005, appearing in all 12 games and finished fourth best of the roster with 70 total tackles (37 solo, 33 assisted) with two forced fumbles. he was named walter camp defensive player of the week on sept. 19 following his performance at michigan state as he had a team-high nine tackles, forced a fumble and returned it for a 75-yard td and recorded his first career interception.
he was 2006 team captain with brady quinn and travis thomas and was selected (picked, chosen) to the second-team all-america squad by the walter camp football foundation after helping the irish earn a bid in the sugar bowl. zbikowski was also named a third-team all-american by the associated press and was a semi-finalist for the jim thorpe award, presented annually ("annually" meaning once a year) to the nation's best defensive back. zibikowski finished with 79 tackles, recovered a fumble for a touchdown against penn state, and recorded his third career punt return for a touchdown with 52-yarder against north carolina. zbikowski accounted for four tds (two interception returns and two punt returns) in 12 games played in 2006. he finished fourth on the team with 71 total tackles and led the defense with five interceptions while leading the irish to the fiesta bowl. following the seasons, zbikowski earned third-team associated press all-america honors.
zbikowski returned to notre dame for his fifth year in 2007 with a career high 80 total tackles with a pair of interceptions and fumble recoveries. he continued to shine as a return man, racking up 234 return yards on punts. graduated in may with degrees in sociology and computer applications.
zbikowski was drafted by the baltimore ravens in the 3rd round of the 2008 nfl draft.
zbikowski played as a returner and defensive back during four fairly solid years with baltimore. he also intercepted two passes in 2009 while filling in for ed reed.
zbikowski signed with the indianapolis colts on march 16, 2012.
james w. hardy, iii (december 24, 1985 – june 7, 2017) was an american football wide receiver for the baltimore ravens. hardy also played for the buffalo bills from 2008 to 2010. hardy was drafted out of indiana university by the buffalo bills with the 41st pick in the second round of the 2008 nfl draft.
on june 7, 2017, a body was found in the maumee river in fort wayne, indiana. the next day, the allen county coroner determined the body to be that of hardy. the cause of his death has yet to be determined. he was 31 years old.
edward james dickson (born july 25, 1987 in inglewood, california) is an american football tight end for the baltimore ravens of the national football league (nfl). dickson was drafted out of the university of oregon by the baltimore ravens with the 70th pick in the third round of the 2010 nfl draft.
saving private ryan is a 1998 american war movie directed by steven spielberg and written by robert rodat. set during the invasion of normandy in world war ii, the movie is known for its graphic portrayal of war and for the intensity of its second scene of 24 minutes, a depiction of the omaha beach assault during the normandy landings. the movie follows united states army rangers captain john h. miller (tom hanks) and his squad (tom sizemore, edward burns, barry pepper, giovanni ribisi, vin diesel, adam goldberg, and jeremy davies) as they search for a paratrooper, private first class james francis ryan (matt damon), the last surviving brother of a family of four, with his three other brothers having been killed in action.
in 1996, producer mark gordon pitched rodat's idea, which was inspired by the niland brothers, to paramount, which eventually began development on the project. spielberg, who at the time was forming dreamworks, came on board to direct the project, and hanks joined the cast. after the cast went through training supervised by marine veteran dale dye, the movie's photography started in june 1997 and lasted two months. the movie's d-day scenes were shot in ballinesker beach, curracloe strand, ballinesker, just east of curracloe, county wexford, ireland and used members of the irish army as infantry for the d-day landing.
released on july 24, 1998, "saving private ryan" received acclaim from critics and audiences for its performances (particularly from hanks), realism, cinematography, score, screenplay, and spielberg's direction, and was placed on many movie critics' 1998 top ten lists. it was also a box office success, becoming the highest-grossing movie of 1998 in the united states with $216.8 million domestically and the second-highest-grossing movie of 1998 worldwide with $481.8 million worldwide. additionally, it grossed $44 million from its release on home video in may 1999. the movie won several accolades, including best picture and best director at the golden globes, producers guild of america, directors guild of america, and critics' choice awards. the movie was nominated for eleven academy awards at the 71st academy awards, where it won five: best director (spielberg's second), best film editing, best cinematography, best sound, and best sound effects editing, though it lost the academy award for best picture to "shakespeare in love" in a controversial oscars upset.
since its release, "saving private ryan" has been considered one of the greatest war movies of all time and has been lauded as influential on the war movie genre. it is credited for renewing interest in world war ii media. in 2007, the american film institute ranked "saving private ryan" as the 71st-greatest american movie in afi's 100 years...100 movies (10th anniversary edition) and in 2014, the film was selected for preservation in the national film registry by the library of congress.
oladele brendon ayanbadejo (born september 6, 1976 in chicago, illinois) is an american football linebacker and special teamer for the baltimore ravens of the national football league (nfl). he has played for 8 nfl teams as well as 3 cfl teams. he played college football at ucla. he won super bowl xlvii with the ravens when they defeated the san francisco 49ers 34-31.
brandon jones (born october 6, 1982 in texarkana, texas) is an american football wide receiver in the national football league who is currently a free agent. he was drafted out of the university of oklahoma by the tennessee titans with the 96th pick in the third round of the 2005 nfl draft. he also played for the tennessee titans from 2005 to 2008, san francisco 49ers in 2009 and the seattle seahawks in 2010. he was also drafted by the new york yankees of major league baseball but he didn't sign a contract with them. in 2011, the baltimore ravens signed jones. jones caught the game-winning touchdown from tyrod taylor in a preseason game against the washington redskins, but was released by the ravens.
andre alexander ramsey (born july 24, 1987 in portsmouth, new hampshire) is an american football offensive tackle that is currently a free agent. he last played for the baltimore ravens of the national football league (nfl). ramsey played college football at ball state university. he also played for the buffalo bills in 2009.
a punter (p) is a position in american and canadian football. punters are members of the special teams. punts punt the ball away to the opposite team during a fourth (american) or third (canadian) down. the punter will sometimes do a fake punt and run or throw the ball. they can also fill in for a placekicker. 
john matthew "matt" stover (born january 27, 1968) is a former american football placekicker. he played college football for louisiana tech. as of the start of the 2009 nfl season, he was the third most accurate kicker in the history of the national football league. he is of greek origin and is christian. he has spent time with the new york giants, the cleveland browns, and the baltimore ravens, where he played for 13 seasons. he was signed by the indianapolis colts in october 2009 to replace injured kicker adam vinatieri. his signature celebration had his thumbs and pointer fingers pointed outward with his arms halfway or all the way in the air.
stover attended lake highlands high school in dallas, texas (class of 1986), the alma mater of fellow nfl placekicker phil dawson (cleveland browns). stover won all-district honors as both a wide receiver and kicker. during the 1985-86 lhhs season he kicked a 53-yard field goal.
stover attended louisiana tech university. he graduated with a degree in marketing. during his college career, stover made 64 of 88 field goal attempts. as a sophomore, facing texas a&m, he kicked a 57-yard field goal, then a school record. he also punted as a senior, punting 36 times for 1,277 yards (34.1 yards per punt avg). he left louisiana tech with 262 career total points and seven field goals of 50 yards or more. stover would sometimes kick the ball through the goal posts on the first kick-off of the game.
new york giants.
stover was drafted by the new york giants with the 329th selection (12th round) in the 1990 nfl draft. he was on the injured reserve list the entire season as the giants won super bowl xxv.
stover signed with the cleveland browns in 1991 and spent five seasons as a brown.
in 1996 the browns moved to baltimore to become the baltimore ravens. stover spent the majority of his career as a raven. in 2000, the ravens failed to score an offensive touchdown in five straight games, in which stover, who was selected as a pro bowler, scored all the team's points. stover received a super bowl ring that year when the ravens defeated his former team, the new york giants in super bowl xxxv.
stover kept kicking for the ravens, setting records and kicking 18 late game-winning field goals. 
in 2003, an overtime field goal of just over 40 yards from stover beat the seattle seahawks in a 44-41 shootout. in 2007, a 43-yard kick from stover beat the arizona cardinals in overtime. 
in 2008, stover booted a 43-yard field goal to win against the tennessee titans in the afc divisional round. that was stover's last field goal as a raven. the ravens decided not to re-sign stover following the 2008 season.
on nov 20, 2011, stover was inducted into the ravens ring of honor, during a half-time ceremony at m&t bank stadium against the cincinnati bengals 
as a free agent stover signed with the indianapolis colts during the 2009 nfl season to replace the injured adam vinatieri. in indianapolis, stover played in two wins against the ravens, and helped the colts to an appearance in super bowl xliv, at age 42, an nfl record. he missed an important 52-yard kick in the game against the new orleans saints and was not re-signed.
stover announced his retirement from football on may 25, 2011 with the baltimore ravens. at the time of his retirement, he was the last remaining member of the original cleveland browns still active in the nfl, and was also the last raven to have played for the franchise before the move. he retired as the nfl's fourth all-time leading scorer.
joseph leonard gordon-levitt (born february 17, 1981 in los angeles, california) is an american actor, musician and singer. gordon-levitt made his big screen debut in the 1992 & 2010 movie beethoven. & easy a
first person may refer to:
danny lebern glover (born july 22, 1946) is an american actor, director and activist. he was born in san francisco, california. glover made his big screen debut in the 1979 movie escape from alcatraz. glover won an mtv movie award in 1993 for best on-screen duo in the movie lethal weapon 3 which he shared with mel gibson.
christian art is an art form related to christianity. there are a lot different definitions of it. christian art is mainly defined by pieces that try to show or express the ideas of christianity. most christian denominations or groups either use or have used art to some extent. other groups, however, have do not like the idea of religious images, and there have been major periods of iconoclasm within christianity. images of jesus and events from the life of christ are the most common subjects, and scenes from the old testament play a part in the art of most christian groups. images of the virgin mary and saints are less common in protestant art than in roman catholic and eastern orthodox art.
tony danza (born anthony salvatore iadanza; april 21, 1950 in brooklyn, new york) is an american actor, producer and boxer. his mother was an immigrant from sicily; his father was a sanitation worker. danza made his big screen debut in the 1981 movie going ape!. danza was also the host of the espy awards in 1996 and miss america in 2002.
the word has several uses:
samantha eggar (born 5 march 1939) is a british actress.
eggar was born in london. her father was a british army officer. her mother hadportuguese and dutch acestors. 
eggar has theater training, in companies doing works of shakespeare. she began making movie appearances. the wild and the willing (1962), doctor in distress (1963), dr. crippen (1964). 
being very young samantha eggar became famous for playing the role of miranda grey in the collector (1965), miranda is a student who is kidnapped by a maniac freddie clegg, played by terence stamp. her outstanding performance won best actress at the cannes film festival and was nominated for an oscar.
she continued her work in major films such as walk don't run (1966), with cary grant, doctor dolittle (1967), the molly maguires (1970), with sean connery, the light at the edge of the world (1971), with kirk douglas and yul brynner, il grande attacco (1978).
she has had several roles in horror films as a name for evil (1973), he plays the role of a young woman who with her husband, moving into a possessed house belonging to his grandfather, the uncanny (1977), with ray milland and peter cushing, the brood (1979) by david cronenberg, one of the most horror films of the story, she plays the role of nola carveth, a woman who suffers horrific mutations.
in 1980s she work in demonoid: messenger of death (1981), with stuart whitman, and curtains (1983).
her television credits include the tv series, anna and the king (1972), with yul brynner, double indemnity (1973 film), with richard crenna, all the kind strangers (1974 film), with stacy keach, for the term of his natural life (1983 film), with anthony perkins, commander in chief (2005-2006).
as a special guest star in the saint, lucas tanner, baretta, columbo, starsky and hutch, hawai 5-0, falcon crest, hart to hart, magnum, p.i., and many more.
john mcdouall stuart (7 september 18155 june 1866) is regarded as one of australia's greatest explorers. he went on seven major exploring trips into the centre and north of australia. he was leader of six of these expeditions. he spent more time out in the australian bush exploring the land than any other explorer. on each trip, he was able to go further north and found water sources that helped him with his final long journey. in 1862, he crossed australia from adelaide, south australia, to van diemen gulf in the northern territory. he was the first european to cross the continent from north to south and then return again.
exploring australia caused stuart to become very sick from diseases such as scurvy and beriberi. he pushed himself to the very limits of human endurance. each trip left him weaker and at the end of his last trip he was unable to walk or ride and had to be carried back. stuart's discoveries opened up the country for the growth of farming sheep and cattle. his route was used to build the australian overland telegraph line from adelaide to darwin which joined an undersea line from java. this meant that for the first time, australians could communicate quickly with the rest of the world. but his personal rewards were small. he was given some land by the government and a small salary from his employers. stuart died poor in england at the age of 50.
stuart was born on 7 september 1815, at dysart, fife, scotland. his father, william stuart, had been a captain in the british army. his mother was mary mcdouall. they had nine children, john mcdouall was the sixth. his parents died when he was ten years old. the children were separated and sent to live with different relatives. stuart was educated at the scottish naval and military academy in edinburgh. he studied to be an engineer and surveyor.
in 1839, stuart moved to adelaide, south australia, and began work as a surveyor. adelaide had only been settled for two years and was mainly still a tent city. the government needed to have maps so that land could be sold or leased. stuart worked for three years on the edges of the settled areas, measuring the land and dividing it into farm blocks. he learned skills to live and travel in the australian bush. he was known as a heavy drinker, often spending days at a time drunk. when a recession hit the south australian economy, stuart found himself without a job.
central australian expedition 1844.
stuart joined charles sturt's central australian expedition to search for an inland sea in august 1844. sturt was so sure that there was an inland sea in the centre of australia, that he took a large boat as part of his equipment. stuart joined the group as a draftsman, who would draw up the maps. he was paid one pound a week, and provided with food. stuart and james poole, the second in command, were sent out ahead of the main group to find water. the main group could only travel as fast as their flock of sheep could walk. stuart and poole found water at depot glen, near the current site of milparinka.
in the hot dry climate of summer, the group remained trapped at the waterhole for seven months. stuart took a small group to find water to the north, west, and east, but found none. stuart was left behind in charge of the main group at depot glen. it was very hot so they dug an underground room to keep cool. all the men became sick from scurvy because of the lack of fresh fruit and vegetables. this caused their gums to become soft and their teeth to fall out. they had headaches, their noses bled, and their skin began to turn black. when poole died, stuart was made second in command. he also became the surveyor and did all the mapping as sturt could not see properly. when it finally rained the group tried to keep going north but were blocked by the sand dunes of the simpson desert. they turned south and went back to the darling river. stuart took over as leader when sturt became blind and too ill to lead the group. they arrived back in adelaide after six weeks hard travelling. sturt had to be carried in a cart, and stuart, crippled with scurvy and beriberi, looked like a skeleton.
it took stuart nearly a year to recover from the expedition. he wrote in a letter: "i lost the power of my limbs for ... six months, and was quite unable to do anything for myself for ... twelve months." for the next few years he was unable to work. the money he had made was spent on doctors and living expenses. in 1849 he moved to near port lincoln on the eyre peninsula and worked on a farm. he soon found work surveying in the area, and met william finke and james chambers. finke and chambers were rich men and they paid stuart to explore for them. they wanted him to find them new farm lands and water, as well as minerals like gold and copper.
stuart learned from his trip with sturt that large groups were not able to move quickly through the dry australian lands. he believed that a small group would have more success. finke paid him to find out if the land north of lake torrens would be suitable for sheep. on this first trip he went with two men, forster and an unnamed aboriginal youth. they took six horses, enough food for six weeks, a watch and a compass. in may 1858 they went through settled areas until they reached oratunga station, one of the most remote farms in south australia. it is near the present day town of blinman, in the north of the flinders ranges. from here they went northwest and found a permanent water hole, andamooka waterhole, on a creek stuart named chambers creek. it has since been renamed stuart creek. the country was very dry, and they could only find water in aboriginal wells. the stony ground hurt the horses feet. at the end of july they reached the site of the present day town of coober pedy. their horses were in poor condition and they were running out of food. stuart decided to change direction to the south west and try and reach the coast near fowlers bay. the aboriginal youth would not go any further and went back. he was scared of other aborigines in the area they were going into. stuart said the land was "...dreary, dismal, dreadful desert." stuart and forster reached the coast at denial bay in august 1858, and were back in settled farm lands by 11 september. they had completed a journey of in four months. he gave his diary and maps to the south australian government. as a reward, stuart was given the lease to 1,000 square miles of land at chambers creek.
stuart's second expedition 1859.
the official south australian government explorer benjamin herschel babbage followed stuart's maps and went to chambers creek. he reported that the map showed the creek was marked too far to the north. stuart went back to chambers creek to survey the area again. this expedition was paid for by james chambers and william finke who realized the value of reliable water supplies on the other side of the salt lakes. stuart left oratunga station on 2 april 1859, with a small group, three men and 14 horses. the men he took with him included a bavarian naturalist and artist, david herrgott, and louis müller, a stockman and botanist. both herrgott and müller had been gold miners in victoria, and would know how to look for gold in the country around chambers creek. they did not carry much equipment, only a blanket to sleep with, but no tents. the only food they took was flour, dried beef (jerky), tea, sugar and tobacco. he took more equipment than just his watch and compass on this trip; a sextant, a copy of the astronomical almanac and a telescope.
stuart went a different way to chambers creek, going through a gap in between the salt lakes that had been explored by major peter warburton earlier in the year. herrgott found a group of 12 artesian springs, which stuart named after him. this name later became the settlement of herggott springs. the name was changed again during world war one because of strong anti-german feelings in australia. the town is now called marree after the aboriginal word for possum. these springs were mound springs; over thousands of years the salt in the water had formed small hills, and the water came out of them like water out of a volcano. some of the mounds were over high. they were valuable because they provided reliable water for people and animals moving north to chambers creek.
after surveying chambers creek again, stuart explored the area to the north west of chambers creek. they found more mound springs which stuart named elizabeth springs after one of chamber's daughters. they continued north west and searched for gold in the davenport range. they found more springs which they named the spring of hope. they were able to continue and found more springs, which stuart named freeling springs, after major freeling, a south australian politician. by the time they had passed the current site of oodnadatta, both the men and the horses were suffering from the lack of water and proper food. the horses' shoes had worn out in the rocks around the davenport range. on 12 june 1859, stuart turned around and went back. they rode south back to port augusta and then took a boat back to adelaide.
third expedition 1859.
the south australian government offered a prize of £2,000 to the first person to cross australia from the south to the north. they hoped this would be a route for the australian overland telegraph line that would connect australia to the line that came from europe. stuart and chambers plans for the trip were not accepted by the government. the government sent alexander tolmer to lead the trip. his expedition did not make it out of the settled areas. in august 1859, one month after his last trip, stuart went back to do more surveying for chambers at chambers creek. with william darton kekwick and two other men, they took 12 horses and explored the west side of lake eyre. chambers and stuart believed that the lake might hold water. instead stuart found mud after he walked several kilometres into the dry salt lake. he found another artesian mound spring, more than in height, which he named william springs, after one of chamber's sons. he then set off for the spring of hope. he saw grasslands and eventually made a base at freeling springs. he explored much of the surrounding area hoping to find gold. on 6 january 1860, with his food supplies getting low, and two of the men refusing to go any further, stuart once again returned home.
fourth expedition september 1860.
there was a lot of support for an expedition to cross australia. in melbourne, the biggest exploring expedition in australian history, the victorian exploring expedition, was being organized for the crossing. this became known as the burke and wills expedition, named after its two leaders, robert o'hara burke and william john wills. stuart knew that he would be able to travel further and faster by only going with a small group. in march 1860, with kekwick, benjamin head and 13 horses, stuart left chambers creek and headed north. they were the first europeans to enter central australia. they reached the finke river, the macdonnell ranges, and the strange rock formation stuart called chambers pillar. on 23 april, stuart worked out that they were at the very centre of australia. he named a small hill near the spot mount sturt, after charles sturt. stuart and kekwick climbed the hill and raised the british flag. stuart wrote that the flag would be a sign to the aborigines "...that the dawn of liberty, civilization, and christianity is about to break upon them." the name was later changed to central mount stuart. from here stuart tried to go northwest to reach the victoria river. this took them into the tanami desert, but they could not find water and were forced to go back.
they continued to travel north, beyond the site of the town of tennant creek. on 26 june they reached a creek, now called attack creek, about north of adelaide. a large group of aborigines from a group called the warramunga, attacked the explorers. the warrumunga threw boomerangs at the explorers, and then set fire to the grass. stuart and his men fired their guns at the warrumunga, but stuart does not say in his diary if any were killed or injured. the men quickly left the creek and went south.
stuart decided they could not get any further north because they were running out of food, water was scarce and the horses were in poor condition. he wrote "...i think it would be madness and folly to attempt more." the return journey was very difficult. stuart could only ride for a few hours a day; on one day he just dug a hole in the sand and curled up in it. head was so hungry he stole food, which left them with even less. their clothes were only torn rags and their bodies were covered in bruises caused by scurvy. stuart wrote in his diary that "my men have now lost all their former energy...and move about as if they were a hundred years old. it is sad to see them..." stuart wrote in his diary that sores on his hands had made them to painful to be used and he could only just sit in the saddle. he gums had become so sore and his teeth so loose that he could only eat flour boiled in water. he wrote on 16 may that "...i almost wished that death would come and relieve me from my fearful torture..." the medicines he had with him did not help.
the explorers made their way back to adelaide as burke and wills were starting their journey north from melbourne. stuart was treated as a hero when he arrived in adelaide. in 1859 the royal geographical society in london presented him with gold watch. this was given to the explorer count paul strzelecki to take back to australia.
the cost of stuart's exploring had been paid for by chambers. because of this, stuart would not make his journals and maps available to the public. this led to claims that stuart had not really travelled that far north and that he was lying about his discoveries. in victoria it was even said that stuart had not really gone north, but had been hiding in a cellar in adelaide.
fifth expedition 1861.
the public and the newspapers began to talk about a race across the continent of australia. could stuart, experienced and used to moving quickly, beat the better equipped, but very slow moving burke and wills expedition. after their failures with babbage and tolmer's expeditions, the south australian government now believed that stuart would succeed if he had enough support. they gave £2,500 to set up another expedition and provided ten armed men to protect stuart from any more attacks by the aborigines. chambers agreed to supply more horses and to pay stuart and kekwick's wages. in victoria, a policeman was sent off to tell burke to get going to the gulf of carpentaria as fast as possible, but burke had already heard about stuart's planned trip. burke divided his group in two, and leaving most of his supplies behind at menindee on the darling river, he headed north to cooper creek.
on 1 january 1861, stuart with a group of 12 men and 49 horses set off from chambers creek. the hot weather made it hard to find water and many waterholes from his earlier trips were dry. in february stuart sent back two men with five horses. they reached the northern border of south australia at about the same time that burke and wills reached the gulf of carpentaria. he was able to travel 240 km north of attack creek, where he found a large waterhole he called glandfield lagoon, after the mayor of adelaide. chambers later changed the name on stuart's maps to newcastle waters, after the duke of newcastle, a british politician. from here stuart again looked for a way to go north west to the victoria river, but he was unable to find water. with the food running out, the men becoming sick, and horses in poor condition, stuart again decided to return to adelaide. burke and wills had not returned to cooper creek and were missing.
stuart was presented with the royal geographical society's patron's medal for 1861.
sixth expedition 1861–62.
stuart set out on his third attempt to cross australia on 25 october 1861. this expedition was called the great northern exploring expedition. the group was: john mcdouall stuart, william darton kekwick, francis william thring, william patrick auld, stephen king jnr., john william billiatt, james frew jnr., heath nash, john woodforde, john mcgorrery and frederick george waterhouse.
mcgorrey was a blacksmith who would be able to fix the shoes on the group's 78 horses. waterhouse was a naturalist who would be able to keep a scientific notes of their discoveries. stuart was injured when a horse stood on his right hand, and remained behind for a month to recover. he learned about the deaths of burke and wills at cooper creek.
the group left chambers creek on 8 january 1862 moving fast, covering between 30 and 50 kilometres a day. the fast pace meant that in the first three weeks eight horses died and woodforde left and went back. stuart left some of the supplies behind and cut the amount each man was allowed to eat. at mount hay in central australia, they were again attacked by aboriginal warriors, but they were no match for the group's guns and several may have been killed.
they reached newcastle waters in three months, and then took a week to rest. stuart spent the next five weeks searching for water. he finally found a series of waterholes, creeks and rivers which meant the whole group were able to continue to the north. he gave up trying to reach the victoria river. when they got to the roper river, which had been explored by ludwig leichhardt in 1845, he knew he could easily go west to the gulf of carpentaria, but instead chose to continue north. auld later said that "...the mosquitos and flies were terrible. our hands, feet and necks were blistered with their bites." they crossed arnhem land, and made the way along the edge of what is now kakadu national park. he followed the adelaide river, but when the ground became too soft and muddy, they went further north to the mary river and eventually reached the sea.
they arrived at van diemen's gulf on 24 july 1862. on a tall tree branch they raised a union jack flag with stuart's name embroided on it which had been made by chamber's daughter, elizabeth. wood from the tree, which has since been destroyed, is in the collection of the royal geographical society of south australia's collection. the group then had to travel back to adelaide. food was becoming scarce, and the hot weather meant there was little water. many horses died, and stuart was again forced to leave behind equipment. waterhouse had to leave all his carefully collected plants and animals. the men were very hungry and even shot and ate dingos. stuart was in poor health and became blind. he was unable to speak for several days and the men thought he was going to die. he was unable to ride his horse, and they made a bed with long poles and blankets that could be carried between two horses. stuart was carried by this method. after crossing the macdonnell ranges, they discovered that rain had fallen and there was lots of grass. on reaching the settled areas, stuart learned that his friend and partner, james chambers had died. he left kekwick in charge of the group, and went ahead with auld. they got on the train at kapunda and arrived in adelaide on 17 december 1862.
stuart and his group were given a special welcome in adelaide on 16 january 1863. they dressed in their old clothes and rode into the city as heroes. this was also the day that burke and wills were buried in melbourne after the failure of their expedition.
stuart was in poor health, almost blind, and had a crippled right hand after the sixth trip. with chambers dead, he no longer had a job. the government tried not to pay him the £2,000 reward, saying that they had paid for the cost of the expedition. after public pressure, they gave in, but invested the money and only gave stuart a small amount each year. he was drinking a lot of alcohol and none of his friends would give him any help. the government then wanted £500 for the lease of the land they had given him at chambers creek. stuart sold it to james chambers' brother, john chambers, for only £200, losing money on the deal.
he decided to return to great britain in april 1864. he lived with his sister mary in glasgow, scotland. the royal geographical society asked the south australian government for a pension for stuart, but they said he had been rewarded enough with grants of land. during the debate over the pension it was said that it was not the exploring that had ruined his health, but his drinking habits. he suffered from dementia, and it is possible he also had tuberculosis. he died in london on 5 june 1866 from a stroke and was buried in the kensal green cemetery. only seven people went to the funeral, four relatives, two members of the royal geographical society, and alexander hay, a south australian farmer who was in london at the time. the grave was damaged in world war ii, but was repaired in 2011 by the stuart society and the royal geographical society of south australia.
the australian overland telegraph line was built along the route taken by stuart. using his notes they were easily able to find water supplies and trees to make the poles. the accuracy of his maps made building the line much easier. his journey is remembered in the stuart highway, one of australia's major roads which joins port augusta to darwin. it follows much of the same route discovered by stuart. in june 1904, a statue of stuart was put up in adelaide. the royal geographical society of south australia has a wooden chair and table made by stuart in 1854.
benjamin head later said about stuart "...that he was a born leader of men: the sharpest little fellow you would find in a year's march."
stuart and a.c. gregory were arguably australia’s greatest inland explorers. the latter was certainly financed and equipped much better than stuart who had to rely on chambers and finke’s support rather than the state government. it may very well have been possible for stuart to reach the north coast earlier if he had the government support that gregory, babbage and tolmer were granted. that said, he didn’t and was totally driven to reach the north coast despite illness and afflictions that arguably he had since arriving in south australia and were to see him die at such an early age in england in 1866. the key attributes that made stuart one, if not the best inland explorer, include: 
- he had exceptional dead reckoning and navigational skills that enabled him to understand exactly where he was. 
- he spent more time in the field and explored more land than any other explorer without the loss of a man. 
-he learnt from every trip how far to push the physical limits and when to turn back.
- he understood and cared for his horses and knew their limits and ability to move quickly through land and how far each type could survive without water. - he was courageous, a great leader and his concern and respect for his fellow expedition members was reciprocated.
clayton moore (september 14, 1914 – december 28, 1999) was an american actor.
his real name was jack carlton moore. he was born in chicago, illinois. he began his career as a child, as an acrobat in the circus. in 1938 he went to hollywood and acted in minor roles in class b western movies. in 1947 he was in the movie "jesse james rides again". he played jesse james. he also played james in "adventures of frank and jesse james" (1948). he starred in "the ghost of zorro" (1949). the other b-movies he starred in were "cyclone fury" 1951; "montana territory", 1952, as commissioner george ives; and "gunfighters of the northwest", 1954. 
the lone ranger.
in 1949 he was chosen by abc television to play the lone ranger. in the series of the same name. his co-star was the actor jay silverheels. it was the biggest success of abc in the postwar period. from 1949 to 1956, 169 episodes were made of the lone ranger. his silver bullets, white hat and black mask were icons of the western u.s. in 1979, the company owning the rights to the lone ranger forced him to no longer use the character. judge vernon foster said moore could no longer use his black mask, or advertise as the lone ranger. moore obeyed the judge's decision. in 1987 a star was placed on sunset boulevard in los angeles.
he died on december 28, 1999 from a heart attack in his los angeles, california home, aged 85.
courtney thorne-smith (born 8 november 1967) is an american actress. she is best known for her television work. her television roles include alison parker on "melrose place", georgia thomas on the sitcom "ally mcbeal" and lyndsey mcelroy on "two and a half men". she has acted in many movies and other television programs. thorne-smith was born in san francisco, california.
stan laurel (16 june 1890 – 23 february 1965), was an english actor, comedian, writer, director and musician.
laurel was born in lancashire, england. he began his career in the late 1910s, to work with charles chaplin. among his first works in this silent comedy short, "nuts in may" (1917), "phoney photos" (1918), "just rambling along" (1918) and "do you love your wife?" (1919), by hal roach, "mud and sand" (1922), "when knights were cold" (1923), "smithy" (1924), "postage due" (1924), "monsieur don't care" (1924), and many more.
stan and oliver.
in 1918 he starred with oliver hardy, in the short silent movie "the lucky dog". that was the beginning of the famous duo, together again years later to form laurel and hardy. his first hal roach short with hardy was "duck soup" (1927), followed by "slipping wives" (1927), "love 'em and weep" (1927), "why girls love sailors" (1927), "the second 100 years" (1927), "call of the cuckoo" (1927), "the battle of the century" (1927). short were a great success and catapulted the duo to stardom. they continued in short movies until 1931, his first feature film "pardon us", by james parrott. his biggest movies were "the devil's brother" (1933), "sons of the desert" (1934), "way out west" (1937), "the flying deuces" (1939).
his last film was "utopia" (1951).
stan laurel also did some work in television as nbc live program "this is your life", together with oliver hardy. he also made ​​appearances on the bbc, "grand order of water rats" (1955), where they performed a show reliving the old days of laurel and hardy.
a page-turner is a person whose job is to turn sheet music pages for a solo musician, often a pianist, usually during a performance.
while some music is arranged so that the pages end at places where the musician can spare one hand to turn them, this is not always possible. a page-turner is often needed by musicians who are playing difficult pieces and prefer not to play from memory. a page-turner needs to be able to understand the musician's signals and follow the music to know when to turn the page. page-turners are sometimes friends of the performer or members of the accompanying orchestra helping the musician. professional page-turners are usually freelance casual workers.
mechanical page-turners are also available, sometimes controlled by the musician via a foot pedal. charles halle is said to have invented the automatic page-turner.
james francis thorpe (may 28, 1888 – march 28, 1953) was an american athlete in track, football, and baseball. thorpe was part native american and was from oklahoma. he played football, track, and six other sports at carlisle indian school in pennsylvania. while at carlisle, thorpe's team was one of the best in the country, and beat an army team that had dwight eisenhower. thorpe won gold medals in the pentathlon (five track and field events in one day) and decathlon (ten events in two days) at the 1912 summer olympics. after the decathlon, the king of sweden called him the greatest athlete alive. his medals were taken away because he had played professional baseball, but were returned in 1982, long after his death. 
after the olympics, thorpe played professional baseball and football. he played for football teams including the canton bulldogs, rock island independents, chicago cardinals and new york giants. he was commissioner of the nfl for one year. thorpe is in the nfl hall of fame. he also played for baseball teams including the new york giants, cincinnati reds, and boston braves for several years, thorpe toured with football, baseball and basketball teams that only had native american players. late in life, thorpe had problems with alcoholism. thorpe died in 1953. he was buried in mauch chunk, pennsylvania, which changed its name to jim thorpe, pennsylvania.
the crocodylomorphs are an important group of archosaurs. it includes the crocodilians and their extinct relatives. they were the only members of pseudosuchia to survive the end-triassic extinction.
during mesozoic and early tertiary times the crocodylomorphs were much more diverse than they are now. 
they were originally small, lightly built, active land animals. these were replaced during the early jurassic by various aquatic and marine forms. the later jurassic, cretaceous, and tertiary saw a wide diversity of terrestrial and semi-aquatic lines. 
modern crocodilians do not appear until the upper cretaceous.
the crocodylian lineage (clade crurotarsi) were a very diverse group of reptiles. not only are they an ancient group of animals, at least as old as the dinosaurs, they also evolved into a great variety of forms. 
the earliest forms, the sphenosuchians, evolved during the upper triassic. they were slim land animals built like greyhounds. during the jurassic and the cretaceous, marine forms evolved forelimbs that were paddle-like and had a tail similar to modern fish. 
the group had a wider range of habitats and behaviours than it does at present. "dakosaurus andiniensis", a species closely related to "metriorhynchus", had a skull adapted for eating large marine reptiles. several terrestrial species during the cretaceous evolved herbivory. a number of lines during the tertiary and pleistocene became wholly land predators.
the lepidosauromorphs are a large group of reptiles. it includes all diapsids closer to lizards than to archosaurs. 
the only living sub-group is the lepidosauria: lizards, snakes, and the tuatara. 
the most important fossil group, the sauropterygia, includes the plesiosaurs.
backlash (2006) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view event produced by world wrestling entertainment (wwe). it was held on april 30, 2006 at the rupp arena in lexington, kentucky. it was the eighth annual backlash ppv. the pay-per-view received 273,000 more buys then last year's backlash pay-per-view.
backlash (2005) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view event produced by world wrestling entertainment (wwe). it was held on may 1, 2005 at the verizon wireless arena in manchester, new hampshire. it was the seventh annual backlash ppv. 
the lepidosauria (greek for "scaled lizards") are reptiles with overlapping scales. they include the tuataras, lizards, snakes and amphisbaenians.
lepidosauria is a superorder of sauropsida. it includes the orders : 
backlash (2003) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view event produced by world wrestling entertainment (wwe). it was held on april 27, 2003 at the worcester centrum in worcester, massachusetts. it was the fifth annual backlash ppv. the pay-per-view had a 0.67 buyrate and sold 10,000 tickets.
casineria was a tetrapod which lived 340 million years ago (mya) in the mississippian. it was a small animal, length about 15 centimeters. 
it lived in what was then a fairly dry environment in what is now scotland. it had a mosaic of 'basal' (= primitive) amphibian and 'derived' (= advanced) amniote characters. 
"casineria" was at or very near the origin of the amniotes. it may have been one of the very first true amniotes. the only fossil lacks key elements: most of the skull and the whole lower body is missing. this makes exact analysis difficult.
"casineria" was an insectivore. this earliest amniote had five fingers with claws on each hand, and marks the earliest known clawed foot. 
its name, "casineria", is a latin version of "cheese bay", the site near edinburgh, where it was found.
in 1992, an amateur fossil collector spotted the remains of this four-legged creature on the shore of cheese bay, scotland. for the next five years, the fossil waited at the national museum of scotland in edinburgh while researchers focused on other projects. in 1997, work began to expose the remainder of the fossil from the surrounding matrix of stone. 
the work revealed that the animal probably lived in an environment much drier than previously understood. the findings were first reported in 1999.
"casineria" shows features that ties it in with early tetrapods, notably a generally gracile (slim) build with light leg-bones, unfused ankles and toes ending in claws. this would enable the animal to use their feet actively in traction, rather than as holdfasts. this indicates a mainly terrestrial lifestyle. these traits shows it was closely related to amniotes.
with its advanced features, "casineria" may have been one of the very first true amniotes, that is, egg-layers before the split between synapsids and sauropsids. "casineria" pushes back the origin of amniote lineages much further than was previously realized.
"casineria" and its relatives were perhaps the first vertebrates to live and reproduce on land.
protoclepsydrops was an early amniote from about 314 million years ago. its remains were found at the joggins fossil cliffs world heritage site. the dating of this site has been debated, with dates from 320 million years ago (mya) to 305 mya being suggested.p39 it is now settled as 314.5–313.4 mya +/- 1.1 million years.p40
the skeletal remains of "protoclepsydrops" suggest it may have been a synapsid. if so, it is the oldest synapsid known, though its status is unconfirmed because its remains were fragmentary. "protoclepsydrops" lived slightly earlier than "archaeothyris", which was definitely a synapsid. like "archaeothyris", "protoclepsydrops" had a body shape which resembled modern lizards. 
paleothyris was a small, agile, anapsid reptile which lived in the pennsylvanian epoch in nova scotia (about 312 to 304 million years ago). 
"paleothyris" had sharp teeth and large eyes: it was a nocturnal hunter. it was about a foot long. it probably fed on insects and other smaller animals found on the floor of its forest home. 
"paleothyris" was an early sauropsid, yet it still had some features that were more labyrinthodont-like than reptile-like. its skull lacked fenestrae, holes found in the skulls of most reptiles and mammals.
amy frederica brenneman (born june 22, 1964) is an american producer and actor. she is best known for starring in "nypd blue" and "judging amy". she has also starred in many movies. she was born in connecticut.
westlothiana lizziae is an early tetrapod. it is a transitional fossil, with a mixture of amphibian and early amniote characters.282 its body shape had a superficial resemblance to modern-day lizards. it lived during the carboniferous period, about 350 million years ago. 
the type specimen was discovered in east kirkton quarry, bathgate, scotland, in 1984. it was named after the county of west lothian where it was found. 
"westlothiania" in life.
this species probably lived near a freshwater lake, probably hunting for other small creatures that lived in the same habitat. it was a slender animal, with rather small legs and a long tail. 
together with "casineria", another transitional fossil found in scotland, it is one of the smallest terapods known, being a mere 20 cm in adult length. 
the small size has made it a key fossil in the search for the earliest amniote, as amniote eggs are thought to have evolved in very small animals. there are derived (advanced) features which tie it in with the amniotes rather than amphibians. these are: unfused ankle bones, lack of labyrinthodont infolding of the dentine in teeth, a lack of an otic notch and a generally small skull.
the long body and small legs were a possible adaptation to burrowing, similar to that seen in modern skinks.
ideas of how "westlothiana" should be classified has varied from basal amniote to an amphibian lepospondyl. the actual phylogenetic position of "westlothiania" is uncertain.
magic kingdom is one of four theme parks at the walt disney world resort near orlando, florida. magic kingdom was the first park built at the resort. it opened on october 1, 1971. it was designed and built by wed enterprises. the park's layout and attractions are similar to disneyland in anaheim, california. in 2009, the park had around 17.2 million visitors, making it the most visited theme park in the world.
the symbol of magic kingdom is cinderella castle. that castle is based on the castle in the movie "cinderella".
transportation and ticket center.
the transportation and ticket center, also called the ttc, is the first place park guests enter after the parking lot. at the ttc, guests can buy tickets to enter the park. after that, they can board either a boat or the monorail, which will take them to the park. walt disney built the resort to have a big lake between the parking lot and the park so guests would have a magical experience watching the park come slowly into view.
magic kingdom is divided into six areas. most of them are called "lands". the lands are adventureland, frontierland, fantasyland, and tomorrowland. the other areas are main street, u.s.a. and liberty square.
main street, u.s.a..
main sreet, u.s.a. is the first area guests enter after going through the gates. it was built to look like a typical street in the united states. the buildings use forced perspective to make the street look longer than it really is and cinderella castle look taller. that means the buildings closer to the viewer are taller than the buildings farther away.
the street is lined with shops and restaurants. the windows of the buildings have the names of people who worked for the walt disney company on them.
adventureland is themed around exploring unknown lands, like jungles and islands. rides and shows in this area are the enchanted tiki room (under new management), the jungle cruise, and pirates of the caribbean, among others.
frontierland is based on the american west in the 1800s, also called the wild west. rides and shows in this area include big thunder mountain, splash mountain, and the country bear jamboree.
liberty square is based on colonial america around the time of the american revolution. rides and shows in this area include the hall of the presidents and the haunted mansion.
fantasyland is based on the magic of fairytales and has rides based on many of disney's animated films. rides in this area include it's a small world, peter pan's flight, and dumbo.
tomorrowland is based on visions of the future. rides and shows in this area include space mountain, stitch's great escape!, and walt disney's carousel of progress.
archaeothyris was the earliest definite synapsid. it lived in the late carboniferous period, 306 million years ago. 
it was found in nova scotia, at the same locality as "hylonomus", and "petrolacosaurus", which are similar to "archaeothyris", but probably sauropsids. 
"protoclepsydrops" is slightly older, but its status as a synapsid is unclear as the remains are more fragmentary.
"archaeothyris" belonged to a group of early pelycosaurs that evolved early in the pennsylvanian. it is thus seen as the precursor of all synapsids (which include mammals).
appearance and lifestyle.
unlike the early sauropsids, "hylonomus" and its kin, "archaeothyris" was relatively large, measuring head to tail. it was also more advanced than the early sauropsids (~reptiles), with strong jaws that could open wider than those of the sauropsids. its sharp teeth were all of the same shape, and it had a pair of enlarged canines, suggesting that it was a carnivore.
"archaeothyris" lived in what is now nova scotia, about 306 million years ago in the carboniferous period (pennsylvanian). nova scotia at this time was a swamp, similar to today's everglades in florida. the 'trees' (actually giant clubmosses) were very tall. some, such as "lepidodendron", were up to tall. "archaeothyris" and the other early amniotes lived on the forest floor.
ray milland (3 january 1907 – 10 march 1986) was a welsh actor and director.
in the early years he achieved success in films such as "bulldog drummond escapes" (1937), "hotel imperial" (1939), "beau geste" (1939), and "the major and the minor" (1942) with ginger rogers. he was also in "ministry of fear" (1944), by fritz lang. in the billy wilder film "the lost weekend" (1945), he played the role of don birnam, an alcoholic writer. that role earned him an academy award as best actor.
in the 1950s he starred in the alfred hitchcock film "dial m for murder" (1954).
another performance was as oliver barrett iii (1970), in the arthur hiller film "love story" (1970), with ali macgraw and ryan o'neal.
in early 1960, ray milland started much to play evil characters, in horror and sci-fi movies such as "panic in year zero!" (1962), he also directed. "premature burial" (1962) and "" (1963), by roger corman, in "frogs" (1972), he played a man who is attacked by a plague of mutant frogs, "the thing with two heads" (1972), he played a doctor who had a head transplant, "terror in the wax museum" (1973).
he had a long career in television, including his tv series "meet mr. mcnutley" (1953–54), as ray mcnulty, and the crime tv series "markham" (1959–60), as roy markham a former lawyer, who works as a detective. 
he was a special guest star in "general electric theater", "night gallery", "columbo", "battlestar galactica", "fantasy island", "the love boat", "hart to hart", and many more.
canine teeth are found in mammals. they are the eye teeth, fangs or dogteeth. they are on either side of the incisors. their main function is to hold food firmly in order to tear it apart, and also attack and defence.
in some mammals they are weapons of attack and defence. examples are: wolves and dogs; the cat family; walrus. baboons and the great apes have large canines, especially the adult males. in humans they are much reduced, and sit in line with the other teeth.
the premolar teeth of mammals are the teeth between the canines and the molars. there are at most a total of eight of them. the number is reduced in the dental formula of many species.
as the name suggests, they are like smaller molars, and their function is to crush and grind food.
a water park (occasionally written as "waterpark") is an theme park that features water play areas, such as water slides, splash pads, spraygrounds (water playgrounds), lazy rivers, or other recreational bathing, swimming, and barefooting environments. water parks in more current states of development may also have some type of artificial surfing or bodyboarding environment such as a wave pool or flowrider.
evolution of water parks.
water parks have grown in popularity since their introduction in the late 1940s and early 1950s. the united states has the largest and most concentrated water park market, with over a thousand water parks and dozens of new parks opening each year. major organizations are iaapa (international association of amusement parks and attractions) and wwa (world waterpark association).
water parks emerging from spas continue to more closely resemble mountain resorts as they become four-season destinations-for example, splash universe water park resort, a member of the world water park association, is themed to match the community in which it is located. the theme is intended to enhance the communities' destination appeal. therefore, the amusement and leisure time industry is becoming more concentrated as winter sports are becoming commonplace themes in summertime water rides. a process of concentration can be observed in the hybrid segments of theme-, amusement-, and water parks. some water parks are more spa-oriented; e.g. schwaben quellen, a member of european waterparks association (ewa) has no water slides, but instead has many saunas, steam rooms, "adventure showers", and relaxation-oriented water play areas.
from 2000's, popular water parks were disclosed by long wait line problems of attractions. to solve this problem, some water parks adapt conveyor belt to lift passengers or use water jets.
a unique feature at a water park is ice skating. deep river waterpark in northwestern indiana features ice skating thanks to cooling pipes that were added under their massive plaza during a recent expansion.
indoor water parks.
the first ever indoor water park was built in edmonton, alberta, canada in 1985 at the west edmonton mall as part of the $1.2 billion dollar phase iii expansion. called world waterpark, it is over in size. it also includes one of the world's largest indoor wave pool, waterslides of varying degrees, tube rides, bungee jumping, and hot tubs.
with 5 indoor water parks, wisconsin dells, wisconsin, is recognized as the "water park capital of the world." it showcases several of america's largest indoor and outdoor water parks (see noah's ark water park). indoor water parks in wisconsin dells debuted in 1994 after the polynesian resort hotel built the first one in the u.s. the success in extending the tourist season and turning water park resorts into vacation destinations has resulted in tremendous industry growth. usually resort hotels featuring massive indoor water parks that are often reserved exclusively for overnight guests, companies like great wolf resorts/great wolf lodge and kalahari resorts have branched out from their origin in the dells to open new locations around the country. mt. olympus theme and water park (formerly family land) is another huge water park in the dells.
the premier uk indoor water park is the sandcastle waterworld at blackpool, england which has the master blaster, the world's longest indoor roller coaster-style ride.
there are many water parks in southern europe where the climate suits a long season. for example in portugal on the algarve there are three main parks - aqualand, aquashow and slide and splash.
water play areas.
water play areas are similar to water parks and include urban beaches, splash pads, and smaller collections of waterslides in many hotels and public pools. for example, the delta chelsea hotel in toronto features a four story waterslide called the "corkscrew".
another unique waterpark feature is ice skating. deep river waterpark in indiana has ice skating thanks to cooling pipes that were added under their plaza.
the groundhog day blizzard of 2011 was a large blizzard that struck parts of canada, mexico, and the united states between 31 january 2011 and 2 february 2011. the blizzard was also called the 2011 groundhog day blizzard because it happened close to groundhog day. the storm dumped over of snow from oklahoma city to chicago and boston. an ice storm south of the blizzard affected many areas from dallas to indianapolis to just north of new york city. the ice storm caused over 1 inch of ice on most of these areas. heavy rain fell from little rock to new york city. at the same time, severe thunderstorms and tornadoes were seen across texas and alabama. a tornado watch was issued for alabama, where an ef1 tornado dropped down. 
the storm started as severe thunderstorms and tornadoes happened in texas. it grew larger and turned into a mix of blizzard, ice storm, heavy rain, and severe weather. on 1 february, the blizzard reached from oklahoma city up to chicago. heavy snow and strong winds were seen with the storm. over night, the storm moved through chicago to boston. the blizzard caused more than 14 inches of snow on oklahoma city, chicago, and boston. the ice storm produced up to 1 inch of ice. on february 2nd, the storm moved out to sea. this storm has impacted more than 10 states.
texas had severe weather from the storm with tornadoes, hail, and severe thunderstorms.
oklahoma was hit by a blizzard and icestorm on the south part of the storm on 1 february. the blizzard caused more than 14 inches of snow in tulsa and oklahoma city as well as strong winds. the blizzard ended by the night of 1 february.
kansas got over 14 inches of snow in kansas city and topeka.
nebraska got more than 14 inches of snow in omaha. there was less than 1 inch in north platte. there was extreme cold west of the blizzard. 
iowa got more than 14 inches of snow in des moines.
the blizzard caused over 14 inches of snow in chicago. the ice storm caused about 1/2 inch of ice in the southeast. there was about 1/2 inch of rain there.
most of indiana saw an ice storm. there was heavy rain in the southeast and a blizzard in the northwest. the blizzard dumped several inches of heavy snow on the northwest part of indiana. the ice storm dumped 1 inch of ice on indianapolis.
half of ohio saw an ice storm and half saw heavy rain. the ice storm caused 1 inch of ice in cleveland. the heavy rain produced 1 inch of rain on columbus.
most of pennsylvania saw heavy rain. much of the northwest part had an ice storm. only the most northwest part of the state saw a blizzard.
the heavy rain caused 1 inch of rain on philadelphia, and harrisburg. the ice storm dumped 1 inch of ice north of pittsburgh. pittsburgh also had 1 inch of heavy rain. the blizzard caused several inches of heavy snow on the far northwest.
new york state saw heavy rain, the ice storm and the blizzard. the heavy rain caused 1 inch of rain on new york city. the ice storm caused 1 inch of ice on albany. there were also several inches of snow in albany. the blizzard dumped over 14 inches of snow in buffalo.
adam west (william west anderson; september 19, 1928 – june 9, 2017) was an american actor, director and voice artist. he is known for his role as batman in the 1960s "batman" television series and as mayor adam west in "family guy". west has also acted in movies and on stage.
west was born on september 19, 1928 in walla walla, washington to otto west anderson and audrey v. speer and studied at walla walla high school, lakeside school, and whitman college. west was raised in walla walla. west has been married to billie lou yeager from 1950 until they divorced in 1965. he later married frisbie dawson from 1957 until they divorced in 1962. west married to marcelle tagand lear in 1970. west has six children. he lived in ketchum, idaho.
on june 9, 2017, west died in los angeles after a battle with leukemia. he was 88.
his early works include the movie "robinson crusoe on mars" (1964), as col. dan mccready, an astronaut who is sent on a journey to the red planet. he was also in "mara of the wilderness" (1965), and the spaghetti western "i quattro inesorabili" (1965), where he played the role of gunslinger sam garrett. he played the role of lt. john delahay, in the western "geronimo" (1962) with chuck connors.
he worked with the three stooges in the movie "the outlaws is coming" (1965). he played inexperienced gunman kenneth cabot, who is helped by the three stooges.
in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, he worked in the movies "curse of the moon child" (1972); "partizani" (1974), a war movie with rod taylor; "the specialist" (1975); "the happy hooker goes hollywood" (1980); "one dark night" (1983); "young lady chatterley ii" (1985); "zombie nightmare" (1986); "night of the kickfighters" (1988); "omega cop" (1990); "maxim xul" (1991); "an american vampire story" (1997); and "joyride" (1997).
his last appearances in movies were "buckaroo: the movie" (2005) as the judge, and "ratko: the dictator's son" (2009), as kostka volvic.
in 1966, adam west was chosen to play the role of batman in the batman tv series. this show started west to fame. the series was well liked and a movie of the same name was made of it. he put his voice to the animated series "the new adventures of batman" (1977), "superfriends: the legendary super powers show" (1985) and "the super powers team: galactic guardians" (1985). his best known voice acting is his work on the animated series "family guy", as mayor west.
adam starred in a comedy television movie about detectives, "ace diamond private eye" (1983). the actor also had guest star appearances in many series as "cheyenne", "colt 45", "77 sunset strip", "goodyear theatre", "bonanza", "the rifleman", "mannix", "police woman", "murder, she wrote", and "lois & clark: the new adventures of superman".
according to the comic books, batman/bruce wayne is 6'2". of all the actors to play batman, adam west is the only actor who stood the same height.
michael john "mike" lockwood (august 25, 1971 – november 6, 2003) was an american professional wrestler who was best known for wrestling with world wrestling federation (wwf) under the ring name, crash holly. he was a member of the holly cousins along with hardcore holly. he died on november 6, 2003, after committing suicide from mixing prescription medication and alcohol at wrestler stevie richards' house.
lockwood held many championships during his professional wrestling career:
bo derek (born mary cathleen collins, november 20, 1956 in long beach, california), is an american actress. she was coordinated by spouse john derek in fantasies, tarzan, the ape man (both 1981), bolero (1984) and ghosts can't do it (1989), all of which got negative surveys. a widow since 1998, she lives with entertainer john corbett. presently in semi-retirement, she makes periodic film, tv, and narrative appearances. 
derek began her acting career with movies such as "orca" (1977), and "10" (1979). after the success of "10", she starred in the movies "fantasies" (1981), "tarzan, the ape man" (1981), "bolero" (1984), and "ghosts can't do it" (1989). these movies were directed by her husband john derek.
in the early 1990s, she worked in comedies and low-budget movies such as "amour et chocolat" (1992) and "woman of desire" (1994, with robert mitchum).
derek reappeared in 1995 in the comedy "tommy boy" (1995), as beverly. after "tommy boy", she worked on several films: "sunstorm" (2001), "frozen with fear" (2001), "malibu's most wanted" (2003), and "life in the balance" (2004). 
in the late 1990s, derek began making appearances on television show "the drew carey show", "wind on water", "family law", "queen of swords". 
in the year 2006 she obtained the role of maria gianni, in the drama tv series "fashion house".
matthew "matt" hyson (born august 13, 1970 in providence, rhode island) is a semi-retired american professional wrestler. he was best known for wrestling with extreme championship wrestling (ecw) and world wrestling entertainment (wwe) under the ring name, spike dudley. he also wrestled for total nonstop action wrestling under the ring name, brother runt. he was known for being a member of the tag team, "the dudley boyz". 
before he started his professional wrestling career, he worked as a third grade teacher’s aide. he is married to his wife vikki hyson and they have a daughter named meadow. he currently works as a financial planner.
hyson held many championships during his professional wrestling career:
jessica lange (born april 20, 1949) is an american television, movie and stage actress. she was born in cloquet, minnesota. her most notable performances happened in the movies "king kong" (her first movie role), "the postman always rings twice", "tootsie", "music box", "rob roy", and "frances" (a movie about frances farmer). she starred in many other movies. during her career, she has gotten several awards.
lumbricus terrestris, also known as the common worm, lob worm, or dew worm, is a large reddish worm native to europe, but now also widely distributed elsewhere around the world (along with several other lumbricids), due to human introductions. in some areas where it has been introduced, some people consider it to be a serious pest species, since it is out-competing locally native worms.
through much of europe it is the largest naturally occurring species of earthworm, typically reaching 20 – 25 cm in length when extended (though in parts of southern europe there are native species which are much larger). it has an unusual habit of copulating on the surface at night, which makes it more visible than most other earthworms.
david smith (27 november 1962 – 18 may 2002) was an english professional wrestler who was best known for wrestling with world wrestling federation (wwf) and world championship wrestling (wcw) under the ring names, (the) british bulldog and davey boy smith. he had a close relationship with the hart family and was trained in the hart dugeon by stu hart. smith died of a heart attack.
smith held many championships during his professional wrestling career:
glenn ruth (born june 13, 1969 in camden, new jersey) is a retired american professional wrestler who was best known for wrestling with the world wrestling federation (wwf) under the ring name thrasher. ruth was best known as one half of the tag team the headbangers, along with mosh.
ruth held many championships during his professional wrestling career:
glenn ruth (born may 28, 1971 in cherry hill, new jersey) is a retired american professional wrestler who was best known for wrestling with world wrestling federation (wwf) under the ring names, chaz and mosh. warringon was also one half of the tag team, the headbangers, along with thrasher.
he is currently a sales director for dex imaging in tampa, florida. he also plays outfield for the nationally-ranked fort lauderdale professional kickball team "the meatballs".
warrington held many championships during his professional wrestling career:
joel albert mccrea (november 5, 1905 – october 20, 1990) was an american actor.
his career began in the late 1920s in movies such as the fair co-ed (1927) and the five o'clock girl (1928).
he had a starring role in the western movie wells fargo (1937) and union pacific (1939). those movies turned mccrea, into a prominent actor in westerns, from that moment he would never stop starring in westerns. in another of his classics, buffalo bill (1944), he plays the legendary buffalo hunter. his other successful role was of "the virginian" in the virginian (1946). he was directed by renowned director raoul walsh in colorado territory (1949), he plays an outlaw who plans to rob the railroad.
in the 1950's, he starred in some interesting western movie as the san francisco story (1952), border river (1954), and the classic wichita (1955), by jacques tourneur, the gunfight at dodge city (1959), as bat masterson. 
one of his best movies, was with the actor randolph scott in ride the high country (1962) by sam peckinpah. his last movies were the young rounders (1966) - sioux nation (1970) - cry blood, apache (1970) and mustang country (1976).
in 1960 joel mccrea, was hired by nbc television, for the role of marshal mike dunbar, in the series wichita town for 26 episodes. marshal mike dunbar, is tough, imposing law and order in the wild town of wichita. joel mccrea was one of the few stars in hollywood, starring in a television series.
oliver hardy (january 18, 1892 - august 7, 1957) was an american comedian, actor and director.
born in harlem, georgia, u.s.. his solo career includes the short films outwitting dad (1914), cupid's target (1915), a maid to order (1916), the fly cop (1917), the midnight cabaret (1923), they all fall (1925). he leaps to fame when he formed a duo with stan laurel, they formed the most successful comedy groups of all time. laurel and hardy shot many short films and feature much success hats off (1927), they go boom! (1929). one of his best films was the midnight patrol (1934), where two police officers. and the classics of comedy as sons of the desert (1933), way out west (1937), the flying deuces (1939), saps at sea (1940), are of the best comedy of all time.
oliver hardy also worked with john wayne in western movies, the fighting kentuckian (1949), and bing crosby in frank capra film riding high (1950).
loni kaye anderson (born august 5, 1945, st. paul, minnesota) is an american actress. she is best known for playing jennifer marlowe in the sitcom "wkrp in cincinnati". she was married to burt reynolds from 1988 to 1993.
ian richard hodgkinson (born may 31, 1967 in thunder bay, ontario) is a semi-retired canadian professional wrestler that currently wrestles for asistencia asesoría y administración (aaa). 
he is probably best known for wrestling with consejo mundial de lucha libre in the early 1990s and with world championship wrestling (wcw) under the ring name, vampiro. 
he currently serves as the head of the guardian angels' chapter in mexico city. 
on april 12, 2019, hodgkinson was diagnosed with alzheimer's disease.
vampiro has held many championships during his professional wrestling career:
eartha kitt (january 17, 1927 – december 25, 2008) was an american singer and songwriter who had many hit songs. she was also an actress. kitt died of colorectal cancer in weston, connecticut. she was the first musician to record the song "santa baby".
early life and career.
kitt was born on a cotton plantation in north, south carolina. she lived there for the first 7 years of her life, but when she turned 8 years old her family moved to the harlem neighborhood of new york city. while she lived in new york she attended the high school of performing arts. in 1943, while she was in new york, she started her career as part of the katherine dunham company, a dance group founded by famous singer/dancer named katherine dunham. along with dunham, eartha performed in egypt, france, greece, turkey, new york, las vegas and hollywood. she acted in the movie "casbah" in 1948. it was her first role in a movie. in 1960 a star was put for her in the hollywood walk of fame. in 2000 she did the voice of yzma in "the emperor's new groove".
eartha kitt was on broadway a couple of times in plays like "new faces" and "timbuktu". she was also in many different movies, some of which are synanon, the mark of the hawk, all by myself and accused. she made many different appearances on shows such as colgate comedy hour, batman, the ed sullivan show, i spy and police woman.
in her later years eartha kitt wrote four different memoirs. the first was called "thursday's child", the second was called "tart is not a sweet", the third was called "alone with me", the last one was called "i’m still here; confessions of a sex kitten". eartha kitt died on christmas day, 2008 in weston, connecticut.
morganucodon is an early mammaliaform genus.p79 it lived during the latest upper triassic or earliest jurassic.p299
unlike many other early mammals, "morganucodon" is known from abundant and well preserved material. most of this comes from glamorgan in wales ("morganucodon watsoni").
according to kemp, it is impossible to say whether the rock fissures (cracks), where the remains were found, are latest triassic or earliest jurassic.p142
"morganucodon" first appeared about 205 million years ago. "it was a small animal with a skull 2-3 cm in length and a body length of about 10 cm [4 inches]. in general appearance it would have looked like a shrew or mouse".p143
fossils have also been found in the yunnan province in china ("morganucodon oehleri"), in various parts of europe and north america and some at least closely related animals ("megazostrodon") are known from exquisite fossils from south africa.p21/33, 174
from their size and teeth, they may have been insectivores.p300
the small size suggests some kind of temperature regulation, which in turn suggests insulation in the form of fur. nocturnal activity in an animal of this size virtually requires an increased internal production of heat.p124
brain size is another factor. it is certain that early mammals did have enlarged brains relative to their size. reconstructions of the brain size has shown this. apparently, brain size in mesozoic mammals lay within the lower range of brain size for living mammals. this is an overall increase of four or more times the volume of basal amniote brains. very likely this involved the development of the neocortex, "one of the most striking of all mammalian characteristics".p120
is it a mammal?
there has been a long controversy about whether or not to classify it as a mammal. some prefer to include it in a broader clade called mammaliaformes.
"morganucodon" is regarded as very basal (= primitive). its lower jaw has some of the bones found in its synapsid ancestors in a very reduced form. mammals have a jawbone composed solely of the dentary.
the primitive jaw joint between the articular and quadrate bones is still found in "morganucodon".p107/112 in modern mammals these bones moved into the middle ear and become part of the ear ossicles as malleus and incus, "morganucodon" is unusual because, apart from still having the primitive hinge, it has also evolved the derived mammalian one and so has a double jaw joint.
its tooth replacement and determinate growth, are mammalian features.p324/346 earlier synapsids replace their teeth throughout life, as sauropsids also do. this is known as "polyphyodonty", while mammals grow only two sets of teeth, in "diphyodonty".
castle vale is a housing estate near erdington, northeast of birmingham city centre, in england. the area has about 10,000 people. it has modern homes because a lot of new houses were built after world war ii. it is known as a postwar overspill estate.
the area was originally known as berwood, from the saxon 'bearu' meaning 'the woods'. historically the area was a boggy and wooded area, and development only started when edward darcy began cutting down the trees in the 17th century and the birmingham and fazeley canal was built in the 18th century. in the 20th century, the land became the site for the first aeroplane take-off in birmingham which led to a long aviation history being associated with the area. castle bromwich aerodrome was established on the site and operated from 1914 to 1960, being a major airfield in both world wars and also having industrial importance as the testing facility for locally manufactured airplanes and the location for the british industries fair. 
castle vale became infamous from the 1970s onwards as a large scale example of a failed postwar overspill estate, which suffered from poor construction and maintenance, social deprivation and high levels of crime. the area became the focus of a targeted regeneration initiative, led by the castle vale housing action trust (cvhat) from 1993 to 2005, where the estate witnessed the demolition of many of its houses and facilities, the repair of remaining properties, and the construction of new housing and facilities along with the remodelling of the estate, funded both privately and publicly. it is now hailed as an example of a successful community-led regeneration scheme.
mahayana (, "mahāyāna", literally the "great vehicle") is one of the two main branches of buddhism. mahayana buddhism is from india. zen is a kind of mahayana that is influenced by confucianism.
tritylodonts were small to medium-sized mammal-like cynodonts. they varied in size from a rabbit to a beaver.
they were the last family of the non-mammalian synapsids. one of the last cynodont lines to appear, the family tritylodontidae descended from a "cynognathus"-like cynodont. their teeth had three cusps (bumps) which gave them their name.
the tritylodonts were herbivorous, chewing through vegetation, such as stems, leaves, and roots. tritylodonts have no canine teeth, just incisors and cheek teeth. the jaw worked by grinding forward and backwards, shredding the food between the ridges of the teeth.
they were the longest surviving of all the non-mammalian therapsids. they appeared in the latest triassic period, and persisted through the jurassic until the middle of the cretaceous. this shows that the tritylodonts were a successful group of therapsids, even though they lived right beneath the ruling dinosaurs' feet, so to speak.
it is very clear that the tritylodonts were warm-blooded. the tritylodont fossils were found in the americas, south africa, and eurasia. they may have managed to live worldwide, including antarctica.
there are quite a few parallels between these tritylodonts (which are outside the mammal line) and multituberculates, which are mammals. the tritylodonts had no competition in the jurassic, because all the other mammal-like types were either carnivores or insectivores. kermack's conclusion is that when the multituberculates appeared (middle jurssic) they were in direct competition, and eventually they out-competed the earlier group, and replaced it.
august belmont, sr. (8 december 1813–24 november 1890) was born in alzey, hesse, to a jewish family. he emigrated to new york city in 1837 when he became the american representative of the rothschild family's banking house in frankfurt. later he became an american citizen, and married caroline slidell perry, daughter of commodore matthew calbraith perry.
august belmont was born on december 8, 1813—some sources say 1816—to simon and frederika elsass schönberg. his mother died when he was seven, and he went live with his uncle and grandmother in frankfurt. he attended the jewish junior and senior high school until he began his first job as an apprentice to the rothschilds. he would sweep floors, polish furniture, and run errands while studying english, arithmetic, and writing. he was then given a confidential clerkship in 1832 and promoted to private secretary before travelling to naples, paris, and rome. in 1837, belmont travelled to havana to manage the rothschild's cuban interests. on his way to havana, however, belmont stopped in new york. he arrived there during the panic of 1837 and stayed to look afte rothschild's interests there instead of continuing on to havana. after he emigrated to the united states, he changed his surname, schönberg (german for "beautiful mountain"), to belmont (french for "beautiful mountain").
august belmont and company.
in the panic of 1837, hundreds of american businesses, including the rothschild's american agents, went bankrupt. as a result, belmont postponed his departure to havana and began august belmont & company, believing that he could supplant the recently bankrupt firm, the american agency. august belmont and company was an instant success, and belmont restored health to the rothschild's us interests over the next five years. in 1844, belmont was named the consul-general of austria at new york city. he resigned in 1850 because he thought austria was cruel in the way it treated hungary.
entrance into politics.
belmont married caroline slidell perry, the daughter of matthew calbraith perry, on 7 november 1849. soon, john slidell, his wife's uncle, starting helping belmont. belmont's first task was to campaign for james buchanan in new york. in june, 1851, belmont wrote letters to the "new york herald" and the "new york national-democrat", insisting that they do justice to buchanan's presidential run. but franklin pierce won the nomination instead, and belmont made large contributions to the democratic party. after his victory, pierce in 1853 appointed belmont "chargé d'affaires" and minister to the hague. while in holland, belmont urged american annexation of cuba as a new slave state in what became known as the ostend manifesto.
though belmont lobbied hard for it, buchanan denied him the ambassadorship to spain after his election in 1856, thanks to the ostend manifesto. as a delegate to the 1860 democratic national convention, belmont supported stephen a. douglas, who subsequently named belmont chairman of the democratic national committee. belmont energetically supported the union cause during the civil war as a war democrat, helping missouri congressman francis p. blair raise and equip the union army's first mainly german-american regiment. belmont also used his influence with european business and political leaders to support the union cause in the american civil war, stopping the rothschilds and other bankers from lending to the confederacy and meeting personally with the british prime minister, lord palmerston, and members of napoleon iii’s government.
postwar political career.
belmont stayed as chairman of the democratic national committee after the war, but he thought it was the worst ever time for the party. as early as 1862, belmont and samuel tilden bought stock in the "new york world" in order to make it publish stories supporting the democrats, with the help of manton m. marble, its editor-in-chief.
the republican party was divided at the war’s end, so belmont organized new party gatherings and tried to get salmon chase elected president in 1868. he thought chase was least vulnerable to charges of disloyalty to the party during the republican lincoln-johnson administrations.
horatio seymour’s became the democratic candidate instead, and lost to ulysses s. grant by a lot of electoral college votes, although the popular vote was much closer. in 1872 the democrats supported liberal republican horace greeley's disastrous presidential campaign. the election of 1872 prompted belmont to resign as chairman of the democratic national committee, but he stayed interested in politics as a champion of us senator thomas f. bayard of delaware for the presidency, and as a fierce critic of the process granting rutherford b. hayes the presidency in 1877, and as an advocate of “hard money.”
belmont died in new york in 1890. the "letters, speeches and addresses of august belmont" was published at new york in 1890. belmont left an estate valued at more than ten million dollars. he is buried in newport, rhode island.
belmont's sons were oliver hazard perry belmont, perry belmont, and august belmont, jr..
august belmont in culture.
august belmont threw lavish balls and dinner parties, receiving from new york's high society mixed reviews.
he was an avid sportsman, and the famed belmont stakes thoroughbred horse race is named in his honour. it debuted at jerome park racetrack, owned by belmont's friend, leonard jerome. today the belmont stakes is part of thoroughbred racing's triple crown and takes place at belmont racetrack in new york.
also named in belmont's honor is the town of belmont, new hampshire, an honor mr. belmont never acknowledged. edith wharton reputedly modeled the character of julius beaufort in "the age of innocence" on belmont.
ham mousseline à la belmont was created in his honour by charles ranhofer at delmonico's.
parmigiana is a southern italian dish made with a shallow-fried sliced filling, with cheese and tomato sauce on top, then baked. eggplant parmigiana is the earliest version. other kinds made with breaded meat cutlets, such as veal and chicken parmigiana, are popular in other countries, usually in areas with a lot of italian immigrants. 
the dish is claimed by both campania and sicily. while "parmigiana" means "from parma" (in northern italy), the dish is not part of parma food. it is based on melanzane alla parmigiana (alt. parmigiana di melanzane) or eggplant parmigiana (or eggplant parmesan), a classic southern italian dish. 
along with the many italian versions, different kinds of parmigiana have been developed across the world, most often in countries where large numbers of italians immigrated. examples of dishes developed outside of italy from the early parmigianas include veal (veal parmigiana) or chicken breast (chicken parmigiana) dipped in beaten eggs, breaded, shallow-fried and topped with a marinara sauce (red sicilian tomato sauce) and mozzarella. it is then usually baked until the cheese is bubbly and brown. the veal dish is known in italian as "cotolette alla bolognese".
"parmigiana" is also used as an adjective in the names of other unrelated dishes from parma food, such as "trippa alla parmigiana" (parma-style tripe).
the dish consists of a sliced filling pan fried in oil, layered with tomato sauce and cheese, and baked in an oven. in some kinds, the sliced filling is first dipped in beaten eggs and covered in flour or breadcrumbs before frying. some recipes use hard grated cheeses such as parmesan or pecorino romano, while others use softer melting cheeses like mozzarella or caciocavallo, or a combination of these.
in the united states and canada, veal parmigiana or chicken parmigiana is commonly served as a grinder or a submarine sandwich. it is also popular with a side of or on top of pasta. diced onions or green bell peppers, sautéed or raw, are sometimes added.
chicken or veal parmigiana has become very popular in australia as a pub dish, often served with chips and salad. it may also contain a lot of toppings, including sliced ham or fried eggplant slices. this dish is often referred to as a "parma" or "parmi", a simple shortening of the name. however, as italian pronunciations are phonetic and do not use long vowel sounds, "parma" is incorrect. 
a similar dish, the parmo, which uses either pork or chicken, has been made within the country of england.
there are several theories for the origin of the name "parmigiana".
one common theory says the name is from parmigiano-reggiano (parmesan cheese).
another theory says the name is an alteration of the sicilian word "parmiciana":
this is an ancient sicilian dish which, in all cookbooks, is erroneously stated as obtaining its name from parmesan cheese, which is one of the ingredients. nothing could be further from the truth. the name "parmigiana" does not derive from that of the cheese but is the italianization of the sicilian dialectal word "parmiciana", which refers to the slats of wood which compose the central part of a shutter and overlap in the same manner as the slices of eggplant in the dish."
as with parmigiano-reggiano cheese, the word "parmigiana" is often rendered as "parmesan" in english-speaking countries, from the french word for "from parma."
veal is the meat of young cattle (calves), as opposed to beef from older cattle. though veal can be made from a calf of either sex and any breed, most veal comes from male calves of dairy cattle breeds. veal has a tender texture.
veal has been an important ingredient in italian and french cuisine since ancient times. the veal is often in the form of cutlets, such as the italian cotoletta or the famous austrian dish wiener schnitzel. some classic french veal dishes include: fried escalopes, fried veal grenadines (small thick fillet steaks), stuffed paupiettes, roast joints and blanquettes. as veal is lower in fat than many meats, care must be taken in preparation to ensure that it does not become tough. veal is often coated in preparation for frying or eaten with a sauce. veal parmigiana is a common italian-american dish consisting of breaded veal cutlets.
veal is a controversial issue in terms of animal welfare.
many animal welfare groups, who strongly focus on factory farming, try to educate consumers about several veal production procedures that they consider to be inhumane. this education has been successful in creating pressure on the industry, resulting in recently announced changes in the methods used by the veal industry.
a strong animal welfare movement about veal started in the 1980s with the release of photographs of veal calves tied up in crates where they could barely move. after people saw these photographs, people started buying less veal. they have not started buying more again.
many veal farmers listened to the concern of their customers and have started improving conditions in their veal farms.
the american veal association has announced they plan to stop the use of crates by 2017, which is often the main focus of controversy in veal farming. strauss brands is the first veal packer in the us to raise veal calves completely tether free and group raised since december 31, 2008.
though a lot of people think the crates are bad because the calves can't move much and get sick, the veal quality assurance program & veal issues management program industry fact sheet, and the ontario veal association say the crates are important for keeping out diseases and keeping the calves from getting hurt. they also state that it lets veal farmers provide more personal attention to veal calves.
other uses for male dairy calves include raising bob veal (slaughter at 2 or 3 days old), raising calves as "red veal" without the harsh food restrictions needed to create pale meat (resulting in fewer antibiotic treatments and fewer slaughtered calves), and as dairy beef.
when it comes to the centuries-old method of free raised veal, calves never experience the stress of confinement, separation from their mothers and herd-mates, or an unnatural diet. many veal producers are realizing this, and the demand for free raised veal is rapidly increasing.
in 2007, less than 5% of veal calves were raised in a group environment. in 2009, this had increased to 35%.
veal crate bans.
the following shows where veal crates have been banned, or are currently in the process of being banned:
veal crates became illegal in the uk in 1990, and a full ban has been placed for the entire european union, as of 2007. switzerland, with its substantial dairy industry, continues to use crates.
veal calf production as such is not allowed in many northern european countries, such as in finland. in finland it is illegal to give an animal food the caretaker knows is bad for it, and it is also illegal to not give the animal enough food.
crates are slowly being banned in the united states. as stated above, several large veal producers are working on getting rid of veal crates, as well as the american veal association.
state-by-state veal crate bans are as follows:
current active legislation in:
hyssop ("hyssopus") is a genus of about 1012 species of herbaceous or semi-woody plants in the family lamiaceae. they are native to the east mediterranean to central asia. 
they are aromatic, with upright branched stems up to 60 cm long covered with fine hairs at the tips. the small blue flowers are on the upper part of the branches during summer. by far the best-known species is the herb hyssop ("h. officinalis"). it is widely grown outside its native area in the mediterranean.
the anise hyssop, "agastache foeniculum" (also called blue giant hyssop) is a very different plant and not a close relative, although both are in the mint family. anise hyssop is native to much of north-central and northern north america.
origin of name.
the name 'hyssop' can be traced back almost unchanged through the greek word ("hyssopos") and hebrew word ("ezov"). the book of exodus in the bible records that the blood of the sacrifices was applied to the doorposts using hyssop on the night of passover. its vomit-inducing properties are also mentioned in the book of psalms. in the new testament, a sponge soaked in sour wine or vinegar was stuck on a branch of hyssop and offered to jesus of nazareth on the cross just before he died. both matthew and mark mention this but refer to the plant using the general term ("kalamos"), which is translated as "reed" or "stick."
the seeds are planted in spring and the seedlings planted out 40–50 cm apart. hyssop can also be propagated from cuttings or root division in spring or autumn. hyssop should be grown in full sun on well-drained soil, and will benefit from occasional clipping. it does not live long, and the plants need to be replaced every few years. it is good for use as a low hedge or border within an herb garden.
hyssop in a garden.
hyssop also has uses in the garden. it is said to be a good companion plant to cabbage because it will deter the cabbage white butterfly. it has also "been found to improve the yield from grapevines if planted along the rows, particularly if the terrain is rocky or sandy, and the soil is not as easy to work as it might be." hyssop is said to be bad for radishes, and they should not be grown nearby. hyssop also attracts bees, hoverflies and butterflies, and so has a place in the wild garden as well as being useful in controlling pests and encouraging pollination without the use of unnatural methods.
hyssop leaves can be preserved by drying. hyssop is used as a food plant by the larvae of some lepidoptera species including the cabbage moth.
hyssop is used as an ingredient in eau de cologne and the liqueur chartreuse. it is also used to color the alcohol absinthe, along with the melissa plant and roman wormwood. hyssop is also used, usually in combination with other herbs such as liquorice, in herbal remedies, especially for lung conditions. hyssop also kills bacteria, makes capillaries stronger, and reduces inflammation. it can help with about 81 different illnesses including cancer, bronchitis, insomnia, edema, colds, etc. when eaten in extract or tea form it gets rid of mucus in the respiratory tract, which relieves congestion, can regulate blood pressure, and can dispel gas. it also helps with circulatory problems, epilepsy, fever, gout, and weight problems. poultices can be made from fresh hyssop to help heal wounds. it should not be used during pregnancy.
hyssop is a sacred plant used in judaism. it appears a lot in the hebrew bible as ezov. in exodus 12:22 the jews in egypt are instructed to "take a bunch of hyssop, dip it into the blood in the basin and put some of the blood on the top and on both sides of the doorframe. not one of you shall go out the door of his house until morning." it is used by the priests in the temple of solomon for purification rites of various kinds in leviticus 14:4-7, 14:49-52, 19:6, 18. hyssop is also often used to fill the catholic ceremonial aspergillum, which the priest dips into a bowl of holy water, and sprinkles onto the congregation to bless them. however, researchers say that the biblical accounts refer not to the plant currently known as hyssop. it might actually be one of a number of different herbs.
the talmud calls the hyssop אברתא and considers it to be an herbal remedy for indigestion.
hyssop leaves have a slightly bitter minty flavor and can be added to soups, salads or meats, but it should be used sparingly as the flavour is very strong.
heisenberg's uncertainty principle is one of the most important results of twentieth century physics. it relates to measurements of sub-atomic particles. certain pairs of measurements such as (a) where a particle is and (b) where it is going (its position and momentum) cannot be precisely pinned down.p96
albert einstein thought that such a quantum theory could give us only a partial description of nature.p99 he thought that heisenberg's discovery showed that human knowledge is limited, but he also thought that nature is absolute. that is, he thought that there is no "uncertainty" in nature, and that the uncertainty exists only in our knowledge about it. however, many other scientists disagree with einstein.
heisenberg's idea is that if something like an electron were shot into a big box with a certain speed and in a certain direction, then it would be possible to calculate a fairly accurate idea of what its path would be like in the future. however, if the box were made smaller then we would have a more certain idea of where it was located, and because of that we would have to have a less certain idea of how it was traveling. american physicist brian greene gave the analogy of a moth which flies placidly around in a large closet but who flies frantically back and forth and up and down when placed in a glass jar.p114 another interesting uncertainty phenomenon, which makes possible many electronic devices, is called quantum tunneling. in our everyday life, people cannot move through walls. however, electrons can move through solid walls.p115 in the animation to the right, you can see a faint white puff on the right side of the wall after a big puff hits the wall from the left. that dim spot of light represents the photon or other atomic particle which tunnels through the wall.
confusion with observer effect.
historically, the uncertainty principle has been confused with a somewhat similar effect in physics, called the observer effect. this says that measurements of some systems cannot be made without affecting the systems. heisenberg offered such an observer effect at the quantum level as a physical "explanation" of quantum uncertainty.
however, it is now clear that the uncertainty principle is a property of all wave-like systems. it arises in quantum mechanics simply due to the matter wave nature of all quantum objects. thus, "the uncertainty principle actually states a fundamental property of quantum systems, and is not a statement about the observational success of current technology". "measurement" does not mean just a process in which a physicist-observer takes part, but rather any interaction between classical and quantum objects regardless of any observer</u/l>.
the idea of indeterminacy.
the uncertainty principle came from werner heisenberg's matrix mechanics. max planck already knew that the energy of a unit of light is proportional to the frequency of that unit of light (formula_2), and that its amount of energy can be expressed in familiar terms such as the joule by using a proportionality constant. the constant he gave the world is now called the planck constant and is represented by the letter h. when matrices are used to express quantum mechanics, frequently two matrices have to be multiplied to get a third matrix that gives the answer the physicist is trying to find. but multiplying a matrix such as p (for momentum) by a matrix such as x (for position) gives a different answer matrix from the one you get when you multiply x by p. the result of multiplying p by x and x by p and then comparing them always involves the planck constant as a factor. the number used to write the planck constant will always depend on the system of measurement in use. (with a certain system of measurement, its numerical value is one.) the slope of the line in the diagram to the right that shows the ratio of frequency to energy will also depend on the system of measurement chosen.
the following diagrams show what happens when we try to measure both location and momentum.
the practical result of this mathematical discovery is that when a physicist makes position more clear then momentum becomes less clear, and that when the physicist makes momentum more clear then position becomes less clear. heisenberg said that things are "indeterminate," and other people liked to say that they were "uncertain." but the mathematics shows that it is the things in the world that are indeterminate or "fuzzy," and not that it is just that humans are uncertain about what is going on.
putting indeterminacy into mathematical form.
here we will show the first equation that gave the basic idea later shown in heisenberg's uncertainty principle.
heisenberg's groundbreaking paper of 1925 does not use and does not even mention matrices. heisenberg's great success was the "scheme which was capable in principle of determining uniquely the relevant physical qualities (transition frequencies and amplitudes)" of hydrogen radiation.
after heisenberg wrote his breakthrough paper, he gave it to one of his teachers to fix up and went on a vacation. max born was puzzled by the equations and the non-commuting equations that even heisenberg thought were a problem. after several days born realized that these equations were directions for writing out matrices. matrices were new and strange, even for mathematicians of that time, but how to do math with them was already clearly known. he and a few others worked everything out in matrix form before heisenberg came back from his time off, and within a few months the new quantum mechanics in matrix form gave them the basis for another paper.
max born saw that when the matrices that represent pq and qp were calculated they would not be equal. heisenberg had already seen the same thing in terms of his original way of writing things out, and heisenberg may have guessed what was almost immediately obvious to born—that the difference between the answer matrices for pq and for qp would always involve two factors that came out of heisenberg's original math: planck's constant h and i, which is the square root of negative one. so the very idea of what heisenberg preferred to call the "indeterminacy principle" (usually known as the uncertainty principle) was hiding in heisenberg's original equations.
heisenberg had been looking at changes that happen in an atom when an electron changes its energy level and so gets closer to the center of its atom or gets farther from its center, and, especially, situations in which an electron falls to a lower energy state in two steps. max born explained how he took heisenberg's strange "recipe" for finding the product, c, of some change in an atom from energy level n to energy level n-b, which involved taking the sum of multiplying one change in something called a (which could be, for instance, the frequency of some photon) produced by a change of energy of an electron in the atom between energy state n and energy state n-a) by a succeeding change in something called b (which could be, for instance, the amplitude of a change) produced by another change in energy state from n-a to n-b):
and discovered something ground breaking:
by consideration of ...examples...[heisenberg] found this rule... this was in the summer of 1925. heisenberg...took leave of absence...and handed over his paper to me for publication...
heisenberg's rule of multiplication left me no peace, and after a week of intensive thought and trial, i suddenly remembered an algebraic theory...such quadratic arrays are quite familiar to mathematicians and are called matrices, in association with a definite rule of multiplication. i applied this rule to heisenberg's quantum condition and found that it agreed for the diagonal elements. it was easy to guess what the remaining elements must be, namely, null; and immediately there stood before me the strange formula
later on, heisenberg put his discovery into another mathematical form:
the math is a way of describing things that happen in the real world. you might imagine that it would be easy to get both the exact position of something and its exact mass, path, and speed at the same time. however, in reality you have to do two things to get your answer. if you are measuring the position and momentum of a bullet that is stuck in a cliff of a great mountain somewhere, it is a simple matter. the mountain does not appear to be going anywhere, and neither is the bullet. so its position is known and its velocity is 0, so its momentum is also 0. but if the bullet is somewhere between a gun and a target, it will be difficult to get its position at any given time. the best we may be able to do is to take its picture using a camera with a very fast shutter. but a single squeeze of the shutter would give you only one thing, the bullet's position at time t. to get the momentum we might put a block of paraffin in the bullet's way and measure how the block of paraffin moved when it stopped the bullet. or, if we knew the bullet's mass, we might take a sequence of two pictures, compute the velocity by knowing the difference between the two positions of the bullet and the time between its two appearances. however we do it, we need to measure mass and position and time between appearances. we end up making at least two measurements to get to x and p. in that case we have to choose which measurement to make first, and which to make second. it seems to make no difference which order our measurements are made in. measuring the bullet's mass and then measuring its positions twice, or measuring the bullet's positions twice and then recovering the bullet and measuring its mass would not make any difference, would it? after all, we have not done anything to the bullet when we weigh it or when we make photographs of it.
on the very small scale when we are measuring something like an electron, however, each measurement does something to it. if we measure position first, then we change its momemtum in the process. if we measure the electron's momentum first, then we change its position in the process. our hope would be to measure one of them and then measure the other before anything changed, but our measuring itself makes a change, and the best we can hope to do is to reduce to a minimum the energy we contribute to the electron by measuring it. that minimum amount of energy has the planck constant as one of its factors.
uncertainty goes beyond matrix math.
heisenberg's uncertainty principle was found in the earliest equations of the "new" quantum physics, and the theory was given by using matrix math. however, the uncertainty principle is a fact about nature, and it shows up in other ways of talking about quantum physics such as the equations made by erwin schrödinger.
indeterminacy in nature, not uncertainty of humans.
there have been two very different ways of looking at what heisenberg discovered: some people think that things that happen in nature are "determinate," that is, things happen by a definite rule and if we could know everything we need to know we could always say what will happen next. other people think that things that happen in nature are guided only by probability, and we can know only how things will behave on the average—but we know that very precisely.
the physicist john stewart bell discovered a way to prove that the first way cannot be correct. his work is called bell's theorem or bell's inequality.
the expression "quantum leap" or "quantum jump" has been taken to mean some great and transformative change, and it is often used in hyperbolic expressions by politicians and mass media sales campaigns. in quantum mechanics it is used to describe the transition of an electron from one orbit around the nucleus of an atom to any other orbit, higher or lower.
sometimes the word "quantum" is used in the names of commercial products and businesses. for instance, briggs and stratton manufactures many kinds of small gasoline motors for lawn mowers, rotary tillers, and other such small machines. one of their model names is "quantum."
because the uncertainty principle tells us that certain measurements at the atomic level cannot be made without disturbing other measurements, some individuals use this idea to describe instances in the human world where the activity of an observer changes the thing that is being watched. an anthropologist may go to some far away place to learn how people live there, but the fact that a strange person from the outside world is there watching them may change the ways that those people act.
things that people do while observing things that change what is being observed are cases of the observer effect. some things that people do cause changes on the very small level of atoms and are cases of uncertainty or indeterminacy as first described by heisenberg. the uncertainty principle shows that there is always a limit to how small we can make certain pairs of measurements such as position and speed or trajectory and momentum. the observer effect says that sometimes what people do in observing things, e.g., learning about an ant colony by digging it up with garden tools, can have big effects that change what they were trying to learn about.
anthony henday (fl. 1750 – 1762) was one of the first white men to explore the interior of the canadian northwest. his explorations were for the hudson's bay company (hbc) who were worried that la vérendrye and the other western commanders were taking furs from the northwest to their forts.
henday volunteered to undertake an expedition into this territory. he came from the isle of wight, and was a convicted smuggler and joined the hbc in 1750 as a net-maker and labourer. henday had gained some experience in inland travel after arriving at york factory. on june 26, 1754, he set out with a group of plains indians. they passed the french fort paskoya where he may have met la corne, the western commander at that time.
in october of 1754 he and his group came to what is now alberta from york factory with a mission to meet the blackfoot and perhaps trade with them. the blackfoot did not give a clear answer, but henday decided they meant “no”, so he travelled back to york factory with news that he had explored the area and had met with the blackfoot. since the answer had been unsure, there was no more expeditions to alberta.
this trip, and later ones, took henday across much of the prairies of what is now saskatchewan and alberta and his journal shows that he brought a lot of trade to york factory. records show that some of the trade also went to the french at fort saint-louis (fort de la corne) and fort paskoya which were on the route to hudson bay. he left the service of the hbc in 1762 largely because his efforts for the company, at least in his estimation, had not been properly recognized.
anthony henday drive, a large ring road in edmonton is named in his honour.
disney's hollywood studios is a theme park at the walt disney world resort near orlando, florida, united states. its theme is show business, based on hollywood in the 1930s and 1940s. it was the third park built at the resort. it opened on may 1, 1989, as disney-mgm studios.
in 2009, the park had around 9.7 million guests, ranking it the fourth-most visited amusement park in the united states, and seventh-most visited in the world.
the park symbol is the sorcerer's hat, which is based on the magical hat from "fantasia;" it replaced the earful tower as the park's icon in 2001 but now both have been removed.
the park has six themed areas. unlike the other walt disney world parks, disney's hollywood studios does not have a defined layout; it is more a mass of streets and buildings that blend into each other, much like a real movie studio would. the park used to have a large hidden mickey in the plaza at the end of hollywood boulevard which could be seen in aerial photographs of the park and on the park's early guide maps. however, construction and other changes to the park have gotten rid of much of this image.
hollywood boulevard is the park's main entrance and is lined with stores selling disney merchandise. parades such as the pixar block party bash travel down hollywood boulevard on their route through the park, and live street entertainment can be found here throughout the day. michael eisner, who had a major part in the park's creation ever since the earliest development, demanded the opening land operate on the same principle as main street, u.s.a. in magic kingdom, but in a style more fitting to the studios.
at the far end of hollywood boulevard is the sorcerer's hat, the icon of disney's hollywood studios. behind it, inside a replica of grauman's chinese theater, is the great movie ride, a dark ride with scenes from several classic movies, including "casablanca", "the wizard of oz" and "raiders of the lost ark".
echo lake is the park's small oval-shaped lagoon, which was designed to form one of the ears in the big hidden mickey from the park's original layout. around it are many attractions and services, some in buildings designed to look like the "california crazy" form of architecture from hollywood's golden age.
at the american idol experience, park guests can audition and sing for live audiences, and win a special front-of-the-line pass for the popular tv series' real tryouts. next door, "sounds dangerous!" features a 3-d audio presentation starring comedian drew carey. in between them is the a.t.a.s. hall of fame plaza, a display of busts of past and present icons of the television era, such as oprah winfrey and walt disney.
echo lake has three attractions based on characters and movies produced by george lucas' lucasfilm studio. "" is an upcoming motion simulator ride set in the "star wars" universe, and is a duplicate of the yet-to-be opened attraction at disneyland. jedi training academy, a live-action stage show, invites children to become "padawan learners" and receive "lightsaber training" from a jedi master. lastly, the live-action "indiana jones epic stunt spectacular!" re-enacts various scenes from "raiders of the lost ark" while illustrating how movie stunts are performed.
streets of america.
originally the new york street backlot set that was part of the park's original backlot studio tour, the section was later opened to pedestrian traffic. recently, some of it was changed to look like san francisco and new york. the current version of the studio backlot tour features the american film institute showcase, a rotating exhibit of movie props and memorabilia, and a tram ride through the backlot areas and through "catastrophe canyon", an effects-laden "movie set." kids can play on giant plants and toys at the honey, i shrunk the kids movie set adventure, based on the 1989 disney movie. added in 2005, the "lights, motors, action! extreme stunt show" is a behind-the-scenes look at how car action sequences are made for movies, and is based on a similar show at walt disney studios park.
this section of the park was originally the starting point for the tours of the park's active production studios. its entrance is marked by a square "studio arch," much like a real hollywood studio lot entrance might be marked. the animation courtyard is home to a number of attractions based on disney characters of yesterday, today and tomorrow. the magic of disney animation is an attraction that shows how to animate a character. it also has games and exhibits, along with meet-and-greet areas for disney and pixar characters.
mickey avenue, a section inside the animation courtyard, has two walk-through exhibits. is about the life and legacy of walt disney. it has photos, models, rare artifacts and a short biographical movie narrated by julie andrews. at "journey into narnia," guests can see props and set pieces from the "chronicles of narnia" movie series (originally distributed by disney; now handled by 20th century fox), as well as meet prince caspian from "".
the courtyard section also has two live shows. "playhouse disney live on stage!" has puppet characters from "playhouse disney" shows on the disney channel, including mickey mouse clubhouse, handy manny, and little einsteins. across the plaza, "voyage of the little mermaid" uses glow-in-the-dark puppets, lasers, music, projectors, human actors and water effects to re-create favorite scenes and songs from the animated "little mermaid" movie.
toy story land.
the park's newest section has many of the original soundstages used when the park still made tv shows. today, toy story land looks like the emeryville, california campus of pixar animation studios with attractions including toy story midway mania!, an interactive 3d attraction based on classic carnival midway games, each hosted by characters from the "toy story" movie series. toy story land is also the home of luxo jr., a six-foot-tall audio-animatronic version of pixar's desk-lamp mascot. the moving character performs periodic shows throughout the day and evening across from toy story midway mania.
sunset boulevard was the first expansion to disney's hollywood studios, opening in july 1994. the main attraction on sunset boulevard is the twilight zone tower of terror, a thrill ride based on the classic television series. located nearby is rock 'n' roller coaster starring aerosmith, an indoor roller coaster in the dark with three inversions that starts moving at a high speed.
sunset boulevard has two outdoor amphitheaters for live stage shows. the covered theater of the stars has "beauty and the beast live on stage", a stage show with scenes from the movie. the open-air hollywood hills amphitheater is the home of "fantasmic!", a nighttime show with mickey mouse and many other disney characters in a story filled with fireworks, lasers and water effects.
therocephalia ('beast-heads') are an extinct group of theriodonts. they lived from the middle permian into the triassic 265—245 million years ago, about 20 million years.
the therocephalians are named after their large skulls. their skulls, with the structure of their teeth, suggest that they were successful carnivores. 
like other non-mammalian therapsids, therocephalians are sometimes described as mammal-like reptiles. in fact therocephalia is the group most closely related to the cynodonts, which gave rise to the mammals. 
this relationship shows in a variety of anatomical features, possibly including whiskers and hair. there remain many unanswered questions about the phylogeny, anatomy, and physiology of therocephalians.
the fossils of therocephalians are numerous in the karoo of south africa, but have also been found in russia, china, and antarctica. 
early therocephalian fossils discovered in middle permian deposits of south africa support a gondwanan origin for the group, which seems to have spread quickly throughout the world. although almost every therocephalian lineage ended during the great permian–triassic extinction event, a few representatives of the subgroup (called eutherocephalia) survived into the early triassic and continued to diversify.
however, the last therocephalians became extinct by the early middle triassic. the reasons for their extinction are not known.
matrix mechanics is the first way that physicists found to express quantum physics in mathematical form. werner heisenberg initially developed this form of expression of the laws of physics just as an equation that he could use to predict the intensities of the photons in the various bands of the hydrogen spectrum.<br>
heisenberg's teacher and colleague, max born, saw that his equation was essentially the plan for creating and multiplying matrices. 
the matrix form of quantum physics is still used since it is useful and convenient for some purposes. other mathematical ways, particularly erwin schrödinger's equation using a wave function, are mathematically equivalent but are easier to use for other purposes. 
one of the early successes of this theory was announced shortly thereafter and is now called the heisenberg's uncertainty principle.
space shuttle discovery (ov-103) is the third space shuttle run by nasa. it has flew more missions than any orbiter. it is named after "rrs discovery". it was retired on march 9, 2011. it has spent one year (365 days) in space. it is now on display at the national air and space museum in washington d.c.
kumar ram narain karthikeyan is a racing driver. he was born on 14 january 1977 in coimbatore, india. he is the first formula one driver from india. he made his formula one debut in with the jordan team. in january 2011, he was signed to drive for the hispania racing team in the 2011 formula one season.
karthikeyan was born to telugu speaking parents in coimbatore, tamil nadu. his father was a former indian national rally champion. he is also related to the late s. karivardhan. karivardhan was india's most famous racing driver before karthikeyan. karthikeyan finished on the podium in his first ever race, at sriperumpudur. he then went onto the elf winfield racing school in france. he returned to india to race in formula maruti for the 1993 season. he also competed in the formula vauxhall junior championship in great britain. 
in 1994, karthikeyan returned to the uk. he raced in the formula ford zetec series. he also took part in the british formula ford winter series, and became the first indian to win any championship in europe. 
in 1995, karthikeyan moved up to the formula asia championship. in 1996, he became the first indian and the first asian to win the formula asia international series. he moved back to britain in 1997. there he competed in the british formula opel championship with the nemesis motorsport team.
in 1998, karthikeyan made his debut in the british formula three championship with the carlin motorsport team. he earned two third place finishes in the final two races of the season, and finished 12th overall. in 1999, he finished on the podium five times, including two wins. his season also included two pole positions, three fastest laps and two lap records. karthikeyan finished sixth in the championship. he also competed in the macau grand prix. 
karthikeyan started 2001 in the formula nippon f3000 championship. he became the first indian to ever drive a formula one car, testing for the jaguar racing team at silverstone on 14 june 2001. karthikeyan was offered a test drive in the jordan-honda 
in 2002, he moved into the telefonica world series. he stayed with the series in 2003, which was now called the superfund word series. karthikeyan received another formula one test drive with the minardi team. he was offered a race drive for the 2004 season. karthikeyan was unable to raise the sponsorship funds needed to complete the deal. during 2004, he married pavarna.
he continued in the world series by nissan in 2004. karthikeyan as won championships in british formula 3, formula nippon, formula nissan (now merged as formula renault).
formula one career.
on 1 february 2005, karthikeyan announced that he had signed the preliminary deal with jordan formula one team. he said that he would be their main driver for the 2005 formula one season. this would make him india's first formula one racing driver. his partner was the portuguese driver, tiago monteiro.
his first race was the australian grand prix. karthikeyan qualified in 12th position and finished in 15th, two laps down. he earned his first points in the united states grand prix. in that race, most of the teams pulled over an issue of tyre safety. only six car ran in the race, and karthikeyan finished fourth. other than the usgp, his highest finish was 11th place. 
the jordan team was taken over and renamed midland for the 2006 season. karthikeyan left the new team. on 27 january 2006, williams confirmed karthikeyan as their fourth driver. he stayed as a reserve test driver for williams for the 2006 season. 
on 6 january 2011, karthikeyan announced that he will drive for the hispania team in the season, karthikeyan confirmed the deal via his twitter page. he said it would "be a dream come true to race in front of the home crowd in the indian gp in october." he adding that the support of financial backers tata group had been "instrumental." 
in the 2007 season, karthikeyan drove for the a1 team india. he made his a1 gp debut in new zealand and he finished 10th in the sprint race and 7th in the feature race.
karthikeyan won the a1gp of zhuhai (china) for team india on 16 december 2007.
this was team india's first a1gp win. he also earned the first pole position for india for the feature race in brands hatch in 2008. karthikeyan won two feature races in the 2007-2008 season
the 24 hours of le mans.
in march 2009, karthikeyan tested for the kolles le mans team. he joined the team, and was partnered with christijan albers. they drove audi r10 turbo diesel cars.
 on 11 may 2009, karthikeyan finished sixth in his first ever le mans series race.
karthikeyan made his nascar debut at martinsville speedway on 27 march 2010 in the kroger 250 camping world truck series. he drove for wyler racing in the #60 safe auto insurance company chevrolet silverado. because qualifying was rained out, the field set by owner points. karthikeyan started in the 11th position. he became the first indian-born driver to compete in nascar. karthikeyan finished on the lead lap in 13th place. karthikeyan went on to win the nascar camping world truck series most popular driver award for the 2010 season. this award is voted on by the fans.
narain drove for the psv team in sfl in 2010. he won the 2nd race at brands hatch, great britain.
 season in progress.
complete formula one results.
 season in progress.
diospyros is a genus of about 450–500 species of deciduous and evergreen trees. most are native to the tropics, with only a few species extending into temperate regions. they are commonly known as ebony or persimmon trees. the generic name is derived from the greek words διός ("dios"), meaning "of zeus" and πυρός ("pyros"), meaning "grain" and was originally applied to the caucasian persimmon ("d. lotus").
the ebenaceae are a family of flowering plants, which includes ebony and persimmon. the family has approximately 500 species of trees and shrubs in two genera, "diospyros" and "euclea". the species are mostly evergreen and native to the tropics and subtropics, with a few deciduous species native to temperate regions. diospyros contains 450-500 species and a pantropical distribution, with the greatest diversity of species in indonesia and malaysia. euclea contains 20 species, native to africa, the comoro islands, and arabia. a persistent calyx on the fruits is characteristic of the family.
robert mitchum (august 6, 1917 – july 1, 1997) was an american actor.
he began his career by participating in small roles in movies the human comedy (1943), follow the band (1943), beyond the last frontier (1943). mitchum began to make known after playing the role of pilot bob gray, in war movie thirty seconds over tokyo (1944), from that film began to star in many war movies as story of g.i. joe (1945), is capt. bill walker, fighting in north africa during world war ii. one minute to zero (1952), the hunters (1958), the enemy below (1957), a terrible beauty (1960), the longest day (1962), man in the middle (1963), anzio (1968), and midway (1976).
two of his best films are the night of the hunter (1955), by charles laughton, he plays a false reverend harry powell, who marries a widow of ben harper, who before he died he hid the loot from a robbery at his home. 
in the j. lee thompson thriller cape fear (1962), he embodies the role of a former inmate and dangerous psychopath max cady who pursues the lawyer who defended him at his trial. the lawyer's role was played by gregory peck.
mitchum also starred in some western movies rachel and the stranger (1948), blood on the moon (1948), the lusty men (1952), river of no return (1954), with marilyn monroe, bandido (1956), what a way to go! with shirley maclaine (1964), with el dorado (1966) with john wayne, the way west (1967) with kirk douglas, villa rides (1968), 5 card stud (1968) with dean martin, young billy young (1969). 
with a tough-guy personality into his characters, he was able to work with the greatest directors of film as robert wise, john farrow, otto preminger, charles laughton, richard fleischer, jack webb, howard hawks and henry hathaway. 
the occipital lobe is the back part of a mammal's brain. it is the visual processing center, and it is made up of most of the anatomical region of the visual cortex. 
southcentral alaska is a part of the u.s. state of alaska. it is around the gulf of alaska. most of the people of the state live in this part of the state. anchorage, the largest city in alaska, is here. 40% of the people in alaska live in or near anchorage.
the area includes cook inlet, the matanuska-susitna valley, the kenai peninsula, prince william sound, and the copper river valley. tourism, fishing, and making petroleum are the biggest businesses.
other towns include palmer, wasilla, kenai/soldotna, homer, seward, valdez, and cordova.
southwest alaska is a region of the u.s. state of alaska. there is no official rule about where it begins and ends.
southwest alaska includes a big area that does not have a lot of people or towns in it. it is over 500 miles from the western bering sea coast to cook inlet. a lot of it is on the coast. there is also thousands of square miles forests, swamps, and mountains. one of these mountain ranges is called the aleutian range. it is part of the ring of fire, which means it is on the coast of the pacific ocean and has lots of volcanoes. isome of the bigger ones are mount katmai, novarupta and the valley of ten thousand smokes, mount redoubt, mount iliamna, and augustine volcano.
also in southwest alaska are the "pribilof islands", "nunivak island" and other bering sea islands. there is a very large river delta made by the yukon river and the kuskokwim river. further from the coast there are hundreds of miles of highlands. parts of the alaska range are in southwest alaska. the kodiak archipelago is another group of islands in southwest alaska.
altogether southwest alaska is 442,194 km² (170,732 mi²), slightly larger than california.
southwest alaska had a population of about 53,000 people. this is less than 10% of all the people in alaska. more than half of those people are alaska natives. about 121 towns and villages are in southwest alaska. a lot of them are very small and far away from other towns.
natives in southwest alaska are descended from different tribes, the yupik, the alutiiq, the aleut and the dena'ina athabaskans.
in modern times alaska natives are organized into corporations. the corporations have the job of speaking for the members. four of the corporations are in southwest alaska, the calista corporation, the bristol bay native corporation, koniag incorporated, and the aleut corporation. each one represents a different part of southwest alaska.
most of the land in southwest alaska is owned by the federal government, the state of alaska, and the native corporations. there is not much of it that belongs to private persons.
the economy in southwest alaska is based on three main things. resource extraction, meaning the removal of natural things like wood, coal, or fish. subsistence, meaning people who get their own food is another. the third is government spending.
fishing is important here. there are big boats that catch lots and lots of fish that end up in stores or in food made from fish. there are also lots of small boats where people fish for their own food or just for fun. a lot of the big boats are owned by people who don't live on southwest alaska. kodiak and unalaska are two of the most important fishing ports in the united states. they make a lot of money from catching salmon, trout, king crab, and halibut. because so many of the big boats are owned by companies or people from outside southwest alaska most of the fish and the money they make from it does not stay in the area.
hunting and other tourism are some of the other important businesses in southwest, but only for part of the year.
there is also mining in southwest alaska. most of the time they are looking for gold, platinum, or mercury. there is not a lot of mining but there are a lot of people who do not agree about it. one thing they don't agree on is the pebble mine, which would put a large open pit gold and copper mine near where a lot of the fish that are caught in bristol bay come from. right now it is not allowed to drill for oil in bristol bay either, but some people in the government want to change that.
southwest alaska is one of the best places in the world to catch salmon. there are also lots of brown bears. they come to eat the salmon, as well as berries and other plants. bear watching is a popular tourist attraction at katmai national park and preserve. this area is also home to a number of caribou herds. more western aleutian islands have no mammals larger than a fox. in the summer, lots of birds fly up and make their nests on the tundra here. a lot of the aleutian islands have lots and lots of seabirds on them.
there is no way to get to southwest alaska in a car. there are roads in the towns and some of them have roads going to another town, but there is not a road going into the area from anywhere else. because of that people travel by boat or airplane in southwest if they need to go a long way. the town of bethel is a place where big boats will come from the ocean. when they get to bethel their cargo is moved onto smaller boats that go up the rivers. there are many airports as well. some of them are big enough that big jets can land there, but a lot of them are small. snowmachines, also called snowmobiles are used here a lot in the winter. when the rivers are frozen people use them like a road to drive to another town.
edna mae durbin, known as deanna durbin (december 4, 1921 – april 17, 2013), was a canadian actress and singer. she was in a number of musical movies in the 1930s and 1940s, singing standards and operatic arias. her first movie was in 1936 with judy garland in "every sunday". she was born in manitoba, canada, 4 december 1921 but has lived near paris since she married charles david in 1950. durbin's death was announced on april 30, 2013 in paris, france from unknown causes, aged 91. according to her social security numbers, durbin died on april 17.
colony collapse disorder (ccd) is an occurrence where worker bees from a beehive abruptly disappear. the exact cause of colony collapse disorder is unknown. however, chemicals, parasites, and "varroa" mites have been proposed as factors contributing to colony collapse disorder.
early in 2013, the european food safety authority issued a declaration that three specific neonicotinoid pesticides pose an acute risk to honeybees, and the european commission (ec) proposed a two-year ban on them. david goulson, who led one of the key 2012 studies at the university of stirling said that the decision "begs the question of what was going on when these chemicals were first approved." the chemical manufacturer bayer said it was "ready to work with" the ec and member states.
jaime pressly is an american model and actress. she played joy turner in nbc's sitcom "my name is earl". she has also starred in numerous motion pictures. the actress was born july 30, 1977, kinston, north carolina.
boris karloff a.k.a. william henry pratt (november 23, 1887 – february 2, 1969), was an english actor.
born in london, england. his career began in silent movies. the lightning raider (1919), the courage of marge o'doone (1920), the woman conquers (1922), the greater glory (1926), and the devil's chaplain (1929), are only a few movies in which he worked, in the 1920s.
boris karloff along with bela lugosi and silent movie actor lon chaney, where the firsts actor to play evil roles in movie, undoubtedly his most memorable role is that of the monster in "frankenstein" (1931), a masterpiece of horror movie that was directed by james whale.
in 1932 he starred his second horror movie "behind the mask" (1932), as jim henderson. that same year he obtained a role in "scarface", with paul muni.
two of his greatest classics are "the mask of fu manchu" (1932), and "the mummy" (1932), where he played the mummy. he formed a successful team, with bela lugosi in "the black cat" (1934), "the raven" (1935), "the invisible ray" (1936). 
the work of john ford in rko war movie, "the lost patrol" (1934), as sanders a religious fanatic, in the first world war.
karloff returned to the character of the monster in "bride of frankenstein" (1935), and "son of frankenstein" (1939).
in the 1940s, starring some good horror movies as "the ape" (1940), "the climax" (1944), and "the house of frankenstein" (1944), with lon chaney, jr. and john carradine. 
in 1949, he worked with the famous duo abbott and costello, in the comedy movie, "abbott and costello meet the killer, boris karloff", followed "abbott and costello meet dr. jekyll and mr. hyde" (1953). 
in the 60s having a career resurgence, he begins to work with young directors as roger corman in the raven (1963), he plays a wizard who must confront another sorcerer, played by none other than vincent price. another corman movie, was the terror (1963).
karloff returned to work with vincent price in the comedy of terrors (1963), by jacques tourneur.
karloff appeared in many television shows, including his british tv series, coronel march of scotland yard (1954-56). it was also the host of the american television series boris karloff presents (1960-62).
boris karloff is a guest star, in tv series suspense, the united states steel hour, the veil, hallmark hall of fame, jim west, the girl from u.n.c.l.e., the red skelton show, i spy.
kipp christianson (born september 30, 1974) is a former american professional wrestler and a former basketball player. he is best known for his time in the wwe where he wrestled under the ring name eli cottonwood. 
christianson competed on the second season of nxt. his pro was john morrison. he was the second rookie eliminated. he returned to nxt in april 2012. he was teamed with bray wyatt for a short time. he asked to be released from the wwe in june 2012.
at an independent wrestling show, christianson announced that he would retire as a wrestler on july 10, 2014.
christianson came out of retirement in february 2016.
christianson wrestled on february 14, 2016 in minnesota at an independent promotion event. 
christianson hasn’t wrestled since 2016.
christianson attended river falls high school and later st. john's university in minnesota. while attending st. john's, he averaged 20 points and eight rebounds, and in his junior season there, he led the minnesota intercollegiate athletic conference in field goal percentage. during his basketball career, christian played in several countries, including lithuania and china. he played in the international basketball association and continental basketball association, for both quad city thunder and sioux falls skyforce. he attended a camp for the milwaukee bucks in 1998, and played for the dallas mavericks team in the nba summer league. on march 16, 2004, he signed a contract with the charleston lowgators.
professional wrestling career.
kipp christianson began competing in florida championship wrestling (fcw) in 2008 under his real name. in august 2009, his name was tweaked to eli cottonwood, and he utilized a gimmick of being recently reintroduced to society from the kelloggs sanitarium. he spent most of his time defeating opponents such as dj gabriel, tyler reks, and max mcguirk. he soon aligned with aksana and turned face.
on june 1, 2010, it was announced that cottonwood would be part of the second season of "wwe nxt", with john morrison as his storyline mentor. he debuted on the june 8 episode of "nxt", teaming with morrison to defeat titus o'neil and zack ryder. christianson's performance in the "talk the talk" challenge on the july 6 edition of "nxt" earned him a clip on the following episode of e! television's episode of "the soup" in the "what your boyfriend is watching" segment.
christianson is good friends with professional wrestlers travis tomko and corey graves. 
christianson has two kids with wife tabatha. son todd christanson and daughter clover christanson.
christanson currently owns a yoga/gym business called kipp's life flip in las vegas since june 14,2015-feb.18,2017. and he currently owns half of florida hardcore wrestling since january 20, 2014.
patsy ann mcclenny (born february 3, 1950), better known as morgan fairchild, is an american actress. she became famous in the late 1970s and early 1980s. she had important roles in several television series. she also worked in live theater and acted in television comedies. fairchild was born in dallas, texas. she is a board member of the screen actors guild.
fairchild was married to jack calmes from 1967 to 1973. she dated united states senator and later-presidential candidate, john kerry, in the early 1980s. she has been in a relationship with movie company executive, mark seiler, for over 25 years.
during the early 1970s fairchild was kidnapped and held against her will on two separate occasions.
hypoglycemia is when the level of blood sugar is lower than normal. a normal blood sugar level is about 70 to 100 milligrams per deciliter. all of the cells in the body need sugar to do their jobs and to survive. when a person does not have enough blood sugar, their body cannot work normally.
hypoglycemia can cause many symptoms. some common symptoms are nausea, feeling hungry, sweating, feeling sad, and heart palpitations (feeling the heart pounding). bad hypoglycemia can make a person act like they are drunk or have taken drugs. very bad hypoglycemia can look like a stroke. 
hypoglycemia can happen to anyone, at any age, but it usually happens in people who are diabetic. it is often a complication of treatment for diabetes with insulin or oral medications. 
hypoglycemia is treated by returning the blood sugar levels back to normal. often, a hypoglycemic person can bring their blood sugar levels back up by eating. in the worst cases, when the blood sugar is very low, hypoglycemia is treated by giving sugar water intravenously (through a needle placed into a vein). in some cases, the liver is able to handle the issue by making glucose.
the brain and other parts of the body cannot work without sugar. because of this, severe (very bad) hypoglycemia can cause serious medical problems (like seizures) or even death if it is not treated quickly enough.
"what the hell" is a 2011 single from canadian singer avril lavigne's album "goodbye lullaby". it was released on january 11, 2011. the song received a 4 out of 5 from about.com, a 5 out of 5 from digital spy and a 3.5 out of 5 from "rolling stone". it was called positive by blogcritics, "frost magazine", idolator, and mtv. it was classified as a mixed reaction by stereoboard.com.
theodore james (tj) wilson (born july 11, 1980) is a canadian retired professional wrestler that currently works for the wwe as a producer, after retiring from in-ring competition in 2017.
he is from calgary, alberta and was the final graduate of the famed hart dungeon. he competed in his first match with stampede wrestling in calgary at the age of fifteen in 1995. in the wwe, he was a former member of the wrestling stable, the hart dynasty along with david hart smith and natalya.
he married natalya in june 2013.
on june 7, 2015, it was announced that kidd suffered a severe neck and spinal injury in a dark match with samoa joe on raw. kidd announced that he would be out for over a year. kidd tweeted that 5% of people are able to survive his injury and that he had 16 staples, 4 screws and a rod inserted in his neck. dave meltzer of the "wrestling observer newsletter" said "it is unbelievable that tyson kidd came through as well as he did", and said that most people who survive the injury end up being a quadriplegic.
this discography is a list of the albums and singles by aretha franklin.
recordings made with columbia records (1960–1966).
the following singles were released or re-released after franklin left columbia.
nathaniel dwayne hale (august 19, 1969 – march 15, 2011), known professionally as nate dogg, was an american singer, songwriter and rapper. he has worked with a wide range of singers and rappers including snoop dogg, eminem, mariah carey and warren g.
on december 19, 2007, he had a stroke. in september 2008, he suffered another stroke.
he died on march 15, 2011 from complications from multiple strokes. 
nate dogg made 3 studio albums during his career:
disney's animal kingdom is a theme park at the walt disney world resort near orlando, florida, united states. it was the fourth park built there, and it opened on april 22, 1998. it is the largest disney theme park in the world, covering more than . it is also the first disney theme park to be themed around animal conservation, a philosophy once pioneered by walt disney himself. disney's animal kingdom is accredited by the association of zoos and aquariums, meaning they have met or exceeded the standards in education, conservation and research.
soon after the park opened, disney advertised the park using the fictional word "nahtazu". it is pronounced "not a zoo". it was meant to state that the park is more than just a city zoo. disney stopped using the word in january 2006.
the symbol of disney's animal kingdom is the tree of life, a sculpted 14-story (145-foot-tall []), tree. the tree is man-made. the leaves are made out of resin. tourists can walk around the whole park to see all 325 animals carved in the bark of the tree.
in 2009, the park had around 9.59 million guests, ranking it the fifth-most visited amusement park in the united states and eighth-most visited in the world.
the park has eight themed areas. 
the oasis is the park's main entrance. it has the guest services center and some animal habitats. guests can see muntjacs, spoonbills, ducks, wallabies and giant anteaters, among others. the main paths lead into the park, and onto discovery island.
a rainforest cafe is also at the entrance of the oasis, but it is outside the park boundaries. guests can eat at the restaurant without entering disney's animal kingdom, while guests entering the restaurant from within the theme park are actually exiting the park and must show their tickets to go back into the park.
discovery island is near the center of the park, in the middle of the discovery river waterway. it was originally called safari village, as discovery island was the name for the small zoological park in walt disney world's bay lake. after it closed in 1999, safari village was renamed discovery island.
this is the "central hub" of disney's animal kingdom, connecting almost all of the other sections of the park, except rafiki's planet watch. the tree of life, the park's icon, is here, surrounded by animal enclosures with kangaroos, black crowned cranes, lemurs and others. the park's largest gift shops and two of its major restaurants are on discovery island, each with a different design theme, such as decorations based on nocturnal animals, insects and so forth. the island's other major draw is "it's tough to be a bug!", a 4-d film starring flik and hopper from disney·pixar's "a bug's life".
camp minnie-mickey is themed as a summer camp. here guests can meet the disney characters such as mickey mouse, minnie mouse, goofy and others. in the area's main theatre is "festival of the lion king", a live stage show featuring acrobatics and musical performances inspired by "the lion king".
set in the fictional east african village of harambe, this area has many animal exhibits. disney's story about harambe is that it was once part of a dutch colony, but a peaceful revolution made harambe independent in 1963. today, harambe is the starting point for tourists and students who want to see africa's animals in their natural habitats.
the village is the namesake of the harambe wildlife preserve, the fictional home of africa's main attraction, kilimanjaro safaris. guests board an open-sided safari vehicle for a trip to see african animals freely roam through acres of savanna, rivers and rocky hills, including giraffes, hippos, african elephants and lions. on the nearby pangani forest exploration trail, visitors go into the forest in search of gorillas. along the way, guests go on a nature walk through an african valley filled with nile hippos, birds and fish.
rafiki's planet watch.
the one section of the park not connected to discovery island, rafiki's planet watch is instead connected to africa. guests board the wildlife express train for the short trip to and from planet watch, which has three distinct areas. guests first see "habitat habit!", where they can see cottontop tamarins and learn about the efforts to protect these endangered primates in their natural homes. along the way, guests can also learn how to provide animal habitats in and around their own homes.
"conservation station" shares the conservation efforts supported by the walt disney company. it also gives a behind-the-scenes look into disney's animal kingdom's animal care facilities, including a veterinary examination room complete with a two-way communications system so the veterinary staff can answer guest questions. outside, "affection section" is a petting zoo with goats, sheep and other domesticated animals.
asia was the first area added to disney's animal kingdom after the park opened. the asia area opened in 1999. like africa, the section's attractions are part of a fictional place, the kingdom of anandapur (which means "place of many delights"). anandapur is made up of two villages: the riverside village of anandapur and serka zong, which is in the foothills of the himalayan mountains. portraits of anandapur's royal family, the maharajah and his wife, can be found in most of the businesses within the two villages, and a map of the kingdom, featuring both villages and their location relative to the mountains and river can be found on the wall of the disney vacation club kiosk located there. much like harambe, disney legend states that anandapur is now a center of animal research and tourism. at the caravan stage, these two "worlds" meet in "flights of wonder", a live bird show where one of anandapur's bird researchers educates a tour guide with a fear of birds about natural bird behaviors and the effects of habitat loss and conservation efforts on bird species, such as the black crowned crane and american bald eagle.
the maharajah jungle trek leads guests through the forests and ruins outside the village, which are home to many animal species, such as komodo dragons, fruit bats, tapirs, and tigers. nearby, kali river rapids is a river rapids ride along the fictional chakranadi river through a rainforest, past an illegal logging operation and down a waterfall. behind anandapur is the forbidden mountain, the home of expedition everest, a roller coaster ride through the himalayas.
dinoland u.s.a. is inspired by the public's general interest in dinosaurs. the fictitious dino institute attracts those with a scientific interest in the long-extinct animals, while chester and hester's dino-rama recalls the many roadside attractions that were once scattered throughout the united states. like the other areas of disney's animal kingdom, there are animals on display.
these animals, such as the american crocodile and asian brown tortoise, have evolutionary links to the age of the dinosaurs. other plant and animal species that have survived since the dinosaur era can be found along the cretaceous trail. at the edge of dinoland u.s.a. is the "theater in the wild," which has "finding nemo - the musical", a live-action musical stage show based on the story of the disney·pixar feature film.
the dino institute is the home of dinosaur, a thrill ride trip through time to the late cretaceous period. just outside the institute is "dino-sue", a casting of a "tyrannosaurus rex" fossil that is the most complete dinosaur skeleton found so far. at the nearby boneyard, children can play in a multi-leveled playground area with a mammoth fossil to be uncovered.
chester and hester's dino-rama, on the other hand, is about dinosaurs as fun. the triceratop spin is a colorful ride for families, while primeval whirl is a spinning roller coaster for thrill-seekers. throughout the area are carnival games and gift shops, as well as chances to meet disney characters.
the area was sponsored by mcdonald's until 2009 when the contract ran out.
pandora is inspired by the movie avatar
disneyland resort is a recreational resort in anaheim, california. the resort is owned and operated by the walt disney company through its parks and resorts division and is home to two theme parks, three hotels and a shopping, dining, and entertainment area. 
the area now known as the disneyland resort was developed by walt disney in the 1950s and for over 40 years was known simply as "disneyland". when it opened to guests in 1955, the property consisted of disneyland, its parking lot, and a hotel known as the disneyland hotel, owned and operated by disney's business partner jack wrather. 
after doing well with the multi-park, multi-hotel business model at walt disney world in florida, disney decided to do the same thing in anaheim and bought a lot of land next to disneyland. this included buying the disneyland hotel from the wrather company as well as the pan pacific hotel from its japanese owners. disney renamed the pan pacific hotel to the "disneyland pacific hotel". after its first publicly known proposal for a second theme park in anaheim was scrapped, construction began in 1998 on a theme park called disney's california adventure park; a hotel called disney's grand californian hotel, a renovation, renaming, and re-theming of the disneyland pacific hotel; and an admission-free shopping and dining area called downtown disney. during the expansion, the name "disneyland resort" was coined to refer to the entire disney complex, while "disneyland park" was coined to refer to the original theme park.
the disneyland resort is located several miles south of downtown anaheim, near the border of neighboring garden grove. the resort is bordered by harbor boulevard to the east, katella avenue to the south, walnut street to the west and ball road to the north. interstate 5 borders the resort at an angle on the northeastern corner.
not all land bordered by these streets is part of the disneyland resort, particularly near the intersection of harbor boulevard and katella avenue, and along ball road between disneyland drive and walnut street. disneyland drive cuts through the resort on a north-south route and provides access to the mickey & friends parking structure, downtown disney, and the three hotels. magic way connects walnut street to disneyland drive just south of the mickey & friends parking structure and provides access to the parking structure, disneyland hotel, and downtown disney.
special offramps from interstate 5 combined with a reversible flyover over the intersection of ball road and disneyland drive permit easy access into and out of the mickey & friends parking garage during peak morning and evening traffic times. the official address of the resort is 1313 south harbor boulevard.
a tablet computer (sometimes called a tablet) is a type of computer that can be carried easily. unlike a laptop it has no physical keyboard or trackpad, though users sometimes add those things. users control a tablet mostly by using its touchscreen with multi-touch technology similar to a smartphone. the screen can be anywhere from (sometimes called a phablet) to in size, but many have a screen size of about diagonal.
almost all tablet computers can access the internet using wi-fi, and many can use mobile phone networks like 2g, 3g, 4g, and 5g. like smartphones, many tablets have sensors such as a camera and a microphone. other features tablets have are high definition, anti-glare (with less reflection) displays, a bluetooth radio (to connect to printers and other devices), flash memory, and cloud storage services to back up information on the tablet and synchronize data.
science fiction started putting tablets in stories after the middle 20th century. some companies started making real tablets late in the century. the release of the apple ipad in 2010 got much attention, and other companies made and sold more.
advantages and disadvantages.
compared to laptop computers, tablets are lighter, more portable, have longer battery life, make less heat, and do not need a mouse or keyboard to be connected. typing is usually done on the touch screen with a "virtual" keyboard which appears on the screen. many tablets let the user to get reminders even when the tablet is powered off or on standby 
one bad thing is that the "virtual" keyboards are sometimes slow and easy to make typos on. some tablets can connect to computer keyboards and computer mice to let the user use them in ways similar to a pc. tablets often have limited storage compared to a laptop.
the majority run a mobile operating system and may not support as many file formats and different types of software as laptops, but they may work with the same kinds of mobile apps that smartphones use. these weaknesses sometimes result in a tablet being used mainly to consume media made by someone else who used a full-service computer.
the spanish data protection agency (, aepd) is the national data protection authority from the kingdom of spain. it is an agency dependant of the spanish ministry of justice that was created in 1993. it is tasked with protecting spanish people's privacy.
this agency ensures compliance of the organic law 3/2018 as of december regarding the protection of personal data and digital rights () and the general data protection regulation. it is located in madrid and it has the power to act in all the kingdom. currently the director of the agency is "mar españa martín", and previously "josé luis rodríguez álvarez" and "artemi rallo lombarte".
the spanish data protection agency is a public law entity with legal personality. it has full public and private capacity to act independently of public administration in the exercise of their functions. it ensures that the titulars of the files that contains personal information strictly follows the data protection legislation.
moe howard (june 19, 1897 –- may 4, 1975) was an american actor and comedian.
born in new york, u.s., he began his acting career in theater with ted healy. the filmed his first short film with ted healy soup to nuts (1930). ted healy and his stooges, was a comedy group featuring ted and moe more moe's brother shemp howard, larry fine and fred sanborn. shemp leaving the group was replaced by the younger brother of moe curly howard. after shooting several shorts for mgm, the group disbanded in 1934. 
the beginning of the three stooges debut was in 1934 with the short film for columbia woman haters (1934). the three stooges, 190 short films shot between 1934 and 1958
in the late 50's and early 60s, the three stooges began making films as have rocket — will travel (1959), the three stooges in orbit 1962.
in the last years of his career, made appearances on television on "the mike douglas show".
marisa tomei is an american movie, stage and television actress. she was born in brooklyn, new york city. she is of italian ancestry. she has starred in a number of television programs, movies and stage plays. she starred in the comedy "my cousin vinny" in 1992. 
patrick macnee (6 february 1922 – 25 june 2015) was a english-american actor. 
macnee was born in london, england. he became an american citizen in 1982. 
macnee made his movie debut as extra in the movie "pygmalión" (1938), with leslie howard. after world war ii, he started making british television appearances in "morning departure" (1946), "hamlet" (1947), "macbeth" (1947), "the strange case of dr. jekyll and mr. hyde" (1950). these were all were movies made ​​for television. in 1950, he was in some episodes of the british series "bbc sunday-night theatre", and in 1952 he starred in his first series "tales of adventure" as roger sudden. "tales of adventure" was a canadian tv series.
towards the end of 1950, he still acted as a guest on tv programmes in britain, the united states and canada. 
among his great performances as a guest star include series "alfred hitchcock presents", "rawhide", "the twilight zone", "general motors presents".
the big rise to fame came in 1961, playing the role of john steed, british tv series "the avengers". he started in the series as a co-star of ian hendry, but hendry left the series at end the first season. the series remained on the air between 1961 and 1969. mcnee returned to play the role of john steed in "the new avengers" (1976-1977).
he is also remembered for his voice to the presentation of the sci fi american television series "battlestar galactica" (1978). in the 1980s, he worked in series such as "gavilan", "magnum, p.i.", "hart to hart", "hotel", "alfred hitchcock present". he also played role sir john raleigh in the tv movie, "the return of the man from u.n.c.l.e.: the fifteen years later affair" (1983).
between 1990 and 1992, he co-starred in the series "super force" as e.b. hungerford. he played edward whitaker in tv series "thunder in paradise" (1994) with hulk hogan. 
macnee had a performance as a guest star in a double episode of the series "kung fu: the legend continues", with david carradine. 
among his movie credits include appearances in movies "the battle of the river plate" (1956), "les girls" (1957), with gene kelly, "incense for the damned" (1972), "king solomon's treasure" (1979), "the howling" (1988), "the hot touch" (1981), "sweet 16" (1983), and the role of sir godfrey tibbett, in the james bond movie "a view to a kill" (1985). his last movie was "the low budget time machine" (2003)
louis feinberg (october 5, 1902 – january 24, 1975), known professionally as larry fine, was an american actor, comedian and violinist.
fine was born in philadelphia, pennsylvania. he began working with ted healy, moe howard and shemp howard in the mid 1920s in broadway. in the 1930s, the group "ted healy and his stooges" started. they starring in short movies such as "soup to nuts" (1930). this was their first work in movies.
in 1934, the stooges separated from ted healy. howard and fine joined with curly howard and started working as the three stooges. they were the main actors in 194 episodes of the series of shorts between 1934 and 1958. fine suffered a stroke during the making of "kook's tour" (1970). this was the three stooges' last movie.
vaisakhi (, ' (also known as vishu or baisaki) is an important festival celebrated by sikhs and hindus. it is a very big celebration in south asia and is celebrated around april 13.
vaisakhi is the ancient in the punjab region. it is also the start of a new , and new harvest season. baisakhi is a sikh religious festival. it falls on the first day of the "baisakh" month in the , which corresponds to april 13 in the gregorian calendar. in sikhism, it remembers the creation of the khalsa at anandpur sahib in 1699, by the 10th sikh guru, guru gobind singh.
this day is also observed as the beginning of the hindu solar new year celebrated by the people of nepal and india in assam valley, kerala, orissa, west bengal and some other regions of india. there are regional variation outside of punjab too. in himachal pradesh, the hindu goddess jwalamukhi is worshipped on vaisakhi, while in bihar, the sun-god surya is honoured.
the festival is celebrated as 
hinduism and sikhism have several religious calendars. some places of worship accept one version and others use a different version. so the festival will always fall on the same day in the western gregorian calendar.
jerome lester horwitz (october 22, 1903 – january 18, 1952), known professionally as curly howard, was an american comedian and actor.
howard joinede the group of ted healy and his stooges, in 1932 replacing his brother shemp. he had to shave his mustache and shave his hair to join the group. the first film shot with ted healy and his stooges was "nertsery rhymes" (1933), followed by "beer and pretzels" (1933), directed by jack cummings. 
in 1934, the stooges separated from ted healy, and started working as the three stooges.
curly howard, larry fine and moe howard filmed together 97 short films, between 1932 and 1947.
he made appearances with moe and larry in such films as "fugitive lovers" (1934) and "time out for rhythm" (1941).
winston-salem is a city in the u.s. state of north carolina. it has about 230,000 people. it is near greensboro, north carolina. winston-salem used to sell tobacco. it is called winston-salem because there were two towns, winston and salem, that combined.
winston-salem is in central north carolina. interstate 40 goes through it. it has a mild climate, with hot summers and cool winters. it gets about 40 inches of rain per year. it can also snow in winston-salem.
old salem is a historic part of winston-salem. there people can learn what life was like there around 1800.
richard alan "r. j." umberger, jr. (born may 3, 1982) is a former american professional ice hockey center. in the national hockey league (nhl) umberger has played for the philadelphia flyers and he has also played for the columbus blue jackets.
he was drafted by the vancouver canucks with the 16th overall pick in the 2001 nhl draft but did not play a game with them. he also played for philadelphia flyers from 2004 to 2008. he played college hockey at ohio state university. on june 23, 2014, umberger was traded back to the philadelphia flyers along with a 2015 4th round draft pick for scott hartnell.
akureyri is a city in the northeast of iceland. it is the second largest city in iceland. it was founded in 1786. as of 2015, 18,191 people lived there. the mayor of akureyri is eiríkur björn björgvinsson.
robert taylor (august 5, 1911 – june 8, 1969), was an american actor.
born spangler arlington brugh in filley, nebraska, u.s.. robert taylor was one of the greatest figures in hollywood. his career the most diverse roles from war to historical movies as bataan (1943), quo vadis(1951). he starred as a corrupt cop in rogue cop (1954). 
among his best movies include ivanhoe (1953), above and beyond (1952), all the brothers were valiant (1953), the house of the seven hawks (1959). 
he plays the legendary billy the kid in billy the kid (1941), one of the most successful westerns of all time. 
in 1959 robert taylor stars in the television series the detectives starring robert taylor, he played the role of det. capt. matt holbrook, in 98 episodes. it was also special guest co-star in the tv movie hondo and the apaches (1967).
taylor died of lung cancer.
brian elliott (born april 9, 1985) is a canadian professional ice hockey goaltender currently playing for the philadelphia flyers of the national hockey league (nhl). he was drafted by the ottawa senators with the 291st overall pick in the 2003 nhl draft and played 3 seasons with them before being traded to the colorado avalanche on february 18, 2011 for craig anderson. brian elliott has also played for the st. louis blues and calgary flames.
luscious jackson was an american alternative rock band formed around 1991. the group consisted of jill cunniff, vivian trimble, kate schellenbach and gabby glaser. between 1993 and 2000 they released one ep, three full-length lps and ten songs. they disbanded around 2000.
the ossicles are the three smallest bones in the human body. they may be called ear bones or auditory ossicles. they are in the auditory system of all mammals. 
they are contained within the middle ear space and serve to transmit sounds from the air to the fluid-filled labyrinth (cochlea). the absence of the auditory ossicles would cause moderate-to-severe deafness.
the ossicles are, in order from the eardrum to the inner ear (from superficial to deep), the malleus, incus, and stapes. the terms mean hammer, anvil, and stirrup. 
studies have shown that ear bones in mammal embryos are attached to the dentary, which is part of the lower jaw. these are ossified (turned into bone) portions of cartilage -- called meckel's cartilage -- that are attached to the jaw. as the embryo develops, the cartilage hardens to form bone. later in development, the bone structure breaks loose from the jaw and migrates to the inner ear area. the structure is known as the middle ear, and is made up of the incus, stapes, malleus, and tympanic membrane. these correspond to the quadrate, prearticular, articular, and angular structures in earlier land vertebrates.
the green hornet is a vigilante superhero in the world of comic books, etc. green hornet has a sidekick named "kato". green hornet wears a green mask. the character was created by george w. trendle and fran striker.
joanna crussie devarona, better known as joanna kerns (born february 12, 1953) in san francisco, california) is an american actress. she is best known for playing maggie seaver in the sitcom "growing pains". she has had guest roles on other television series.
faneuil hall is an historic place near the waterfront in boston, massachusetts. it was built in 1742. it has been a marketplace and a meeting hall. today it is the city's government center. it was the site of several speeches by samuel adams and others encouraging independence from great britain. it is now part of boston national historical park and a stop on the freedom trail. it is sometimes called "the cradle of liberty".
vilfredo federico pareto (born wilfried fritz pareto, 1848-1923) was an italian engineer, economist, and sociologist. he made several important contributions to economics; he looked at the distribution of income. pareto efficiency and pareto distribution are named after him.
chuck connors (april 10, 1921 – november 10, 1992) was an american actor, and athlete.
connors died in 1992 in los angeles at cedars sinai medical center. the cause of death was lung cancer and pneumonia. he was 71 year old.
in his early years he was a basketball and baseball player, playing for teams such as the boston celtics. 
then he was a baseball player, where he started playing in the minor leagues. in 1949, he debuted at the los angeles dodgers, playing only one match for them. on the chicago cubs, he playing 66 games at first base.
chuck connors did both low-budget movies and big hollywood productions. these included "south sea woman" (1953), with burt lancaster, and directed by arthur lubin, and william wyler's western, "the big country" (1958), with gregory peck.
among his best performances is the indian warrior geronimo, in "geronimo" (1962). other classic movies he was in are "flipper" (1963), "captain nemo and the underwater city" (1969), "soylent green" (1973), with charlton heston, and directed by richard fleischer, "99 44/100% dead" (1974).
his television career was very successful. he is remembered for playing the role of a widower lucas mccain, in the abc series "the rifleman" (1958-1962). "the rifleman" told the story of a widower and his son who live on a ranch in the wild west. connors played the role of lucas mccain in 168 episodes of the series. 
another of his successes was the western tv series "branded" (1965-1966). he played jason mccord, an army official being falsely accused of cowardice.
he also starred in a crime series "arrest and trial" (1962-1964), as attorney john egan, and the adventure series "cowboy in africa" (1967-1968).
neve adrianne campbell (; born october 3, 1973) is a canadian actress. she is best known for her role as sidney prescott in the horror film series "scream". she got her start appearing in the canadian television series "catwalk" (1992), before she played julia salinger in the american drama series "party of five" (1994–2000). she has starred in many films, such as "the craft" (1996), "wild things" (1998), "panic" (2000), "the company" (2003), and "skyscraper" (2018). campbell also starred as leann harvey in the netflix drama series "house of cards" (2016–2017). 
spyro the dragon is a platform video game that was published by sony computer entertainment. the video game was released for the playstation video game system. the video game was released on april 1, 1999 in japan, september 10, 1998 in north america, october 23, 1998 in europe and on november 15, 1998 in australia.
the game got a 8.3 out of 10 from gamespot and a 9.0 out of 10 from ign.
it is the first game in the "spyro" video game series. it is followed by "" and remade as a part of "spyro reignited trilogy".
robert "bobby" mcferrin, jr. (born march 11, 1950 in manhattan, new york city) is an american singer and musician. he is probably best known for his 1988 hit song, "don't worry, be happy". in his musical career he has won 10 grammy awards. 
bobby mcferrin has made 19 studio albums during his career:
lee marvin (february 19, 1924 – august 29, 1987), was an american actor.
marvin was born in new york city, united states. he began his career with small roles in western movies such as "cave of outlaws" (1951), "the duel at silver creek" (1952), with audie murphy, and "seminole" (1953), with rock hudson. he was also in "the caine mutiny" (1954) with humphrey bogart.
during the late 1950s and early 1960s, marvin continued to act in small roles in westerns, including: "seven men from now" (1956), with randolph scott, "the comancheros" (1961), and "the man who shot liberty valance" (1962), with john wayne.
in 1965 marvin won an academy award for the western comedy movie, "cat ballou" (1965). he played a nice drunken cowboy. 
he acted with burt lancaster in "the professionals" (1966), by richard brooks. 
his became well known after playing the role of major reisman, in the robert aldrich movie "the dirty dozen" (1967). that same year, he starred in "point blank". 
at the end of the decade from 1960 marvin had popular movies including "hell in the pacific" (1968) and "paint your wagon" (1969), with clint eastwood.
in 1973 he had one of his best performances in "emperor of the north pole" (1973). he plays a drifter who often stows away on trains. in 1974 he played a sheriff, who must deal with racism in "the klansman" by terence young.
in his later years, he worked with chuck norris in "the delta force" (1986).
marvin also had a successful career in television. he was in the television series "m squad" (1957-1960), as detective lt. frank ballinger. he was in 117 episodes in this series.
he was a guest star on many series. these include "wagon train", "ben casey", "bonanza", "the virginian", "the untouchables", "the twilight zone" and "dr. kildare". he also played the role of maj. john reisman, in the tv movie "the dirty dozen: next mission" (1985).
"pocketful of sunshine" is a single by natasha bedingfield from her united states record of the same name. the song was a top five hit in the united states. this was bedingfield's second top five hit in the united states of america. it was released in 2008.
"pocketful of sunshine" is a pop song. it uses styles of dance-pop. it runs for three minutes and twenty three seconds. the song is built on an electro beat.
"pocketful of sunshine" received generally positive reviews from music critics. julie farmer of blogcritics said it as one of the album's standout songs.
!scope="col" colspan="3"| ringtone
raymond andrew "ray" winstone (born 19 february 1957 in homerton, hackney, london) is a british actor. winstone made his big screen debut in the 1979 movie that summer. winstone is also a former professional boxer in the repton amateur boxing club where he won 80 out of 88 bouts.
the citroën evasion was a large mpv produced by citroën between 1994 and 2002. it is similar to the fiat ulysse, lancia zeta and peugeot 806.
"fuck you", also known as "forget you" or simply "fu" for the clean versions, is a song by american recording artist cee lo green. it was released as a single when he was promoting his third studio album, "the lady killer".
this song won the grammy award for best urban/alternative performance at the "53rd grammy awards" on february 13, 2011.
it reached number one in the united kingdom and scotland.
"only girl (in the world)" is a song performed by barbadian recording artist rihanna. it is taken from her fifth studio album, "loud". it was written by crystal johnson, mikkel s. eriksen and tor erik hermansen from the norwegian production team stargate and sandy vee. the latter two also handled production. the song was released on september 10, 2010. it was the lead single from "loud". critics have praised the song. they praised the strong chorus and musical production. critics also complimented the choice of song and strength of rihanna's voice. the song reached number one on the charts of several countries, including the united states, canada, australia, and the united kingdom. it won the award for best dance recording at the 2011 grammy awards.
kim victoria cattrall (; born 21 august 1956) is a british-canadian actress. she was born in liverpool and moved to canada when she was three months old. she holds british, canadian and american citizenship. she played samantha jones in "sex and the city" on hbo. she has starred in many films. 
catrall has no children. she was married to larry davis from 1977 until the marriage was annulled in 1979. she was married to andre j. lyson from 1982 until they divorced in 1989. she was married to mark levinson from 1998 until they divorced in 2004. levinson and cattrall co-wrote a 2002 book called "satisfaction: the art of the female orgasm".
cattrall is a strong supporter of liverpool f.c.
christian churches often send individuals, or small groups of people to a foreign country. these people should then convince the local population to convert to the christian faith. very often, this couples evangelisation with humanitarian work. the missionaries are priests as well and can administer sacraments, but sometimes they are laypeople. today, missionary activity often means cooperating with the local church. as an example, the evangelical-lutheran church in tanzania has sent missionaries to mozambique.
missionary work is often criticized for the ways used. examples are forced baptisms, proselytism, and that during colonial times, there were strong ties between colonialism and missionary work. sometimes, there is the problem that the moral standards of the societies are very different from the moral standards of christianity, missionary work will force different standards onto indigenous societies.
jean-baptiste le moyne de bienville (23 february 23 1680 montreal, quebec – march 7, 1767). he helped colonise north america for france, and was governor of french louisiana 4 separate times between 1701 and 1743. he is also known as sieur de bienville. 
his older brother was the explorer pierre le moyne d'iberville. 
the evolution of the eye is an example of a homologous organ which many animals have. 
some components of the eye, such as the light-sensitive opsins, seem to have a common ancestry. they evolved once, early in the evolution of animals. they control the conversion of photons into electrical signals. for example, an opsin found in the mammalian retina, melanopsin, is involved in circadian rhythms and pupillary reflex but not in vision.
on the other hand, complex image-forming eyes evolved some 50 to 100 times – using many of the same proteins and genetic toolkits in their construction.
complex eyes seem to have first evolved in a few million years, in the rapid burst of evolution known as the cambrian explosion. there is no evidence of eyes before the cambrian, but many eyes can be seen in fossils from the middle cambrian burgess shale.
eyes show many adaptations to meet the needs of the organisms which have them. eyes vary in their acuity (accuracy of sight), their sensitivity in low light levels, and their ability to detect motion or identify objects. their sensitivity to wavelengths decides whether they can see in colours, and which colours they can see.
rate of evolution.
the first fossils of eyes appeared during the lower cambrian period, about 540 million years ago. this period saw a burst of apparently rapid evolution, dubbed the 'cambrian explosion'. the evolution of eyes perhaps started an arms race that led to a rapid spate of evolution. 
earlier than this, organisms may have used light sensitivity, but not for fast movement and navigation by vision.
it is difficult to estimate the rate of eye evolution. simple modelling supposes small mutations exposed to natural selection. this shows that a primitive optical sense organ based on good photopigments could evolve into a complex human-like eye in about 400,000 years.
early stages of eye evolution.
the earliest light sensors were eyespots. they are photoreceptor proteins found in protists. eyespots can only distinguish light from dark. this is enough for the daily synchronization of circadian rhythms. they cannot distinguish shapes, nor decide from which direction the light is coming. 
eyespots are found in nearly all major animal groups. the "euglena"'s eyespot, called a "stigma", is at the front. its red pigment shades a collection of light sensitive crystals. together with the leading flagellum, the eyespot allows the organism to move in response to light to do photosynthesis, and to predict day and night. these movements are the main circadian (daily) rhythms. 
there are visual pigments in the brains of more complex organisms. they are thought to help synchronise spawning with lunar cycles. by detecting the subtle changes in night-time illumination, organisms can synchronise the release of sperm and eggs to maximise the fertilisation of their eggs.
vision itself relies on the basic biochemistry which is common to all eyes. how this biochemical toolkit is used to interpret an organism's environment varies widely. eyes have a wide range of structures and forms. all of these have evolved much later than the underlying proteins and molecules.
at a cellular level, there appear to be two main "designs" of eyes, one possessed by the protostomes (molluscs, annelid worms and arthropods), the other by the deuterostomes (chordates and echinoderms).
pax6 is the protein which is encoded by the "pax6" gene.
"pax6" is a master control gene or "transcription factor" for the development of eyes and other sensory organs. it is medically important because various mutations produce eyesight defects.
charles rudolph boysen (july 14, 1895 – november 25, 1950) was a california horticulturist. boysen worked as anaheim city parks superintendent from 1921-1950. he created the boysenberry, a hybrid between several types of blackberries, raspberries, and loganberries.
rudolph boysen experimented with various berry crosses in napa, california in the 1920s. in 1923, his hybrid successfully grew and bore fruit. however, unable to make his new berry a commercial success, boysen abandoned his crop after breaking his back in an accident.
years later, after he had moved to orange county, a fellow grower named walter knott heard about the berry and tracked down boysen. walter knott was able to bring a few dying vines back to life at his farm, now known as knott's berry farm in buena park, california. knott named the fruit after boysen.
spyro the dragon is a video game character from the video game series with the same name, where he is the main hero. he is a purple dragon who goes on missions to help protect his home world which is the dragon realms. he is usually followed by a yellow dragonfly named sparx and in the earlier games sparx would be spyro's health bar. his main attack in the games are ramming enemies with his horns. he also has 5 breath abilities: fire, water, bubbles, electricity and ice. 
a concentrate is a special form of a substance, where one of the base components is mostly removed. the most common case is the removal of the solvent from a solution: fruit juice concentrate will have most of the water removed. the benefit of this is that the concentrate takes up less volume, and weighs less than the original solution. this can save transportation costs. when needed, the solvent can simply be added again.
biophilia is the musical project and seventh studio album from icelandic singer björk. the album was released in 2011.
the album is "partly recorded" on an ipad and was released in the form of a series of apps. the project is directed by michel gondry. björk has described the project as a multimedia collection "encompassing music, apps, internet, installations and live shows". material from the album debuted in summer 2011 during a series of concerts at the manchester international festival.
the north atlantic oscillation is a climatic phenomenon in the north atlantic ocean. it controls the strength and direction of westerly winds and storms' tracks over the atlantic basin. it was discovered during the 1920s by sir gilbert walker.
terence stephen "steve" mcqueen (march 24, 1930 - november 7, 1980) was an american actor.
steve mcqueen rose to fame in 1960, starring together with yul brynner, in the western movie "the magnificent seven". three years after that success. he starred in another movie that would become a classic "the great escape" (1963), where he plays the role of a u.s. soldier imprisoned in a nazi prisoner of war camp.
the 1960s would see more success as mcqueen starred in movies as such as "the cincinnati kid" (1965), and the action movie "bullitt" (1968), in this movie he filmed many scenes on the streets of san francisco, driving a powerful ford mustang without using a stunt driver.
in the early 1970s, mcqueen had three hits, starring in the movies "the getaway" (1972), by sam peckinpah, "papillon" (1973), with dustin hoffman, and "the towering inferno" (1974), in which he plays role of fire department chief o'hallorhan, the who led the rescue of people trapped in the building.
steve mcqueen received a four golden globe awards for love with the "proper stranger" (1964), "the sand pebbles" (1967), "the reivers" (1969), and "papillon" (1973).
he was nominated for an academy award for the movie "the sand pebbles" (1967).
steve mcqueen starred in the cbs western tv series "wanted: dead or alive", as josh randall bounty hunter, he starred in the series between 1958 and 1961, and recorded 94 episodes.
he was also guest star on the tv series "goodyear television playhouse", "studio one", "the 20th century-fox hour", "climax!", "wells fargo", "trackdown".
mcqueen died of a heart attack while having mesothelioma-related surgery in ciudad juárez, chihuahua, mexico on november 7, 1980. he was 50 years old.
a co-factor (or cofactor) is a chemical compound which is not a protein, but is attached to a protein. the compound is needed for the protein's biological activity. in most cases, the protein will be an enzyme, and the cofactor will help the enzyme work. if so, the cofactors are also called coenzymes. 
cofactors which are complex organic molecules are often called coenzymes. if connected by a covalent bond they are a "prosthetic group". but if they are just temporarily connected then the cofactor is a "cosubstrate".
some enzymes need several cofactors. organic cofactors are often vitamins, or made from vitamins. metallic ions are often cofactors, but many cofactors have both inorganic and organic parts. 
connective tissue is a fibrous tissue. it is one of the four traditional classes of tissues (the others being epithelial, muscle, and nervous tissue). 
connective tissue (ct) is found throughout the body. it has 3 main components; cells, fibres, and extracellular matrix. 
connective tissue makes up a variety of physical structures including, tendons, blood, cartilage, bone, adipose tissue, and lymphatic tissue. ct is classified into three subtypes: embryonic ct, proper ct, and special ct. 
collagen is the main protein of connective tissue in animals and the most abundant protein in mammals, making up about 25% of the total protein content.
collagen is a group of naturally occurring proteins. in nature, it is found exclusively in animals, especially in the flesh and connective tissues of mammals.
it is the main component of connective tissue, and is the most abundant protein in mammals. it makes up about 25% to 35% of the whole-body protein content.
collagen, in the form of elongated fibrils, is mostly found in fibrous tissues such as tendon, ligament and skin, and is also abundant in cornea, cartilage, bone, blood vessels, the gut, and intervertebral discs.
collagen makes up 1% to 2% of muscle tissue, and accounts for 6% of the weight of strong, tendinous muscles.
gelatin, which is used in the food industry, is collagen that has been irreversibly hydrolyzed.
hurricane ginger is the second longest-lasting atlantic hurricane on record. it started september 6, 1971 and lasted until october 5. the storm struck eastern north carolina on september 30, causing $10 million in damage. peak winds were 110 miles per hour during ginger's life.
priory green is a hamlet in the civil parish of edwardstone, in the babergh district, in the county of suffolk, england. it has four listed buildings, including barn to the north of lynn's hall, lynn's hall, priory cottage and priory farmhouse. there are also selfcatering cottages in priory green.
there used to be a monastery in priory green, called edwardstone priory. it was stated by peter, bishop of winchester. the site is now priory farm.
sudbury is a town in the babergh district, in the county of suffolk, england. for transport there is the a134 road and the a131 road. sudbury is in the stour valley.
it is the birthplace of the eigtheenth century painter thomas gainsborough
boxford is a village and civil parish in the babergh district, in the county of suffolk, england. boxford has a church called st mary's church.
shelley is a village and civil parish in the babergh district, in the county of suffolk, england. shelley has a church called all saints.
hadleigh is a town near the a1071 road, in the babergh district, in the county of suffolk, england. the name hadleigh comes from haethlega (a heath-covered place).
hadleigh is the headquarters of babergh district council, but the largest town in the district is sudbury
lavenham is a village and civil parish on the a1141 road, in the babergh district, in the county of suffolk, england. lavenham has a church called st peter and st paul.
boxford is the name of several places:
hadleigh is the name of several places:
sudbury may mean:
the hutu or "abahutu" are a central african ethnic group. they live mainly in rwanda and burundi.
the hutu are the largest of the three ethnic groups in burundi and rwanda. the united states central intelligence agency says 84% of rwandans and 85% of burundians are hutu. other sources have found different statistics. the division between the hutu and the tutsi (the larger of the other two groups) is mainly based on social class, not ethnicity. there are no differences in language, culture or appearance between them.
"teenage dream" is a single from katy perry's album of the same name. it was released july 23, 2010 via digital download and received mostly positive reviews from the music critics. the song topped the charts in several countries, including the united states and the republic of ireland.
credits and personnel.
credits adapted from "teenage dream" album liner notes.
william holden (april 17, 1918 - november 12, 1981) was an american actor.
he was born in o'fallon, illinois and moved to south pasadena, california when he was three. he was a star during the golden age of hollywood. he began his career western movies, including "arizona" and "texas". holden starred in "the man from colorado" and "rachel and the stranger". he won an academy award for best actor in "stalag 17". he was also nominated twice more for "sunset boulevard" (1951) and "network" (1976). among his best works in film highlights "submarine command" (1951), "sabrina" (1954), "the bridge on the river kwai" (1957). he starred with john wayne in "the horse soldiers" (1957), and with richard widmark in "alvarez kelly" (1966). in 1969, he played an outlaw leader, in the sam peckinpah film, "the wild bunch". in the 1970s, holden worked in "the towering inferno" (1974), and "when time ran out" (1980). he played the role of richard thorn, the adoptive father of a child possessed by the devil, in the second film of "the omen", "" (1978).
go west is an english pop duo. they were formed in 1982 by lead singer and drummer peter cox (born 17 november 1955, kingston upon thames, surrey, england) and guitarist and singer richard drummie (born 20 march 1959, twickenham, middlesex, england). while they have had many successful singles in the united kingdom, they are generally best known in the united states for their hits "king of wishful thinking" and "faithful".
on 16 october 2009, cox was announced as the new lead singer of manfred mann's earth band.
living in a box were an english pop band in the 1980s. they are best known for their debut single "living in a box". it was produced by richard james burgess.
"girls, girls, girls" is a single by the american heavy metal band mötley crüe. it is the first single from the album of the same name, released on may 11, 1987 and peaked on the billboard hot 100 at #12 and #20 on the mainstream rock charts. american pop artist lady gaga wrote the song "boys boys boys" as an homage to this song.
mötley crüe"s first video of "girls, girls, girls" was banned from mtv due to nudity, it was shot at the seventh veil strip club in los angeles. there was trouble when finding a location because most strip clubs did not serve alcohol. the dancers were from mainly the tropicana which was vince neil's favourite club and the seventh veil. the song and album were both written during a time when main songwriter nikki sixx, and co-writer dominic catanzarito were both addicted to heroin.
jaguar racing was a formula one team which raced from 2000 to 2004. it comes from stewart grand prix. ford bought the team in june 1999 and was to be renamed to jaguar racing to promote their jaguar brand.
for their first season in 2000, the team hired former stewart gp driver johnny herbert and the 1999 championship runner-up (second place) eddie irvine. however, the team only finished in the points twice during the season. in 2001, herbert was replaced by luciano burti, who was replaced four races in the season by pedro de la rosa. although the team got double the amount of points finishes in 2001, including a podium (top three) in monaco, this did not help the fact that the team did not have the same success as stewart gp got in 1999.
in 2002 the team got worse, with three points finishes (but a podium in italy), and a lot of financial (money) issues. cutbacks were announced for the 2003 season, which included money savings, and a layoff (mass sackings of employees). in 2003, with a improved points system which allowed eight drivers to finish in the points, jaguar racing benefitted from this as they finished in the points eight times, with drivers mark webber, antônio pizzonia, and justin wilson replacing pizzonia for the last five races. 2004 was to be the last season for jaguar, keeping webber, and hiring christian klien for the whole season. five points finishes would follow, though financial difficulties would result in the team being bought out by red bull, then the team was renamed to red bull racing.
railway brakes are brakes which are used for the cars of railway trains. the brakes are used to enable deceleration, to control acceleration when going down slopes or hills and to keep the cars standing while they are parked. there are several types of brakes, including vacuum brakes and air brakes.
sex and the city 2 is an american romantic comedy movie released in 2010. it is the sequel to "sex and the city". it is set in new york city and the united arab emirates. it stars sarah jessica parker, cynthia nixon, kim cattrall and kristin davis with cameo appearances by miley cyrus, liza minnelli and penélope cruz. the movie received negative reviews by movie critics, but grossed over $288 million at the box office and became the highest grossing romantic comedy of 2010.
zarqa is a city in jordan. it is about 25 km east of amman. it is the third-largest city in jordan. hashemite university is a big university in zarqa.
a trace element is present in only a small amount. the amount depends on context.
ernest borgnine (born ermes effron borgnino; january 24, 1917 – july 8, 2012) was an american actor.
borgnine was born ermes effron borgnino in hamden, connecticut on january 24, 1917 to italian immigrant parents.
borgnine's first movie work was in a small role in "china corsair" (1951), followed by "the whistle at eaton falls" (1951). then in 1953 he would get a role in "from here to eternity" (1953). this movie had a very well known part with him and frank sinatra fighting. borgnine won an academy award and a golden globe award for his role in the movie marty (1955), one of the best movies of his career.
his other movies included "the stranger wore a gun" (1953), with randolph scott, "demetrius and the gladiators" (1954), with victor mature and susan hayward, "vera cruz" (1954), with gary cooper and burt lancaster, "bad day at black rock" (1955), with spencer tracy, "run for cover" (1955), with james cagney, "three brave men" (1956), with ray milland, "the vikings" (1958), with kirk douglas and "the badlanders" (1958), with alan ladd. he worked with glenn ford in "jubal" (1956) and "torpedo run" (1958), and bette davis in "the catered affair" (1956). he played lucius, in the biopic "barrabas" (1961), with anthony quinn. he then starred in "mchale's navy" (1964) and has a small role in "the flight of the phoenix" (1965). in 1967, he is co-starred in "the dirty dozen" (1967) as general worden. borgnine co-starred with william holden in "the wild bunch" (1969), he played dutch engstrom.
another of his best work was in "the poseidon adventure" (1972), with gene hackman. he played mike rogo, who helped rescue people from the ship.
his later works include "when time ran out" (1980), "escape from new york" (1981), "the genesis code" (2010) and "night club" (2011).
borgnine has had a large amount of success on television. this includes his work on "mchale's navy" and "airwolf". he is also remembered for "dirty dozen: the deadly mission" (1987) and "the dirty dozen: the fatal mission" (1988). in these movies, he again played the part of general sam worden.
he was a special guest in the series "laramie", "wagon train", "get smart", "little house on the prairie", "hallmark hall of fame" and others.
borgnine provided the voice of mermaid man (from 1999 to 2012) in "spongebob squarepants". this is the second time borgnine would work with tim conway (barnacle boy) in a television series.
illness and death.
in 2006, borgnine was suffered kidney failure after he was taken to a medical center in las vegas.
on the morning of july 8, 2012, borgnine died at a hospital in los angeles, california of kidney failure at the age of 95. he is buried at forest lawn memorial park in hollywood hills, california.
dusan svento (born 1 august 1985 in ružomberok, slovakia) is a slovak football player now playing as a midfielder for f.c. red bull salzburg in austrias t-mobile bundesliga and the slovakia team.
before he went to salzburg he was playing for slavia praha in the czech gambrinus league (2005 - 2009). in the 2010/11 season he played even as left defender due to many injured defenders in the team.
his first match in the national team was on 15 august 2006 in a match against malta. he scored his first goal for the team in his fourth match against wales. the team qualified for the 2010 fifa world cup in south africa but due to injuries he was not nominated for the squad.
there are lots of different varieties of indian music. most of the different types of music are similar to western music types. pop, classical, and folk are all included. india’s classical music has a history originating hundreds of years back and is still popular in india today, as religious inspiration or pure entertainment. like africa, india has many different ethnic groups, speaking their own languages, and having very distinct cultural traditions.
the tal, or tala, is a repeating rhythm pattern usually played by the tabla. it usually has between six and sixteen beats. the beats are grouped into small sections in the pattern. the first note in the pattern is called a ‘sam’. it shows the beginnings and ends of improvisation, so it is often emphasized.
the raga is also a pattern, but it differs from western scales or melodies. ragas are sort of a mix of scales and melodies. they have particular ascending and descending patterns. ragas are used to symbolize the time of day, season, mood or special occasion.
a drone is a note that’s either held or repeated throughout a piece of music. it’s usually the tonic note, the starting note. nowadays, the drone is played by an electrical box, but traditionally, it is played using the tanpura, which is also known as the tambura.
improvisation is when the player does not have a prepared piece or an incomplete piece of music, and they make up notes as they play. improvisation is recognized as a form of composition.
there are 4 types of structure in indian music, alap, jhor, jhala and gat/bandish. each of these has different roles in a piece of indian music.
alap is the name for the opening part of a piece of classical music from north india. it is a type of melodic improvisation that includes a raga in it. only the singer and the drone can be heard at this point.
jhor is a more elaborate version of the raga that is included in the alap. it forms the beginning of the performance. this comes after alap and before jhala.
jhala indicates the fast-paced ending of the raga. it is often distinguished by the overcoming of the melodic component by the rhythm.
the gat, or bandish is a permanent composition set in a specific raga. it is accompanied by the tabla, a drone and melodic accompaniment by a sarangi , violin or harmonica.
charles darwin wrote about twenty books, including the most famous book in biology, the "origin of species". the books covered the natural history sciences, now called geology, palaeontology, zoology, botany, anthropology, psychology and evolutionary biology.
the "origin of species" is the most important single book in the biological sciences, and its main ideas are well-supported by modern research.
"the voyage of the beagle" (1839) and "the descent of man" (1871) are also highly important.
several of the other books were also ground-breaking.
penelope ann miller (born penelope andrea miller, january 13, 1964) is an american stage and movie actress. she has acted in numerous movies and television programs. her father mark miller was an actor.
she was born in los angeles, california on january 13, 1964. she has been married to will arnett from 1994 until they divorced in 1995. she is now married to james huggins since 2000. with miller she has two children.
the order of the companions of honour is a british award given to citizens of the commonwealth. it was founded by king george v in 1917, as a reward for outstanding achievements in the arts, literature, music, science, politics, industry or religion.
the order is limited to 65 "companions of honour". at first 45 members could be from the united kingdom, 7 from australia, 2 from new zealand and 11 from other commonwealth countries. foreigners from outside the realm may be added as "honorary members". membership of the order gives no title, or precedence, but recipients can put the post-nominal letters "ch" after their names.
the insignia of the order consists of an oval medallion with an oak tree, a shield with the royal arms hanging from one branch, and on the left a mounted knight in armour. the badge's clear blue border bears the motto "in action faithful and in honour clear". men wear the badge on a ribbon (red with golden border threads) around their necks, and women on a bow at the left shoulder.
culture jamming is a tactic by consumer social movements to either disrupt or subvert mainstream cultural institutions. it is also intended to expose dubious or substandard political thoughts on commercial culture. the tactics of culture jamming include refiguring fashion statements, product image and logos as means to challenge ideas about what is cool.
the term "culture jamming" was first used around 1984. 
an orchestra is a group of musicians playing instruments together. they make music. a large orchestra is sometimes called a "symphony orchestra" and a small orchestra is called a "chamber orchestra". a symphony orchestra may have about 100 players, while a chamber orchestra may have 30 or 40 players. the number of players will depend on what music they are playing and the size of the place where they are playing. the word "orchestra" originally meant the semi-circular space in front of a stage in a greek theatre which is where the singers and instruments used to play. gradually the word came to mean the musicians themselves.
the orchestra is directed by a conductor. he/she helps the players to play together, to get the right balance so that everything can be heard clearly, and to encourage the orchestra to play with the same kind of feeling. some small chamber orchestras may play without a conductor. this was usual until the 19th century when the orchestras got very big and needed a conductor who made decisions and stood in front so that all the players could see him.
the instruments of the orchestra are divided into districts: the strings, woodwind, brass and percussion. each section (group of instruments) will have a player who is the "boss". the principals will make decisions about seating arrangements, and about technical ways of playing the music: for example the principal of the string sections will make sure all the players move their bows up and down in the same direction. the violins are divided into first and second violins. the first violins usually have the tune while the seconds, most of the time, are part of the accompaniment. the principal of the first violin is the leader (or concertmaster) of the orchestra. in a professional orchestra they will be the most highly paid member of the orchestra.
the string family.
the strings are the biggest section, although there are only five kinds of instruments: violin, viola, cello, double bass, and harp. this is because they are playing most of the time and usually form the basis of the music. if they are not playing the tune they will probably be accompanying. the first and second violins play different notes: the firsts usually have the tune. the strings sit at the front of the stage in a fan-shape in front of the conductor. the first violins are on the conductor's left, then come the second violins, then the violas and then the cellos. the double basses are behind the cellos. some conductors prefer to have the second violins on their right and the cellos between the first violins and violas (see image of the dohnanyi orchestra).
the woodwind family.
the woodwind sit in one or two rows (depending on the size of the orchestra) behind the strings. there are five main woodwind instruments: flute, oboe, clarinet, saxophone, and bassoon. each of these instruments also come in different versions:
the flute has a small version called the piccolo which plays an octave higher. it is the highest instrument in the orchestra. occasionally there is an alto flute which is longer and plays a fifth (half an octave) lower than the flute. most woodwind instruments need a reed, but the flute does not have a reed.
the bassoon has a larger version: the contrabassoon or double bassoon which sounds an octave lower. it is one of the lowest instruments in the orchestra.
the clarinet has a larger version as well; the bass clarinet. it reaches the same depth as a bassoon. usually only one is found in a modern orchestra. there is also an alto clarinet but because it plays the same part an alto saxophone plays, it is typically regarded as an unnecessary instrument.
a formal orchestra will always consist of two of the four main instruments. the variations of the instruments are used where the piece asks for it. usually, the newer pieces written after 1850 will have more instruments.
sometimes a player will double on these extra instruments, for example: one of the flute players may also play the piccolo in the same piece. it depends on the piece of music. obviously a player cannot play the flute and piccolo at the same time. if the two instruments do play at the same time an extra player will be needed for the piccolo.
the brass family.
the brass section has four sections: trumpet, trombone, french horn, and tuba. some of these come in several sizes. the article on transposing instruments explains more about it. the trumpet may have several slightly different sizes. the lowest kind is a bass trumpet. the trombone may be an alto, tenor, bass or contrabass trombone. the french horn, like the other brass instruments, has changed over the years. modern horns have at least three valves and are usually in f. they often sit in a different place to the other brass. the tuba comes in different sizes and the player or conductor must decide which to use for the piece they are playing. there are large ones called contrabass tubas. a small tuba is commonly also seen and is called a euphonium or a baritone horn.
the percussion family.
the percussion section has the largest variety of instruments. such as: the tambourine, the triangle, the fabulous loud gong, the crashing cymbals and the ringing bell. the timpani (or "kettle drums") can be tuned to particular notes. they are the most common percussion instrument. composers such as haydn and mozart nearly always used them, even with their small orchestras. this is the most commonly used percussion instruments and is used in almost all pieces.
the rest of the percussion section can include tuned percussion instruments like the xylophone. non-tuned percussion can be other kinds of drum like bass drum, snare drum, and a variety of others: simple to name the most common ones. the principal percussion player will have to decide which player will play which instrument(s). the percussionists have to work well together as a team so all parts can be covered.
the history of the orchestra.
it is difficult to say when the orchestra was invented because instruments have played together for many centuries. if we say that an orchestra is a group of string instruments with several players playing the same part, and that there may be wind instruments (i.e. woodwind and brass) or percussion playing as well, then the 17th century is the time that orchestras started. in paris in 1626 king louis xiii had an orchestra of 24 violins (called "24 violons du roi"). later in the century the english king charles ii wanted to be like the french king and so he, too, had a string orchestra. gradually the other instruments were added. at this time there was usually someone playing the harpsichord (the continuo part). it was often the composer himself, who would have conducted from the keyboard at important moments like the beginning and end of the piece.
clarinets came into the orchestra at the end of the 18th century, and trombones at the beginning of the 19th century. orchestras were still quite small, though. the saxophone was invented in the middle of the 19th century, but although they started to use it in orchestras, it soon became an instrument that was used in wind bands and later jazz bands. the opera composer richard wagner made the orchestra much bigger because he kept asking for extra instruments. he asked for a bass clarinet in his opera "lohengrin", and for his cycle of four operas called "the ring of the nibelung" he asked for an exact number of players: 16 first violins, 16 second violins, 12 violas, 12 cellos, 8 double basses, 3 flutes and piccolo, 3 oboes and cor anglais, 3 clarinets and bass clarinet, 3 bassoons, 3 trumpets and bass trumpet, 3 tenor trombones and a double bass trombone, 8 horns with 4 of them playing a specially designed tuba, a bass tuba, percussion, and 6 harps.
not all pieces written after that need quite such a large orchestra, but concert halls had become bigger and composers had got used to a bigger variety of sounds. later composers sometimes added all sorts of unusual instruments: wind machine, sandpaper block, bottles, typewriter, anvils, iron chains, cuckoo, swannee whistle etc. none of these are normal orchestral instruments. sometimes a piano is used in the percussion section, e.g. igor stravinsky used one in "petrouchka". sometimes voices are also used.
the orchestra today.
today orchestras can usually be heard in concert halls. they also play in opera houses for opera and ballet, or in a large stadium for huge open-air concerts. orchestras may record in studios for making cds or recording music for movies. many of them can be heard easily and cheaply every summer in london at the bbc proms.
some of the greatest orchestras today include: the new york philharmonic orchestra, the boston symphony orchestra, the chicago symphony orchestra, the cleveland orchestra, the los angeles philharmonic orchestra, the london symphony orchestra, the london philharmonic orchestra, the bbc symphony orchestra, the royal concertgebouw orchestra, the vienna philharmonic orchestra, the berlin philharmonic orchestra, the leipzig gewandhaus orchestra, the , the st petersburg philharmonic orchestra, the israel philharmonic orchestra, and the nhk symphony orchestra (tokyo). opera houses usually have their own orchestra, e.g. the orchestras of the metropolitan opera house, la scala, or the royal opera house.
in many countries there are opportunities for school-age children who play instruments well to play in youth orchestras in their areas. in britain some of the very best are selected to play in the national youth orchestra of great britain. other world-famous youth orchestras include the orquesta sinfónica simón bolívar, gustav mahler youth orchestra, the european union youth orchestra and the west-eastern divan orchestra.
homosexuality is a sexual orientation. a homosexual person is romantically or sexually attracted to people of their own gender. men who are romantically or sexually attracted to other men are called gay. women who are romantically or sexually attracted to other women can be called gay as well, but are usually called lesbians. people who are romantically or sexually attracted to men "and" women are called bisexual.
together homosexual, bisexual, and transgender people make up the lgbt community, which stands for "lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender". it is difficult to say how many people are homosexual. homosexuality is known to exist in all cultures and countries.
other titles for homosexuality.
one may say that homosexuality is the term used for people that feel romantically or sexually attracted to their own sex, but other definitions also exist. when one views homosexuality as the term for people that feel romantically or sexually attracted to their own sex, more people are gay than when one might view homosexuality as only a term for people who do "have" sexual relationships with their own sex. usually, the term is used to view all the people who are romantically or sexually attracted to their own sex, as well as those with such attractions who have not had a sexual relationship with their own sex yet. nonetheless, the most visible form of homosexuality is the actual relationship. most 'evidence' of homosexuality in ancient cultures comes from drawings of the men in an intimate relationship or sex, because it's the most obvious.
the word "homosexual" comes from the ancient greek word "homo", meaning "same", and the latin word for "gender". people in the lgbt community usually say "gay" instead of "homosexual." some people also use the term "homophile" (from greek ' ("homos", meaning "the same") and ' ("philein"; meaning "to love"). this term emphasizes romantic interest in the same sex, rather than sexual attraction.
there are many different words to describe homosexual people. some of these are used to insult homosexual people. however, the lgbt community sometimes uses these words to describe themselves because the word "homosexual" can sound too clinical. this is done to make the words less hurtful. some words to describe homosexual men are "gay" and "queer". words to describe homosexual women are "lesbian" and "dyke". "lesbian" is used most often. "dyke" is used less often and is sometimes used to describe lesbians who are more masculine (act or dress more like men). however, "queer" and "dyke" are sometimes used against gay people as insults, so they can sometimes be offensive.
when homosexual people keep their sexual orientation a secret, they are said to be "in the closet". "out" or "out of the closet" is a slang term that means a homosexual person is open about their sexual orientation. this means they do not hide the fact that they are homosexual. some gay and lesbian people stay in the closet because of fear of what would happen or because they live in a place that is not safe for homosexual people.
sometimes people who are 'out' also say they are 'proud'. "out" means they are not hiding their sexual orientation. "proud" means that they are pleased about it. "proud" or "pride" has a special meaning in the lgbt community. it means they are celebrating and being happy that they are homosexual. it is not 'pride' meaning that they have done something to be proud of, but 'pride' meaning the opposite of shame. many cities have "pride parades". these used to be protest marches. today, they are usually celebrations of the lgbt community. they usually occur in june, in memory of the 'stonewall riots' that happened in new york city in 1969. these riots happened because police harassed and arrested people for being homosexual. 'stonewall' or the 'stonewall riots' are sometimes called the start of the lgbt rights movement.
the causes of homosexuality and bisexuality are controversial (people do not agree on them). the causes of homosexuality are not all understood, but genetics and the effects of the prenatal environment and hormones (when a baby is growing in its mother) are thought to be causes. there is not much evidence that the social environment is a cause of homosexuality. scientists also show that homosexuality happens not only in humans. some animals (like penguins, chimpanzees, and dolphins) often show homosexuality, and some (rams) even for lifelong periods as is the case with humans.
doctors used to treat gay people as if they had mental illnesses. however, homosexuality is no longer called a disease by doctors in many countries. there are some religious and non-religious groups who still try to 'cure' homosexuality. this is sometimes called 'conversion therapy'. in therapies like this one, homosexual individuals have tried to become heterosexual and have even claimed they were changed, but most people do not believe it is possible.
conversion therapy or reparative therapy aims to change people's sexual orientation from homosexual to heterosexual. it is condemned by medical and psychiatry groups such as the american psychological association, american psychiatric association, royal college of psychiatrists, national association of social workers, royal college of nursing, and the american academy of pediatrics. these scientific and educated groups are concerned that such therapy is a violation of the ethical principles of health care, and violates human rights.
many people believe that it is unfortunate to discuss causes of homosexuality and bisexuality without discussing causes of heterosexuality, too. although it is easy to understand why heterosexuality exists (heterosexual sex produces babies), that does not explain how the brain develops to produce heterosexual people. heterosexuality, homosexuality, and bisexuality all have causes, and some people believe that to discuss only the causes of homosexuality and bisexuality suggests that there is something wrong with people who have those orientations.
gay people can fall in love and have lifelong relationships. in most countries, they cannot legally marry their partners. however, they still have relationships in the same way as heterosexual people.
some homosexual people have wedding ceremonies even though governments do not recognize or accept them. they may call their partner a spouse, wife, or husband despite the law.
but to them, the important part about marriage is not just the name. married people get many benefits from being married. depending on the country, these benefits can include paying less taxes, getting their spouse's insurance, inheriting property, social security benefits, having or adopting children together, emigrating to a spouse's country, being able to make choices for a sick spouse, or even being allowed to visit a sick spouse who is in a hospital.
today there are numerous countries that allow homosexual people to marry, including: argentina, australia, belgium, brazil, canada, denmark, england, finland, france, iceland, ireland, luxembourg, netherlands, new zealand, norway, portugal, republic of ireland, scotland, spain, south africa, sweden, uruguay, the united states and wales. the netherlands was first in 2001. it is also legal in six native american tribes.
instead of marriage, some countries or states offer homosexuals civil unions or domestic partnerships. this gives them some of the protections and benefits of marriage, but not all. civil unions and domestic partnerships are sometimes seen by the lgbt community as being 'second class' (not as good as 'first class'). they do offer some benefits for gay and lesbian couples, but they also suggest that these couples are not as important or valid as heterosexual couples. some people even say this is like the "separate but equal" rules that were used to segregate people by race in the united states. they believe that separate is "never" equal and homosexuals should not accept being second class citizens.
many religions teach that homosexual sex is a sin. such religions traditionally include islam, christianity and judaism. usually, it is only the act of sexual intercourse that is considered sinful and not natural. not all believe the attraction, is sinful, just the actions in response to the desire.
however, some denominations (different parts) of these religions and some eastern religions now accept homosexuality. there are several other religions that are accepting of homosexuality, particularly new religions. there are also some religions which are indifferent to homosexuality, such as zoroastrianism and jainism.
problems homosexuals face.
in many countries, homosexual people are discriminated against. a homosexual person can be fired from a job because they are gay, even if they are a good worker. homosexual people can be denied renting a home or being able to eat in a restaurant because of their sexual orientation.
in some countries, homosexual people can experience violence. for example, islamic law is used in some places to kill homosexuals or place them in jail. some groups believe over 4,000 homosexual people have been killed in iran since 1979 because of their sexual orientation. in 2005, after fourteen months of prison and torture, two teenage boys were hanged in iran for homosexuality.
in modern times, homosexuality has become more accepted in western countries. most western countries have laws that protect homosexuals from violence and discrimination.
in the united kingdom, homosexuality used to be a crime. oscar wilde, the famous irish writer was imprisoned for it, and as a result, it destroyed his reputation and career as a wit and playwright. alan turing, the man who helped the allies in world war ii by breaking the enigma code used by the germans, was convicted of this crime and according to some speculations he ultimately killed himself over the effects of the attempt to cure his homosexuality.
today in the united kingdom, homosexual people are safer. homosexual sex between adults is not a crime. gay and lesbian couples can marry. gay people can be in the military.
in most of the world, homosexual people still do not have the same rights and freedoms that heterosexuals have.
homosexual behaviour in animals.
homosexual behaviour has also been seen in animals. homosexual, transgender and bisexual behaviour includes sex, courtship, affection, pair bonding, and parenting. homosexual behaviour is widespread among animals. bruce bagemihl did research in 1999. it shows that homosexual behaviour has been observed in close to 1500 species, from primates to gut worms, and is well documented for 500 of them. the sexual behaviour of animals takes many different forms, even within the same species. the motivations for these behaviours are only partly known, mainly because the respecive species has not been fully studied yet. according to bagemihl, "the animal kingdom [does] it with much greater sexual diversity—including homosexual, bisexual and nonreproductive sex—than the scientific community and society at large have previously been willing to accept."
there are national and international groups or organizations for the lgbt community. these organizations are often political. they fight for the rights and safety of homosexuals.
some of the more important political organizations are:
dwight david "ike" eisenhower( (october 14, 1890 – march 28, 1969) was the 34th president of the united states, from 1953 to 1961. he was known across the world for his help leading the allied invasions in world war ii.
dwight david eisenhower was born on october 14, 1890, at 609 s. lamar avenue in denison, texas. he was the third of seven sons. his mother originally named him david dwight, but she switched two names after his birth so that there wouldn't be two davids in the family.
in 1892, the family moved to abilene, kansas, which eisenhower considered his hometown. dwight became very interested in exploring the outdoors. he learned about hunting and fishing, cooking, and card playing from a man named bob davis who camped on the smoky hill river.
eisenhower went to abilene high school. he graduated with the class of 1909. he and brother edgar both wanted to go to college, but they did not have enough money. they decided to take different years at college while the other worked to earn money to pay the tuitions.
edgar took the first turn at school, and dwight was working a job as a night supervisor at the belle springs creamery. when edgar asked for a second year, dwight accepted and worked for a second year. at that time, a friend named "swede" hazlett was applying to the naval academy. he wanted dwight to apply to the school, since there was no tuition. eisenhower asked for consideration for either annapolis or west point with his u.s. senator, joseph l. bristow. though eisenhower was one of the winners of the entrance-exam competition, he was too old for the naval academy. he then accepted an appointment to west point in 1911.
at west point, eisenhower liked the traditions and the sports. in sports, eisenhower later said that "not making the baseball team at west point was one of the greatest disappointments of my life, maybe my greatest". he joined the varsity football team and was a starter as running back and linebacker in 1912. he tackled the legendary jim thorpe of the carlisle indians. eisenhower got a torn knee while being tackled in the next game, which was the last he played; he re-injured his knee on horseback and in the boxing ring, so he turned to fencing and gymnastics.
eisenhower later served as junior varsity football coach and cheerleader. he graduated in the middle of the class of 1915. that class became known as "the class the stars fell on", because 59 members became general officers.
eisenhower was born into a family which did not have much money. he joined the united states military academy at west point as a cadet in 1911, and as an officer served in many different places including the panama canal zone, washington, d.c. and the philippines. during world war ii, he was a general. he directed the invasion of morocco and algeria during the north african campaign. he became a 5-star general and was the supreme allied commander for operation overlord (an attack on germany which was one of the most important battles of the war).
after world war ii ended, he was considered a war hero. in the 1952 u.s. presidential election, the american public begged eisenhower to run for president. eisenhower (whose political views were unknown at the time) joined the republican party. he chose richard nixon as his vice-presidential candidate and won the election by beating adlai stevenson ii.
he served two terms from 1953 to 1961. eisenhower was the first president of the united states to be president of all 50 states.
during the beginning of his first term, he oversaw a ceasefire (which stopped the fighting) during the korean war. he created nasa (the united states space program) which began a space race against the soviet union. eisenhower believed that the united states should not try to fight wars overseas, but instead that united states should make more nuclear weapons so it could have an advantage in the cold war. the united states was able to keep the soviet union in check without spending a lot of money. for this reason, the u.s. government had balanced budgets during his presidency and did not have to borrow money.
he intimidated the soviet union by making them believe that the united states would respond to any act of aggression with the use of nuclear weapons. that policy is called brinkmanship, new look, and massive retaliation. he also authorized planes to spy on the soviet union, but when a u.s. spy plane accidentally crashed into the soviet union near the end of eisenhower's term, it hurt relations between the united states and the soviet union.
mccarthyism (when senator joseph mccarthy was accusing hundreds of people of being communist spies without evidence) was also an issue during his presidency. eisenhower disliked joseph mccarthy and tried to bring him down behind the scenes, but eisenhower did not like to make enemies, so he did not talk about mccarthy much.
domestically (in the country), the economy was doing very well and the nation was prosperous. eisenhower supervised the creation of the interstate highway system and created the department of health, education, and welfare. eisenhower was a moderate conservative (near the center of the political spectrum). he wanted to continue some new deal programs such as social security, but at the same time, he wanted the government to be limited. at first, many criticized him for not doing enough to give civil rights to african americans, but later during his presidency, he signed two civil rights acts and sent federal troops to little rock, arkansas to make sure schools were desegregated.
when eisenhower's presidency ended he was not very popular with scholars. over time his reputation slowly improved and historians now generally consider him to be a good president.
in september 2020, a presidential memorial was dedicated in washington, d.c. honoring eisenhower.
a factor can be:
ball could mean:
ferrocement is both a method and a material used in building or sculpting with cement, sand, water and wire or mesh material. it is often called the thin shell. thin shell ferrocement offers strength and economy and can be used in many ways including: building homes, creating sculptures, or building boats and ships. 
a camera lens is the part of a camera that directs light to the film or, in a digital camera, to a computer chip that can sense the light. many cheap lenses are plastic but better ones are made from glass. the lens makes an image by focusing the light.
the majority of cameras only have one lens that users cannot change or take out. this is called a "fixed lens" design. more expensive cameras usually have lenses that come off, so anyone can take out one lens and put in another. a lens may be simple, or may actually be made of several lenses.
photographers can use different lenses (objectives) to make different kinds of pictures. for example, a telephoto lens can take a picture of something far away. a wide-angle lens is the opposite. a zoom lens is more versatile; it can do both. there are many kinds of lenses.
the study of lenses and how they work is called optics.
lenses for large sheet film cameras are especially difficult to design. cameras and their lenses have been made since the 19th century. some from before world war ii, are still usable today. computers now let engineers make better lenses, though, because they can calculate the way that light goes through the lens and find the best design for each task. together with lenses, filters, macro lenses, teleconverters, wide-angle and tele attachments are used.
a boy is a young male human, either a child or teenager. little boys still have the body of a child. it is not until they reach puberty (adolescence) that their bodies start to mature and they become a man.
the word “boy” was used a long time ago in anglo-saxon english. the opposite of a boy is a girl.
the way boys are brought up will be vary a lot between different cultures. boys are supposed to be tougher than girls. it is their job to do work which is physically hard, including fighting in the army when they are grown up. however, people’s attitudes are changing and nowadays many girls like to do the same things as boys. in western cultures boys traditionally wear trousers (pants) while girls wear dresses or skirts. however, many girls also wear trousers these days, like boys, especially when dressed informally. boys often have shorter hair than girls, although this can vary a lot according to quickly changing fashions.
traditionally boys like rough games (such as soccer or rugby) and enjoy playing with mechanical things such as toy cars and trains. people today have long discussions about whether this is because they are born like that, or because that is the way society expects them to behave.
the traditional colour for a boy is blue. for girls it is pink. when a baby is born in a hospital it usually gets a blue or pink tag on its wrist or ankle, according to whether it is a boy or a girl.
some names are boys’ names, others are girls’ names. there are some names which can be for boys and girls (although they may be spelt differently, e.g. “lesley” for a boy and “leslie” for a girl).
in some countries such as britain an “old boy” means a grown up who used to be a pupil at a particular school (e.g. “he is an old boy of cransbury high school”). the expression can also be used in a very informal, friendly way, e.g. “nice to see you, old boy!”.
responsible for performing clerical and administrative duties in an office setting. assists executive assistants and secretaries by sorting mail, filing, answering phones, greeting clients, scheduling meetings, and restocking supplies.
sir james paul mccartney (born 18 june 1942) is an english singer, songwriter and composer. he is internationally known as a singer and bassist of the beatles. with singer and guitarist john lennon, he contributed music and lyrics to a lot of the band's songs.
paul was born at walton centre for neurology and neurosurgery (past is walton hospital) in walton, liverpool, england, he was son of jim and mary mccartney, he had one brother is michael mccartney and stepsister is called ruth.
the beatles (1962–1970).
mccartney began writing songs before he was sixteen, and has written well over two hundred. his most famous song is "yesterday", recorded by the beatles in 1965. since then around 2000 artists have recorded the song. other songs written by mccartney for the beatles include "can't buy me love", "hey jude", "penny lane", "eleanor rigby" and "let it be".
often, beatles songs would have "lennon/mccartney" written on the record, and it would look like that they had written it together. in fact, most lennon/mccartney songs were written by only one of them, or with one adding only small parts to the other's work. each counted on the other to help make their songs better, so they agreed to share the credit equally.
since the beatles had stopped working together in 1971, mccartney started a new band called wings with his wife linda. wings also had many hit records, including "band on the run" and "mull of kintyre". mccartney wrote "live and let die", which became the theme song to a james bond film with the same title. wings disbanded in 1981.
later mccartney recorded a single called "ebony and ivory" with stevie wonder, then "the girl is mine" and "say, say, say" with michael jackson. a song with jackson called "the man" was released on mccartney's fifth solo album "pipes of peace". he and jackson became friends, but this ended after jackson outbid mccartney for ownership of the publishing company which owned most of the beatles's music.
mccartney had other hit songs, and also wrote and starred in the movie, "give my regards to broad street", with linda. the theme song from the movie, "no more lonely nights", was also a hit, but the movie did poorly, and mccartney's popularity suffered. he had to work hard to prove his talent was still strong. he co-wrote new songs with elvis costello, and began touring more often than he had in years.
along with popular music, mccartney also began composing classical music, including an oratorio about liverpool. mccartney was knighted for his contributions to music and to british culture, and for his charity work. he bought john lennon's former school, quarry bank, which he then turned into a performing arts school.
in 1990, the minor planet 4148 was named "mccartney" in his honour. in 2010, he was honoured by president barack obama with the gershwin prize for his contributions to popular music. he returned to the white house later that year as a recipient of the kennedy center honors. in 2012, he became the last beatle to receive a star on the hollywood walk of fame.
mccartney married linda eastman, a photographer, in 1969. she had a daughter, heather, whom he adopted. mccartney and linda had three more children together, named mary, stella and james. stella became a popular fashion designer after she grew up.
linda died in 1998 of breast cancer (mccartney's mother also died from the same disease in 1956). he married model heather mills in 2002; the couple's child beatrice was born in 2003. mccartney and mills separated in 2006, and, after a long battle over a settlement, mccartney and mills divorced in march 2008.
mccartney married new yorker nancy shevell, 51, in a civil ceremony at old marylebone town hall, london, on 9 october 2011. the couple had been dating since november 2007.
paul is dead.
there was an urban legend that said that mccartney died in a car crash in 1966 and was replaced by a look-alike.
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afrikaners are white south africans who speak afrikaans as mother tongue and follow the afrikaans culture. most of them have dutch, german, french huguenot, ancestors. also known as boere, voortrekkers and burgers, although under slightly different contexts. in south africa there are about 3 million white people with afrikaans as mother tongue, that can be assumed to be afrikaners if they chose to follow the afrikaans culture.
john winston ono lennon (born john winston lennon; 9 october 1940 – 8 december 1980) was an english singer and songwriter. he became famous as a singer and guitarist of the english rock band the beatles. after the beatles stopped making records in 1970, he lived in the united states with his wife yoko ono. he continued his music career up until his murder.
john winston lennon was born on 9 october 1940 at liverpool women's hospital in liverpool, the son of alfred lennon and julia lennon. 
he started the beatles in his hometown of liverpool, with paul mccartney and george harrison. after ringo starr joined the band, they started to be very successful. people were excited by their music, and their live performances always pleased audiences. manager brian epstein and record producer george martin helped the beatles become the most popular act in entertainment.
lennon played the guitar, and later learned to play the piano. most of the songs the beatles recorded were written by lennon and mccartney. their songs were always credited as by "lennon/mccartney" on beatles records, but in fact they usually wrote their songs on their own. the two men often helped to make each other's songs better, so they liked to share writing credit. famous songs written by lennon for the beatles are "a hard day's night", "help!", "strawberry fields forever", "a day in the life" and many others. 
the beatles grew apart as the members got older. lennon divorced his first wife, cynthia powell, and married yoko ono, while mccartney married linda eastman. each wife had different ideas, and encouraged their husbands to depend less on each other. later, some fans blamed yoko and linda for breaking the beatles up.
lennon loved his wife so much that he added her surname ono to his own name, since she became yoko ono lennon when she married him. he had never liked his middle name winston (given him by his mother after winston churchill) and wanted to change it, but was told he could not under british law. he could add a new name though, so he did that. he never used the name winston again, unless he had to for legal reasons (such as when he travelled to america). otherwise he gave his "full name" as john ono lennon.
career and family life.
lennon recorded several albums and singles after the beatles disbanded. the best-known one was "imagine". he made many records with yoko ono. on some records they called themselves the plastic ono band. lennon and ono worked with different musician friends, including ringo starr, jim keltner, klaus voormann, harry nilsson, eric clapton and elton john. lennon's solo music was different from his beatles songs. he spoke more directly about his own feelings, and sometimes used harsh language or loud sounds. this upset a few fans, who wished for more beatles music from him.
lennon and ono moved to the united states in 1971, and settled in new york city. ono had a daughter, kyoko chan cox, from an earlier husband, anthony cox, a filmmaker, who took her and disappeared. it was easier to look for kyoko, and get the law's help to look, if they stayed in america. ono and lennon were also hurt emotionally by the way ono was treated by many people in england. some insulted ono, and asked lennon why he was with her. on the other hand, most of the people they met in america accepted them together.
lennon and ono were also campaigners for peace in the world. they used lennon's famous name to talk to the media (television, radio and newspapers) about their beliefs. lennon and ono were sometimes in trouble with people like politicians, who did not like the things they said. president richard nixon's administration even tried to deport lennon, because of his political views. 
the two things lennon and ono wanted most were to live permanently in the united states, and to have a child together. their lives were stressful in the early 1970s for several reasons. there were the problems with immigrating to the united states, and with the search for kyoko. the public were also sometimes negative toward ono, her music, and her ideas. the couple had several miscarriages, caused partly by the stress.
lennon also had business problems, because leaving the beatles was not as simple as quitting an ordinary job. the beatles had signed many contracts. they promised to do things in a certain way, meet deadlines, and work together, to be paid as musicians and songwriters. many business deals had to be finished or changed, and new deals had to be made, to continue their music careers apart. this took time, and meant making many hard decisions. the four former beatles could not always agree on what to do with the things they owned together. it took years to work out what to still own in common, what to divide up, and what to let go. the choices they had to make sometimes hurt their friendship.
lennon and ono separated for over a year, from late 1973 until early 1975, because of the stress in their lives, and their relationship. each of them dated another person (lennon pairing off with may pang, his and ono's personal assistant, and ono with guitarist david spinozza), and they were nearly divorced. they spoke nearly every day by telephone, however, and tried to work things out. they decided that they wanted to be together more than anyone else could want them apart, and they reunited.
when richard nixon faced the watergate crisis in 1974, it became more important than pushing lennon out of the country. the deportation case against him was dropped. lennon won the right to stay in america in 1975. lennon and ono also finally had a son, sean lennon, that october. father and son shared the same birthday.
lennon and ono stopped making music for five years, to be able to spend more time together, and give sean as much attention as he needed. they lived on lennon's income from the music he already made. ono became lennon's business manager, and invested his money in real estate and organic farming. her office was downstairs in the dakota, the apartment building where they lived, so they were never far apart. lennon became a full-time father to sean, and he was proud to call himself a "househusband". they also visited ono's family in japan several times, and made other trips.
in 1980 lennon and ono began to write new music, as sean got old enough to begin school. they recorded a new album titled "double fantasy" that year. a single from the album, "(just like) starting over", was a hit, and people welcomed lennon back. even people who had not liked ono earlier now respected her, and more of them began to like her music. lennon and ono planned to start fresh, do a world tour, and record more albums.
on 8 december 1980, lennon was shot dead as he was going into his home, by a man named mark david chapman who was mentally ill. even though he was ill, chapman was still prosecuted for murdering lennon. chapman pled guilty to the murder the next year, and is still in prison today. he admitted later he was jealous of lennon's fame and success, while his own life disappointed him. chapman thought that killing lennon would give his own life more meaning. he is always refused for parole, and is infamous (hated by many people).
fans all over the world mourned lennon's death. it made them feel that a special part of their lives was gone. many met in new york's central park, near where lennon and ono lived, to say their goodbyes. some played recordings of lennon's music. politicians and celebrities everywhere were sorry lennon had died, even if they disliked him, because his music meant so much to so many people. radio stations in the soviet union, where rock music was rarely allowed to be played, gave an hour over to beatles recordings.
there was no funeral for lennon, but yoko ono asked people everywhere to observe ten minutes of silence and prayer for him on sunday, december 14, 1980, at 2:00 pm. at two o'clock, the music playing in central park stopped, and people all over the world fell silent for ten minutes. other tributes came later, including songs by george harrison ("all those years ago"), paul mccartney ("here today"), elton john ("empty garden (hey hey johnny)") and queen ("life is real (song for lennon)").
lennon's music (with and after his beatles years) is still played everywhere, and people are still touched by it. a series of radio programs were devoted to playing demoes of his songs. young musicians play lennon's records, and learn his music. yoko ono released an album of acoustic versions of many lennon songs, to help musicians understand them better.
there is now a garden in central park in lennon's memory called "strawberry fields" after one of lennon's most popular songs, which in turn was named after a salvation army orphanage near his childhood home. on october 9, 1990, on what would have been lennon's fiftieth birthday, "imagine" was simulcast on radio and television stations all over the world, uniting people everywhere to remember lennon and his music.
with the beatles.
an invention is a new thing that someone has made. the computer was an invention when it was first made. we say when it was "invented". new things that are made or created are called inventions. cars and plastics are inventions that everyone knows. inventions are made by inventors. many inventions are patented.
ideas are also called inventions. writers can invent characters, and then invent a story about them.
over time, humans have invented objects which make life easier for themselves. because of this, a quote "necessity is the mother of invention", was written. the quote means that a lack of something should inspire someone to create something to fill that empty space. however, not all people believe that this is true. they think that too much of something can lead to an invention.
many inventions are just a variation of something that already exists.
genocide is the crime of killing many people who are all part of one ethnic or religious group, or some sort of similar group, and trying to destroy that group. genocide is done usually by a group, such as a government, or military group, not by one person or a small number of people. usually, the motivation for genocide is based on political reason.
the word genocide was made up by raphael lemkin, a polish jew, in 1944, from the words "genos" (greek for family, tribe or race) and "-cide" (from the latin "occidere", to kill). it was first used to the nazi holocaust, when many groups, including jews and others, were killed.
ustashe of croatia are another example of genocidial horror. about a million of serbs were killed in wwii in ustashe concentration camps especially in jasenovac. another example of genocide was when about a million of the tutsi group of people of rwanda were killed along with hutus who were against the genocide in 1994.
in 1933 lemkin made a speech to the legal council of the league of nations conference on international criminal law in madrid, for which he prepared an essay on the "crime of barbarity" as a crime against international law. the purpose of the crime, which later evolved into the idea of genocide, was based mostly on the experience of assyrians massacred in iraq on 11 august 1933. the event in iraq reminded him of earlier similar events of the armenian genocide during world war i.
today, any genocide is prohibited by the genocide convention and actor or inciter of genocide is judged by the international criminal court.
today most people see the following events as genocide. note that the events listed are just examples.
 is a japanese musician and artist. she is the widow of john lennon. before she married lennon she was married to toshi ichiyanagi from 1956 to 1963 and anthony cox from 1963 to 1969. she has two children, kyoko chan cox (with cox) and sean lennon (with lennon).
both of her parents came from wealthy families. her father, who was a descendant of a former emperor of japan, had been a concert pianist before giving up music to become a banker. ono was tutored privately, then sent to exclusive private schools, studying classical music and art, and also learning english. she visited the united states before world war ii with her family. her father was on a business trip to the u.s. when the war began, and was with many other japanese in the country. he was not able to communicate with his family for many years. ono's mother took her, her brother and sister away from tokyo, and they stayed in a rural area.
after the war ended, the family was reunited, and moved to new york for her father's job. ono enrolled in sarah lawrence college, but quit during her third year. she became interested in art and music, and began writing poetry. many of her poems were instructions, for creating pieces of art. she later published some of these in a book, titled "grapefruit". her parents were not happy that ono chose to make her own way, rather than following her family's wishes for her life. when she married toshi ichiyanagi, a young pianist, her parents her.
the marriage did not work out, and ono rented a loft apartment of her own. she became friends with local artists in new york, including andy warhol and a group called fluxus. she hosted small parties and "happenings" for her artist friends, and began to do artwork of her own. this brought her some notoriety in time, but not fame. she remarried, to tony (anthony) cox, and they had a daughter, named kyoko.
marriage to lennon.
ono went to london with cox and kyoko during 1966, to promote her career as an artist. john lennon, who was a member of the beatles, went to one of her art shows. he enjoyed the (fantasy-like) quality of her work. ono and lennon became friends, and later lovers, as each lost interest in their spouses. lennon wanted them to be together as much as possible. he broke a rule the beatles had never to bring a wife or girlfriend to their recording sessions. he brought her along anytime he could. they were married in march 1969, after they were both divorced.
many beatles fans blamed ono for "breaking up" the band through her influence on lennon. he seemed to many people to have "gone crazy" since meeting her. some suggest that ono simply encouraged lennon to do things he'd already wanted to do, but let himself be talked out of doing in the past – including quitting the beatles. ono and lennon started a new, part-time group they called the plastic ono band. they also tried to have a baby together. ono miscarried several times, until their son sean lennon was born in 1975, on lennon's 35th birthday. ono was also able to with her family, during the 1970s.
ono was lennon's "muse", inspiring his music and his creative side, for the rest of his life. the two worked together on both his post-beatles records, and ono's wish to also have a music career. she was more interested in "experimental" music than in classical or popular music. ono's songs and unique style sounded strange to most listeners. it was offensive to many people, who thought lennon should have either stayed with the beatles, or made more music in their style. ono changed her style, and began to write and record more pop songs, but her music never became popular. years later, some younger musicians (such as the b-52's) admitted they had liked ono's music. they were inspired by it, as lennon had been.
after lennon's murderer in 1980, ono recorded several solo albums. the first was titled "season of glass". her later records were praised by some music critics. 
when sean lennon grew up, he also became a musician. he helped ono to compile (collect and put in order) her old recordings, and make some new ones. she also revived some of her earlier artwork, and gave the money made from sales and exhibits to charities. ono recently (2006) appeared at the opening of "love", a cirque du soleil show featuring beatles music, to help promote it.
the coast is where land meets the sea. 
the coast also means the land next to the sea, which can also be called the shore, or sea-shore. however, coast is not used to describe where rivers or lakes meet the land - it is only used to describe the sea meeting the land. 
if a house is near to the coast we say it is "on the coast". when we talk about a long part of the coast we call it "the coast-line". 
sometimes, 'coast' can be part of a place name or the description of a large area. for instance, the east coast of the united states describes the all of the eastern side of the united states that is next to the atlantic ocean. 
in some countries like england or australia the people sometimes use the word sea-side for the coast.
coasts often have many living things living there and provide habitat for many animals and plants.
an example of a coast in great britain is the holderness coast near bridlington. this is one of europe's fast eroding coasts.
george harold harrison, mbe (25 february 1943 – 29 november 2001) was an english musician. he is best known as the lead guitarist of the beatles. after the group broke up in 1970, he had a solo career. he made many albums and worked with other musicians including eric clapton, bob dylan, phil spector, roy orbison, tom petty, and ravi shankar. he was also interested in eastern mysticism and charitable causes.
harrison was born in 12 arnold grove in wavertree, liverpool, he was youngest of four children of harold hargreaves (or hargrove) harrison and louise harrison, he had one sister and two brothers.
george's best-known album was "all things must pass," which he made just after the beatles broke up. harrison owned a mansion in england called friar park, where he lived from 1970 until he died. he built his own recording studio inside the mansion, which for a time was better than abbey road studios, where the beatles had made their records. having a private studio meant harrison could work on songs and recordings anytime he wanted.
ravi shankar came to harrison during 1971 with news about a war in bangladesh, where thousands of people had died and millions more were refugees and starving. shankar asked for harrison's help to give a benefit show to buy food for them. harrison called on many of his musician friends, who put together a charity concert with famous people to help the refugees. the "concert for bangla desh", a live recording, became a best-selling album, raised money for the refugees, and brought worldwide attention to the problems in their country. it also inspired later benefits, including live aid in the 1980s.
harrison found a new musical partner in the 1980s, when jeff lynne of electric light orchestra began to write and record songs with him. the two men worked well together and became close friends. harrison and lynne formed another band, the traveling wilburys, with fellow musicians bob dylan, tom petty, and roy orbison. the traveling wilburys recorded two albums, which became hits.
in 1966, harrison married a model, pattie boyd, but they were divorced in 1971, and had no children. boyd left harrison to be with his friend, guitarist eric clapton, but all three remained friends. harrison married again in 1978, to american-born olivia trinidad arias, who had worked for his record company. arias became the mother of harrison's son dhani, whose name is comprised of the names of two notes in the indian music scale. dhani grew up to be a musician like his father, fronting the band thenewno2. he went to brown university in the united states.
in the late 1970s harrison formed a movie production company, handmade films, which produced movies including monty python's "life of brian" and terry gilliam's "time bandits".
the grounds of harrison's home, friar park, had been more or less open to the public, until the murder of his former bandmate john lennon late in 1980. harrison was very hurt and shocked by lennon's death, and was afraid someone might try to harm him or his family. afterwards, the gates were locked, and no-entry notices were posted. in december, 1999, an intruder broke into his home, stabbing him with a knife. harrison and his wife olivia stopped the intruder and called the police. harrison recovered. the man who attacked him is schizophrenic and was acquitted of attempted murder by reason of insanity in november 2000 at oxford crown court. he was sent to a mental hospital and released in 2002.
in the 1990s, decades of smoking cigarettes caused harrison to develop throat cancer. he later developed lung cancer, which caused his death in 2001. his family issued a last statement from him: "everything else can wait, but the search for god cannot wait, and love one another." even music was not as important to harrison as his wanting people to learn to get along with each other, and to make the world a better place.
a year after harrison's death, jeff lynne, dhani harrison, the two remaining beatles (paul mccartney and ringo starr), and other musicians held the "concert for george", which remembered harrison's music, his life, and his gifts to humanity. all the profits from the concert were given to charity.
note has several meanings.
ravi shankar (7 april 1920 – 11 december 2012) was one of india's most famous musicians. shankar was one of the first to bring aspects of traditional indian music into europe and united states|american culture in the 1960s. he was a major influence on george harrison, who was a member of the beatles. shankar is famous for playing the sitar, an indian stringed instrument. he performed until his death. in 2005 he played at the proms. his daughters norah jones and anoushka shankar are also well-known musicians.
a sentence is a set of words that are put together to mean something. a sentence is the basic unit of language which expresses a complete thought. it does this by following the grammatical basic rules of syntax. for example:"ali is walking".
a complete sentence has at least a subject and a main verb to state (declare) a complete thought. short example: "she walks". a subject is the noun that is doing the main verb. the main verb is the verb that the subject is doing. in english and many other languages, the first word of a written sentence has a capital letter. at the end of the sentence there is a punctuation mark depending on whether it is a statement, a question, a command, a request or an exclamation. 
phrases and clauses.
a "phrase" or "clause" is part of a sentence.p773–777 
this is an example of a sentence:
in this sentence, 'the dog' is the subject, and 'is' is the verb.
this is an example of a phrase:
there is no verb, so we do not know anything about what the happy dog is doing. therefore, it is not a sentence.
a clause is a sentence within a sentence. example:
types of sentence.
sentences have different purposes:
basic english sentences.
here are some sentences written in basic english:
the sky is blue.
today is monday.
tomorrow is tuesday.
the baby is smiling.
sheila is reading a book.
this is the road to take.
read a book about the history of america.
there are beautiful flowers growing in the garden.
the cushions are new and i feel the comfort they give me.
they are playing in the grounds.
types of sentences worksheet
james augustine aloysius joyce () (2 february 1882 – 13 january 1941) was an irish writer and poet of the modernist movement. he was from dublin, ireland. he wore an eyepatch, because of eye damage. he could not see well.
his books are written in a special style. at first he wrote in a way which describes very accurately how life is, in the short story collection called "dubliners". in his next book, called "a portrait of the artist as a young man", he started a new style. it is called stream of consciousness, which is writing all the thoughts that a character has. his work influenced many other writers in the 20th century.
some books that joyce wrote are:
james joyce was the oldest of ten children. he went to a boarding school called conglowes wood college and later to belvedere college. (college here refers to secondary school not to university as it can in the u.s.) conglowes was run by jesuit priests.
when he was very young, his family was rich. later his father lost most of their money so he had to change schools and go to belvedere college, which was cheaper.
joyce met nora barnacle in 1904 and they began to have a long relationship until his death in 1941. the couple moved out of dublin to zürich in 1904, then to trieste, paris then back to zürich. they married in 1931. they had a son and a daughter. their daughter had a mental illness later in her life. because he was smart, his parents wanted him to go to college. he studied modern languages at university college dublin.
joyce became a very famous writer after he published "ulysses". he also began to have a lot of problems with his eyes and his family. but he completed his last book, "finnegans wake" by 1939. he died in zurich.
it is the last day of the first third of the year. the end of this day marks the end of the first third of a leap year. it also falls on the same day of the week as new year's day of the following year and additionally, new year's eve of the following year in years immediately before a common year. the end of the first third of the year for southern hemisphere dst countries occurs at 11:00 p.m.
the andes are a mountain range along the western coast of south america.
they stretch over 7,000 km / 4,400 miles from the south of argentina and chile to the north of colombia. they are also found in peru, bolivia and ecuador.
the amazon river system has its sources in the eastern flanks of the andes.
the andes are the longest exposed mountain range of the world, and the second-highest after the himalayas. the andes mountain range is the highest mountain range outside asia.
aconcagua, the highest peak, rises to 6,962 m (22,841 ft) above sea level. the top of mount chimborazo in the ecuadorean andes is the point on the earth's surface most distant from its center. mount chimborazo is an inactive volcano in ecuador, which last erupted over a thousand years ago.
the andes has three sections:
the northern part has two parallel ranges. they are the "cordillera occidental" (western) and the "cordillera oriental" (eastern). the term "cordillera" comes from the spanish word meaning 'rope'.
in colombia, north to the border with ecuador, the andes split in three parallel ranges, western, central and eastern.
in the north the sierra nevada de santa marta (snowy mountain range of saint martha) is an isolated mountain range apart from the andes chain that runs through colombia. reaching an altitude of 5,700 metres above sea level just 42 km from the caribbean coast, the sierra nevada is the world's highest coastal range.
the western range of the eastern cordillia oriental is the only one which reaches colombia .
the andes range is about wide throughout its length, except in bolivia where it is wide. the islands of the dutch caribbean aruba, bonaire, and curaçao, which lie in the caribbean sea off the coast of venezuela, represent the submerged tops of the northern edge of the andes range.
the andes are a mesozoic–tertiary orogenic belt of mountains along the pacific ring of fire.
the andes are the result of plate tectonics processes, caused by the subduction of oceanic crust beneath the south american continental plate. south america, like north america, has been moving west since the cretaceous period. thus the subduction of the nazca plate beneath the south american plate formed the andes. this was caused by the westward movement of south america.
the formation of the modern andes began with the events of the triassic and jurassic when pangea begun to break up and several rifts developed. it was during the cretaceous period that the andes began to take their present form, by the uplifting, faulting and folding of sedimentary and metamorphic rock of the ancient cratons to the east. the rise of the andes has not been constant and different regions have had different degrees of tectonic stress, uplift, and weathering.
the climate in the andes differs depending on which area, the altitude, and how close it is to the sea. the southern section is rainy and cool. the central andes are dry. the northern andes are normally rainy and warm, with an average temperature of in colombia. the climate is known to change very much in rather short distances. rainforests exist just miles away from the snow covered peak cotopaxi. the mountains have a large effect on the temperatures of nearby areas. the snow line depends on the location. it is at between 4,500 and 4,800 m (14,800–15,800 ft) in the tropical ecuadorian, colombian, venezuelan, and northern peruvian andes, going up to 4,800–5,200 m (15,800–17,060 ft) in the drier mountains of southern peru south to northern chile south to about 30°s, then going down to on aconcagua at 32°s, at 40°s, at 50°s, and only in tierra del fuego at 55°s; from 50°s, many of the bigger glaciers go down to sea level.
the andes of chile and argentina can be put in two climatic and glaciological zones; the dry andes and the wet andes.
rainforests used to hold much of the northern andes but are now reduced, especially in the chocó and inter-andean valleys of colombia. farming, deforestation, illegal crops, and population growth has done this. 
a direct opposite of the humid andean slopes are the mostly dry andean slopes in most of western peru, chile and argentina. that area, and many interandean valles, normally have deciduous woodland, shrub and xeric (dry) vegetation, up to the mostly lifeless atacama desert.
about 30,000 species of vascular plants live in the andes. about half of those are endemic to the region: it is a hotspot. the small tree "cinchona pubescens" is a source of quinine used to treat malaria. it is found widely in the andes as far south as bolivia. other important crops that came from the andes are tobacco and potatoes. 
the high-altitude "polylepis" forests and woodlands are found in the andes of colombia, ecuador, peru, bolivia and chile. these trees are called queñua, yagual and other names. they grow at altitudes of above sea level. it is still unclear if the patchy distribution of these forests and woodlands is natural, or the result of clearing which began during the incan time. regardless, in modern times the clearance has had a faster pace, and the trees are now endangered. some think as little as 10% of the original woodland is still here.
the andes has a lot of wildlife. with almost 1,000 species, of which about 2/3 are endemic to the region, the andes is the most important region in the world for amphibians.
animal diversity in the andes is high, with almost 600 species of mammals (13% endemic), more than 1,700 species of birds (1/3 endemic), more than 600 species of reptiles (45% endemic), and almost 400 species of fish (1/3 endemic).
the vicuña and guanaco can be found living in the altiplano, while the closely related domesticated llama and alpaca are commonly kept by locals as pack animals and for their meat and wool. the nocturnal chinchillas, two threatened members of the rodent order, live in the andes' alpine regions. the andean condor, the largest bird of its kind in the western hemisphere, lives throughout much of the andes but mostly in very low numbers. other animals found in the mostly open habitats of the high andes are the huemul, cougar, and foxes in the genus "pseudalopex". and for birds, some species of tinamous (they are members of the genus "nothoprocta"), are the andean goose, giant coot, flamingos (mainly associated with hypersaline lakes), lesser rhea, andean flicker, diademed sandpiper-plover, miners, sierra-finches and diuca-finches.
a meal is a serving of food eaten by human beings. meals usually include several different types of food, such as grains, vegetables, fruit, and in some cases, meat. meals have different names by time they are taken or by the type of food that is eaten.
in north america and in europe, people usually eat three meals a day. the morning meal is called breakfast. it usually includes foods made from grain (cereal, porridge, or bread), fruit (apple, banana, or an orange), and milk products (milk, yogurt, or cottage cheese). many people drink coffee or tea with their breakfast.
around noon, people eat their lunch. people who are working at jobs are given a break to eat their lunch. the lunch meal includes foods such as a sandwich, soup, vegetables, fruit, and milk. in some countries, such as italy, people serve an alcoholic drink with lunch. in england, some people have a glass of beer with their lunch.
in the evening, people eat their supper or dinner. dinners are different in different countries. usually dinners include a "main course" such as roast beef, a grain (such as rice or pasta), a vegetable (such as carrots or cauliflower) and a dessert (called a "sweet" or "pudding" in england).
in some cases, a starter or appetizer is served before the dinner. appetizers are a small serving of food such as olives, cheese, or bread. in many countries, people serve an alcoholic drink with dinner, such as wine or beer.
leipzig (upper saxon: "leibzsch" or "leibz'sch") is the biggest city in the state of saxony (eastern germany). when germany was divided into east and west germany, leipzig was one of the three biggest industrial cities in the east germany.
leipzig occupies and is still an industrial city. 510,651 people are living in leipzig as of 29 february 2008.
its latin name is "lipsia" and the german name "leipzig" came from this name. leipzig has a long history. its name was first recorded as leipzig castle (leipziger burg) in 1015, and the official founding of the city occurred later in 1165. it was an economic center of , famous with its market (leipziger messe).
in 1409, was started. theology was its major faculty. in 1519, martin luther had a discussion in leipzig against . reformation came to leipzig in 1539 and the city people became lutheran.
it is famous for , where johann sebastian bach worked as music director (kantor) from 1723 until his death in 1750.
in 1813 near leipzig, the battle of leipzig was fought between the french army led by napoleon bonaparte and the allied armies of austria, prussia and russia.
in 1839, the railway between dresden and leipzig was opened. it was the first long distance railroad in germany.
as a result of industrialization, the number of people living in leipzig grew during the 19th century. before world war ii, there were about 750,000 people in leipzig.
after the war, leipzig belonged to the part of germany occupied by the soviet union, and later to east germany.
in 1989, the took place in leipzig. every monday after a christian mess in the the leipzig people demonstrate for freedom to travel and democracy. these demonstrations became bigger and bigger and reached their peak on 23 october when 320,000 people came. the demonstrations are one of the things that lead to the end of communist dictatorship in east germany.
today, leipzig is still known as a city of fairs, media and university, but is less important than it was before world war ii.
before world war ii, leipzig was a famous center of commerce (leipzig exhibition) and industry. now, there are big companies in leipzig like porsche, bmw, siemens and dhl, as well as the .
with almost 511,000 people, leipzig city proper is the 12th biggest city in germany and the 2nd biggest in what was east germany (ddr), smaller than east berlin and bigger than dresden. leipzig urban has 567,000 people. the total population of leipzig metropolitan area is 1,389,000.
leipzig, chemnitz, dresden, halle, and zwickau form an area called the , which has about 3,500,000 people.
leipzig has a university where famous people studied (e.g. johann wolfgang von goethe, edvard grieg, erich kästner, gottfried wilhelm leibniz, gotthold ephraim lessing, angela merkel, friedrich nietzsche, robert schumann and richard wagner.) the (central station) is the biggest terminal station in europe. it sees about 150,000 passengers each day. it is 293 meters wide.
evil means something which is morally bad or wicked. it is the opposite of good. people may say that an action which hurts people or breaks certain rules such as the ten commandments is evil. a person or a group that does evil things may also be called evil.
logical problem of evil.
a version of the problem of evil, perhaps by epicurus, goes as follows:
another argument goes:
arguments such as these are about the "logical" problem of evil. they attempt to show that the assumed propositions lead to a logical contradiction and so cannot all be correct.
a common response is that god can exist with and allow evil in order to achieve a greater good. some philosophers accept that arguments such as "god allows evil in order to achieve the greater good of free will" are logically possible and thus solve the logical problem of evil. since the aim is only to defeat the assertion that god and evil are "logically incompatible", even a highly implausible instance of god's coexistence with evil is sufficient for the purpose.
in theology, there is a question: "if there is a god, why does god let evil happen?" some think that evil proves that there is not a god. others think that god lets evil happen so that people can choose "not" to do evil.
philosophies of science have approached the problem from the angle of empiricism. for logical positivism the issue with god is the lack of any independent method of verification. in their view, this makes the proposition "god exists", not true or false, but meaningless. a similar position points to the lack of any way the proposition might be falsified.
the study of good and evil in philosophy is called ethics. ethics tries to explain why some actions are good and other actions are evil. it attempts to give all kinds of answers for how to tell evil from good. christians believe that at the second coming of christ, god will put an end to evil and the works of the devil- see the end of the book of revelation. in movies or tv series evil people are often called villains. political actions are sometimes viewed as evil such as authoritarianism, ableism or censorship. people disagree on why people do evil things. religious people may think that it is the result of listening to an evil being such as the devil or sin. others think it happens because of mental issues like anger, mental illness or revenge. certain types of behavior are also sometimes seen as evil such as killing or lying to be punished. sex crimes such as rape, hebophilia or pedophilia are also often seen as evil.
1872 was a leap year in the 19th century.
poznań (german name: "posen") is the biggest city and capital of greater poland voivodeship in poland, one of the oldest and the biggest cities in poland. its population is about 560,000 and its area is 262 square kilometers.
poznań was one of the 4 polish cities where the uefa european football championship matches were played in 2012. poland co-hosted the championship together with ukraine.
a cartoonist is a person who draws cartoons. cartoons can be pictures on a printed page (also called comics or comic strips) or moving pictures on film (also called animation). both kinds of cartoons can be found on the internet. examples of some famous cartoonists are:
james maury "jim" henson (september 24, 1936 – may 16, 1990) was an american artist, animator, puppeteer, and television. he was best known for his work with the muppets, which he helped to create.
henson's best known puppet is kermit the frog. as a puppeteer, henson performed in various television programs, such as "sesame street" and "the muppet show", movies such as "the muppet movie" and "the great muppet caper". he also made puppets for projects like "fraggle rock", "the dark crystal", and "labyrinth".
the jim henson company and the jim henson foundation continued after his death, making new series and specials. jim henson's creature shop, founded by henson, also continues to build creatures for a large number of other movies and series (e.g. the science-fiction production "farscape", the movie adaptation of "the hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy", and the movie "mirrormask") and is said to be one of the most advanced and well respected creators of movie creatures.
his son brian and daughter lisa are the co-chairs and co-ceos of the company. his daughter cheryl is the president of the foundation. steve whitmire, a veteran member of the muppet puppeteering crew, plays the roles of kermit the frog and ernie, the most famous characters formerly played by jim henson.
one of henson's last projects is a show attraction in walt disney world and disneyland. it is called muppet*vision 3d. it opened in 1991, shortly after his death.
game boy advance video is a format of cartridges for the game boy advance. they work the same as normal cartridge but play television shows instead of games. they generally contain 45 minutes of tv, for example, a show from nickelodeon or cartoon network. they were first made in early 2004, but gradually stopped being made shortly before there were no more game boy advance games made in 2008, with the final game for it being samurai deeper kyo.
a butterfly is a usually day-flying insect of the order lepidoptera. they are grouped together in the suborder rhopalocera. butterflies are closely related to moths, from which they evolved. the earliest discovered fossil moth dates to 200 million years ago.
the life of butterflies is closely connected to flowering plants, which their larvae (caterpillars) feed on, and their adults feed and lay their eggs on. they have a long-lasting history of co-evolution with flowering plants. many of the details of plant anatomy are related to their pollinators, and vice versa. the other notable features of butterflies are their extraordinary range of colours and patterns, and their wings. these are discussed below.
angiosperms (flowering plants) evolved in the lower cretaceous, but did not become common until the upper cretaceous. butterflies were the last major group of insects to appear on the planet. they evolved from moths in the latest cretaceous or the earliest cainozoic. the earliest known butterfly fossils date to the mid eocene epoch, between 40 and 50 million years ago.
like moths, butterflies have four wings covered with tiny scales. when a butterfly is not flying, its wings are usually folded over its back. the wings are patterned and are often brightly coloured. there are many different kinds of butterflies. the males and females of each kind are often slightly different from each other. butterfly watching is a popular hobby. some people also keep collections of dead butterflies that they have caught.
like all insects with complete metamorphosis, a butterfly's life goes through four distinct stages. it begins as an egg, which hatches into a larva (a caterpillar). after some time, the larva turns into a chrysalis. while it is in the chrysalis stage, it changes to become an adult butterfly. to complete the cycle, adults mate and the females lay the eggs.
butterflies are any of the species belonging to the superfamilies papilionoidea and hedyloidea. butterflies, along with the moths and the skippers, make up the insect order lepidoptera. butterflies are nearly worldwide in their distribution.
predators and defences.
the main predators of butterflies are birds, just as the main predators of the crepuscular moths are bats. also monkeys and tree-dwelling reptiles are predators, and some insects and spiders. all reptiles and monkeys have good colour vision, so that butterfly coloration works just as well on them as it does on birds.
the extraordinary colours and patterns on the wings and body can only be understood in terms of their function. some of the most obvious functions of colour are:
the details vary from group to group, and from species to species. the caterpillars also have colours with similar functions. the poisonous substances which make some butterflies noxious to eat are got from the plants eaten by their caterpillars.
like most insects, butterflies have three main body parts. these parts are the head, the thorax, and the abdomen. the body is protected by the exoskeleton. the body is made up of sections, known as segments. in between the segments there are flexible areas that allow the butterfly to move. all three parts of the body are covered in very small scales. the scales give the butterfly its colour.
wings and flight.
butterflies have a very characteristic flying style. they usually do not fly in straight lines. their style is well described by the children's version of their name: 'flutter-by'. the way they fly presumably makes them harder for birds to catch. 
some species are capable of strong, long flights (see monarch butterfly migration) and others never leave the woods they were born in. they can survive bird pecks on the wings. late in the season damage to their wings can often be seen, though they continue flying quite well.
when they are alive, it is often difficult to see they have four wings. the wings on each side are linked by a row of little hooks. so in practice they fly as if they had one large wing on each side.
the head is the first part of the body. it has the eyes, mouth parts, and antennae.
the eyes of a butterfly are large. like other adult insects, the eye is made up of many small lenses or "optical units". these are compound eyes. butterflies do not see as many colours as humans, but they can see ultraviolet light.
the mouth of an adult butterfly does not have jaws. it has a kind of mouth that sucks liquids. this mouth is made of two hollow tubes. the tubes are locked together in the middle. when the butterfly is not drinking, the tubes are coiled up. it can uncoil them when it wants to drink. like all insects, the adult phase is about reproduction. the main eating phase is done by the larvae, which usually eat plant food.
the antennae of a butterfly are used for smell and balance. the antenna in most butterflies is clubbed at the end. in some butterflies (like the skippers), there is a hook at the end of the antenna, instead of a club.
the thorax is the second part of the body. it is made up of three segments. the legs and wings are connected to the thorax.
the legs of a butterfly are made for walking, holding onto things, and tasting. there are three pairs of legs. there are four main parts of the leg. they are the trochanter, the femur, the tibia, and the foot. at the end of each foot, there is a pair of claws. butterflies in the family nymphalidae have very short front legs. they keep there front legs close to their bodies. this makes it look like they only have two pairs of legs. in some species, there is a movable body part on the tibia that is used to clean the antennae.
a butterfly has two pairs of wings. each wing has hollow tubes called veins. the colors and patterns of butterflies are made by tiny scales. the scales overlap each other. they are connected to the wing. if a butterfly is handled, the tiny scales may rub off.
the abdomen is the third part of the body. it is made up of ten segments. the abdomen is much softer than the head and the thorax. at the end of the abdomen are the reproductive organs. in the male, there is a pair of claspers. they are used to hold on to the female during mating. in the female, there is a tube to lay eggs (the ovipositor).
butterflies go through complete metamorphosis. this means that there are four parts in a butterfly's life. the first part is the egg. the second part is the caterpillar (sometimes called the larva). the third part is the chrysalis (sometimes called the pupa). the fourth part is the adult (sometimes called the imago).
a female butterfly will lay her eggs on or near the food plant of the caterpillar (the food plant is the plant that the caterpillar feeds on). the female will choose a place to lay her eggs using smell, taste, touch, and sight. most species will lay just one egg on the food plant. others will lay groups of five to over 100 eggs on the food plant. most species will lay their eggs on the leaves of the food plant. others will lay them on the flowers, stems, bark, or fruit of the food plant.
the eggs come in many different shapes and colours. they may be round or oval, and flattened. in some species, the egg shell is ribbed. the most common colours in butterfly eggs are yellow and green. the eggs will turn dark just before hatching. also, some butterflies take a day to come out of eggs, while others could take months.
butterfly caterpillars can vary in size, colour, and shape. they may have spines, bristles, or soft body extensions. all caterpillars have 13 body segments. the first three segments make up the thorax. the thorax has three pairs of legs. these legs are called true legs. the other 10 segments make up the abdomen. the abdomen has five pairs of soft legs called prolegs. the prolegs have tiny hooks at the end of each of the foot. they are used to hold on to things. the hooks are called crochets.
a caterpillar's skin does not grow. as the caterpillar grows inside its skin, the skin becomes too tight. in order for the caterpillar to grow bigger, it sheds its too-tight skin. after the old skin is shed, there is a new, larger skin. this is known as moulting. a caterpillar will moult four to five times before turning into a pupa. each stage between moults is called an "instar".
all caterpillars can make silk. the silk is made from the salivary glands. silk starts out as a liquid in the salivary glands. the caterpillar draws out the silk into a small thread. the silk hardens as soon as it is exposed to the air. caterpillars use silk to make nests or cocoons.
most caterpillars feed on leaves of plants or trees. most species of caterpillars will feed only on a small number of certain kinds of plants. if the caterpillar's food plant is not found, it may starve to death.
some species of caterpillars (in the family lycaenidae) are tended by ants. the caterpillars have special glands that make a sweet liquid called honeydew. the ants like the honeydew. in return for the honeydew, the ants protect the caterpillars from predators. the caterpillars also have special body parts that make sounds. the caterpillar will make sounds with the body parts and "call" the ants when the caterpillar is being attacked by predators. the ants hear the sounds and come to protect the caterpillar.
caterpillars in the subfamily miletinae eat insects in the order hemiptera. this includes aphids, mealybugs, leafhoppers and treehoppers.p356
caterpillars in the family papilionidae have a special organ. this organ is called an osmeterium. it is a bad-smelling gland that is shaped like a snake's tongue. it is kept behind the inside of the head. when a predator tries to eat the caterpillar, the caterpillar releases the osmeterium. this usually scares the predators away.p161
the pupa (plural, pupae) is formed after the last moult. the caterpillar will find a special place to pupate (pupate means to turn into a pupa). the digestive tract is emptied. the caterpillar sheds its skin. the pupa is now exposed. the caterpillar's tissues are broken down and rebuilt into the butterfly's tissues.
the pupa cannot move. it is attached to an object by tiny hooks on the end of the abdomen. these hooks make up what is called the cremaster. there are many tiny holes on the pupa. they allow respiratory gases to move in and out of the pupa.
many pupae are easy for predators to attack. some caterpillars (in the family hesperiidae and the subfamilies parnassiinae and satyrinae) make shelters out of silk and leaves to protect themselves when they become pupae. these shelters are called cocoons. most butterfly pupae do not have cocoons to protect themselves. instead, the pupae have brown or green colours to camouflage themselves among leaves and branches. pupae that do not have cocoons are called chrysalids or chrysalises.
some butterflies may be in trouble because of habitat loss. because of the destruction of forests and grasslands, some types of butterflies have nowhere to feed and lay eggs. to help, some people plant a butterfly garden with flowers having lots of nectar for butterflies to feed on. some people also keep plants that butterflies lay eggs on, and enjoy watching the caterpillars hatch out and feed on the plant. chemical sprays that are used to keep pests away from garden plants, also kill butterflies.
nazism (or national socialism; ) is a set of political beliefs associated with the nazi party of germany. it started in the 1920s, but the nazi party gained power in 1933 and started carrying out their ideas in germany, which they called the third reich. they stayed in power in germany until 1945, when they lost world war ii.
national socialism is an extreme right-wing, fascist, ideology that is heavily inspired from the works of oswald spengler. the nazis believed that only the aryan (german) race was capable of building nations and other races, notably the jewish race, were agents of the corruptive forces of capitalism and marxism, both of which the nazis opposed. they considered the aryan race the 'master race', which meant that they thought that the aryans were the most biologically evolved of humans and therefore deserved to have power over all other humans. they adapted charles darwin's theory of evolution and applied it to humans.
the leader of the nazis adolf hitler wanted to a create a country where all aryans were treated equally. they spent heavily on poorer people and began several huge government programs to help germany deal with the unemployment and economic crisis caused by the wall street crash of 1929 and the great depression which followed it. some nazis, such as ernst röhm, wanted the reforms to go further and called for a revolution, eliminating economic classes in germany and for the government to take control of major businesses. many of these nazis were murdered on hitler's orders during the night of the long knives because they were a threat to his leadership of the nazi party.
the nazis blamed the jewish people for germany's defeat in world war i. this is known as the stab in the back myth. the nazis also blamed the jewish people for rapid inflation and practically every other economic woe facing germany at the time as a result of their defeat in world war i. for this reason, the nazis not only viewed the jewish people as inferior to them, but as oppressors of the aryan people who were creating inequality. the nazis' tactic of lazily albeit effectively blaming the jewish people for all of germany's problems is a propaganda tactic known as scapegoating and was used to justify the great atrocities committed by the nazis against the jewish people.
to implement the racist ideas, the nuremberg race laws (created in 1935) banned non-aryans and political opponents of the nazis from the civil-service. they also forbid any sexual contact between 'aryan' and 'non-aryan' persons.
the nazis sent millions of jews, roma, and other people to concentration camps and death camps, where they were killed. these killings are now called the holocaust.
the word "nazi" is short for "nationalsozialist" (supporter of the "nationalsozialistische deutsche arbeiterpartei") in the german language. this means "national socialist german workers' party".
nazi rise to power (1919–1934).
adolf hitler, the leader of nazi germany, wrote a book called "mein kampf" ("my struggle"). the book said that all of germany's problems happened because jews were making plans to hurt the country. he also said that jewish and communist politicians planned the armistice of 1918 that ended world war i, and allowed germany to agree to pay huge amounts of money and goods (reparations).
in november 1923, the nazis tried to overthrow the democratic german government that had been set up after wwi. nazi thinking emphasises conflict and violence, and believes that these are the best way to sort out political problems. the nazis had therefore set up their own private army, called the sturmabteilung (sa) which were sometimes known as the 'nazi stormtroopers' or simply the 'brownshirts'. many political parties had their own private armies at this time in germany to guard their events and meetings from the private armies of other political parties. the attempt to take power is referred to as the munich putsch or beer hall putsch and was crushed after less than 24 hours.
after the putsch, hitler was imprisoned for six months and the nazi party briefly banned. it was allowed to exist again in if it promised to only be democratic. the nazis agreed, but made it clear that if they took power in germany, they would turn germany into a dictatorship. the nazis believed in something called the führer principle, which means that they believe that all groups should be organised like armies, with absolute loyalty shown to the leader of the group. they wanted to apply this principle to germany. they disagreed with democracy, because they believed that it divided groups which made them weaker.
the nazis performed very badly in elections until the early 1930s, where they became exceptionally popular. this can be partly explained by a massive increase in poverty in germany caused by the wall street crash of 1929, and nazi promises to rebuild german strength and pride. however, this is not the only reason for the nazis coming to power, because it still took more than three years for adolf hitler to become chancellor of germany after the crash.
on the night of the 27 february 1933 and 28 february 1933, someone set the reichstag building on fire. this was the building where the german parliament held their meetings. the nazis blamed the communists. opponents of the nazis said that the nazis themselves had done it to come to power. on the very same day, an emergency law called "reichstagsbrandverordnung" was passed. the government claimed it was to protect the state from people trying to hurt the country. with this law, most of the civil rights of the weimar republic did not count any longer. the nazis used this against the other political parties. members of the communist and social-democratic parties were put into prison or killed.
the nazis became the biggest party in the parliament. by 1934, they managed to make all other parties illegal. democracy was replaced with a dictatorship. adolf hitler became leader ("führer") of germany, and had the power to make any laws he wanted.
life in nazi germany (1934–1945).
the nazis changed germany to fit their ideas of what a country should be like. they created a totalitarian state, which is a country where the government tries to have total control over ordinary people's lives.
in schools, several subjects were changed to fit a nazi interpretation. history was taught to emphasise german military victories and blames jewish people and marxists for defeat in wwi. children were also taught racial hygiene lessons, where pseudo-scientific racist principles taught to them. in 1936, all german children had to be members of the hitler youth which was a nazi version of the scouting movement, and was designed to prepare them to be soldiers in wars against other races.
people who opposed the nazis were seen as traitors. the nazis created a very effective police state, led by heinrich himmler and his deputy reinhard heydrich. they were in charge of an organisation called the schutzstaffel (ss) that took control of all of the police forces in germany. the ss also set up a new secret police organisation called the gestapo which hunted down people who wanted to protest against the nazi government. enemies of the nazis were regularly tortured, put in concentration camps or executed.
attacking other countries.
as the german leader (führer) of nazi germany, hitler began moving nazi armies into neighboring countries. when germany attacked poland, world war ii started. western countries like france, belgium, and the netherlands were occupied and to be treated by germany as colonies. however, in eastern countries, such as poland and the soviet union, the nazis planned to kill or enslave the slavic peoples, so that german settlers could take their land.
the nazis made alliances with other european countries, such as finland and italy. every other european country that allied with germany did it because they did not want to be taken over by germany. through these alliances and invasions, the nazis managed to control much of europe.
in the holocaust, millions of jews, as well as roma people (also called "gypsies"), people with disabilities, homosexuals, political opponents, and many other people were sent to concentration camps and death camps in poland and germany. the nazis killed millions of these people at the concentration camps with poison gas. the nazis also killed millions of people in these groups by forcing them to do slave labor without giving them much food or clothing. in total, 17 million people died, 6 million of them being jews.
victory of the allies.
in 1945, the soviet union took over berlin after defeating the german army in russia. the soviet red army met the american and british armies, who had fought right across germany after invading nazi europe from normandy in france on june 6,1944. the nazis lost because the allies had many more soldiers and more money than them.
during the invasion of berlin, hitler shot himself in a bunker with his new wife, eva braun. other nazis also killed themselves, including joseph goebbels just one day after hitler named him as his successor. the nazis surrendered after the red army captured berlin.
after the war, the allied governments, namely the united states, britain, and the soviet union, held trials of the nazi leaders. these trials were held in nuremberg, germany. for this reason, these trials were called "the nuremberg trials." the allied leaders accused the nazi leaders of war crimes and crimes against humanity, including murdering millions of people (in the holocaust), of starting wars, of conspiracy, and belonging to illegal organizations like the ss (called, "schutzstaffel", in german). most nazi leaders were found guilty by the court, and they were sent to jail or sentenced to death and executed.
nazis after the war.
there has not been a "nazi" state since 1945, but there are still people who believe in those ideas. these people are often called "neo"-nazis. here are some examples of modern nazi ideas:
after the war, laws were made in germany and other countries, especially countries in europe, that make it illegal to say the holocaust never happened. sometimes they also ban questioning the number of people affected by it, which is saying that not so many people were killed as most people think "who wrote this?" there has been some controversy over whether this affects people's free speech. certain countries, such as germany, austria, and france, also banned the use of nazi symbols. it is also banned to make a nazi pledge position on a popular media source to stop nazis from using them.
pork is meat that comes from pigs. it is the most commonly consumed meat in the world evidence of pig husbandry dates back to 5000 bc.
a simple meal to make which contains pork is afelia. sausages, bacon and ham are the most common uses of pork in the united kingdom, the united states, and other parts of the western world. pork is forbidden by the food taboos of kosher and halal.
mike farrell (born february 6, 1939) is an american actor, writer and producer. he played bj hunnicutt on the television series "m*a*s*h". he played michael "mike" hawks in the television movie "battered" in 1978. he played chicago real estate developer lee miglin in the limited crime series "".
farrell was born in st. paul, minnesota. he was raised in hollywood, california. he was part of the united states marine corps. farrell was married to judy hayden from 1963 until they divorced in 1983. then, he married shelley fabares in 1984. he has two children with hayden.
farrell is also an activist for various causes, including animal rights and world peace. he was vice president of the screen actors guild.
david allen ogden stiers (october 31, 1942 – march 3, 2018) was an american actor, comedian, conductor, director, musician, singer and voice artist. he was most famous for his role as charles emerson winchester iii in "m*a*s*h". he also provided the voices in several disney animated movies. this included playing cogsworth in "beauty and the beast", john radcliffe in "pocahontas", and jumba jookiba in the "lilo & stitch" franchise.
he also played the voice of escher in the "myst v" (end of ages) video game.
stiers was born in peoria, illinois on october 31, 1942. he attended urbana high school at the same time as roger ebert. he went to eugene, oregon, where he graduated from north eugene high school and attended the university of oregon.
stiers was openly gay. he was a democrat.
on march 3, 2018, stiers died at his home in newport, oregon of bladder cancer-related complications at the age of 75.
beauty and the beast is a french folk story. it tells the story of a merchant who is lost in the woods. he finds the palace of a beast who wants to kill him, and makes a deal with the beast, to have his daughter in exchange. the daughter goes to live in the beast's castle; the two fall in love; and the beast turns into a prince.
the story has been published and revised in many versions, most notably madame gabrielle-suzanne barbot de villeneuve's 1740 retelling and its revision in 1756 by madame jeanne-marie leprince de beaumont.
it was the inspiration for many other stories, as well as a 1980s tv series starring linda hamilton and ron pearlman. several movies have been based on it, most famously jean cocteau's 1946 version and the 1991 animated version by disney, which was nominated for the best picture academy award and inspired a long-running broadway musical.
william wayne mcmillan rogers iii (april 7, 1933 – december 31, 2015) was an american television and movie actor. he played the role of "trapper" john mcintrye on the tv series "m*a*s*h". (the role was played by elliott gould in the 1970 movie version and pernell roberts on the 1979-1986 tv show, "trapper john md"). he left the show in 1975 and was replaced by mike farrell as bj hunnicutt. he graduated from princeton university with a degree in history and served in the navy before becoming an actor. 
since retiring from acting, rogers works as an investor and appears on many financial news shows.
rogers died from complications of pneumonia in los angeles, california on december 31, 2015 at the age of 82.
mclean stevenson (november 14, 1929 – february 15, 1996) was an american actor. he is best known for his role as henry blake on the tv show, "m*a*s*h". he left the show in 1975 and his character was killed off.
stevenson was born in normal, illinois.
his grandfather adlai e. stevenson was vice-president of the united states to grover cleveland, and his second cousin, once removed adlai stevenson ii was governor of illinois and unsuccessfully ran for president twice in the 1950s losing to dwight d. eisenhower both times.
stevenson, while recovering from bladder cancer, died of a heart attack in los angeles, aged 68. ironically, roger bowen, who played henry blake in the 1970 movie version of "m*a*s*h", died the day after stevenson did.
friedrich georg wilhelm von struve (15 april 1793 – 23 november 1864 (julian calendar: 11 november)) was a german-born russian astronomer. he was born in altona (now an area of hamburg), germany, but later lived in russia. he was an expert on double stars and one of the first astronomers to measure stellar parallax (closely related to the work by friedrich bessel).
while director of dorpat observatory (1817–39) he wrote "stellarum duplicum et multiplicum" (1837), which proved that double stars are not exceptional and that star systems are governed by the laws of gravity. struve added a lot to the study of galactic structure and also engaged in notable geodetic operations such as the triangulation of livonia and the measurement of an arc of the meridian. in 1839 he became director of the new pulkovo observatory and was one of the first three astronomers who almost simultaneously obtained an approximate stellar parallax. (one of the others being bessel)
in 1822 he published the first of many double-star catalogues, the identifying numbers of which are still used today. struve's stars, however, are now often named in his honor (for example, struve 2398), whereas the original catalogue prefix was the greek letter sigma. in 1833 he moved to russia to set up the pulkovo observatory near st. petersburg, of which he was director until his retirement in 1862, when his son took over in the post. in total, friedrich struve produced 272 astronomical works and 18 children; his great-grandson otto, by contrast, produced 907 works but zero children.
his son, otto wilhelm von struve (1819–1905) succeeded him as director (1862–89) of the pulkovo observatory.
mario party is a series of video games made by nintendo. the idea of each game is that mario and his friends must travel across a game board and earn stars and coins. each new game in the series contains new characters, playing boards, and mini-games. every few turns, each character must participate in a mini-game. the winner generally gets 10 coins.
helsinki () is the capital city of finland. helsinki is the largest city in finland. 604,380 (31.12.2012) people live in helsinki, and 1,360,000 live in the helsinki metropolitan area.
helsinki is in the south of finland, on the coast of the gulf of finland. the city is in the uusimaa region. when one looks from helsinki, tallinn is on the opposite side of the sea, but it is too far away to see. a poetic name for helsinki is "the daughter of the baltic sea".
in 1550, swedish king gustav vasa commanded people to build a new city and move there. his idea was to build a new place to trade, which would be more popular than tallinn. the idea did not work well, and many people returned from helsinki to their homes. later sweden built the fortress suomenlinna in helsinki. after russia had taken finland from sweden in several wars, they started developing helsinki. helsinki became the capital of autonomous province of finland. when finland became independent in 1917, helsinki stayed as the capital city.
helsinki spreads around several bays and over several islands. some famous islands include seurasaari, lauttasaari and korkeasaari - which is also the country's biggest zoo - as well as the fortress island of suomenlinna (sveaborg).
the metropolitan area of greater helsinki also includes two of finland's biggest cities, espoo to the west of helsinki, and vantaa to the north. these two cities, along with helsinki itself and the small town of kauniainen (which is in fact surrounded by espoo), make up the capital region ("pääkaupunkiseutu" in finnish or "huvudstadsregionen" in swedish). there are other towns nearby that are part of greater helsinki, including järvenpää, kerava, tuusula, nurmijärvi, sipoo, kirkkonummi, mäntsälä and vihti. they have become popular places for helsinki commuters to live.
the public transportation network in helsinki and its area consists of
helsinki airport is located in vantaa about 20 kilometers north of helsinki city center. the airport offers both domestic flights within finland and international flights to europe, asia and north america.
helsinki offers several boat services to tallinn and stockholm every day, along with ferries to places including the island of suomenlinna.
jehovah's witnesses are a religious group with more than eight million members around the world. they believe god, who's name is jehovah (ps. 83:18), will end crime, violence, sickness and death by destroying all wickedness in the world. they say that god's kingdom (mentioned (thy kingdom come) in the lord's prayer) will restore god's original purpose for the earth: bringing about peace for all humans who live by bible standards.
their beliefs are based solely upon the bible. these beliefs were taught by charles taze russell, a preacher who started a bible study group in pennsylvania in 1876. the goal of russell and other bible students, as the group was then known, was to promote the teachings of jesus christ and to follow the practices of the first-century christian congregation. since jesus is the founder of christianity, they view him as the founder of their organization.—colossians 1:18-20. they later started publishing a religious magazine called "the watchtower".
some of their beliefs, especially about who god is and what his plans are for humans and the earth, are different from what is taught in most christian churches. jehovah's witnesses believe that only 144,000 people will go to heavenrev 7:1-17,rev 14:1 and that all the other people who obey god will live forever on a paradise earth. they do not believe that god is a trinity. they believe jesus died on a pole (also called '[torture] stake') rather than a cross. god rejects worship that uses images or symbols, including the cross "idolatry" ex 20:4-6. they teach that when people die, they remain in the grave until god resurrects them after god's kingdom, or government, is ruling over earth.
jehovah's witnesses are best known for preaching their beliefs from door-to-door and in other public places, and offering their magazines, "the watchtower" and "awake!" they are also well known for refusing to join armies and refusing blood transfusions.
in 1870 a young clothing shop owner named charles taze russell heard an adventist preacher speak. the preacher said the bible contained clues that showed god was about to set up a kingdom, or government, over earth. he said the kingdom, which is mentioned many times in the new testament of the bible, would be based in heaven, and it would completely change the way of life for everyone in the world. russell studied that preacher's teachings and looked through the bible, and ended up with some new beliefs.
using various bible verses and events from history, russell decided that god would soon call a group of "saints" to heaven to be kings there. other faithful christians who had since died would also make up a total of 144,000 kings in heaven. churches at the time taught that humans were still waiting for jesus to return to earth in his second coming, but russell believed that clues in the bible showed jesus returned in 1874. russell believed part of god's plan was to start armageddon, which he thought would be a complete breakdown of law and order on earth, when governments and people would fight among themselves. he believed that god would then end sickness and death and allow obedient christians to live forever in perfect health.
russell believed it was very important that all christians, including those who were attending churches, should learn those "truths". he believed these "truths" had been carefully hidden in the bible for thousands of years. he started a publishing group called the watch tower bible and tract society of pennsylvania. he wrote several books, set up some bible study classes for people to study his teachings, and started a magazine, "zion's watch tower and herald of christ's presence", which taught that christ was already present. he wrote that god would bring about all those events by 1914.
a new president.
by the time russell died in 1916, he had written 50,000 pages, with almost 20 million copies of his books printed and distributed around the world. joseph franklin rutherford, one of his followers, took russell's position as president of the watch tower society.
rutherford wrote many books as well. he made some changes to russell's teachings and required all the study groups, or congregations, around the world to agree to the teachings and rules set by the watch tower society in new york. he told all members to no longer celebrate all holidays, singing at religious meetings was strictly prohibited and preaching from door to door about god's kingdom and to distribute watch tower society publications so more people would hear the message was mandatory. many members did not agree with rutherford's harsh changes, and some started their own groups. in 1931 rutherford called his group "jehovah's witnesses" to tell it apart from the other groups. by the time rutherford died in 1942, the religion had a worldwide membership of 115,000.
punishment and discrimination.
some of the new teachings resulted in suffering for many jehovah's witnesses. thousands were sent to prison, beaten or killed in several countries during world war ii because they refused to fight. in germany, many were sent to concentration camps because they would not support the nazi party. later, in the united states, many of their children were expelled from schools because they refused to salute the flag, because they thought that god would not approve. some countries still have laws against members practicing the religion. by 1977 they had more than two million members around the world.
armageddon expected in 1975.
from 1966, the religion suggested that god could bring armageddon in 1975, and that the kingdom would be set up very soon after. some witnesses sold businesses and homes, gave up jobs, delayed medical operations and decided against starting a family because they expected armageddon to arrive. many members that assumed armageddon would come in 1975 left at the time, but many other people joined and the group kept growing.
like many christian religions, jehovah's witnesses believe there is an all-powerful, all-knowing god who created everything. they also have some beliefs that are different from most christians. they believe god calls himself jehovah (a translation of the hebrew letters "yhwh") and they believe it is important to use that name. in which, 'god' is a title, as to, daughter, mother, father, son and etc. this is why they believe it is important to address god by his name. they believe jesus is god's son, the first angel, and that he is also called michael the archangel. they say the holy spirit is god's power rather than a person. they do not believe in the trinity. they believe the bible is a book that god used humans to write and that it is completely true and the best guide for how people should live.
adam and eve.
jehovah's witnesses believe that god made adam and eve, the first humans, and put them in a garden called eden. they believe that when adam and eve sinned, they no longer had god's approval so they began to get sick and die. they were not perfect any more and could not have perfect children. because of this, humans could not remain sinless. they believe that jehovah later sent jesus to die (on a pole (stake), not a cross, as most christians believe, which is known as 'christendom') to forgive mankind's sins.
jehovah's witnesses believe that only 144,000 people, a number found in revelation chapters 7 and 14, will go to heaven to be kings and priests with jesus christ. they say that god will start a worldwide war called armageddon, and the people who do not obey god or worship him the way he expects will be killed. the people who he approves will survive and be given the opportunity to live forever. then god will begin to turn earth into a paradise without crime, sickness, pain, aging, wars or death. they say god will also resurrect (bring back to life) billions of people who died in the past so they can learn about god and have a chance to live in paradise as well.
jehovah's witnesses believe only their religion really obeys god's instructions and that god does not approve of any other religions (including catholics, protestants, buddhists and muslims) because they do not follow the bible the right way. they believe that satan the devil is the real leader of all other religions and makes them think they worship god the right way. (aka: satan the devil is the ruler of this wicked world, but only for a short time).(1 john 5:19) so they believe that only jehovah's witnesses will be saved at armageddon, but they say god will make the final choice.
what they do.
jehovah's witnesses are best known for their door-to-door preaching. they believe jesus ordered them at matthew 28:19 to "go make disciples of all the nations", warning people that the day of god's judgement, or armageddon, will happen soon. jehovah's witnesses believe their preaching is a fulfillment of a prophecy at matthew 24:14, "and this gospel of the kingdom will be preached in the whole world as a testimony to all nations, and then the end will come." all witnesses are told to spend as much time as they can in public preaching work, usually offering "the watchtower" and other watch tower society publications. since the internet, jehovah's witnesses also preach online. they teach people their beliefs about jehovah and his plans for the earth. members are asked to give a monthly written report on how much time they have spent publicly preaching.
the buildings where jehovah's witnesses meet to worship are called kingdom halls. unlike many other churches, these halls do not have altars, statues, or symbols such as the cross. each congregation has three meetings each week: 
members unable to attend in person can also listen to the meeting over the phone or by video streaming where available. they also attend one large regional convention and two circuit assemblies a year (some of them at hired sports arenas), where hundreds or thousands of members gather depending on the location.
jehovah’s witnesses hold meetings for worship twice each week. (hebrews 10:24, 25) at these meetings, which are open to the public, they examine what the bible says and how to apply its teachings in life. at some meetings, people in the audience, including children, are invited to answer questions and make comments. the religion has elders and ministerial servants who take the spiritual lead in their congregations, but they do not dress differently to other members and they are not paid. most elders support themselves with jobs outside the religion.
members of the religion are expected to live up to high moral standards. they are told they should always be honest.
jehovah's witnesses are not allowed to: 
jehovah's witnesses are told to marry only other baptized jehovah's witnesses. they believe god does not approve of divorce unless the husband or wife cheated. they can separate from a partner who hurt their family or refused to support them, but they would not be allowed to marry someone else.
they also refuse blood transfusions because the bible says not to eat blood or consume it in any other way, and they believe that putting blood in their veins is equivalent to consuming it .
they are told not to make close friends with non-witnesses because they could make their faith in god weaker, or possible sever their relationship with him completely.
jehovah's witnesses are quite strict about who can be a member. jehovah's witnesses are only counted as members if they are baptized. like other christian groups, they believe baptism represents devotion to god and their promise to live by his teachings. unlike some christian groups, witnesses are not baptized as babies. they believe baptism should be a choice made by someone who understands what it means.
if the elders think a baptized witness has willingly disobeyed direction set forth in the bible, they will investigate. that investigation is called a "judicial committee". if the elders decide the person is 'guilty' and does not regret what they did, he or she might be "disfellowshipped". this means the person is no longer a member of the group. when that happens, no other jehovah's witnesses are allowed to talk to or interact with that person (except in some situations such as living or working together) unless the disfellowshipped person repents and is allowed back in. when such a person is allowed back in, they have been 'reinstated'.
some people, including former witnesses, have criticized this punishment as harsh and unfair. the style of leadership of the group has also been described by some authors as autocratic and totalitarian, because members have to be completely submissive to the direction of jehovah as found in the bible to the greatest extent they possibly can.
 jehovah's witnesses' brochures about the name jehovah 
a wife is a married woman. "married" means that the law says two people are legally "joined". during the marriage ceremony, the wife is called the bride.
in countries and times it has been different how many wives a man can have legally. in old times there were no limitations in some countries. in christianity and judaism a husband (a married man) can have one wife (monogamy). in islam a husband can have up to four wives (polygamy).
there are some names for special kinds of wives. for example,
a queen is a wife of a king. 
a man whose wife is deceased is called a widower.
catherine parr (alternatively katherine or kateryn) (c. august 1512 – 5 september 1548) was queen of england and of ireland (1543–47). she was the last of the six wives of king henry viii. she married him on 12 july 1543, and outlived him by one year. she was also the most-married english queen, with four husbands. she was also the first woman to be queen of both england and ireland.
catherine had a close relationship with henry's three children. she personally helped teach school for elizabeth and edward, both of whom became english monarchs. she helped get the third succession act in 1543 passed. this placed mary i and elizabeth i, back into the line of succession to the british throne.
henry died on 28 january 1547. six months after henry's death, she married her fourth and final husband, thomas seymour, the baron of sudeley. 
catherine gave birth to her only child — a daughter, mary seymour. she was named after catherine's stepdaughter mary – on 30 august 1548. she died only six days later, on 5 september 1548, at sudeley castle in gloucestershire, from what was probably childbed fever (sepsis). this was common at that time, because births did not happen in clean conditions. 
many years later, in 1782, the coffin of queen catherine was found in the ruins of the sudeley castle chapel. 
queen are a british rock band formed in london in 1970. they are among the most commercially successful bands in history, selling over 300 million records worldwide. the original lineup consisted of freddie mercury (lead vocals, piano), brian may (lead guitar, vocals), roger taylor (drums, vocals), and john deacon (bass guitar).
freddie mercury died of an aids-related bronchopneumonia on november 24, 1991 aged 45. in 1997 john deacon retired to spend more time with his family. the other two former members toured with paul rodgers from 2005 to 2009. in december 2018 it was announced queen & lambert will bring its rhapsody tour to the forum in 2019. three of their biggest hits were "bohemian rhapsody”, "we will rock you", and "we are the champions".
with his friend tim staffell, brian may started a band called 1984 in the mid-1960s. the band broke up after a little bit and then may decided to make another band and teamed up with two other college students named tim staffell and roger taylor. they called themselves "smile" with roger taylor on drums and vocals, tim staffell on vocals and bass and brian may on guitar and vocals. they did a few hits such as "april lady". tim staffell became friends with another college student, farrokh bulsara (to be later known as freddie mercury) and farrokh became a big fan of smile and encouraged them a lot. later on, tim left smile to join humpy bongs and farrokh bulsara subsequently joined the band on vocals and piano in 1970. then farrokh came up with the name queen, so they changed it from "smile" to "queen". they then started auditions for a new bassist. they were going through several bassists during this time and none of them stuck, only lasting for about a few minutes. none of the auditioners managed to suit the place of the new bassist, but finally in 1971, they settled on john deacon. queen's first album was released in 1973 and it was called "queen" with songs such as "seven seas of rhye" and "liar". farrokh bulsara changed his name to freddie mercury after the lyrics "mother mercury, look what they've done to me" in "my fairy king". brian may has a degree in astrophysics.
one of the best bands in the 60s and 70s
paul simon and art garfunkel were an american folk and rock music duo. they were two childhood friends, who became famous in the 1960s. their songs, including "mrs. robinson", "so long, frank lloyd wright", "the sound of silence", and "bridge over troubled water", all composed by simon, are still popular to this day.
their free concert in new york city's central park in 1981 was the biggest concert ever, with 500,000 people (about the same number as woodstock).
the band broke up in 1970.
madagascar is a large island nation in the indian ocean. it is off of the east coast of africa. twenty-two million people live there; its capital is antananarivo. it is the world's fourth largest island.
the official languages are malagasy and french.
about two hundred million years ago, madagascar was a part of a huge supercontinent called pangaea. when this broke up, madagascar was attached to what is now india. madagascar would later break away from india and became closer to africa. 
the long history of separation from other continents has allowed plants and animals on the island to evolve in relative isolation. many of its animals came from africa, because the island is closer to africa than to india. many of these endemic malagasy animals have died out since the arrival of humans, particularly the megafauna.
despite this, and massive deforestation, madagascar is still home to an incredible array of wildlife. most of this is unique.
madagascar is home to many species that were not known about until around 1679 when dutch explorers went there. they do not even exist elsewhere in africa. they only exist in madagascar. in fact, most of the mammals living in madagascar do not live anywhere else in the world. 
many species in madagascar are in danger because much of the forest has been cut down. forests are cut down so the land can grow crops such as coffee, which is an important export crop for madagascar.
agriculture is a big part of the economy in madagascar, including the growing of coffee and vanilla. madagascar sells more vanilla than any other country in the world. madagascar also makes money from tourism.
in 2004 madagascar was divided into 22 regions. it used to be divided into 6 provinces.
people have probably lived in madagascar for at least 2000 years.
france took over the city of antananarivo in 1895, and added madagascar as a colony two years later. madagascar became independent from france, which meant it became its own country, on 26 june, 1960. philibert tsiranana became the first president of madagascar (1960-72).
a board game is a game usually played with pieces on a board, or some area with marked spaces. 
most board games use pieces that may be moved, placed, or traded depending on the rules of the game. these pieces may be money, chips, pawns, or other objects. board games may often involve some random chance with dice or cards. there are many board games with a long history in some cultures. examples of these games are chess, checkers, backgammon, parqués, and go. there are also a great number of popular board games that have been created more recently, in the past hundred years. among these games are scrabble and monopoly. 
chess, and most versions of checkers, are played on a 8x8 square board with 32 white squares and 32 black squares. international checkers is played on a 10x10 square board.
older than chess, but not by much, is tafl (pronounced 'tabl'), later called "hneftafl". this is an old norse board game with just two types of pieces. its pieces, when found in britain, have often been wrongly ascribed to chess. in chess, of course, the board is different, and there are six kinds of pieces. 
aerosmith is an american rock band, formed in 1970 in boston, massachusetts. they have released many popular songs, including "walk this way" and "i don't want to miss a thing". they have their own guitar hero video game called . their lead singer is steven tyler.
brighton is a city on the south coast of england. it was called "brighthelmstone". it is in the county of east sussex. in 2000, it joined hove to become the city of brighton & hove. historically, brighton forms the main part of the brighton/worthing/littlehampton conurbation, with 474,485 inhabitants (2011 census). this is england's 12th largest conurbation, and the mostly densely populated area outside london.
from the 1730s, brighton entered its second phase of development—one which brought a rapid improvement in its fortunes. the fad for bathing in seawater as a cure for illnesses was encouraged. from the 1760s it was a boarding point for boats travelling to france. road transport to london was improved when the main road via crawley was turnpiked in 1770. spas and indoor baths were opened by physicians.
from 1780, development of georgian terraced houses started. the fishing village developed to the fashionable resort of brighton. growth of the town was encouraged by the patronage of the prince regent (later king george iv) after his first visit in 1783. he spent much of his leisure time in the town, and had the royal pavilion built during the early part of his regency.
the arrival of the london and brighton railway in 1841 brought brighton within the reach of day-trippers from london. some major attractions such as the west pier and the brighton palace pier were built for the growing number of tourists. the population grew from around 7,000 in 1801 to more than 120,000 by 1901.
in 1984, a provisional irish republican army bombing killed five people.
modern-day brighton is a centre for education, sports, and recreation. it has two universities: university of sussex and the university of brighton. it also has 54 other schools. 
in 2003, the universities of sussex and brighton formed a medical school, known as brighton and sussex medical school. brighton has a thriving lgbt community and every year in the first weekend in august pride festivities are held.
vincent willem van gogh (30 march 1853 – 29 july 1890) was a dutch post-impressionist painter. his work had a great influence on modern art because of its striking colours and emotional power. he suffered from delusions and fits of mental illness. when he was 37, he died by committing suicide.
when he was a young man, van gogh worked for a company of art dealers. he traveled between the hague, london and paris. after that, he taught in england. he then wanted to become a pastor and spread the gospel, and from 1879 he worked as a missionary in a mining place in belgium. he began drawing the people there, and in 1885, he painted his first important work, "the potato eaters". he usually painted in dark colors at this time. in march 1886, he moved to paris and found out about the french impressionists. later, he moved to the south of france, and the colors in his art became brighter. his special style of art was developed and later fully grown during the time he stayed in arles in 1888.
he was born vincent willem van gogh on 30 march 1853 in groot-zundert, netherlands. his father, theodorus van gogh, was a pastor. his mother, anna cornelia carbentus, was an artist. van gogh was brought up in a religious and cultured family. he was very emotional and he did not have a great deal of self-confidence. he was also a replacement child. he was born a year after the death of his brother, also named vincent. he even had the same birthday. living at the church rectory vincent walked past the grave of his dead brother every day. there has been speculation that van gogh suffered later psychological trauma as a result, but this cannot be proved.
between 1860 and 1880, when he finally decided to become an artist, van gogh had two sad romances. he also had worked unsuccessfully in a bookstore, as an art salesman, and a preacher. he remained in belgium, where he had preached, to study art. the works of his early dutch period are sad, sharp, and one of the most famous pictures from here is "the potato eaters", painted in 1885. in that year, van gogh went to antwerp where he found the works of famous artists and bought a lot of japanese prints.
in 1886 he went to paris to join his brother theo, who was the manager of goupil's gallery. in paris, van gogh studied with cormon. he also met pissarro, monet, and gauguin. this helped the colors of his paintings lighten and be painted in short strokes from the paintbrush. his nervous temper made him a difficult companion and night-long discussions combined with painting all day made him very unhealthy. he decided to go south to arles where he hoped his friends would join him and help found a school of art. gauguin did join him, but it did not help. near the end of 1888, gauguin left arles. van gogh followed him with an open razor, but was stopped by gauguin. instead, he cut his own ear lobe off. after that, van gogh began to get fits of madness and was sent to the asylum in saint-remy for medical treatment. he painted over 1,000 portraits.
in may 1890, he regained his health and went to live in auvers-sur-oise. however, two months later on 27 july, he shot himself in the chest with a revolver. he died two days later, with theo at his side. theo reported his last words as "la tristesse durera toujours", which meant, "the sadness will last forever" in french.
during his brief career he had only sold one painting. after his death, van gogh's finest works were all sold in less than three years. his mother threw away a lot of his paintings during his life and even after his death. but she lived long enough to see him become a world famous painter. he was not well known when he was alive, and most people did not appreciate his art. but he became very famous after his death. today, many people consider him to be one of the greatest painters in history and an important influence on modern art. van gogh did not begin painting until he was almost 30. most of his famous works were done in his last two years. he made more than 2,000 artworks, with 900 paintings and 1,100 drawings and sketches. today, many of his pieces portraits, landscapes and sunflowers are some of the most famous and costly works of art in the world.
a rainbow is an arc of colour in the sky that can be seen when the sun shines through falling rain. the pattern of colours, called a spectrum, starts with red on the outside and changes through orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet on the inside. sometimes a second, larger, dimmer rainbow is seen.
a rainbow is created when white light is bent (refracted) while entering a droplet of water, split into separate colours, and reflected back. a rainbow is actually round like a circle. on the ground, the bottom part is hidden, but in the sky, like from a flying airplane, it can be seen as a circle around the point opposite the sun. 
rainbows often appear after storms, and are popular symbols for peace in many cultures.
the rainbow effect can be seen when there are water drops in the air and the sun is giving light at the back of the observer at a low distance up or angle.
rainbows always appear opposite the sun: they form circles around the shadow of your head (which is the point opposite the sun).
while sunlight is white, all white light is actually a blend of many different colours. water and other materials bend the different colours at different angles, some more strongly than others. this is called dispersion. by splitting up white light into its separate colours, rainbows appear colourful even though the source of light hitting them is white.
the rainbow displays with the deepest effect in our minds take place when:
another common place to see the rainbow effect is near waterfalls. parts of rainbows can be seen some of the time:
an unnatural rainbow effect can also be made by spraying drops of water into the air on a sunny day.
the seven colours of the rainbow.
the rainbow has no definite number of physical colours, but seven are traditionally listed. below is a commonly used list of seven colors in the order seen in a rainbow. computer screens cannot show them precisely but can make colors that look similar. (each color shows the number codes used to tell a computer how to display the color.) 
the gray rainbows.
<li style = "background-color: #755496;"> violet-gray
(hex: #755496) (rgb: 117, 84, 150)<li>
the central intelligence agency (cia) is part of the us federal government and is located at the george bush center for intelligence in langley, virginia. the agency was formed in 1947 after world war ii. many of the people who started the cia had been in the office of strategic services, the main american spy agency during the war. general john k. singlaub was one of the people who created the cia. 
the united states has a history in intelligence services dating back to its origins. during the american revolution, george washington and other founding fathers of the united states such as benjamin franklin, robert morris, and patrick henry used espionage networks. 
the director of the central intelligence agency has been gina haspel since april 26, 2018. 
the cia is made up of four groups, which do different things. its goal is to protect the us people. many people feel that the cia does more bad than good. others people that the cia does good by finding out secret information about enemies of the united states. others think those secrets should remain secret. american law makes it illegal for the cia and other agencies to kill foreign leaders. 
in 1992, saddam hussein tried to kill us president george h.w. bush, who used to be director of the cia, during a visit to kuwait. the assassination plot failed. in revenge, president bill clinton ordered cruise missiles to be fired at the building of the iraqi equivalent to the cia. that occurred at night and so only the cleaners were killed, not those who had planned the assassination.
cia has many clandestine, or secret, operations. some cia employees have been killed during their work. their names are on a cia memorial with a star for them, but some of the names are still secret. the number of stars is deliberately inaccurate. 
the cia also uses open sources to gather information. analysts read foreign newspapers and watch foreign news broadcasts to learn information, which can be pieced together to make a conclusion.
the cia used to report to the president. after the september 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the united states, a reorganization made the cia and other intelligence agencies report to a director of national intelligence.
the cia has been featured in many television and film productions, including the american television show "the agency," the american television mini-series "the company," the film "spy game" that stars robert redford and brad pitt, "night flight to moscow" that stars yul brenner, "scorpio" that stars burt lancaster, "clear and present danger" that stars harrison ford; "ice station zebra," and several james bond films that featured the cia agent felix leiter.
1975 (mcmlxxv) was .
thomas dolby (born thomas morgan robertson; 14 october 1958) is a british musican and computer designer. he is probably most famous for his 1982 hit, "she blinded me with science".
he married actress kathleen beller in 1988. the couple have three children together.
seismic retrofitting is the modification of buildings that already exist to make them resistant to earthquakes. seismic retrofitting techniques can be applied to other kinds of natural disasters such as tornadoes and strong winds from thunderstorms.
seismic retrofit performance objectives.
main levels of retrofitted building structure performance objectives may vary, namely:
the word company has several meanings:
rio de janeiro is the second largest city in brazil. it is the capital of the state of rio de janeiro. until april 21, 1960 it was the capital city of brazil. according to the 2000 census, the city had 5,473,909 people, and an area of over 1,000 km2. in 2008 eduardo paes became mayor. the city was started in 1565.
copacabana beach, ipanema beach, sugar loaf mountain (in portuguese, "pão de açúcar"), the statue of christ the redeemer (in portuguese, "cristo redentor"), a harbor on guanabara bay, and tom jobim airport are in rio de janeiro. it has much commerce and many industries, especially textiles, food, chemicals, and metallurgy. most of these industries are in the northern and western suburbs of the city. rio de janeiro also has a small rural area, near the suburb of campo grande, where fruits and vegetables are grown.
other cities near rio de janeiro, like duque de caxias, nova iguaçu, queimados and são gonçalo, that form the metropolitan region of rio de janeiro, also have a lot of industries and population.
the city is 420 kilometers (about 261 miles) away from são paulo, the biggest city in south america. the cities of rio and são paulo are linked by the presidente dutra highway (also known as "via dutra"). the region crossed by the presidente dutra highway has been an important industrial zone since the 1950s.
in the city of rio de janeiro lies tijuca national park, created in 1961. this park contains some 33 km2, between the northern and the southern parts of the city. the district (in portuguese, "bairro") of santa tereza can be reached by taking an electric tram (in portuguese, "bonde") from central rio de janeiro (near "largo da carioca" subway station), crossing over the "arcos da lapa", an aqueduct built during the colonial period to provide water to the city.
the city hosted the summer olympic games in 2016.
andrew jackson originally known as andrew jackson, jr. (march 15, 1767 – june 8, 1845) was an american politician. he was a general in the war of 1812. he later became the seventh president of the united states of america. he was the first democrat and is on the twenty dollar bill. his nickname was "old hickory". he forced many native americans to leave their homeland so white people could live there, and many died. this was called the trail of tears.
as a boy andrew jackson was a messenger for the continental army. the british caught him and mistreated him.
he was the first u.s. president who was not born into a rich family. he was not a rich man and did not have a college education. he moved to tennessee and became a politician.
during the war of 1812, he became a general and won the battle of new orleans which made him very famous. he joined the war because of childhood trauma that he had endured during the revolutionary war; both his mother and his brother died during the war, and jackson blamed the british and wanted to avenge his late loved ones.
in 1791, he fell in love with rachel donelson robards. they went through a marriage ceremony. however, the marriage was not legal because she had not been granted a divorce from her first husband. therefore, they married legally three years later. they had no children, but they adopted several. he became rich and owned a large plantation.
in the 1790s jackson was a member of the united states house of representatives, the united states senate, and the supreme court of tennessee. in 1823 he returned to the senate.
andrew jackson reorganized the democratic party and was its leader.
in 1828, he defeated john quincy adams in the presidential election of 1828, he became president on march 4, 1829, and four years later he was re-elected to a second term as president. in the nullification crisis of 1832-1833, south carolina declared secession from the united states. jackson threatened war, and then compromised.
in january 1835, jackson was almost assassinated when an unemployed painter wanted to shoot him but both his guns jammed. he is the first president to have had an attempted assassination.
during his presidency, he signed the indian removal act which allowed the u.s. government to violently force the native americans to move from their land and go west. many native americans were killed and the path they walked to get to the west was called the trail of tears.
andrew jackson was against the national bank of the united states because he felt that banks and their banknotes were for rich and powerful people and did not serve the interests of the common man. the national bank expired during jackson's presidency. jackson chose not to continue the bank.
on march 4, 1837, andrew jackson finished his second term. after that, vice-president martin van buren was elected president and continued many of the things jackson did. jackson was a big influence on other democrats during the 1800s.
jackson's legacy among historians is mixed, going downhill, and heavily debated. some have liked him because he was against aristocrats, bankers, businessmen, the british empire, cities, and paper money, and in favor of ordinary country people. some have disliked him for the same reasons and because he was in favor of war and against indians.
a pillow is a soft cushion that a person puts under their head when they are sleeping in a bed. 
a pillow is made from two pieces of cloth that are sewn together and stuffed with a soft material, such as feathers, duck down, or synthetic batting (man made soft stuffing). pillows are usually rectangular. pillows are covered with a fabric sheet called a pillowcase. the pillowcase protects the pillow from getting dirty.
the word "pillow" comes from middle english "pilwe", from old english "pyle" (akin to old high german "pfuliwi") and from latin "pulvinus". the word "pillow" was first known to be used before the 12th century.
there is no clear inventor of the pillow. millions of years ago, animals learned to use pillows. an early example is monkeys resting their heads on their arm. many animals, including birds, use wood and stone nests as pillows. many domesticated animals have also learned to make use of human-made pillows and cushions. they also rest on members of their own and other species for the same reason.
mesopotamia and ancient egypt.
in ancient mesopotamia, people slept on stone pillows. pillows were a status symbol. early pillows were rectangular and had grooves shaped for the head. pillows showed the wealth of a person — the more a person owned the wealthier they were.
anicent egyptians used pillows as a solution to back, neck and shoulder pain. they also prevented insects from crawling in their hair, mouth or nose at night. anicent egyptian pillows were made out of wood and stone and looked like stands. these pillows were mostly used for the deceased.
a whaler is a person who hunts whales, or the boat they use.
they hunt whales for their oil, made from their fat, called "blubber", and the meat. today, there is a treaty which bans the hunt of some whale species. most countries signed the treaty. a few countries still hunt whales for research purposes. among those countries are norway, iceland and japan.
crayons are writing tools made with colored wax, water, and citric acid or chalk. young children often use them to draw. some adult artists use them too. they melt at a low temperature so they can be used in crayon-drip art. one very well-known brand of crayons is crayola, a company by binney and smith. 
self-defence means fighting off something or another person to protect yourself and maybe others. ways of self-defence include martial arts or using a weapon. sometimes, self-defense can cause serious harm to the other person. in most nations, you cannot be prosecuted for this harm. in the united states, an act of self-defence can only count as self-defence if the victim is in a situation that can cause them serious injury or death. in international law all persons have the right to self-defence.
defence of others.
the law of self-defence is the same when you protect others. generally, you must have a good reason or belief that you needed to defend yourself in self-defence. however, in many places, if the court decides that the defence may have been too extreme, the person may face criminal and civil charges.
1913 (mcmxiii) was a common year starting on wednesday of the gregorian calendar, and a common year starting on a tuesday in the 13-day slower julian calendar. it was the 913th year of the 2nd millennium, 13th year of the 20th century and the 4th year of the 1910s decade.
1469 was a common year.
dodgeball is a sport played by throwing soft balls, or hard rubber balls, at people in a square court. the goal is to be the last one to be hit with the ball. players may only throw balls at people who are not on their own team. if a player is hit by the ball,he or she should go to the outside of the court to the other team. from the outside, players throw the ball at players still on the inside.
dodgeball is often played in elementary schools in physical education classes. many school children play this game. in recent years, many adults who played it as children have formed adult leagues and clubs. also, some schools have banned it (this means that made it against the rules to play it), because players can get hurt when playing the game. tournaments are sometimes held in schools.
dodgeball, because of its recent popularity, inspired a film "" (2004) starring ben stiller and vince vaughn, and a game show, "extreme dodgeball".
a local area network (lan) is a computer network in a small area like a home, office, or school. many computers can be connected to share information and internet connections. most lans use ethernet to connect together.
lan topologies tell you how rom devices are organised. five common lan topologies exist: bus, ring, star, tree, and mesh. these topologies are logical architectures. this means that they tell you the directions that signals go between devices, but that the actual cables that connect the devices might not be connected the same way. for example, logical bus and ring topologies are commonly organized physically as a star. 
pharaohs were kings of ancient egypt. the word comes from the coptic language word "per-aa", which means "great house". pharaohs were believed to be descended from the gods.
the valley of the nile had been lived in by early humans for at least 700,000 years. the area has a long history of human civilization, but egypt as a state begins in about 5660 bc. at this time, the separate kingdoms of upper and lower egypt were united.
people studying egyptian history have divided the pharaohs into 31 groupings, called dynasties. these dynasties were usually, but not always, based on a related family group. during the long period of the pharaoh's rule over egypt, there were times when they did not control the whole country. this means that some dynasties only controlled part of the country, and another dynasty ruled another part at the same time. also there are not complete records, so there are gaps in the lists of pharaohs, and it can be very difficult to list the rulers in chronological order. the origins of the first pharaohs survive only as legends.
before the union of upper and lower egypt, kings wore crowns of different design, to show which part of egypt they ruled. the red crown was worn in lower egypt. the white crown was worn in upper egypt. later, kings of the whole of ancient egypt wore a combination of the two crowns, called a pschent.
when a pharaoh died, their personal treasure was buried with them; not the treasure of the entire kingdom. the pharaohs were buried in large tombs, the largest and most famous were the pyramids. many later pharaohs were buried in the valley of the kings. paintings and writings discovered in these tombs have provided much of our knowledge of the pharaohs. new discoveries, such as that in 2014 of a new dynasty ruled by a previously unknown pharaoh, senebkay, are changing what we know about ancient egypt. they were mostly men, but there were women such as cleopatra and nefertiti. pharaohs were considered to be half-man and half-god.
the first pharaoh was narmer, though he did not use the term. the egyptians believed their pharaoh was the god horus. pharaohs had several wives but only one wife was queen.
gilligan's island is a 1964 american television series. the series is about seven people (two crew members and five tourists) who take a 3-hour sightseeing tour from a marina in hawaii. this occurs on the boat, s.s. "minnow". an unexpected storm sends the boat to an uncharted island. now, the passengers of the boat have to live on the island and try to find a way home. most of the episodes involved the characters trying to survive a problem or trying to contact help.
a diaper (or nappy) is a piece of clothing. it is worn by those who cannot control their urine or feces.
diapers can be made of cloth (usually cotton) that can be washed and used again. they can also be disposable (put in the garbage after they are used up). disposable diapers are usually made of plastic or man-made (artificial) fibers and contain chemicals that are very absorbent.
diapers that can be washed must be folded in intricate ways (like origami) before being put on. with the disposable you must constantly buy new ones.
viewed as unpleasant by some, diapers are mostly used by children from birth until the child has learned to use a toilet. they are also used by older people. there are adult diapers for people with medical problems.
in the united kingdom, australia and several other countries, a diaper is called a nappy.
sometimes adults who do not have medical problems also wear diapers. this can be for different reasons. sometimes it is because they have a profession where they cannot always get to a bathroom, like astronauts. some adults wear diapers for fun. this is usually a form of sexual pleasure, or for emotional reasons. these people are often called "diaper-lovers" or "adult-babies." the scientific term for liking to wear diapers is "diaper fetishists."
mork and mindy is an american television sitcom which ran from 1978 to 1982. it stars robin williams and pam dawber as the title characters. the series was made by garry marshall. comedian jonathan winters has a recurring role in the series. "mork and mindy" is a spin-off from marshall's other popular tv series, "happy days". the plot of the series is that alien named mork from a planet called ork who travels to earth and becomes friends with a woman named mindy in boulder, colorado.
1954 (mcmliv) was .
american samoa (; , ; also ' or ') is a territory of the united states. it is part of the samoan islands in the southern pacific ocean.
in 1899, germany and the u.s. divided the samoan group of islands. the u.s. got the smaller group of islands on the east side. these islands had a good harbor near the capital city, pago pago. the western islands were run by germany and then by new zealand and are now the independent country samoa.
officially, american samoa is an "unorganized" territory. this means that the u.s. congress has not passed an organic act. but the people who live in american samoa rule themselves. their constitution became effective on july 1, 1967.
the capital of american samoa is pago pago, but the seat of government is fagatogo.
people who are born in american samoa are called u.s. nationals, not u.s. citizens. this means they have some of the same rights as citizens but not all of them. unlike people who are not americans at all, american samoans can go to any other part of the united states they want and live there for as long as they want. but they are not allowed to vote, to be on juries in court, to run for office, or to hold any job that the employee has to be a citizen to hold. for contrast, someone born in puerto rico or guam is a citizen, so if they move to a state, they are allowed to vote in that state and in all federal elections.
some american samoans like that they are not american citizens and others do not. some american samoans say that being nationals and not citizens makes it easier for them to keep the fa'a samoa, the samoan way of life. in 2019, three american samoans living in utah sued the u.s. government to say they are citizens. the judge agreed with them. the judge said that the fourteenth amendment to the united states constitution says that anyone born in any part of the united states is a citizen, and that should mean american samoans too. but the next day, he said they should not register to vote until after an appeal judge has seen the case.
in 2016, the united states supreme court decided they did not want to look at a case about whether american samoans are citizens.
disgust is an emotion. people feel it when they see, touch, hear, or taste something that they think is nasty or repulsive. it is also caused by scorn. for example, when one finds something dirty or not fit to eat. levels of disgust vary based on cultural, religious, and personal backgrounds/experiences. disgust can be deliberate as someone can do something on purpose to create this emotion. 
ovens are closed, heated containers which are used for heating, baking, and drying. it is used the most often in cooking and pottery. they provide even, dry heat to all surfaces of food inside them. an indoor oven can have an electric heating element, or be fired by natural gas or coal. outdoor ovens are often made of brick or clay and are buried in hot coals. an oven which is used for making pottery is called a kiln. an oven used for heating or industrial processes is called a furnace. they are hot inside, and often things come out of them hot.
the people in the settlements of the indus valley civilization were the first to have an oven inside of their mud-brick houses by 3200 b.c.
people who study the history of food give credit to the greeks for making the baking of bread into an art. a type of oven called front-loaded bread ovens were created in ancient greece. 
a cooking pot is a vessel to cook in. it is often larger than a pan, and will be taller than it is wide.
pots are used for boiling liquids, like soups or stew.
a liquid is a form of matter. it is settled between solid and gas. liquid has an almost-fixed volume, but no set shape.
every small force makes a liquid change its shape by flowing. because of that, gravity makes liquids always take the shape of the container. the molecules that make up the liquid can freely move among themselves.
fluids that flow slowly have a high viscosity. some fluids like tar have such a high viscosity that they may seem solid.
it is difficult to compress a liquid. if a liquid is cooled down until it is colder than a certain temperature, it will become a solid. this temperature is called the melting point or freezing point and is different for every different type of liquid. if a liquid is heated up it becomes a gas. the temperature this happens at is called the boiling point. 
examples of liquid are water, oils and blood.
in a liquid, the liquid on the top presses down on the liquid underneath, so at the bottom the pressure, "p", is bigger than at the top. the equation for working this out is:
where "z" is the depth of the point below the surface and "g" is how strong gravity is pulling on the liquid. "ρ" is a number that tells us how heavy a set amount of the liquid is. we call this the density and it is different for all liquids.
1806 (mdcccvii) was .
white is the brightest color. white light can be made by putting all the other colors of light on the spectrum together. these other colors are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.
meaning of white.
white is linked with light, goodness, innocence, purity, cleanliness and virginity. it is sometimes thought to be the color of perfection. the opposite of black, white usually has a positive connotation. white can stand for a successful beginning. in heraldry, white depicts faith and purity. 
in advertising, white is linked with coolness and cleanliness because it is the color of snow. you can use white to show simplicity in high-tech products. white is an appropriate color for charitable organizations; angels are usually imagined wearing white clothes. white is associated with hospitals, doctors, and cleanliness, so you can use white to show safety when promoting medical products. white is often linked with low weight, low-fat food, and dairy products.
french guiana () is an overseas department and region of france, on the north atlantic coast of south america. by land area, it is the second largest region of france and the largest overseas department of france and of the european union.
its prefecture and largest city is cayenne.
"guiana" comes from an amerindian language ("arawak") that means "land of many waters". the addition of the word "french" in most languages other than french comes from colonial times when there were five in the region; they were, from west to east:
french guiana and the two larger countries to the north and west, guyana and suriname, are still often collectively referred to as the "guianas" and form the guiana shield.
french guiana borders two countries: surinam to the west, and brazil to the east and south. to the north is the atlantic ocean. there are two main geographical regions: a coastal strip where the majority of the people live, and a dense rainforest which gradually rises to the modest peaks of the tumuc-humac mountains along the brazilian frontier.
the highest point in the department is bellevue de l'inini bellevue de l'inini in the maripasoula "commune"; it is () high. other mountains are "mont machalou" (), "pic coudreau" () and "mont st marcel" ().
several small islands are found off the coast, the three îles du salut which include devil's island, and the isolated îles du connétable further along the coast towards brazil.
the petit-saut dam in the north of the department forms an artificial lake and provides hydroelectricity. there are many rivers in french guiana.
it is the french department with more forests, 98% of the department is covered with an equatorial forest.
, the amazon rainforest in the most southern part of the department, is protected as the guiana amazonian park, one of the ten national parks of france. the territory of the park covers some in the "communes" of camopi, maripasoula, papaïchton, saint-élie and saül.
the climate in cayenne, at an altitude of above sea level, is of the subtype af (tropical rainforest climate also known as equatorial climate) in the köppen climate classification.
the average temperature for the year in cayenne is . the warmest month, on average, is september with an average temperature of . the coolest month on average is january, with an average temperature of .
the average amount of precipitation for the year in cayenne is . the month with the most precipitation on average is may with of precipitation. the month with the least precipitation on average is september with an average of . there is an average of 201.0 days of precipitation, with the most precipitation occurring in may with 27.0 days and the least precipitation occurring in september with 5.0 days.
the department of french guiana is managed by the "collectivité territorial de la guyane" in cayenne.
there are 2 "arrondissements" (districts) and 22 "communes" (municipalities) in french guiana. the cantons of the department were eliminated on 31 december 2015 by the law 2011-884 of 27 july 2011.
the 22 "communes" in the department are:
the inhabitants of french guiana are known, in french, as "guyanais" (women: "guyanaises").
french guiana has a population, in 2014, of 252,338, for a population density of inhabitants/km2. the city with more people living in it is the capital, cayenne (55,817 inhabitants). the subprefecture of saint-laurent-du-maroni has 44,169 inhabitants.
evolution of the population in french guiana
the main traditional industries are fishing, gold mining and timber. the guiana space centre of the european space agency has played a significant role in the local economy since it was established in kourou in 1964.
devils island prison.
three islands off the coast were used by the french government from 1852 to 1953 as prison islands.
<br>convicts who were sentenced to more than 8 years and survived and served their terms could not return to france but were required to stay on as involunatary settlers for the rest of their lives.<br>
nigger is a racist insult against black people. it can also be referred to as the "hard r", due to the word ending in 'er' instead of 'a', like the word with a similar meaning - "nigga". like the word "nigga", it can be used in pop culture slang. however, it is mainly used by those who believe that white people are better than everybody else.
the word came from a slang pronunciation of "negro", which is the word for the color black and for black people in spanish and portuguese. before 1865, most black people in the united states were slaves. during this time, the word "nigger" usually meant a slave. writers such as joseph conrad, mark twain, and charles dickens used it.
today, the word is an offensive racial slur in english, and is often thought as hate speech. "nigger" has become so offensive to say that most people do not use the word; instead, they call it the "n-word".
a biography is the story of a person's life. the word comes from the greek words "bios" (which means life) and "graphein" (which means write). when the biography is written by the person it is about, it is called an autobiography.
a written biography is a part of literature. biographies can also be made as movies (often called biopics) or told as stories.
the oldest written biographies that historians have were written to record rulers' lives. some were written in assyria, ancient babylonia, ancient egypt and ancient mesopotamia. biographies were an early form of history. another early form of biography was called "hagiography," meaning writing about holy people.
in ancient china, a biography was one of the basic forms of a history book. in india, biographies of buddha and his reincarnated lives were written. in ancient greece, people wrote biographies of people that were not rulers too. xenophon wrote a biography of socrates and gave this book the name "memorabilia" (memories). during the roman empire, plutarch wrote "parallel lives" about ancient greek and roman politicians, and suetonius wrote biographies of the roman emperors. the gospels were also biographies of jesus christ.
in west africa, griots tell histories which often include biographies. 
many written biographies today are released by publishers as products for sale.
ralph nader (born february 27, 1934) is an american attorney, politician and political activist. he is best known for working for the rights of consumers, for his third party runs for president of the united states, and for helping george bush get elected in the 2000 presidential election. he ran for president in 1996, 2000 and 2004, but failed to win. in the 2008 election, nader placed third overall, with 660,094 votes, or about .38%. nader was born in winsted, connecticut. his parents, nathra and rose nader, were lebanese immigrants. he is a fluent and native speaker of the arabic language.
jamie farr (born july 1, 1934) is an american actor of lebanese descent. he is best known for his role as corp./later sgt. maxwell q. klinger on the 1970s tv show, "m*a*s*h". his real name is jameel joseph farha and he was born in toledo, ohio.
farr also appeared in movies like "the blackboard jungle" (1955) and "the cannonball run" (1980), was a regular "celebrity judge" on "the gong show" and has a golf tournament named after him.
free software is software (computer program) that anyone may run, share and change, at any time, for any reason. in this case, "free" means "freedom-respecting" (we say "free as in freedom"). the opposite of free software is proprietary software.
in 1984, richard stallman started the free software movement when he began the gnu project. examples of free software are linux (the kernel), blender, openbsd, inkscape and others. wikipedia also uses free software.
free software and open source.
free software is very similar, but different from open source software.
people who use the name “free software” think that computers should be more ethical and should try to help people who use computers. they think every human should have four basic rights for their programs. these are the rights to:
the free software movement also says that all software should be free (as in freedom). it is because even a very small program that is proprietary can be very dangerous (it can for example spy on the user).
people who use the name “open source” refer to the same software following the same rules, but the community isn't as strict and doesn't say that everything should be open source. they avoid the ethics and instead say the rules are good because they help companies make business.
how free software works.
an author who wants to make his computer program free must allow other people to use it for anything (which doesn't break the law), study it, change it and share it without limits. the author does this by using a free license.
the author must not prohibit even selling his program by others or using his program for dangerous things or using it by people he doesn't like. this is not because the author supports bad things, but because he thinks that limiting user's rights is dangerous for them.
free software and freeware.
the word “free” in “free software” means "freedom", not "price". people are allowed to sell free software, but the person who buys the software can change it, give it away or sell it too.
the words “free software” are sometimes used in english to just mean software that can be downloaded without paying money, which is confusing. sometimes this software lets people make their own copies for other people, however it may not let people do all the things that they can do with real free software, such as change it or sell it. in this case “free” means “free of charge”. to make the difference more clear, software that does not cost money should be called freeware; it is almost always proprietary software.
1812 was a leap year starting on wednesday of the gregorian calendar.
a zookeeper is a worker in a zoo, responsible for the feeding and daily care of the animals. as part of this, they clean the exhibits and report signs of bad health. they may also be involved in scientific research, and in public education, conducting tours or simply answering questions put by members of the public.
qualifications and pay of zookeepers both vary widely. a junior keeper in a small zoo may have no qualifications other than an affinity for the job, while a senior keeper in a large zoo would most probably have both a relevant college degree and extensive experience.
generally, a liking for animals and outside work and willingness to undertake moderate and sometimes dirty physical work are required. many animals are themselves heavy and strong-smelling, as is the food some of them eat. handling such is part of the job at times.
a cage is a box which is made to keep something inside of, without it being able to get out (such as an animal). cages are usually made of many metal bars.
a cage which has birds in it is called a "birdcage". 
a toddler is a very young child who is learning how to use their hands, stand and walk, and also how to communicate with others. 
most children are toilet trained while they are toddlers.
even when toddlers can walk, they are often transported in a stroller, buggy, or pushchair when the walk is a long distance or when they're tired. toddlerhood typically begins after age one and is over by the time the child is 4, but this can differ depending on the child. 
ronald mcdonald is an american clown character who is a mascot of the mcdonald's fast-food restaurant. 
he wears yellow and red stripes and has wacky hair. he lives in mcdonaldland, with lots of his friends. the first actor to play ronald mcdonald was famous weatherman and bozo the clown actor willard scott. later the actor for coco the clown, michael polakovs, redesigned ronald mcdonald's outfit and make-up, which is the version still used by today's ronald mcdonald actors. the fictional character is a heroic magical adventurer that stands up good and freedom, such as saving the rain forest and supporting ronald mcdonald house charities.
mcdonald's has many actors employed to portray ronald mcdonald in restaurants and events. it is assumed, however, that the company uses only one actor at a time to play the character in television commercials.
this is a list of these main actors:
an actor by the name of joe maggard stated in an interview of the guardian in 2014 that he portrayed the ronald mcdonald character from 1995 to 2007. however, it was stated in a 2003 article by the baltimore sun that maggard was only a stand-in actor for one commercial shoot in the mid 90s and stated that "he is definitely not ronald mcdonald", as jack doepke and david hussey were the real current portrayers as ronald throughout the time period joe claimed he did. in 1998, he was charged of carrying a weapon in the new hanover county, n.c., mcdonalds and the next year he was convicted in making harassing telephone calls posing as ronald. the judge ordered him to take anger management classes.
robert nesta "bob" marley (february 6, 1945 - may 11, 1981) was an important jamaican singer-songwriter and musician in the 1970s and 1980s. he made the style of reggae music very popular all over the world. his music told stories of his home and the rastafarian religion that he followed. some songs were about religion and some songs were about politics like get up stand up.
bob marley was born on february 6, 1945 in nine mile, saint ann parish, jamaica to a black teenager, cedella booker, and a white man named norvall marley. when he was young, his friends gave him the nickname, "tuff gong". he started his music career in the 1960s with his group the wailing wailers (or simply the wailers), that he formed with two friends, peter tosh and bunny wailer. in 1962, bob marley and the wailing wailers recorded their first two songs called "judge not" and "one cup of coffee".
bob married rita anderson in 1966 and she joined the group as a back-up singer. they had five children together. one is ziggy marley, who is also a well-known reggae performer.
in 1974, the wailers broke up because three of the band members wanted to pursue solo careers. marley continued calling his band bob marley and the wailers and joined together with new members to continue playing music. in 1975, bob marley had his first international hit called "no woman no cry". in jamaica, he is considered a folk hero. some other hits of his include "three little birds", "africa unite", "buffalo soldier", and "one love". his most popular studio album was called "legend", which includes his greatest hits.
bob marley died on 11 may 1981, at cedars of lebanon hospital in miami, florida, of melanoma. he was one of the followers of rastafarianism 
leonardo wilhelm dicaprio (; ; born november 11, 1974) is an american actor, movie director, movie producer and writer. he starred in almost every popular movie, including "what's eating gilbert grape", "romeo + juliet", "titanic", "the man in the iron mask", "the beach", "catch me if you can", "gangs of new york", "the aviator", "the revenant" and "once upon a time in hollywood". his first movie was "critters 3".
in 2016, dicaprio won his first academy award for best actor for his portrayal of hugh glass in the revenant.
dicaprio was born in los angeles. his father, george, is of italian and german descent, and his mother, irmelin, is of german and russian descent.
awards and nominations.
golden globe award.
! colspan="3" style="background-color: #daa520;" | national board of review award
! colspan="3" style="background-color: #daa520;" | golden globe award
john candy (october 31, 1950 – march 4, 1994) was a canadian actor. he is known for his comic roles in many movies and television series.
field marshal erwin johannes eugen rommel, the "desert fox" (born : 15 november 1891 in heidenheim württemberg/died : 14 october 1944 in herrlingen,free people’s state of wurttemberg) was an officer of the german army in world war i and world war ii. he died in 1944 at the age of 52 .
in wwii, he commanded the german army in north africa during the north african campaign (1940-1943) in a long struggle against the british 8th army. he was finally defeated at el alamein. later in the war, he commanded the german forces defending the french coast against the allied normandy invasion (1944).
rommel was well liked by the german public and respected by the allies. he was thought to be chivalrous and humane, when other german leaders were not. his famous "afrikakorps" was not accused of any war crimes. soldiers captured by his army were treated well and orders to kill captured jewish soldiers and civilians were ignored.
rommel knew of the plan by senior officers to assassinate hitler in 1944. when it failed, all concerned were tortured and executed. hitler offered him the choice of suicide or court-martial, and he committed suicide. his death was announced as the death of a hero in battle.
early life and career.
rommel was born in heidenheim, germany, 45 kilometers (28 mi) from ulm, in the kingdom of württemberg which was then part of the german empire, on november 15, 1891. he was baptised on 17 november 1891. his father, erwin rommel (18601913) was a math teacher, and later a secondary school headmaster at aalen. his mother was helene von lutz, the daughter of a local government official. rommel was the second of four children; karl, gerhard, and helene. rommel wrote that his "early years passed very happily."
at the age of 14, rommel and a friend built a full-scale glider that was able to fly short distances. young erwin thought about being an engineer, and he showed a talent with technical work; however, because of his father, young rommel joined the local 124th württemberg infantry regiment as an officer cadet in 1910 and, shortly after, was sent to the officer cadet school in danzig. he graduated on 15 november 1911, and was a lieutenant in january 1912.
while at cadet school, early in 1911, erwin rommel had met his future wife, 17-year-old lucia maria mollin (also called "lucie") (b. 6 june 1894 in danzig; d. 26 september 1971 in stuttgart). they married on november 27, 1916, in danzig, and on december 24, 1928 had a son, manfred, who would later become the mayor of stuttgart. manfred died in 2013. after having met lucie, some historians think that rommel also had an affair with a woman called walburga stemmer in 1913, and they had a daughter named gertrud.
world war i.
in world war i, rommel fought in france, as well as in romania and italy, first as a member of the 6th württemberg infantry regiment, and then in the württemberg mountain battalion of the "alpenkorps." while serving with that unit, he gained a reputation for making quick tactical decisions and taking advantage of enemy confusion. he was wounded three times and awarded the iron cross; first and second class.
rommel also received prussia's highest medal, the pour le mérite after fighting in the mountains of west slovenia, in battles of the isonzo–soca front. the award came as a result of the battle of longarone, and the capture of mount matajur, slovenia, and its defenders, numbering 150 italian officers, 9,000 men, and 81 pieces of artillery. his battalion used gas during the battles of the isonzo and also played a key role in the victory of the central powers over the italian army at the battle of caporetto. while fighting at isonzo, rommel was taken prisoner by the italians. he escaped, and because he spoke italian, he was back to the german lines within two weeks. later, when the german and italian armies were allied during the second world war, rommel realised that their lack of success in battle was due to poor leadership and equipment, which when fixed, easily made them equal to german forces.
world war ii.
rommel was a commander of the "führerbegleithauptquartier" (führer escort headquarters) during the poland campaign, often moving up close to the front in the "führersonderzug" train, seeing much of hitler. after the polish defeat, rommel returned to berlin to organize the führer's victory parade, taking part himself as a member of hitler's entourage. during the polish campaign, rommel was asked to help one of his wife's relatives, a polish priest who had been arrested. when rommel asked the gestapo for information, the gestapo found no information about the man's existence.
rommel asked hitler for command of a panzer division. on 6 february 1940, three months before the invasion of france, rommel was given command of the 7th panzer division, for "fall gelb" ("case yellow"), the invasion of france and the low countries. some other officers did not agree with his promotion. rommel's initial request for command had been rejected by the chief of army personnel, who cited his lack of previous experience with armoured units and his extensive prior experience in an alpine unit made him a more suitable candidate to assume command of a mountain division that had recent need to fill its commanding-officer post. rommel had, however, emphasized the use of mobile infantry and recognized the great usefulness of armoured forces in the poland campaign. he set about learning and developing the techniques of armoured warfare with great enthusiasm. the decision to place him in command of an armoured division was borne out to be an excellent one. in may, 1940 his 7th panzer division became known as the "ghost division" because its rapid advances and fast-paced attacks often placed them so far forward that they were frequently out of communication with the rest of the german army.
north africa 1941–1943.
rommel's reward for his success was to be promoted and appointed commander of the 5th light division (later reorganised and redesignated "21.panzer-division") and of the "15.panzer-division" which, as the "deutsches afrikakorps,"() were sent to libya in early 1941 in operation sonnenblume to aid the italian troops which had suffered a heavy defeat from british commonwealth forces in operation compass. it was in africa where rommel achieved his greatest fame as a commander.
rommel was well known not only by the german people but also by his enemies. stories of his chivalry and tactical ability earned him the respect of many opponents, including claude auchinleck, winston churchill, george s. patton, hugh dowding, and bernard montgomery (who named a dog after him). rommel was also respectful of his enemies. hitler considered rommel among his favorite generals.
the "afrika korps" was never accused of any war crimes, and rommel himself referred to the fighting in north africa as "krieg ohne hass" — war without hate. numerous examples exist of this such as his refusal to carry out an order from hitler to execute jewish prisoners. during rommel's time in france, hitler ordered him to deport the jews in france; rommel did not. several times he wrote letters protesting the treatment of the jews. when british major geoffrey keyes was killed during a failed commando raid to kill or capture rommel behind german lines, rommel ordered him buried with full military honours. also, during the construction of the atlantic wall, rommel directed that french workers were not to be used as slaves but were to be paid for their labour.
rommel was not one of the group who planned the attempt on hitler's life. actually, he was not in favour of assassinating hitler. rommel believed an assassination attempt could spark civil war in germany and austria, and hitler would have become a martyr for a lasting cause. instead, rommel insisted that hitler be arrested and brought to trial for his crimes. later, though, rommel made up his mind to support the plot.
after the failed bomb attack of 20 july 1944, many conspirators were arrested. rommel was perturbed at this development. it did not take long for his involvement to come to light.
under gestapo torture, one of that group revealed the names of several higher army officers who were consulted beforehand. rommel was one of those.
even more damningly, carl goerdeler, the main civilian leader of the resistance, wrote on several letters and other documents that rommel was a potential supporter and an acceptable military leader to be placed in a position of responsibility should their coup succeed. nazi party officials in france reported that rommel extensively and scornfully criticised nazi incompetence and crimes. that sealed his fate.
the release of the movie "" (1951) helped his reputation as one of the most widely known and well-regarded leaders in the german army. in the movie patton (1970) rommel was mentioned by general patton in north africa was fighting against the nazis during the north african campaign from 1940 to 1943 .
fermentation is when a cell uses sugar for energy without using oxygen at the same time. 
'fermentation' also describes growing microorganisms on a growth medium. this is done to get a chemical product. french microbiologist louis pasteur studied fermentation and its microbial causes. the science of fermentation is known as "zymology".
yeast is an organism that ferments. when yeast ferments sugar, the yeast uses sugar and produces alcohol. the process uses the coenzyme nad: in metabolism, nad helps redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. fermentation is a less efficient form of respiration than oxidative respiration (respiration using oxygen).
the ethyl alcohol produced by yeast is used to make beverages or biofuel. yeast can be also used to grow bakery products like bread and cakes faster. in some cases yeast might be used to speed up the process of creation of wine.
other cells make vinegar or lactic acid when they ferment sugar. in a different way, the fermentation process can continue and turn the alcohol into vinegar i.e. acetic acid.
types of fermentation.
when yeast ferments, it breaks down the glucose (c6h12o6) into ethanol (ch3ch2oh) and carbon dioxide (co2).
a flower is the reproductive part of flowering plants. flowers are also called the bloom or blossom of a plant. flowers have petals. inside the part of the flower that has petals are the parts which produce pollen and seeds.
in all plants, a flower is usually its most colourful part. we say the plant 'flowers', 'is flowering' or 'is in flower' when this colourful part begins to grow bigger and open out. there are many different kinds of flowers in different areas in the world. even in the coldest places, for example the arctic, flowers can grow during a few months.
flowers may grow separately on the plant, or they may grow together in an inflorescence.
structure of flowers.
to investigate the structure of a flower, it must be dissected, and its structure summarised by a floral diagram or a floral formula. then its family can be identified with the aid of a flora, which is a book designed to help you identify plants.
four basic parts.
flowers have four basic parts, from the outside in they are:
although this arrangement is typical, plant species show a wide variation in floral structure. the modifications produced in the evolution of flowering plants are used by botanists to find relationships among plant species.
flowers are an important evolutionary advance made by flowering plants. some flowers are dependent upon the wind to move pollen between flowers of the same species. their pollen grains are light-weight. many others rely on insects or birds to move pollen. their pollen grains are heavier. the role of flowers is to produce seeds. these are inside what botanists call the fruit. fruits and seeds are a means of dispersal. plants do not move, but wind, animals and birds spread the plants across the landscape.
since the ovules are protected by carpels, it takes something special for fertilisation to happen. angiosperms have pollen grains made of just three cells. one cell drills down through the integuments, to make a passage for the two sperm cells to flow down. the megagametophyte is a tiny haploid female plant which includes the egg. it has just seven cells. of these, one is the egg cell; it fuses with a sperm cell, forming the zygote. another cell joins with the other sperm, and forms a nutrient-rich endosperm. the other cells take auxiliary roles. this process of "double fertilisation" is unique, and is common to all angiosperms.
evolution of flowers.
flowers are modified leaves. they are only present in flowering plants (angiosperms), which are relatively late to appear in the fossil record.
early fossils of flowers and flowering plants are known from 130 million years ago, in the lower cretaceous. however, flowers had a much longer history, the extent of which is not yet fully known. there were flowers from the early jurassic, 50 million years earlier than was previously thought.
the flowering plants were thought to have evolved from within the gymnosperms. however, the known gymnosperms are a clade which is distinct from the angiosperms. apparently, the two clades diverged (split) some 300 million years ago. that is about the boundary of the carboniferous period with the permian period.
uses of flowers.
flowers have long been admired and used by humans. most people think that flowers are beautiful. many people also love flowers for their fragrances (scents). people enjoy seeing flowers growing in gardens. people also enjoy growing flowers in their backyards, outside their homes. people often wear flowers on their clothes or give flowers as a gift during special occasions, holidays, or rituals, such as the birth of a new baby (or a christening), at weddings (marriages), at funerals (when a person dies). people often buy flowers from businesses called florists.
as a name.
some parents name their children, most often girls, after a flower. some common flower names are: rose, lily, daisy, holly, hyacinth, jasmine, blossom.
people eat some types of flowers. flower vegetables include broccoli, cauliflower and artichoke. the most expensive spice, saffron, comes from the crocus flower. other flower spices are cloves and capers. hops flowers are used to flavor beer. dandelion can be made into wine.
honey is flower nectar that has been collected and processed by bees. honey is often named by the type of flower that the bees are using (for example, clover honey). some people put flowers from nasturtiums, chrysanthemums, or carnations in their food. flowers can also be made into tea. dried flowers, such as chrysanthemum, rose, and jasmine, can be used to make tea.
flowers were used to signal meanings in the time when social meetings between men and women was difficult. lilies made people think of life. red roses made people think of love, beauty, and passion. in britain, australia and canada, poppies are worn on special holidays as a mark of respect for those who served and died in wars. daisies made people think of children and innocence.
penelope is really amanda bines with a wig and glasses on.
 world war ii started in this year.
a square kilometer (sometimes written "km²") is based on the si unit of measurement of area, the "square meter". it is the area inside a square that has each side equal to 1 kilometer (1000 meters). this way of talking about area is often used to say how much land there is, on a farm or in a city, for example.
one square kilometer is just less than 0.39 square miles.
a judge is a person who is in control of a court of law.
the way to become a judge depends on each country. in some countries, judges must work with the law (often as a lawyer) for a number of years before they can "sit as a judge" in a courthouse. judges are supposed to conduct the trial in an open courtroom and impartially.
in many english speaking countries, judges cannot make some decisions on their own. in these countries, juries are used, but not for all cases. the modern jury trial first developed in mid-12th century england during the reign of henry ii. today, the details differ between one country and another.
if there is a jury, the judge has the job of making sure the person taken to court is treated in a fair way. some courts will have more than one judge. for important decisions about the laws of a country, countries may have a "supreme court" or "high court" with many (nine or more) judges in it. in the united states, judges on a supreme court are called "justices" and are led by a "chief justice".
in many countries, judges wear special clothes while being in court. often this is a black robe or cloak. supreme or high court judges often wear a red cloak. judges in some countries also wear a special long wig. they also used to put a piece of black material on their head when they sentenced a person to die.
in criminal law, a person is guilty if a court has decided they have done something illegal. if a person has broken a law by stealing, for example, they are guilty of a crime.
a person is guilty if a court says they are. the court has blamed them for doing something wrong. a guilty person is punished. the punishment is called the sentence.
length is a measurement. a ruler can measure length. the length of something is the distance between two ends of the thing. short means a small length. long means much length. short and long are opposites. for two dimensional things, length is usually the longer side.
length of time.
length also describes time. 
john sits down at one o'clock, or 1h. john waits until three o'clock, or 3h. john stands up at three o'clock, or 3h. john was sitting for 2 hours. the length of time john was sitting was two hours.
the weight of an object (or the weight of an amount of matter) is the measure of the intensity of the force imposed on this object by the local gravitational field. weight should not be confused with the related but quite different concept of mass. for small objects on earth, the weight force is directed towards the center of the planet. for larger objects, such as the moon orbiting around the earth, the force is directed towards the center of mass of the combined system.
in common language, the weight of something is typically understood to be the value measured at or near the earth's surface. unfortunately the common terms used to describe the weight of an object are units of mass such as kilograms or pounds. for almost all of human history, weight has been measured on the surface of the earth. here, the weight is proportional to the mass. objects which have the same mass have the same weight. an object with the twice the mass of another will also have twice the weight. as a consequence it is common practice to use the two words, mass and weight, as if they mean the same thing and to use kilograms and pounds as the units for both mass and weight. using the same terms to describe and measure the two different properties has led to confusion between these two properties, mass and weight. mass and weight are not the same thing.
units of weight.
the unit of weight in the international system of units is the newton, which is represented by the symbol 'n'.
other units have been in use in the past but have been abandoned, such as the dyne (the unit of force in the old cgs system) or the kilogram-force, which is the force exerted on a 
kilogram of matter by a 'standard' earth: a body with a mass of 1 kg has a weight of about 9.81 n at sea level.
the weight of an object, or of an amount of matter, is typically measured with an instrument such as a spring scale. the scale includes a spring which provides a force to oppose the gravitational force on the object which is being weighed. the gravitational force pulls down, the spring pushes or pulls upwards. typically, the scale has a readout which gives not the weight (which is a force) but rather the mass of the object. spring scales are made with the assumption that they are being used on the surface of the earth. if a spring scale was taken to the moon it would give a misleading reading.
a balance style weighing scale is a device that compares the weights of two object in the same gravitational field: it determines whether one object is heavier or lighter than the other.
weight is variable.
weight is not an intrinsic property of matter because the local gravitational field that generates the force called weight is variable in space and time:
the truth is what is true. it may be everything that is true (reality) or just a part of it (a fact). it may also be a statement that is true: a truth. things or statements that are not true are untrue or false. true things exist (or have existed); false things do not (or never have).
aristotle said: "to say of what is that it is not, or of what is not that it is, is false, while to say of what is that it is, and of what is not that it is not, is true." however, a statement may be about how things once were; this would be a true statement if it is clear that it is not a statement about how things are now. most often, the tense of the verb will indicate this, but there may be other ways in which the statement is qualified: for example, by saying when the statement was true.
truth is a noun, and the corresponding adjective is true. the word "true" also functions as a noun, a verb and an adverb. the english word "truth" is from old english "tríewþ, tréowþ, trýwþ", middle english "trewþe".
most of the discussion on truth is about one of two things:
many philosophers have given opinions on these issues.
in other words.
something untrue is false. a half truth is something true mixed with something false, or something partly true with key information omitted.
if the things one says are true, then they are speaking the truth, or speaking truly. saying something that is untrue can be called a lie, if the person who is saying it knows it is untrue. a person who says something untrue is often called a "liar".
true and false in logic and philosophy.
"true" is also one of the two basic values of logic. the other such value is usually called "false". in symbols, "true" is written as, t or 1.
aristotle was the first to put logic into a formal framework. his version is called propositional logic (see also syllogism and deductive reasoning). other forms of logic use types of mathematics (mathematical logic) or symbols. boolean algebra is about things being true and false.
the relationship between verbal claims and external reality is handled by epistemology and the philosophy of science.
philosophers argue over what makes up truth and how to define and identify truth.
the republic of zimbabwe is a country in the southern part of the continent of africa. its capital city is harare.
zimbabwe is surrounded by other countries, and so it has no coast on the sea. this type of country is called "landlocked". the countries that surround zimbabwe are zambia, botswana, south africa and mozambique.
zimbabwe is home to the famous waterfall, victoria falls, which are a feature of the river zambezi and also the great zimbabwe, the ancient architectural monument from which the country was named after.
vegetation (fauna and flora).
the country is mostly savanna. in the east it is moist and mountainous with tropical evergreen and hardwood forests. trees include teak and mahogany, knobthorn, msasa and baobab. among the many flowers and shrubs are hibiscus, spider lily, leonotus, cassia, tree wisteria and dombeya.
there are around 350 species of mammals in zimbabwe. there are also many snakes and lizards, over 500 bird species, and 131 fish species.
the area that is now zimbabwe was added to the british empire around 1890. zimbabwe is also known by its old name of rhodesia. in 1965, it became an independent country when prime minister ian smith announced the unilateral declaration of independence(u.d.i). the government was mostly controlled by the white population, similar to south africa at the time. african citizens were given full equality in 1980, and the country's name was officially changed to zimbabwe. robert mugabe led the country as the prime minister and president for 37 years. though mugabe was elected fairly at first, he became a dictator, and had put in place a number of cruel and disastrous laws. on november 21, 2017, mugabe resigned as president of zimbabwe.
the country zimbabwe has a mixture of languages; shona, ndebele, venda, manyika, nyanja, chagani, and a unique-unified zimbabwean english.
zimbabwe uses the currencies of several other countries. the government uses the united states dollar. the economy is currently in a bad situation. foreign currency reserves are at very low levels, and the zimbabwean dollar has become very devalued. just recently, three zeroes were taken off the zimbabwean dollar (for example, $1,000,000 (one million dollars) would become $1000 (one thousand dollars)). many observers link this to mugabe's controversial land reform programme.
2017 coup d'état.
on november 15, 2017, president robert mugabe was placed under house arrest as zimbabwe's military took control in a coup. on november 21, 2017, mugabe resigned the presidency.
zimbabwe is divided into 8 provinces and 2 cities that are the same as a province.
the largest cities are:
football is the most popular sport in zimbabwe. rugby union and cricket are also popular. zimbabwe has won eight olympic medals.
zimbabwe has also done well in the commonwealth games and all-africa games. kirsty coventry won 11 gold medals in swimming.
zimbabwe has also been at wimbledon and the davis cup in tennis. zimbabwe has also done well in golf. other sports played in zimbabwe are basketball, volleyball, netball, and water polo, as well as squash, motorsport, martial arts, chess, cycling, polocrosse, kayaking and horse racing. most of these sports don't have international representatives but instead stay at a junior or national level.
monaco, officially the principality of monaco (french: principauté de monaco), is the second smallest country in the world after the vatican city; approximately 39,000 persons live there. it is near south-eastern france, on the mediterranean sea in western europe. french is the most common language spoken in monaco. the sovereign prince of monaco, who is the head of state, is prince albert ii, whose family has ruled since 1297. the government and the prince share power. tourism is the main industry. people in monaco pay no income tax. monaco is a city-state, because all its territory is urban and built-up. france, genoa and sardinia have ruled it at various times.
monte carlo, famous for its casino, is in the north-east of the country. monaco is famous for two car races: the monte carlo rally and the monaco grand prix.
a sovereign and independent state, the principality of monaco has borders on its land-ward side with several communes of the french department of the alpes-maritimes; from west to east these are cap d’ail, la turbie, beausoleil and roquebrune cap martin. seawards, monaco faces the mediterranean.
the population of the principality consists of 39,102 inhabitants (2019), 5,070 of whom are monégasques, 12,047 french and 5,000 italian (according to the last official census in 1990).
its surface area is 2.02 square kilometres, of which approximately 0.4 were recovered from the sea since 1980.
it lies in a narrow coastal strip which sometimes rises straight upwards with its highest point at 163 metres. its width varies between 1,050 metres and only 350 metres. its coastline is 4,100 metre long.
the principality has only one commune, monaco, whose limits are the same as those of the state.
monaco is made of four districts: monaco-ville (historic seat of the principality, on the monolith where the prince’s palace stands), monte-carlo (the district surrounding its casino), la condamine (around port hercules), and fontvielle (the new industrial area built on ground reclaimed from the sea, which constitutes 0.22 square kilometres).
graal can be:
the main supermarket chains in the united kingdom are:
jettingen is a village in the south-west of baden-württemberg, germany.
there are 7,657 people living in "jettingen".
kenneth wayne jennings iii (born may 23, 1974) is the highest money earning contestant on the american television game show "jeopardy!". he won a total of 74 times, earning $2,522,700. his winning streak lasted from june 2, 2004 through november 30, 2004. he lost after that time to a player named nancy zerg, who lost within a day to katie fitzgerald. he was brought back to appear in the final three games of the show's ultimate tournament of champions. in the tournament, he lost to brad rutter, who became the highest money winner on "jeopardy!".
according to the introduction given at the start of the show, jennings is a "software engineer from salt lake city, utah" his highest one day total was a record $75,000, which was later broken by roger craig in 2010. jennings is a member of the church of jesus christ of latter-day saints, or mormon.
in february 2005, ken started appearing in cingular commercials as himself.
in october 2008, jennings appeared on an episode of "are you smarter than a 5th grader?". he won $500,000, making him the highest winner in game show history once again.
in february 2011, jennings, along with rutter, competed in the "ibm challenge" against an artificial intelligence computer named watson. jennings placed second, losing to watson. he won half of a $300,000 prize; with the other half going to charity.
in the spring of 2014, jennings and rutter competed in the jeopardy! battle of the decades tournament. they faced off in the finals alongside roger craig. rutter won the tournament with the $1,000,000 top prize, reclaiming the game show record from jennings.
in january 2020, jennings beat rutter and james holzhauer in jeopardy! the greatest of all time, claiming the $1,000,000 first place prize.
during season 37 of "jeopardy!", jennings became a consulting producer and records video clues. in january 2021, he became a guest host after the death of longtime host alex trebek. and during the show's 38th season, jennings and mayim bialik are co-hosting the show after mike richards resigned.
sublimation is how a solid becomes a gas without becoming a liquid first. it happens when the particles of a solid absorb enough energy to completely overcome the force of attraction between them. most substances can sublimate only at low pressure. many can sublimate in space. 
sometimes snow sublimates. this is usually on sunny winter days when the air is very dry. snow may look like it disappears on a cold sunny day, but this is not sublimation because it forms a thin layer of liquid water first.
at normal atmospheric pressure on the surface of the earth, only some compounds like dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) can go through this process. co2 changes from dry ice, a solid to a gas without being a liquid. also diamond, graphite, iodine, ammonium chloride and aluminium chloride sublime rather than melt at atmospheric pressure.
malcolm mcdowell (born 13 june 1943) is an english actor. he has been in many movies, including: "a clockwork orange", "o lucky man!" and "caligula".
mcdowell lives in ojai, california.
mad magazine is a humor and satire magazine that started in 1952 as a 10 cent comic book parody of other comics. for its 25th issue it converted to a 25 cent magazine. it remains popular in the united states.
each issue features the grinning red-headed mascot, alfred e. neuman on the cover, and comic-like articles making fun of recent movies, television series, music, trends, etc. as well as regular monthly features (spy vs. spy, monore, etc.)
traverse city is a town in the northern lower peninsula of michigan, united states. traverse city is famous for its cherries. it has a beautiful beach, world-class hotels, but the zoo has been closed because not many people visited it.
willard carroll smith ii (born september 25, 1968) is an american actor, producer and rapper. he got his start as part of the rap duo dj jazzy jeff and the fresh prince. he became an actor when he starred on the television show "the fresh prince of bel-air" as will smith, a teenager from philadelphia sent to live with his rich relatives in southern california. he has appeared in many movies including "independence day", "men in black", "ali", "wild wild west", "the pursuit of happyness", "i am legend", and in "suicide squad".
in 2022, he won a golden globe award, bafta award, screen actors guild award and an academy award for his role as richard williams in the 2021 drama movie "king richard". he is the first rapper to win an acting oscar. 
smith married actress jada pinkett in 1997. they have three children, including jaden and willow.
at the 94th academy awards in march 2022, smith slapped comedian chris rock after he made a joke about his wife, jada's, bald head. smith was criticized for his violent reaction and on april 1, 2022 smith resigned his membership from the academy of motion picture arts and sciences and said he would support any punishment by the academy. smith has been banned from going to the oscar ceremonies for 10 years.
vladimir vladimirovich putin (, ) is the current president of russia. putin was born in leningrad, now saint petersburg, on 7 october 1952. he was the prime minister of russia from 1999 to 2000, then president of russia from march 2000 to may 2008, and prime minister again from 2008 to 2012. he became president again in 2012. he originally trained as a lawyer.
putin was born on 7 october 1952, at maternity hospital no.6 in leningrad, russian sfsr, soviet union (now saint petersburg, russia). his parents were vladimir spiridonovich putin (1911–1999) and maria ivanovna putina ("née" shelomova; 1911–1998). spiridon putin, vladimir putin's grandfather, was a cook to vladimir lenin and joseph stalin.
from 1985 to 1990, putin worked for the kgb, the soviet union's secret spy service. putin worked in dresden, which was part of the former east germany. after east germany collapsed in 1989, putin was told to come back to the soviet union. he chose to go to leningrad, which is where he went to university. in june 1990, he started working in the international affairs section of leningrad state university. in june 1991, he was appointed head of the international committee of the saint petersburg mayor's office. his job was to promote international relations and foreign investments.
putin gave up his position in the kgb on august 20, 1991, during the putsch against soviet president mikhail gorbachev. in 1994, he became first deputy chairman of the city of saint petersburg. in august 1996, he came to moscow, and served in a variety of important positions in boris yeltsin's government. he was head of the fsb (a secret spy service in modern capitalist russia) from july 1998 to august 1999, and he was secretary of the security council from march to august 1999.
president of russia.
putin became president of russia in may 2000.
putin is the leader of the ruling united russia party. this party has been winning the russian elections ever since the fall of the soviet union.
critics of putin say that he has taken away people's freedoms, and that he has failed to make the country more developed. russia makes lots of money from selling oil and gas to other countries, but because of corruption, this money is not used for improving living conditions.
recently, the russian opposition has held anti-government rallies, campaigned against putin on the internet, and published independent reports for the general public. because of censorship in the mass media, it's very difficult to get different information out to the public.
putin was against invading libya in 2011. he is also against invading syria and iran.
on march 24, 2014, putin and russia were suspended from the g8. this was because the united states thought that the ukraine crisis was putin's fault.
according to the constitution of russia, no-one can be president three times in a row. because of this, putin didn't put himself forward for the march 2008 election. however, you're allowed to be president as many times as you want, as long as it's not for more than two times in a row. in march 2012, putin put himself forward for the elections, and won 64% of the vote. this means that he was the president of russia until 2018.
on december 6, 2017 russia president vladimir putin announced he would run for a fourth term in the upcoming election, 2018 russian presidential election.
in july 2020, russian voters backed a referendum that would allow putin to serve as president until 2036.
on 24 february 2022, putin announced that his military was going to invade ukraine. this happened after a year of tension and military buildup between the two countries. the invasion led to many calling putin a war criminal and wanting him to be prosecuted as a war criminal.
he is a member of the russian orthodox church, and is divorced with two daughters.
henry vii or henry tudor (28 january 1457–21 april 1509) was king of england from 1485 to 1509. he founded the tudor dynasty by winning the battle of bosworth field in 1485. his son became king henry viii of england.
henry vii was born in 1457 to edmund tudor and margaret beaufort. his father died two months before he was born, leaving his 13-year-old mother as his only parent. after henry's birth, he spent a lot of time with his uncle jasper tudor. jasper took henry to france, where he spent most of his youth. henry had a claim to the throne of england, but it was not a very good one, and he had to wait a long time for a chance to take the throne.
in 1483, a new king came to the throne in england, called richard iii. king richard was not popular with everyone. some thought he had stolen the throne from his young nephews and had killed them. this gave henry the chance he had been waiting for. with help from the french, he raised an army. they landed at dale in pembrokeshire, close to where henry had been born, so he was able to gather more supporters on the way.
the wars of the roses (1455–1485) had been going on for years. they were fought over the throne of england between supporters of the house of lancaster and supporters of the house of york. both houses were branches of the plantagenet royal house, tracing their descent from king edward iii. 
king henry vi and his family the house of lancaster fought against their enemies for many years. the wars finally came to an end when king henry vii of england came to the throne in 1485
on 22 august 1485, henry's army defeated richard iii's army at the battle of bosworth field. when richard iii died in this battle, henry vii became king. other people also had a claim on the throne, and henry did his best to stop them from taking it from him, either by executing them, putting them in prison, or trying to make friends of them, as he did with the earl of lincoln. another step he took was to marry elizabeth of york, the niece of king richard iii, who would herself have been the heir to the throne if she had not been a girl.
there were also people who pretended to be long-lost members of the royal family, so that they could try to take the throne. one of these was a little boy called lambert simnel, who looked very like edward, earl of warwick. the real earl of warwick was henry's prisoner, but this did not stop other people from believing that lambert was him. the earl of lincoln rebelled against king henry and raised an army to make lambert king, thinking that he himself could rule the country. there was a battle, and the earl of lincoln was killed. lambert simnel was captured, but, because he was only a child, henry spared his life and he became a royal servant.
henry married elizabeth of york, and by this action put an end to the wars of the roses. they had six children, but only four survived infancy:
henry vii increased taxes so future kings would have enough money. people disliked that.
henry vii died of tuberculosis in 1509 and was buried in westminster abbey. he was succeeded by his son, henry viii on 21 april 1509.
dover is a town on the coast in kent, in the united kingdom. it was built by the romans. there is a castle in dover, called dover castle. it is the largest castle in england. the population is about 39,078. throughout history, it has been an important port of britain because it is the closest port to mainland europe. the sea between dover and the french port of calais is called the strait of dover. it is the narrowest part of the english channel at only wide.
the ferry port in dover has ferries to calais, france and ostende, belgium. almost 45,000 people and 15,000 vehicles pass through the port every day. on of the largest tourist attractions around dover are the white cliffs of dover.
the romans first tried to invade dover in 55bc, under julius caesar. they were forced back by the celts, who fiercely defended the coastline. it was not until 43 ad, under the rule of emperor claudius, that roman forces landed on british soil at richborough and took control of the land as far as the northern border. dover, then called dvbris, became the romans' most important naval town.
tonbridge is a town in kent in england. the river medway runs through the town. a castle stands on the northern river bank in the middle of tonbridge.
tonbridge is linked by railways to london and dover.
there are many secondary schools in the area. such as tonbridge grammar school
inverness is a city in the northern part of scotland. it is often called the capital of the highlands. it is on the a9 road. inverness airport is an important way to get to the scottish highlands.
a boycott is a protest where the protesters do not buy a product or give money to a company. instead of buying a certain product, they might also buy another, very similar product from a different company.
the word was made during the "irish land war"'. it comes from the name of captain charles boycott. boycott was in charge of looking after the land of a landlord in county mayo, ireland. in 1880, the tenants (those who rented) wanted their rent lowered. boycott refused, and threw them out of the land they had rented. the irish land league then proposed that instead of becoming violent, everyone in the community should stop doing business with captain boycott. the captain was soon isolated. no one helped him with the harvest, no one worked in his stables or his house. local businessmen no longer traded with him, the postman no longer delivered his post. 
to get his harvest done, he had to hire 50 people from other counties, the counties cavan and monaghan. they were escorted to and from their work by 1000 policemen. of course, this cost far more than what the harvest was worth. 
when something is artificial, or man-made, it has been made by humans, not nature. for example, an artificial satellite is one made by humans, while a natural satellite is a satellite that was not made by humans. many artificial things imitate or copy things found in nature. the imitation may use the same basic materials as those in the natural object; or it may use quite different materials, as in artificial leather. these are concepts in defining reality. there are different ideas about what can be considered artificial and what is natural.
the word "artificial" comes from the latin words "art" (meaning "skill") and "fex" ("to make").
artificial does not necessarily mean "synthetic" (that is, created by synthesis). an artificial sweetener imitates sweetness using a chemical formula that is not found in nature; it is therefore both artificial and synthetic.
king arthur was a mythical king in the mythology of great britain. he lived in the medieval times, in his famous castle, camelot. he possessed a sword known as excalibur, given to him by the lady of the lake.
king arthur is a fabled ruler of sub-roman britain who defended his kingdom from the anglo-saxons. he is a popular fictional character in modern literature. he won several battles, and had many homes. however, his favorite home was in camelot. in one of the most famous tales of king arthur, he pulls a sword out of a stone, making him king of the britons.
the first narrative account of arthur's life is found in geoffrey of monmouth's latin work "historia regum britanniae" ("history of the kings of britain"), completed .
many castles claim to be arthur's camelot, but the most likely one is tintagel castle, cornwall (though there is no evidence for this). in camelot sat the famous round table, where arthur, his queen guinevere, merlin, morgan le fay, sir lancelot, sir gawain, percival and many other valiant knights sat. arthur and his knights went on many quests including the quest for the holy grail, the green knight, the black knight and more.
after king arthur's many adventures, his son mordred seized his kingdom and queen, forcing arthur to fight for what was truly his. they fought for a long time. mordred hit king arthur in many places, but in the end arthur killed mordred. after this victory, king arthur was weak and died from losing blood from battle wounds. as his knights rode back to camelot, they threw excalibur into the lake so that it could return to where it came from. one legend says arthur never died, and will return when the british need him.
books, poems and movies.
many books have been written about king arthur. most of them involve merlin, the knights of the round table, and morgan le fay.
geoffrey of monmouth wrote the first book about arthur in the 12th century. in the 15th century, sir thomas malory wrote one of the best-known books about arthur, called "le morte d’arthur" ("the death of arthur"). later, in the 19th century, alfred, lord tennyson visited tintagel, the mythical camelot, twice. he wrote a series of poems about arthur. 
some stories about arthur say he tried to find the holy grail, the cup that jesus drank from at the last supper. 
there are also many movies about arthur. these include disney's "the sword in the stone; monty python and the holy grail; king arthur (2004); king arthur, the kid who would be king (2019); the legend of the sword (2017)"; and the musical "camelot".
john "johnny appleseed" chapman (september 26, 1774 - march 11, 1847) is an american folk hero. he was a christian missionary and pioneer. his nickname came from the fact that he planted apple trees throughout the american midwest. many people consider him an early conservationist or "tree-hugger". he wandered the country, usually barefoot, and with a cooking pot on his head for most of his adult life, planting apple trees, teaching the bible, telling stories, and befriending native americans, wild animals, and other settlers. many stories have been told about him and his journeys, as well as art, books, and later movies, which makes him a folk hero. he was born in leominster, massachusetts and is buried in johnny appleseed park in fort wayne, indiana.
john chapman is said to have been in the wilkes-barre region some time in the 1790s, practicing his profession as a nurseryman, but just when he embraced the swedenborgian faith and began his missionary activities we cannot be sure, though it is probable that it was before he ever reached western pennsylvania. there are some early accounts of john speaking of his own activities as "a bible missionary" on the potomac when he was a young man, and johnny was seen for two or three consecutive years along the banks of the potomac in eastern virginia, picking the seeds from the pomace of the cider mills in the late 1790s.the apple seeds that johnny obtained were free, as the cider mills wanted there to be more apple trees planted to improve their business.
at the time of his death, johnny appleseed left an estate of more than 1,200 acres of nurseries, and he left these to his sister. he additionally had four plots located in allen county, indiana, which was a nursery that included 15,000 trees. 
records show that john chapman appeared on licking creek, in what is now licking county, ohio, in 1800, when he was twenty-six years old. he had probably come up the muskingum river to plant near the refugee tract, which would soon fill up with settlers, when congress actually got around to granting the lands. in april, 1798, the continental congress had ratified resolutions to donate public lands for the benefit of those who had left canada and nova scotia to fight against the british in the revolutionary war. the lands were actually set apart in 1801 and patents issued in 1802. grants of land ranging from 160 acres to 2,240 acres were awarded according to the exertions of the patentee in the war. johnny, with true yankee enterprise, went ahead and planted his nurseries before the refugees arrived. licking county, then a part of fairfield, contained only three white families. by the time families were ready to settle the area, johnny's tracts of land were ready for market.
a compact disc, also called a cd is a storage device that are small plastic discs which store and retrieve computer data or music using light. compact discs replaced floppy disks because they were faster and could hold more information. the cds made floppy disks become obsolete. cds were invented by both philips and sony at the same time, but not together. sony and philips did work together to create a standard format and the technology to read cds in 1982. cds can hold up to 700 mb worth of data, which is about 80 minutes of music. mini cds were also made for special small programs like drivers. cds that have computer information on them are called cd-roms, or compact disc - read only memory. the diameter of a normal cd is 120 mm. the middle hole in a cd is about 1.5 cm).
maidstone is a town in kent, in england. it stands on the river medway. maidstone is the county town of kent, meaning the local government is based there. its name means "stone of the maidens". the town of maidstone is within the borough of maidstone, which also includes several surrounding villages. in 2001, 75,070 people lived in the town of maidstone, and there were 138,959 in the whole of the borough.
during the civil war a battle took place in 1648, which was won by oliver cromwell's soldiers. a year later, andrew broughton, who was then mayor of maidstone (and also clerk to the high court of justice) gave the death sentence to charles i. today there is a plaque in maidstone town centre describing andrew as 'mayor and regicide' (a killer of kings). 
maidstone used to be an industrial area, with paper making and brewing being two of the most important industries, although both have mainly died out in recent years. until 1998, sharps toffee factory was where bassets liquorice allsorts and other sweets were made. most of the heavy industry has now been replaced by light and service industries.
today, maidstone is one of the top five shopping centres in the south east of england, with more than one million square feet of retail space. most of this is in two shopping areas, "fremlin walk", which was built on the site of one of the old breweries, is , and "the mall maidstone" provides another . both include multi-story car parks.
redhill can mean several things:
clive staples lewis (29 november 1898 – 22 november 1963), usually called c. s. lewis, was a british scholar who wrote about 40 books. he was born in belfast, northern ireland. he is famous for his fantasy works, essays, and writings on literature and theology. lewis' theological works are usually apologetics, the defence of christianity. some of his most popular christian writings were "mere christianity" and "the screwtape letters". his works have been translated into more than 30 languages. lewis was a professor of literature at the university of oxford and the university of cambridge.
lewis was married to american writer joy davidman (1915–1960) from 1956 until her death from bone cancer. he died of renal failure in oxford. 
his writing is popular with many people, and many of his books were made into movies. his most famous and popular fantasy work is "the chronicles of narnia", which is a series of seven books.
he died in oxford, oxfordshire, england. 
the corrs is a folk pop rock band from ireland. there are three sisters and one brother in the quartet. they became very popular in the late 1990s.
they were all born in dundalk, republic of ireland, the children of gerry and jean corr.
jim corr (born 31 july 1964) is the oldest member of the group. he mainly plays the guitar, but he can also play the on the keyboards and the piano.
sharon corr (born 24 march 1970) plays the violin, keyboards, and does backing vocals and vocals on her own (vocals means "singing").
caroline corr, (born 17 march 1973) plays the drums, the "percussion", the bodhran, the piano, and also does backing vocals.
andrea corr (born 17 may 1974) plays the tin whistle and does the lead vocals.
the corrs created themselves in 1991 to try to get in the movie "the commitments". jim, sharon, and caroline got a small part as musicians, while andrea got a speaking part as sharon rabbitte, sister of the main character. it was while they were trying out for this movie that they were noticed by their manager, john hughes.
their music has been released through atlantic records, a music company.
their first album, "forgiven, not forgotten", was most popular in australia. they then did another album called "talk on corners", which was very popular in ireland and britain.
aaron is a person described in the bible and the qu'ran. he was the older brother of moses. he helped moses lead the hebrews out of egypt. in the bible, he appeared very much in exodus.
aaron spoke for moses, when he went to tell pharaoh the king of egypt everything god wanted moses to say. the lord said to moses (exodus 7:1 to 3), "see, i have made you like god to pharaoh, and your brother aaron will be your prophet. you are to say everything i command you, and your brother aaron is to tell pharaoh to let the israelites go out of his country...".
aaron's staff was used by the lord a few times when trying to persuade the pharaoh to let the israelites go. the lord ordered moses and aaron, "when pharaoh says to you, 'perform a miracle,' then say to aaron, take your staff and throw it down before pharaoh', and it will become a snake." so moses and aaron went to pharaoh and aaron did so. aaron's staff, according to the bible, really became a snake and ate up all the other snakes that the pharaoh's magicians had made. also, aaron's staff was used to make the nile river all turn into blood. he "stretched it out", and the fish in the nile died, and the river smelled; and the egyptians could not drink the water, as it was recorded in the bible.
paula julie abdul (; born june 19, 1962) is an american singer and dancer. she had a string of hit songs and choreographed (planned) many dances for herself and others, including singer-songwriter janet jackson. musically, she is known for her late-1980s number-one singles "straight up" and "cold hearted", along with the 1990s number-one hit "opposites attract". she won a grammy award for "best music video – short form" for "opposites attract". she was a judge on the television show "american idol" for its first eight seasons. she has a mezzo-soprano vocal range.
douglas adams (11 march 1952 – 11 may 2001) was a british writer. he is most famous for his "the hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy" series.
adams was born in cambridge. when he was a few months old he moved to east london and a few years later to brentwood, essex. he originally received attention when he wrote for the popular tv shows "monty python" and "doctor who" in the 1970s. in 1978 he wrote a science-fiction radio series called "the hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy". it was later turned into a novel. in the early 1980s, it became a television series and in 2005 it became a movie produced by disney. adams also wrote several sequels for radio and as novels. he was also known for his humorous detective novels starring dirk gently, and for his efforts to conserve endangered species. he was an atheist. in 2001, adams died of a heart attack while he was working out at the gym in montecito, california, united states.
tom arnold (born march 6, 1959) is an american actor and comedian. he was born in ottumwa, iowa. he became famous when he married roseanne barr in 1990, another comedian and star of the popular sitcom, "roseanne", who he divorced in 1994. recently, he was one of the original hosts of the talk show, "the best damn sports show period!" on fox sports. in november 2009, he married ashley groussman.
beatrice "bea" arthur (may 13, 1922 - april 25, 2009) was an american actress, comedian, and singer, best known for her roles in "maude" and "the golden girls". she was jewish.
arthur was born in brooklyn, new york city. her parents were philip and rebecca frankelin. she grew up in cambridge, maryland. after high school and the junior college she did an apprenticeship as a medical laboratory technician and she was as a volunteer for the united states marine corps.
radio is a way to send electromagnetic signals over a long distance, to deliver information from one place to another. a machine that sends radio waves is called a transmitter, while a machine that "picks up" the signals is called a receiver or antenna. a machine that does both jobs is a "transceiver". when radio signals are sent out to many receivers at the same time, it is called a broadcast.
television also uses radio signals to send pictures and sound.
airplanes and other things may be used under radio control. radio signals can be used to lock and unlock the doors in a car from a distance.
sound can be sent by radio, sometimes through frequency modulation (fm) or amplitude modulation (am).
history of radio.
many people worked to make radio possible. after james clerk maxwell predicted them, heinrich rudolf hertz in germany first showed that radio waves exist. guglielmo marconi in italy made radio into a practical tool of telegraphy, used mainly by ships at sea. he is sometimes said to have invented radio. later inventors learned to transmit voices, which led to broadcasting of news, music and entertainment.
uses of radio.
radio was first created as a way to send telegraph messages between two people without wires. then two-way radio brought voice communication, including walkie-talkies and eventually mobile phones.
now an important use is to broadcast music, news and entertainers including "talk radio". radio shows were used before there were tv programs. in the 1930s the us president started sending a message about the country every week to the american people. companies that make and send radio programming are called radio stations. these are sometimes run by governments, and sometimes by private companies, who make money by sending advertisements. other radio stations are supported by local communities. these are called community radio stations. in the early days manufacturing companies would pay to broadcast complete stories on the radio. these were often plays or dramas. because companies who made soap often paid for them, these were called "soap operas".
radio waves are still used to send messages between people. talking to someone with a radio is different than "talk radio". citizens band radio and amateur radio use specific radios to talk back and forth. policemen, firemen and other people who help in emergency use a radio emergency communication system to communicate (talk to each other). it is like a mobile phone, (which also uses radio signals) but the distance they reach is shorter and both people must use the same kind of radio.
the word "radio" is sometimes used to mean only voiceband broadcasting. most voiceband broadcasting uses lower frequency and longer wavelength than most television broadcasting.
microwaves have even higher frequency; shorter wavelength. they also are used to transmit television and radio programs, and for other purposes. communications satellites relay microwaves around the world.
a radio receiver does not need to be directly in view of the transmitter to receive programme signals. low frequency radio waves can bend around hills by diffraction, although repeater stations are often used to improve the quality of the signals.
shortwave radio frequencies are also reflected from an electrically charged layer of the upper atmosphere, called the ionosphere. the waves can bounce between the ionosphere and the earth to reach receivers that are not in the line of sight because of the curvature of the earth's surface. they can reach very far, sometimes around the world.
radio telescopes receive radio waves from the sky to study astronomical objects. satellite navigation uses radio to determine location, and radar uses it to find and track things.
vandalism is a crime that is done by destroying or damaging the property of someone else. this can include graffiti and website damage.
a person that does this is called a vandal. the name comes from the vandals, a tribe that attacked and damaged the city of rome in 455 ce.
many websites, such as wikis (like wikipedia), forums, and blogs, can be changed by anyone. because of this, they can be "vandalized" by adding comments or replacing everything on the page with spam, nonsense or other silly content. it is a kind of trolling, and these websites have special users, called administrators, whose job is to remove the vandalism and to block users who do not stop vandalizing. 
examples of physical vandalism include salting lawns, cutting trees without permission, egg throwing, breaking windows, arson, spraying paint on others' properties, tagging,
monopoly is a board game played by two to eight players. in the game, players move around the spaces of the board, buying and selling land and buildings to try to become the richest player. when all the other players run out of money, you win the game.
many books give advice on how to win the game. an early book, "1000 ways to win monopoly games" was written by jeffrey s. lehman (who later became president of cornell university) and jay s. walker (founder of priceline.com.)
"monopoly" was created by elizabeth magie as a teaching tool based on the economic concept of land monopoly. magie created the game in 1903, to explain the single tax theory of henry george. she wanted her game to be an educational tool to highlight the negative aspects of concentrating land in private monopolies. her game, which she called "the landlord's game", was self-published, beginning in 1906. the original rules included several ways to play the game, including one where players could agree to share the land rents and everyone would win.
in 1934, charles darrow in philadelphia found the landlord's game and thought that the game was more exciting when players didn't share their land rents. he published his own version of the game where making money was the focus of the game, and called it "monopoly." later on, he sold his game to parker brothers, who falsely credited charles darrow as the creator of the game.
on the monopoly board are 40 spaces. in the four corners of the board are "go", "free parking", "jail", and "go to jail". along the sides of the board are properties (streets and businesses) for sale. the properties are: 22 "streets" (each marked with one of eight colors), 4 "railroad stations", the "electric company" and the "water works". there are also spaces called "income tax", "luxury tax", "community chest" and "chance".
in the original version, the properties and railroad stations were named after the streets in atlantic city in new jersey in the united states. in the british original version, they are named after streets in london.
setting up the game.
to prepare for the game, the board is put in position. the chance and community chest cards are shuffled and placed face down on the board. each player chooses a token (a playing piece), such as a thimble, a rocking horse, a boot, a dog, etc. (the tokens vary depending on the edition), and places it on "go". one player is chosen to be the banker - this player is trusted with handing out money from the bank and collecting players' spent money during the game.
the banker gives each player $1500 to start with. each player rolls the dice, and the player who rolled the highest total takes the first turn.
the object of the game is to own as much land (property) and to be the richest player.
the rules can be found in every "monopoly" box, but a summary is listed here.
moving around the board.
on your turn, you roll the dice and move your token forward (clockwise around the edge of the board) the same number of spaces as the sum of the dice you rolled. you must then follow the instructions of whatever space your token lands on.
if you roll doubles (the same number on both dice), you get to take another turn after this one is over. however, if you roll doubles three times in a row, you don't get your third turn but you must go directly to jail (see below).
the jail space has two sections, labeled in jail and just visiting. if you land on jail by your normal roll of the dice, place your token on just visiting and nothing bad (or good) happens to you. but there are three ways to be placed in jail: 
if you are put into jail, take your token from wherever it is and place it directly on in jail. this does not count as a move, so if this causes you to go past go, you don't collect $200 from the bank. if you are put in jail, your turn ends immediately, even if you rolled doubles and would get to take another turn.
while you are in jail, you still roll the dice on your turn but you don't get to move your token. there are three ways to get out of jail:
note that being in jail doesn't prevent you from doing anything else in the game - it just stops your token from moving around the board.
there are many editions of monopoly. officially-licensed editions are produced by hasbro itself or by usaopoly, and unofficial editions are published by toy vault. official versions are named "____ monopoly" (such as "star wars monopoly") and feature the monopoly logo, and unofficial versions are named "____-opoly" (such as "python-opoly") and do not feature the monopoly logo.
milton bradley has produced editions to symbolize the decades of popular culture in america. for example, the 1970s monopoly has spaces depicting the fashion of the time. players can purchase bell bottom blue jeans instead of street properties.
a number of video game adaptations have been made. in addition, many electronic editions exist that use credit cards instead of paper money.
in india, a similar game is called business.
in egypt, a similar game is called بنك الحظ (the bank of luck).
acquire is another game with rules for more advanced business practices with stocks, but has similar basic concepts of monopoly (owning properties of the same color, buying land and building on it, making the most money, etc.).
uses for monopoly.
people play monopoly for different reasons. some may play for family game night, others use it as a learning tool at school, and others play it just to have fun.
monopoly may be used as a teaching tool to teach children a variety of lessons while having fun. it teaches how to make deals when trading, playing fair (because cheaters never win), knowing the value of money, addition and subtraction, good sportsmanship, the thrill of competition, strategies and organization. at an elementary level, “it offers a marvelous vehicle for teaching mathematics”. through the game, children explore different areas of mathematics: not only adding and subtracting but also probability, percentages, and patterns. at a higher level, teachers can use monopoly to teach microeconomics principles.
still standing is a cbs sitcom starring mark addy. it is about a working-class couple who live in chicago, illinois. addy's character is a father of three with a wife named judy (jami gertz). judy and addy's character, bill miller, deal with having an annoying relative, aunt linda (jennifer irwin), and with having children of different ages. it was first shown in september 2002. lifetime had the rights to have the show in 2005. it ended in march 2006.
ign is a gaming website that was first launched in 2000. it has faq's, guides, and walkthroughs about many of the games on gamecube, pc, playstation 2, xbox, wii, playstation 3, xbox 360, xbox one, and the playstation 4, as well as older systems. ign's main competitor is gamespot, another gaming website.
ign also features a popular message board, with a lot of members. 
socks are often worn on a person's feet. they absorb sweat and help to keep the foot dry. socks also give comfort to people's feet and keep them warm in cold weather. they are usually made of cotton or wool. some socks can cover only the foot and ankle, and others may be long enough to cover the entire lower leg up to the knee. toe socks are socks that wrap each toe separate from the others. socks can be worn on the feet. socks come in an array of different colors. generally, white socks are worn for everyday or athletic use, and dark socks (black, brown, gray, or navy blue) are worn with business or formal wears. some dress socks have patterns on them; these are called "argyles".
people often refer to sleeves that cover phones as 'socks'. these come in many different forms, colourful or plain. they help to protect the mobile phone whilst also being a stylish addition. not many people use phone socks anymore because they seem to be old and out of use however some people still prefer to use them
everybody loves raymond is an american television series. it stars ray romano. the series was a popular sitcom on the cbs network.
ray romano plays ray barone, a sports writer in lynbrook, new york. patricia heaton plays his wife, debra. ray and deborah have a fun set of neighbors: ray's parents. robert, ray's "loser" brother, is a police officer, and is very unlucky in love. by the end of season seven, however, he marries a woman named amy. the show aired from september 13, 1996 to may 16, 2005.
a lighthouse is a tall building that sends out light for use in navigation. lighthouses are built on the coast of an ocean or lake. the lighthouse protects ships from crashing into shore, by sending the light out towards the sea. when sailors see the light, they know to avoid hitting the shore. the light usually turns in a circle so that ships see a flashing light. the light is usually covered by a fresnel lens. this lens enables the light to travel a far distance.
one of the most famous lighthouses was the lighthouse of alexandria. it was on an island near the coast. that island was called "pharos". even today, in many languages, the word for "lighthouse" comes from the name of the island.
almost all lighthouses are automatic now. 
joan of arcadia was a cbs drama television series. it starred amber tamblyn. tamblyn's character was joan girardi, a teenager with the ability to talk to god.
in its second season, the show had 8.5 million viewers per episode. however, after declining ratings the show was canceled. a third season was never made.
a lunchbox is used to carry a person's lunch. they can come in many shapes and sizes and by a number of manufacturers. they can also be in the form of a brown paper bag.
the first aluminium lunch box was created in 1954 by a man by the name of leo may when he happened to crush his tin lunch box.
the game of life is a popular board game. players spin a spinner, which tells them where to go next. they then go through an imaginary "life," getting married and having kids. the object of the game is to have more money than the other players by the end of the game.
wasted time that you gave us. thank you
a poster is a large piece of printed paper that has a message, usually with picture of something. posters are made to be shown in public on a wall or other flat surfaces. they were the main form of public advertising before the web, and they are still used.
posters are used for advertising, education, propaganda, and decoration. they may also be copies of famous works of art.
chromolithography and the poster.
chromolithography (color lithography) was invented by engelmann & son, who were granted a patent in 1837. after that, it was a matter of time before it reached full commercial development.
because of its low production costs, over the 50 years after the american civil war, millions of chromolithographs were printed and were sold for under $10. louis prang, a bostonian, produced fine-art subjects, such as still lifes, landscapes, and classical subjects. nevertheless, it was only after 1847 that the jules chéret posters showed their real potential.
posters in the first half of the 20th century.
posters were used for war propaganda, to encourage young people to enlist in the army, and to sell government war bonds. from a strictly artistic view, the posters were unimaginative and far from the masterpieces of the late 19th century posters. the posters almost all came with a caption to bang the message home.
gretchen wilson (born june 26, 1973) is a country music singer.
in 2004 she had her first number one album on billboard's hot country songs music chart. as late as 2013 she had a song on billboard's country airplay music chart.
wilson got a contract with epic records in 2003.
elizabeth "blue" balliett klein (born in 1955) is an american writer. her first book is "chasing vermeer". "chasing vermeer" made the children's bestseller list in 2004. in the story, two sixth graders help solve a mystery involving a vermeer painting. the story has to do with pentominoes, patterns, and coincidences. the sequel to "chasing vermeer" is "the wright 3," a mystery centered around the robie house designed by frank lloyd wright and his talisman- a superstitious good luck object- that is a jade japanese fish. this time, the two main characters, petra and calder, are joined by calder's old friend, tommy segovia. the sequel, called the wright 3, was published in april 2006.
an eyelash is a hair that grows at the edge of the eyelids. they protect the eye from small things like dust. the average person has hundreds of eyelashes. they have a life span of about 3 months. 
prague (praha in czech) is the capital and the largest city of the czech republic. 1.4 million people live there.
prague has been known as one of the most beautiful european cities since the middle ages. it is often called the "city of 100 towers", the "rooftop of europe" or the "heart of europe." prague was a place where many merchants, artists and inventors met.
prague is full of historical monuments in all major artistic styles. the historic center of prague is on both banks of the vltava river. this historical center has six districts, which were once independent cities that joined together in the 18th century. these districts are staré město (old town), pražský hrad (prague castle), josefov (old jewish town), nové město (new town), malá strana (lesser town), hradčany (prague castle quarter) and vyšehrad. it was prince bořivoj who established prague castle. there are also lots of museums, galleries, theaters, concert halls, and other historic buildings.
the earliest inhabitants of the area lived in the valley of the vltava river around 500 bc. slavonic tribes came to bohemia in about 500 ad. there is a legend about how the town of prague started. princess libuše, the leader of a slavonic tribe, chose a simple peasant přemysl to be her husband. she told him to go and find a village on the banks of the vltava and to start a town there. the town became prague, ruled by the přemyslid family.in the second half of the 9th century the castle’s original fortifications were built. during the reign of wenceslas i (václav in czech) in the 10th century the church of st vitus was built at prague castle. wenceslas was murdered by his brother when he was going to church. he was later made a saint. in the early 11th century the přemyslid family got power in moravia, too. vratislav ii was the first monarch to be called king of bohemia.
another ruler, also called wenceslas i, ruled as king of bohemia from 1230. he encouraged the arts. many germans came to live in prague. in 1257 king otakar ii founded the area of prague called the lesser quarter for the germans to live in. the last of the přemyslid kings was king wenceslas iii. he was murdered in moravia.
during the middle ages prague became very important as the capital of the holy roman empire ruled by charles iv (1316-1378) who was the most powerful ruler in europe at the time. charles made prague a great city, building st vitus cathedral, a university, and a famous bridge called charles bridge which still exists.
after charles iv there were many arguments and fights in prague. a priest called jan hus said that the catholic church had become too powerful. he was arrested and burned at the stake in 1415. a lot of people agreed with what hus had been saying. these people were called hussites. they threw a lot of important catholic people out of the window (called "defenestration"). a lot more fighting followed, and for many years bohemia was ruled by kings who lived in other countries.
from 1526 the habsburg family ruled bohemia. they were catholics and ruled the holy roman empire. in 1576 the emperor rudolph ii moved the capital from vienna to prague. prague became a rich town again, and people were free to worship as catholics or protestants. after rudolph ii there were a lot of religious fighting and more people were thrown out of windows. eventually the fighting became part of the thirty years’ war. when ferdinand ii won the fighting a lot of protestants left the country. new buildings in prague were built in the baroque style. the german language, not czech, was spoken at court. maria theresa was the only queen to reign over prague. one of her 16 children was marie antoinette who became queen of france. when her son joseph ii ruled, people stopped fighting about religion. the people were free to speak what they thought, and there was no more serfdom. prague now had three parts: the old town, the lesser quarter and the new town. famous people such as wolfgang amadeus mozart visited the town often.
in the 19th century industry came to prague. factories were built, a railway was built between prague and vienna. the czech nationalist movement became very strong after 1848. they wanted to use their own language instead of german. the composers smetana and dvořák wrote music about their country, often using czech folksongs. the national theatre was opened in 1881.
in june 1914 the archduke franz ferdinand, heir to the habsburg throne, was murdered. this led to world war i. after the war an independent republic called czechoslovakia was formed with prague as its capital. bohemia, moravia and slovakia were part of it. in 1938 hitler invaded the country. it was liberated by soviet troops in may 1945. however, the communists soon seized power and the country was ruled by communists who had to obey the soviet union. the prime minister alexander dubček gradually tried to make reforms. this period of time is called the "prague spring". in 1968 the soviet union sent tanks into prague to wenceslas square to restore their power.
democracy gradually came to prague in 1989 when the velvet revolution happened. in 1993 the czech republic and slovakia split into two countries. today both these countries are part of the european union.
since the fall of the iron curtain in 1990 prague has become one of europe's most popular tourist places. it has buildings dating from the 13th century to the present day. the castle looks very important on the hillside. charles bridge is now closed to traffic so that pedestrians can walk across the bridge and buy souvenirs from the stalls. there are many museums, palaces and theatres. tourists often go to the old town square in the centre of prague. there are lots of buildings there from different periods of history. the statue of jan hus stands high above the square. there is a famous astronomical clock on the wall of the old town hall. there are museums dedicated to famous people including smetana, dvořák and franz kafka. the estates theatre is one of europe’s oldest theaters. it was built in the 1780s and mozart conducted the first performance of his opera "don giovanni" there.
prague is on the list of world heritage sites.
prague has been important in the economy of what is now the czech republic since the region developed industry in the 19th century. textiles and machinery are made and exported to many countries. food, electronics and chemicals are produced. nearly half the people who work are women.
prague is becoming a city where many international companies have their headquarters. since the late 1990s, prague has become a popular filming location for international productions and hollywood motion pictures.
there are no ghettos in prague.
colleges and universities.
the city contains several universities and colleges including the oldest university in central and eastern europe: the charles university, founded in 1348.
prague has three metro lines, 20 tram lines, and buses that connect to the suburbs. there is also a funicular rail link to the top of the petřín hill and a chairlift at prague zoo. all these services have a common ticketing system.
prague metro is one of the best in europe for quality and speed. it has got 3 lines (a, b, and c), 65 kilometers and 61 stations.
trains from prague connect to major cities in neighbouring countries.
there is a modern airport, václav havel airport prague, used by many airlines including czech airlines.
prague has many parks and gardens, including a park for culture, sports and entertainments which is named after julius fučík, a resistance leader of world war ii. it has three stadiums, the largest of which, spartakiádní stadion, holds 250,000 people. they have a good soccer team and play many sports.
a wallet is a small flat container, mostly of leather or fabric, that a person uses to hold cash, credit cards, identification cards, etc. most men usually keep their wallets in their pockets, while women usually keep them in larger bags called purses.
wallets, particularly in europe, where larger coins are prevalent, contain also a coin purse compartments. some wallets have built-in clasps or bands to keep them closed. 
as european banknotes, such as euros and pounds, are typically larger than american banknotes in size, they do not fit in some smaller american wallets.
a cryptocurrency wallet is a device, program, or service that stores public and/or private keys for cryptocurrency transactions. in addition to this basic function, a cryptocurrency wallet most often also offers provides encryption and/or the use of a digital signature. any crypto wallet is a combination of a private key and a public address. there are the following options for crypto wallets: hardware, desktop, paper, mobile, web wallets.
a memory card is a form of flash memory that is used in a range of electronic devices such as a digital camera or video game console. the memory card stores data, images, music, saved games or other computer files. 
flash memory devices like this contain no moving parts so they are not easily damaged. this means that they are ideal for use in portable devices such as mp3 players, digital cameras, mobile phones etc.
the amount of data memory cards can store depends on the "capacity" of the card. currently (in 2017) the largest memory cards can store 1 terabyte of data. as the technology improves, larger capacity cards are expected. 
there are many different types of memory cards, for example multimediacard or compactflash, but the majority are sd cards or microsd.
a computer printer is a piece of hardware for a computer. it allows a user to print items on paper, such as letters and pictures. usually a printer prints under the control of a computer. many can also work as a photocopier or with a digital camera to print directly without using a computer.
types of printers.
today, the following types of printers are in regular use:
printers are programmed using a programming language. the printer interprets the program, and the outputs the result. there are two big classes of such languages: page description languages, and printer control languages. a page description language describes what a page should look like. the program in a page description language is sent to the printer, which interprets them. printer command languages are at a lower level than page description languages, they contain information that is specific to the printer model. 
common programming languages for printers include:
cost of printers.
when comparing the cost of a printer, people often talk about how expensive it is to print one page. this cost usually has three components:
printers that are more expensive to buy will usually be less expensive in the consumables (the ink, toner, or ribbon used by the printer). therefore, laser printers are often more expensive to buy than inkjet printers, but are not as expensive to use over a long period of time. inkjet printers on the other hand cost more to use because the ink tanks they use are more expensive than the toner for a laser printer. 
laser printers that can print in color are usually more expensive than those that only print in black and white. some expensive printers can do other things such as print on both sides of the paper, automatically sort the output, or staple the pages.
chasing vermeer is a children's novel. it is about two children noticing strange coincidences relating to art. the book was written by blue balliett and published (printed) by scholastic in 2003. it says many things about the dutch painter johannes vermeer. 
the sequel to the book is "the wright 3".
the great wall of china is an ancient wall in china. the wall is made of cement, rocks, bricks, and dirt. it was finished in 1878 and it was meant to protect the north of the empire of china from enemy attacks. it is the longest structure humans have ever built. it is about 21,196 kilometers long, wide and 15 metres high. the earlier sections on the wall are made of compacted dirt and stone. later in the ming dynasty they used bricks. there are 7,000 watch towers, block houses for soldiers and beacons to send smoke signals.
nineteen walls have been built that were called the great wall of china. the first was built in the 7th century bc. the most famous wall was built between 226–200 bc by the first emperor of china, qin shi huang (qin pronounced as chin) , during the qin dynasty. not much of this wall remains as people have been stealing from it. it was much farther north than the current wall. the current wall was built during the ming dynasty.
great wall of qi was started in 685 bc. the state of qi made a fortified wall for protection against the southern states ju og lu and later from the kingdom chu.
the state of yan built walls during the rule of king zhao of yan (311–279 bc).
the state of zhao built walls during 325–299 bc, during the rule of king wuling of zhao.
walls on the periphery of the northern states yan, zhao, and qin became linked together, because all those states came under the rule of emperor qin shi hong, during his rule (221–206 bc).
the first emperor of china, qin shi huang also called shi huangdi, started the qin dynasty. the xiongnu tribes in the north of china were his enemies. the land in some parts of china is easy to cross, so qin shi huang started building the great wall to make it more difficult for the xiongnu to invade china.
by 212 bc, the wall went from gansu to the coast of south manchuria.
other dynasties in china had worked more on the wall and made it longer. the han, sui, northern and jin dynasties all repaired, rebuilt or expanded the great wall. during the ming dynasty, major rebuilding work took place. sections of the wall were built with bricks and stone instead of earth. it took more than 2000 years for building and completion of the great wall.
the great wall of china is a series of fortifications that were built across the historical northern borders of ancient chinese states. it is the longest structure humans have ever built. it is about 21,196 kilometers long, 9.1 metres (30 feet) wide and 15 metres high. it is made over the course of hundreds of years, the wall was built by over 6 different chinese dynasties, and is over 2,300 years old.
the wall was built to help keep out northern invaders like the mongols. smaller walls had been built over the years, but the first emperor of china, qin shi huang, decided that he wanted a single giant wall to protect his northern borders. the most well-known sections of the wall were built by ming dynasty. genghis khan, the founder of the mongol empire, was the only one who breached the great wall of china in its
the great wall was designated a unesco world heritage site in 1987. the great wall was declared as one of the seven wonders of the world in 2007.
construction and rebuilding of the great wall.
builders used materials that were nearby. some parts of the wall were made of mud, straw, and twigs. thousands of workers died from giant falling stones, exhaustion, disease, animal attacks, and starvation. workers dying and being buried in and under the great wall is a myth.
visibility from space.
rumours about astronauts being able to see the great wall from the moon are scientifically not proven. the great wall has shown up in radar images taken from space, but scientists are sure it is not possible for astronauts to see the wall with a naked eye. one astronaut who spoke about the visibility of the great wall from space was neil armstrong. he said that on the moon, it was very clear that the wall was not visible. however, astronaut william pogue was able to see the wall from a low earth orbit distance (300-530 km height), but only with binoculars and with lots of practice.
the amazon river (also called "rio amazonas" in portuguese and spanish) is the largest river in the world by the amount or volume of water it carries. it flows through the tropical forests of south america, mainly in brazil. its headwaters are in the andes mountains in peru, on the western edge of south america and flows eastward into the atlantic ocean near the equator.
the amazon river moves more water than the next eight largest rivers of the world combined and has the largest drainage basin in the world. it accounts for about one fifth of the world's total river flow. during the wet season, parts of the amazon exceed in width. because of its size, it is sometimes called "the sea", but it is not the world's "longest" river system. the world's longest river is the nile river, with the amazon being second-longest.
all the main tributaries to the amazon river have their own names. they start in the mountains (andes) as clear water with high oxygen content, and connect with the other rivers as they all flow towards the mouth of the amazon.
the water of the amazon ends up full of mud. this is especially true of its rio negro tributary). in the nutritious mud live a huge number of insects, small crustacea, parasites. on these small fry live predators, birds, fish and life generally. the mud is what causes this huge array of life. the mud has nutrients, and on this the flies and fish all the other animals depend.
size and path.
it is one of the longest rivers in the world. there have been different studies that have tried to measure its exact length. as the studies have come up with different numbers, it is therefore difficult to give an exact number. the length also changes in the rainy season. several studies from brazil, spain and chile say it is the longest river in the world, longer than the nile. the nile has a length of . the amazon may have a length of . the spanish daily newspaper el país gives its length at . in 2007, scientists from peru and brazil calculated a length of .
a study done in 1969 says that the amazon has a length of . this was measured from a part of the river apurimac. until the 1970s, it was thought that the marañón river was the source of the amazon. in 2001, an expedition found that nevado mismi was in fact the source of the amazon. another document of the geographic society of lima gives the length of the amazon at over .
the source of the amazon is in the andes mountains of western south america. it flows east from there to the atlantic ocean. most of the huge river and its many tributaries are in the country of brazil. there are many places on the amazon where a person on one side of the river cannot see the other side. the brazilians call the amazon the "river sea." the amazon is navigable from the ocean to peru. ocean ships can travel on the amazon all the way across brazil, and most of south america, to the city of iquitos in peru.
one characteristic of the amazon river is the "brazo casiquiare", a water connection to the orinoco river into venezuela, that connects the two basins.
the estuary of the amazon is about wide. the width of the mouth of the river is usually measured from cabo do norte to punto patijoca. generally, the outlet of the para river is included. it is wide, and forms the estuary of the tocantins. the estuary also includes the island of marajó, which lies in the mouth of the amazon. this means that the amazon is wider at its mouth than the entire length of the thames river in england.
along the coastline, near cabo do norte, there are many islands partially covered with water. there are also sandbanks. the tides of the atlantic generate a wave that reaches into the amazon river. this wave goes along the coast for about . the phenomenon of this wave generated by the tides is called a tidal bore. locally it is known as "pororoca". the pororoca occurs where the water is less than deep. it starts with a loud noise, and advances at a speed of . the bore is the reason the amazon does not have a delta. the ocean rapidly carries away the large amount of silt brought by the amazon. this makes it impossible for a delta to grow past the shoreline. it also has a very large tide, that can reach . the place has become popular for river surfing.
the amazon river has many uses:
"uses" suggests that the wonders of the earth are there for our taking. they are not. it is up to us what we do, and the amazon has already been greatly damaged by greed and corruption. logging its trees and changing the ecosystem to farmland is already far advanced.
there are no bridges across the entire width of the river. this is not because the river would be too wide to bridge; for most of its length, engineers could build a bridge across the river easily. for most of its course, the river flows through the amazon rainforest, where there are very few roads and cities. most of the time, the crossing can be done by a ferry, so there is no need to build a bridge. the manaus iranduba bridge linking the cities of manaus and iranduba spans the rio negro (a tributary of the amazon).
the river is the main route of traffic in the region. most cities are on the banks of the river. the biggest city on the river is manaus, which is also the capital of the brazilian state of amazonas. many native people live in the amazon, such as the urarina who live in peru.
big ocean boats can get up the river until manaus, which is almost 1500 kilometers (900 miles) from its mouth. smaller ocean ships of 3,000 tons and 7.9 m (26 ft) draft can reach as far as iquitos in peru, 3,700 km (2,300 miles) from the sea. smaller riverboats can reach 780 km (486 mi) higher as far as actual point. beyond that, small boats frequently go up to the pogo ode escherichia's, just above actual point. 
a pyramid is a structure, usually made of stone, built in the shape of a pyramid. from ancient to modern times people in many different parts of the world have built such structures.
the word "pyramid" comes from the greek word "pyramis" which meant "wheat cake." the ancient egyptian word for them was something like "mer". the great pyramid of giza was one of the seven wonders of the ancient world.
the first pyramids were built in 2630 b.c. the oldest known pyramid was made for king djoser of the third dynasty.
in egypt, kings and queens, called pharaohs, were buried in the tombs of huge square-bottomed pyramids built of stone. they were usually built to be used as tombs for pharaohs. the ancient egyptian pyramids are very well built. some of the pyramids still stand today.
the oldest man-made pyramid found is called the step pyramid. it is in the giza necropolis in saqqara, near cairo, egypt. it was built for king djoser thousands of years ago. later pyramids were built much larger. the largest one was the great pyramid of giza. it is near cairo. it was the tallest building in the world until the eiffel tower was built in paris, in 1889. the great pyramid was built by the pharaoh khufu (= cheops) from the ancient egyptian old kingdom. herodotus was told by his egyptian guides that it took twenty years for a force of 100,000 slaves to build the pyramid (with another ten years to build a stone causeway that connected to a temple in the valley below).
people once thought pyramids were built by slaves. more recent evidence suggests that the workers who built the pyramids were paid and well-cared for. they were loyal to the pharaoh. inside the great pyramid, famous man-made objects have been found from ancient times. many valuable items were buried with the dead pharaohs, in the hope that they would take them to the afterlife. pyramids usually had traps to stop thieves from escaping easily. tomb thieves were punished by death if they were caught. however, by 1000 bc, many of the pyramids had been robbed of their precious treasures.
a large statue of a sphinx stands near the pyramids at giza. it has the body of a lion and the head of a pharaoh.
the ancient greeks called the great pyramid one of the seven wonders of the world. there are over 100 pyramids in egypt. most of them are on the western side of the river nile. some egyptologists have different opinions on why the ancient egyptian kings built pyramids as their tombs. pyramids have been excavated for about the last 200 years.
the ancient egyptians believed that the egyptian pharaohs went to the stars to join their gods in the afterlife.
pyramids in the americas.
the aztecs and mayans also built many massive pyramids. none are as old or big as the oldest or biggest egyptian pyramids. most of them are step pyramids.
unlike egyptian pyramids, which were used as tombs for rulers and wealthy people, aztec and mayan pyramids are believed to have been used for public displays of human sacrifice.
there are also ancient pyramids in other parts of africa, central america, europe, north america, and asia. there is a famous modern glass pyramid in front of the louvre museum in paris. the luxor hotel, in las vegas, nevada is also a glass pyramid.
the care bears are a very successful toy franchise from the 1980s. over forty million of these stuffed teddy bears, made with a variety of colours, were sold from 1983 to 1987. each bear had a name, a job, and a symbol tied to it. for example, funshine bear helps people wake up, and has a sun on his stomach.
the toys were first made as characters on cards in 1981; the original artwork was done by james lewis. later, other toys called the care bear cousins were introduced.
they also gave way to three animated movies for the cinema in the mid-1980s. a related tv series from dic and, later, canada's nelvana limited came out at almost that same time.
recently, care bear toys have been brought back in a new edition for the twenty-first century. as part of this comeback, the bears have appeared in their first two dvd movies (both computer-animated), as well as a few video games.
bolzano (; ; , southern bavarian: "bozn") is the capital city of the province of province of bolzano-bozen in northern italy's alto adige.
its population is 98.057 (march 2005) and the area of the municipality is 52.34 km2. bolzano has a history of italian-speaking inhabitants since the middle ages. the region of alto adige/südtirol is mainly german speaking, but in the city the italian speaking population was the majority (75%) in 2001. the german speaking population of the city was 24% and the ladin speaking less than 1%. actually the foreign-born are around 7% (mostly are from eastern europe).
historically between the renaissance and the 19th century, the whole area, originally populated by neolatins from the time of the roman empire, experienced a lot of germanisation. in the centuries before napoleon, only the dolomite's area of the western part of the present area of south tyrol (especially the val venosta near merano) remained neolatin. after the italian victory in wwi the italian government promoted a huge immigration of italians in the city, that was fully modernized with new areas and with the creation of an industrial section: since then the italians are the majority and in the 2011 census they were nearly 77% of the total population.
bolzano actually is an international city with a trilingual english-german-italian university (free university of bolzano), the european academy (eurac), a business innovation centre (bic), an international airport (abd, daily flights to rome and munich), the "bolzano fair area", the archaeology museum with the frozen fritz (the iceman called here ötzi), other important museums, the famous "monumento alla vittoria" and an old tyrolean medieval centre with the typical alpine arcades ("portici"-lauben).
bolzano is the centre of the "euregio tirol-südtirol/alto adige-trentino" and with innsbruck is the capital of the "alps convention".
city districts and neighboring communities.
bolzano has five city districts:
communities next to bozen are: appiano, cornedo, laives, deutschnofen, renon, genesio, terlan, and vadena.
other important towns near bozen are: bressanone, brunico and merano.
flubber is a 1997 american science-fiction comedy film directed by les mayfield (who had previously directed another john hughes scripted remake, "miracle on 34th street") and written by hughes, based on an earlier screenplay by bill walsh. a remake of "the absent-minded professor" (1961), the film was produced by walt disney pictures and stars robin williams, marcia gay harden, christopher mcdonald, ted levine, raymond j. barry, wil wheaton, and clancy brown with jodi benson providing a voice. the film grossed $178 million worldwide despite negative reviews. in selected theaters, the "pepper ann" episode "old best friend" was featured before the film.
mary wollstonecraft (27 april 1759 – 10 september 1797) was a british writer. she was born in spitalfields, a daughter of a rich farmer who inherited his fortune. her father was known because he was sometimes violent towards her, her four siblings, and their mother when his farms failed. mary wollstonecraft was the second oldest child in her family. she was the oldest female child. she left home at the age of nineteen to work and become independent.
working in the english city of bath, somerset, she developed a disliking for the upper class and their social lives. in 1784 she experienced the near death of her sister eliza who was also the victim of abuse at the hands of her husband. she escaped with her sister to london to preserve her life. soon after, her good friend fanny blood, died of complications in childbirth. wollstonecraft suffered depression following this and being in financial straits, she began to write her first book "thoughts on the education of daughters". then she wrote "".
wollstonecraft was not only a writer, she was an early feminist and social campaigner. she wrote a children's book as well as her two most famous books "a vindication of the rights of man" (1790), a response to the french revolution, and "a vindication of the rights of woman" (1792) which argued that women should have the same rights and education as men. she called for equal education for boys and girls, believing that education gives the tools necessary to compete with men in public and economic life.
she followed writers such as catherine macaulay who wrote "letters on education" in 1790, thomas paine, and john locke. one of her most well-known books was "an historical and moral view of the origin and progress of the french revolution (1794). she also wrote "the wrongs of women", a novel telling of the confines and illusion of marriage and child rearing as the only happiness for women. she was revolutionary in arguing for education and the need for autonomy for women.
wollstonecraft travelled to paris in 1792 to take notes on the revolution. while in paris, she fell in love with gilbert imlay, an american who she later followed to london. she tried to commit suicide when their relationship ended but was rescued from the thames. she wrote a book titled "letters written during a short residence in sweden, norway, and denmark" (1796) from a series of letters written to imlay, to support their daughter fanny imlay, born in 1794. in the same year, wollstonecraft met an old acquaintance and philosopher, william godwin. they later married.
wollstonecraft gave birth to their daughter on 30 august 1797. they named her mary wollstonecraft godwin. the child later became wife of percy shelley. mary wollstonecraft godwin became mary shelley, the author of "frankenstein".
wollstonecraft died of complications after labour due to a blood clot. mary wollstonecraft died of sepsis in london after her birth and suffered a similar fate as her best friend fanny blood whose death inspired her fight for women's rights and her first book.
her husband william godwin published "memoirs of the author of "a vindication of the rights of women"" in memory of her in 1798. 
the isle of wight is an island county that is just off the south coast of england. it is about 40 kilometres (25 miles) by 20 kilometres (13 miles) in size. about one hundred and twenty thousand people live on the island.
the isle of wight is a county. this means that it has a council of people who make decisions about some things that affect the people who live there. until 1890 it was part of the administrative county of hampshire. the county town of the island, which is the place where the council work, is "newport".
many people like to go on holiday on the island. there are many hotels and tourist attractions. queen victoria often visited the isle of wight where she owned a large mansion called osborne house. tourism is the most important industry on the island.
over half of the island is officially designated as an area of outstanding natural beauty. it is widely recognised as the most important site in europe for finding dinosaur remains, and is a unesco biosphere reserve.
sock or socks could mean:
alzheimer's disease (ad) is a brain disease that slowly destroys brain cells. as of now, there is no cure for alzheimer's disease. with time, the different symptoms of the disease become more marked. many people die because of alzheimer's disease. the disease affects different parts of the brain but has its worst effects on the areas of the brain that control memory, language, and thinking skills. alzheimer's disease is the most common form of senile dementia accounting for up to 70% of cases.
the clinical symptoms of ad usually occurs after age 65, but changes in the brain which do not cause symptoms and are caused by alzheimer's, may begin years or in some cases decades before. although the symptoms of ad begin in older people it is not a normal part of aging.
at this time there is no cure for alzheimer's, but there are treatments that can help some patients with the signs and symptoms so they do not affect them as badly. there are also treatments which slow down the disease so the damage to the brain does not happen as quickly. there are also certain personal habits that people can learn which may help to delay the onset of the disease.
while it is not yet known exactly what causes alzheimer's disease, there are a number of risk factors which may make a person more likely to get it. some of these risk factors are genetic; changes to four different genes have been found which increase the risk.
the current lifetime risk for a 65-year-old person to get alzheimer's disease is estimated to be at 10.5%. it is the sixth leading cause of death in the united states causing about 83,500 deaths a year. in 2007, there were more than 26.6 million people throughout the world who were affected by ad.
alzheimer's disease was named after alois alzheimer, a german psychiatrist and neuropathologist who first described the disease after studying the case of a middle-aged woman, auguste deter, who was a patient at a hospital in frankfurt, germany in 1906. the disease was named "alzheimer's disease" in 1910 by dr. emil kraepilin a co-worker of alzheimer.
tangles and plaque.
two of the main features found in the brains of people with of alzheimer's disease, are "neurobrillary tangles" ('tangles' for short), which are made up of a "protein" called "tau", and "senile plaques" (which are made mostly from another protein called "beta-amyloid", they are also sometimes called "beta-amyloid bundles" or 'bundles' for short). the tau proteins that form the tangles previously held together a structure inside the neurons called a "microtubule" which is an important part of the neuron; it forms part of the "cytoskeleton" (cell skeleton) which is what maintains a cell's shape, and microtubules plays a part in cell communication.
both tangles and plaques may be caused by other diseases, such as herpes simplex virus type 1 which is being investigated as a possible cause or contributor in developing alzheimer's. it is not known for sure if tangles and plaques are part of what causes alzheimer's, or if they are the results.
microtubules are made of a protein called "tubulin". the tubulin is "polymerized", which is when molecules form the same shapes over and over again that are linked together in groups, and these groups are linked together. they can form long chains or other shapes; in this case the polymerized tubulin forms microtubules. the microtubules are rigid tubes like microscopic straws which are hollow inside. microtubules help keep the shape of the neuron, and are inolved in passing signals through the neuron.
tau is a protein that is found mostly in the neurons of the central nervous system. they help hold together the "microtubules" within the neurons. and when changes happen in the way the tau proteins are supposed to work the microtubules break apart. the tau proteins which are no longer holding the microtubules together form strands called "fibrils", which then clump together inside the neuron to make what are called neurofibrillary tangles . these clumps, also known as 'tau tangles', are all that remain after a neuron has died. 
beta-amyloid(aβ) (also called 'amyloid beta') plaques start with a protein called amyloid precursor protein (app). app is one of the proteins that make up a cell's membrane or outer covering, that protects the cell. in this case a neuron.. as it is made inside the cell, app sticks out through the membrane of the cell.
in different parts of the of cell including the outermost part of the cell membrane, chemicals called enzymes snip the app into small pieces. these enzymes that do the snipping are alpha-secretase, beta-secretase, and gamma-secretase. depending on which enzyme is doing the snipping and what parts of the app are snipped, two different things can happen. one that is helpful and one that causes the formation of beta-amyloid plaques.
the plaques are formed when beta-secretase snips the app molecule at one end of the beta-amyloid peptide, releasing sappβ from the cell. gamma-secretase then cuts the pieces of app that is left and, still sticking out of the neuron’s membrane, at the other end of the beta-amyloid peptide. after this snipping the beta-amyloid peptide is released into the space outside the neuron and begins to stick to other beta-amyloid peptides. these pieces stick together to form "oligomers". different oligomers of various sizes are now floating around in the spaces between the neurons, which may be responsible for reacting with receptors on neighboring cells and synapses, affecting their ability to function.
some of these oligomers are cleared from the brain. those that are not cleared out clump together with more pieces of beta-amyloid. as more pieces clump togther the oligomers get bigger larger, and the next size up are called "protofibrils" and the next size after that are called fibrils. after a while, these fibrils clump together with other protein molecules, neurons and non-nerve cells floating around in the space between the cells and form what are called plaques.
cerebral amyloid angiopathy (caa)
deposits of beta-amyloid also form in the walls (in the "tunica media", the middle layer, and "tunica adventitia" or "tunica externa", the outer layer) of small and mid-sized arteries (and sometimes veins) in the cerebral cortex and the "leptomeninges" (the "leptomeninges" are the two inner layers - pia mater and arachnoid - of the "meninges", a protective 3-layer membrane covering the brain.)
caa is found in 30% of people over the age of 60 years who do not have any dementia but is found in 90%-96% of people with alzheimer disease and is severe in one third to two thirds of these cases.
the first area of the brain to be affected by alzheimer's is the "transentorhinal region" which is part of the "medial temporal lobe" located deep within the brain. neurons start dying in this area first. it then spreads into the adjacent entorhinal cortex (ec) which acts as a central hub, for a widespread network that handles signals for memory and movement(like a main train station with train tracks going to different areas). 
the ec is the main area for communication between the hippocampus, and the neocortex - which is the outer portion of the brain responsible for higher functioning such as how the brain perceives information from the five senses; (smell, sight, taste, touch and hearing; ex. seeing a person's face and recognizing them,) generating motor commands (ex, moving and arm or leg, walking, running) spatial reasoning, conscious thought and language.
the disease then spreads into the hippocampus which is part of the limbic system. the hippocampus is the part of the brain that is involved in forming new memories, organizing them, and storing them for later recall. it is also where emotions and senses, such as smell and sound are attached to specific memories. example 1.: a memory might make you happy or sad. example 2.: a smell might bring up a certain memory.
the hippocampus then sends memories to the different parts of the cerebral hemisphere where they are placed in long-term storage and it helps retrieve them when necessary. example: an adult trying to remember the name of a classmate from kindergarten.
in addition to handling memory the hippocampus is also involved in emotional responses, navigation (getting around) and spatial orientation (knowing your sense of place as you move around example: knowing your way around your bedroom even with the lights off).
there are actually two parts of the hippocampus which is shaped like a horseshoe with one in the left part of the brain and the other in the right part of the brain.
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the stroop color–word test
this is a short example of the test. the test is used to measure different "cognitive functions" such as "selective attention".
naming the colors of the first set of words is easier and quicker than the second, because in the first set, the colors match the words, in the second set they do not. so a person has to pay more attention.
people having problems with attention as may happen in early-stage alzheimer's tend to do poorly on this test.
with current research using advances in neuroimaging such as fdg-pet and pib-pet scans, and cerebrospinal fluid (csf) assays, it is now possible to detect the beginning processes of alzheimer's disease that occur before symptoms begin. the research suggests that clinically normal older people (no symptoms at all) have "biomarker" evidence of amyloid beta (aβ) build-up in the brain. this amyloid beta (aβ) is linked to changes in the structure of the brain and how it works that is the similar to what is seen in people with mild cognitive impairment (mci) - which may lead to alzheimer's - and people with alzheimer's.
these small preclinical changes (no symptoms) in the brain may occur many years, to even a few decades before a person is diagnosed with alzheimer's. with a stage where there is some memory loss, or mild cognitive impairment. these changes put a person at risk of developing the clinical symptoms of full-blown alzheimer's but not everyone who has these changes will get the disease. even though there is no cure for alzheimer's, there are new treatments which are being developed which would work better in the very first stages of the disease.
at this time exactly what makes up the preclinical phase of alzheimer's is still being researched, such as why some people with go on to develop alzheimer's and others do not. so the term "preclinical phase" is being used for research only. there is a worldwide effort in various countries doing research in this area known as the world wide alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative (ww-adni) which is the umbrella organization for neuroimaging studies being carried out through the north american adni, european adni (e-adni), japan adni, australian adni (aibl), taiwan adni, korea adni, china adni and argentina adni.
"misdiagnosis in very early stages of alzheimer's is a significant problem, as there are more than 100 conditions that can mimic the disease. in people with mild memory complaints, our accuracy is barely better than chance," according to study researcher p. murali doraiswamy, mbbs, professor of psychiatry and medicine at duke medicine, "given that the definitive gold standard for diagnosing alzheimer's is autopsy, we need a better way to look into the brain."
in 1901, a 51-year-old woman named auguste deter, was committed to the city asylum for the insane and epileptic, ("städtischen anstalt für irre und epileptische") in frankfurt am main, germany which had the nickname "irrenschloss" (castle of the insane). she was married and had a normal life until eight months prior to her commitment, when she started having psychological and neurological problems, such as problems with memory and language, paranoia, becoming disorientated and having hallucinations.
she was studied by a doctor on staff named alois alzheimer (1864–1915). alzheimer became interested in her case because of her age; while the effects of senile dementia were known at the time, they usually did not start until a person was in their early to mid-sixties. her case was also notable because of the rapid onset of dementia, only eight months, from the first reported symptoms, until she was committed.
while conducting one of his examinations of ms. deter, he asked her to perform a series of simple writing tasks. unable to do what was asked such as write her name, she said "i have lost myself, so to speak" ("ich habe mich sozusagen selbst verloren").
alzheimer left the hospital in franfkurt in 1902 to begin working with emil kraepelin at the psychiatric university hospital in heidelberg-bergheim, and in 1903 both he and kraepelin began working at ludwig maximilian university in munich.
when ms. deter died of septicemia on 8 april 1906, alzheimer was informed and her brain was sent to munich for him to study. studying samples of her brain under a microscope he noticed neurofibriallry tangles and bundles made up of beta-amyloid plaque, which are two of the main features of the disease. on 3 november 1906, alzheimer presented the results of his findings in auguste's case at the conference of south-west german psychiatrists in tübingen, and he published his findings in the case in 1907.
in 1910, emil kraepelin named the disease 'alzheimer's disease'. alzheimer's disease usually beigins affecting people between ages 60–65, in ms. deter's case - who was 55-years-old when she died - she had a form of what is now known as "early-onset alzhiemer's disease".
anyone can get alzheimer's disease, rich people or poor famous people and unfamous people. some of the famous people who have gotten alzheimer's disease are former united states president ronald reagan and irish writer iris murdoch, both of whom were the subjects of scientific articles examining how their cognitive capacities got worse with the disease.
other cases include the retired footballer ferenc puskás, the former prime ministers harold wilson (united kingdom) and adolfo suárez (spain), the actress rita hayworth, the nobel prize-winner raymond davis, jr., the actors charlton heston and gene wilder, the novelist terry pratchett, politician and activist sargent shriver, the blues musician b.b. king, director jacques rivette, indian politician george fernandes,
and the 2009 nobel prize in physics recipient charles k. kao. in 2012, nobel prize writer gabriel garcía márquez was diagnosed with the disease. former finnish president mauno koivisto died of the disease in may 2017. country singer glen campbell died of the disease in august 2017.
elaine paige obe (born elaine jill bickerstaff, 5 march 1948) is an english actress and singer. she was born and raised in barnet, hertfordshire, in 1948. she is known for her roles in musical theater.
she worked in the theatre from a young age. she quickly became famous in the role of eva perón in the musical "evita" in 1978. she studied acting at the aida foster stage school in london and then played roles in the british tour of the show "the roar of the greasepaint, the smell of the crowd" and the first london production of "hair". she played sandy in the london production of "grease" and appeared as one of michael crawford's girlfriends in "billy". she has since said she was about to leave the world of acting, possibly to become a teacher, but then the role in "evita" was offered to her.
after "evita", she did not have any work for a period. she thought that her musical career had seen its best. when the actress judi dench had an injury during rehearsals for "cats", the producers asked paige play the role in stead of dench. they stated that the role "was not another "evita"" and that her role only had one and a half songs. fortunately, the song was "memory", which was a top 10 hit for paige and has become her signature song.
after "cats", she appeared in "abbacadbra", an abba compilation, and "chess", also written by benny andersson and björn ulvaeus of abba but with lyrics by tim rice, co-writer of "evita". paige then scored a number 1 single, "i know him so well", a song from "chess", as a duet with barbara dickson.
in 1989, she co-produced and starred in a production of cole porter's "anything goes" in london, which made a star of john barrowman. in the early 1990s, her term relationship with the lyricist tim rice stopped and paige tried an image change by recording an album with a california-based producer in the bette midler torch singer vein entitled "love can do that". her solo albums had so far been a variety of songs, including the very successful "stages" in 1983, with songs from musical theatre. in 1993, she returned to the united states to work with peter matz on an album called "romance and the stage" featuring songs from earlier days of musical theatre. the following year, she recorded, "piaf", which had music from the role she was playing in the pam gems play, also called "piaf". critics were impressed by her acting skills in that play. 
however, in 1995 she had a role in another musical, playing norma desmond in andrew lloyd webber's "sunset boulevard". she had always wanted to perform on broadway and "sunset boulevard" now made this possible. for more than a year she played the role. she later had another role in 2000 with the "king and i". she has recently moved more into television and radio work.
paige was awarded an obe in 1995. now she is hosting a sunday afternoon bbc radio 2 show which plays music from the stage and film.
marti webb is a british actress and singer born in london in 1944.
she has notably played roles in musical theatre including "evita", "cats", "godspell", "the king and i", "annie", "thoroughly modern millie", "the goodbye girl" and "song and dance".
she first came to prominence with the song cycle "tell me on a sunday" which was written for her by don black and andrew lloyd webber. webb recently returned to the show after it was revamped for denise van outen in the west end before she took it on a uk tour.
yahtzee is a popular dice game that is well-known all over the world. the object of the game is to roll five dice (up to three times) to create certain combinations such as:
most of these combinations come from poker.
sir timothy miles bindon "tim" rice (born 10 november 1944) is an english songwriter and writer. he was born in 1944. rice is probably best known for his work with andrew lloyd webber on the shows "joseph and the amazing technicolor dreamcoat", "jesus christ superstar", and "evita". he also co-wrote the shows "blondel", "chess" and the english lyrics for "starmania".
he had a long-term relationship in the 1980s with the actress elaine paige.
in 2018, rice became one of fifteen people to win an oscar, grammy, tony and emmy award.
evita is a musical. the lyrics were written by tim rice. the music was written by andrew lloyd webber. the musical is based on the life of eva perón (1919-1952), the wife of argentine president juan perón, which che is telling.
"evita" opened on the west end in 1978, and on broadway in 1979. it won the laurence olivier award for best new musical and the tony award for best musical. in 1996, a movie version was released starring madonna.
sunset boulevard is a 1950 movie about a screenwriter (william holden) accompanying a silent movie actress (gloria swanson). it was nominated for eleven academy awards and won three. for andrew lloyd webber's musical theater, it starred patti lupone, glenn close, betty buckley and elaine paige.
molière (1622 – 17 february 1673) was a french actor, director and writer. his real name was jean-baptiste poquelin, molière was his stage name. he wrote some of the most important comedies in human history.
he was born in paris where his father owned a carpet shop. as a young person, molière decided to live an artist's life. at the age of 21, he founded a theatre company that soon went bankrupt. from 1645 to 1658, he toured france with some of his friends.
later, king louis xiv made molière responsible for the entertainment at the court of versailles near paris. molière was happy to have the king among his friends, because he had many enemies, especially important people in the roman catholic church. molière's comedies deal with human weaknesses: jealousy, meanness, hypocrisy, fear of death. by putting his characters in ridiculous situations, molière wants to entertain and educate his audience.
one of his most important plays is "tartuffe", showing a bigoted man stealing his way into a rich family. molière's last play was "le malade imaginaire", called in english "the hypochondriac". as in many of his comedies, molière played the main role. he died on stage during the fourth performance. because of his problems with the church, he was not allowed to be buried in a church cemetery.
the principality of sealand is an unrecognized micronation that claims hm fort roughs (also known as roughs tower) as its territory. roughs tower is an offshore platform in the north sea around off the coast of suffolk. roughs tower was used as a sea fort in international waters during world war ii. since 1987, the tower has been occupied by the family and associates of paddy roy bates, a former british army major. bates took the tower from pirate radio broadcasters in 1967. sealand was invaded by mercenaries in 1978. sealand was able to defeat the attack. the platform has been in british territory since 1987, when the united kingdom made its territorial waters larger.
in 1943, during world war ii, hm fort roughs (sometimes called roughs tower) was built by the united kingdom as one of the maunsell forts. its main goal was to protect the nearby shipping lanes from german mine-laying vehicles. it held 150–300 royal navy personnel throughout world war ii. the last time it was used by the royal navy was in 1956.
occupation and creation.
roughs tower was used in february and august 1965 by jack moore and his daughter jane. they used it as a base for wonderful radio london. 
major paddy roy bates took the fort on 2 september 1967 to use it for his own pirate radio station (radio essex). however, he never starting broadcasting. instead, he declared the independence roughs tower as the principality of sealand.
in 1968, british workmen entered the claimed territorial waters of the principality of sealand to fix a buoy near the platform. michael bates (son of patty roy bates) tried to scare the workmen off by firing warning shots from the platform. as bates was a british subject at the time, he was called to court on firearm charges after the incident. however, the court said that the platform was outside of british waters and the case could not continue.
in 1975, bates introduced a constitution for sealand, followed by a national flag, a national anthem, a currency and passports.
in august 1978, alexander achenbach, who said he was the prime minister of sealand, hired many dutch and german mercenaries to attack sealand while bates and his wife were in austria. they took the platform and took bates' son michael hostage. michael was able to escape and take back roughs tower using weapons stored on the platform. achenbach was charged with treason. he was held there unless he paid dm 75,000 (more than us$35,000 or £23,000). germany sent a diplomat from its london embassy to sealand to negotiate for achenbach's release. he was released after many weeks of negotiation. roy bates claimed that the diplomat's visit meant that germany had "de facto" recognized sealand.
on the afternoon of 23 june 2006, the top platform of roughs tower caught fire because of an electrical fault. a royal air force helicopter took one person to ipswich hospital. the harwich lifeboat stayed nearby roughs tower until a local fire tug extinguished the fire. all damage was repaired by november 2006.
in january 2007, the pirate bay, an online media index founded by the swedish think tank piratbyrån, tried to buy sealand after harsher copyright laws forced them to look for a new headquarters. between 2007 and 2010, sealand was offered for sale through the spanish estate company immonaranja at a price of €750 million (£600 million, us$906 million).
death of founder.
roy bates died at the age of 91 on 9 october 2012. he had been suffering from alzheimer's disease for many years. he was succeeded by his son michael. michael bates lives in suffolk, where he and his sons run a family fishing business called fruits of the sea. joan bates, roy bates's wife, died in an essex nursing home at the age of 86 on 10 march 2016.
in 1987, the uk increased its territorial waters from . sealand is now in british territorial waters.
sealand is ruled by the bates family as its royal family. roy bates called himself "prince roy" and his wife "princess joan".
at a micronations conference hosted by the university of sunderland in 2004, sealand was represented by michael bates's son james. the facility is now occupied by one or more caretakers representing michael bates, who lives in essex.
sealand holds the guinness world record for "the smallest area to lay claim to nation status".
the sealand national football association is an associate member of the nouvelle fédération-board. the nouvelle fédération-board is a governing body for football for non-recognised states and states that are not members of fifa. it administers the sealand national football team. in 2004 the national team played its first international game against åland islands national football team, drawing 2–2.
in 2004, mountaineer slader oviatt carried the sealandic flag to the top of muztagh ata. also in 2007, michael martelle represented the principality of sealand in the world cup of kung fu, held in quebec city, canada. martelle won two silver medals, becoming the first-ever sealand athlete to be on a world championship podium.
in 2008, sealand hosted a skateboarding event with church and east sponsored by red bull.
in 2009, sealand announced the revival of the sealand football association and their plan to compete in a future viva world cup. scottish author neil forsyth was made president of the association. sealand played the second game in their history against chagos islands on 5 may 2012, losing 3–1. the team included actor ralf little and former bolton wanderers defender simon charlton.
in 2009 and 2010, sealand sent teams to play in many ultimate frisbee club tournaments in the united kingdom, ireland and the netherlands. they came 11th at uk nationals in 2010.
on 22 may 2013, the mountaineer kenton cool placed a sealand flag at the summit of mount everest.
in 2015, the runner simon messenger ran a half-marathon on sealand as part of his "round the world in 80 runs" challenge.
in august 2018, competitive swimmer richard royal became the first person to swim the from sealand to the mainland, finishing in 3 hrs 29 mins. royal visited the platform before the swim, getting his passport stamped. he went into the water from the bosun's chair, signaling the start of the swim, and finished on felixstowe beach. royal was awarded a sealand knighthood by michael bates.
an american football team called the sealand seahawks was formed in 2021, announcing a game in ireland against the south dublin panthers on 19 february 2022. the seahawks won the game 42–13.
a sticky note (or post-it note) is a small piece of paper with a strip of glue along one edge that make it "sticky," so you can stick it to things. it was invented by arthur fry.
the most common sticky note is the post-it, which is made by a company called 3m. in 1974 a man named arthur fry came up with the idea for the sticky note. he used a glue that was originally too weak to be used for anything else, so the notes would come off easy. 3m started to sell post-its in 1980.
in 2001, the patent for the glue that 3m uses on post-it notes expired, so many other companies now make similar sticky notes.
becker was a 1998 american television series. it was a sitcom on the cbs network. it starred ted danson as dr. john becker, a very grumpy family doctor who is unhappy with his life in the bronx, new york. becker became famous for his witty responses and constant negative outlook on all situations. the show aired on wednesdays, and was cancelled in january 2004.
for the first four seasons, the main characters were:
becker, a harvard medical school graduate, runs a neighborhood medical practice. he is easily annoyed by things, and is a very angry person. he has been married and divorced twice.
becker's office manager, and one of the few people who can not get annoyed by becker and his ways. margaret is a motherly-like figure to becker and linda. she is married.
a muddle-headed girl whose surname is never revealed. she works at the doctor's office to establish independence from her wealthy parents.
the owner and worker of a diner she inherited from her late father. reggie is a former model and is unhappy being stuck running a diner.
becker's best friend. jake also works at the diner selling newspapers and miscellaneous items such as candy, magazines, cigarettes, gum, etc. jake is blind following a car accident several years before.
bob loiters at the diner and is italian. he is an old high school classmate of reggie's who is short, annoying, and refers to himself in the third person.
edward bridge "ted" danson iii (born december 29, 1947) is an american actor and producer. danson was born in san diego, california and raised in flagstaff, arizona. he is best known from his work on television. his roles include:
ted danson was nominated for outstanding lead actor in a comedy series in 2018, 2019 and 2020 for playing michael on "the good place". "the good place" won a peabody award in 2019.
a digital camera is a camera that stores pictures in electronic memory instead of film. because of this, a digital camera can hold many more pictures than a traditional film camera. a digital camera can sometimes hold hundreds or thousands of pictures. many use a memory card to store them. most digital cameras can use a usb cable that connects into a computer to send pictures that are in the camera to the computer.
digital photography is a kind of photography where a digital camera is used to take photos. digital cameras use an image sensor instead of photographic film. very often, they also use a memory card to store the photos in a digital format. most photography is digital, though some photographers still use the old film cameras. 
the majority of cameras are part of a mobile phone, called a "camera phone". they can send their pictures to other phones and other devices. most camera phones do not make as good pictures as larger separate cameras do, especially where light is not bright.
most digital cameras can serve as video cameras. some have a direct link to another computer where the data may be stored.
when you take a picture or a video, it is saved on a memory device. the memory device can be internal - flash memory inside the camera, or external - memory cards, microdrives and so on. the most used method for saving pictures and videos from a camera is a sd card.
the picture can be saved in a compressed file (jpeg, tiff) or in an uncompressed, proprietary raw file. the compressed picture is lower quality but the raw picture has to be processed with a special computer program.
a video is usually saved as an avi, mpeg or mov file format (it depends on the producer of the camera).
most modern cameras also put exif information in the picture file. this metadata information usually includes the date of taking the picture, the camera type, and its settings. some cameras include gps coordinates.
cheers is a long-running american sitcom made by charles-burrows-charles productions in association with paramount television for nbc. the show premiered on september 30, 1982 and had its widely watched series finale on may 20, 1993, followed by a long and ongoing run in syndication. in eleven seasons, there were 270 episodes.
"cheers" was set in a boston bar. this bar was where a group of friends would come to sit, drink alcohol, complain, and make practical jokes on a rival bar in town.
the show's main theme in its early seasons was the romance between diane chambers (shelley long) and ex-baseball pitcher and bar owner sam malone (ted danson). long's departure from the show in 1987 shifted the emphasis to sam's relationship with a new character, rebecca howe (kirstie alley). diane returned for the finale.
the show also created the character frasier crane. frasier got his own show ("frasier") the season after "cheers" ended. frasier's love interest lilith sternin appeared on both shows but frasier and lilith were no longer married in "frasier".
the producers, not wanting the show to be construed as promoting drinking, had sam's character written as an ex-alcoholic. most of the early episodes took place entirely within the confines of the bar. when the series became popular, some scenes were outside the bar.
the outer shots of the bar were actually the bull and finch pub, north of boston common, which has become a tourist attraction because of its association with the series. it is said to be the bar that the series creators saw and wanted to model the bar in their show after. it has now been renamed cheers on beacon hill, though its interior is quite different from the tv bar.
it was nearly cancelled during its first season (in which it ranked dead last among 63 shows). but it eventually became one of the most popular shows on tv because it had a top-ten rating during seven of its eleven seasons. the show earned 26 emmy awards out of a total of 111 nominations.
jackie chan adventures is an animated television series. episodes were first broadcast on the wb television network, and later syndicated on other networks such as the cartoon network. it features fictionalized jackie chan and his niece jade on their adventures trying to stop evil.
a stapler is an office tool that is used to place thin items such as paper together. it uses a small piece of wire (a staple) to put them together. the ends of the staple are pointed and go into the paper. there is also a chain of stores called "staples", which sell office supplies.
when you press the stapler down, it will release a staple. the staple is pressed into the paper, and then bent. that way the pieces of paper get stuck together. 
pixar animation studios, or simply pixar, is an american computer animation studio. it is known for its advanced cgi productions. it has been a partner of disney for many years. in 2006, disney bought the company.
pixar started as a division of george lucas' lucasfilm in early 1979. in 1986, apple inc. founder steve jobs bought it for $10 million. he worked as a chairman and ceo until 2011.
the company has made a total of 28 movies and short films based on the characters, starting with "toy story" which was released on november 22, 1995, "toy story 2" was premiered in 1999 and "toy story 3" was made in 2010. the fourth film of the franchise is "toy story 4" which released in 2019. the "toy story" franchise has globally become the highest-grossing animated films of all time and has also released several short films and several television series.
toy story toons
finding nemo is a 2003 american computer-animated comedy adventure film written and directed by andrew stanton, released by walt disney pictures, and the fifth film produced by pixar animation studios. it tells the story of the over-protective clownfish named marlin (albert brooks) who searches for his captured son nemo (alexander gould), along with a regal blue tang named dory (ellen degeneres) in sydney harbour. along the way, marlin learns to take risks and let nemo take care of himself. it is pixar's first film to be released in cinemas in the northern hemisphere summer. the film was re-released for the first time in 3d on september 14, 2012, and it was released on blu-ray on december 4, 2012. a sequel, "finding dory", was released on june 17, 2016.
the film received extremely positive reviews and won the academy award for best animated feature. it was the second highest-grossing film of the year, earning a total of $921 million worldwide. "finding nemo" is also the best-selling dvd of all time, with over 40 million copies sold as of 2011, and was the highest money making g-rated film of all time before "" overtook it. it is also the 22nd highest money making film of all time, as well as the 3rd highest money making animated film. in 2008, the american film institute named it the tenth greatest animated film ever made during their top 10.
two clownfish, marlin and his wife coral are admiring their new home in the great barrier reef and their clutch of eggs that are due to hatch in a few days. suddenly, a barracuda attacks them, and marlin tries to defend and save his eggs, leaving marlin unconscious. coral and all but one of their eggs are also eaten. marlin names this egg nemo, a name that coral liked.
the movie next shows nemo's first day of school. nemo has a tiny right fin, because his egg was injured by the barracuda attack. this makes it difficult for him to swim. after marlin embarrasses nemo during a school field trip by mistake, nemo refuses and sneaks away from the reef towards a boat. so he gets captured by scuba divers. as the boat sails away, one of the divers accidentally knocks his diving mask into the water.
while trying to save nemo, marlin meets dory, a good-hearted and optimistic regal blue tang with short-term memory loss. while meeting three sharks on a fish-free diet, bruce, a great white shark; anchor, a hammerhead shark; and chum, a mako shark, marlin discovers the diver's mask that was dropped from the boat and notices an address written on it. however, when he angrily argues with dory and accidentally gives her a nosebleed, the scent of blood causes bruce to lose control of himself and attempt to eat marlin and dory. the two escape from bruce but the mask falls into a trench in the deep sea. during a hazardous struggle with an anglerfish in the trench, dory realizes she is able to read the address written on the mask, which leads to sydney, australia, and manages to remember it. she repeats " p. sherman 42 wallaby way sydney" to keep it in her memory. after receiving directions to sydney from a large school of silver moony, marlin and dory accidentally run into a bloom of jellyfish that nearly sting them to death; marlin falls exhausted after the risky escape and wakes up to see a surf-cultured green sea turtle named crush, who takes dory and him on the east australian current, referred to as the eac by the animals. in the current, marlin shares the story of his journey with a group of young sea turtles who spread the story around the ocean.
meanwhile, nemo's captor - p. sherman, a dentist - places him into a fish tank in his office on sydney harbour. there, nemo meets a group of aquarium fish called the "tank gang", led by a crafty and ambitious moorish idol named gill. the "tank gang" includes peach, a starfish; bloat, a puffer fish; bubbles, a yellow tang; deb, a blacktailed humbug gurgle, a royal gramma; and jacques, a pacific cleaner shrimp;. the fish are frightened to learn that the dentist plans to give nemo to his niece, darla. she is infamous for killing a goldfish given to her previously by constantly shaking the bag. in order to avoid this fate, gill gives nemo a role in an escape plan, which involves jamming the tank's filter and forcing the dentist to remove the fish from the tank to clean it manually. the fish could be placed in plastic bags, at which point they could only roll out the window and into the harbor. after a friendly pelican named nigel visits with news of marlin's adventure, nemo succeeds in jamming the filter, but the plan backfires when the dentist installs a new high-tech filter.
while leaving the east australian current, marlin and dory get lost in the blooms of plankton and krill and are caught by a blue whale. inside the whale's immense mouth, marlin tries to escape while dory talks with it in whale-speak. so, the whale carries them to sydney harbour and expels them through his blowhole. they are met by nigel, who recognizes marlin from the stories he has heard and rescues him and dory from a flock of hungry seagulls by scooping them into his beak and taking them to the dentist's man's office. by this time, darla has arrived and the dentist is prepared to give nemo to her. nemo tries to play dead in hopes of saving himself, and, at the same time, nigel arrives. marlin sees nemo and mistakes this act for the actual death of his son. after a struggle, gill helps nemo escape into a drain through a sink.
sad, marlin leaves dory and begins to swim back home. poor dory then loses her memory and becomes a little worried, but meets nemo, who has reached the ocean, has no memory of him. as you know, dory's memory is restored again after she reads the word "sydney" on a nearby drainpipe and, remembering her journey, she guides nemo to marlin. after the two joyfully reunite, dory is caught in a fishing net with a school of grouper. nemo bravely enters the net and directs the group to swim downward to break the net, reminiscent of a similar scenario that occurred in the fish tank earlier. the fish, including dory, succeed in breaking the net and escape. after some days, nemo leaves for school once more and marlin who is no longer overprotective after all.
back at the dentist's office, the high-tech filter breaks down and the tank gang escape into the harbor. but, they realize that they are trapped in the bags of water that the dentist put them into when cleaning the tank.
"finding nemo" currently holds a 99% fresh rating at rotten tomatoes with 100% by top critics, and an average of 89% on metacritic. roger ebert gave the film four stars, calling it "one of those rare movies where i always wanted to sit in the front row and let the images wash out to the edges of my field of vision." the late broadway stars paul winchell, john fiedler, and ken sansom who were the voices of three of pooh's friends, tigger, piglet, & rabbit in the "winnie the pooh" franchise, said "finding nemo" was their favorite animated film.
the film's use of clownfish prompted mass purchase of the animal as pets in the united states, even though the movie portrayed the use of fish as pets negatively and suggested that saltwater aquariums are notably tricky and expensive to maintain. the demand for clownfish was supplied by large-scale harvesting of tropical fish in regions like vanuatu.
at the same time, the film had a quote that "all drains lead back to the ocean" (nemo escapes from the aquarium by going down a sink drain, ending up in the sea). since water typically undergoes treatment before leading to the ocean, the jwc environmental company quipped that a more realistic title for the movie might be "grinding nemo". however, in sydney, much of the sewer system does really pass directly to outfall pipes deep offshore, without a high level of treatment (although pumping and some filtering occur). additionally, according to the dvd, there was a cut sequence with nemo going through a treatment plant's mechanisms before ending up in the ocean pipes. however, in the final product, logos for "sydney water treatment" are featured prominently along the path to the ocean, implying that nemo really did pass through some water treatment.
the australian tourism commission (atc) launched several marketing campaigns in china and the usa in order to improve tourism in australia, many of them using "finding nemo" clips. queensland also used "finding nemo" to draw tourists to promote its state for vacationers.
on the 3-d re-release, lisa schwarzbaum of entertainment weekly wrote that its emotional power was deepened by "the dimensionality of the oceanic deep" where "the spatial mysteries of watery currents and floating worlds are exactly where 3-d explorers were born to boldly go."
the 3-d re-release also prompted a retrospective on the film then nine years after its initial release. stephen whitty of the newark star-ledger described it as "a genuinely funny and touching film that, in less than a decade, has established itself as a timeless classic," with roger moore of the mcclatchy-tribune news service calling the movie "the gold standard against which all other modern animated films are measured."
"finding nemo" was released on dvd and vhs on november 4, 2003. the film was also released on dvd in a "gold edition", which came with a "finding nemo" stuffed toy character. the film had a home video release on both blu-ray and blu-ray 3d on december 4, 2012, with both a 3-disc and a 5-disc set.
the inspiration for nemo was made up of multiple experiences. the idea goes back to when director andrew stanton was a child, when he loved going to the dentist to see the fish tank, assuming that the fish were from the ocean and wanted to go home. in 1992 shortly after his son was born, he and his family took a trip to six flags discovery kingdom (which was called marine world at the time). there he saw the shark tube and various exhibits he felt that the underwater world had bene done beautifully in computer animation. later, in 1997 he took his son for a walk in the park, but found that he was over protecting him constantly and lost an opportunity to have any "father-son experiences" on that day. in an interview with "national geographic" magazine, he stated that the idea for the characters of marlin and nemo came from a photograph of two clownfish peeking out of an anemone:"it was so arresting. i had no idea what kind of fish they were, but i wasn't taking my eyes off them. and as an entertainer, the fact that they were called clownfish—it was perfect. there's almost nothing more appealing than these little fish that want to play peekaboo with you." also, clownfish are very colourful, but don't seem to tend to come out of an anemone very often, and for a character who has to go on a dangerous journey, stanton felt a clownfish was the perfect kind of fish for the character.
pre-production of the film took place in early 1997. stanton began writing the screenplay during the post-production of "a bug's life". as such, it began production with a complete screenplay, something that co-director lee unkrich called "very unusual for an animated film." the artists took scuba diving lessons so they could go and study the coral reef. the idea for the initiation sequence came from a story conference between andrew stanton and bob peterson while driving to record the actors. ellen degeneres was cast after stanton was watching "ellen" with his wife and seeing ellen "change the subject five times before finishing one sentence" as stanton recalled. there was a pelican character known as gerald (who in the final film ends up swallowing and choking on marlin and dory) who was originally a friend of nigel. they were going to play against each other as nigel being neat fastidious while gerald being scruffy and sloppy. however the filmmakers had not found an appropriate scene for them that didn't slow the pace of the picture down, so gerald's character was minimized.
stanton himself provided the voice of crush the sea turtle. stanton originally did the voice for the film's story reel, and assumed they would find an actor later. when stanton's performance was popular in test screenings, stanton decided to keep his performance in the film. stanton recorded all his dialogue while lying on a sofa in co-director lee unkrich's office.
crush's son squirt was voiced by nicholas bird, the young son of fellow pixar director brad bird. according to stanton, the elder bird was playing a tape recording of his young son around the pixar studios one day. stanton felt the voice was "this generation's thumper" and immediately cast nicholas.
megan mullally revealed that she was originally doing a voice in the film. according to mullally, the producers were dissatisfied to learn that the voice of her character karen walker on the television show "will & grace" was not her natural speaking voice. the producers hired her anyway, and then strongly encouraged her to use her karen walker voice for the role. when mullally refused, she was dismissed.
the film was dedicated to glenn mcqueen, a pixar animator who died of melanoma in october 2002.
finding nemo shares many plot elements with "pierrot the clownfish", a children's book published in 2002, but allegedly conceived in 1995. the author, franck le calvez, sued disney for infringement of his intellectual rights. the judge ruled against him, citing the color differences between pierrot and nemo.
to ensure that the movements of the fish in the film were believable the animators essentially took a crash course in fish biology and oceanography. they visited aquariums, went diving in hawaii and received in-house lectures from an ichthyologist.
"finding nemo" earned $380,673,009 in north america, and $540,900,000 in other countries, for a worldwide total of $921,573,009. it is the second highest-grossing film of 2003, behind '. in north america, outside north america, and worldwide, it was the highest-grossing film, up until 2020 when ' surpassed it.
"finding nemo" set an opening-weekend record for an animated feature, making $70,251,710 (first surpassed by "sausage party"). it became the highest-grossing animated film in north america ($339.7 million), outside north america ($528.2 million) and worldwide ($867.9 million), in all three occasions outgrossing "the many adventures of winnie the pooh". in north america, it was surpassed by both "sausage party" in 2016, and "the spongebob movie: sponge on the run" in 2020. after the re-release of "the many adventures of winnie the pooh" in 2016, it stands as the fourth highest-grossing animated film in these regions. outside north america, it was surpassed by "sausage party", "the tigger movie", and "". worldwide, it now ranks third among animated films.
the film had impressive box office runs in many international markets. in japan, its highest-grossing market after north america, it grossed $102.4 million becoming the highest-grossing western animated film until it was out-grossed by "the tigger movie" ($126.7 million). following in biggest grosses are the uk, ireland and malta, where it grossed £37.2 million ($67.1 million), france and the maghreb region ($64.8 million), germany ($53.9 million), and spain ($29.5 million).
after the success of the 3d re-release of "the many adventures of winnie the pooh", disney and pixar re-released "finding nemo" in 3d on september 14, 2012, with a conversion cost estimated below $5 million. for the opening weekend of its 3d re-release in north america, "finding nemo" grossed $16.7 million, debuting at the no. 2 spot behind "". from seven foreign markets, it earned a total of $5.1 million.
finding nemo won the academy award and saturn award for best animated film. it also won the award for best animated film at the kansas city film critics circle awards, the las vegas film critics society awards, the national board of review awards, the online film critics society awards, and the toronto film critics association awards.
the film received many awards, including:
"finding nemo" was also nominated for:
in june 2008, the american film institute revealed its "ten top ten", the best ten films in ten "classic" american film genres, after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community. "finding nemo" was acknowledged as the 10th best film in the animation genre. it was the most recently released film among all ten lists, and one of only three movies made after the year 2000, the others being "" and "shrek".
a video game based on the film was released in 2003, for pc, xbox, ps2, gamecube and gba.
in 2005, after disagreements between disney's michael eisner and pixar's steve jobs over the distribution of pixar's films, disney announced that they would be creating a new animation studio, circle 7 animation, to make sequels to the seven disney-owned pixar films (which consisted of the films released between 1995 and 2011). the studio had put "toy story 4" and "monsters at work" in development, and had also hired screenwriter laurie craig to write a draft for "finding nemo 2". circle 7 was subsequently shut down after robert iger replaced eisner as ceo of disney and arranged the acquisition of pixar.
in july 2012, it was reported that andrew stanton is developing a sequel to "finding nemo", with victoria strouse writing the script and a schedule to be released in 2016. however, the same day the news of a potential sequel broke, director andrew stanton posted a message on his personal twitter calling into question the accuracy of these reports. the message said, "didn't you all really learn from "toy story 4"? everyone calm down. don't believe everything you read. nothing to see here now. #skyisnotfalling" according to the report by hollywood reporter published in august 2012, ellen degeneres is in negotiations to reprise her role of dory. in september 2012, it was confirmed by stanton saying: "what was immediately on the list was writing a second "carter" movie. when that went away, everything slid up. i know i'll be accused by more sarcastic people that it's a reaction to "carter" not doing well, but only in its timing, but not in its conceit."
fibonacci, also known as leonardo bonacci, leonardo fibonacci and leonardo of pisa, lived c. 11701250. he was an italian mathematician. he was thought "the most talented western mathematician of the middle ages".
fibonacci popularized the hindu–arabic numeral system to the western world. he did this in his composition in 1202 of "liber abaci" ("book of calculation"). he also introduced to europe the sequence of fibonacci numbers which he used as an example in "liber abaci".
fibonacci number sequence.
fibonacci is best known for the list of numbers called the fibonacci sequence. the list never stops, but it starts this way:
 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 
 377, 610, 987, 1597, 2584...
in this list, a person can find the next number by adding the last two numbers together.
 1 + 1 = 2
 1 + 2 = 3
 2 + 3 = 5
 3 + 5 = 8
 5 + 8 = 13
 8 + 13 = 21
 13 + 21 = 34
 21 + 34 = 55
 34 + 55 = 89
 55 + 89 = 144
 89 + 144 = 233
 144 + 233 = 377
 233 + 377 = 610
 377 + 610 = 987
 610 + 987 = 1597
 987 + 1597 = 2584
this series is also interesting because the ratio of two adjacent numbers in the series approaches the golden ratio.
richard stallman (born march 16, 1953) is the founder of the free software movement, the gnu project, and the free software foundation. he is also a famous hacker. he created gnu emacs, the gnu c compiler, and the gnu debugger. he is one of the main authors of the gnu general public license ("gnu gpl" or "gpl"), the most used free software license, which pioneered the concept of the copyleft.
since the mid-1990s, he has spent most of his time as a political campaigner, talking about free software and campaigning against proprietary software, software idea patents and expansions of copyright law. the time that he still spends on programming is spent on gnu emacs. he is currently supported by various fellowships and maintains a modest standard of living.
the national hockey league or nhl, is the highest-level ice hockey league in the world. it has 32 teams - seven are from canada and the other 25 are from the united states. the winner of the playoffs each year wins the stanley cup.
the nhl began in 1917. some of the owners in the national hockey association had problems with owner edward livingstone, so they got rid of him by creating a new league. there were five teams in 1917:
they played 22 games a year. the wanderers had to stop playing in the first year because their arena burned down. over the years some teams died out, and others were created: the boston bruins, new york americans, montreal maroons, pittsburgh pirates (later philadelphia quakers), new york rangers, chicago black hawks and detroit cougars (later falcons, then red wings).
some teams folded during the great depression, so by 1942 there were only six teams:
there were only these six teams for 25 years, so they became known as the "original six".
by the 1940s, they were playing 50 games a year, but this increased slowly to 80 games by the 1970s. in 1967, the league increased to 12 teams. by 1979 it had 21 teams, and today it has 32. some of the teams that no longer exist are the oakland seals, minnesota north stars (now the dallas stars), winnipeg jets (now the arizona coyotes), kansas city scouts (which became the colorado rockies and are now the new jersey devils), hartford whalers (now the carolina hurricanes), quebec nordiques (now the colorado avalanche) and atlanta thrashers (now the current winnipeg jets).
today they play 82 games a year, plus four rounds of playoffs. the players make a lot of money (many make over a million dollars a year). because they could make so much money, many europeans came over to north america to play in the nhl. today almost all the world's best hockey players are in the nhl.
isaac asimov ( – april 6, 1992) was a writer of science fiction. he was also a biochemist with a phd from columbia university.
asimov was born in petrovichi, smolensk oblast, russian sfsr to a jewish family, on an unknown date between october 4, 1919 and january 2, 1920. asimov celebrated his birthday on january 2. he was taken to the united states when he was three, and learned english and yiddish as his native languages. he wrote many books. people know about isaac asimov because of his science fiction books and his science books for non-scientists.
asimov's most famous books were the foundation series. he also wrote the "galactic empire," the "robot" series, mystery, fantasy, and non-fiction books. he wrote or edited over 500 books and about 90,000 letters. other subjects he wrote about were history, the bible, literature, and sexuality.
many of asimov's early writings were short stories published in cheap science fiction and fantasy magazines. years later, most of them were collected and republished as collections. well-known collections include "i, robot", "the rest of the robots", "earth is room enough" and "the early asimov".
asimov's reading list.
asimov made a list of 15 of his science fiction books, which he advised should be read in this order:
numbers 1–5 are 'robot' books; 6–8 are 'galacticos empire' books; 9–15 are foundation series books.
asimov's novels have influenced science fiction on television and movie. especially his 'three laws of robotics' is a lasting contribution to our thinking.
although ethnically a jew, asimov was an atheist:
when he had heart surgery in 1983, he received blood infected with hiv. he developed aids, and died of the effects of the medical condition in 1992. his widow did not speak of this until years later.
1980 (mcmlxxx) was .
1963 (mcmlxiii) was .
1977 (mcmlxxvii) was .
1907 (mcmvii) was a common year starting on tuesday of the gregorian calendar.
1911 (mcmxi) was a common year starting on sunday of the gregorian calendar.
1962 (mcmlxii) was .
evolution is a biological process. it is how living things change over time and how new species develop. the theory of evolution explains how evolution works, and how living and extinct things have come to be the way they are. the theory of evolution is a very important idea in biology. theodosius dobzhansky, a well-known evolutionary biologist, said: "nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution".
evolution has been happening since life started on earth and is happening now. evolution is caused mostly by natural selection. living things are not identical to each other. even living things of the same species look, move, and behave differently to some extent. some differences make it easier for living things to survive and reproduce. differences may make it easier to find food, hide from danger, or give birth to offspring which survive. the offspring have some of the things which made it easier for their parents to have them. over time, these differences continue, and living things change enough to become new species.
it is known that living things have changed over time, because their remains can be seen in the rocks. these remains are called 'fossils'. this proves that the animals and plants of today are different from those of long ago. the older the fossils, the bigger the differences from modern forms. this has happened because evolution has taken place. that evolution has taken place is a fact, because it is overwhelmingly supported by many lines of evidence. at the same time, evolutionary questions are still being actively researched by biologists.
comparison of dna sequences allows organisms to be grouped by how similar their sequences are. in 2010 an analysis compared sequences to phylogenetic trees, and supported the idea of common descent. there is now "strong quantitative support, by a formal test", for the unity of life.
the evidence for evolution is given in a number of books. some of this evidence is discussed here.
fossils show that change has occurred.
the realization that some rocks contain fossils was a very important event in natural history. there are three parts to this story:
1. realizing that things in rocks which looked organic actually were the altered remains of living things. this was settled in the 16th and 17th centuries by conrad gessner, nicolaus steno, robert hooke and others.
2. realizing that many fossils represented species which do not exist today. it was georges cuvier, the comparative anatomist, who proved that extinction occurred, and that different strata contained different fossils.p108
3. realizing that early fossils were simpler organisms than later fossils. also, the later the rocks, the more like the present day are the fossils.
this is a topic which fascinated both charles darwin and alfred russel wallace. when new species occur, usually by the splitting of older species, this takes place in one place in the world. once it is established, a new species may spread to some places and not others.
australasia has been separated from other continents for many millions of years. in the main part of the continent, australia, 83% of mammals, 89% of reptiles, 90% of fish and insects and 93% of amphibians are endemic. its native mammals are mostly marsupials like kangaroos, bandicoots, and quolls. by contrast, marsupials are today totally absent from africa and form a small portion of the mammalian fauna of south america, where opossums, shrew opossums, and the monito del monte occur (see the great american interchange).
the only living representatives of primitive egg-laying mammals (monotremes) are the echidnas and the platypus. they are only found in australasia, which includes tasmania, new guinea, and kangaroo island. these monotremes are totally absent in the rest of the world. on the other hand, australia is missing many groups of placental mammals that are common on other continents (carnivora, artiodactyls, shrews, squirrels, lagomorphs), although it does have indigenous bats and rodents, which arrived later.
the evolutionary story is that placental mammals evolved in eurasia, and wiped out the marsupials and monotremes wherever they spread. they did not reach australasia until more recently. that is the simple reason why australia has most of the world's marsupials and all the world's monotremes.
evolution of horses.
the evolution of the horse family (equidae) is a good example of the way that evolution works. the oldest fossil of a horse is about 52 million years old. it was a small animal with five toes on the front feet and four on the hind feet. at that time, there were more forests in the world than today. this horse lived in woodland, eating leaves, nuts and fruit with its simple teeth. it was only about as big as a fox.
about 30 million years ago the world started to become cooler and drier. forests shrank; grassland expanded, and horses changed. they ate grass, they grew larger, and they ran faster because they had to escape faster predators. because grass wears teeth out, horses with longer-lasting teeth had an advantage.
for most of this long period of time, there were a number of horse types (genera). now, however, only one genus exists: the modern horse, "equus". it has teeth which grow all its life, hooves on single toes, great long legs for running, and the animal is big and strong enough to survive in the open plain. horses lived in western canada until 12,000 years ago, but all horses in north america became extinct about 11,000 years ago. the causes of this extinction are not yet clear. climate change and over-hunting by humans are suggested.
so, scientists can see that changes have happened. they have happened slowly over a long time. how these changes have come about is explained by the theory of evolution.
hawaiian "drosophila" (fruit flies).
in about , the hawaiian islands have the most diverse collection of "drosophila" flies in the world, living from rainforests to mountain meadows. about 800 hawaiian fruit fly species are known.
genetic evidence shows that all the native fruit fly species in hawaii have descended from "a single ancestral species" that came to the islands, about 20 million years ago. later adaptive radiation was caused by a lack of competition and a wide variety of vacant niches. although it would be possible for a single pregnant female to colonise an island, it is more likely to have been a group from the same species.
distribution of "glossopteris".
the combination of continental drift and evolution can explain what is found in the fossil record. "glossopteris" is an extinct species of seed fern plants from the permian period on the ancient supercontinent of gondwana.
"glossopteris" fossils are found in permian strata in southeast south america, southeast africa, all of madagascar, northern india, all of australia, all of new zealand, and scattered on the southern and northern edges of antarctica.
during the permian, these continents were connected as gondwana. this is known from magnetic striping in the rocks, other fossil distributions, and glacial scratches pointing away from the temperate climate of the south pole during the permian.p103
when biologists look at living things, they see that animals and plants belong to groups which have something in common. charles darwin explained that this followed naturally if "we admit the common parentage of allied forms, together with their modification through variation and natural selection".p402p456
for example, all insects are related. they share a basic body plan, whose development is controlled by master regulatory genes. they have six legs; they have hard parts on the outside of the body (an exoskeleton); they have eyes formed of many separate chambers, and so on. biologists explain this with evolution. all insects are the descendants of a group of animals who lived a long time ago. they still keep the basic plan (six legs and so on) but the details change. they look different now because they changed in different ways: this is evolution.
it was darwin who first suggested that all life on earth had a single origin, and from that beginning "endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved".p490 evidence from molecular biology in recent years has supported the idea that all life is related by common descent.
strong evidence for common descent comes from vestigial structures.p397 the useless wings of flightless beetles are sealed under fused wing covers. this can be simply explained by their descent from ancestral beetles which had wings that worked.p49
rudimentary body parts, those that are smaller and simpler in structure than corresponding parts in ancestral species, are called vestigial organs. those organs are functional in the ancestral species but are now either nonfunctional or re-adapted to a new function. examples are the pelvic girdles of whales, halteres (hind wings) of flies, wings of flightless birds, and the leaves of some xerophytes ("e.g." cactus) and parasitic plants ("e.g." dodder).
however, vestigial structures may have their original function replaced with another. for example, the halteres in flies help balance the insect while in flight, and the wings of ostriches are used in mating rituals, and in aggressive display. the ear ossicles in mammals are former bones of the lower jaw.
in 1893, robert wiedersheim published a book on human anatomy and its relevance to man's evolutionary history. this book contained a list of 86 human organs that he considered vestigial. this list included examples such as the appendix and the 3rd molar teeth (wisdom teeth).
the strong grip of a baby is another example. it is a vestigial reflex, a remnant of the past when pre-human babies clung to their mothers' hair as the mothers swung through the trees. this is borne out by the babies' feet, which curl up when it is sitting down (primate babies grip with the feet as well). all primates except modern man have thick body hair to which an infant can cling, unlike modern humans. the grasp reflex allows the mother to escape danger by climbing a tree using both hands and feet.
vestigial organs often have some selection against them. the original organs took resources, sometimes huge resources. if they no longer have a function, reducing their size improves fitness. and there is direct evidence of selection. some cave crustacea reproduce more successfully with smaller eyes than do those with larger eyes. this may be because the nervous tissue dealing with sight now becomes available to handle other sensory input.p310
from the eighteenth century it was known that embryos of different species were much more similar than the adults. in particular, some parts of embryos reflect their evolutionary past. for example, the embryos of land vertebrates develop gill slits like fish embryos. of course, this is only a temporary stage, which gives rise to many structures in the neck of reptiles, birds and mammals. the proto-gill slits are part of a complicated system of development: that is why they persisted.
another example are the embryonic teeth of baleen whales. they are later lost. the baleen filter is developed from different tissue, called keratin. early fossil baleen whales did actually have teeth as well as the baleen.
a good example is the barnacle. it took many centuries before natural historians discovered that barnacles were crustacea. their adults look so unlike other crustacea, but their larvae are very similar to those of other crustacea.
charles darwin lived in a world where animal husbandry and domesticated crops were vitally important. in both cases farmers selected for breeding individuals with special properties, and prevented the breeding of individuals with less desirable characteristics. the eighteenth and early nineteenth century saw a growth in scientific agriculture, and artificial breeding was part of this.
darwin discussed artificial selection as a model for natural selection in the 1859 first edition of his work "on the origin of species", in chapter iv: natural selection: 
nikolai vavilov showed that rye, originally a weed, came to be a crop plant by unintentional selection. rye is a tougher plant than wheat: it survives in harsher conditions. having become a crop like the wheat, rye was able to become a crop plant in harsh areas, such as hills and mountains.
there is no real difference in the genetic processes underlying artificial and natural selection, and the concept of artificial selection was used by charles darwin as an illustration of the wider process of natural selection. there are practical differences. experimental studies of artificial selection show that "the rate of evolution in selection experiments is at least two orders of magnitude (that is 100 times) greater than any rate seen in nature or the fossil record".p157
artificial new species.
some have thought that artificial selection could not produce new species. it now seems that it can.
new species have been created by domesticated animal husbandry, but the details are not known or not clear. for example, domestic sheep were created by hybridisation, and no longer produce viable offspring with "ovis orientalis", one species from which they are descended. domestic cattle, on the other hand, can be considered the same species as several varieties of wild ox, gaur, yak, etc., as they readily produce fertile offspring with them.
the best-documented new species came from laboratory experiments in the late 1980s. william rice and g.w. salt bred fruit flies, "drosophila melanogaster," using a maze with three different choices of habitat such as light/dark and wet/dry. each generation was put into the maze, and the groups of flies that came out of two of the eight exits were set apart to breed with each other in their respective groups.
after thirty-five generations, the two groups and their offspring were isolated reproductively because of their strong habitat preferences: they mated only within the areas they preferred, and so did not mate with flies that preferred the other areas.
diane dodd was also able to show how reproductive isolation can develop from mating preferences in "drosophila pseudoobscura" fruit flies after only eight generations using different food types, starch and maltose.
dodd's experiment has been easy for others to repeat. it has also been done with other fruit flies and foods.
some biologists say that evolution has happened when a trait that is caused by genetics becomes more or less common in a group of organisms. others call it evolution when new species appear.
changes can happen quickly in the smaller, simpler organisms. for example, many bacteria that cause disease can no longer be killed with some of the antibiotic medicines. these medicines have only been in use about eighty years, and at first worked extremely well. the bacteria have evolved so that they are no longer affected by antibiotics anymore. the drugs killed off all the bacteria except a few which had some resistance. these few resistant bacteria produced the next generation.
the colorado beetle is famous for its ability to resist pesticides. over the last 50 years it has become resistant to 52 chemical compounds used in insecticides, including cyanide. this is natural selection speeded up by the artificial conditions. however, not every population is resistant to every chemical. the populations only become resistant to chemicals used in their area.
although there were a number of natural historians in the 18th century who had some idea of evolution, the first well-formed ideas came in the 19th century. three biologists are most important.
jean-baptiste de lamarck (1744–1829), a french biologist, claimed that animals changed according to natural laws. he said that animals could pass on traits they had acquired during their lifetime to their offspring, using inheritance. today, his theory is known as lamarckism. its main purpose is to explain adaptations by natural means. he proposed a tendency for organisms to become more complex, moving up a ladder of progress, plus "use and disuse".
lamarck's idea was that a giraffe's neck grew longer because it tried to reach higher up. this idea failed because it conflicts with heredity (mendel's work). mendel made his discoveries about half a century after lamarck's work.
charles darwin (1809–1882) wrote his "on the origin of species" in 1859. in this book, he put forward much evidence that evolution had occurred. he also proposed natural selection as the way evolution had taken place. but darwin did not understand about genetics and how traits were actually passed on. he could not accurately explain what made children look like their parents.
nevertheless, darwin's explanation of evolution was fundamentally correct. in contrast to lamarck, darwin's idea was that the giraffe's neck became longer because "those with longer necks survived better".p177/9 these survivors passed their genes on, and in time the whole species got longer necks.
alfred russel wallace om frs (1823–1913) was a british naturalist, explorer, biologist and social activist. he proposed a theory of natural selection at about the same time as darwin. his idea was published in 1858 together with charles darwin's idea.
an austrian monk called gregor mendel (1822–1884) bred plants. in the mid-19th century, he discovered how traits were passed on from one generation to the next.
he used peas for his experiments: some peas have white flowers and others have red ones. some peas have green seeds and others have yellow seeds. mendel used artificial pollination to breed the peas. his results are discussed further in mendelian inheritance. darwin thought that the inheritance from both parents blended together. mendel proved that the genes from the two parents stay separate, and may be passed on unchanged to later generations.
mendel published his results in a journal that was not well-known, and his discoveries were overlooked. around 1900, his work was rediscovered. genes are bits of information made of dna which work like a set of instructions. a set of genes are in every living cell. together, genes organise the way an egg develops into an adult. with mammals, and many other living things, a copy of each gene comes from the father and another copy from the mother. some living organisms, including some plants, only have one parent, so get all their genes from them. these genes produce the genetic differences which evolution acts on.
darwin's "on the origin of species" has two themes: the evidence for evolution, and his ideas on how evolution took place. this section deals with the second issue.
the first two chapters of the "origin" deal with variation in domesticated plants and animals, and variation in nature.
all living things show variation. every population which has been studied shows that animal and plants vary as much as humans do.p90 this is a great fact of nature, and without it evolution would not occur. darwin said that, just as man selects what he wants in his farm animals, so in nature the variations allow natural selection to work.
the features of an individual are influenced by two things, heredity and environment. first, development is controlled by genes inherited from the parents. second, living brings its own influences. some things are entirely inherited, others partly, and some not inherited at all.
the colour of eyes is entirely inherited; they are a genetic trait. height or weight is only partly inherited, and the language is not at all inherited. just to be clear: the fact that humans can speak is inherited, but what language is spoken depends on where a person lives and what they are taught. another example: a person inherits a brain of somewhat variable capacity. what happens after birth depends on many things such as home environment, education and other experiences. when a person is adult, their brain is what their inheritance and life experience have made it.
"evolution only concerns the traits which can be inherited", wholly or partly. the hereditary traits are passed on from one generation to the next through the genes. a person's genes contain all the traits which they inherit from their parents. the accidents of life are not passed on. also, of course, each person lives a somewhat different life: that increases the differences.
organisms in any population vary in reproductive success.p81 from the point of view of evolution, 'reproductive success' means the total number of offspring which live to breed and leave offspring themselves.
variation can only affect future generations if it is inherited. because of the work of gregor mendel, we know that much variation is inherited. mendel's 'factors' are now called genes. research has shown that "almost every individual in a sexually reproducing species is genetically unique".p204
genetic variation is increased by gene mutations. dna does not always reproduce exactly. rare changes occur, and these changes can be inherited. many changes in dna cause faults; some are neutral or even advantageous. this gives rise to genetic variation, which is the seed-corn of evolution. sexual reproduction, by the crossing over of chromosomes during meiosis, spreads variation through the population. other events, like natural selection and drift, reduce variation. so a population in the wild always has variation, but the details are always changing.p90
evolution mainly works by natural selection. what does this mean? animals and plants which are best suited to their environment will, on average, survive better. there is a struggle for existence. those who survive will produce the next generation. their genes will be passed on, and the genes of those who did not reproduce will not. this is the basic mechanism which changes a population and causes evolution.
natural selection explains why living organisms change over time to have the anatomy, the functions and behaviour that they have. it works like this:
selection in natural populations.
there are now many cases where natural selection has been proved to occur in wild populations. almost every case investigated of camouflage, mimicry and polymorphism has shown strong effects of selection.
the force of selection can be much stronger than was thought by the early population geneticists. the resistance to pesticides has grown quickly. resistance to "warfarin" in norway rats ("rattus norvegicus") grew rapidly because those that survived made up more and more of the population. research showed that, in the absence of "warfarin", the resistant homozygote was at a 54% disadvantage to the normal wild type homozygote.p182 this great disadvantage was quickly overcome by the selection for "warfarin" resistance.
mammals normally cannot drink milk as adults, but humans are an exception. milk is digested by the enzyme lactase, which switches off as mammals stop taking milk from their mothers. the human ability to drink milk during adult life is supported by a lactase mutation which prevents this switch-off. human populations have a high proportion of this mutation wherever milk is important in the diet. the spread of this 'milk tolerance' is promoted by natural selection, because it helps people survive where milk is available. genetic studies suggest that the oldest mutations causing lactase persistence only reached high levels in human populations in the last ten thousand years. therefore, lactase persistence is often cited as an example of recent human evolution. as lactase persistence is genetic, but animal husbandry a cultural trait, this is gene–culture coevolution.
adaptation is one of the basic phenomena of biology. through the process of adaptation, an organism becomes better suited to its habitat.
adaptation is one of the two main processes that explain the diverse species we see in biology. the other is speciation (species-splitting or cladogenesis). a favourite example used today to study the interplay of adaptation and speciation is the evolution of cichlid fish in african rivers and lakes.
when people speak about adaptation they often mean something which helps an animal or plant survive. one of the most widespread adaptations in animals is the evolution of the eye. another example is the adaptation of horses' teeth to grinding grass. camouflage is another adaptation; so is mimicry. the better adapted animals are the most likely to survive, and to reproduce successfully (natural selection).
an internal parasite (such as a fluke) is a good example: it has a very simple bodily structure, but still the organism is highly adapted to its particular environment. from this we see that adaptation is not just a matter of visible traits: in such parasites critical adaptations take place in the life cycle, which is often quite complex.
not all features of an organism are adaptations.p251 adaptations tend to reflect the past life of a species. if a species has recently changed its life style, a once valuable adaptation may become useless, and eventually become a dwindling vestige.
adaptations are never perfect. there are always tradeoffs between the various functions and structures in a body. it is the organism as a whole which lives and reproduces, therefore it is the complete set of adaptations which gets passed on to future generations.
genetic drift and its effect.
in populations, there are forces which add variation to the population (such as mutation), and forces which remove it. genetic drift is the name given to random changes which remove variation from a population. genetic drift gets rid of variation at the rate of 1/(2n) where n = population size.p29 it is therefore "a very weak evolutionary force in large populations".p55
genetic drift explains how random chance can affect evolution in surprisingly big ways, but only when populations are quite small. overall, its action is to make the individuals more similar to each other, and hence more vulnerable to disease or to chance events in their environment.
how species form is a major part of evolutionary biology. darwin interpreted 'evolution' (a word he did not use at first) as being about speciation. that is why he called his famous book "on the origin of species".
darwin thought most species arose directly from pre-existing species. this is called "anagenesis": new species by older species changing. now we think most species arise by previous species splitting: "cladogenesis".
two groups that start the same can also become very different if they live in different places. when a species gets split into two geographical regions, a process starts. each adapts to its own situation. after a while, individuals from one group can no longer reproduce with the other group. two good species have evolved from one.
a german explorer, moritz wagner, during his three years in algeria in the 1830s, studied flightless beetles. each species is confined to a stretch of the north coast between rivers which descend from the atlas mountains to the mediterranean. as soon as one crosses a river, a different but closely related species appears. he wrote later:
this was an early account of the importance of geographical separation. another biologist who thought geographical separation was critical was ernst mayr.
one example of natural speciation is the three-spined stickleback, a sea fish that, after the last ice age, invaded freshwater, and set up colonies in isolated lakes and streams. over about 10,000 generations, the sticklebacks show great differences, including variations in fins, changes in the number or size of their bony plates, variable jaw structure, and color differences.
the wombats of australia fall into two main groups, common wombats and hairy-nosed wombats. the two types look very similar, apart from the hairiness of their noses. however, they are adapted to different environments. common wombats live in forested areas and eat mostly green food with lots of moisture. they often feed in the daytime. hairy-nosed wombats live on hot dry plains where they eat dry grass with very little water or nutrition in it. their metabolic rate is slow and they sleep most of the day underground.
when two groups that started the same become different enough, then they become two different species. part of the theory of evolution is that all living things started the same, but then split into different groups over billions of years.
modern evolutionary synthesis.
this was an important movement in evolutionary biology, which started in the 1930s and finished in the 1950s. it has been updated regularly ever since.
the synthesis explains how the ideas of charles darwin fit with the discoveries of gregor mendel, who found out how we inherit our genes. the modern synthesis brought darwin's idea up to date. it bridged the gap between different types of biologists: geneticists, naturalists, and palaeontologists.
when the theory of evolution was developed, it was not clear that natural selection and genetics worked together. but ronald fisher showed that natural selection would work to change species. sewall wright explained genetic drift in 1931.
some areas of research.
co-evolution is where the existence of one species is tightly bound up with the life of one or more other species.
new or 'improved' adaptations which occur in one species are often followed by the appearance and spread of related features in the other species. the life and death of living things is intimately connected, not just with the physical environment, but with the life of other species.
these relationships may continue for millions of years, as it has in the pollination of flowering plants by insects. the gut contents, wing structures, and mouthparts of fossilized beetles and flies suggest that they acted as early pollinators. the association between beetles and angiosperms during the lower cretaceous period led to parallel radiations of angiosperms and insects into the late cretaceous. the evolution of nectaries in upper cretaceous flowers signals the beginning of the mutualism between hymenoptera and angiosperms.
tree of life.
charles darwin was the first to use this metaphor in biology. the "evolutionary tree" shows the relationships among various biological groups. it includes data from dna, rna and protein analysis. tree of life work is a product of traditional comparative anatomy, and modern molecular evolution and molecular clock research.
the major figure in this work is carl woese, who defined the archaea, the third domain (or kingdom) of life. below is a simplified version of present-day understanding. 
macroevolution: the study of changes above the species level, and how they take place. the basic data for such a study are fossils (palaeontology) and the reconstruction of ancient environments. some subjects whose study falls within the realm of macroevolution:
it is a term of convenience: for most biologists it does not suggest any change in the process of evolution.p87 for some palaeontologists, what they see in the fossil record cannot be explained just by the gradualist evolutionary synthesis. they are in the minority.
altruism and group selection.
altruism – the willingness of some to sacrifice themselves for others – is widespread in social animals. as explained above, the next generation can only come from those who survive and reproduce. some biologists have thought that this meant altruism could not evolve by the normal process of selection. instead a process called "group selection" was proposed. group selection refers to the idea that alleles can become fixed or spread in a population because of the benefits they bestow on groups, regardless of the alleles' effect on the fitness of individuals within that group.
for several decades, critiques cast serious doubt on group selection as a major mechanism of evolution.
in simple cases it can be seen at once that traditional selection suffices. for example, if one sibling sacrifices itself for three siblings, the genetic disposition for the act will be increased. this is because siblings share on average 50% of their genetic inheritance, and the sacrificial act has led to greater representation of the genes in the next generation.
altruism is now generally seen as emerging from standard selection. the warning note from ernst mayr, and the work of william hamilton are both important to this discussion.
hamilton's equation describes whether or not a gene for altruistic behaviour will spread in a population. the gene will spread if rxb is greater than c:
at first, sexual reproduction might seem to be at a disadvantage compared with asexual reproduction. in order to be advantageous, sexual reproduction (cross-fertilisation) has to overcome a two-fold disadvantage (takes two to reproduce) plus the difficulty of finding a mate. why, then, is sex so nearly universal among eukaryotes? this is one of the oldest questions in biology.
the answer has been given since darwin's time: because the sexual populations adapt better to changing circumstances. a recent laboratory experiment suggests this is indeed the correct explanation.
in the main experiment, nematode worms were divided into two groups. one group was entirely outcrossing, the other was entirely selfing. the groups were subjected to a rugged terrain and repeatedly subjected to a mutagen. after 50 generations, the selfing population showed a substantial decline in fitness (= survival), whereas the outcrossing population showed no decline. this is one of a number of studies that show sexuality to have real advantages over non-sexual types of reproduction.
what evolution is used for today.
an important activity is artificial selection for domestication. this is when people choose which animals to breed from, based on their traits. humans have used this for thousands of years to domesticate plants and animals.
more recently, it has become possible to use genetic engineering. new techniques such as 'gene targeting' are now available. the purpose of this is to insert new genes or knock out old genes from the genome of a plant or animal. a number of nobel prizes have already been awarded for this work.
however, the real purpose of studying evolution is to explain and help our understanding of biology. after all, it is the first good explanation of how living things came to be the way they are. that is a big achievement. the practical things come mostly from genetics, the science started by gregor mendel, and from molecular and cell biology.
in 2010 the journal "nature" selected 15 topics as 'evolution gems'. these were:
responses to the idea of evolution.
debates about the fact of evolution.
the idea that all life evolved had been proposed before charles darwin published "on the origin of species". even today, some people still discuss the concept of evolution and what it means to them, their philosophy, and their religion. evolution does explain some things about our human nature. people also talk about the social implications of evolution, for example in sociobiology.
some people have the religious belief that life on earth was created by a god. in order to fit in the idea of evolution with that belief, people have used ideas like "guided evolution" or "theistic evolution". they say that evolution is real, but is being guided in some way.
there are many different concepts of "theistic evolution". many creationists believe that the creation myth found in their religion goes against the idea of evolution. as darwin realised, the most controversial part of the evolutionary thought is what it means for human origins.
in some countries, especially in the united states, there is tension between people who accept the idea of evolution and those who do not accept it. the debate is mostly about whether evolution should be taught in schools, and in what way this should be done.
other fields, like cosmology and earth science also do not match with the original writings of many religious texts. these ideas were once also fiercely opposed. death for heresy was threatened to those who wrote against the idea that earth was the center of the universe.
evolutionary biology is a more recent idea. certain religious groups oppose the idea of evolution more than other religious groups do. for instance, the roman catholic church now has the following position on evolution: pope pius xii said in his encyclical "humani generis" published in the 1950s:
pope john paul ii updated this position in 1996. he said that evolution was "more than a hypothesis":
the anglican communion also does not oppose the scientific account of evolution.
using evolution for other purposes.
many of those who accepted evolution were not much interested in biology. they were interested in using the theory to support their own ideas on society.
some people have tried to use evolution to support racism. people wanting to justify racism claimed that certain groups, such as black people, were inferior. in nature, some animals do "survive" better than others, and it does lead to animals better adapted to their circumstances. with humans groups from different parts of the world, all evolution can say is that each group is probably well suited to its original situation. evolution makes no judgements about better or worse. it does "not" say that any human group is superior to any other.
the idea of eugenics was rather different. two things had been noticed as far back as the 18th century. one was the great success of farmers in breeding cattle and crop plants. they did this by selecting which animals or plants would produce the next generation (artificial selection). the other observation was that lower class people had more children than upper-class people. if (and it's a big if) the higher classes were there on "merit", then their lack of children was the exact reverse of what should be happening. faster breeding in the lower classes would lead to the society getting worse.
the idea to improve the human species by selective breeding is called eugenics. the name was proposed by francis galton, a bright scientist who meant to do good. he said that the human stock (gene pool) should be improved by selective breeding policies. this would mean that those who were considered "good stock" would receive a reward if they reproduced. however, other people suggested that those considered "bad stock" would need to undergo compulsory sterilization, prenatal testing and birth control. the german nazi government (1933–1945) used eugenics as a cover for their extreme racial policies, with dreadful results.
the problem with galton's idea is how to decide which features to select. there are so many different skills people could have, you could not agree who was "good stock" and who was "bad stock". there was rather more agreement on who should "not" be breeding. several countries passed laws for the compulsory sterilisation of unwelcome groups. most of these laws were passed between 1900 and 1940. after world war ii, disgust at what the nazis had done squashed any more attempts at eugenics.
some equations can be solved using algorithms that simulate evolution. evolutionary algorithms work like that.
another example of using ideas about evolution to support social action is social darwinism. social darwinism is a term given to the ideas of the 19th century social philosopher herbert spencer. spencer believed the "survival of the fittest" could and should be applied to commerce and human societies as a whole.
again, some people used these ideas to claim that racism, and ruthless economic policies were justified. today, most biologists and philosophers say that the theory of evolution should not be applied to social policy.
some people disagree with the idea of evolution. they disagree with it for a number of reasons. most often these reasons are influenced by or based on their religious beliefs instead of science. people who do not agree with evolution usually believe in creationism or intelligent design.
despite this, evolution is one of the most successful theories in science. people have discovered it to be useful for different kinds of research. none of the other suggestions explain things, such as fossil records, as well. so, for almost all scientists, evolution is not in doubt.
evidence for evolution.
these books are mostly about the evidence for evolution.
the process of evolution.
these books cover most evolutionary topics.
 christmas is celebrated on this day in many christian and western countries.
bedfordshire is a county of england. its county town is bedford. it borders cambridgeshire, northamptonshire, buckinghamshire (with the borough of milton keynes) and hertfordshire. the highest elevation point is 243 m (797 ft) on dunstable downs in the chilterns. the county motto is "constant be", which is taken from the hymn "to be a pilgrim" by john bunyan.
there are forty sites of special scientific interest (sssis) in bedfordshire, designated by natural england. thirty-five are listed for their biological interest, and five for their geological interest.
three of the sites are also national nature reserves, twelve are in the chilterns area of outstanding natural beauty, and eleven are managed wholly or partly by the wildlife trust for bedfordshire, cambridgeshire and northamptonshire.
march 20 is usually the first day of spring in the northern hemisphere, and the first day of autumn in the southern hemisphere.
american football, referred to as football in the united states and canada and also known as gridiron, is a team sport. it is played by two teams with 11 players on each side. american football is played with a ball with pointed ends. points are scored in many ways, usually by one team getting the ball into the end zone of the other team. the game started in the late 19th century as college football, an american version of rugby football.
the main leagues that play american football are the professional national football league (nfl), and the national collegiate athletic association (ncaa), which plays college football. in the national football league, players can be paid millions of dollars. in the national collegiate athletic association, players simply play for the pride of their school, scholarships, or for the chance to join a national team. over a million boys (and a number of girls) play high school football. there is also a closely related sport called canadian football (cfl).
an american football game is played with a ball called a football. the sport is played on a grass (or artificial turf) field. the field is exactly long and wide. the end zones, one at each end of the field, are long. the players wear protective equipment, including a helmet with face mask, shoulder pads, thigh pads, and often a mouth guard. a team has four chances, or "downs", to advance the ball while the opposing team tries to stop it. certain players advance the ball by carrying or throwing it. teams can score by advancing the ball to the other team's end zone or by kicking the ball through a goalpost placed at the back of the end zone. american football is carefully regulated by time and rules, which are enforced by officials, who also determine when a team scores.
a college or professional football game is 60 minutes long, and is divided into 15-minute quarters. in some high schools, the quarters are 12 minutes long, and games for younger children are often shorter still. after the first two quarters, the teams rest during halftime.
in nfl football, if the game is tied after the four quarters, the two teams compete in at least one more 15-minute period called overtime. during overtime, the first team to score points is usually the winner. however, under the current rules, first used for the 2011 postseason, if the team that has the ball first ends its possession by scoring a field goal, the other team has a chance to score. if that team does not score, or if it scores a touchdown, the game ends. if it scores a field goal, the game continues, and the next team to score wins. during the regular season, only one overtime period is played—if neither team scores, or if both teams score field goals when they first have the ball, the game ends in a tie. during the playoffs, the game will continue with as many overtime periods as needed to decide a winner. if the game is tied after each team has had the ball once in overtime, the first team to score wins.
in ncaa football overtime, which is based on the system used for high school football in most u.s. states, the teams take turns trying to score. the game ends when one team scores, and the other team fails to score as many points during its chance.
american football is played on a field long by wide. most of the game is played on in the middle. it is divided by 20 lines drawn every . the field has two other sets of markings, running between the two end zones along the length of the field, known as "hashmarks". all plays must start between the hashmarks—if the last play ended outside the hashmarks, the ball is moved to the nearest hashmark. at the ends of the field there are scoring areas, called the end zones.
there are also two yellow poles on the end of each field called uprights. sometimes, if the team can not score a touchdown they might want to kick it through the uprights for three points. the uprights are also used for scoring one point after a team scored a touchdown.
there are many types of players on a football team. for the offensive part of the team, a quarterback throws the football to wide receivers while offensive linemen block to protect him from defensive players. the offensive linemen also block when a running back runs to advance the football. players on the defensive line, a linebacker, and defensive backs (cornerbacks and american football safeties) attempt to tackle the offensive player who carries the football.
some team members only play during certain times. these players belong to the special teams. the kicker can kick the ball to the other team or between the uprights, while the placeholder holds the ball steady. the kick returner runs the ball down the field in an attempt to score points after catching the ball.
touchdown (6 points).
a touchdown is achieved when a player has legal possession of the ball and the ball crosses an imaginary vertical plane above the opposing team's goal line. after a touchdown, the scoring team attempts a try for 1 or 2 points (see below). a successful touchdown is signaled by an official extending both arms vertically above the head.
field goal (3 points).
a field goal is scored when the ball is place kicked between the goal posts behind the opponent's end zone. the most common type of kick used is the place kick. for a place kick, the ball must first be snapped to a placeholder, who holds the ball upright on the ground with his fingertip so that it may be kicked. three points are scored if the ball crosses between the two upright posts and above the crossbar and remains over.
extra point (1 or 2 points).
immediately following a touchdown, the scoring team can attempt to kick the ball between the goal posts for 1 extra point. the team can also run or pass the ball into the end zone for 2 points. this is not done very often, although it does happen if the game situation calls for it.
college football has unique rules regarding extra point attempts in overtime. teams that score touchdowns are required to attempt a two-point conversion during the second overtime. starting with the third overtime, the two teams alternate two-point conversion attempts, with the game ending when one team scores and the other does not.
defensive conversion (2 points).
in the nfl, college football, and high school football in texas (whose rules are based on the ncaa set), if the defense takes possession of the ball during an extra point (via fumble, interception, or blocked kick) and returns the ball into the opponent's end zone, the defensive team receives 2 points. (in high school football outside of texas, if the defense takes possession during an extra point, the play is dead at that moment and the conversion is ruled "no good".)
safety (2 points).
a safety is scored if a player causes the ball to become dead in his own end zone. when this happens two points are awarded to the opposing (usually defending) team. this can happen if a player is either downed or goes out of bounds in the end zone while carrying the ball. it can also happen if he fumbles the ball, and it goes out of bounds in the end zone. a safety is also awarded to the defensive team if the offensive team commits a foul which is enforced in its own end zone.
american professional seasons.
exhibition season (better known as pre-season) is in august. in the exhibition season, the teams get ready for the regular season by having training. teams have practices to help the team get better and see who will make the team. all of the teams play 3 games before the regular season starts, and the games do not change what team gets to the post season. because of it, teams do not use their best players much, and use the games as more practice.
the 32 nfl teams are divided into two conferences: the national football conference (nfc) and the american football conference (afc). each of them is divided in four divisions: north, south, west and east. each division includes four teams.
the season lasts 18 weeks. each team plays 17 games and has one week off. this week of rest is called a "bye week".
at the end of the regular season, the winners of each division and the next three best teams in each conference play in a tournament. the nfc's champion and the afc's champion play the nfl's final game, the super bowl. the event is often treated as a national holiday as many stores close for the event. the day of the event is commonly known nationwide as super bowl sunday.
"the ugly duckling" () is a literary fairy tale by hans christian andersen. andersen lavished great care on this story, spending a year perfecting it. it was first published in 1844 with "the angel", "the sweethearts", and "the nightingale" in "new fairy tales". the critics liked these stories. andersen considered the story "a reflection of my own life." the moral of the tale: "it does not matter if you were born in a duck yard if you have lain in a swan's egg." the tale has been adapted to various media such as animated movies.
a mother duck hatches six pretty little ducklings. a seventh bird is hatched. he is homely. the other ducks abuse him. he runs away. he is given a home by an old woman. her cat and hen do not like him. he runs away again. winter comes and a kind farmer gives him a home. the little bird almost dies. spring comes. the "ugly duckling" has grown into a beautiful swan. the other swans welcome him as their own. they bow to him. he is happy for the first time in his life.
general relativity is a theory of space and time. the theory was published by albert einstein in 1915. the central idea of general relativity is that space and time are two aspects of spacetime. spacetime is curved when there is matter, energy, and momentum resulting in what we perceive as gravity. the links between these forces are shown in the einstein field equations. in general relativity, gravity has no force as newton put forward. according to einstein it is a curvature that warps not only space, but also time. (time dilation)
a central idea in general relativity is the "principle of equivalence." an example is that two people, one in an elevator sitting on the surface of the earth, and the other in an elevator in outer space but accelerating upwards at the speed of 9.8 m/s2 (every second the object picks up speed of 9.8 m/s), will each observe the same behavior of an object they drop from their hands. the object will accelerate to the floor at 9.8 m/s2 in either case, making it impossible for either to distinguish whether or not they are at rest in a gravitational field or accelerating upward creating the same effect as gravity would on earth. other versions of this type of "thought experiment" were used to show that light would curve in an accelerating frame of reference (perspective). there are several forms of the equivalence principle. these include: newton's equivalence principle, the weak equivalence principle, the gravitational weak equivalence principle, einstein's equivalence principle and the strong equivalence principle.
the sun can be seen as this kind of valley in spacetime, and one of the other objects in the valley (i.e, spacetime) is the earth. the earth does not roll directly towards the sun (or ball) because it is moving too fast. the force pulling the earth towards the sun is about the same as a second force. this second force is called the centrifugal force. the centrifugal force exists because the earth moves sideways. this sideways motion makes the distance between the earth and sun increase. since the earth is being pulled towards the sun and moving away at the same time, it stays at about the same distance. this is also how the moon orbits the earth. in this second case, earth is the ball and the moon is the object. however, this valley example to demonstrate gravity is insufficient because spacetime fabric is actually four dimensional, whereas valley's example implies two dimensional spacetime. sun and other objects with mass curves four dimensional spacetime fabric. valley example is just analogy and not 100% reality. 
general relativity has predicted many things which were later seen. these include:
rutland is the smallest county of england. it is surrounded by the counties of leicestershire, lincolnshire and northamptonshire.
the main towns of rutland are oakham and uppingham.
in the mid-1970s, it was the inspiration for eric idle's tv show, rutland weekend television.
adlai ewing stevenson (october 23, 1835 – june 14, 1914) was an american politician. he was vice president of the united states under grover cleveland, and ran for president and several other political offices, but lost. he was also first assistant postmaster general and a member of the united states house of representatives from illinois, as well. his grandson of the same name also was a notable politician and writer. another grandson, mclean stevenson was an actor. his other grandson was illinois senator adlai stevenson iii.
toledo is a city in ohio, usa. it was named after toledo, spain. it is a large industrial city, and has many factories that make things like car parts and glass. in 1835 and 1836, ohio and michigan both claimed to own the city and surrounding territory. michigan gave up its claim and got the upper peninsula in exchange. toledo is about an hour from detroit, michigan. the main highways in and out of toledo are interstate 75, interstate 90, and u.s. 24 (detroit boulevard, telegraph road). it is the 59th largest city in the united states.
toledo's manufacturing industry concentrates on automobiles and glass.
toledo has a humid continental climate ("dfa" in the köppen climate classification).
the carpenters were an american musical duo. the members were richard carpenter and his sister karen. starting in 1969, the duo had many popular songs including "we've only just begun", "close to you", "sing", "rainy days and mondays", "calling occupants of interplanetary craft" and others. they continued until karen's death in 1983 of bulimia in downey, california. they sold over 100 million albums. 
jerry reed (march 20, 1937 – september 1, 2008) was an american country music singer and actor. best known for his songs "amos moses", "when you're hot you're hot" and "eastbound and down", he also acted in several movies including "smokey and the bandit" and "the waterboy". he was born in atlanta, georgia. he died in nashville, tennessee due to complications from emphysema.
1990 (mcmxc) was .
the bee gees were a british–australian pop group. for most of its history, the band consisted of three brothers all of whom were born on the isle of man, a british crown dependency. the brothers, barry gibb (born 1 september 1946), and twins maurice gibb (22 december 1949 – 12 january 2003) and robin gibb (22 december 1949 – 20 may 2012), started singing at a young age when living in manchester. in the late 1960s, the band briefly expanded to include australian born vince melouney and colin petersen. when the band reformed after splitting in 1969, australian born geoff bridgford briefly became a member. the bee gees existed for almost 40 years they are most famous for their album, "saturday night fever", the soundtrack for the movie of the same name. they stopped performing after maurice died. the two other brothers reunited as a duo in 2009. in 2012 robin died. they had a younger brother, andy gibb (1958–1988), who was also a singer.
the gibb brothers were born on the isle of man, then lived in manchester, england, before moving to australia in 1958. it was in australia that the bee gees' band was formed. in january 1967, the gibb brothers returned to england where their band the bee gees started to become internationally famous. in 1967, colin petersen and vince melouney joined the band but by the end the decade both had left and the brothers themselves had briefly gone their separate ways, only to reform in 1970. between 1970 and 1972, geoff bridgford was a member of the bee gees. in 1975, the brothers relocated to the united states.
the improverts are an improvised comedy group based in edinburgh, scotland. they are a part of the edinburgh university theatre company. their home is the bedlam theatre. it has been their home since they were created 18 years ago. the group is similar to "who's line is it anyway?", comedy store players, and keith johnstone in that they use short improvised games. 
they have taken part in the edinburgh fringe festival almost every year since they were formed. also they have played every friday night during the school year (as their main audience is edinburgh university students). 
because they are always in bedlam theatre, the theatre technicians improvise the sounds, music and lights along with the scenes the performers are doing. the sounds can be loud and annoying at times. the technicians show off their very big itunes library of songs and sound effects. british 80's children's programmes' themes are a favourite of theirs.
past players have gone on to many different things. they have created an improv group in london, joined the stand players' "who's lunch is it anyway" free improv show at edinburgh's the stand comedy venue and become successful stand up comedians. some have starred in british sitcoms, television dramas, movies and popular children's programmes 
taipei 101 () is 101-floor building in taipei, republic of china (taiwan). in 2004, it replaced the willis tower (which used to be called the sears tower) as the tallest completed building in the world. however, in 2010, it was surpassed by the burj khalifa in dubai.
taipei 101 holds records for:
taipei 101 does not hold the record for tallest building from ground to pinnacle. the sears tower has two television antennas on top of it, making its height from the ground to the top of the taller antenna 527 m (1,729 ft).
effect on taipei's economy.
taipei 101 is the recognized symbol of taipei city, it brings a lot of tourists every day. the location of taipei 101 is at the southern end of the xinyi district, the newest area of taipei city. besides the tower, the base of the building houses includes a multi-level shopping mall, food court, various restaurants and stores, and an global grocery store. every new year's eve, taipei 101 is host to an impressive fireworks display that attracts people from all over taiwan and other neighboring countries like japan and singapore to the area.
the taipei 101 observatory is open every day from 9am to 10pm. the observatory is spread over 4 floors where visitors can enjoy the fantastic scenery and learn about the engineering marvel that is taipei 101, the tallest green building in the world. visitors can buy the tickets on the 5f taipei 101 mall, the general ticket costs nt$500 per each and the student ticket (with valid id) costs nt$450 per each, all children (under 115 cm) are free. after purchasing the tickets, visitors may take the guinness world record breaking high-speed elevator to the observatory on the 89th floor.
the 88th floor is the beauty of taiwan multimedia corridor, super big wind damper, treasure sky, the hallway connecting the two decks is designed to setting the natural beauty of taiwan, providing 270-degree views of well-known scenic locations in taiwan, leading to the engineering marvel known as a wind damper, a 5.5 meters diameter, 660 ton weight suspended within the building to offset the force of wind and help 101 stand upright. also included is treasury sky, a collection of unique jewel crafts.
the 89th floor is the indoor observatory, visitors can learn about the design process and construction of taipei 101 and other similar large-scale building projects around the world, including a free audio tour in eleven languages, as well as high-powered field glasses, snacks, and professional photography service.
the 91st floor is an outdoor observatory. the outdoor observatory is accessible by stairs from the 89th floor. from the outside, it's possible to view the spire at the 508-meter-high apex, but tourists need to be careful of the strong winds. inside the building, on the 91f, is a small theater showcasing films about the building and the annual new year fireworks display. the 91st floor is only open on days with good weather conditions.
survive ways from earthquake and typhoons.
taipei 101 has some of the most modern safety security of anything ever built, requiring a challenging combination of strength and flexibility, which allow it to withstand winds up to 216 km/h (134 mph), and earthquakes of a magnitude of 9.0. it has higher safer ratings than taiwan’s nuclear power plants.
the "double stairstep" design reduce the potentially dangerous oscillations caused by high winds by about 30-40%, allowing the structure to stand, even under the force of relentless typhoons. and by now, they’ve become a recognizable design element of the structure. 
this day is the first day of the last third of the year as well as the two thirds point of the common year because there are 243 days before and 121 days after it in common years. there are 244 days before and 121 after it in leap years. the exact time the second third of the year starts is 8:00 a.m. in countries that use summer time the actual exact time of the midpoint in a common year is at 9:00 a.m. for locations in the northern hemisphere, or 7:00 a.m. for locations in the southern hemisphere; this is when 243 days and 8 hours have elapsed and there are 121 days and 16 hours remaining. in a leap year in those countries, the last third of the year starts at midnight. in countries that use summer time, the second third starts at 1:00 a.m. on september, or 11:00 p.m. on august 31 in the southern hemisphere. this is due to summer time having advanced the time by one hour.
sergio aragonés domenech (; born september 6, 1937) is a popular cartoonist. he was born in spain and grew up in mexico. he is most famous for his cartoons for "mad magazine" and the comic book "groo the wanderer".
lisa bonet (born lisa michelle bonet; november 16, 1967), also known as lilakoi moon, is an american actress. she is best known for her roles as denise huxtable on television series, "the cosby show" and "a different world". she was also married to singer lenny kravitz from 1987 to 1993. she is of african american and ashkenazi jewish (from belarus, moldova, poland and russia) descent.
tobacco is a product prepared from the leaves of the tobacco plant by curing them. the plant is part of the genus "nicotiana" and of the solanaceae (nightshade) family.
native americans used tobacco before europeans arrived in the americas. the earliest know use of tobacco comes from nicotine residue from a pipe in the southeastern united states. it is radiocarbon dated at 1685-1530 bc. europeans in the americas learned to smoke and brought it back to europe, where it became very popular. at that time tobacco was usually smoked in a pipe.
the europeans who moved to america started to farm tobacco so that they could sell it in europe. this became one of the main causes of the african slave trade. in 1610 a european man called john rolfe arrived in the american state of virginia and set up a tobacco farm which made him very rich. rolfe was the first non-native farmer to use "nicotiana tabacum", which is the type of tobacco most commonly smoked today. he also married pocahontas, a native american woman who became famous when she went to live in london.
in the 17th and 18th centuries tobacco made farmers very rich and towns quickly grew in the states of virginia, north carolina and south carolina. in 1883 one third of united states tax money came from tobacco.
in 1864 the first american tobacco factory opened to produce 20 million cigarettes annually. by 1964 the cigarette contained over 500 added chemicals. today tobacco manufacturers are still not required by law to list the 500+ ingredients.
tobacco and health.
tobacco users (especially smokers) and people around them (with passive smoking) risk many very serious and often deadly illnesses, such as cancer, strokes, heart disease, and lung disease. the united states' centers for disease control and prevention describes tobacco use as "the single most important preventable risk to human health in developed countries and an important cause of premature (early) death worldwide". there are over 4800 chemicals in tobacco, including arsenic. sixty-four of them are known to cause cancer. smoking can also make men lose erections, and make their penises a bit smaller.
jerusalem (; ; ) is one of the oldest cities in the world that people have lived in continuously. it is important to many major religions. jews consider jerusalem a holy city because it was their religious and political center during biblical times and was the place where the temple of god stood. christians consider jerusalem holy because many events in the life of jesus took place there. muslims believe that muhammad rose to heaven from jerusalem, and the al-aqsa mosque is the first qibla of muslims after mecca.
jerusalem is the capital city of both israel and palestine, under their laws. most other countries disagree. most countries have their embassies with israel in tel aviv.
jerusalem is about 40 miles (64 kilometers) east of the mediterranean sea. it is a hilly city with many valleys around it.
jerusalem is a very old city. it has great importance for three religions: judaism, christianity and islam. the bible says king david, the second king of israel, took this city from pagans and settled his palace there. king solomon, david's son and the next king, built the temple of solomon in jerusalem. later, as capital of judah, jerusalem was destroyed by nebuchadnezzar ii, the king of babylon. the palace of king david and the temple of solomon were burned, and the jews were captured and taken to babylon. seventy years later, the persian king cyrus allowed them to return to jerusalem and to rebuild the temple.
later the area was occupied by romans. king herod the great, who ruled for the roman emperor, made the temple larger to try and win jewish favor. the temple was famous for its greatness and beauty.
jesus died in jerusalem around 33 ce. in 70 ce, the jews rebelled against the romans, but the romans destroyed the city and the temple. jewish people who lived in jerusalem were caught and became slaves. the romans renamed jerusalem with a latin name. since then, the temple has not been rebuilt, and only a part of its wall remains until today.
after the roman empire was split into two, the byzantine empire ruled jerusalem. later, muslims took over the city from them. the muslims believed muhammad went to heaven from jerusalem.
later, the pope in rome sent the crusaders from western europe to try and take jerusalem back. they succeeded for a while, but eventually the city fell again to the saracens. until the 20th century, jerusalem was a part of the ottoman empire. there were some jews in jerusalem all along, even though they were ruled by other people.
the "new city" of jerusalem is the part outside the old stone walls. people started building the new city in the 1800s. mishkenot sha'annanim, mea shearim, and the bukharan quarter are some of the first neighborhoods in the new city.
after world war i, the ottoman empire had been defeated. in june 1922, the league of nations approved the british mandate of palestine. this gave control of the area to the united kingdom. the land west of the jordan river was known as palestine. it was under direct british control until 1948. the land east of the jordan river was known as transjordan, and was governed by the hashemite family. transjordan gained independence in 1946.
the mandate in palestine ended at midnight on 14 may 1948. on the next day, the 1948 arab–israeli war began. israel declared independence, the west bank was annexed by jordan, and egypt took control of the gaza strip.
in 1949, at the end of the first arab-israeli war, jerusalem was divided between israel and jordan. israel controlled the western part of the city. jordan controlled the eastern section, including the old city, a walled section of jerusalem dating from biblical times. israel took control of the entire city during the six-day war in 1967.
jerusalem today is claimed by the state of israeli as its capital. the united nations does not agree to israel saying that jerusalem is the capital of israel.
jerusalem has been sacred to judaism for roughly 3000 years, to christianity for around 2000 years, and to islam for approximately 1400 years. the 2000 statistical yearbook of jerusalem lists 1204 synagogues, 158 churches, and 73 mosques within the city. despite efforts to maintain peaceful religious coexistence, some sites, such as the temple mount, have been a continuous source of friction and controversy.
according to jewish tradition, jerusalem is where god told the patriarch abraham to sacrifice his son, isaac, to him. the jews built the temple, the centre of jewish worship in ancient times, at the site of abraham's sacrifice on the temple mount in the old city. two buildings, one after the other, the first temple and the second temple, stood at the site. the first temple housed the ark of the covenant, a sacred box holding the tablets inscribed with the ten commandments.
the western wall is a part of the second temple and judaism's most sacred shrine. it is a stone wall that strengthened the western side of the temple mount in ancient times. the wall is sometimes called the wailing wall because of the sad prayers jewish people said there to mourn the destroyed temple.
other sites in the city that are sacred to the jews include king david's tomb on mount zion, and the jewish cemetery and the tombs of the prophets on the mount of olives, a hill just east of the old city. many sites associated with biblical figures are sacred to christians, too.
many monasteries, convents, shrines, and religious seminaries in jerusalem mark events in the life of jesus and in the formation of the christian church. according to the bible, jesus taught in jerusalem and performed numerous miracles there. the last supper supposedly took place in a room known as the cenacle (also called coenaculum) on mount zion. the church of the holy sepulcher in the old city is said to be the place of jesus's crucifixion (called calvary or golgotha), as well as his burial and resurrection. several christian sects own the church, which was originally built by constantine the great, then rebuilt and dedicated by the crusaders in 1149 ce. the building stands at the end of the via dolorosa (way of sorrows), believed to be the path over which jesus carried his cross to calvary. jesus was last seen by his followers on the mount of olives before he went up to heaven. all of these sites attract many religious pilgrims each year.
jerusalem is islam's third holiest city, after mecca and medina in saudi arabia. according to muslim tradition, muhammad originally selected jerusalem as the qibla: the direction muslims should face during prayer. however, he later told his followers to face mecca instead of jerusalem when praying. muhammad is said to have gone up to heaven from a stone now covered by a golden-domed shrine called the dome of the rock. the dome of the rock and the ancient al-aqsa mosque are among the holiest sites in islam. they are the main buildings on the temple mount, which muslims call "haram al-sharif" (noble sanctuary).
jerusalem's architecture is a mixture of old and new. the old city contains architectural examples from each major period in the city's history. many ancient historical sites and places of worship stand near modern shopping centers and industrial zones. architecture from the late 1800s and early 1900s shows european influences. usefulness rather than style characterizes new apartment buildings constructed by the government as housing for immigrants. many buildings, old and new, have matching exteriors because all construction is required to be faced with a cream-colored limestone called jerusalem stone, produced by nearby quarries.
religion in jerusalem.
belz beis hamedrash hagadol is the largest synagogue in jerusalem.
the rocky mountains (often called the rockies) are a range of mountains in the western united states and canada. they stretch from the northernmost part of british columbia, in western canada, to new mexico, in the southwestern united states. the rocky mountains are more than 3,000 miles long (4,800 kilometers). 
the highest point in the rocky mountains is mt. elbert. mt. elbert is 14,433 ft tall (4,401m).
the rocky mountains are relatively new, formed from 55 million to 80 million years ago (mya) during the laramide orogeny. north america began to move westwards as pangaea broke up. a number of tectonic plates began to slide under the north american plate. the angle of subduction was shallow, resulting in a broad belt of mountains running down western north america. since then, further tectonic activity and erosion by glaciers has sculpted the rockies into dramatic peaks and valleys. 
the rocks in the rocky mountains were formed long before the mountains were raised. the oldest rock is precambrian metamorphic rock that forms the core of the north american continent. there is also precambrian sedimentary argillite, dating back to 1.7 billion years ago. during the paleozoic, western north america lay underneath a shallow sea, which deposited many kilometers of limestone and dolomite.
in the southern rocky mountains, near present-day colorado, these ancestral rocks were disturbed by mountain building about 300 mya, during the pennsylvanian. this mountain building produced the ancestral rocky mountains. they consisted largely of precambrian metamorphic rock forced upward through layers of the limestone. the limestone had been laid down in a shallow sea. the mountains eroded throughout the late paleozoic and early mesozoic, leaving extensive deposits of sedimentary rock.
brooklyn is one of the five boroughs of new york city. it also covers the same area as kings county. brooklyn is the second largest borough in land area. 
in the early 21st century, about 2.5 million live there. this is more than in any of the other four boroughs.
brooklyn is the west end of long island. the east river separates it from manhattan in the north. brooklyn's only land boundary is with queens in the east. jamaica bay separates brooklyn from rockaway in the south. the narrows separates brooklyn from staten island in the west. 
coney island is the south end of brooklyn. the brooklyn museum is near the middle of brooklyn, near prospect park.
brooklyn is named after a dutch town called "breukelen". dutch people were the first people from europe to live in the area. when they got there, there were already some native american people living there called the lenape. the dutch started the town in 1634 as part of the colony of new netherland.
during the 19th century brooklyn expanded and filled kings county. it remained a separate city before the people there voted to join new york city in 1898. today, many parts of brooklyn are home to people who are mostly from one culture or ethnicity. other parts are mixed.
the brooklyn bridge is old and famous. it goes over the east river and connects downtown brooklyn to lower manhattan. the longest bridge in new york, the verrazano-narrows bridge in bay ridge connects brooklyn to staten island.
cornish (cornish: kernewek) is a very old language from cornwall in the southwest of england. cornish is a celtic language and is very similar to welsh and is related to gaelic.
a long time ago, cornish was the only language spoken in cornwall, but more and more people began to speak english, instead of cornish. in 1550, when the prayer book was written in english instead of latin, the cornish people got angry and there was a rebellion. because many cornish-speakers died and they would now hear the bible in english, cornish was used less and less.
by 1800, only a few people could speak cornish, and since no one spoke it to one another any more, cornish became endangered.
people say that a woman called dolly pentreath was the last person who could speak cornish. that is not quite true, but she was one of the last people to use it instead of english.
methods of spreading.
some people learned about cornish by traveling around talking to people who could still speak it and by reading old plays and books. some people wanted to learn the language and speak it and so in 1904 a learned man, henry jenner, wrote a book to help people. some people then began to learn the language and speak it again.
no one knows how many cornish-speakers there are now. people think that about 8,000 to 13,000 people probably speak cornish. some young people have grown up speaking it. most people in cornwall know a few sentences or words in cornish. in 100 years, cornish has grown from almost no speakers to many thousands, which is very exciting for many people.
there are now many new books, films and songs in cornish. the bible has now been translated into cornish. there is an event, the open gorseth, with a story and poetry competition. sometimes, cornish is used in churches.
there used to be a problem with cornish: three different dictionaries had different spellings, and people did not agree about how to write words or say them. that was confusing for people when they have not been speaking for long. in 2008, people who used different types of cornish came together and agreed on a new standard form of cornish to be used everywhere.
welsh could mean many different things:
welsh could also mean:
places in the united states (us)
the watergate scandal was a serious scandal during and after the 1972 presidential election. 
a united states president and republican, richard nixon was running for election against democrat george mcgovern. afterwards, frank wills, a security guard, discovered clues that former fbi and cia agents broke into the offices of the democratic party and george mcgovern months before the election. they secretly listened to phone lines and stole several important documents. 
when these men were found, they were discovered to have been associated with nixon. he had helped them cover all the evidence of the scandal, and may have even hired the men to begin with. "the washington post" was a newspaper which played a big role in exposing the misdoings, specifically aided by reporters bob woodward and carl bernstein. this showed the public that nixon was not as trustworthy as he seemed.
nixon chose to resign from office on august 9, 1974 because he wished not to be impeached. this means that he might have been charged with crimes. the u.s. congress could not impeach him if he resigned. after this, gerald ford, his vice-president, became the president by default. ford pardoned nixon for all of his crimes later on. the name "watergate" comes from the hotel in washington, d.c. where the first crime and break in took place, and is often associated with political scandals. 
cyan is the color halfway between blue and green on the color wheel. it is one of the primary (main) colors of ink in an inkjet printer, along with black, yellow and magenta.
cyan is a secondary color of light, along with magenta and yellow. the primary colors of light are: blue, red and green. cyan is made by mixing green and blue light.
cyan is the opposite of red and is halfway between green and blue.
purple is a colour that is made of two primary colors, blue and red.
the first written use of "purple" as a color name in english was in 975.
tones of tyrian purple.
these tyrian purple colors, all of which are also shown in the color chart above, show the original purple of ancient greece and ancient rome. the color "imperial" shown below was made by mixing tyrian purple with indigo dye.
la liga filipina was a group created by doctor jose rizal on july 3, 1892 in the philippines. 
the aims were:
jose rizal tried very hard to make it a peaceful group. but the spanish authorities considered it dangerous. on the night of july 6, 1892, rizal was secretly arrested four days after its creation. the following day, governor-general eulogio despujol ordered rizal to be deported to dapitan.
after rizal's arrest, la liga filipina became inactive. then it was reorganized by domingo franco and andres bonifacio. the society broke apart into two separate groups: the cuerpo de compromisarios which promised to continue supporting the la solidaridad in spain and the katipunan in the philippines.
sir elton hercules john (birth name reginald kenneth dwight, born 25 march 1947 in pinner, middlesex, england), better known simply as elton john, is an english singer, songwriter, pianist, and composer. he started his music career immediately after leaving school. elton john was the biggest music star in the 1970s.
elton john was born in 55 pinner hill road, pinner, middlesex. he was eldest child stanley dwight and sheila eileen. he was educated in pinner. 
john became famous in the early 1970s when he and lyricist bernie taupin wrote several songs which he performed and recorded. john became a huge star, not only for his musical abilities, but for his flamboyant stage personality. he composed several musicals. he also composed the music for the animated movies "the lion king" (1994) and "the road to el dorado" (2000). he is active in charity work. in 1997, in honor of diana, princess of wales, john co-wrote and released a version of his hit "candle in the wind". that became the world's best-selling single of all time. it sold 37 million copies within two months.
outside of music, john has raised millions of pounds for people living with hiv and aids through the "elton john aids foundation".
john has received the following awards.
john has had treatment for alcoholism, drug abuse and bulimia nervosa.
in 2005, john entered a civil partnership with david furnish. they had been together for over 16 years. on 21 december 2014, john and furnish married. guests at their wedding included english former footballer david beckham along with his wife victoria beckham and their younger sons and their daughter. their eldest son, who is also john's godson, was not present.
the who are an english rock band formed in 1964. the main lineup from 1964 to 1978 was guitarist pete townshend, vocalist roger daltrey, bassist john entwistle and drummer keith moon. they became known for their high energy live shows. the who have sold about 100 million records. many people think that the who are the greatest live band of all time.
the who rose to fame in the united kingdom with a series of top ten hit singles including: "i can't explain", "the kids are alright", "my generation", "who are you", and "love reign o'er me". the albums "my generation", "a quick one" and "the who sell out" followed. their fame grew with memorable shows at the monterey pop and woodstock music festivals. "tommy," released in 1969, was the first in a series of top ten albums in the united states.
keith moon died in 1978. the band released two more studio albums with drummer kenney jones before disbanding in 1983. they re-formed at events such as live aid and for reunion tours such as their 25th anniversary tour and the quadrophenia tours of 1996 and 1997. in 2002 planning for recording an album of new material was put on hold after john entwistle's death at the age of 57. townshend and daltrey continued to perform as the who and in 2006 they released the studio album titled "endless wire."
the who were inducted into the rock and roll hall of fame in 1990.
led zeppelin was an english rock band. the group was started in 1968 and broke up in 1980. the members were robert plant (vocals), jimmy page (lead guitar), john paul jones (bass), and john bonham (drums). led zeppelin ended in 1980 after the accidental death of john bonham. after bonham's death, the band believed that nobody could take his place and decided not to continue. the band played together again in a tribute concert in london on 10 december 2007 with jason bonham, john's son, playing the drums. the band is one of the most influential rock bands of all time and one of the most successful music artists in history, selling 300 million albums around the world.
a usb flash drive (usb stands for "universal serial bus") is a popular way to store digital information. flash drives are an easy way to share data (information). a usb flash drive can be attached to a usb port, and provides a certain amount of storage space, which can be used to store data. usb flash drives are used with devices found in homes, workplaces and schools. below are some examples of these devices:
they are called "flash drive" because they use flash memory to store files. flash memory is a type of computer chip. the first flash drives had 8 megabytes of storage. each year, larger flash drives will become available. in april 2012, 256 gigabyte flash drives were introduced to the market.
other common names for a flash drive include jumpdrive, pendrive, thumbdrive or simply usb.
usb flash drives have some advantages over other portable storage devices. they are physically much smaller and more rugged than floppy disks. they can read data faster, and store more data than floppy disks. floppy disks have become obsolete when the price of usbs has become cheaper.
flash drives are used to store any type of data file, or to move data from one computer to another. usb flash drives have a lot of storage space. it is often easier to use a flash drive than to carry many cd-roms. some computer programs can be run from a usb flash drive. these special versions of programs are called "portable" versions.
computer administrators, or people who manage the computer systems, sometimes use flash drives. sometimes flash drives are also used to run a computer virus scanner. they are often used to repair a computer system that was damaged or faulty.
police in the cyber division can use flash drives to take evidence.
booting operating systems.
most computers today can boot from a usb drive. special operating systems can run from a bootable flash drive. they are called live usb versions.
many companies make small digital audio players (usually called an mp3 player). these are actually flash drives that can make sound. examples include the creative muvo and the ipod shuffle. some of these players are real usb flash drives as well as music players; others just play music.
many of the smallest players are powered by a permanently fitted rechargeable battery. the battery power can be charged from the usb port.
music storage and marketing.
digital audio files can be moved from one computer to another. the files can be played on a software media player. many home and car music systems have a usb port. a usb flash drive can be connected to play music files.
music artists have sold or given away usb flash drives. the first time this happened was in 2004—the german band wizo released the "stick ep", only as a usb drive. it contained five high quality mp3s; it also included a video, pictures, lyrics, and guitar tablature.
since then, artists including kanye west, nine inch nails and ayumi hamasaki have released music and promotional material on usb flash drives.
in the arcade game "in the groove" and "in the groove 2", flash drives are used to transfer high scores, screenshots, dance edits, and combos throughout sessions. in later versions, players can also store custom songs and play them on any machine on which this feature is enabled. while use of flash drives is common, the drive must be linux compatible, causing problems for some players.
in the arcade games "pump it up nx2" and "pump it up nx absolute", a specially produced flash drive is used as a "save file" for unlocked songs, as well as progressing in the worldmax and brain shower sections of the game.
in the arcade game "dance dance revolution x", a special usb flash drive was made by konami, letting players link the sony playstation 2 version.
brand and product promotion.
flash drives are very cheap to produce. so, they are sometimes used to promote a product. at most technical trade fairs, many exhibitors will promote their products by giving away free drives.
in other situations, they may be sold at less than wholesale price, or included as a bonus with another product.
usually, such drives will be stamped with a company's logo, as a form of advertising .
the drive may be blank drive, or already have documents or software loaded on to it. these are called preloaded drives.
some preloaded drives are read-only, but most can be used as a normal flash drive.
the large memory size of newer flash drives means that they are increasingly being used for short term backup of data.
for example, one retail till system uses a flash drive to record details of all of the sales for that day. the drive is used as a backup medium. at the close of business each night, the drive is inserted, and a database backup is saved to the drive. the drive is removed at night and taken offsite.
comparison to other forms of data storage.
usb flash drives have replaced a number of other storage technologies, because they are easier to use. the replaced media include:
this photograph shows both sides of the printed circuit board (pcb) inside a typical flash drive (circa 2004). the flash drive in this photograph is a 64 mb usb 2.0 device with its plastic case removed.
one end of the device is fitted with a single type-a usb connector. inside the plastic casing is a small, highly cost-engineered, printed circuit board. mounted on this board is some simple power circuitry and a small number of surface-mounted integrated circuits (ics). typically, one of these ics provides an interface to the usb port, another drives the onboard memory, and the other is the flash memory.
good points and bad points.
most computers support usb.
flash drives are quite . they are not damaged by scratches and dust. this makes them a good choice to move data from one place to another.
some flash drives can keep the data, even if they are put in water. some data may even survive the washing machine, but this is not a designed feature, and people should not rely on it. leaving the flash drive out to dry completely before allowing current to run through it has been known to result in a working drive with no future problems.
channel five's "gadget show" cooked a flash drive with propane; froze it with dry ice; submerged it in various acidic liquids; ran over it with a jeep and fired it against a wall with a mortar. a company specializing in recovering lost data from computer drives then managed to recover all the data on the drive. all data on the other removable storage devices tested, using optical or magnetic technologies, were destroyed.
flash drives are available in large sizes. currently at the start of 2020, the largest size publicly available is 2 terabytes. this will increase as the technology gets better.
flash drives use little power, compared to hard drives and have no moving parts. they are small and easy to carry.
most modern operating systems can use a flash drive, without the need to install special software. to most operating systems, the flash drive looks like a hard drive. the operating system can use any file system. some computers can start from a flash drive.
flash memory has a limited life. data can only be written to and read from a device a few thousand times. people should keep this in mind when they use a flash drive to run application software or an operating system. to address this, as well as space limitations, some developers have produced special versions of operating systems (such as linux in live usb) or commonplace applications (such as mozilla firefox) designed to run from flash drives.
flash drives are small and are easily lost or left behind. this can cause problems of data security.
flash drives can hold a large amount of information and they are used worldwide. many users store information on them that is personal, or that should be protected. for this reason, more and more flash drives offer biometrics or encryption to control the access to this data. users can install passwords on to their flash drives so that when a user tries to open it, the computer prompts the user, to enter a password before they can begin using the device. there are a number of free and open source programs which can be used to encrypt data including truecrypt, pgpdisk and freeotfe. these programs have proved useful in securing data on flash drives.
most usb flash drives are dumb devices that hold data. however, like other storage devices, they can carry computer viruses. bootable flash drives, like other boot devices, can easily spread them. some such devices also have a controller chip comparable to an embedded system. in other words, the drive is a fully functional computer, which can transmit data as it wants. there have been cases where controller chips were manipulated, and spread malware.
some drives with a controller chip encrypt the data, with a secure algorithm, such as aes. in many cases, it was easy to decrypt the data, even without knowing the decryption key, because the implementation was not done properly.
because of the issues above, and because the use of usb devices is difficult to monitor, many companies no longer allow usb devices.
the ostrich ("struthio camelus") is a large flightless bird that lives in africa. they are the largest living bird species, and have the biggest eggs of all living birds. ostriches do not fly, but can run faster than any other bird.
they are ratites, a useful grouping of medium to large flightless birds. ostriches have the biggest eyes of all land animals.
ostriches have long legs and a long neck, but they have a small head. male ostriches have black feathers and female ostriches have gray and brown feathers. both males and females have white feathers on their wings and tails.
male ostriches can be 1.8 - 2.7 meters / 6 – 9 feet tall, while female ostriches are 1.7 – 2 meters / 5.5 - 6.5 ft tall. they can run with a speed of about 65 kilometers per hour/40 miles per hour.
]ostriches now only live in africa. they live in open grassland called savanna in the sahel, and in parts of east africa and south-west africa. some ostriches live in areas of the sahara desert. there used to be ostriches in middle east in the 20th century and, further back, also
ostriches mainly eat plant matter, but they also eat insects. the plant matter consists of seeds, shrubs, grass, fruits and flowers while the insects they eat include locusts. ostriches do not have teeth, and so cannot grind food as mammals do. instead, they swallow pebbles. an adult ostrich carries about 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) of stones in its gizzard, a special sac just before the stomach. the pebbles grind the food, and help its digestion. when eating, their gullet is filled with food. after that, the food is passed down their esophagus in the form of a ball called a bolus. the bolus may be as much as 210 ml (7.1 us fl oz). ostriches can live without drinking for several days.
ostriches normally spend the winter months in pairs or alone. during breeding season and sometimes during extreme rainless periods ostriches live in nomadic groups of five to 50 birds (led by a top hen) that often travel together with other grazing animals, such as zebras or antelopes.
with their acute eyesight and hearing, ostriches can sense predators such as lions from far away. when being pursued by a predator, they have been known to reach speeds in excess of , and can maintain a steady speed of , which makes the ostrich the world's fastest two-legged animal. when lying down and hiding from predators, the birds lay their heads and necks flat on the ground, making them appear as a mound of earth from a distance. this even works for the males, as they hold their wings and tail low so that the heat haze of the hot, dry air that often occurs in their habitat aids in making them appear as a nondescript dark lump.
ostriches can tolerate a wide range of temperatures. in much of their habitat, temperatures vary as much as between night and day. their temperature control mechanism relies on action by the bird, which uses its wings to cover the naked skin of the upper legs and flanks to conserve heat, or leaves these areas bare to release heat.
ostriches become sexually adults when they are 2 to 4 years old; females are adults about six months younger than males. the mating process differs in different places. territorial males hiss and use other sounds to claim mating rights over a harem of two to seven hens.
fights usually last just minutes, but the ostriches can kill each other by slamming their heads into opponents. the winning male will then mates with all the females in the area, but he will only form a pair bond with the dominant female.
the females lay their eggs in one shared nest, a pit dug into the ground, deep and wide. the male ostrich digs the pit. the dominant female lays her eggs first, and when it is time to cover them to keep them warm, she pushes the eggs from the weakest females out. most of the time, she leaves about 20 in most cases.
ostrich eggs are the largest of all eggs (and the yolk is the largest single cell), but they are actually the smallest eggs relative to the size of the adult bird. — on average they are long, wide, and weigh , over 20 times the weight of a chicken egg. the eggs are incubated by the females by day and by the males by night. this uses the colouration of the two sexes to escape detection of the nest, as the drab female blends in with the sand, while the black male is nearly undetectable in the night. the incubation period is 35 to 45 days.
males and females cooperate in rearing chicks. the male defends the hatchlings and teaches them to feed. the survival rate is low for the hatchlings, with an average of one per nest surviving to adulthood.
when threatened, the ostrich will either hide itself by lying flat against the ground, or will run away. if cornered, it can attack with a kick from its powerful legs. common predators of nests and young ostriches include jackals, various birds of prey, mongoose and vultures. animals that prey on ostriches of all ages include cheetahs, lions, leopards, african dogs, and spotted hyena. ostriches can often outrun their predators in a pursuit and can even outpace cheetahs over long distances. however, they may sometimes fight fiercely against predators, especially when chicks are being defended. they have sometimes killed lions in such fights.
there is no doubt that the ratites are not a monophyletic group, because they are not descended from a single ancestor. that means the taxonomy of the group is going to change, and they will not all be placed in the order struthioniformes as they have been. however, as ornothologists have not yet agreed on a new classification, for the time being the useful term 'ratites' is still used.
ostriches are likely to be placed alone in the order struthioniformes. they have a number of peculiarities which suggest a separate evolution from the rest of the ratites. they lack a gallbladder. they have three stomachs, and the caecum is long. unlike all other living birds, the ostrich secretes uric acid separately from faeces. unlike all other birds, who store the uric acid and faeces together, and excrete them together, ostriches store the faeces at the end of their rectum. they also have unique pubic bones that are fused to hold their gut. unlike most birds the males have a penis, which is retractable and long. their palate (bone on the roof of the mouth) differs from other ratites.
ostriches and humans.
ostriches are farmed in several countries. they used to be prized for their feathers, but are now farmed for their meat and eggs. their skin can also be used to make leather.
in south africa, hunters can get one group of feathers from one wild ostrich. when they are farmed, every seven or eight months farmers can take groups of feathers from the ostriches. they will grow back and can be collected again a in seven or eight more months.
when threatened, ostriches run away, but they can cause serious injury and death with kicks from their powerful legs. their legs can only kick forward.
ostriches reared entirely by humans may not direct their courtship behaviour at other ostriches, but toward their human keepers. ostriches live 30 to 40 years on average.
it is sometimes said that ostriches will hide their heads in the ground when they are scared or threatened, but this is not true.
in some countries, people race each other on the back of ostriches. the practice is common in africa and is relatively unusual elsewhere. the ostriches are ridden in the same way as horses with special saddles, reins, and bits. however, they are harder to manage than horses.
sharks are a superorder of fish, also know by its scientific name selachimorpha. they, like other chondrichthyes, have skeletons made of cartilage instead of bone. cartilage is tough, rubbery material which is less rigid than bone. cartilaginous fish also include skates and rays. 
there are more than 350 different kinds of sharks, such as the great white and whale sharks. fossils show that sharks have been around for 420 million years, since the early silurian. 
most sharks are predators: they hunt and eat fish, marine mammals, and other sea creatures. however, the largest shark eats krill, like whales. this is the whale shark, the largest fish in the world. it is widely believed that sharks are "silent killers". however, a recent study shows that sharks emit a low growl from their throats which resonates through their scales. 
some common kinds of shark are the hammerhead shark, the great white shark, the tiger shark, and the mako shark. most sharks are cold-blooded but some, like the great white shark and the mako shark are partially warm-blooded. 
just a few million years ago, a giant shark called "megalodon" swam in the seas. it was 18 meters long, twice as long as the closely-related great white shark, and it ate whales. "megalodon" died out 1.6 million years ago.
much of what we understand about prehistoric sharks comes from the study of their fossils. while sharks have skeletons made of soft cartilage that can fall apart before fossilizing, their teeth are harder and easily fossilized. prehistoric sharks, like their modern descendants, would grow and shed many thousands of teeth over their lifetime. for this reason shark teeth are one of the most common fossils.
sharks come in many different shapes and sizes, but most are long and thin (also called streamlined), with really strong jaws.
their teeth are constantly replaced throughout their lives. sharks eat so violently they often break a few teeth, so new teeth grow continuously in a groove just inside the mouth and move forward from inside the mouth on "conveyor belts" formed by the skin which they are attached to. in its lifetime, a shark can lose and regrow as many as 30,000 teeth.
even with all those teeth, though, sharks can not chew. so they bite their prey and jerk it around so they can pull off a chunk to swallow. the chunks of food that a shark swallows end up in its stomach, where they are digested. this is pretty slow, however, so a meal might take several days to digest. this is why a shark does not eat every day.
sharks have different-shaped teeth, depending on what they eat. for instance, some sharks have sharp, pointy teeth, while bottom dwelling sharks have cone-shaped teeth for crushing shells. because there are so many different kinds of sharks, and because each kind has its own kind of special teeth, many people enjoy collecting shark teeth. shark teeth collectors can guess how large a shark was by measuring the shark tooth. first, they measure the length of the tooth in inches. every inch of tooth equals 10ft of shark length: so if a shark tooth is 2 inches long, the tooth came from a shark that was 20 ft long! even more terrifying is that some of the "megalodon" teeth are 6 inches long so that suggests a shark 60 feet long.
sharks have skin covered in millions of tiny teeth-like scales that point to the tail. if you rub along a shark towards the tail, it feels smooth, but if you rub the other way, it is rough. sharks' teeth can grow back if they are lost. 
the fins of sharks are used for stabilizing, steering, lift and swimming. each fin is used in a different manner. 
there are one or two fins present along the dorsal midline called the first and second dorsal fin. these fins help the shark from constantly rolling around. these two fins may, or may not have spines. when spines are present, they are used for defensive purposes, and may also have skin glands with them that produce an irritating substance. 
the pectoral fins are behind the head and extend outwards. these fins are used for steering during swimming and help to provide the shark with lift. 
the pelvic fins are behind the pectoral fins, near the cloaca, and are also stabilizers.
not all sharks have anal fins, but if they do have them, they are found between the pelvic and caudal fins.
the tail region itself consists of the caudal peduncle and the caudal fin. the caudal peduncle sometimes has notches known as "precaudal pits", which are found just ahead of the caudal fin. the peduncle may also be horizontally flattened into lateral keels. the caudal fin has both, an upper lobe, and a lower lobe, that can be of different sizes and the shape depends of which species the shark is. 
the primary use of the caudal fin is to provide a "push" while the shark swims. the upper lobe of the caudal fin produces the most amount of the push, and usually forces the shark downwards. the pectoral fins and the shape of the body (like an airfoil) work together to counter this force. the strong, non-lunate caudal fin in most benthic shark species allows the shark to swim close to the seabed (such as the nurse shark). however, the fastest swimming sharks (such as the mako sharks) tend to have lunate-shaped (crescent-shaped) caudal fins. 
sharks have keen olfactory sense organs in the short duct between the front and back nasal openings. they can detect blood from miles away: as little as one part per million of blood in sea water may be enough.
sharks have the ability to determine the direction of a given scent based on the timing of scent detection in each nostril. this is similar to the method mammals use to determine direction of sound.
they are more attracted to the chemicals found in the intestines of many species, and as a result often linger near or in sewage outfalls. some species, such as nurse sharks, have external barbels that greatly increase their ability to sense prey.
shark eyes are similar to the eyes of other vertebrates, including similar lenses, corneas and retinas. their eyesight is well adapted to the marine environment. they can contract and dilate their pupils, like humans, something no teleost fish can do. a tissue behind the retina reflects light back, thereby increasing sight in darker waters. 
sensing electric current.
sharks have tiny holes all over the shark's snout, especially between the eye and the tip of the snout. in them are nerve receptors which are called the "ampullae of lorenzini." p23 they can sense electricity in the water. animals in the water give off electricity: every time an animal's heart beats or it moves, tiny currents of electricity are made. these tiny electric currents make signals that travel through water and get sensed. sharks may use this sense when they catch their prey, even more than they use their sight.
although it is hard to test sharks' hearing, they may have a sharp sense of hearing and can possibly hear prey many miles away. a small opening on each side of their heads (not the spiracle) leads directly into the inner ear through a thin channel. 
the lateral line detects changes in water pressure. it is open to the environment by a line of pores. this and the sound-detecting organs are grouped together as the 'acoustico-lateralis system', because they have a common origin. in bony fish and tetrapods the external opening into the inner ear has been lost.
this system is found in other fish as well. it detects motion or vibrations in water. the shark can sense frequencies in the range of 25 to 50 hz.
about 70% of all known shark species give birth to live young, with the gestation period lasting from 6 to 22 months.
pups are born with a full set of teeth, and are capable of taking care of themselves. once born, they quickly swim away from their mothers, who sometimes feed on the pups. litters vary from one or two pups (great white shark) to one hundred pups (blue shark and whale shark). 
some sharks are oviparous, laying their eggs in the water. shark eggs (sometimes called "mermaid's purses") are covered by a tough, leathery membrane.
most sharks are ovoviviparous, meaning the eggs hatch inside the female's body, with the babies developing within the mother, but there is no placenta to nourish the pups. instead the young feed on the egg's yolk. the pups eat any unfertilized eggs and sometimes each other. very few pups in a litter survive until birth due to this form of sibling cannibalism. great white sharks, mako sharks, nurse sharks, tiger sharks, and sand tiger sharks give birth this way.
some sharks are viviparous, meaning that the females give live birth: the eggs hatch inside the female's body, and the babies are fed by a placenta. the placenta helps transfer nutrients and oxygen from the mother's bloodstream and transfers waste products from the baby to the mother for elimination. examples of viviparous sharks include the bull sharks, the whitetip reef sharks, the lemon sharks, the blue sharks, the silvertip sharks, and the hammerhead sharks. although long thought to be oviparous, whale sharks are viviparous, and pregnant females have been found containing hundreds of pups.
new shark discoveries.
new sharks are still being found. dave ebert found ten new species in a taiwan market. over the past three decades he has named 24 new species. they include sharks, rays, sawfish and ghost sharks these cartilaginous fish are all related.
some sharks are not endangered, but some are hunted for food (like shark fin soup) or sport fishing. in 2013 five species of shark, along with two species of manta ray, received international protection as part of the convention on international trade in endangered species.
it is thought that 100 million sharks are killed by commercial and recreational fishing. sharks are a common seafood in many places, including japan and australia. in the australian state of victoria, shark is the most commonly used fish in fish and chips, in which fillets are battered and deep-fried or crumbed and grilled. in fish and chip shops, shark is called "flake". in india, small sharks or baby sharks (called "sora" in tamil and telugu languages) are sold in local markets. since the flesh is not matured (not adult), cooking the flesh breaks it into powder. the powder is then fried in oil and spices (called sora puttu/sora poratu). the soft bones can be easily chewed. they are considered a delicacy in coastal tamil nadu.
vultures are large birds of prey that usually feed on the carrion or (dead or dying animals and rocks). vultures use their large wings to soar in the air for many miles without having to flap. vultures are also called buzzards.
"vultures" from the old world (europe, asia, and africa) are not related to the vultures of the new world (north and south america). they look quite similar, though. both have heads and necks with no feathers. 
"old world vultures" are related to eagles and hawks and use sight to find their food. "new world vultures" are related to storks and use their sense of smell to find their food. vultures symbolize death in literature.
king vultures use rocks to open eggs, they pick up a rock with their beak and simply drop or throw the rock onto the egg and breaks it.
new world vultures is a name which is used for a number of species in the americas. the best known of these are probably the andean condor and the black vulture. 
eagle is a general term for many large birds of prey. over 60 species have been described, and they live in many parts of the world. most species of eagle are found in eurasia and in africa. 
eagles are not a natural monophyletic group. the name describes a bird of prey big enough to hunt larger vertebrates. eagles hunt during the day and have very good eyesight. eagles are generally put in the family accipitridae. they belong to several groups of genera, some of which are closely related.
the largest eagle that has ever lived is haast's eagle. it is the only eagle in the world ever to have been top predator of its ecosystem. though it is now extinct, it lived in new zealand. before man got there, it preyed on moas.
eagles are carnivores. this means that they eat meat from other animals. eagles are birds of prey, and so are vultures, falcons and owls. eagles use their strong talons to catch and grab their food, and they use their sharp beaks to help them tear into the meat of their prey.
falcons are small to medium-sized birds of prey related to hawks, eagles, and vultures. they usually have pointed wings and long tails. 
most falcons eat small mammals. some species hunt other birds, which they take in flight. like hawks, most falcons have dark gray or brown backs and wings, with white undersides.
the peregrine falcon is found over most of the world and is famous for hunting birds by diving down on them at 320 km/h (200 mi/h). it was nearly wiped out in north america by the use of pesticides, but has since made a recovery. 
in some countries falcons are used in falconry. this means people catch the birds and make them hunt for them. long ago this was a way for people to get more food but today it is a sport.
on the moroccan island of mogador, falcons seem to imprison small birds by trapping them in crevasses, presumably saving them to eat later.
mogador has the ruins of a fortress, a mosque and a prison. today the island is a nature reserve, where eleonora’s falcons nest among the ruins. they hunt migrating warblers, hoopoes and other birds. 
researchers came across small birds trapped in deep cavities, their flight and tail feathers removed. the birds were unable to move their wings or use their dangling legs. eleonora’s falcons have been seen building up larders of up to 20 dead birds during migration season, when prey is plentiful. but "storing snacks that are still alive could be a unique behaviour" said an expert.
islington is a district in north london, in the united kingdom. the area usually called islington is only part of the london borough of islington. it is a fashionable area and has with large well-built houses and is close to the city of london.
1976 (mcmlxxvi) was .
sirindhorn international institute of technology (siit) () is an institute of technology in thammasat university, thailand. it was established in 1992.
siit offers education in science, technology, engineering, and management. every education programs are "international program", all classes are in english language. its graduates receive degrees from thammasat university.
although it is part of thammasat university, its financial and administration system are separate from the central university system.
siit has five schools and one department for undergraduate and graduate students.
siit has two campuses (as of 2013), "rangsit" and "bangkadi campus". both are in pathum thani province.
the area is known for "technology clusters of north bangkok".
the ainu people are the native population of northern japan and the eastern part of russia, mostly in the amur river region, sakhalin, the kuril islands and on the kamchatka peninsula. the term is also used for their culture and language in the ezo region (hokkaido).
the majority of their ancestors, the jōmon people, arrived in japan about 30,000 – 15,000 years ago from central asia and southern siberia. they were largely replaced by the proto-japanese which arrived from southeastern china about 2,000 years ago. the ainu have strong similarities with palaeolithic europeans and people of the middle east as well as with native american groups of the northwestern coastal culture area in north america. some scholars think they were related to the emishi of northern honshu.
during and after the yayoi period they were attacked by the early japanese people. the ainu and relative tribes lost most of their land in honshū, many were killed or ensalved by the yayoi-japanese. after the rise of the yamato, few ainu were left in honshu. after the meiji restoration in the late 1800s, the japanese began to colonize hokkaido, sending their own people to live there. they forced the ainu to leave the warm coast of hokkaido and try to live in the mountains in the middle of the island. the ainu were not allowed to fish for salmon or hunt deer. the ainu were required to speak japanese and use japanese names. japanese scientists and treasure hunters would dig up ainu graves and steal the bodies and artifacts.
the ainu in russia had more luck and lived their traditional life until the second world war, when they were forced to act like other russians.
in april 2019, the ainu became recognized as native population of northern japan, and the rest of japan has started to think of their culture as good and valuable. however, the ainu still face discrimination in japan. most japanese outside of hokkaido mistake the ainu for foreigners or tourists.
their culture is based on the ancient jomon culture of northern japan and eastern russia. their native folk religion has some similarities to early shinto. their gods are named "kamuy", similar to the japanese "kami". they practiced agriculture but were also hunter gatherers. the ainu are famous for their wood work and art.
the ainu lived in villages called "kotan" and were often built along rivers or lakes. every villages consisted of at least four to seven families, sometimes more than ten. the traditional house was called "cise" or "cisey".
they speak the ainu language. the ainu language is classificated as language isolate, although there exist several theories about a genetic relation. some linguists suggest a relation to altaic languages while others suggest a link to indo-european languages. some similarities also exist with northern native american languages.
the iliad is the oldest surviving work of greek literature. it was an oral epic poem. people spoke it without reading it. it was written down in the 8th century bc. it is an epic (or very long) poem with 24 chapters written in hexameter. the poem includes early greek myths and legends. it may have been based on a bronze age attack on the city troy. people usually say that homer wrote the "iliad". however, scholars are not sure if the poem was really written by just one person.
the story happens during the trojan war, some time around 1200 bc. it talks about the confrontations of the warrior achilles and king agamemnon. the story is only about a few weeks at the end of the war, but it also talks about many of the greek myths about the war. it tells the story from the wrath of achilles, to the death and funeral of hector and the siege of troy.
together with another of homer's poems, the "odyssey", it is one of the two major greek epic poems.
some important characters in the "iliad" are achilles, odysseus, agamemnon, menelaus, priam, hector, paris, and helen.
the poem starts with the god apollo sending a plague to the greeks, because they captured the daughter of one of his trojan priests. agamemnon is forced to give the daughter back. so that he has a girl of his own, agamemnon takes the captured trojan girl briseis from her owner achilles. achilles is angry and refuses to fight in the war. when achilles' lover patroclus is killed by hector, achilles starts to fight again and kills hector in a duel. later, hector's father priam comes in secret to achilles to take back his favorite son's body to give it a proper funeral, which achilles allows him to do. the poem ends with the funeral of hector.
according to the who, a drug is a substance that can change how a living organism works. food is usually not seen as a drug, even though some foods may have such properties. most of the time drugs are taken to treat a disease, or other medical condition. an example for such drugs may be aspirin or paracetamol. these are usually given to treat fever, as well as certain infections. if such drugs are taken over a longer time, they are usually prescribed by a doctor. other drugs are taken for fun, because of the effect they have. some of these drugs taken for fun are better accepted by society than others. having or taking certain drugs may be illegal, in certain countries.
drugs that are taken to treat a disease or condition are usually called "therapeutic", drugs that are taken for fun are called "recreational" drugs.
drugs may have other effects than those wanted. such effects are generally known as side-effects.
drugs act differently in different amounts. it is therefore important to take the right amount. the amount of the drug taken is called a dose. aspirin is often prescribed against fever, or as an analgesic. one of the side-effects of aspirin is that it makes the blood thinner. for this reason, it can also be used to prevent strokes, or heart attacks - in a much lower dose than the one used to treat fever, though.
taking too much of a drug ("too high a dose") can cause sickness or even death. when a doctor says how much of a drug (the right dose) to take, only that amount should be taken. it is very important to keep taking the drug until the doctor says to stop because someone can feel better but still be sick. when a doctor says what drug to take, how much of it, and for how long, it is called a prescription. drugs may cause addiction. some drugs are illegal because they are very addictive. these drugs are really expensive, too. it can also be sold illegally from drug sellers which may cause serious results
recreational drugs can sometimes be bad for someone's health even if they make them feel good. alcohol can also be dangerous if the person drinking it drives a vehicle after drinking. this is called drunk driving. many countries make this against the law. common recreational drugs include:
certain recreational drugs also have uses as a therapeutic drug. heroin can be used as an analgesic (a painkiller) and methamphetamine is used to treat narcolepsy or adhd. recreational drugs can be dangerous, certain countries have made it illegal to have or take them outside a medical context. most of the time, this is because they can be addictive or that they are very dangerous when combined with other drugs. that way, cannabis-based products are legal in the netherlands, but illegal in many other countries.
alcohol and nicotine are legal almost everywhere, but there are a lot of taxes on the sale of these. in other words, they are expensive to buy. being expensive to buy because of taxes has two benefits; one is that the taxes collected from the sale of the drugs goes into helping to pay for assistance the drug user may experience later. a smoker, for example, may develop cancer later in life and need treatment at a place that is granted a certain amount of tax money from the government to keep it operating. another benefit to the taxing of "legal" drugs, is that the high price may stop people from beginning the habit in the first place, which will help them avoid the negative medical or addictive side effects of the drug. in some cases, not everyone is allowed to buy these drugs unless they are a minimal age to do so. the age at which someone is allowed to buy a legal drug is most often decided by the government of a country, state or province, and is usually the age where a person is considered by the law to be an "adult". some of the most common ages this happens is at 18, 19 or 21 years of age.
therapeutic drugs are also called "medicinal drugs", "medicine", or "medication". doctors will give therapeutic drugs to someone who is ill to make you better. you can buy these drugs at a pharmacy. some drugs need a prescription to be bought, other drugs do not. drugs that do not require a prescription are called "over the counter" medications. there are lots of these drugs for different illnesses. these include:
william b. watterson ii (born july 5, 1958) is an american artist and cartoonist. he is most famous for his comic strip, "calvin and hobbes" which was published between 1985 and 1995. he is a very private person and not much is publicly known about him. he also did not want people to sell things with the pictures of his characters on them, and the only things he allowed to be made using his characters were books with collections of calvin and hobbes strips.
a centimeter(the american spelling is centimeter, symbol cm) is a unit of length in the international system of units (si) measurement system. it is equal to one hundredth of a metre. centi- is placed in front to say 'a hundredth'. the centimeter is the base unit of length in the old centimeter-gram-second (cgs) system of units.
the centimetre is usually used to measure things that are too big for millimetre but too small for metres. a centimetre is close to the length of a fingernail. 
similarities to other units of length.
1 centimetre is "equal" to:
1 cubic centimetre is equal to 1 millilitre, under the si system of units.
uses of centimetre.
the centimetre is also used:
the centimetre has unicode symbols so it can be written in mandarin chinese, japanese and korean characters. 
they are placed into one character, and it is mostly used with east asian fonts. 
marilyn manson is a rock band, and also the name of the lead singer of the group. the name marilyn manson was taken from the first name of actress and sex symbol marilyn monroe and the last name of cult leader and serial killer charles manson. some of the earlier band members also created stage names by taking the first name of a female sex symbol and the last name of a serial killer.
when the band started in 1989 it was originally called "marilyn manson and the spooky kids". the band had four bandmembers and a drumming machine. they played small concerts in their home state florida (the warner family had moved from ohio to florida when manson was a teenager).
in 1993 frontman manson met trent reznor, lead singer for nine inch nails. reznor liked their style and offered them a record deal and the chance to tour with nine inch nails. to get the deal, the band had to change its name to just "marilyn manson". they also had to find a real drummer.
in 1995, their cover of sweet dreams (originally by eurythmics) became a hit, and the band was suddenly very popular.
the band is very good friends with nat morley who is often featured in their music videos.
their first album was "portrait of an american family", which was released in 1993.
other marilyn manson albums are 
some of their greatest hits are "the beautiful people", "sweet dreams (are made of this)", "the dope show", "disposable teens", "tainted love", and "personal jesus".
marilyn manson's songs about drugs, violence and anti-christianity caused a lot of trouble, especially among christians. there were protests at his concerts and they were not allowed to play in some cities.
aubrey beardsley (21 august 1872 – 16 march 1898) was a english illustrator. he is best known for his drawings for oscar wilde's salome. beardsley is one of the famous people who appears on the cover of the beatles, sgt. pepper's lonely hearts club band album.
beardsley was born in brighton where his mother taught him to be interested in books and music. he was very good at music and drawing by the age of ten, but he was already sick with tuberculosis. after leaving school he worked as a clerk for an insurance company in london. he had to stop working at the end of 1889 because of his illness. he tried writing, but in 1891 he started to work full-time as an artist.
the odyssey is a major ancient greek epic poem. it was written by homer, as a sequel to the "iliad". in its origin it was an oral epic poem from mycenaean greece, about the 11th century bc. the hero of the poem is odysseus, or "ulysses" as he is called in latin; the poem is mythological, not historical.
the poem is the story about odysseus's ten-year-long voyage home to ithaca after the trojan war. the trojan war is the subject of the "iliad". at the same time, his wife penelope has to fight off a lot of men who want to marry her; and his son telemachos searches for him.
along the way, odysseus and his men have to fight monsters and many other dangers. the main events (places he goes, creatures and people he meets) of odysseus' journey are:
it is the story of the return of ulysses after the trojan war (iliad)
on his journey home, odysseus lands on the island of the cyclops polyphemus. they go inside his cave at the sight of sheep, cheese and milk. polyphemus catches them and eats some of odysseus' men. odysseus tricks and blinds him and they escape. the cyclops prays to his father poseidon that odysseus would not get home to ithaca and if he was fated to make it home, odysseus would lose all of his men, his ship and find trouble at home. this prayer becomes the plot line of the odyssey.
odysseus and his ship have to pass the sirens' island. the sirens were always singing very beautifully, so sailors would try to go to them, but their ships would get destroyed, and they would die.
odysseus tells his men to put wax in their ears, so they will not hear the song of the sirens. he also tells his men to bind him to the ship's mast, so he cannot go to the sirens when he hears their song. his men can then look at odysseus and see when he cannot hear the sirens anymore, because he is calm again. then they can take the wax out of their ears, and free odysseus.
after escaping from the sea, and the death of his men, odysseus comes to the island ogygia. on this island lives the nymph calypso, and odysseus stayed with her for seven years. but then the god hermes came and told her that the gods said that she had to let odysseus go. calypso promised odysseus immortality (that he would live forever) if he stayed, but he wanted to go back to his wife penelope. so odysseus built a raft and left her.
after a storm, odysseus comes to the island of the phaeacians. there he is found by the king's daughter nausicaä. nausicaä brings him to the palace of her father, king alkinoos. during his time there, odysseus tell the story of his journey. after this, alkinoos gives odysseus a ship and sends him home to ithaca.
during all this time, penelope has been keeping the suitors at bay with a ruse (trick). she promises "i will choose when i have finished weaving this cloth", the cloth being a burial cloth for odysseus' father. however, every night her servant unpicks the work of the previous day. the story is made more real by penelope becoming restless. the goddess athena causes penelope to feel the need to display herself, and fan the flames of the suitors' desire.
odysseus finally returns to ithaca, where he disguises himself as a beggar. he goes to his home and meets his son telemachus. together they kill the suitors, who are trying to marry penelope in order to gain his kingdom. later, the families of the suitors come to kill odysseus for revenge. the goddess athena helps odysseus by making them stop and give up the fight.
mae west (august 17, 1893 – november 22, 1980) was an american actress. she worked in vaudeville and later in movies. she is best-remembered for her dirty jokes and comedy movies.
her name when she was born was mary jane west. she was born in brooklyn, new york city, and died in hollywood, california. her mother was a german immigrant and former model. 
lenny bruce (october 13, 1925 – august 3, 1966), was an american comedian. his real name was leonard alfred schneider. he is considered an innovator of modern stand-up comedy and changed the way many people see comedians. his jokes and routines were very improper and off limits for the time and he got in a lot of trouble for them. he is considered a hero for the defense of the first amendment rights in the united states, especially for free speech. 
in the 1960s he was the last person arrested for impersonating and swearing, overwatched by martial law and police and banned from many cities and comedy clubs. 
he appeared on the cover of the beatles' "sgt. pepper's lonely hearts club band" album.
he died in 1966 of an accidental morphine overdose whist on trial. 
in 1970 the new york's highest court of appeals decided that he is "not guilty for using bad words".
kimchi (; ; ), also spelled kimchee or gimchi, is a traditional fermented korean side dish made of vegetables with many seasonings. in traditional preparation, kimchi was stored underground in jars to keep cool during the summer months and unfrozen during the winter months. there are hundreds of varieties of kimchi made from napa cabbage, radish, scallion, or cucumber as a main ingredient.
kimchi is usually very strong for non-koreans. there are many different types and koreans typically eat kimchi in every meal. it is a staple of korean food. kimchi can be stored for a long time and it does not go bad easily. however, when it is exposed to hot weather for certain time, kimchi turns sour. so, it should not be put out unless it is going to be eaten soon. in korea kimchi pots are a common sight. they are large terra cotta pots where the kimchi is stored until it can be eaten or until it ferments. kimchi usually takes about 2 weeks to ferment, but some varieties can be eaten right away. some must be stored for over a year to be finished. 
the fermentation gives the kimchi a pickle-like quality and generally soggy or limp kimchi is not good.
every different kind of kimchi has a special taste and a different amount of time to ferment. baechu kimchi is one of the most famous kimchi. kkakdugi is made of cubed korean radish (mu). it’s especially contains more water and is hard to chew. baek kimchi uses milder ingredients. it’s not spicy. chonggak kimchi has a smallish white radish that comes with a ponytail. gat kimchi is made from dark green korean mustard (gat) leaves and stems. these can be kept for months or even longer. as these age, they taste like lemons. oi sobagi has a refreshing, cool, and hot taste. cucumber is the main ingredient for it. it can be kept for about a week. as it ages, it also taste like a lemon. dongchimi is a food and a beverage all in one. when it ferments, it becomes sweet and taste a lot like lemon water. it can be kept for about a month.
the most common variety of kimchi is made from cabbage, radish, garlic, red pepper, salt and sugar. the cabbage is soaked in salt water for a few hours. coarse rock salt is then rubbed in between the leaves of the cabbage. red peppers are also rubbed in and most kimchi has a lot of pepper in it. the radish is usually cut into long thin strips and added to the mix. a little sugar is added to help the fermentation process along much in the same way beer is made. the amounts of each ingredient vary between the type of kimchi you are making and the personal taste of the maker. most kimchi has a special taste with shrimp or fish. the kimchi is allowed to ferment for a period of time, usually outdoors in a large kimchi pot. it is also quite common for these pots to be buried under ground. kimchi can be kept for a long time and does not go bad. koreans make kimchi with their families in december.
robert bernard altman (february 20, 1925 - november 20, 2006) was an american movie director. he was born in kansas city, missouri and died of leukemia in los angeles, california. in 2006, the academy of motion picture arts and sciences recognized his body of work with an academy honorary award.
his movies "mash" (1970), "mccabe and mrs. miller" (1971), and "nashville" (1975) have been selected to keep in the united states national film registry.
in the 1960s, altman lived for nine years with his second wife in mandeville canyon in brentwood, california. he moved to malibu but in 1981 sold that home and the lion's gate production company. "i had no choice", he told the "new york times". "nobody was answering the phone" after the flop of "popeye". he moved his family and business headquarters to new york. eventually he moved back to malibu, where he lived until his death.
in november 2000, he said he would move to paris if george w. bush were elected. he joked that he had meant paris, texas when bush became president. altman was an outspoken marijuana user. he was a member of the norml advisory board. he was against the 2003 invasion of iraq.
altman died on november 20, 2006, at age 81 at cedars-sinai medical center in los angeles. he died of complications from leukemia.
altman is survived by his wife, kathryn reed altman; six children, christine westphal, michael altman, stephen altman (his production designer of choice for many movies), connie corriere, robert reed altman, and matthew altman; 12 grandchildren; and five great-grandchildren.
the movie director paul thomas anderson dedicated his 2007 movie "there will be blood" to altman.
awards and nominations.
berlin international film festival:
cannes film festival:
directors guild of america awards:
golden globe awards:
independent spirit awards:
venice film festival:
the vietnam veterans memorial, also called the wall, honors the men and women who died in the vietnam war. it is a black granite wall which has the names of every american killed in the war. it was designed by maya lin in 1981 and is in washington, dc.
maya ying lin (born october 10, 1959) is a chinese-american architect and artist. she is most famous for her vietnam veterans memorial in washington, dc and the civil rights monument in montgomery, alabama. in 2016, lin was awarded the presidential medal of freedom by barack obama.
manslaughter is the crime of killing a person. when a person is killed, lawyers also look at the reasons, and motives why this person was killed. if the death of a person was not on purpose, but the killer did something that resulted in the death of the another person, this is usually called manslaughter, in english. it is less serious than if a person was killed on purpose (sometimes with planning involved), which is called murder, in english. killing someone in self-defence may be manslaughter. depending on the circumstances, killing in self-defence may be no crime at all. negligent homicide is an even lesser crime.
manslaughter is a relatively new legal concept. it was first mentioned in an english statute in 1547, but was interpreted very loosely and not earnestly enforced, instead usually charging with murder. very few countries had manslaughter on their books until the latter half of the 20th century. in fact, no jurisdiction in the united states had manslaughter on its books until the 20th century. england and the united states were the first two countries to introduce manslaughter into their laws.
bangkok (thai: กรุงเทพมหานคร) is the capital city of thailand. in 2010, the city had a population of 9,100,000 people. since bangkok has more than 55 times as many people as the second largest city, nonthaburi, it is a primate city.
bangkok has a tropical savanna climate ("aw" in the koeppen climate classification).
bangkok is the world's most popular tourist destination; 23 million visitors stay overnight there per year. the main airport is suvarnabhumi, 30 kilometers east of bangkok.
krung thep maha nakhon is [an] official name; "however, the name bangkok is still recognised", media says. krung thep maha nakhon (bangkok) is [another form of] the official name.
in thailand, the city is called "krung thep" ('city of angels'); the name is short form of a ceremonial name from the rule of one king between 1851 and 1868; the full ceremonial name is "krung thep mahanakhon amon rattanakosin mahinthara yuthaya mahadilok phop noppharat ratchathani burirom udomratchaniwet mahasathan amon piman awatan sathit sakkathattiya witsanukam prasit". a nickname for bangkok, is "the big mango".
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silicosis is a disease that is caused by small particles of silica (glass) getting trapped in the lungs. when people have silicosis, the changes in their body often are cyanosis (when skin goes a blueish color), a fever, when the body gets hotter or being not able to breathe properly. sometimes doctors do not realize that someone has silicosis, and think that they have other illnesses like pneumonia, tuberculosis or fluid in the lungs.
it was first noticed in 1705 by "bernardino ramazzini" (an italian doctor). he saw something that looked like sand in the lungs of stonecutters. the name silicosis is from visconti in 1870. the name comes from the latin "silex" which means flint.
torquay (pronounced: "tor-kee") is a coastal town in devon, south west england. it is perhaps most famous as birthplace of writer agatha christie and setting of the tv show, fawlty towers.
andrew sachs (andreas siegfried sachs, 7 april 1930 – 23 november 2016) was a german-british actor. 
sachs was born in berlin. his family was jewish. in 1938, they left germany for london, shortly after adolf hitler became germany's leader. 
sachs is best known for his role as manuel on "fawlty towers". he also played albert einstein in a 1996 episode of nova on pbs, and provided all the voices in the english version of the 1994 movie version of "faust". 
he was involved in a controversy when russell brand and jonathan ross left obscene phone messages on his answerphone stating that brand had had sex with his granddaughter georgina baillie, a member of the satanic sluts.
sachs died on 23 november 2016 at a nursing home in northwood, london from vascular dementia, aged 86.
the seven samurai is a japanese movie, written and directed by akira kurosawa, and released in 1954.
the fictional plot is set in japan in 1587, which is the 15th year of "tenshō".
people in a village are worried about thieves and decide to get samurai to help defend them. it is hard to get enough samurai. the samurai that help do it for different reasons. there is a lot of planning while they are waiting for the thieves. there is a big fight with the thieves at the end.
"the magnificent seven" was an american movie western with a similar story. this is called a remake.
the movie was also adapted into an japanese anime series in 2004 by gonzo, entitled samurai 7. the anime series takes a more futuristic and fantasy take at the original story, replacing robots for thieves and bestowing superhuman abilities to the 7 samurais.
a vacuum tube, also called a valve in british english, is an electronic device used in many older model radios, television sets, and amplifiers to control electric current flow. the cathode is heated, as in a light bulb, so it will emit electrons. this is called thermionic emission. the anode is the part that accepts the emitted electrons. the device may have other parts. vacuum tubes must be hot to work. most are made of glass, thus are fragile and can break. vacuum tubes were used in the first computers like the eniac, which were large and need much work to continue operating.
although the vacuum tube was invented by john ambrose fleming in 1904, it was thomas edison who discovered the "edison effect" in 1883 which states that electricity does not necessarily need a solid material to move through; it can move through gas or vacuums as well.
john ambrose fleming invented the first vacuum tube, the diode, in 1904. lee de forest invented the "audion" in 1906 (which was improved by others as the triode in 1908) and used in the first telephone amplifiers. many other kinds were invented for various purposes. 
the transistor became cheaper in the 1960s and was much smaller, worked on lower voltages, and used less power. in addition, unlike vacuum tubes, they were much less likely to be damaged by being dropped and had extremely long life. eventually, they were also much cheaper than glass vacuum tubes. at this time, most radios, television sets, and amplifiers began using transistors instead. high powered electronics such as broadcasting transmitters were transistorized more slowly. television receivers continued using the cathode ray tube until the mid-2000s.
in the 21st century, vacuum tubes are rarely used in common electronic equipment. many devices today rely on the transistor over the vacuum tube. some devices that still use the vacuum tube, however, include:
tupac amaru shakur (june 16, 1971 - september 13, 1996) was an american rapper and sometimes actor, also known as 2pac and makaveli, who sold many records. shakur has sold over 75 million albums worldwide as of 2010. shakur began his career as a roadie, backup dancer, and mc for the alternative hip hop group digital underground as "mc new york". he eventually branced off as a solo artist. he became a west coast hip hop icon after the release of his first album, "2pacalypse now", in 1991.
he was born in east harlem, new york. tupac moved to baltmore in 1984. then, he moved to the san francisco bay area in 1988. later in his music career, this experience in school becomes his personality of his own music style. he was the son of afeni shakur and billy garland, who were members of the black panther party. his family was struggling with poverty. they moved homes often, sometimes they even had to stay in shelters.
tupac was involved in the east coast-west coast hip hop feud. on september 7, 1996, shakur was shot four times by an unknown assailant in a drive-by shooting in las vegas, nevada. he died six days later from respiratory failure and cardiopulmonary arrest due to his gunshot injuries he sustained. since shakur's death, seven more albums have been released. they have all been certified platinum.
shakur acted in eight movies.
he holds the guinness world record for the highest selling rap/hip hop artist, selling 165 million worldwide and 43 million in the us alone. shakur was convicted of assault and sexual assault in separate incidents.
his work of music had very big influences on the hip-hop/rap industry in the us. 
in 2014, a biographical movie about tupac was announced. the movie, titled "all eyez on me", was released on june 16, 2017.
he was born as lesane crooks in east harlem, new york. crooks was later renamed tupac amaru shakur after túpac amaru ii, a ruler in peru. his family later moved to marin city, california, when tupac was 17. tupac went to baltimore school for arts, where he found it interesting to read shakespeare's poems. he got very affected by the beauty of rhyming, choosing the word and expression. he studied poetry, acting, jazz, and ballet.
in 1990, shakur joined with the oakland, california-based alternative hip hop group digital underground. he appeared on two of the group's albums in 1991, "this is an ep release" and "sons of the p". later that year he produced and released his first solo album, 2pacalypse now. the album gained him national attention and featured protest content including racism. 
his second album, strictly 4 my n.i.g.g.a.z. was released in 1993. it contained the hit singles "i get around" and "keep ya head up."
his third album, me against the world was released in 1995. it debuted at number one on the billboard 200. he was incarcerated (in prison) at the time. 
his fourth album, all eyez on me (1996), was the last album released during his lifetime. all eyez on me included the billboard hot 100 number one singles "how do u want it?" and "california love." 
shakur won the soul train music award for best rap album in 1996 for ‘me against the world’. he received the american music award for the favorite rap/hip hop artist posthumously in 1997.
several of shakur's albums were released posthumously. it contained previously recorded material from when he was alive.
on september 7, 1996, shakur was shot four times in a drive-by shooting by someone in a cadillac car at the intersection of flamingo road and koval lane in las vegas, nevada. he died six days later at the southern nevada university medical center. his murder is still unsolved.
shakur's friend and labelmate from death row records, marion "suge" knight, was in the car with shakur. knight survived the shooting.
in 1998, a prime suspect in shakur’s murder, orlando anderson (aka baby lane) was killed in another drive-by shooting. shakur once attacked anderson. 
in 2002, reporter chuck phillips wrote in the "los angeles times" that another rapper called biggie smalls (the notorious b.i.g.) could have paid members of the crips street gang to kill shakur and that he could have given them the gun.
many murals of shakur are found in new york, brazil, sierra leone, and bulgaria, among many other places. there are also statues of him in atlanta and germany.
skagerrak is a sea in the northern part of europe between norway and denmark. skagerrak is a part of the north sea. to the east is kattegat.
close to the norwegian coast is a deep trench (700 m), the rest of the sea is shallow. oil and gas are produced from rigs in the skagerrak.
kattegat is a sea in the northern part of europe between the danish peninsula jutland, the danish island zealand, and the western coast of sweden.
to the north-west is skagerrak. kattegat is connected to the baltic sea through the danish straits and belts.
the sea is shallow, and life conditions are threatened by loss of oxygen in the water. the oxygen loss is caused by pollution. the pollution originates from farming. a century ago, the sea was very rich in cod, herring, and salmon, which were important sources of food in the countries around the sea.
the baltic sea is a sea in northern europe between scandinavia, finland, russia, the baltic countries, poland, and germany.
many big rivers in the surrounding countries drain into the baltic sea. the baltic sea is connected to the ocean through the narrow and shallow danish straits and belts. for this reason, the water has a low amount of salt, so the northern parts of the sea freeze over in the winter. the ice can carry cars, and roads are established every winter between the islands in the archipelagos between sweden and finland.
for several thousand years, the baltic sea has connected the countries at her shores. for that reason there are many cultural similarities in these countries. since all of these countries are european, this sea is also considered european. 
scandinavia is a group of countries in northern europe. scandinavia is also the smallest region in europe. scandinavia has denmark, norway, and sweden. some people also think finland is part of scandinavia. others also say iceland and the faroe islands should count. most of the time, "scandinavia" is used to mean places where people speak scandinavian languages, also called north germanic languages or nordic. the scandinavian languages (swedish, norwegian, danish, icelandic, and faroese) are very similar to each other, and many scandinavians understand parts of the other languages because they are alike in some ways. finnish is not part of the north germanic language group.
what people mean when they say "scandinavia" depends on what they think is important at the time. when people want to talk about about maps, natural land formations and how the economy works, they may say finland is part of scandinavia but iceland is not. when people want to talk about history and what languages people speak, they say iceland is part of scandinavia but finland is not.
the scandinavian peninsula is a large peninsula reaching west from northern europe over the north side of the baltic sea. norway, sweden and some of finland are on this peninsula. however, denmark is considered part of scandinavia in the ethnic sense more often than finland is. this is because danish is a scandinavian language but finnish is not.
some people like to say "nordic countries" instead of "scandinavia" because they think it is more correct about geography. the nordic countries include norway, sweden, denmark (including the faroe islands), finland, and iceland. these five countries use the nordic council to work together on political and cultural activities. denmark, sweden, and finland are also members of the european union, but only finland is part of the eurozone, meaning that it uses the euro as its money. the other nordic countries still use their own money, called "krone" or "krona" (from the word "crowns"). norway and iceland, which are not members of the eu, are members of nato and the european free trade association (efta). only denmark is a member of both the eu and nato.
most of the scandinavian peninsula has only a few people in it. it has large forests of pine, birch, and spruce trees. the western and northern parts are mountainous; the scandinavian mountains are some of the oldest in the world. the tallest mountain is galdhøpiggen in norway. denmark (43,098 km2) is the smallest of the scandinavian countries. it is more densely populated, and most of the land is farmland. sweden (449,964 km2) is the largest of the scandinavian countries. it has the most lakes, and the landscape ranges from plains in the south to mountains in the west (along the border with norway) to tundra in the north. the far north of scandinavia and finland is called lapland, where the sami people live. some of them still herd reindeer, but most sami live in modern houses and have modern jobs, like other scandinavians.
the most famous group of scandinavians is the vikings of the middle ages. the vikings attacked and raided but they were also traders, traveling to the ukraine and starting trade routes to the middle east.
vikings from norway were explorers, crossing the north atlantic in their longships. they came to iceland and greenland and built towns and farms there. the norwegian explorers also came to the east coast of canada, where they set up at least one settlement, but it did not last into modern times.
the vikings from denmark came to england, where they affected the history and politics and even the english language. danish raiders attacked england many times with great violence. sometimes the danes would ask that the english pay them to go away. these payments were called "danegeld" (danish gold). the priests and bishops of churches on the east coast of england wrote a famous prayer: "deliver us, o lord, from the wrath of the norsemen!" "norsemen" is another way to say "men from the north," or the danes.
scandinavians in fiction and theater.
much later, in the 19th century (1800s), richard wagner and other artists in the romantic period made operas and other artwork about ancient germanic culture. they liked the vikings because they were not greeks or romans. they were the first to have the idea of vikings wearing helmets with wings or horns on them and drinking out of hollowed-out animal horns. some ancient germans wore helmets with horns on them, but real vikings did not. wagner and his partners deliberately dressed the actors in the opera "ring des nibelungen" so they would look like ancient germans and so the audience would feel like modern germans came from medieval vikings.
during the 10th through 13th centuries, when the christian religion spread through scandiavia, modern countries started to form there. they came together into three kingdoms:
these three scandinavian kingdoms made the kalmar union in 1387 under queen margaret i of denmark. however, in 1523, sweden left the union. because of this, civil war broke out in denmark and norway. then, the protestant reformation happened, and catholic and protestant christians fought each other. after things settled, the norwegian privy council was abolished: it assembled for the last time in 1537. denmark and norway formed another union in 1536, and it lasted until 1814. it turned into the three modern countries denmark, norway and iceland.
the borders between denmark, sweden and norway came to the shape they have today in the middle of the seventeenth century: in the 1645 treaty of brömsebro, denmark–norway gave some territory to sweden: the norwegian provinces of jämtland, härjedalen and idre & särna and the baltic sea islands of gotland and ösel (in estonia). the 1658 treaty of roskilde forced denmark–norway to give the danish provinces scania, blekinge, halland, bornholm, and the norwegian provinces of båhuslen and trøndelag to sweden. in 1660, the treaty of copenhagen forced sweden to give bornholm and trøndelag back to denmark–norway.
finland used to be part of sweden in medieval times. during the wars fought by napoleon, it became part of russia.
in 1883 a young belgian called sylvain de jong settled in antwerp, belgium. he started a bicycle factory there. by the end of that century he started producing motorbikes, and after a while automobiles as well. in 1903 he grounded the nv minerva motors' in berchem (antwerp).
a certain charles s rolls was minerva dealer in england. the small 1 cylinder "minervette" was there with its 105 pound, the cheapest automobile. 
in the years after the fame of the automobile was rising enormous. most important market for the constructor remained however england that took the biggest part of the production, followed by the netherlands and france. 
from 1908 minerva got a worldwide knight licence. the knight motor was a motor without valves, developed by charles y knight in the united states. these motors were extremely silent. the company did well in several automobile racing competitions in europe. 
after worldwar i, during which sylvain de jong and his engineers headed to amsterdam, where they kept on developing parts, they returned to start up the production of luxury automobiles. the constructors star rose in the united states as well, american filmstars, politicians and industrials liked them cars as well (even henry ford had before the ww already one!). the car had the same qualities as the rolls royce, but was a little cheaper. with the economical crisis in the 30's, the company went bankrupt in 1936. the remains were taken over by another belgian constructor named imperia. imperia putted the name minerva on their automobiles for export to england and france and for the trucks (which minerva had made before too). 
after worldwar ii the company produced land rovers under licence for the belgian army. production of these 4wheel drives stopped in 1953. the company struggled for survival and made some land rover-like cars till 1956. but than the constructor diappeared completely. 
elwyn brooks white (july 11, 1899 – october 1, 1985) was an american writer.
he is most famous for his 1959 manual about how to write well in english, "the elements of style" (which was first written by william strunk jr. in 1918), and also for his three children's books "stuart little" (1945), "charlotte's web" (1952), and the "trumpet of the swan" (1970).
he also wrote for magazines and newspapers in the united states.
e.b. white won many awards, including a pulitzer prize.
raffles institution is a highly regarded secondary school in singapore, often considered the best school in the country. only boys can go to this school. it has been performing well in studies and sports. it was founded in 1823 as singapore institution by sir stamford raffles, the founder of modern singapore. it is the school with the longest history in singapore. its name was changed to "raffles institution" in 1868. it has two sections, raffles institution and raffles institution junior college.
the current principal of raffles institution is mr frederick yeo, who replaced mr chan poh meng when he left the school at the end of 2017.
sir stamford raffles founded raffles institution on 5 june 1823, making it the school with the longest history in singapore. raffles institution was along bras basah road at first, where raffles city is now. the school moved to grange road in 1973, and then moved to its current location at bishan in 1990. the grange road campus is now the moe teacher's network.
an archipelago () is a chain or group of islands. the word "archipelago" means "chief sea", from greek "arkhon" ("arkhi"-) ("leader") and "pelagos" ("sea").
archipelagos are usually found in the open sea; less commonly, a big landmass may neighbor them, an example being scotland which has more than 700 islands surrounding the mainland. many archipelagos are volcanic, forming along mid-ocean ridges or hotspots. others are island arcs neighboring an oceanic trench. many other processes create archipelagos, including erosion, deposition, and land elevation.
the four biggest countries that are mainly archipelagos are japan, the philippines, the united kingdom and indonesia (the world's biggest country that is an archipelago, according to the cia world factbook). the biggest archipelago in the world by size is in northern canada, the canadian arctic archipelago, which is in the arctic ocean.
the baltic states are three countries in northern europe to the east of the baltic sea and the south of the gulf of finland. they are, from north to south, estonia, latvia and lithuania. the languages that are spoken in these countries are different: while lithuanians and latvians speak baltic languages (latvian and lithuanian), estonians speak an uralic language (estonian).
by their culture and history, the baltic countries are close to the nordic countries. the biggest difference in the history was that the baltic countries incorporated to the soviet union in 1940 (during the second world war), but not the nordic countries (with the exception of karelia, a part of finland which later joined the russian sfsr). the three countries would become republics of the soviet union as the estonian ssr, latvian ssr, and lithuanian ssr.
all three baltic states had their freedom back in 1991, when the soviet union came to an end. however, the states all consider the soviet occupation to be illegal, which has been supported by the united states, european union, and united nations. today, the baltic countries are some of the richest and most advanced countries which were part of the soviet union. they became members of the european union and nato in 2004, joined the schengen area in 2007, and became part of the eurozone by 2015.
paganism was the religion of baltic people before most of them took christianity during the middle ages. baltic paganism never died out and some people are still pagans.
topography means "the description of shape". the word comes from greek: ' "place" and ' "(i) write". it is an important part of earth science.
when you talk of the topography of the land, you refer to the landscape features like valleys, hills and mountains, rivers and lakes, or the coastline. everything that describes the form of the landscape, is part of the topography. topographic maps show topography.
bornholm is a small, rocky island in the baltic sea. bornholm is a danish island.
the island is a popular holiday resort for scandinavians, germans and poles. many yachters come here in the summer.
at the end of world war ii, the island was "liberated" by the soviet red army, and held for several months after the german surrender. the island lies far east of the demarcation line between the allied forces in europe. for some time the soviet presence looked like an occupation. it was not until april 5th, 1946 that the island at last was free.
but then the danish government took over and the island is today a danish colony. but the struggle for a free island still goes on as it can be seen on this page free bornholm
budapest is the capital and largest city of hungary. it was made as such in 1873. in that year three towns on the river danube, namely "buda", "óbuda (old buda)" and "pest" were united. about 1.7 million people live in the city. its highest place is "jános hill (527 m.)"
budapest has a humid subtropical climate with relatively cold winters and quite warm summers.
celtic tribes lived there before 1 ad. later roman empire transformed the first settlements into the roman town of aquincum. the hungarians arrived in the territory of modern hungary only in the end of 9th century ad.
budapest also became the co-capital of the austro-hungarian empire, a great power that dissolved in 1918 after world war i. the city was the focal point of the hungarian revolution of 1848, the battle of budapest in 1945, and the hungarian revolution of 1956.
budapest has historical buildings, baths and parks.
the roman catholic cathedral, the st. stephen's basilica is in the 5th district of budapest. the church is a neo-renaissance-style cathedral. it is one of the most significant church buildings in hungary. the building is named in honor of the hungarian founding king, st. stephen (975-1038), whose right hand, the holy right, is kept here as a relic. with a height of 96 meters, it is the fourth-tallest building in the country and the third tallest in the capital after the parliament and the mol campus. 
the former royal palace, the buda castle -as part of the castle district- has been part of budapest's world heritage sites since 1987. the gothic-style royal palace was built in the 1300s and lasted until the end of the 1400s. due to the turkish occupation from 1541 to 1686, very serious damage was done to both the castle and the buildings of the castle district. in the building of the palace, the national széchényi library has been located in the back, decorated with art nouveau elements, and the hungarian national gallery and the budapest history museum are located in the palace.
also on the castle hill, the matthias church is a gothic church with a great historical past. it was originally built in romanesque style in 1015, but was destroyed during the mongol invasion in 1241. the current building was built in the 14th century and underwent a thorough reconstruction in the late 19th century. after the occupation of buda, the church was transformed into a mosque, during which the late gothic frescoes inside the church were destroyed. after the liberation of buda, according to the plans of frigyes schulek, it was restored to its second, gothic state. during the second world war, it was used as a camp by the germans and the soviets during the siege of budapest.
the hungarian parliament building, also known as the parliament of budapest after its location, is the seat of the national assembly of hungary, a notable landmark of hungary, and a popular tourist destination in budapest. it is situated on the kossuth lajos square in the pest side of the city, on the eastern bank of the danube. it was designed by hungarian architect imre steindl in neo-gothic style and opened in 1902. it has been the largest building in hungary since its completion, and the third biggest parliament building in the world.
further north, the building of the national police headquarters (in the common language “police-palace”) located in the árpád göncz city center. since its completion, its shape and size have been one of the defining buildings of the whole of budapest in terms of cityscape. the plans were completed in the 1990s by józsef finta and géza meichl, and their construction was financed by postabank collaborating with the hungarian police. 36,000 cubic meters of concrete and 4.5 thousand tons of rebar were used for the construction. the headquarters can be divided into two parts, one eight-story and columnar and the other sixteen stories and cylindrical, with police antennas at the top that extend 93 meters high. in 2007, an unknown person fired at the building with a machine gun.
on the south, in the 10th district of budapest, located the transmission tower on száva street. with a height of 154 meters, it is the third-tallest structure in budapest (after the mount széchenyi tv mast and the chimney of óbuda power plant). the tower is well visible from the southern pest region of the capital, but it can be seen in several lookouts of buda too. it was built in 1987, and it is currently owned by hungarian telekom. as a backbone transmitter, it broadcasts digital terrestrial radio (t-dab +) and digital television channels (dvb-t standard, mindig tv and mobile phone dvb-h).
other landmarks in budapest are the citadel, the statue of liberty, the millenium monument, the zoo, the hungarian national museum, the great market hall, the dohány street synagogue and the famous thermal baths (széchenyi, szent gellért, király). budapest is also known for the ruins of aquincum, the capital city of the roman province of pannonia.
it has the oldest subway-line in europe.
twin cities of budapest:
santa monica is a beach town in california. it is next to los angeles, california, us.
it was made a city in 1886. in 2000, there were 88,050 people living there. 
it is famous for the santa monica pier that has many fun rides. 
kuwait is a small arab country (about 17,819 square kilometers) in the middle east.
kuwait is the most socially progressive country in the gulf region. it has a small and rich economy. it has about 96 billion barrels of crude oil reserves. crude oil reserves are the oil that is still under the ground and has not yet been cleaned up. kuwait has 10% of all of the oil reserves in the world. the country makes a lot of money by selling oil. this money is almost half of all the money the country makes. the oil money is also 95% of the money made by selling things to different countries (people call that exports). also, the oil money is 80% of the money the government makes. kuwait is now talking with oil companies of other countries to make oil fields in the northern part of the country.
kuwait's weather makes farming hard (too little rain). instead of farming, the country catches fish and buys food from other countries. about 75% of the country's water to drink has to be distilled (have the salt removed) or purchased from other countries.
in 1990, iraq invaded (brought an army in to fight against) kuwait. this started the first gulf war. kuwait's official religion is islam, although 15% of its population are christian or hindu. arabic is mostly spoken in kuwait but english is widespread among kuwaitis (residents of kuwait). kuwait is one of the few nations that has education for every age.
another interesting fact about kuwait is that a lot of people speak english.
population (in thousands) for 2004 2595.
cbr(per 1000) for 2004 19.4.
cdr (per 1000) for 2004 1.9. growth rate(%) for 1992-2002 2.1. the total fertility rate for 2002 is 2.7. percent population is living in urban in 2003 96.2.per capita gross national income ($) 2002 612. population density( per square kilometer) in 2000 107.4
infant mortality rate (per 1000)for 2005 9.95. adult literacy rate (85%) female literacy rate (81%) (2002).
kuwait is divided into 6 governorates. the governorates are divided into districts, and the establishment of the governorates of kuwait dates back to the emiri decree no. 6 issued in 1962, which divided kuwait into three governorates: the capital governorate, hawalli governorate and al-ahmadi governorate. the decree clarified the work of the governor, his subordination of the governor to the ministry of interior, and his responsibility towards security, provided that the ministry of interior issues the necessary decisions to indicate the limits of the governor's jurisdiction. there have been some changes regarding the governorates of kuwait, which we summarize as follows:
. on november 14, 1979: some provisions of the administrative division decree were amended so that a fourth governorate, al-jahra governorate, was added.
. on october 12, 1988: the first article of the article was amended to divide kuwait into five governorates by adding al-farwaniyah governorate.
. on november 27, 1999: emiri decree no. 290 was issued to add a sixth governorate, mubarak al-kabeer governorate.
thus, kuwait has become administratively divided into six governorates, each affiliated with several regions. warba island and bubiyan island belong to the jahra governorate, while the rest of the islands belong to the capital governorate.
herbert buckingham khaury, better known as tiny tim (april 12, 1932–november 30, 1996), was an american singer and musician. he became popular in the late 1960s due to his appearances on television, and songs played on ukulele with a falsetto voice. his most famous song was "tiptoe through the tulips". his best-remembered television appearances were on "laugh-in" and "the tonight show". his first wedding took place on "the tonight show" in 1969, at host johnny carson's suggestion.
not just a performer, he was also an expert , who studied american music from the earliest days of the united states, and performed many historic songs in his act. over time, he used his falsetto voice less, and performed most songs in his natural, baritone voice.
when his popularity as a "" lessened, he performed in small nightclubs and other places, as he had earlier. during the 1980s, he toured with a circus, and appeared in a movie as a circus performer who turned to crime. in the 1990s, he recorded new music (including a christmas album), and joined comedian pat paulsen in his latest mock campaign to become president of the united states, as paulsen's .
married three times, his last wife was a former fan, who met him when she made a documentary about his life and career. one of his later supporters was radio talk show host howard stern. tiny tim died in 1996, after suffering a heart attack during a performance.
the kelvin scale (symbol: k) is the si unit of temperature. it is named in honour of the physicist william thomson, the first lord kelvin (1824–1907).
0 degree celsius = 273 kelvin
the kelvin scale is defined by a specific relationship between the pressure of a gas and the temperature. this says that "the pressure of the gas is directly proportional to the temperature in kelvin". this means that kelvin is an absolute temperature scale, and scientists use this scale more than any other.
the kelvin is a base si unit of measurement, since 2018 defined by setting the fixed numerical value of the boltzmann constant "k" to 1.380649×10−23 j⋅k−1.
the temperature of the triple point of water is a hundredth of a degree celsius above the freezing point, or 0.01 °c. the coldest possible temperature is called absolute zero and is equal to -273.15 degrees celsius, or zero kelvin (0 k). by writing temperatures in kelvins one does not need to use negative numbers.
the absolute temperature scale was designed so that a change in temperature of 1 kelvin is equal to a change of 1 degree celsius. this means that it is easy to convert a temperature from degrees celsius to kelvin.
it is important to notice that the name of this unit is simply "kelvin" (with a lowercase initial), not "degree kelvin". in english, it undergoes normal plural inflection as "kelvins". for example, the boiling point of liquid nitrogen is 77 kelvins.
in everyday use, the kelvin is most commonly used to measure very low or very high temperatures, such as the temperature of liquid nitrogen or the temperature of a light bulb filament.
tourism means people traveling for fun and adventure . it includes activities such as sightseeing and camping. people who travel for fun are called "tourists". places where many tourists stay are sometimes called "resorts". places that people go to for tourism are called tourist destinations.
there are many reasons why people travel for fun:
the tourism industry.
the tourism industry has different parts. some of these are:
package tour operators can offer all these services to a group who will go together. this can be cheaper than paying for them separately.
damage tourism can bring.
tourism can bring damage to the local area, and/or the tourists. litter, scuba-diving and deforestation are problems for popular places such as st. lucia, hawaii and others. scuba-diving can damage coral reefs which are home to hundreds of species of sea animals. tourism can change culture when people learn each other's ways, and certain local traditions are being put aside for tourists.
berkshire is a county in southeast england. it is west of london. its county town is reading. in the past, a town named abingdon was the county town, but this town is not in berkshire any more.
berkshire is also known as the royal county of berkshire.
cities, towns and villages.
the towns below are not part of berkshire now, but were in the past.
buckinghamshire (abbreviated bucks) is a county in central england, near the south and london. the county town is named aylesbury.
cities, towns and villages.
locations marked with a (*) are a part of the cerimonal county of buckinghamshire, but are governed by the borough of milton keynes.
a computer monitor is an electronic device that shows pictures for computers. monitors often look like smaller televisions. the main difference between a monitor and a television is that a monitor does not have a television tuner to change channels. monitors often have higher display resolution than televisions. a high display resolution makes it easier to see smaller letters and fine graphics.
there are three types of computer displays:
in geometry, the diameter of a circle is a line from one side directly to the opposite side through the centre. it can also be defined as the longest chord of a circle. the same explanations can be also used to describe the diameter in a sphere.
the letter "d" or the symbol ⌀ are often used as a symbol for the diameter. the diameter's length is often called the diameter itself.
the diameter's length is twice the radius, and therefore the relationship between the diameter's length and radius can be shown with the equations:
formula_1 and formula_2
1958 (mcmlviii) was .
1904 (mcmiv) was a leap year starting on friday of the gregorian calendar.
1745 was a common year starting on friday of the gregorian calendar.
year 1813 (mdcccxiii) was a year starting on friday of the gregorian calendar (or a year starting on wednesday of the 12-day slower julian calendar).
the commonwealth of dominica is an island nation in the caribbean sea. it is an english-speaking country. it is between the french-speaking territories of guadeloupe and martinique. the island is 751 km² (290 mi²) in area. roseau is its capital. portsmouth is another main town. almost 70,000 people live on the island.
the currency of the island is the east caribbean dollar.
the island's name comes from the latin for sunday, "dies dominica". it is not the spanish-speaking dominican republic in the greater antilles.
the country is nicknamed the "nature island of the caribbean".
dominica is most famously depicted in jean rhys' classic prequel to "jane eyre", "wide sargasso sea".
the indigenous carib people lived in dominca before it was found by europeans. they called it "wai‘tu kubuli", which means "tall is her body."
christopher columbus came to dominica in 1493. in 1763, it became a territory of the united kingdom from which its independence was received on 3 november 1978.
in august 1979, hurricane david, wiped out its entire infrastructure. on 21 november 2004, the island was hit by its most destructive earthquake in history; portsmouth and the northern area were deeply affected.
on 18 september 2018, hurricane maria, the most powerful storm to hit the island, severely damaged its infrastructure and cut off all its communications to the outside world. the assessment capacities project estimates that the hurricane has caused $1.37 billion in losses across the island, which is equal to 226 percent of its 2016 gdp. as of april 12, there are 65 fatalities confirmed across the island, including 34 who are missing and presumed to be dead.
in 1980, dame eugenia charles became its prime minister, the first female government leader in the west indies.
dominica is an island nation in the caribbean sea. it is the northernmost of the windward islands.
dominica is largely covered by rainforest. it is home to the world's second-largest hot spring, boiling lake.
morne trois pitons national park is a tropical forest with scenic volcanic features. it was recognised as a world heritage site on 4 april 1995.
dominica is divided into 10 parishes, given below with their 2011 census populations:
cricket is a popular sport on the island. dominica competes in test cricket as part of the west indies cricket team.
netball, basketball, rugby, tennis and association football are gaining popularity as well.
1923 (mcmxxiii) was a common year starting on monday in the gregorian calendar. the julian calendar was made obsolete starting that year, though eastern orthodox churches still use the julian calendar.
1931 (mcmxxxi) was a common year starting on thursday of the gregorian calendar.
404 was a leap year starting on friday.
playing cards is the name for the 52 cards used in card games like poker, bridge, blackjack, solitaire and other games.
there are 52 basic cards in a deck (not including the jokers). these cards have a suit and a number (called the value or rank). there are 4 suits and 13 ranks in each suit. decks may include a wide variety of regional and national patterns, and different deck sizes. the english pattern of cards is so widespread that it is often also known as the international or anglo-american pattern.
usual signs: spades (♠), hearts (♥), diamonds (♦), clubs (♣).
in some countries different suit signs may be used. in central europe, there are cards with the suit signs of acorns, leaves, hearts, and bells. in spain, italy and latin america, there are playing cards with the suits of clubs, swords, cups, and coins and aces
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, jack or knave (j), queen (q), king (k), ace (a).
number of cards.
for many games, the jokers are removed from the deck, making the total number of cards in the deck 52. sometimes the deck is reduced to 40, 36, or 32 cards for playing certain games, like belote, sheepshead or euchre.
there are various types of tarot cards. tarots are commonly used for fortune-telling, although they can also be used for playing games. conversely, people have also used standard playing cards for fortune-telling.
playing cards have been found in 9th century china, tang dynasty.
playing cards first entered europe in the early 14th century, probably from egypt. the suits were very similar to the tarot suits of swords, staves, cups and coins. these designs are still used in traditional italian, spanish, and portuguese card decks.
the first documentary evidence is from vitoria-gasteiz (now spain) in 1334, in which the knights of the band are forbidden to play cards. the next record is from catalonia in 1371.
wide use of playing cards in europe can be traced from 1377 onwards.
the method of making cards has stayed the same for over a century. cards are two thin pieces of paper stuck together with black paste. both outer sides are printed. inside is the design of the card face, the outer is the design for the pack as a whole. the black paste is essential to prevent sight of the face coming through when light shines on the face side. the use of the paste is the reason cards are sometimes called "pasteboards".
one or two packs at a time are printed on large sheets of paper, already pasted. the individual cards are stamped out by a machine which acts like a cookie-cutter. it cuts 36,000 cards per hour. a tiny fraction of a second later the edges of the cards are squashed extra-thin. this is not obvious to the naked eye, but the effect is that the cards slide easily past each other during shuffling.
printed paper cards hold about 97.5% of the world market. plastic cards do exist: they were first invented in the 1930s. they last longer than papercards, but have only 2.5% of the market.
an emperor is a male who rules an empire. the word is taken from the latin language "imperator". often it is capitalized.
a woman who comes to power in an empire is called an "empress". the wife of an emperor is also called empress. an emperor or empress is often a hereditary monarch and comes to power when one of his parents, or relatives, dies. in some countries, people elected a new emperor from candidates. 
the only emperor in the world today is the emperor of japan ("tennō"), but he lacks political power. the true leaders of japan are the diet and prime minister because the country is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy.
the english word comes from latin, the language of the old roman empire. at first, an "imperator" was a powerful general (army leader) but, after augustus, it was only used by their most powerful rulers. there have been many countries in history whose leaders are called "emperor" in english. the leaders of the byzantine empire ("basileus", "autokrator") in greece, the holy roman empire ("imperator", "kaiser") in austria and germany, russian empire, serbia and bulgaria ("tsar"), and the ottoman empire ("sultan", "padishah", "khagan", "kaysar") in turkey all said they were just new parts of the old roman empire. 
the leaders of other countries who said they ruled the whole world or called themselves "king of kings" are frequently also called emperors in english. for example, the old rulers of china ("huangdi"), iran ("shah") and ethiopia ("negusa negast") are all known as emperors in english. there have also been emperors of france, brazil and mexico, and the rulers of the united kingdom called themselves the emperors and empresses of india for a while.
palmdale is the largest city in the desert area of california. it is a suburb of los angeles. it has a population of 147,897 and is the 6th largest city in los angeles county. it is one of the fastest growing cities in the united states, currently the 25th fastest. it has a population of 589,043 if you include the suburbs around it.
even though palmdale is in los angeles county, it is not connected to the larger los angeles population area. it is separated from it by a mountain range called the san gabriel mountains that are over 40 miles wide and almost 2 miles high overall.
palmdale is the home of several airplanes used by nasa and the air force, giving it the nickname of "the aerospace capital of america."
palmdale is the largest city in the united states without a hospital.
palmdale airport will have one airline called united airlines that flies to san francisco, california everyday starting in june 2007.
the city's demographics is primarily mexican and white.
in 1886, when land in the antelope valley sold for 50 cents an acre, a group of 50 swiss and german families migrated from the midwest and settled in what is now known as palmdale. they named their new community “palmenthal” because they had mistaken the native joshua trees for palm trees.
the high desert community of palmdale has rich agricultural roots and a unique aviation history.
the city of palmdale celebrated its 50th anniversary of incorporation on aug. 24, 2012. it has consistently been one of the fastest-growing cities in california and in the country. since 1980, palmdale’s population has soared from 12,277 to 158,605. despite its growth, palmdale continues to cherish the small-town values of a family-oriented community while enjoying all of the conveniences of its booming retail and commercial sectors.
in 1772 captain pedro fages, a spanish soldier in pursuit of deserting sailors, crossed the southern part of the antelope valley into leona valley.
after the shoshone indians left the valley, immigrants from spain and mexico established large cattle ranches there.
fresno is the largest inland city in u.s. state of california. it has a population of 451,455. if the surrounding suburbs are included, it has a population of 983,788. it is the county seat of fresno county, in the central valley.
fresno is the closest major city to yosemite national park. fresno has a major airport called fresno yosemite international airport that has many flights by many airlines everyday. it was the first airport to use the new security systems made after the september 11, 2001 attacks.
fresno has a semi-arid climate ("bsh" in the koeppen climate classification).
1955 (mcmlv) was .
popeye the sailor man is one of the most popular cartoon characters of all time. he first appeared in a comic strip called "thimble theatre" by e.c. segar in 1929. popeye is a sailor who smokes a pipe and mutters things under his breath. he has only one eye, he is short and uneducated, but when trouble occurs, usually saving his girlfriend, olive oyl from his nemesis, bluto/brutus, he eats a can of spinach, and gets super-strength.
over the years, he also appeared in a series of cartoons made for movie theatres by paramount pictures, comic books, arcade, video games, hundreds of advertisements, peripheral products (ranging from spinach to candy cigarettes). in 2002, "tv guide" ranked popeye #20 on its "50 greatest cartoon characters of all time" list.
creation and development in "thimble theatre".
popeye was created by e. c. segar and was inspired by a man segar knew in chester, illinois: frank "rocky" fiegel. popeye would make his debut in the january 17, 1929 "thimble theatre" strip "dice island" as a rough sailor for hire. while originally introduced as a minor character (with the actual star of the strips then being castor oyl), popeye's popularity eventually grew to the point where he became the main character of "thimble theatre", with the strip now focusing on his adventures and hijinks. initially, popeye was portrayed as a very strong and seemingly uneducated but very savvy sailor who would gain extraordinary luck and resilience when he rubbed the magical whiffle hen bernice, but by 1932, he began to favor spinach, crediting it as a healthy source of strength. as the strips started focusing more on popeye, he began to form a relationship with castor's sister olive oyl after she had left her previous boyfriend ham gravy, and the two would eventually go on to become one of the most recognizable couples in cartoon history.
after popeye's run in the original "thimble theatre", he would return as the main character in the 1948 comic book series by e. c. segar's assistant bud sagendorf, which combined elements from both the original "thimble theatre" and the fleischer studios cartoons. his comic book appearances would continue for decades until the title's end in 1984.
popeye's huge popularity led him to be adapted into animation, which would only be loosely based on "thimble theatre" due to the limited length of the theatrical shorts at the time keeping them from making proper full-length adaptations of the "thimble theatre" sagas, which resulted in the shorts being episodic. the huge success of the first "popeye the sailor" cartoon (which originally started as a part of the betty boop shorts) would ensure a long-running series of independent theatrical shorts for the now famous sailor. in the various cartoons by fleischer studios, he would usually have to rescue his girlfriend olive oyl from bluto, his rival and sometimes friend or go on a daring adventure with olive and his good friend j. wellington wimpy. some of the cartoons take a different recurring approach, like him rescuing olive from another threat, dealing with something alone, fighting a small enemy he cannot beat, or watching over his adopted son swee'pea. as these theatrical shorts deviated from segar's strips quite a bit, many characters from the comic never made an appearance or only appeared once (like castor oyl and the goons). however, other characters like j. wellington wimpy (who sometimes served as popeye's sidekick), poopdeck pappy and, more rarely, oscar would make semi-regular appearances in the shorts. eugene the jeep also made some appearances but would not be used as often as the above. george w. geezil also made only two appearances alongside popeye. many of these cartoons mostly focused on popeye's adventures and antics along with olive and occasionally wimpy as they tried to resist the antagonistic bluto. while not appearing as a sailor very often (as popeye was usually portrayed with a number of odd jobs) the stories in the cartoons would involve his brawling escapades or his adventures in certain areas of the world while doing impressive feats and preserving olive's safety and their relationship.
world war ii.
during the world war ii-era animated shorts, popeye was a member of the u.s. navy and his outfit was changed to a white navy suit, and he would continue to look like this in animation from the 1940s through to the 1960s. during fleischer studios's final years of operations, the shorts they produced were wwii stories focusing on popeye's heroic attempts to help america fight the enemy, mostly the japanese and germans. the cartoons with these battle scenes have often been banned from television for being considered too "politically incorrect."
also, in the 1940s shorts, popeye gained four nephews named pipeye, peepeye, poopeye and pupeye, who originally debuted in an earlier short within a dream sequence as his children, before being made recurring and turned into his nephews. however, their exact relation to popeye remains unclear, and the parent of his nephews has never been properly identified.
following the takeover of the popeye animated franchise by paramount studios in 1942, the popeye cartoons were now handled by famous studios, which made drastic changes which abandoned almost all traces of "thimble theatre" and focused largely on plots involving popeye, olive, bluto in something resembling a love triangle, without many other characters appearing and with very few shorts deviating from that setup, which involved olive falling for bluto and popeye beating him after eating spinach in an oft-repeated formula. also of note are famous studios' remakes of fleischer cartoons (such as "goonland", itself a loose "thimble theatre" adaptation), heavily changed by famous to remove all traces of segar creations outside of popeye, bluto and olive, i.e. "popeye's pappy" replacing "goonland"'s goons with what might be considered racial caricatures of africans led by a bluto-like cannibal, with the only thing in common between the two versions being the rescue of pappy - who would go on to make only two more appearances after this (one of which contradicted the established fact that he left his son shortly after his birth). supporting characters who were notable friends of popeye and even had several appearances in fleischer cartoons, such as wimpy, pappy and swee'pea, were featured less than a handful of times: wimpy only appeared in three shorts (aside from flashback-oriented stories) and others such as eugene the jeep never appeared at all. popeye's role as an adventuring sailor was also reduced to a point where he was barely ever seen at sea or in the navy other than in a few shorts mostly from the war period, as the majority of stories preferred to avoid doing more adventurous and fantastical stories and focus on popeye's everyday life, his vacation hijinks or the "love triangle" setup.
popeye's portrayal in the animated adaptation (such as the theatrical cartoons and especially the famous outings) has alternately been criticized for giving him a single means to solve all of life's problems (unlike in the older strips), or praised for bringing children to eat healthy. this reliance was most exaggerated in the short "how green is my spinach," which presented popeye as being helpless without spinach (and portrayed other vegetables as ineffective), spoofing the cartoons's own formula but at the same time providing a rather questionable message.
in the fifties, popeye's cartoon catalog was sold by the paramount studio to associated artists productions for broadcast on television. animated shows were also made for television in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s.
first television series.
in 1960, the first "popeye the sailor" animated television series was produced for first-run syndication which proved successful. like the earlier theatrical cartoon series, it would use many elements that were already well known, mostly the basic storyline of popeye trying to keep his sweetheart olive safe from the hands of other male suitors while using spinach to remain fit and healthy. unlike the theatrical shorts however (especially the famous studios shorts), this tv series made a more prominent attempt to bring back characters and elements from "thimble theatre" back to popeye's side, such as his old friend j. wellington wimpy, who had been considerably absent during the famous era, and the show even included characters who never had the chance to appear in animation, such as popeye's old lucky charm bernice the whiffle hen and even alice the goon, king blozo and rough house (yet while bringing in more "thimble theatre" elements, very few episodes were a direct or accurate adaptations of the strips and had no real continuity between them). notably, the only character that failed to return was bluto himself, who was instead replaced by his lookalike/brother brutus, due to king features incorrectly thinking that the former was not originally a "thimble theatre" character. while the show did involve popeye's love life, episodes actually focused more on his adventuring around the world (and beyond) not unlike the fleischer and comic strip incarnation, and also brought back other "thimble theatre" antagonists rather than relying solely on brutus, like the sinister sea hag and toar the caveman, who proved to be a true challenge for popeye. as in the final fleischer cartoons and most famous shorts, popeye still wore his navy uniform, an exception being the pilot episode "barbecue for two", where he did wear his original outfit.
"the all-new popeye hour".
in 1978, hanna-barbera productions, with king features syndicate, would produce a new "popeye" television series, "the all-new popeye hour". unlike the previous show, this series had higher-quality animation and was more akin to segar's work and fleischer cartoons than other popeye animations, with popeye more regularly seen as an adventurous sailor. popeye's look was once again changed for this series, this time it was a permanent return to his classic outfit, however he still wore his navy hat, making it something of a combination of both styles. the series also gave characters such as alice the goon more prominence, having her co-star with olive in their own segment, "private olive oyl". this show focused more on adventure than past animations: there were entirely new segments dedicated to sailing the seas and searching for adventure, as in "popeye's treasure hunt". popeye and the sea hag's relationship was also more accurate to the strips than the previous series, with the hag wanting to marry popeye, much to the latter's disgust. oddly enough, popeye's signature spinach can would have special effects on other characters, such as olive and swee'pea, who would unusually turn into actual superheroes.
popeye's first movie.
in 1980, a theatrical live-action movie called "popeye" was released, featuring an original story written by jules pfeiffer, directed by robert altman, and serving as a more faithful adaptation to segar's "thimble theatre." it brought almost every friend of popeye's to the silver screen, although it showed the well-known sailor (as whom robin mclaurin williams starred) as having an initial aversion to spinach, and the setting took place in a port town called sweethaven, created on the island of malta by altman's set decorators. it eventually went on to gross $49,823,037; more than double the film's production budget.
"popeye" was produced as a musical, with original songs whose music was composed and whose lyrics were written by harry nilsson; however, sammy lerner's familiar theme for the character, "i'm popeye the sailor man," was retained in the final sequence.
"popeye and son".
in 1987, the latest animated series focusing on popeye was produced, entitled "popeye and son". the series was unique in the popeye franchise for taking place later in popeye's life, where he had finally married olive oyl, settled down and had a son of his own (a notable change considering the rarity of having well-known cartoon characters actually move on with their lives). the series shared similarities with its predecessor, "the all-new popeye hour", having various references to "thimble theatre" and other media in popeye's history such as the theatrical film, with the cartoon taking place in sweethaven. however, the series didn't prove as popular as its predecessors and was eventually cancelled after 13 episodes. being the last animated popeye series on television, it can be considered somewhat fitting that it ended at a later and happier point in popeye's life.
in 2001, popeye received a tribute show on cartoon network titled "the popeye show", which only featured classic shorts but also adding trivia info and facts about popeye as well as occasionally showing unaltered original versions of the shorts, with the series going on to have 45 episodes.
in 2004, a cgi-animated tv movie titled "popeye's voyage: the quest for pappy" was produced by mainframe entertainment for lions gate entertainment and king features entertainment. an attempt at a full-fledged animated theatrical film was also made by sony pictures animation for release in 2012, with test animation made by genndy tartakovsky, yet production on this film has apparently remained on an indefinite hiatus.
in 2012, idw publishing began a brand-new popeye comic book that primarily stays faithful to the character's original comic strip incarnation by e. c. segar and bud sagendorf, and features countless throwbacks and references to popeye's old adventures and even features the return of many (if not all) of the characters from the classic era. as the series is more faithful to segar and sagendorf's work, the plots of each issue follow more closely to the original format of the older comics rather than the cartoons, and the art even replicates segar's style flawlessly. in 2013, idw held a special crossover event where they depicted many of the settings in their comics as being invaded by the martians from the 1962 trading card game and 1996 film "mars attacks", with popeye facing off against the 1962 incarnation of the martians in the special "mars attacks popeye".
popeye's unique and commonly used design is one that is immediately recognizable, being always depicted as a gruff-looking yet skinny sailor with a large cleft chin, a single eye, a mostly bald head and very large forearms with anchor tattoos, while his outfit normally consists of a black dress shirt with a red neckline and sleeves with blue edges along with blue pants, brown shoes and a sailor's cap. during his first introduction in "thimble theatre", popeye's appearance was not too different from his current one, the only difference being that his nose was noticeably larger, his chin was slimmer and his forearms were less round and more angular (and also a bit hairy), but as segar's talent continued to grow, the design would change to match the well known sailor seen today. this design would be his most iconic and most used depiction used in many media, and most notably the first piece of popeye animated media by fleischer studios.
following the attack of pearl harbor in 1941 by the japanese which made the us take part in world war ii, popeye's design remained unchanged, however, in the cartoons he was now made a member of the u. s. navy and given the appropriate naval attire, consisting of the standard white uniform with a black neckerchief, black shoes and a small navy cap. he would continue to wear this outfit until the mid-1960s. during his famous studios run, popeye's eyes were also slightly enlarged to look a bit more realistic rather than looking like black dots, and he was also portrayed as having two eyes in both famous studios and the 60s television series, which would occasionally be seen in several shorts.
when bud sagendorf began the popeye comics in 1948, popeye's design was changed to resemble his classic look but while still wearing his navy cap from the war. his eyes were also changed back to their black dot appearance. his chin was also further enlarged with only a few minor changes due to sagendorf's own unique art style. this design would continue to be used by sagendorf's successors in popeye comics, such as george wildman, bobby london and several others throughout the 70s, 80s and future newspaper comic strips depending on the artist, with segar and sagendorf's designs usually being interchanged. sagendorf's design was also used in other 70s media and two cartoons, "the all-new popeye hour" and "popeye and son".
since the end of "popeye and son," media and merchandise (outside the occasional comics) would continue to portray popeye with his classic look or his sagendorf design regularly, and only rarely using his navy look.
drawing the character.
popeye's appearance is always the most difficult for cartoonists to duplicate because, as sagendorf once pointed out, there is nothing normal about it. sagendorf went on to admit that after approximately a year of attempting to do so as segar's apprentice, he had to ask segar to draw the character for him; he explained, "it turned out that if you didn't draw the eyebrows and eyes first, the nose second, the head third and the chin last, you were dead."
popeye is a rough and tough sailor with a heart of gold who always does what he can for others and always doing what he thinks is best. he is brave and compassionate, as he will not back down against any foe and give them all he has got, but his compassionate nature makes it so he always tries to "defends the weakerist", as he cannot stand seeing the weak and helpless get abused. he also has a fondness for "poor dumb animals" and, similarly, cannot stand to see any animal being hurt for no reason. but he also has no patience for violent beasts who attack defenseless people or other animals for no justifiable reason, and he will be quick to turn them into mincemeat for their hotheadedness.
being a sailor, he has a love for adventure and the sea, and will not pass up the chance to find new mysteries, lost treasures and grand adventures. while he is usually a treasure hunter of sorts, he is not greedy and always does his best to share with others and encourage others to do the same. popeye has a dislike for things like monsters, ghosts and other such terrors, having faced several himself in his lifetime and would even pretend they do not exist, as seeing them terrifies him greatly, but he always manages to muster the courage to face off against any foe. popeye's favorite food is spinach, and he always tries to encourage others to eat this healthy vegetable as it is a great source of "strength and vitality." he loves his sweetheart olive oyl dearly despite their rough start and will go to any lengths to keep her safe and make her happy, showing that he is a very chivalrous and romantic man, despite his rough, tough and gruff nature.
birth and early life.
popeye was born the son of poopdeck pappy and an unnamed woman in a typhoon in santa monica (with popeye erroneously claiming to have been born at 2 or 3 years of age). shortly after his birth, his father poopdeck left home and was never seen again, and his mother's fate was unknown, leaving the young popeye an "orphink" to be raised by an orphanage keeper who gave him the id number of 185,764. as an infant, popeye already had his signature pipe, presumably given to him by his father before leaving, and would only take it out of his mouth for his morning bottles of malted hardtack. as far as he could remember, little popeye was impressed by early home training and exercised as soon as he was able, but avoided getting into serious fights until he was 4 years of age, where he had finally had enough of his orphanage keeper and let him have it. after this incident, it seemed as though popeye's keeper became impressed with the child and decided to enter him in contests (similar to dog shows) where the young popeye became a prize baby in many shows and always took great pride in his bertillon measurements. eventually, the orphan popeye would fall on hard times upon leaving the orphanage, and was forced to wear flour sacks for clothes, but happily, the luckless lad was taken in by whaler joe at the docks, who even bought the young lad a new pipe and a fascinating straw hat with a radio antenna on it.
at six years of age, popeye began to fulfill his promise of taking his exercising more seriously and started devoting himself to fights with the local bullies, easily laying his foes among the geranium flowerbeds, always promising to do so and never breaking his word. with popeye around, the local bullies did not need the aid of any pliers or doorknobs to get rid of those useless bicuspids thanks to popeye's left-right to the jaw. as popeye's notoriety grew among the children, he inadvertently became a factor for good in discouraging his fellow rough-dock kids from crapshooting, doing so by being too good at the game himself, as he always got 18 straight passes when he rolled the dice. despite his love of crapshooting, popeye would be forced to sell his beloved dice for the lead in them after his guardian whaler joe fell on tough times. one day, popeye set out on a boat with nothing but a bent pin and a spool of thread in hopes of helping his guardian by catching whales for him. unfortunately, upon reaching the whale pod, popeye realized he was grievously ill-prepared against the giant sea beasts who thrashed about his little vessel as they let out a loud horselaugh, which made popeye respond with a quick tempered "blow me down, you-!"—but before he could finish, the whales suddenly stopped. it was then that the largest whale, deeply offended, got on little popeye's vessel and sprayed him with a mighty jet of water. this action infuriated the young popeye so heavily that his anger became pure strength; he quickly got back on his feet and punched whale with all his might, instantly killing the proud alpha and proceeded to take on the rest of the pod. a triumphant little popeye then returned home with a nice string of whales for whaler joe that night.
teenage years and the path of the sailor.
upon reaching the age of 12, popeye had startled everyone he knew by the sheer fact that he was now like a full-grown man, puberty having hit him hard as he now had to shave after every meal and he even had muscles so tough that they could be used as grindstones, with popeye even renting out his forearms for just that purpose for some extra side cash. it was around this time that popeye finally (but unknowingly) set out to sea, having been shanghaied onto a crew one night after some bilge rat put a mickey in his "sodie pop" to knock him out. after he woke, he found himself aboard the "josie lee" with a new crew bossing him around, so he decided to slip a "mickey" himself to everyone in the crew with his fists, including the captain. it was then that the "josie lee" began to drift out to sea and after a few days, popeye realized that he liked this style of living and would go on to devote his life to that of the sailor's way, deciding to join the crew of the "josie lee" and begin practicing his "sailor's walk" from then on. popeye then dedicated himself to sailing the seas, looking for fights and new adventure, as well as any clue to the whereabouts of his long-lost pappy.
the one-eyed sailor.
as the twelve-year old popeye set off on his first voyage, he would end up losing the vision of his right eye in "the mos' arful battle" of his life. one fateful night, popeye had just finished shooting craps with his five mates, who laid beaten on the deck of the "josie lee" with all their money on popeye's side. it was then that the monstrous and bloodthirsty cook of the ship, an evil, beast-like man simply known as "the ape," stepped forth, having had enough of popeye's winning streak. popeye knew a fight was inevitable and shouted out a "blow me down!" before promising to lay the monster man "among the swee'peas" (the sweet pea flowerbed) as his resting place. however, the naive young boy (who always kept his promises no matter what) realized that there was not a single flowerbed of "swee'peas" in sight, with the exception of a bed of sunflowers on the ship. the flustered popeye kept looking around the boat with his good peepers for any sign of a flowerbed to keep his word on, but before he knew it, "the ape" pounced on the unsuspecting rookie sailor and a fierce onslaught ensued with the ape showing no mercy and laying down a gruesome punishment on the sailor, with popeye never being able to see another flowerbed with that one peeper of his again. from then on, those at sea would refer to popeye as "pop-eye", after his popped eye.
despite this gruesome defeat, popeye did not weaken or falter and only became more dangerous from the experience, and he quickly recuperated and continued his service as a sailor on the "josie lee", continuing to make his regular nightly rounds, winding the anchor watch, always staying in front of the mast so he could say "blow me down!" when the wind hit the sails and always keeping his fists tough while walloping his foes with only his left fist, for if he used his right fist, he would be unable to control his strength without obliterating his opponent due to not having his right eye to be in synch with his fist anymore. in those days, one had to be a brave or foolish mariner to incur popeye's wrath.
it was around this time that the teenaged popeye started embracing a chivalrous oath of gallantry, possibly due to the mature nature of his shipmates, with him often refusing to involve himself in the haughty and lewd conversations they had about fair maidens. his chivalry reached its peak one day when an albatross landed on the deck of the "josie lee". the hapless little bird was suddenly grasped by none other than the ship's cook, "the ape", who hoped to make some "off" out of the poor bird. popeye then noticed that the small bird was wearing a pair of tiny lady's shoes, making him realize that this albatross was a lady bird, or "albatress", as he called her. popeye then wound up his fist and let "the ape" have it with a mighty blow to the jaw (while also unintentionally getting a revenge of sorts). with the little female albatross now saved, popeye apologetically bowed before the little bird and said "maybe you is somebody's sister, tha's a fack! nobody but a criminal would do a hurt to anybody's sister!", and the little bird happily went on her way.
the "mary ann".
around the age of 14, when ships were wood and men were iron, young popeye became a member of the sea dog club for sailors, where he would meet his good friend bill barnacle. the two would then join the crew of the "mary ann" for an unknown voyage. on a dark night, the "mary ann" began ringing in an ominous and unusual tone not unlike the sound of bones and skeletons moving when suddenly the moon became blood red. the two shocked sailors could only look on in horror as they saw numerous indescribable beasts clinging to the side of the "mary ann", led by a sinister being. the next morning, the duo and their skipper found five of the crew missing with no trace of them left behind. all that was known was that their frightening encounter aboard the "ol' "mary ann"" would forever remind the duo of the all-true horrors that exist within the seas.
later in life (at the presumed age of around 34 according to bud sagendorf), popeye would offer his seafaring services at local ports; it was there he would eventually meet the ever-ambitious castor oyl and his sidekick ham gravy, who sought popeye's services in order to travel to the gambling paradise of dice island and make it big using the luck-enhancing powers of their mysterious pet, bernice the whiffle hen, and through them he would meet castor's sister, olive oyl who at first was not too fond of the sailor and vice versa. even her first words to him were harsh: "take your hooks offa me or i'll lay ya in a scupper", and they fought bitterly---and hilariously---for months until finally realizing their feelings for each other. it was at this point that olive left her womanizing fiancée ham gravy to be with the gruff sailor she loved. since then, popeye and olive have remained almost inseparable and happily in love.
since his debut in animation, popeye has had many unique songs for himself as well as many tunes dedicated to him.
popeye in other media.
the character has been adapted into different forms of media, including animated, live-action movies, tv shows, video games, and action figures.
astrophysics is the study of how stars, planets and other things in the universe work, and how we can learn about them. astrophysicists use physics to explain what astronomers find and see.
astrophysics is also the study of how the universe started and how it is changing with time. this part of astrophysics is called cosmology.
for a long time bodies in the sky seemed to be unchanging spheres moving in a circle. but on earth growth and decay happened, and natural motion was in a straight line. therefore, people thought the celestial region was made of a fundamentally different kind of matter from that found on earth.
during the 16th and 17th century, natural philosophers such as nicolaus copernicus, johannes kepler, galileo, descartes, and newton, began to maintain that the celestial and terrestrial regions were made of similar kinds of material and were subject to the same natural laws.
when they were able to work out how the planets moved, the science of astrophysics was born. sir isaac newton realized that the same rules of mechanics that he had found on the surface of the earth also could be used to predict how the planets moved. he said, "as above, so below." by this, he meant that we can study how things work on this planet to find out how things work in space.
later scientists found that by looking at the light from stars, they were able to work out what they were made from. this process is called spectroscopy.
types of astrophysics.
there are two main types of astrophysics:
word order is part of syntax, which is part of grammar. word order may be different in different languages. for example, english "i play tennis only sometimes" would be in german "ich spiele nur manchmal tennis", literally "i play only sometimes tennis". in norwegian, the same sentence would be "jeg spiller bare tennis noen ganger" ("i play tennis only sometimes").
in portuguese, the sentence could be "eu só jogo tênis algumas vezes" ("i only play tennis sometimes), but word order can be changed to "eu jogo tênis só algumas vezes" ("i play tennis only sometimes"). however, "eu jogo só tênis algumas vezes" is not allowed ("i play only tennis sometimes") because the meaning would be changed.
in english, a simple sentence with a verb (an action), subject (who or what is doing the action), and an object (to whom or what the action is done) is written with a subject-verb-object word order (svo). for example, in the sentence "robert opens the door", "robert" is the subject, "opens" is the verb and "door" is the object. svo is the second-most common word order among all languages and is used in 42% of them. examples are mandarin chinese, bahasa melayu, bahasa indonesia, spanish, french, italian, thai and vietnamese. while some of the above languages can use other word orders, such as sov and vso, they use svo for the simplest sentences.
in other languages, sentences can use other word orders. consider "robert opens the door". in english, changing the word order to "the door opens robert" would change the meaning of the sentence. in latin, however, "robertus ianuam aperit" and "ianuam robertus aperit" mean the same. "ianuam" is in the accusative case and so it is the direct object and "robertus" the subject. changing the cases of the words, however, to "robertem ianua aperit" would change the meaning of the sentence: "ianua" is now in the nominative case and so it is the subject and "robertum" the object.
the subject-object-verb (sov) word order is the one that is used by the greatest number of distinct languages, 45% of them. it is especially common in the theoretical language family that is known as the altaic language family, which includes many languages such as japanese, korean, mongolian and the turkic languages.
in japanese, for example, a simple sentence uses sov. in other words, the sentence "robert opens the door" becomes "robert the door opens". such languages often use postpositions, which act like prepositions but appear after content words rather than before them, to show the role of a word in the sentence. the sample sentence "robert opens the door" would be in japanese ロバートはドアを開ける "robāto-wa doa-o akeru" in which は "wa" as in ロバートは "robāto-wa" shows that ロバート "robāto (robert)" is the topic of the sentence, and を "o" as in ドアを "doa-o" shows that ドア "doa" is the direct object of the sentence. around 45% of all languages are sov languages.
the verb-subject-object (vso) word order is the third-most common word order in world languages. there are far fewer vso languages than svo and sov languages, and only 9% of them are vso. language groups in which vso is common include afroasiatic languages, such as arabic, hebrew and aramaic, and celtic languages, such as irish, welsh and cornish. in vso languages, "robert opens the door" would be "opens robert the door". spanish sentences are usually svo, but vso is also common. in spanish, the example above can be as "roberto abre la puerta" (robert opens the door) or "abre roberto la puerta" (opens robert the door).
aside from svo, sov, and vso, other kinds of word orders are rather uncommon. vos word order makes up at around 3% of all languages, and languages that begin with the object (ovs and osv) are extremely few, each around 1-0% percent each.
george herbert walker bush (june 12, 1924 – november 30, 2018) was an american politician and businessman who served as the 41st president of the united states from 1989 to 1993. before he became president, he was the 43rd vice president from 1981 to 1989 (under the ronald reagan administration), an ambassador to the united nations, a congressman, and director of central intelligence. he was married to barbara bush from 1945 until her death in 2018. his children include the 43rd president of the united states george w. bush, former governor of florida jeb bush, and dorothy bush koch. he was a republican.
bush was born in milton, massachusetts, and raised in greenwich, connecticut. he attended phillips academy before serving in the united states navy reserve during world war ii. after the war, he graduated from yale and moved to texas, starting a successful oil company.
he entered politics in the 1960s, first running for the us senate in 1964, but lost the election. in 1966, he ran for the house of representatives and won. five years later, in 1971, president richard nixon appointed bush to become the ambassador of the united nations, then chairman of the republican national committee in 1973. in 1974, president gerald ford appointed him as chief of the liaison office to the people's republic of china, then in 1976 bush became the director of central intelligence. in 1980, bush ran for president, but lost the nomination to ronald reagan. however, reagan chose bush to be his vice presidential running mate.
eight years later, in 1988, bush ran for president again, defeating democrat michael dukakis. during his presidency, bush led the united states through the end of the cold war. he presided over the invasion of panama and the gulf war. he also signed the americans with disabilities act of 1990, which did not allow discrimination to disabled people. bush signed the north american free trade agreement (also called nafta), which went into effect in 1994. he appointed david souter and clarence thomas to the supreme court. although he promised not to raise taxes, he did so in order to help make the budget deficit smaller (when the government spends more money than it makes.) he ran for reelection in 1992, but lost to democrat bill clinton.
after his presidency ended in 1993, bush did activities that helped other people. he did this alongside bill clinton, his former rival. in 2000, his son, george w. bush, was elected president of the united states. another son, jeb bush, was elected governor of florida in 1998. jeb tried to run for president in 2016, but did not win the nomination.
on november 25, 2017, bush became, at the time, the longest-lived u.s. president. he passed the 93 years and 165 days lifespan of gerald ford, who died on december 26, 2006. on november 30, 2018, bush died at his home in houston, texas at the age of 94. bush is ranked as an above-average president.
bush was born on june 12, 1924 in 173 adam street, milton, massachusetts. his father was politician prescott bush. he studied at yale university. in june 1943, bush became the youngest pilot in the united states navy at the time.
bush served in the united states navy from 1942 until 1945. during wwii, his plane was shot down. he won the air medal, presidential unit citation, and the distinguished flying cross. he married barbara pierce in 1945. they had six children.
bush worked for zapata oil in texas and was a politician in texas, running for the senate in 1964, but losing to ralph yarborough and later again in 1970, though losing again to lloyd bentsen.
he was later a house representative. he was also republican party chairman and tried the vice presidency, with the support of such congressional conservatives as senator barry goldwater after nixon resigned and ford took office, but lost to liberal republican nelson rockefeller in 1974. in 1980, bush also ran against ronald reagan for the republican party's candidacy for president but lost. he was then named republican vice presidential candidate by reagan after reagan defeated him. reagan and bush were elected president and vice president that year.
during world war ii, bush was a crewman on a tbm avenger. he had survived many crashes and sunk a japanese ship. he later became a diplomat and head of the cia.
after being ronald reagan's vice president, bush was elected president in 1988 by defeating michael dukakis. 
bush was sworn in as president on january 20, 1989, succeeding reagan.
while he was president, the cold war ended and the soviet union fell apart. he was known for his failed promise speech "".
in 1990, bush's off-hand comments about broccoli caused a minor political controversy. in 1992, he visited kiichi miyazawa when he vomited on his lap and soon fainted during a dinner feast. hours later, bush made a comment that he was suffering from the flu.
when saddam hussein invaded kuwait in order to steal their supplies of oil, bush led the united states and many other countries to protect kuwait. the conflict was called the gulf war. he also invaded panama to remove manuel noreiga, who was guilty of drug trafficking.
at his home, bush also signed in important laws, such as the americans with disabilities act. however, the country suffered from a recession. this was embarrassing, and many people believe this was the reason he lost the presidential election of 1992 to bill clinton.
bush left office on january 20, 1993 when bill clinton became president. bush and his wife, barbara, moved to houston, texas.
bush resided on a ranch in houston, texas with his family. after his presidency, he supported john mccain and his son george w. bush. he supported mitt romney and rick perry for president. he attended the opening of the uss "george h.w. bush", a naval ship named after him. he traveled with his son to the 2008 summer olympics in beijing, china.
on february 15, 2011, bush was awarded the presidential medal of freedom, the highest civilian honor in the united states, by president barack obama.
he was present at his son's presidential library opening ceremony on april 25, 2013. in july 2013, bush had his head shaved in a show of support for the two-year-old son of a member of his security detail, who had leukemia. he is the most recent president that was a veteran during world war ii.
bush sent a letter to donald trump in january 2017 to inform him of his (bush's) poor health that he would not be able to attend trump's inauguration on january 20 and gave his best wishes.
he was the father of george w. bush, jeb bush, and dorothy bush koch. he had two other sons; his other daughter robin died of leukemia in 1953; his father (also a politician) was prescott bush. on april 13, 2013, he became a great-grandfather when his granddaughter jenna bush hager gave birth to a daughter.
bush was an episcopalian.
bush suffered from a form of parkinson's disease which forced him to use a motorized scooter or wheelchair to get around, since at least 2012.
on november 23, 2012, bush had a bronchitis-like cough that initially brought him to methodist hospital in houston for treatment. he was supposed to be released before christmas, but was kept in and over the holiday because he got worse with a high fever. on december 23, 2012, he started to be in the intensive-care unit. on december 29, 2012, his health improved and moved out of intensive care. he was discharged in the hospital on january 14, 2013. on december 23, 2014, bush was once again hospitalized at the methodist hospital after suffering a "shortness of breath". he was released from the hospital on december 30, 2014.
on july 15, 2015, bush fell at his home in kennebunkport, maine and broke a vertebra in his neck.
on january 18, 2017, he was admitted to the intensive care unit at houston methodist hospital, where he was sedated for a procedure to treat an acute respiratory problem stemming from pneumonia.
on april 22, 2018, after the burial of bush's wife barbara, he was hospitalized for sepsis and was placed under intensive care.
bush died on november 30, 2018 at his home in houston from parkinson's-related complications, aged 94. a state funeral was held at the washington national cathedral.
tributes and condolences were offered by former presidents jimmy carter, bill clinton, george w. bush, and barack obama, and then-current president donald trump. he lied in state in the united states capitol and was buried next to his wife at the george bush presidential library.
since bush had the same first and last names as his son, he was often called george h. w. bush or george bush sr. (george bush senior). some people call him "41" or "bush 41" because he was the 41st president.
comments on broccoli.
in 1990, president of the united states, george h. w. bush, made a casual remark about broccoli (a vegetable), and said he would never eat it.
the president made this comment in 1990, shortly after a journalist from the u.s. news & world report broke the story that bush banned the vegetable from air force one. george s. dunlop, president of the united fresh fruit and vegetable association, gave first lady barbara bush a bouquet of the vegetable an additional 10 tons in trucks.
a few days afterwards, bush hosted a state dinner to honor tadeusz mazowiecki, the prime minister of poland, and journalists noted there was no broccoli on the menu, as most of the 10 tons of broccoli given to the president's family by the farmers had been donated to the capital area food bank.
ohio is one of the 50 states in the united states. its capital is columbus. columbus is also the largest city in ohio.
other large cities in ohio are cleveland, cincinnati, dayton, akron, toledo, and youngstown.
some famous people from ohio include golfer , wilbur and orville wright, astronauts john glenn and neil armstrong, authors sherwood anderson and toni morrison, and actors clark gable and katie holmes. there have also been seven american presidents from ohio: ulysses s. grant, rutherford hayes, james garfield, benjamin harrison, william mckinley, william howard taft, warren g. harding.
ohio is important in elections because it is a swing state. candidates often campaign a lot there and prior to 2020, the last time they voted for the losing candidate was 1960. also, no republican has ever won the presidency without carrying this state. ohio has both farmland and cities, and there is a lot of discrimination against black people. it is a part of the midwest. ohio is the 7th most populated state in the united states of america.
ohio borders pennsylvania, michigan, indiana, kentucky, and west virginia, and it shares a water border with ontario, canada. western ohio is mostly flat farmland, with some hills. southern and southeastern ohio is near the appalachian mountains, and is the most mountainous part of the state. most of this area is covered by forests. this part of ohio is home to the ohio river, the wayne national forest, and the hocking hills, which has waterfalls and canyons.
central ohio is mostly rolling hills, and is home to columbus. northeast ohio is dominated by the lake erie coast and has a mix of cities and countryside.
for many years, industry and manufacturing was the biggest part of ohio's economy. youngstown was a big steel producer, as was cleveland. other manufacturing - including the car industry - was a major factor across the state. since the 1970s, industry has shrank in ohio, but it is still a big part of the local economy. today, other businesses are more prominent. cleveland is one of the biggest hubs for healthcare, and its main hospital, the famous cleveland clinic, is the largest employer in the region. banking is also a major business, and foods and retail are too. cincinnati plays host to the headquarters of fifth third bank, cintas, kroger, luxottica, procter & gamble and macy's, whereas, columbus hosts the headquarters of lbrands, jpmorgan chase, huntington bank, rogue fitness, wendy's, big lots, cardinal health and nationwide insurance. in addition the j.m. smucker company and key bank are also based in ohio.
greek can mean:
the word relativity usually means two things in physics:
in physics, the principle of relativity is the requirement that the equations describing the laws of physics is as same as the all frames of reference.
in 300 bce, greek philosopher aristotle thought that heavy objects fall faster than objects that are not heavy. the natural science of aristotle was most popular in western thought for 2,000 years.
in 1600, italian astronomer galileo galilei proved that all objects fall with the same acceleration. therefore, the longer an object moves with constant acceleration the faster its final velocity is. also, if different objects each having a different mass are dropped from rest (initial velocity is zero) at the same height in a vacuum, they will all hit the ground at the same velocity regardless of their mass. the experimental discoveries of galileo and the laws of motion developed mathematically by newton gave birth to modern science.
galileo's principle of relativity states "it is impossible by mechanical means to say whether we are moving or staying at rest". if two trains are moving at the same speed in the same direction, then a passenger in either train will not be able to notice that either train is moving. however, if the passenger takes a fixed frame of reference, a fixed point, like the earth, he will then be able to notice the motion of either train. another thing, if one stands on the earth one will not be able to see that it is moving.
this principle is just taken from observation. for example, if we are travelling by airplane at a constant speed, we can walk through the inside of the airplane without noticing anything special.
from a practical point of view, this means that newton's laws of motion are valid in all inertial systems, which means those at rest or those moving with constant speed relative to one considered at rest. this is the law of inertia: a body at rest continues at rest and a body in motion continues in motion in a straight line unless influenced by an external force. a galilean coordinate system is one where the law of inertia is valid. the laws of mechanics of galileo and newton are valid in a galilean coordinate system. if k is a galilean coordinate system, then every other system k' is a galilean coordinate system if it lies at rest or moves according to the law of inertia relative to k. relative to k', the mechanical laws of galileo and newton are as valid as they are relative to k.
 if, relative to k, k' is a coordinate
 system moving according to the law of
 inertia and is devoid of rotation, then
 the laws of nature obey the same general
 principles in k' as they do in k. this 
 statement is known as the "principle of" 
in other words, if a mass m is at rest or is moving with constant acceleration (the constant acceleration could be equal to zero in which case the velocity would remain constant) in a straight line relative to a galilean coordinate system k, then it will also be at rest or moving with constant acceleration in a straight line relative to a second coordinate system k' provided the law of inertia is valid in system k' (in other words, provided it is a galilean coordinate system).
therefore, if we want to observe an effect in a moving system at constant speed, we can apply the newton laws directly. if the moving system speeds up (or we speed up relative to it, like looking at the stars from the earth) then we will have to introduce imaginary forces to compensate this effect.
these fictitious forces are called centrifugal force and coriolis force.
newton's laws of motion are mechanically accurate for speeds that are slow compared with the velocity of light. for speeds that approach the speed of light, it is necessary to apply the discoveries of einstein's special theory of relativity.
in order to describe what happens mechanically in the universe, physicists use mass, length and time. in the physics of galileo and newton, these quantities remain the same throughout the universe.
with einstein's special theory of relativity, these quantities can change.
special relativity (or the special theory of relativity) is a theory in physics that was developed and explained by albert einstein in 1905. it applies to all physical phenomena, so long as gravitation is not significant. special relativity applies to minkowski space, or "flat spacetime" (phenomena which are not influenced by gravitation).
einstein knew that some weaknesses had been discovered in older physics. for example, older physics thought light moved in luminiferous aether. various tiny effects were expected if this theory were true. gradually it seemed these predictions were not going to work out.
eventually, einstein (1905) drew the conclusion that the concepts of space and time needed a fundamental revision. the result was special relativity theory, which brought together a new principle "the constancy of the speed of light" and the previously established "principle of relativity". 
galileo had already established the principle of relativity, which said that physical events must look the same to all observers, and no observer has the "right" way to look at the things studied by physics. for example, the earth is moving very fast around the sun, but we do not notice it because we are moving with the earth at the same speed; therefore, from our point of view, the earth is at rest. however, galileo's math could not explain some things, such as the speed of light. according to him, the measured speed of light should be different for different speeds of the observer in comparison with its source. however, the michelson-morley experiment showed that this is not true, at least not for all cases. einstein's theory of special relativity explained this among other things.
basics of special relativity.
suppose that you are moving toward something that is moving toward you. if you measure its speed, it will seem to be moving faster than if you were not moving. now suppose you are moving away from something that is moving toward you. if you measure its speed again, it will seem to be moving more slowly. this is the idea of "relative speed"—the speed of the object relative to you.
before albert einstein, scientists were trying to measure the "relative speed" of light. they were doing this by measuring the speed of star light reaching the earth. they expected that if the earth was moving toward a star, the light from that star should seem faster than if the earth was moving away from that star. however, they noticed that no matter who performed the experiments, where the experiments were performed, or what star light was used, the measured speed of light in a vacuum was always the same.
einstein said this happens because there is something unexpected about length and duration, or how long something lasts. he thought that as earth moves through space, all measurable durations change very slightly. any clock used to measure a duration will be wrong by exactly the right amount so that the speed of light remains the same. imagining a "light clock" allows us to better understand this remarkable fact for the case of a single light wave.
also, einstein said that as earth moves through space, all measurable lengths change (ever so slightly). any device measuring length will give a length off by exactly the right amount so that the speed of light remains the same.
the most difficult thing to understand is that events that appear to be simultaneous in one frame may not be simultaneous in another. this has many effects that are not easy to perceive or understand. since the length of an object is the distance from head to tail at one simultaneous moment, it follows that if two observers disagree about what events are simultaneous then this will affect (sometimes dramatically) their measurements of the length of objects. furthermore, if a line of clocks appear synchronized to a stationary observer and appear to be out of sync to that same observer after accelerating to a certain velocity then it follows that during the acceleration the clocks ran at different speeds. some may even run backwards. this line of reasoning leads to general relativity.
other scientists before einstein had written about light seeming to go the same speed no matter how it was observed. what made einstein's theory so revolutionary is that it considers the measurement of the speed of light to be constant by definition, in other words it is a law of nature. this has the remarkable implications that speed-related measurements, length and duration, change in order to accommodate this.
the lorentz transformations.
the mathematical bases of special relativity are the lorentz transformations, which mathematically describe the views of space and time for two observers who are moving relative to each other but are not experiencing acceleration.
let there be an observer k who describes when events occur with a time coordinate "t", and who describes where events occur with spatial coordinates "x", "y", and "z". 
this is mathematically defining the first observer whose "point of view" will be our first reference.
let us specify that the time of an event is given: by the time that it is observed "t(observed)" (say today, at 12 o'clock) minus the time that it took for the observation to reach the observer.
now with these definitions in place, let there be another observer k' who is
where "x"' axis is coincident with the "x" axis, 
and with the "y' "and "z' "axes - "always being parallel" to the "y" and "z" axes.
this means that when k' gives a location like (3,1,2), the x (which is 3 in this example) is the same place that k, the first observer would be talking about, but the 1 on the y axis or the 2 on the z axis are only "parallel" to some location on the k' observer's coordinate system,
the lorentz transformations then are <br>
define an event to have spacetime coordinates in system "s" and in a reference frame moving at a velocity v with respect to that frame, "s"′. then the lorentz transformation specifies that these coordinates are related in the following way:
is the lorentz factor and "c" is the speed of light in vacuum, and the velocity "v" of "s"′ is parallel to the "x"-axis. for simplicity, the "y" and "z" coordinates are unaffected; only the "x" and "t" coordinates are transformed. these lorentz transformations form a one-parameter group of linear mappings, that parameter being called rapidity.
solving the above four transformation equations for the unprimed coordinates yields the inverse lorentz transformation:
enforcing this "inverse" lorentz transformation to coincide with the lorentz transformation from the primed to the unprimed system, shows the unprimed frame as moving with the velocity "v′" = −"v", as measured in the primed frame.
there is nothing special about the "x"-axis. the transformation can apply to the "y"- or "z"-axis, or indeed in any direction, which can be done by directions parallel to the motion (which are warped by the "γ" factor) and perpendicular; see the article lorentz transformation for details.
a quantity invariant under lorentz transformations is known as a lorentz scalar.
writing the lorentz transformation and its inverse in terms of coordinate differences, where one event has coordinates and , another event has coordinates and , and the differences are defined as
if we take differentials instead of taking differences, we get
mass, energy and momentum.
in special relativity, the momentum formula_17 and the total energy formula_18 of an object as a function of its mass formula_19 are
a frequently made error (also in some books) is to rewrite this equation using a "relativistic mass" (in the direction of motion) of formula_22.
the reason why this is incorrect is that light, for example, has no mass, but has energy. if we use this formula, the photon (particle of light) has a mass, which is according to experiments incorrect.
in special relativity, an object's mass, total energy and momentum are related by the equation
for an object at rest, formula_24 so the above equation simplifies to formula_25. hence, a massive object at rest still has energy. we call this rest energy and denote it by formula_26:
the need for special relativity arose from maxwell's equations of electromagnetism, which were published in 1865. it was later found that they call for electromagnetic waves (such as light) to move at a constant speed (i.e., the speed of light).
to have james clerk maxwell's equations be consistent with both astronomical observations[1] and newtonian physics,[2] maxwell proposed in 1877 that light travels through an ether which is everywhere in the universe.
in 1887, the famous michelson-morley experiment tried to detect the "ether wind" generated by the movement of the earth.[3] the persistent null results of this experiment puzzled physicists, and called the ether theory into question.
in 1895, lorentz and fitzgerald noted that the null result of the michelson-morley experiment could be explained by the ether wind contracting the experiment in the direction of motion of the ether. this effect is called the lorentz contraction, and (without ether) is a consequence of special relativity.
in 1899, lorentz first published the lorentz equations. although this was not the first time they had been published, this was the first time that they were used as an explanation of the michelson-morley's null result, since the lorentz contraction is a result of them.
in 1900, poincaré gave a famous speech in which he considered the possibility that some "new physics" was needed to explain the michelson-morley experiment.
in 1904, lorentz showed that electrical and magnetic fields can be modified into each other through the lorentz transformations.
in 1905, einstein published his article introducing special relativity, "on the electrodynamics of moving bodies", in "annalen der physik". in this article, he presented the postulates of relativity, derived the lorentz transformations from them, and (unaware of lorentz's 1904 article) also showed how the lorentz transformations affect electric and magnetic fields.
later in 1905, einstein published another article presenting "e" = "mc"2.
in 1908, max planck endorsed einstein's theory and named it "relativity". in that same year, hermann minkowski gave a famous speech on "space and time" in which he showed that relativity is self-consistent and further developed the theory. these events forced the physics community to take relativity seriously. relativity came to be more and more accepted after that.
in 1912, einstein and lorentz were nominated for the nobel prize in physics due to their pioneering work on relativity. unfortunately, relativity was so controversial then, and remained controversial for such a long time that a nobel prize was never awarded for it.
1964 (mcmlxiv) was .
year 587 (dlxxxvii) was a common year starting on wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the julian calendar. the denomination 587 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the anno domini calendar era became the prevalent method in europe for naming years.
1191 (mcxci) was .
this is the year the popular game for xbox 360, assassin's creed, is set.
1984 (mcmlxxxiv) was .
1985 (mcmlxxxv) was .
1986 (mcmlxxxvi) was .
1918 was a common year starting on tuesday in the gregorian calendar, and a common year starting on monday in the julian calendar.
lillian pulitzer rousseau (lillian lee mckim; november 10, 1931 – april 7, 2013), better known as lilly pulitzer, was an american fashion designer and socialite. she is known for founding lilly pulitzer, inc., which makes clothes with bright, colorful patterns. because the brand has been very popular with rich people, lilly has been called the "queen of prep".
lillian lee mckim, nicknamed lilly, was born on november 10, 1931 in roslyn, new york. her father was robert v. mckim and her mother was lillian mckim (maiden name bostwick). she was the middle child, with an older sister named mary maude and younger sister named florence fitch. her mother, lillian, was an heir to the standard oil fortune. lillian divorced robert and married ogden phipps in 1937.
lilly went to the chapin school in new york city, along with bouvier sister jacqueline. in 1949, she graduated from miss porter's school in farmington, connecticut. she attended the college-finishing school finch college in new york city, but left after one semester to work as a midwife's assistant in west virginia and later as a volunteer at the veterans hospital in the bronx.
in 1950, she married peter pulitzer, the grandson of publisher joseph pulitzer. they moved to palm beach, where lilly started her clothing company, lilly pulitzer, inc. in 1969, lilly and peter were divorced. she married enrique rousseau soon after. she legally changed her name to lillian rousseau, but her clothing company kept the "lilly pulitzer" label. lilly continued to live in palm beach. enrique died from cancer in 1993.
lilly has three children from her marriage to peter: peter, minnie, and liza. peter lives in bridgehampton, new york, with his wife, elise, and five children: fiona, caleb, stefan, aaron, and daniella. liza currently lives in west palm beach, florida, with her husband, henry, and three children: waverly, hattie and rayna. liza is currently helping out in florida with the lilly pulitzer brand.
pulitzer died on april 7, 2013 in her home in palm beach, california from natural causes, at age 81.
lilly and peter settled in palm beach, florida, shortly after their marriage. peter owned several florida citrus groves, and with fruit from the groves lilly opened a juice stand on via mizner, just off worth avenue in palm beach.
in the course of working at the juice stand, lilly found that squeezing juice made a mess of her clothes. seeking to hide the juice stains, she designed a sleeveless shift dress made of bright, colorful printed cotton. lilly found that customers loved her dress, so she made more to sell at her juice stand. eventually, she was selling more dresses than juice, and decided to focus on making and selling what had become known as her "lillys".
in 1959, lilly became president of her own company, lilly pulitzer, inc. the company's main factory was located in miami, florida and the fabrics were produced by the key west hand print fabrics company in key west.
from the 1960s to the early 1980s, lilly's bright, colorful clothes were very popular, worn by rich people such as first lady jackie kennedy, and members of the rockefeller, vanderbilt and whitney families. however, by 1984, lilly felt she was not having as much fun as she used to and retired, closing down her entire clothing business.
revival of the brand.
in 1993, the rights to the lilly pulitzer brand were bought by sugartown worldwide, inc. they contacted lilly with the hopes of bringing back the brand because, "they just loved lilly, their mothers and sisters loved lilly, and they wanted to bring the line back," according to lilly herself. lilly is not involved in the day-to-day running of the company, but she continues to do things like approve new designs, fabrics, and collections.
today, the company has 75 lilly pulitzer signature stores (also known as via stores), several company-owned retail stores, sells to independently owned stores and is in major department stores such as bloomingdales, lord and taylor, nordstrom, and neiman marcus. on december 21, 2010, sugartown worldwide, inc. was bought by oxford industries, inc.
along with women's clothing, the company also makes men's clothing, children's clothing, maternity clothes, shoes, jewelry, accessories, bedding (revived in 2010), and stationery. the company started a bridal collection in 2010.
lilly pulitzer has made special collections with sorority prints on them, among them kappa delta, kappa kappa gamma, delta delta delta, and delta zeta. she has held contests on her facebook page to vote on which sororities will get their own prints.
lisa birnbach's humorous "guides", "the official preppy handbook" and its sequel "true prep: it’s a whole new old world", say lilly pulitzer clothing is a must-have item for "preppy" women.
the museum of lifestyle & fashion history in boynton beach, florida, ran an exhibit from august 2010 through may 2011 about the clothing and designs of lilly pulitzer. museum director lori durante stated "lilly pulitzer fashion is relative to the american experience ... it is relevant to palm beach county, to florida."
the space shuttle columbia disaster occurred when broke up when it was reentering the atmosphere on february 1, 2003. the cause of the disaster was that a piece of foam broke from the external fuel tank. this made a hole in the shuttle's wing. during its entry, hot gases entered the wing, causing it to break up. all of the people on board died when it broke up.
parts of "columbia" were found across the state of texas. the cockpit window is now inside the pavilion at the kennedy space center in florida.
launch & response.
"columbia" launched on its final mission on january 16, 2003. it was "columbia"'s 28th flight and the 113th of any shuttle.
81 seconds into flight, a briefcase-sized part of the external fuel tank's foam insulation, which stops ice from forming while the very cold liquid fuel is in the tank, broke away and hit "columbia". such debris strikes had happened before - in particular on sts-27 in which a piece of a booster's forward heat shield broke and hit "atlantis"' bottom-side heat shield - and were seen as an acceptable risk. however, this debris strike hit "columbia"'s left wing head on, punching a hole through the panels on the wing's forward edge.
once high-quality video of the launch was ready, nasa reviewed it and concluded that everything was fine, and stopped engineers from using department of defense images from orbit to get a closer look. nasa management thought that even if something were wrong, it would be better for the crew not to know since rescue or repair would be nearly impossible. one flight director contacted "columbia" about the concerns, but stressed "we have seen this same phenomenon on other flights and there is absolutely no concern for [re-]entry."
on february 1, "columbia" prepared to return to earth on a path that would take it over the usa from west to east. at 8:15 est, about an hour before "columbia" was due to land, it lit its engines and changed its course so that it would re-enter the atmosphere. a 13-minute video recorded in the cabin, ending eleven minutes before the loss of signal from "columbia", shows the astronauts in good spirits and unaware of the danger. as "columbia" entered the atmosphere, the air heated up around it due to the shuttle moving at extreme speeds, over twenty times the speed of sound. this air was able to enter the wing through the hole made during launch, melting through it and causing the shuttle to lose lift on that side. this loss of lift caused the shuttle to turn away from its re-entry path, tumble, and break up from the drag of the air.
"columbia" passed over california at 8:53. video shows flashes happening and an unusual trail left behind "columbia", which even hobbyist watchers saw as out of the ordinary. at this point, the temperature of the damaged part of the wing was around 3,000°f (1,650°c). by 8:58 "columbia", still moving at incredible speeds, crossed from new mexico into texas, at which point it began shedding debris. by this point several temperature sensors in the damaged left wing had stopped working, and one of the flight controllers reported that the tyre pressure sensors on that side were reporting "off scale low"- meaning that it is a reading that falls below the minimum capability of the sensor, and it usually indicates that the sensor has stopped functioning, due to internal or external factors, not that the quantity it measures is actually below the sensor's minimum response value. 
the last communication with commander rick husband was "roger, uh bu-" at 8:59. 45 seconds later, video from the ground shows "columbia" breaking apart. mission control began its disaster procedures at 9:12. 
fraternities and sororities are social groups for college students, though sometimes high schools have them too. they exist mostly in the united states and europe. the words "frater" and "soror" are latin for "brother" and "sister" and used to show closeness between members. they also denote whether the group is for men or women. sororities are only for women. fraternities are only for men. but there are some fraternities for women.
fraternities and sororities often have groups at many different schools. each fraternity or sorority is given two or three greek letters to call themselves, for example, αφ (alpha phi) or αχω (alpha chi omega). to tell the difference between groups at different schools, called chapters, each chapter is given another set of greek letters. for example, a man in the kappa sigma fraternity who goes to the university of louisiana at lafayette is part of the fraternity's ex (epsilon chi) chapter. chapters sometimes have houses on or near the campus of the college the members attend that members can live in.
fraternities and sororities often participate in community service.
fraternities and sororities are often exclusive, meaning people who want to join need to be invited to do so. this is done during a process called "rushing". during a rush, people who want to join a chapter will talk to current members. if the member think the person rushing is a good fit for the group, they will get an invitation, called a "bid", to join the chapter. if the person rushing accepts, they become a "pledge".
the pledging period is a time when the pledge is not yet a full member, and may leave or be refused membership at any time. sometimes, members of the chapter will put the pledge through trials. sometimes they are tests on the history of the fraternity they are trying to join, wearing a badge with the fraternity's letters on it at all times, or performing public service. sometimes the trials are cruel, dangerous or humiliating. if the trials are cruel, it is called "hazing". hazing is illegal in 44 states.
after the pledging period, the pledge becomes a full member of the chapter and fraternity or sorority.
the bernese mountain dog is a breed of dog from switzerland. 
these dogs are "tricolour", which means their coat of fur is made up of three colors: black, white, and tan. they are gentle, loyal, and good with children. bernese mountain dogs are very large dogs, weighing from 70 to 120 pounds (32 to 54 kilograms) as adults. they were first used to pull carts and worked as all-around farm dogs.
fire ecology is about the effects of fire on the ecosystems where it occurs. the results of fire are studied, and also what causes the fires. 
in many ecosystems, fire helps keep the habitat healthy. examples of such habitats are the north american prairie and chaparral ecosystems, and the south african savanna. in these ecosystems, fire helps renew the habitat. in theses places, many plants and trees have adapted and need fire to grow well, or for their seeds to germinate and start ecological succession.
if the fires are stopped, dry wood and dead plants accumulate. bushes and trees that catch fire easily will start growing. when this area finally does catch fire, it will make the wildfire larger and more damaging, and be harder to control.
in the united states, campaigns have made people believe that wildfires are always bad for nature. this comes from the old belief that ecosystems grow towards a stable system, and disturbances like fires stop that, and destroy the harmony of nature. but we have since learned that in some areas, fire is needed to make the system work properly; fire also helps biodiversity of many habitats. the plants and animals in these habitats have adapted to protect themselves from fire, and sometimes must have fire to survive.
still, fire can kill people or burn down buildings. now, controlled burns are sometimes done to have fire where it is needed, but don't let it go where it can cause damage to people or their property.
the goldman sachs group, inc., or just goldman sachs is an investment banking and securities firm. they are involved with global investment banking, securities, investment management, and other financial services mainly with institutional clients. they are also known to be a primary dealer in the united states treasury security market.
2017-four have goldman sachs usd 7.830.000.000 ("deutsch 7,83 milliarden dollar").
startups in which the company or its funds have invested is h2o.ai, , amount, striim, place, unqork, and enterra.
the province is a newspaper that serves the british columbia province in canada. the province was founded in 1898. the paper was bought in 1923 by a southam family. the newspaper runs daily and is the most read newspaper in the province of british columbia with the vancouver sun coming in second place. the newspaper also had a radio station named cfcb and it relinquished its licence in february of 1940 after the canadian broadcasting corporation told it to.
"the province" and "vancouver sun" are both owned by postmedia network inc.
the vancouver sun is a newspaper that serves the british columbia province in canada. the "vancouver sun" was founded in 1912. the newspaper runs daily and is the second most read newspaper in the province of british columbia with the province coming in first place. the newspaper has the largest newsroom in vancouver although its staff of reporters has reduced in recent years. the vancouver sun is not a part of the sun media chain which has newspapers in toronto, ottawa, winnipeg, calgary and edmonton.
the "vancouver sun" is owned by postmedia.
rustavi () is a city in georgia. it was founded in the 4th century by trdat of iberia. in the 13th century, it became empty. rustavi was rebuilt in the 20th century. rustavi has the rustavi metallurgical plant. as of 2014, the city had 125,103 people.
the gaur is a bovine species, similar to the bison. bos gaurus (or indian bison) is the largest living bovine. it is native to south asia and southeast asia. 
the height up to the shoulder of the male is 175 to 195 cm. when the female is 165 to 185 cm. has the same height. length from head to body is 240 to 300 cm. and length 70 to 105 cm. have. the flowering of horns, which are relatively short cylindrical and have a small roundness on the inside, is about 85 to 100 cm. mating at any time of the year. new chicks are found especially during the months of november to march. its gestation period is about 270 days.  
the pregnant female is separated from her group. gives birth to a baby and keeps the baby moving around. the female takes constant care of him. babies start walking a few minutes after birth. the female and cub reunite after being separated from their group for a few days.
the species is listed as vulnerable on the iucn red list since 1986. population trends are stable in well-protected areas, and are building up in a few areas which had been neglected.
the gaur is the tallest species of wild cattle. 
the malayan gaur is called "seladang", and the burmese gaur is called "pyoung".
the domesticated form of the gaur "bos frontalis" is called 'gayal' or 'mithun'.
the term seed ferns (pteridospermatophyta) are several groups of extinct seed plants (spermatophytes). 
the oldest fossil evidence of plants of this type is from upper devonian strata. they flourished during the carboniferous and permian periods. 
pteridosperms declined during the mesozoic era and had mostly disappeared by the end of the cretaceous. some fossil pteridosperm-like plants seem to have survived into eocene times in tasmania.
history of the term.
the concept of the pteridosperms goes back to the late 19th century. palaeobotanists saw that many carboniferous fossils which looked like ferns had anatomical features like cycads. 
british palaeobotanists made the discovery that some of these fronds were associated with seeds, and concluded that the fronds and seeds belonged to the same plants. 
initially it was still thought that they were intermediate between the ferns and cycads. in the english-speaking world they were referred to as "seed ferns" or "pteridosperms". today, most palaeobotanists regard them as being only distantly related to ferns and that these names are misleading. the names have nevertheless stuck.
later during the 20th century, the concept of pteridosperms was expanded to include various mesozoic groups of seed plants with fern-like fronds. some palaeobotanists also included seed plant groups with entire leaves such as "glossopteris" and its relatives, which was clearly stretching the concept. 
the seed ferns were by far the earliest seed plants, and must have included the ancestors of the later plants. they are spread across a number of clades, so many palaeobotanists today regard pteridosperms as little more than a paraphyletic 'grade-group'.
does the concept of pteridosperms have any value today? many palaeobotanists still use the term in an informal sense for the seed plants that are not angiosperms, coniferoids (conifers or cordaites), ginkgophytes or cycadophytes (cycads or bennettites). 
this is useful for extinct seed plant groups, whose relationships are unknown. we can call them" pteridosperms" with no suggestion of their being a clade. also, for curators or collectors, the term 'pteridosperm' is a useful shorthand for describing fern-like fronds probably produced by seed plants, which are often found in palaeozoic and mesozoic fossil floras.
robert john riggins (born august 4, 1949 in seneca, kansas) is a retired american football running back who used to play for the new york jets and washington redskins of the nfl. he was nicknamed "the diesel". he won super bowl xvii with the washington redskins where he was also the mvp and is a member of the redskins ring of fame. he was inducted into the pro football hall of fame in 1992.
glossopteris is the largest and best-known genus of the extinct seed ferns. they were typical plants of the coal forests or coal swamps which lasted from the pennsylvanian (later carboniferous) to the end of the permian.
the coal swamps were world-wide because, for that long time, the continents were close together in gondwana. therefore they had similar wet, tropical climates.
the glossopteridales arose in the southern hemisphere around the beginning of the permian (~300 milliom years ago). their distribution across several continents led eduard suess to suggest the southern continents were once together in a single supercontinent – gondwana. 
these plants went on to become the dominant elements of the southern flora through the rest of the permian but disappeared in almost all places at the end of the permian (~250mya). 
the only convincing triassic records are very earliest triassic leaves from nidpur, india. even these records are somewhat questionable owing to faulting and complex juxtapositioning of permian and triassic strata at nidpur. 
some textbooks cite the continuation of glossopterids into later parts of the triassic and, in some cases into the jurassic. these are mistakes based on misidentification of similar leaves, such as those of "gontriglossa", "sagenopteris", or "mexiglossa". 
glossopterids were, thus, one of the major casualties of the end-permian mass-extinction event.
the gnetophytes are a group of seed plants with three genera. their evolutionary relationships are unclear, but it is now clear that they are related to each other.
the three genera are:
by looking at the structure of these organisms (morphology) and the dna (molecular taxonomy), scientists have found that "gnetum" and "welwitschia" are more closely related to each other than to "ephedra".
pulitzer may refer to:
andy & lucas are a spanish flamenco band formed by andrés morales and lucas gonzález. they introduced their first cd in 2003. 
andrés was born on april 4, 1982 and lucas gonzález on september 28, 1982. they lived in cádiz (la laguna) and they went to the same school. on may 26, 2003 they edited their first album which had 13 songs. the single "son de amores" became the summer song in spain. they sold more than 500,000 copies around the world.
their second album was called "desde mi barrio" and it was edited on 2004. their third album was "ganas de vivir". it had 12 songs. andy wrote seven of the songs, and lucas wrote five.
warren william zevon (january 24, 1947 – september 7, 2003) was an american rock singer-songwriter and musician known for including his strange and somewhat critical opinions of life in his lyrics. zevon wrote many songs that were humorous and often political
many famous musicians have said they liked zevon's work, including jackson browne, bruce springsteen, bob dylan, and neil young. his most famous songs include "werewolves of london", "lawyers, guns and money", "roland the headless thompson gunner" and "johnny strikes up the band." all of these are from his third and most famous album: "excitable boy" (1978). zevon has written many songs that were recorded by other artists. these include "poor poor pitiful me" (a top 40 hit by linda ronstadt), "accidentally like a martyr," "mohammed's radio," "carmelita", and "hasten down the wind".
zevon sometimes recorded or sang cover songs. he liked to sing bob dylan's "knockin' on heaven's door" and leonard cohen's "first we take manhattan". he was often a guest on "late night with david letterman" and the "late show with david letterman". letterman later sang with zevon on "hit somebody! (the hockey song)" with paul shaffer and members of the cbs orchestra.
he had a lot of problems in his life, including divorce, alcoholism, and suicide attempts. he also had a paranoia of doctors and this killed him: he did not know he had cancer until doctors could not help him.
zevon was born in chicago, illinois. his parents were to william zevon, a secular jew and beverly cope simmons, a mormon from salt lake city, utah. they soon moved to fresno, california. by the age of 13, zevon sometimes visited igor stravinsky where he studied modern classical music. zevon's parents divorced when he was 16 years old. after the divorce, he dropped out of high school and moved from los angeles to new york to become a folk singer.
in 1978, zevon released his most popular and critically acclaimed album "excitable boy". radio stations often played the songs off the album, especially "werewolves of london." "werewolves of london" and "excitable boy" were both examples of black humor (jokes about bad things). the album also had the songs "roland the headless thompson gunner" and "lawyers, guns and money," which were both deadpan humor songs about geopolitics.
"rolling stone" named the album one of the most important albums in the 1970s. they said that he, neil young, jackson browne, and bruce springsteen were four of the best new artists to emerge in the 1970s.
after "excitable boy" warren zevon published "bad luck streak in dancing school" in 1980. this album had the only other song recorded by zevon that reached the billboard top 100: "a certain girl." "a certain girl" is a rhythm and blues song written by allen toussaint.
this album was dedicated to ken millar, who calls himself "ross macdonald." millar is a writer who writes mystery novels, and zevon really liked millar's stories. he met millar in an intervention put together by the journalist paul nelson. for awhile this intervention helped zevon not drink too much alcohol.
cancer, death and "the wind".
warren zevon did not like to go to the doctor, and never went to one when he was an adult. before playing at the edmonton folk music festival in 2002, he started feeling dizzy and started to have a chronic cough. when zevon told his dentist his problems, his dentist recommended seeing a doctor. when he finally visited one, the doctor diagnosed him with mesothelmia.
warren zevon did not want to get treated for his cancer if it might keep him from making music. so instead he started to make his final album, titled "the wind". he had a lot of friends who helped him make the album. these friends included bruce springsteen, don henley, jackson browne, timothy b. schmit, joe walsh, david lindley, billy bob thornton, emmylou harris, tom petty, dwight yoakam, and others. 
papa john's is the third largest pizza company based in the united states. its headquarters are in louisville, kentucky, u.s. it was founded by john schnatter in 1984.
the order paucituberculata contains the six surviving species of shrew opossum. "caenolestes" is the main genus, and the group as a whole may be called 'caenolestids'.
they are small, shrew-like marsupials of the andes mountains of south america.
20 million years ago, there were at least seven genera in south america. today, just three genera remain. they live in inaccessible forest and grassland regions of the high andes.
insectivores were absent from south america until the great american interchange three million years ago, and are present now only in the northwestern part of the continent. shrew opossums have lost ground to the these and other placental invaders that fill the same ecological niches. nevertheless, the ranges of shrew opossums and insectivores overlap broadly.
shrew opossums are about the size of a small rat (9–14 cm long), with thin limbs, a long, pointed snout and a slender, hairy tail. they are largely carnivorous, being active hunters of insects, earthworms and small vertebrates. they have small eyes and poor sight, and hunt in the early evening and at night, using their hearing and long, sensitive whiskers to locate prey. they seem to spend much of their lives in underground burrows and on surface runways.
largely because of their rugged, inaccessible habitat, they are very poorly known. recent studies suggest that they may be more common than had been thought.
the australidelphia is a superorder of australasian marsupial mammals.
it consists in five extant (living) orders, which contain most of the world's marsupials.
the öfb ladies cup is the cup competition in austrian women soccer. it was first played in the 1972/73 season under the guidance of the vienna football association as ladies cup. since the 1992/93 season the ladies cup is under the guidance of the öfb (austrian football association) and is called öfb-ladies-cup. from 2004 till 2009 the competition was called öfb-stiegl-ladies-cup, after the main sponsor of the cup, a brewery from salzburg.
the cup is played with 32 teams in five rounds. the ten members of the öfb-frauenliga and 22 teams from the nine federal states take part. in the first round the teams were drawn after local aspects.
lepidodendron is an extinct genus of primitive (tree-like) plant. they were the first large land plants, and a major part of the coal forest tropical flora. 
they were huge, over , and the trunks were often over in diameter. 
sometimes called 'giant club mosses', they are actually closer to the quillworts "isoetes" than to clubmosses.
they thrived during the pennsylvanian sub-period of the carboniferous 315–300 million years years ago.
the conditions were tropical swamps and rain forests of a huge river system much larger that the amazon basin. 
the river plain which was the heart of the wetland stretched across pangaea 5000 km from eastern canada to the ukraine, and was 700 km wide.p6 this would make the pennsylvanian basin larger than any wetlands on earth today.
change of climate.
the rainforest system collapsed about halfway through the pennsylvanian, and was replaced by a cooler, drier climate. 
the wetland forests ended when the land level was raised by the pressure of the gondwana continent against laurussia, causing the zone of contact to be raised. the end of the coal measures marks the end of the carboniferous period. china was too far away to be affected, and there the wetland forests continued for another 50 million years, into the early permian.p30
"lepidodendron" had tall, thick trunks that rarely branched and were topped with a crown of bifurcating branches bearing clusters of leaves. these leaves were long and narrow, similar to large blades of grass, and were spirally-arranged. 
the closely packed diamond-shaped leaf scars left on the trunk and stems as the plant grew provide some of the most interesting and common fossils in carboniferous shales and accompanying coal deposits. these fossils look much like tire tracks or alligator skin. 
the scars, or leaf cushions, were composed of green photosynthetic tissue, evidenced by the cuticle covering and being dotted with stomata, microscopic pores through which carbon dioxide from the air diffuses into plants. likewise, the trunks of "lepidodendron" would have been green, unlike modern trees which have scaly, non-photosynthetic brown or gray bark.
"lepidodendron" has been likened to a giant herb. the trunks produced very little, if any, wood. most structural support came from a thick, bark-like region. this region remained around the trunk as a rigid layer that did not flake off like that of most modern trees. as the tree grew, the leaf cushions expanded to accommodate the increasing width of the trunk.
the branches of this plant ended in cone-like structures. "lepidodendron" did not produce seeds like many modern plants. instead, it reproduced by means of spores.
stigmaria are a type of branching tree root fossil found in carboniferous rocks. they were the roots of coal forest lycopsid trees such as "sigillaria" and "lepidodendron". each trunk had four of those roots. "stigmaria" is a "form taxon", as the genus and species of the plant bearing the root cannot be identified.
e. i. du pont de nemours and company (often dupont) is an american chemical company. eleuthère irénée du pont founded it in july 1802 as a gunpowder mill. dupont was the world's third largest chemical company based on market capitalization and ninth based on revenue in 2009. its stock price is a component of the dow jones industrial average.
in the 20th century, dupont developed many polymers such as vespel, neoprene, nylon, corian, teflon, mylar, kevlar, zemdrain, m5 fiber, nomex, tyvek, sorona and lycra. dupont developed freon (chlorofluorocarbons) for the cooling industry and later, more environmentally friendly refrigerants. it developed synthetic pigments and paints including chromaflair.
some of dupont's trademarked brands have become genericized. for instance, “neoprene” was originally intended to be a trademark, but quickly came into common usage.
ramón melendi espinosa (born 21 january 1979 in oviedo, asturias) is a spanish pop and rumba singer. he studied in the school, leopoldo alas "clarín" with the formula 1 pilot fernando alonso. he wrote a song for him called "magic alonso".
in 2003, melendi made his first album "sin noticias de holanda" which had 12 songs. in december of the same year, he wrote two new songs, "asturias" and "moratalá", which were very successful. in 2004, one of his songs, "con la luna llena", was chosen as the official song of a spanish bicycling event called "la vuelta ciclista españa". one year later, he made his second single album "que el cielo espere sentao". he sold more than 200,000 copies of it. some years later he made three more albums.
melendi sings in concerts around spain and south america.
mojang studios is a video game company based in sweden. it started in stockholm and was created by markus persson, who is commonly called notch. he is known for making "minecraft". the company was started in may 2009. it is the company that created and updates "minecraft". it also develops some other games.
on september 15, 2014, microsoft bought mojang for 2.5 billion united states dollars. after the deal was made, markus persson announced that he would leave mojang. in may 2020, mojang was re-branded to become mojang studios.
marsupial moles (notoryctidae) is a family of marsupials of the order notoryctemorphia. there are only two extant species:
the two species of marsupial moles are rare and poorly understood burrowing mammals of the deserts of western australia.
marsupial moles spend most of their time underground, coming to the surface only occasionally, probably mostly after rains. they are blind, their eyes having become reduced to vestigial lenses under the skin, and they have no external ears, just a pair of tiny holes hidden under thick hair. they do not dig permanent burrows, filling the tunnel in behind them as they move.
homininae is a subfamily of hominidae, which includes humans, gorillas, and chimpanzees which are native to africa.
most importantly, it also includes extinct human relatives such as ardipithecus, australopithecus, and earlier species of the genus "homo". it includes all those hominid species which arose after the split from the other great apes.
fc stattegg was a women's football club from stattegg, austria. the club played in the öfb-frauenliga, the highest class in austrian women soccer. in 2011 the team was token over by sk sturm graz. 
as 20 may 2011, in brackets national team
trégastel is a commune. it is found in the region bretagne in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france.
these are the official sister cities of trégastel:
garret desmond fitzgerald (9 february 1926 – 19 may 2011) was an irish politician who served twice as taoiseach (prime minister) of ireland, from 1981 to 1982 and again from 1982 to 1987. elected to seanad éireann in 1965, and in 1969 to dáil éireann as a teachta dála (td), he served as ireland's foreign minister from 1973 to 1977 and as leader of fine gael from 1977 to 1987.
fitzgerald was born in dublin in 1926 into a very politically active family. his father was desmond fitzgerald, his mother, the former mabel washington mcconnell, was a nationalist and republican of ulster protestant descent.
he was educated at the jesuit belvedere college and university college dublin (ucd). a bright student who counted among his contemporaries in ucd his future political rival, charles haughey, who also knew joan o'farrell (the liverpool-born daughter of a british army officer), a fellow student whom fitzgerald would marry in 1947.
he later qualified as a barrister from the king's inns of ireland.
early political life.
fitzgerald was eager to enter politics and, although it was suggested by several members of fianna fáil (including charles haughey) that he should join them, he made his entry into party politics under the banner of fine gael. he was elected to seanad éireann in 1965 and soon built up his political profile. fitzgerald was elected to dáil éireann at the 1969 general election, for the dublin south-east constituency.
minister for foreign affairs.
after the 1973 general election, fine gael came to power in a coalition government with the labour party, with liam cosgrave as taoiseach. fitzgerald hoped that he would take over as minister for finance, however the position went to richie ryan, with fitzgerald becoming minister for foreign affairs.
ireland was no longer a member of the commonwealth of nations, but in 1973 had joined the european economic community (eec), now known as the european union (eu). fitzgerald, with his innovative views, energy and fluency in the french language, won ireland a status in european affairs far beyond the country's size and ensured that the first irish presidency of the european council in 1975 was a noted success.
leader of fine gael.
in 1977, the national coalition of fine gael and labour suffered a disastrous electoral defeat in the general election. liam cosgrave resigned as party leader and fitzgerald was chosen by acclamation to succeed him.
under fitzgerald, fine gael experienced a rapid rise in support and popularity. after the november 1982 election it held only five seats fewer than fianna fáil (their closest ever margin until 2011; at times fianna fáil was nearly twice as large), with fine gael in the oireachtas than fianna fáil, who had been the dominant force in irish politics for 40 years.
by the time of the 1981 general election, fine gael won 65 seats and formed a minority coalition government with the labour party and the support of a number of independent tds. fitzgerald was elected taoiseach, on 30 june 1981.
two key problems faced fitzgerald during his first period: northern ireland and the worsening economic situation. on one occasion where he met with relatives of the h-block hunger strikers, two of thomas mcelwee's sisters, mary and nora, broke down and left the meeting; mary said to the media outside that "he's doing nothing, he's asking for suggestions". fitzgerald then ordered gardaí to remove the families from the meeting.
in the subsequent general election in february 1982, fine gael lost only two seats but were out of power. however, a third general election within eighteen months, in november 1982, resulted in fitzgerald being returned as taoiseach for a second time, heading a fine gael–labour coalition with a working majority.
as taoiseach for a second time, fitzgerald advocated a liberalisation of irish society. his attempt to introduce divorce was defeated in a referendum, although he did liberalise ireland's contraception laws.
a controversial pro-life amendment (anti-abortion clause), which was stated to recognise the "right to life of the unborn, with due regard to the equal right to life of the mother", was added to the irish constitution—against fitzgerald's advice—in a 1983 national referendum.
fitzgerald set up the new ireland forum in 1983, which brought together representatives of the constitutional political parties in the republic and the nationalist sdlp from northern ireland. it provided the incentive for the reopening of serious negotiations between the irish and british governments, which resulted in the anglo-irish agreement of 1985.
while the agreement was rejected and criticised by unionists, it was said to become the basis for developing trust and common action between the irish and british governments which, in time, would ultimately bring about the downing street declaration of 1993 and, subsequently, the republican and loyalist cease-fires.
infighting and declining support.
in january 1987, the labour party members of the government withdrew from the government over disagreements due to budget proposals. fitzgerald continued as taoiseach, heading a minority fine gael government and proposed the stringent budgetary cutbacks that labour had blocked for some four years. fianna fáil returned to power in march 1987, after fine gael were heavily defeated in the 1987 general election, and charles haughey was elected taoiseach.
fitzgerald retired as leader of fine gael immediately after the election of charles haughey as taoiseach, and retired completely from politics at the 1992 general election. his wife, joan, died before him in 1999; after that fitzgerald wrote a weekly column every saturday in "the irish times", and lectured widely at home and abroad on public affairs.
in 2009, fitzgerald had received a new ministerial car, the first and only one to have been bought by the state since an economic recession hit the country in 2008.
on 5 may 2011, it was reported that fitzgerald was seriously ill in a dublin hospital. the taoiseach, enda kenny, sent his regards and called him an "institution". he was put on a ventilator. on 19 may he died aged 85, from pneumonia, at the mater private hospital in dublin.
allineuc is a commune. it is found in the bretagne region in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france.
andel is a commune. it is found in the region bretagne in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france.
aucaleuc is a commune. it is found in the region bretagne in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france.
bégard is a commune. it is found in the region bretagne in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france.
bégard is twinned with:
belle-isle-en-terre is a commune. it is found in the region bretagne in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france.
berhet () is a commune. it is found in the region bretagne in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france.
binic is a former commune. it is found in the region bretagne in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france. once a commune of its own, binic is now part of the commune of binic-étables-sur-mer, following a merger on 1 march 2016.
bobital (, gallo: "bobitau") is a commune. it is found in the region bretagne in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france.
le bodéo (, gallo: "le bodéo") is a commune. it is in the region bretagne in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france.
boqueho is a commune. it is found in the region bretagne in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france.
la bouillie is a commune. it is found in the region bretagne in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france.
bourbriac is a commune. it is found in the region bretagne in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france.
pollensa is a village in the balearic islands, spain. it is on the island of mallorca, which is in the north. pollensa is a popular tourist area.
it highlights the calvary or the puente romano, 19th century and is on the torrente de sant jordi, the municipal museum, the music festival and numerous art exhibitions.
the port of pollensa has a long promenade and wide beaches. la cala de san vicente has a set of coves with crystalline waters and a set of prehistoric caves.
fotherby is a village and civil parish in lincolnshire, england. in 2001 there were 437 people living in fotherby. 
radwinter is a village and civil parish in uttlesford, essex, england. in 2001 there were 595 people living in radwinter.
brantham is a village and civil parish in babergh, suffolk, england. in 2001 there were 2,606 people living in brantham.
glemsford is a village and civil parish in babergh, suffolk, england. in 2001, there were 3,286 people living in glemsford.
sproughton (pronounced spror-ton) is a village and civil parish in babergh, suffolk, england, just to the west of ipswich. in 2016, there were 764 people living in sproughton.
kirton is a village and civil parish in suffolk coastal, suffolk, england. in 2001 there were 1,086 people living in kirton.
pettistree is a village and civil parish in suffolk coastal, suffolk, england. in 2001 there were 205 people living in pettistree.
lakenheath is a village and civil parish in forest heath, suffolk, england. in 2001 there were 4,490 people living in lakenheath.
littleport is a village and civil parish in cambridgeshire, england. in 2001 there were 7,521 people living in littleport.
brent eleigh is a village and civil parish in babergh, suffolk, england. in 2001, there were 174 people living in brent eleigh.
burstall is a village and civil parish in babergh, suffolk, england. in 2001 there were 189 people living in burstall.
lamarsh is a village and civil parish in braintree district, essex, england. in 2001 there were 177 people living in lamarsh.
whatfield is a village and civil parish in babergh, suffolk, england. in 2001, there were 318 people living in whatfield.
woolverstone is a village and civil parish in babergh, suffolk, england. in 2001, there were 244 people living in woolverstone.
elmsett is a village and civil parish in babergh, suffolk, england. in 2001, there were 730 people living in elmsett.
preston st mary is a village and civil parish in babergh, suffolk, england. in 2001, there were 220 people living in preston st mary.
chattisham is a village and civil parish in babergh, suffolk, england. in 2001, there were 138 people living in chattisham.
shotley is a village and civil parish in babergh, suffolk, england. in 2001, there were 2,373 people living in shotley.
wickham market is a village and civil parish in suffolk coastal, suffolk, england. in 2001 there were 2,204 people living in wickham market.
groove metal is a post-thrash subgenre of heavy metal. it is often used to describe pantera and exhorder. groove metal is basically thrash metal. but at a slower tempo. it also has aggressive and strong vocals, heavy sounding bass riffs and heavy guitar riffs with typical heavy metal solos.
petroleum coke is a solid that is mainly made of carbon. it is similar to coke, but it is gotten from petroleum (coke is made from coal). petroleum coke can be used as an industrial fuel, but there are very toxic by-products based on nickel and vanadium which make this a problem. petroleum coke is also used in the aluminum industry, and in the heat treatment of steel and iron. petroleum coke may be kept in a pile near an oil refinery ready for sale.
there are four types of petroleum coke. they are: needle coke, honeycomb coke, sponge coke and shot coke. different types of petroleum coke have different properties and microstructures.
needle coke is a crystalline petroleum coke. it is also called acicular coke. it is used in making electrodes for the steel and aluminium industries. needle coke is made only from either fluid catalytic cracking (fcc) decant oil or coal tar pitch.
honeycomb coke is an intermediate coke. compared to needle coke, honeycomb coke has a lower coefficient of thermal expansion and a lower electrical conductivity.
the chemicals inside petroleum coke depends on the petroleum feed stock used. it is mainly always made of carbon. it is also sometimes made up of hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur and so on.
elmswell is a village and civil parish in mid suffolk, suffolk, england. in 2001 there were 3,359 people living in elmswell.
woolpit is a village and civil parish in mid suffolk, suffolk, england. in 2001 there were 1,968 people living in woolpit.
wetherden is a village and civil parish in mid suffolk, suffolk, england. in 2001 there were 557 people living in wetherden.
waldringfield is a village and civil parish in suffolk coastal, suffolk, england. in 2001 there were 460 people living in waldringfield.
stokenham is a village and civil parish in south hams, devon, england. in 2001 there were 1,949 people living in stokenham.
hatfield peverel is a village and civil parish in braintree, essex, england. in 2001 there were 4,384 people living in hatfield peverel.
the b1137 and b1019 roads pass through the village.
the a12 road bypasses the village.
hatfield peverel has a station.
nacton is a village and civil parish in suffolk coastal, suffolk, england. in 2001 there were 672 people living in nacton.
ousby is a village and civil parish in eden, cumbria, england. in 2001 there were 362 people living in ousby.
tostock is a village and civil parish in mid suffolk, suffolk, england. in 2001 there were 414 people living in tostock.
kirkburton is a village in kirklees, west yorkshire, england. in 2001 there were 23,986 people living in kirkburton.
keighley ( ) is a town and civil parish in bradford, west yorkshire, england. in 2001 there were 51,429 people living in keighley.
harvey lavan "van" cliburn jr. (july 12, 1934 – february 27, 2013) was an american classical pianist.
cliburn was born in shreveport, louisiana on july 12, 1934. he moved to kilgore, texas at age six. he died on february 27, 2013 from bone cancer in fort worth, texas, aged 78.
as an honour, a street in fort worth, texas was named after him.
marlesford is a village and civil parish in suffolk coastal, suffolk, england. in 2001 there were 223 people living in marlesford.
ivinghoe is a village and civil parish in aylesbury vale, buckinghamshire, england. in 2001 there were 904 people living in ivinghoe.
robert malone (born february 4, 1988 in orange, california) is an american football punter for the new york jets of the national football league (nfl). 
malone was undrafted but played college football at fresno state university. malone was also on the roster of the jacksonville jaguars but was cut before training camp because they decided to stay with their current punter at that time adam podlesh. malone has also played for the tampa bay buccaneers in 2010 and the detroit lions in 2012.
robert capron (born july 9, 1998) is an american child actor, movie producer, movie director, screenwriter, and comedian. he was in "diary of a wimpy kid" series as rowley jefferson. he was in "frankenweenie" in 2012.
nmap is a computer program that is used for "port scanning" (finding out all the ways a computer communicates with other computers on a network). it was written by gordon lyon. it can also do other kinds of scanning. this is because nmap is open source, so many people can help write it to make it better.
nmap works on most operating systems. it works on linux, microsoft windows, mac os x, solaris, and bsd. most people use it on linux, but many people use it on windows.
what nmap can do.
here are some things nmap can do:
nmap also finds out other things about computers. it can find out dns names, mac addresses, and the kind of computer it is.
the 2011 super outbreak was a major tornado outbreak that happened during april 2011. it was the biggest tornado outbreak in us history. 362 tornadoes appeared during the outbreak. 3 ef5 tornadoes dropped down along with 12 ef4 tornadoes and 21 ef3 tornadoes. about 321 people died because of the tornadoes.
on the evening of april 25, dangerous supercells started forming across arkansas, northeast texas, and southeast oklahoma. the supercells then merged into a massive squall line of severe thunderstorms. the severe thunderstorms produced tornadoes. then, heavy rain formed northwest of the line of severe thunderstorms and tornadoes. an ef2 tornado struck vilonia, arkansas, and an ef3 tornado struck hot springs village, arkansas. later, the severe thunderstorms and tornadoes moved into tennessee and mississippi.
on april 26, the severe thunderstorms and tornadoes moved back into texas, oklahoma, and arkansas. on the evening of april 26, dangerous supercells formed over texas. those supercells produced dangerous tornadoes, like ef2 or ef3. then, those supecells moved into oklahoma and arkansas. the squall line of severe thunderstorms moved back into tennessee and mississippi.
on april 27, the supercells moved into tennessee and mississippi, and the squall line of severe thunderstorms moved into alabama. then, the supercells moved into alabama, and produced 3 ef5 tornadoes, 13 ef4 tornadoes, and 23 ef3 tornadoes. the squall line of severe thunderstorms moved into kentucky, north carolina, and south carolina.
on april 28, the supercells merged into a very large squall line, and moved into kentucky and the carolinas. the old squall line of severe thunderstorms moved into virginia, maryland, delaware, new jersey, and new york. then later, the new squall line moved into virginia, maryland, delaware, new jersey, and new york. the storm produced some tornadoes. the other squall lines disappeared. there were five deaths.
the governor of alabama, robert j. bentley, declared a state of emergency in alabama after the outbreak. the tornadoes caused many power outages because power lines were damaged. more than 675,000 homes that the tennessee valley authority served did not have electricity after the storms. alabama power said that 370,000 people in alabama did not have power after the storms.
brian harold billick (born february 28, 1954 in fairborn, ohio) is a retired american football player and coach. he is a national football league game analyst for fox. billick was the offensive coordinator for the minnesota vikings offense in 1998. he coached the 2000 baltimore ravens when they won super bowl xxxv. he was fired as head coach of the ravens on december 31, 2007. he still remains friends with baltimore ravens owner steve bisciotti. he has said that bisciotti did what he believed was best for the ravens.
billick was a studio analyst by abc sports. after being fired by the ravens, he became a draft analyst for the nfl network during the 2008 nfl draft. he is also an analyst on nfl total access. he has provided on-location analysis for the nfl scouting combine and nfl draft.
billick was drafted in the 11th round of the 1977 nfl draft by the san francisco 49ers. however, he was cut by the 49ers and the dallas cowboys. he never played in the nfl.
junípero serra y ferrer (november 24, 1713 – august 28, 1784) was a franciscan friar most well known for founding the first 9 california missions. he was from majorca in spain. he was a teacher of philosophy in spain and mexico in the 1740s.
in 1768, serra became head of the missionaries in baja california, and started the first and only franciscan mission there. soon after that, he started mission san diego de alcala, the first spanish mission in alta california (now the state of california). serra started nine missions in alta california.
he was head of the california missions, and was based in monterey. there is a statue of him in statuary hall in the capitol, where he represents california. he was beatified by pope john paul ii in 1988 and canonized (made a saint) in 2015 by pope francis. serra is often called the "father of california" due to the role of the missions in establishing european rule in what is now the state of california. however, some people are now criticizing him for the way he treated native americans. 
junipero serra was born in petra, a village on majorca in the balearic islands. his name at birth was miquel josep serra i ferrer, which is catalan.
at age 17, serra joined the franciscan order of monks.
work in the americas.
serra often punished himself in order to cleanse his soul of sins. he whipped himself.
work in california.
on july 1, 1769, serra arrived in what is now san diego. he started mission san diego de alcala. a mission is a religious community where the spanish taught the native people about their religion, catholicism.
serra started a total of nine missions. they are:
these missions were an important part of spanish rule because if a mission was built in a place, it would be harder for other european countries to claim that land for themselves.
in these missions, the native americans were taught european ways. they learned how to speak spanish and the basics of the catholic faith. they also farmed and made things such as candles and clothes. however, some native americans did not like living in the missions. they thought the spanish were treating them wrong and they fought back.
serra died at mission san carlos borromeo de carmelo in what is now carmel-by-the-sea, california. he is buried there. people go to his grave to pray in his name.
serra was beatified by pope john paul ii in 1988. when he was beatified, it means that the catholic church recognizes that he went to heaven and can intercede on behalf of people who pray in his name. he was also now called "blessed." however, he was not a saint yet because beatification is step 3 out of the 4 steps of becoming a saint in the catholic church.
in 2015, pope francis canonized serra. that means that he is now officially recognized as a saint in the catholic church and has his own feast day (july 1 in the united states, august 28 everywhere else). july 1 is his feast day in america to honor the day he arrived in san diego.
there are many statues of junipero serra in california. there are also many places named after him, such as schools and roads.
people have criticized junipero serra for his treatment of the native people who live in what is now the state of california. they said that he beat them up and didn't allow them to practice their own cultures and religions. however, other people say that serra did a lot of good things for the native people. unlike other europeans at the time, he thought that the native californians had souls. he also taught them how to read and write.
in 2020, many statues of junipero serra were damaged and pulled down. other statues of him have been removed and put away. these events have taken place in light of the george floyd protests, when people were working to end racism in american society.
preludes, op. 28 is a collection of 24 short musical works for solo piano, written by frédéric chopin between 1837 and 1838 and published in the middle of 1839, just after the composer's winter stay on the isle of majorca with george sand.
chopin was greatly influenced by johann sebastian bach when he wrote these preludes. each of the works in the collection is in a different major or minor key, with not one being left out, just like bach's 24 preludes and fugues in "the well-tempered clavier". but unlike bach, chopin arranges the preludes in order through the circle of fifths. the first prelude in the set is in c major, the next in a minor, then g major, e minor, and so on, until the last two, which are in f major and finally d minor.
the "preludes" are all very different. many are very short (they take only about one minute each to play), so the atmosphere changes quickly, and this can make the overall structure seem out of place. artists have recorded the entire set of preludes on cds, and they are often performed in concerts as well.
one of the well-known pieces from the "preludes" is prelude no. 15, in d-flat major and nicknamed "raindrop". this nickname refers to the monotonous repetition of one note in the accompaniment. it reminded early music lovers of the dripping of raindrops. another well-known number is prelude no. 4, in e minor, with its melancholy descending chords in the accompaniment.
besides the 24 preludes of op. 28, chopin would write three more preludes, op. 45 in c-sharp minor (composed in 1841), one in a-flat major (1834), and the so-called "devil's trill" prelude, in e-flat minor, which chopin never ended up finishing.
union kleinmünchen linz is a women soccer club from linz, upper austria. it was founded in 1980 and was the first club, which is a pure women soccer club. the colours of the team are red and white.
the club was founded in 1980 and started playing in the highest league. from 1980 till 2008 they played each season in the highest class. the season 2008/09 they played for the first time in the 2. league but next season (2009/10) they could reach the championship and were promoted to the öfb-frauenliga.
symphony no. 6 in f major, op. 68 (pastorale) is a symphony by ludwig van beethoven. the composer began making sketches for the symphony in 1806. the symphony was completed in 1808 in the village of heiligenstadt northwest of vienna. it was first performed in vienna, austria on 22 december 1808 in the theater an der wien with the premieres of the symphony no. 5 in c minor, the piano concerto no. 4 in g major, the "choral" fantasy, "ah! perfido!" (a concert aria composed in 1796), and excerpts from the mass in c major of 1807.
there are five movements in the symphony. the movements in order are allegro ma non troppo ("joyful feelings upon arriving in the country"), andante molto mosso ("by the brook"), allegro ("peasant merrymaking"), allegro ("the thunderstorm"), and allegretto ("the shepherd's song after the storm"). the first movement is in sonata form. it is placid and cheerful. it depicts the composer's feelings as he arrives in the country. the second movement is in sonata form. beethoven helpfully identified the bird species in the score: nightingale (flute), quail (oboe) and cuckoo (clarinet). the third movement is the scherzo movement of the symphony. it depicts the country folk dancing and it ends unexpectedly when the country folk notice that raindrops are starting to fall. the fourth movement depicts a violent thunderstorm, starting with just a few drops of rain and building to a climax. there is, of course, thunder, as well as lightning, high winds, and sheets of rain. the finale is in sonata rondo form. the first eight bars form a continuation of the introduction of which the storm was the main part; the finale proper begins in the ninth bar.
australasia is one of the world's geographical regions. it is unified in natural history and geology because of its ancient origin as part of the supercontinent gondwana. it is the geographical area which contains the australasian ecozone.
its islands are all south-east of the bali–lombok line, known as the wallace line, after alfred russel wallace. the main political entities are australia, indonesia and new zealand. the main islands are:
australasia's region is oceania. it includes australia, new zealand, the island of new guinea, and neighbouring islands in the pacific ocean.
the salzburger ak 1914 is a football club from salzburg. it was founded 1914 and is the oldest football club in salzburg.
the club was formed by pupils from a nearby school. in 1914 the club was officially formed and played their first match against fc traunstein. the first match was lost by 1:4. nevertheless before the second world war the sak 1914 was the most successful football club in salzburg. 1934, 1935 and 1937 they reached the final of the austrian amateur championship but could not win. edi kainberger, karl kainberger, ernst bacher and adolf laudon, players of sak, were part of the 1936 olympic squad, where austria reached the second place. at all they reached 3o championships in salzburg.
after the war other clubs like sv austria salzburg ( now red bull salzburg) or sk bischofshofen were more successful but the sak was the first team from salzburg which reached the highest class (1952-staatsliga a). also in the 1961/62 and 1980/81 season they played in the highest division. all together the sak played nine seasons in the professional leagues. but 1988 they were relegated from the 2.division and playing ever since that time in amateur leagues.
the 2007/08 season was the last in their venue, the sak sportanlage nonntal. it was renovated and was now called sportzentrum mitte. the sak must play together with the ufc salzburg at this pitch.
in brackets:level in austrian football
dysart () is a town on the south-east coast of scotland, between kirkcaldy and west wemyss in fife. a former royal burgh, dysart is now a suburb of kirkcaldy. dysart was once part of a large estate owned by the st clair or sinclair family. they were given burgh of barony status for the town at the end of the 15th century.
the first written record of the town was in the early 13th century. during the middle of the 15th century, the town traded with the low countries, and exported salt and coal. in the 16th and 17th centuries, they began to trade with the baltic countries. dysart got two nicknames: "salt burgh" and "little holland".
when the coal mine, the lady blanche pit, closed suddenly use of the harbour almost stopped. the town was joined with the royal burgh of kirkcaldy in 1930. large parts of the historic town were pulled down in the 1950s and 1960's for new housing. people living in the town were able to protect some areas, most notably the 16th century and the 18th century houses of pan ha' opposite the harbour. these have been repaired and preserved for future generations. today, dysart retains an individual character within the boundary borders of neighbouring kirkcaldy.
tattingstone is a village and civil parish in babergh, suffolk, england. in 2001, there were 462 people living in tattingstone.
chelmondiston is a village and civil parish in babergh, suffolk, england. in 2001, there were 1,018 people living in chelmondiston.
dinan is a commune. it is found in the region bretagne in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france. on 1 january 2018, the former commune of léhon was merged into dinan.
dinan is twinned with:
dinan is a start of the 6th stage of the 2011 tour de france.
guingamp is a commune. it is found in the region bretagne in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france.
guingamp is twinned with:
lannion is a commune. it is found in the region bretagne in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france.
saint-brieuc is a commune. it is the prefecture of the côtes-d'armor department in brittany.
saint-brieuc "préfecture" of the côtes-d'armor is twinned with :
capel st mary is a village and civil parish in babergh, suffolk, england. in 2001, there were 2,993 people living in capel st mary.
bourseul (, gallo: "bórsoeut") is a commune. it is found in the region bretagne in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france.
stoke-by-nayland is a village and civil parish in babergh, suffolk, england. in 2001, there were 703 people living in stoke-by-nayland.
bréhand is a commune. it is found in the region bretagne in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france.
holton st mary is a village and civil parish in babergh, suffolk, england. in 2001, there were 209 people living in holton st mary.
thorpe morieux is a village and civil parish in babergh, suffolk, england. in 2001, there were 257 people living in thorpe morieux.
a recession meaning is when the economy is negative two quarters in a row when gross domestic product goes down is the start of a recession.the great recession happened from 2007-2009.
this is a list of civil parishes in the ceremonial county of cumbria, england.
the whole of the borough is parished.
barrow in furness.
the former barrow in furness county borough is unparished.
the former carlisle county borough is unparished.
the former whitehaven municipal borough is unparished.
the former penrith urban district is unparished.
the whole of the district is parished.
marcel theo hall (april 8, 1964 – july 16, 2021), known professionally as biz markie, was an american rapper, dj, and record producer. he was best known for his 1989 single, "just a friend".
markie was born in harlem, manhattan, new york city. he married tara hall in 2005.
markie was nicknamed the "clown prince of hip hop".
on july 1, 2021, there had been rumors about markie dying.
markie died fifteen days later on july 16 in baltimore, maryland from diabetes-related problems at age 57.
matthew hansen "matt" mead (born march 11, 1962) is an american politician. he was the 32nd governor of wyoming from 2011 to 2019. he easily won against former chairman of the wyoming democratic party, leslie petersen in the election and became the governor.
mead was born in teton county, wyoming. mead is married to carol l. mintzer and they have 2 children together.
herman cain (december 13, 1945 – july 30, 2020) was an american businessman, politician and baptist minister.
he managed several businesses owned by pillsbury, such as burger king and godfather's pizza, which he ran from 1986 to 1996.
he was also head of the federal reserve bank in kansas city, missouri. cain started working in politics in 1994. he said that president clinton's health care plan was bad for business. some people credit him with stopping clinton's health care plan.
he unsuccessfully ran for president in the 2000. cain then ran for the u.s. senate in georgia in 2004, but he lost.
he was going to run for president in the republican primaries of 2012. cain won a couple of the republican straw polls. in december 2011, cain left the presidential race. this was because several women accused him of sexual harassment.
cain is african american and was from memphis.
cain went to a campaign rally of president donald trump in tulsa on june 20 without wearing a mask or socially distancing. he was hospitalized in atlanta, georgia and was diagnosed with covid-19. he died from the infection on july 30, 2020 at the age of 74.
marie-madeleine pioche de la vergne, countess of la fayette (or lafayette) was a french writer. she is commonly known as madame de lafayette. she was born on 18 march 1634 in paris, and died there, on 26 may 1693. in 1678, she published the novel "la princesse de clèves" (the princess of clèves). this book is regarded as one of the first psychological novels.
"marie adrienne" françoise de noailles, madame de la fayette (2 november 1759 – 24 december 1807). she was born in paris at the family home, the hôtel de noailles. known as "mademoiselle d'ayen-"she was the second daughter of the duc d'ayen, a powerful french noble-prior to her marriage to gilbert du motier, marquis de la fayette, in the chapel of the hôtel de noailles on april 11, 1774. the couple lived there for the first few years of their marriage. they had four children. 
lake torrens national park is a national park in south australia, 345 km north of adelaide. the park protects the area around lake torrens, which is a large, dry, salt lake covering an area of 5,700 square kilometres. the lake is part of a large rift valley that also includes spencer gulf. lake torrens has been filled with water twice in the last 150 years. 
the lake filled in 2010 and attracted a large number of birds, including 150,000 banded stilts. this bird can only breed on islands in flooded salt lakes and have only bred in south australia seven times in the last 70 years. the last known breeding was at lake eyre in 2000. during dry times the stilts live at the coorong lakes waiting for the salt lakes to flood.
the first european to find lake torrens was edward john eyre in 1839. for many years it was believed that lake torrens was a large horseshoe-shaped salt lake in the northern flinders ranges. this salt lake blocked any path to the interior. the first european to get through this barrier was a. c. gregory from the north in march 1858. 
later in 1858, an expedition under benjamin herschel babbage and major warburton in the north-west also crossed the non-existent barrier near modern marree. eyre's horseshoe lake was actually made up of six large salt lakes; lake frome, lake callabonna, lake blanche, lake gregory, lake eyre south, and lake torrens itself.
hominini is the tribe of african apes that comprises humans ("homo"), and all ancestors of "homo sapiens" back to the split from the apes. this branching is now dated at five to eight million years ago, with "sahelanthropus" as a key fossil.
a less frequent usage includes the two species present-day of the genus "pan" (the common chimpanzee and the bonobo). in this case, the subtribe hominina is the "human" branch, including genus "homo" and its close relatives, but not "pan". all species in this tribe carry the same four blood-types which can be exchanged between species.
hominina is a sub-tribe of the hominid primates. it is used by some anthropologists to include the upright biped apes, including the genus "homo".
if an anthropologist wants to includes chimpanzees in the tribe hominini, then it follows that a sub-tribe is needed to put australopithecines and humans in. but this is not a majority view at present, and the mainstream view is:
if used, the group includes "sahelanthropus" six to eight million years ago.
even today, the genus "homo" has not been properly defined.
because there was no reason to think it would ever have any additional members, carl linnaeus did not even bother to define "homo" when he first created it for humans in the 18th century. the discovery of neanderthals brought the first addition.
the genus "homo" was given its taxonomic name to suggest that its member species can be classified as human.
over the decades of the 20th century, there were fossil finds of pre-human and early human species from late miocene and early pliocene times.
classifying a fossil as "homo" means evidence of:
the summer palace is a palace in beijing, china. it is mainly dominated by longevity hill (60 meters high) and the kunming lake. it covers an expanse of 2.9 square kilometers, three quarters of which is water. the palace is a unesco world heritage site.
between 1750 and 1764 the qing emperor qianlong created the garden of clear ripples (summer palace), extending the area of the lake and carrying out other improvements based on the hill and its landscape. during the second opium war (1856-60) the garden and its buildings were destroyed by the allied forces. between 1886 and 1895 it was reconstructed by emperor guangxu and renamed the summer palace, for use by empress dowager cixi. it was damaged in 1900 by the international expeditionary force during the suppression of the boxer rising and 24 years later, it became a public park in 1924.
there are many buildings in the summer palace including the cloud-dispelling hall, the temple of buddhist virtue and the sea of wisdom temple.
the banded stilt ("cladorhynchus leucocephalus") is a stilt bird from australia. it is a type of water bird known as a wader.
the bird gets its name from the red-brown stripe that adults have on their chests. younger birds do not have them. its other feathers are pied (black and white) and the eyes are dark brown. the banded stilt is 35–45 cm tall. it is called the "flamingo of australia", and the rottnest snipe on rottnest island. however, it is not related to true snipes.
they spend much of their life looking for food near the ocean in river estuaries and on tidal flats, but they lay eggs in the desert when it rains there. they lay 1-5 eggs at a time. the eggs are white, brown or black eggs. the nests are small holes scraped in the sand or sandy clay. banded stilts breed on islands created when dry salt lakes fill with water. they come to the lakes to eat the brine shrimp, "paratemia". the eggs of the shrimp can lie in the dry lake beds for many years until the rains fall.
in 200 years of europen settlement in australia, people have only recorded banded stilts laying eggs on 20 occasions. in south australia, where the stilts are listed as a vulnerable species, they have only bred seven times in the last 70 years. in 2010 there was a huge breeding event at lake torrens national park where more than 150,000 birds gathered as the lake filled for only the second time in 150 years. the eggs and chicks are often eaten by silver gulls. in 2000 when the stilts were breeding on lake eyre, nearly all the chicks were eaten.
brief psychotic disorder is a short illness of less than one month that has psychotic symptoms. this could be like having schizophrenia symptoms for only an hour, but it can be any psychotic disorder, such as delusions or hallucinations. doctors describe three types of bpd. the first type is caused by some kind of traumatic stress. the second type has no known cause. some psychologists believe it could be from stimulants such as caffeine, morphine or any type of drug. there is no known cure but staying away from caffeinated drinking may lower the risk of brief psychotic disorder. the third type is caused by childbirth and usually affects mothers about four weeks after having a baby.
conduct disorder (cd) is a mental disorder in which a person habitually, deliberately violates the rights of others. they are typically aggressive and threaten to hit people. habitual stealing is common; some people with cd are sex offenders. they do not feel bad or guilty about hurting people, and often enjoy doing so. many people with cd go on to develop antisocial personality disorder. everyone who has aspd previously had cd. the cd affected person finds that acting out gives them attention (even though it is negative attention they are receiving) and in turn they feel it gives them a sense of importance. some risk factors are heredity, child neglect and the loss of family member and or parent. anti-psychotic therapy is recommended in cases where the offender is psychotic. a high proportion of people who have cd also have other mental disorders, most commonly attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, which makes the affects of cd worse.
kodad is a town in the nalgonda district of andhra pradesh in india. the madhira institute of technology and science has a 40 acre campus about eight kilometres from kodad.
hox genes are a group of related genes that determine the basic structure and orientation of animals and plants. 'hox' is short for 'homeobox'. 
hox genes are critical for the proper placement of segment structures of animals during early embryonic development (e.g. legs, antennae, and wings in fruit flies or the different vertebrate ribs in humans).
hox genes are a complex of genes whose proteins bind to the regulatory regions of target genes. the target genes then activate or repress cell processes to direct the final development of the organism. 
sequence of hox genes.
in some organisms, especially vertebrates, the various hox genes are very close to one another on the chromosome in groups or clusters.
the order of the genes on the chromosome is the same as the expression of the genes in the developing embryo. the first gene is expressed in the front of the developing organism. the reason for this co-linearity is not yet completely understood. the diagram above shows the relationship between the genes and protein expression in flies.
found in all animals and plants.
the homeodomain protein motif is highly similar in most animals and plants. in addition, homeodomains of individual hox proteins are similar in many species. 
because of this, it is thought hox gene clusters evolved from a single hox gene via tandem gene duplication. a hox gene cluster with at least seven different hox genes was probably present in the common ancestor of all bilateral animals.
humans have a total of 39 hox genes in clusters on four chromosomes.
can't be tamed is the third album made by american singer miley cyrus. the album has twelve songs including three singles.
development and singles.
"can't be tamed" is cyrus's first single. it was released may 18th, 2010. "can't be tamed" had good reviews from critics. the song peaked at number eight on the billboard hot 100 and reached its highest peak at number five on both the irish singles chart and new zealand singles chart. the music video is cyrus performing with backup dancers throughout a museum. cyrus is first trapped in a giant cage, being watched by people in the audience as they were trying to see the rare creature 'adias cyrus' she then escapes and trashes the museum. she has promoted "can't be tamed" by performing it at several places, including a performance on "britain's got talent" and the critics had negative ratings and reviews. the song is also a part of cyrus' second world tour, gypsy heart tour.
"who owns my heart" is cyrus' second single. it was released on october 22, 2010. cyrus described it as a "total dance track" with a cool idea. cyrus' "who owns my heart" is a club-oriented song that speaks of meeting a potential love on the dance floor. the song tries not to proceed to question, "who owns my heart? is it love or is it art?" bill lamb of about.com thought that, despite its beat, the overall sound of "who owns my heart" is faceless and dull. the video starts with cyrus asleep, blindfolded on a mattress in a bedroom. she wakes up and shakes on the mattress. following, cyrus goes to a bathroom, her outfit is a white tank top, white boy shorts, a fishnet hair wrap, rollers, and heavy metal jewelry. while in the bathroom scenes, cyrus sings as she sits on the edge of a bathtub and prepares herself for a party. when the chorus comes on, cyrus appears shaking in the backseat of a limousine, costumed in a low-cut gold halter top, black hot pants, a black jacket with shoulder pads, and big hair. once arrived at the mansion party, she is first seen dancing on top of a big, wooden table. in continuing after, cyrus dances with multiple people on the dance floor. cut-scenes feature cyrus in all prior scenes or dancing with others in the mansion's study. the video finishes with cyrus back in her bedroom, once again waking up.
"every rose has its thorn" is cyrus' third single. it was a single on june 11th, 2011. it was made by poison in 1988. miley's version is one minute and 29 seconds shorter than poison's official song. hollywood records released cyrus' cover in june 2011, and a music video was created and released in 2010.
brélidy is a commune. it is found in the region bretagne in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france.
bringolo is a commune. it is found in the region bretagne in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france.
broons is a commune. it is found in the region bretagne in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france.
broons is twinned with:
brusvily is a commune. it is in the region bretagne in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france.
bulat-pestivien is a commune. it is found in the region bretagne in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france.
bulat-pestivien is twinned with ballyferriter (baile an fheirtéaraigh), ireland, since 1992.
calanhel is a commune. it is in bretagne in the côtes-d'armor department in west france.
callac is a commune. it is found in the region bretagne in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france.
ploumanac'h is a village in the commune of perros-guirec. it is in the region bretagne in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france.
castleton is the name of several places in the world:
in the united states:
george turner (2 april 1841 – 29 mar 1910) was an english landscape artist and farmer. he was also called "derbyshire's john constable".
life and work.
turner was born in cromford, derbyshire in england, then moved to derby with his family. his father thomas turner was a tailer and favoured art works, so he adviced his son to learn art and music. turner made progress mainly by himself, and became a professional painter and art teacher.
turner lived in derbyshire all his life. in 1865 he married eliza lakin (1837 - 1900), and worked as a part-time farmer raising four children at walnut farm in barrow upon trent. 
after eliza's death in 1900, he moved to kirk ireton and later married fellow artist kate stevens smith (1871-1964) - they set up home in idridgehay, and he died there in 1910. his son william lakin turner (1867-1929) also became a famous landscape oil painter.
most of turner's paintings are of derbyshire where he lived. they show old english countryside before the coming of modernization. his work was exhibited in nottingham and birmingham. turner was a member of the art committee of derby art gallery and the city has both his and his son's paintings.
the peace of münster is part of the peace of westphalia. it is the document which ends the eighty years' war between spain and the netherlands with spain's recognition of dutch independence. 
dayton may mean:
the following is a list of the 373 communes of the côtes-d'armor "département" in france.
calorguen is a commune. it is found in the region bretagne in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france.
perros-guirec is a commune. it is found in the region bretagne in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france.
perros-guirec is twinned with:
trébeurden is a commune. it is found in the region bretagne in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france.
trébeurden is twinned with:
phase shift keying is a way of transmitting information. this is done by modulating the phase of a carrier wave. in such a system, the amplitude of the wave does not carry any information; all information is present in the phase of the signal. in many cases, this allows to better use the bandwidth available. 
if we think of a wave as a wiggly line, (like a sine wave), wiggling a specific number of times a second, and we can change at which part of the wiggle it is in. say if it is at the top of its wiggle, and we immediately change it to the bottom of its wiggle, this is called a phase shift. we can use that change to carry information.
by either changing or not changing the wave every time it gets to the top of its wiggle, we can send either ones or zeros. this is called binary phase shift keying. if we change the phase of the wave as it reaches the top, we can have this represent a 1. if we don't change it at the top, we can have this represent a 0. we can use a computer and a radio to turn text into a wave like this and then send it. a radio and a computer listening to this wave changing or not changing can figure out the original message being sent and turn it back into text.
binary phase shift keying can be used to send computer data across radio waves quite efficiently. certain wireless lan standards use phase-shift keying, which they sometimes couple with orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing, to get higher data rates.
the pritzker architecture prize is given each year by the hyatt foundation. it is for talented and significant architect who has created great projects throughout his or her life. jay a. pritzker and his wife cindy began the award in 1979. the pritzker family pays for the prize. it is the top prize in architecture, and it is often called the nobel prize of architecture. the country, race, religion or political ideas of the architect are not important. winners get us$100,000 and a certificate. winners receive a medal. the back of the medal has these words in latin—"firmitas, utilitas, venustas" (english: "durability, utility, and beauty"). the idea comes from the roman architect vitruvius. before 1987, a limited edition henry moore sculpture came with the prize money.
martha thorne has been the executive director since 2009. the director asks many people, including past winners, academics, critics and others involved in architecture to suggest possible winners. any licensed architect can also apply for the prize before 1 november every year. in 1988 gordon bunshaft applied for the award himself and eventually won it. five to nine jury members meet early the next year before announcing the winner in spring.
the first winner was philip johnson. the award was "for 50 years of imagination and vitality" shown by the many "museums, theaters, libraries, houses, gardens and corporate structures". the 2004 laureate zaha hadid was the first female prize winner. ryūe nishizawa became the youngest winner in 2010 at age 44. the most recent winner, in 2019, is arata isozaki.
jejomar "jojo" cabauatan binay (born november 11, 1942), also known as jojo binay or vnay, is a filipino politician. he previously served as the 15th vice president of the philippines from june 30, 2010 to june 30, 2016. before he became vice president, he was mayor of makati city from 1986 to 1998 and again from 2001 to 2010.
he ran for president in 2016, but lost to rodrigo duterte.
loudéac is a commune. it is found in the region bretagne in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france.
loudéac is twinned with:
plérin is a commune. it is found in the region bretagne in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france.
erquy is a commune. it is found in the region bretagne in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france.
erquy is twinned with:
lamballe is a former commune. it is found in the region bretagne in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france. on 1 january 2019, it was merged into the new commune of lamballe-armor.
lamballe is twinned with:
quintin is a commune. it is found in the region bretagne in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france.
quintin is twinned with:
paimpol is a commune. it is found in the region bretagne in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france.
paimpol is twinned with:
milparinka is a very small town in new south wales, australia. about ten people live in milparinka, which is about 296 kilometres north of broken hill. it is built beside a waterhole on evelyn creek, named by the explorer charles sturt after his wife in 1844. sturt and his group had been trapped at a waterhole they called depot glen nearby on preservation creek for seven months while they waited for rain.
gold was found at milparinka, which became the centre for the albert goldfields in the 1880s. two other nearby gold towns, albert and mount browne, were abandoned because of the lack of water. during the peak of the goldrush, milparinka had a population of more than 3000 people. by 1893 most people had left. today there are only a few buildings left, the hotel, the courthouse, police station, and the remains of the post office. 
the courthouse was built of local sandstone in 1896. the final court session was in 1921. the building has been restored and is used as a local museum.
skin cancer is the term that is used for all bad forms of growth of the skin. in everyday use, people often talk about melanoma, but there are other forms of skin cancer, too. these are usually named after the type of cell that grows uncontrollably. most skin cancers develop in the epidermis. very often a tumor can be seen, so it is often possible to detect skin cancer at an early stage. very few people with skin cancer will die of the disease., though it can be disfiguring. melanoma survival rates are poorer than for non-melanoma skin cancer, although when melanoma is diagnosed at an early stage, treatment is easier and more people survive.
skin cancer is the most commonly diagnosed type of cancer. melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers combined are more common than lung, breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer. melanoma is less common than both basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, but it is the most serious — for example, in the uk there were over 11,700 new cases of melanoma in 2008, and over 2,000 deaths. it is the second most common cancer in young adults aged 15–34 in the uk. most cases are caused by over-exposure to uv rays from the sun or sunbeds. 
non-melanoma skin cancers are the most common skin cancers. the majority of these are basal cell carcinomas. these are usually small spot growths caused by too much exposure to the sun over time. they do not usually spread, and rarely kill.
jafri dialect is a variety of saraiki spoken in the musakhel district of balochistan province of pakistan. it's intelligibility with dogri is 80%. 
yffiniac is a commune. it is found in the region bretagne in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france.
yffiniac is twinned with:
born in yffiniac.
bernard hinault (1954- )
moncontour is a commune. it is found in the region bretagne in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france.
ploufragan is a commune. it is found in the region bretagne in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france.
beriberi (also called vitamin b1 deficiency) is a disease of the nervous system. it happens when a person does not get enough thiamine (vitamin b1) in their diet. 
thiamine helps the body turn food into energy. people need thiamine for good brain function and a healthy liver, skin, hair, and eyes. it also helps the nervous system work properly.
without enough thiamine, a person’s body cannot create all the energy the person needs. as a result, people with beriberi have severe lethargy and feel exhausted. beriberi can also cause muscles to get weaker. these symptoms can make it hard for a person to do simple things. 
some people with beriberi have heart problems or even die. beriberi can also cause problems with the gastrointestinal system. 
most people get enough vitamin b1 in their regular diet. however, some groups are more likely to get beriberi. these include people who drink a lot of alcohol and people who eat an unhealthy or unbalanced diet, like a diet of mostly white rice. 
there are two kinds of beriberi: wet and dry. wet beriberi mainly affects the cardiovascular system. dry beriberi affects the nervous system. there is also a rare type of genetic beriberi. 
most of the time, dry beriberi and wet beriberi happen at the same time in the same person. when this takes place, the victim is likely to only get the symptoms of one beriberi.
île-de-bréhat is an island and a commune. it is found in the region bretagne in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france.
pontrieux is a commune. it is found in the region bretagne in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france.
uzel is a commune. it is found in the region bretagne in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france.
hugh malcolm downs (february 14, 1921 – july 1, 2020) was an american radio and television broadcaster, announcer, television host, news anchor, tv producer, author, game show host, and music composer.
for many years, he held the guinness world record for the most hours on commercial network television, before regis philbin broke his record. 
downs was announcer/sidekick for "tonight starring jack paar" from 1957 to 1962, co-host of the nbc news program "today" from 1962 to 1971, host of the "concentration" game show from 1958 to 1969, and anchor of the abc news magazine "20/20" from 1978 to 1999. 
downs was born in akron, ohio on february 14, 1921. his career would start in 1945 and since then he had appeared in over 100 television programs and guest star appearances, he retired in 1999. he was married to ruth shaheen from 1944 until her death in 2017. they had two children together. 
downs died on july 1, 2020, in scottsdale, arizona from heart failure. he was 99.
the dodder, cuscuta, is a genus of about 100–170 species of parasitic flowering plants. 
recent genetic research has shown that it is correctly placed in the morning glory family, convolvulaceae. 
the genus is found throughout the temperate and tropical regions of the world. most species live in subtropical and tropical regions. the genus is rare in cool temperate climates, with only four species native to northern europe.
dodder can be identified by its thin stems. they look leafless, with the leaves reduced to minute scales. 
from mid-summer to early autumn, the vines can produce small fruit that take the same color as the vine, and are about the size of a common pea. it has very low levels of chlorophyll; some species, such as "cuscuta reflexa", can photosynthesize slightly. others such as "c. europaea" are entirely dependent on the host plants for nutrition. 
dodder flowers range in color from white to pink to yellow to cream. some flower in the early summer, others later, depending on the species. the seeds are tiny, and produced in large amounts. they have a hard coating, and can survive in the soil for 5–10 years or more.
dodder seeds sprout at or near the surface of the soil. germination occurs without a host, but the seedling must reach a green plant quickly. dodder grows toward the smell of nearby plants. 
if a plant is not reached within 5 to 10 days of germination, the dodder seedling will die. before a host plant is reached, the dodder, as other plants, relies on food reserves in the embryo; the cotyledons are very small.
after a dodder attaches itself to a plant, it wraps itself around it. if the host contains food useful to dodder, the dodder produces 'haustoria' that insert themselves into the host. the original root of the dodder in the soil then dies. 
the dodder can grow and attach itself to multiple plants. in tropical areas it can grow continuously, and may reach high into the canopy of shrubs and trees. in temperate climates it is an annual plant, restricted to low vegetation that can be reached by new seedlings each spring.
dodder is parasitic on a very wide variety of plants, including a number of agricultural and horticultural crop species, such as alfalfa, flax, clover, potatoes, chrysanthemum, dahlia, trumpet vine, ivy and petunias, among others.
kangaroo island is australia's third-largest island after tasmania and melville island. 
it is southwest of adelaide in the state of south australia.
at its closest point to the mainland, it is offshore from cape jervis. 
the island is long and between and wide, its area covering . its coastline is long and highest altitude is .
wildlife and its protection.
more than half of the island has never been cleared of vegetation, and a quarter of it is conserved in national parks, conservation parks, and five wilderness protection areas. the main protected areas are:
because of its isolation from mainland australia, foxes and rabbits are not there. people are forbidden to bring them into the island. registration and microchipping of cats is complulsory. 
the kangaroo island kangaroo, rosenberg's sand goanna, southern brown bandicoot, tammar wallaby, common brushtail possum, short-beaked echidna and new zealand fur seal are native to the island, as well as six bat and frog species. the sole endemic (found nowhere else) vertebrate species is a small marsupial carnivore called the kangaroo island dunnart. the koala, common ringtail possum and "platypus" have been introduced and still survive there. kangaroo island had a native species of emu, the kangaroo island emu which became extinct between 1802 and official european settlement in 1836. perhaps this was caused by bushfires or hunting by sealers or whalers.
the introduced koalas have flourished so well on the island that their preferred food source, the manna gum tree, is at risk of local extinction. koalas have recently been forced to turn to other, less tasty, plants. park management has been searching for a solution.
the island is a major tourist attraction.
john boynton priestley om (13 september 1894 – 14 august 1984) was born in bradford and died in stratford-upon-avon. he was an english novelist, playwright and broadcaster generally, he is known as j.b. priestley. he published 26 novels. his best-known works include "the good companions" (1929) and "an inspector calls" (1946) which were two of his many many creations including his characters. he also wrote social and literary criticism. 
southampton central railway station is the main train station in southampton. it is served by first great western, south west trains, crosscountry & southern.
it has services terminating for portsmouth and southsea, great malvern, london waterloo, newcastle and other services.
saint-quay-portrieux is a commune. it is found in the region bretagne in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france.
langueux is a commune. it is found in the region bretagne in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france.
langueux is twinned with:
rostrenen is a commune. it is found in the region bretagne in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france.
rostrenen is twinned with:
the following is a list of the 707 communes of the côte-d'or "département" in france.
arriva trains wales () was a train operating company, owned by arriva, that operated passenger services in wales and the welsh marches. its busiest stations were , and . other stations on their main line included: , , and .
the company operates the wales and border railway franchise from the company of the same name in december 2003. they have made direct services between north and south wales, and the reintroduction of passenger services on freight-only portions of the vale of glamorgan line and ebbw vale line.
it operates on a gauge of 1435 mm, over a route length: 1691 km, with 253 dmu cars and 22 passenger coaches.
arriva trains wales operated almost all services in wales, with the exception of:
there are several companies operating trains in the united kingdom. these include the operators of passenger services, which are, rather confusingly, officially referred to as "train operating companies" or tocs, as distinct from "freight operating companies".
passenger operators in great britain.
current passenger operators.
the following operate the services that comprise the national rail network in great britain.
there are also several heritage lines and light rail systems.
defunct operating companies.
a number of operating companies have ceased to exist for a number of reasons, including premature withdrawal of the franchise; the natural term of the franchise has expired; bankruptcy; or there has been a merger.
passenger operators in northern ireland.
in northern ireland passenger trains are still government-owned, under the auspices of translink. the following brands are used:
in northern ireland
hugo lafayette black (february 27, 1886 – september 25, 1971) was an american judge and politician. he was from ashland, alabama and studied law at the university of alabama. black was poor as a child and lived simply for most of his life. black was in the army during world war i. in the 1920s, black was a member of the ku klux klan. black was a member of the u.s. senate from alabama from 1927 to 1936 as a democrat. black was a strong supporter of franklin d. roosevelt for president and his new deal policies. in 1937, roosevelt put black on the united states supreme court. black supported many new deal organizations and programs which his fellow judges wanted to limit or strike down. black often believed in interpreting the constitution exactly as it was written (textualism), against ideas both that judges had the power to re-interpret the meaning in accordance with their time, or that it could be taken as a general guideline that lawmakers should follow but also consider other interests. one prominent example is the first amendment, which black believed to literally protect any form of "freedom of speech" against a law that would "abridge" (meaning to hinder) it, or at least laws prohibiting certain "opinions". he also believed that the fourteenth amendment meant this applied to states as well as the federal government, and that states subsequently could not limit free speech and other constitutional liberties anymore than the federal government. for many years most jurists and judges had believed this. he also did not believe in the substantive due process doctrine, meaning that the fourteenth amendment secured certain "implicit" rights regarding privacy and so on, which were not written into the constitution but had to be made by judges as they went along. black believed that, while the constitution promised generous liberties, judges should never decide for themselves on which these liberties should be. (because of this he also did not believe in things such as natural law, which he called "mysterious".) this contradiction is uncommon among later judges. he did not believe in a right to privacy, which is not expressed in the constitution, and voted against one in the case "griswold v. connecticut". he did, famously, vote against segregation in "brown v. board of education" (1954), an important case that began the desegregation of schools. black was the fifth longest-serving justice in american history. he served on the court for 35 years, one of the very longest tenures, and was the last of president roosevelt's appointees except william o. douglas (who served 36 years, the longest). black died of a stroke in 1971, which happened two days after he chose to leave the supreme court. he is buried at arlington national cemetery.
one of the most famous judgments black wrote is called "korematsu v. united states" in 1944. in this case, the majority believed the imprisoning of civilian (non-military) japanese americans during world war ii was just or at least acceptable, under the circumstances. this is one of the most controversial verdicts of the supreme court in its history and often seen as a stark contrast (meaning opposite) to what he stood for in most other cases. 
abhar is a city in northwestern iran. in the year 2006 there were 55,266 people living there.
colugos are gliding mammals in the order dermoptera. 
there are two living species, found in south-east asia. they are also called 'flying lemurs', though they are not lemurs (all lemurs are in madagascar). they can glide long distances, as they have a thin membrane stretched to the ends of the tail and each limb. 
colugos live in the tropical rain forests of southeast asia. their diet includes leaves and young shoots. during the day they rest high in the trees, clinging to trunks or hiding in tree holes. at dusk they become active, gliding from trunk to trunk like sheets of paper blown on the wind. the young are carried clinging to the flight membrane.
colugos range from burma, indochina and southern thailand to peninsular malaysia, singapore and the indonesian islands of sumatra and java. they also occur throughout borneo. a second colugo species inhabits the southern philippines.
a main battle tank (mbt), also called a battle tank, is a tank that is used as the most powerful combat vehicle in modern armies. they were made to replace the light, medium and heavy tanks used in world war ii with just one tank. lighter armor made it easier to put bigger guns on tanks without adding weight. light tanks are still used in places where heavy ones cannot go.
mbt's are the main force in ground fights but get help from other combat vehicles and soldiers who travel in infantry combat vehicles. they also get help from observation or attack aircraft.
medium tanks were the earliest mbts. mbts started replacing medium tanks when guns on medium tanks became powerful enough to win against heavy tanks. heavy tanks could not carry armor strong enough to win against medium tanks.
the nuclear weapon threat and other anti-tank weapons in the cold war made countries add more protection to survive in all types of combat. weapon designers made powerful cannons to defeat the armor.
the british centurion is generally considered to have been the world’s first main battle tank, although the term was not popularised until long after it entered service. the british followed this up with the chieftain main battle tank, which entered service in 1966. the first soviet main battle tank was the t-64 and the first american mbt was the m60 patton. by the late 1970s, mbt's were manufactured by france, west germany, britain, india, japan, the ussr, sweden, switzerland, and the united states.
the soviet union made mbts very quickly because it needed them for their type of war. the soviet union improved the cannon by replacing the loader crewman with an automatic autoloader. this made the turret smaller which also makes the tank harder to see or hit the soviet union made missiles that could be shot much farther than other ammunition.
after the cold war, american tanks quickly defeated iraqi tanks in the gulf war. the american mbts were still not as good as attack helicopters at destroying iraqi tanks. some people said that the mbts could not stop an enemy force from attacking.
vivekananda (shami bibekānondo) (january 12, 1863–july 4, 1902) was the chief disciple of shri ramakrishna paramahansa. at birth, he was called narendranath datta (bengali: নরেন্দ্রনাথ দত্ত). he was the founder of ramakrishna mission. he introduced hindu philosophy of vedanta and yoga in europe and america. he brought hinduism to the status of a major world religion during the end of the 19th century. 
vivekananda is considered to be a major force in the revival of hinduism in modern india. he is perhaps best known for his inspiring speech beginning with "sisters and brothers of america". through this he introduced hinduism at the parliament of the world's religions at chicago in 1893.
vivekananda talked about jnana yoga in one of his discourses— 
"“ the mahabharata is an epic that most indians know. let me give you a summary through vyasa’s initial shloka. this shloka holds the entire summary of this gigantic epic. the shloka is given in the initial of the vyasa’s texts itself which says-" 
the hastinapur (duryodhana) is an old tree of spirituality, the incarnation of all virtues, i.e vrisha karna is its trunk, king dhritarashtra and bhishma are its roots, drona, dushashana and kauravas are its branches, the evil shakuni is its blooming flower and i myself krishna dwaipayana along with narada and saptarishis are its twigs. indraprastha (yudhisthira) is a new tree of righteousness, krishna is its trunk, sages and brahmins are its roots, bhima and arjuna are its branches, nakul and sahdev are its twigs, vrishaketu is its fruit. 
"i would also like to narrate you interpretation of shlokas by sage bhasa whose writings and proses included scraps of history, tales and legends. he regarded the त्रिदुष्टम or the 3 evils against the progress of bharata- evil indra, drona and arjuna. the shloka was written in sanskrit, translated in prakrit language. it’s english translation goes like this."
the great aryavartha shall never go on the path of progress if it has evils in this society who discriminate worthy men and who are arrogant in their nature. ravana too was arrogant through his deeds and his name vanished away from history forever. the त्रिसदुष्टम- arjuna, his arrogant preceptor drona and his evil father indra are an allegory of discrimination and kshatriya arrogance of the society. there will always be domination-discrimination, arrogance and the त्रिदुष्टम in every society, consider it a rule of the nature but for every त्रिदुष्टम, there will be a heroic karna to shatter this arrogance and dominance, and shall attain great fame and name in world.
in his youth he visited the ramakrishna samaj and later he came in contact with sri ramakrishna. sri ramakrishna initiated him, and after his death narendranath left his house and went on to found the ramkrishna movement.
born into an aristocratic bengali kayastha family of calcutta, vivekananda was inclined towards spirituality. he was influenced by his guru, ramakrishna, from whom he learnt that all living beings were an embodiment of the divine self; therefore, service to god could be rendered by service to humankind. after ramakrishna's death, vivekananda toured the indian subcontinent extensively and acquired first-hand knowledge of the conditions prevailing in british india. he later travelled to the united states, representing india at the 1893 parliament of the world's religions. 
ashford black marble is a kind of dark limestone, which was mined from ashford-in-the-water, in derbyshire, england. once cut, turned and polished, its shiny black surface becomes very beautiful. strictly speaking, ashford black marble is not a marble formed by heat, but a smooth sedimentary rock, a hard mass of dusty minerals. to make art objects, ashford black marble can be cut as materials of them and put together with other fine stones. derby museum has a diagram of ecton hill made from ashford black marble and other minerals.
ashford black marble had been used for decorative purpose since the prehistoric age. bess of hardwick was known to use ashford black marble.
henry watson played important roles in the development of the local industry of inlaying ashford black marble in the 1750s. he was the uncle of derbyshire geologist white watson, and had a water-powered mill at ashford in the water.
pots, obelisks, and other decorative items of amb were frequently traded during the late 18th and early 19th century. john mawe had a museum in matlock bath that dealt in black marble. ann rayner carved black marble into pictures using a diamond. many art objects of ashford black marble are collected in local institutions, including those of derby museum, buxton museum, and chatsworth house. in 2009, huge blocks of ashford black marble were found underground in derby. the auction of these was planed because these blocks are valuable. the rocks might have been abandoned when an "ashford black marble" manufacturer moved in the 1880s.
ashford black marble is a kind of limestone which contains some carbon, and its particles are very small. its dark color is from bitumen, and once cut and polished, the surface shines.
at first the rock was mined from arrock mine, and later in 1832 from nearby rookery plantation, near ashford-in-the-water.
ashford black marble can be manufactured into pots, candlesticks and other similar objects, or sawn to make smooth, flat items such as obelisks and paper weights. derby museum and art gallery has collections of worked and part-worked items of ashford black marble, acquired from an inlaying workshop owned by the tomlinson family. this collection also includes pieces of stones which were cut and ready to put into the black marble background. forget-me-not and lily of the valley were typically designed. various stones were used with ashford black marble: greys, blues and purples stones are from monyash. "rosewood" from nettler dale in sheldon is a kind of barytes and has red and white layers. castleton blue john from crich is a kind of flourspar and has purple and yellow colors. "birds-eye" rock has a design made from the fossils in it. "duke's red" is so valuable that it was stored at chatsworth house. the tabletop design illustrated shows some of the combinations described here.
in the late 1780s, derbyshire geologist white watson made geological picture boards using ashford black marble into which other local rocks were inlaid. these boards show layers of rock in different parts of the county. derby museum has a diagram of ecton hill made from ashford black marble and other minerals.
william martin was once a partner with watson, and wrote the first scientific study of fossils. his "petrifacta derbiensia" says that white watson's uncle and workers at the black marble mine called some of the fossils "crocodile tails", because they thought they were the remains of crocodiles.
in 2006, buxton museum bought the black marble collection that had been left by john michael tomlinson. he had spent over 50 years to collect them after finding that his ancestors had been involved in ashford black marble manufacturing.
the tasmanian wilderness is a term that is used for a range of areas in tasmania, australia.
the world heritage areas in south west tasmania, western tasmania and central highlands are the most well known.
however, there are also other wilderness areas in tasmania, tarkine and the cradle mountain wilderness. there is also an organisation known as the tasmanian wilderness society.
the world heritage area is one of the largest conservation areas in australia, covering 13,800 km², or almost 20% of tasmania. the area constitutes one of the last expanses of temperate wilderness in the world, including the renowned south west wilderness. the area became a unesco world heritage site in 1982, and it was extended in 1989. it is important for both its natural value but also its cultural values as well.
remains found in limestone caves show that humans have lived in the area for well over 20,000 years.
the tasmanian tiger was the largest dasyuromorphia and the last living specimen of the family thylacinidae. the last known specimen died in captivity in 1936.p77 the world's largest surviving carnivorous marsupial is the tasmanian devil; it is the size of a small dog and can hunt, although it is mainly a scavenger.p46 it became extinct on the mainland some 600 years ago, and is now found only in tasmania.p69
world heritage area.
the following national parks and reserves make up the tasmanian wilderness world heritage area:
valeri mikhailovich zelepukin (born september 17, 1968 in voskresensk, urs) is a russian retired professional ice hockey left winger. he played a total of 11 seasons in the nhl; 7 with the new jersey devils, 1 with the edmonton oilers, 2 with the philadelphia flyers and 1 with the chicago blackhawks. he moved back to russia in 2002 and retired. he won the stanley cup with the new jersey devils in 1995.
mikhail yakubov (born february 16, 1982 in barnaul, russian sfsr) is a retired russian professional ice hockey centre. he played for the severstal cherepovets of the kontinental hockey league. yakubov also played in the nhl for a total of 3 seasons; 2 with the chicago blackhawks and 1 with the florida panthers. he was drafted by the chicago blackhawks with the 10th overall pick in the 2000 nhl draft.
the queen's indian defence is an important defence to 1.d4. it features a fianchetto of black's qb.
it starts as follows:
the bronchioles or bronchioli are a part of the lung. they are the first airway branches that no longer have cartilage. they are branches of the bronchi. the bronchioles end by entering the circular sacs called alveoli.
a full twisting layout is a gymnastics tumble. the move is essentially a somersault but involves a full twist in the air. it can be performed tucked, piked or straight.
master of public administration (usually abbreviated mpa) is a postgraduate academic master's degree given by universities. usually, it is awarded for studies toward administration in the public sector and non-profit organizations. usually, public policy is part of the study. additionally, there may be studies of comparisons between countries.
it is usually required to start a doctorate in public administration.
tanzanite is a blue-purple gemstone found in tanzania, in the mererani hills near the city of arusha and mount kilimanjaro. it is named after the country of tanzania, where it is found. it is a kind of a mineral called zoisite. when it is first mined, tanzanite is usually a red-brown colour. it needs to be heated to 600 degrees celsius in a special oven to bring out its purple colour.
the elephant shrew, also called sengi, are any of 16 species of rat-sized african mammals named for their long, tapered, and flexible snout (proboscis). all have slim bodies, slender limbs, and very long hind legs and feet. although they resemble shrews, they are not insectivores but constitute the mammalian order macroscelidea. long thought to be related to shrews, they are actually more closely related to elephants than to shrews although this was not known or even widely believed until the 1990s.
elephant shrews are terrestrial and are active during the day. their ears and eyes are large, and, when alarmed, they run on their toes swiftly along paths they construct and maintain, sometimes leaping over obstacles. when foraging, they move along the pathways, using their paws and the constantly moving proboscis to turn over leaf litter and soil in search of prey, which consists of small insects (especially ants and termites), other arthropods, and earthworms. gestation lasts two months, and litters contain one or two well-developed young.
hyrax also called dassie is any of four species of thick, herbivorous mammals in the order hyracoidea, any of six species of small hoofed mammal (ungulates) native to africa and extreme southwestern asia.
hyraxes are well-furred rotund creatures with a short tail. most measure between 30–70 cm long and weigh between 2–5 kg. hyraxes are mentioned in the old testament of the bible and it is possible that the hebrew word for hyrax ("shafan") is the source of the name of present-day spain. even though hyraxes are not native to spain, rabbits are, and the theory states that early hebrew explorers considered the rabbits to be a variety of hyrax.
transposition means to change places. it is a technical term in several disciplines:
reto von arx (born 13 september, 1976 in egerkingen, switzerland) is a swiss professional ice hockey left winger that currently plays for the hc davos of the swiss national league a. von arx also played in the nhl for 1 season with the chicago blackhawks and also for their farm team at the time, the norfolk admirals. he was drafted by the chicago blackhawks with the 271st overall pick in the 2000 nhl draft.
rené gary wayne bourque (born december 10, 1981 in lac la biche, alberta) is a former canadian ice hockey left winger. he played in the nhl for the chicago blackhawks, calgary flames, montreal canadiens, and columbus blue jackets.
absorption is when something takes in another substance. it is a physical or chemical phenomenon or process. atoms, molecules, or ions enter in the inner part (called "bulk") of a gas, liquid, or solid material. 
this is different from adsorption. molecules undergoing absorption are going deep into the volume of the material, instead in the case of adsorption molecules stop at the surface of the material. a more general term is "sorption", which covers absorption, adsorption, and ion exchange.
other meanings of "absorption" are:
hillion is a commune. it is found in the region bretagne in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france.
hillion is twinned with:
plouha is a commune. it is found in the region bretagne in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france.
plouha is twinned with:
saint-cast-le-guildo is a commune. it is found in the region bretagne in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france.
tréguier is a commune. it is found in the region bretagne in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france.
tréguier is twinned with:
fréhel is a commune. it is found in the region bretagne in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france.
fréhel is twinned with:
cap fréhel (8,5 km from fréhel and on the commune of plévenon) is the end of the 5th stage of the 2011 tour de france.
lézardrieux is a commune. it is found in the bretagne region in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france.
noyal is a commune. it is found in the region bretagne in the côtes-d'armor department in the west of france.
the san antonio rampage are an american professional ice hockey team that began playing in 2002. they currently play in the american hockey league and are the farm team of the phoenix coyotes of the nhl. they play their home games in san antonio, texas at the at&t center. their echl affiliate team is the las vegas wranglers.
the worcester sharks are an american professional ice hockey team that began playing in 2006. they currently play in the american hockey league and are the farm team of the san jose sharks of the nhl. they play their home games in worcester, massachusetts at the dcu center. their echl affiliate team is the stockton thunder.
the syracuse crunch are an american professional ice hockey team that began playing in 1994. they currently play in the american hockey league and are the farm team of the anaheim ducks of the nhl. they play their home games in syracuse, new york at the war memorial at oncenter. their echl affiliate team is the elmira jackals.
the toronto marlies are a canadian professional ice hockey team that began playing in 2005. they currently play in the american hockey league and are the farm team of the toronto maple leafs of the nhl. they play their home games in toronto, ontario at the ricoh coliseum. their echl affiliate team is the reading royals.
the portland pirates were an american professional ice hockey team that played from 1993 to 2016. throughout this time, they played in the american hockey league (ahl) and were the farm team of the buffalo sabres of the nhl. they played their home games in portland, maine at the cumberland county civic center, and won one calder cup which was in 1993.
the team left portland after the 2015–16 season when it was bought by a group from springfield, massachusetts. that city had lost its ahl team, the springfield falcons, when the team was bought by the owners of the nhl's arizona coyotes and moved to tucson, arizona, where it now plays as the tucson roadrunners. the former pirates team now plays as the springfield thunderbirds.
the houston aeros were an american professional ice hockey team that played from 1994 to 2013 in the american hockey league. they played in houston, texas at the toyota center.
on april 19, 2013, it was announced that the team would move to des moines, iowa at the beginning of the 2013–14 ahl season and would be known as the iowa wild.
boxing gloves are giant gloves that boxers wear when fighting. these gloves are used to protect a boxer's hand. boxing gloves are normally eight to ten ounces in weight. boxing gloves are used in most forms of boxing. "bare knuckle boxing" means fighting without wearing gloves.
mamata banerjee () (born 5 january 1955) is the current chief minister of the indian state of west bengal. she is the first woman chief minister of the state. she is also the founder and chairperson of the trinamool congress. mamata banerjee is also the minister for home, health and family welfare, land and land reforms, information and cultural affairs, hill affairs, minority affairs and madrassah education, agriculture, power and personnel and administrative reforms departments. she is a good orator. her followers call her "didi" (meaning the elder sister).
mamata banerjee has defeated the 34-year-old the communist party of india (marxist)-led left front government in west bengal. that government was the world's longest-serving democratically-elected communist government.
in the past, she was the minister of railways twice, minister of coal once, and minister of state for human resource development, department of youth affairs and sports and women and child development once in the cabinet of the government of india.
sk admira wien is a former football club from vienna, austria. it was founded in 1905 by a fusion of the two clubs „burschenschaft einigkeit“ and„sportklub vindobona“ which also played in the jedelsee area of vienna. the club existed till 1971 when he was merged with sportclub wacker wien to fc admira/wacker.
the most successful aera of the club was in the years between 1926 and 1939 when the club reached seven austrian national titles and three cups. during nazi occupation of austria they played in the gauliga ostmark. after the anschluss in 1938 admira played in the gauliga ostmark. their win of the 1938–39 gauliga ostmark qualified them for the 1939 german football championship. they reached the final versus schalke 04. they lost by a score of 0–9. after the second world war they only reached one title in 1966 and three cup victories. in 1971 the club merged with wacker wien and was renamed admira/wacker. after financial problems 1997 vfb mödling and admira wacker merges.
maria amalia of saxony (24 november 1724 – 27 september 1760) was a duchess of saxony of the house of wettin and wife of charles iii of spain. married to the then king of naples, at the death of her brother in law ferdinand vi of spain, she became the queen of spain. a cultured woman, she left a considerable architectural legacy in her adopted countries. she was also one of the shortest reigning queen consorts in spanish history. 
she was born at dresden castle in dresden and was the eldest surviving the daughter of frederick augustus ii, elector of saxony and maria josepha of austria. she was one of 15 children and was baptised with the names maria amalia christina franziska xaveria flora walburga. 
in 1737 maria amalia became engaged to the king of naples and sicily, the future charles iii of spain. the marriage was confirmed on 31 october 1737. the following year, 1738, at the age of 14, maria amalia married king charles, on 19 june at gaeta, a proxy wedding having taken place in may the same year with her brother, frederick christian of saxony representing charles.
queen of naples.
the couple resided in naples and were very content. this marriage was looked upon favourably by the holy see and effectively meant the conclusion of the diplomatic disagreement charles and the see had had. festivities lasted till 3 july. maria amalia was a very cultivated woman and played an important role in the construction of the caserta palace as well as the palace of portici, teatro di san carlo, palace of capodimonte as well as the royal palace of naples. she also popularised neapolitan porcelain at the "capodimonte porcelain manufactory" in 1743. maria amalia was also a patron of the composer gian francesco fortunati who was a favourite at the neapolitan court. she ans charles eventually had 13 children.
queen of spain.
at the end of 1758, charles' half brother ferdinand vi was displaying the same symptoms of depression that his their father used to suffer from. ferdinand lost his devoted wife, barbara of portugal in august 1758 and would fall into deep morning for her. he named charles his heir on 10 december 1758 before leaving madrid to stay at villaviciosa de odón where he died on 10 august 1759. charles was thus proclaimed the king of spain under the name of charles iii and adicated as king of naples as he could not join the three kingdoms of spain, naples and sicily. 
that same year they left naples for madrid, leaving two of their children behind in caserta. her third son became ferdinand i of the two sicilies, while his elder brother infante charles was groomed in spain to inherit the spanish crown. her oldest son the duke of calabria was mentally retarded and was thus could not inherit the thrones. 
charles and his wife arrived in barcelona on 7 october 1759. residing in spain, maria amalia once again did much to improve the royal residences having them redecorated and founded another porcelain factory at "buen retiro". a popular queen, she died of tuberculosis at the buen retiro palace outside the capital having been a heavy smoker. she was buried at the royal crypt in el escorial. 
maria luísa of spain (24 november 1745 – 15 may 1792) was holy roman empress, german queen, queen of bohemia and hungary as the spouse of leopold ii, holy roman emperor. 
maria luisa was born in portici, in campania, the site of the summer palace ("reggia di portici") of her parents, king charles, king of naples and sicily and maria amalia of saxony. she was the fifth daughter, and second surviving child, of her parents. her father became king of spain as charles iii in 1759, and she moved with her family to spain. her first cousins included louis xvi, maria i of portugal and charles emmanuel iv of sardinia.
grand duchess of tuscany.
on 16 february 1764 she was married by proxy at madrid to archduke peter leopold, the second son of emperor francis i and empress maria theresa of austria, and the heir apparent to the grand duchy of tuscany. the next year, on 5 august, she married him in person at innsbruck. only a few days later, the death of emperor francis made maria luisa's husband the new grand duke of tuscany, and the newly married couple moved to florence, where they would live for the next twenty-five years.
holy roman empress.
in 1790, on the death of peter leopold's childless brother, joseph ii, maria luisa's husband inherited the habsburg lands in central europe, and was shortly thereafter elected holy roman emperor. taking the name of leopold ii, the new emperor moved his family to vienna, where maria luisa took on the role of imperial consort. leopold died scarcely two years later, dying on 1 march 1792. maria luisa followed her husband to the grave in less than three months, not living long enough to see her eldest son francis elected as the last holy roman emperor.
mozart's opera la clemenza di tito was commissioned by the estates of bohemia as part of the festivities that accompanied the coronation of maria luisa and her husband leopold as king and queen of bohemia in prague on 6 september 1791. in musical circles, maria luisa is famous for her putative denigration of mozart's opera as "german rubbish" ("una porcheria tedesca"), however no claim that she made this remark pre-dates the publication in 1871 of alfred meissner's "rococo-bilder: nach aufzeichnungen meines grossvaters", a collection of stories about cultural and political life in prague in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.
the seafarers is a short movie directed by stanley kubrick. it was released in 1953.
spartacus is a 1960 american epic historical drama movie directed by stanley kubrick and based on the novel of the same name by howard fast. the life story of the historical figure spartacus and the events of the third servile war were adapted by dalton trumbo as a screenplay.
the movie stars kirk douglas as rebellious slave spartacus and laurence olivier as his foe, the roman general and politician marcus licinius crassus. co-starring are peter ustinov (who won an academy award for best supporting actor for his role as slave trader lentulus batiatus), john gavin (as julius caesar), jean simmons, charles laughton, john ireland, herbert lom, woody strode, tony curtis, john dall and charles mcgraw. the movie won four oscars in all.
the titles were designed by saul bass.
anthony mann, the film's original director, was replaced by douglas with kubrick after the first week of shooting.
maria clementina of austria (24 april 1777 – 15 november 1801) was an austrian archduchess and the tenth child and third daughter of leopold i, grand duke of tuscany and maria luisa of spain. she was the mother of the famous "duchesse de berry".
archduchess maria clementina was born at the villa del poggio imperiale, poggio imperiale then located in the grand duchy of tuscany which was then ruled by her father leopold i (later holy roman emperor) since 1765. she was named after prince clemens wenceslaus of saxony, her mothers uncle and brother of maria amalia of saxony, maria clementina's maternal grandmother. 
she was married by proxy to prince francis, duke of calabria, her first cousin, on 19 september 1790. on 26 june 1797 in foggia, maria clementina married the duke of calabria, eldest surviving son of ferdinand iv of naples and, maria carolina of austria. prince francis was the heir apparent to both the neapolitan and sicilian throne's. this marriage was the last of three between the austrian and neapolitan royal families, the previous two being between archduke francis, her oldest brother and maria teresa of naples and sicily in 1790 after archduke ferdinand and luisa of naples and sicily. they were double first cousins as they shared all their grandparents in common. they had two children. she died in naples after giving birth to a son the previous year which undermined her health. she is thought to have died from lung disease or tuberculosis. she was buried in basilica of santa chiara, naples with her son. 
after her death, her husband married infanta maria isabella of spain, again his first cousin, the youngest surviving daughter of charles iv of spain (brother of maria clementina's mother) and maria luisa of parma. 
her only daughter carolina, married charles ferdinand, duke of berry in april 1816. he was the son of charles x of france and maria teresa of savoy. they were the parents of the french pretender henri d'artois, count of chambord and the duchess of parma making maria clementina an ancestress of the present duke of calabria and his rival the duke of castro. 
"paparazzi" is a song by american pop singer lady gaga from her first album, "the fame" (2008). it was released digitally in ireland and united kingdom on july 6, 2009 and australia was released on july 10, 2009 as the prev_title from the album. it is about a stalker who follows someone to become famous. the music video is eight minutes long.
the song managed to reach number one in germany; the top five in australia, new zealand, canada, and the uk; and the top ten in the us. it became gaga's fourth consecutive number-one song on "billboard"'s pop songs airplay chart. on february 29, 2016, the recording industry association of america certified "paparazzi" 4× platinum for sales and streams equal to four million copies in the united states.
chaudière-appalaches is region of quebec, canada. it is named for the chaudière river and the appalachian mountains.
according to the canadian 2006 census 393,669 people live in chaudière-appalaches. it also has an area of . its main cities are lévis, saint-georges, thetford mines, sainte-marie and montmagny.
regional county municipalities
the providence bruins are an american professional ice hockey team that began playing in 1992. they currently play in the american hockey league and are the farm team of the boston bruins of the nhl. they play their home games in providence, rhode island at the dunkin' donuts center. they have won 1 calder cup which was in 1998.
the springfield falcons are an american professional ice hockey team that began playing in 1994. they currently play in the american hockey league and are the farm team of the columbus blue jackets of the nhl. they play their home games in springfield, massachusetts at the massmutual center. their chl affiliate team is the fort wayne komets.
the binghamton senators are an american professional ice hockey team that began playing in 2002. they currently play in the american hockey league and are the farm team of the ottawa senators of the nhl. they play their home games in binghamton, new york at the broome county veterans memorial arena. their echl affiliate team is the elmira jackals.
the rochester americans are an american professional ice hockey team that began playing in 1956. they currently play in the american hockey league and are the farm team of the buffalo sabres of the nhl. they play their home games in rochester, new york at the blue cross arena at the war memorial. their echl affiliate team is the cincinnati cyclones. the team is sometimes called the "amerks" for short. the team has won 6 calder cups.
the texas stars are an american professional ice hockey team that began playing in 2009. they currently play in the american hockey league and are the farm team of the dallas stars of the nhl. they play their home games in cedar park, texas at the cedar park center. their echl affiliate team is the idaho steelheads and their chl affiliate team is the allen americans.
the peoria rivermen were an american professional ice hockey team that played in the american hockey league from 2005 to 2013. they play in peoria, illinois at the carver arena.
the ahl announced that on june 14, 2013, the rivermen franchise would relocate to utica, new york and be known as the utica comets for the 2013-14 ahl season.
the cleveland monsters, known before the 2016–17 season as the lake erie monsters, are an american professional ice hockey team that began playing in 2007. they currently play in the american hockey league and are the farm team of the columbus blue jackets of the nhl. they play their home games in cleveland, ohio at the quicken loans arena.
in statistics, the interquartile range (iqr) is a number that indicates how spread out the data are, and tells us what the range is in the middle of a set of scores. 
the interquartile range iqr is defined as:
that is, it is calculated as the range of the middle half of the scores. the scores are divided into four equal parts, separated by the quartiles formula_2 and formula_3, after the scores have been arranged in ascending order (becoming bigger as one goes further). the second quartile formula_4 is also known as the median.
the interquartile range is not sensitive to outliers (scores that are much higher or much lower than the other scores). in fact, it eliminates them.
given the following 20 scores arranged from the smallest to the largest: 
we can put them into four different groups of five numbers each:
the groups are thus separated by:
hence the interquartile range is:
if the observation 29 has accidentally been written down as 92 instead, then this number is an outlier. notice that the interquartile range is not affected in that case.
the amami rabbit ("pentalagus furnessi"; amami: "ʔosagi") also known as the ryukyu rabbit, is a primitive dark-furred rabbit which is only found in amami ōshima and toku-no-shima, two small islands in between southern kyūshū and okinawa in kagoshima prefecture in japan. often called a living fossil, the amami rabbit is a living remnant of ancient rabbits that once lived on the asian mainland, where they died out, remaining only on the two small islands where they survive today.
the albany devils are an american professional ice hockey team that began playing in 2010. right now, they play in the american hockey league and are the farm team of the new jersey devils of the nhl. they play their home games in albany, new york at the times union center and sometimes at the boardwalk hall. their echl affiliate team is the trenton devils.
the abbotsford heat were a canadian professional ice hockey team that began playing in 2009. they played for 5 seasons in the american hockey league and were the farm team of the calgary flames of the nhl. they played their home games in abbotsford, british columbia at the abbotsford entertainment & sports centre. 
the team struggled with financial problems and had low attendance near the end. the city of abbotsford terminated their contract with the heat on april 15, 2014. on may 5, 2014, the ahl's board of governors said at their spring meeting in chicago that they had approved the relocation of the team to glens falls, new york for the 2014-15 ahl season.
the echl (formerly east coast hockey league) is a professional ice hockey league based in the united states and is considered a lower tier than the american hockey league. 
the echl and the american hockey league are the only ice hockey leagues that receive recognition by the collective bargaining agreement between the national hockey league and the national hockey league players' association which means that any player that is signed to an entry-level nhl contract and is designated for assignment must report to a club either in the ahl or the echl. 
the major championship in the echl that the two winning team of their conferences play for is the kelly cup. there are currently 27 teams in the echl.
the grand rapids griffins are an american professional ice hockey team that began playing in 1996 in the ihl. they currently play in the american hockey league and are the farm team of the detroit red wings of the nhl. they play their home games in grand rapids, michigan at the van andel arena. their echl affiliate team is the toledo walleye.
the hamilton bulldogs are a canadian professional ice hockey team that began playing in 1996. they play in the onatrio hockey league
they formerly played in the american hockey league and are the farm team of the montreal canadiens of the nhl. 
they play their home games in hamilton, ontario at the copps coliseum which is nicknamed "the dog pound". 
the chicago wolves are an american professional ice hockey team that began playing in 1994. they currently play in the american hockey league and are the farm team of the vegas golden knights of the nhl. they play their home games in rosemont, illinois at the allstate arena. their echl affiliate team is the gwinnett gladiators.
the oklahoma city barons are an american professional ice hockey team that began playing in 2010. they currently play in the american hockey league and are the farm team of the edmonton oilers of the nhl. they play their home games in oklahoma city, oklahoma at the cox convention center. their echl affiliate team is the stockton thunder.
the milwaukee admirals are an american professional ice hockey team that began playing in 2001. they currently play in the american hockey league and are the farm team of the nashville predators of the nhl. they play their home games in milwaukee, wisconsin at uw–milwaukee panther arena. their echl affiliate team is the cincinnati cyclones.
the adirondack phantoms are an american professional ice hockey team that began playing in 2009. they currently play in the american hockey league and are the farm team of the philadelphia flyers of the nhl. they play their home games in glens falls, new york at the glens falls civic center. their echl affiliate team is the greenville road warriors.
the charlotte checkers are an american professional ice hockey team that began playing in 2010. they currently play in the american hockey league and are the farm team of the carolina hurricanes of the nhl. they play their home games in charlotte, north carolina at bojangles' coliseum. their echl affiliate team is the florida everblades. the team was originally an echl team but the new owner michael kahn relinquished the echl franchise and relocated the albany river rats to charlotte to beccome the charlotte checkers.
the norfolk admirals are an american professional ice hockey team that began playing in 2000. they currently play in the american hockey league and are the farm team of the tampa bay lightning of the nhl. they play their home games in norfolk, virginia at the norfolk scope. their echl affiliate team is the florida everblades.
the hershey bears are an american professional ice hockey team that began playing in 1938 which makes them the longest-existing team in the ahl. they currently play in the american hockey league and are the farm team of the washington capitals of the nhl. they play their home games in hershey, pennsylvania at the giant center. their echl affiliate team is the south carolina stingrays. the bears have won a total of 11 calder cups.
in the united states, social security is the term for the federal old-age, survivors, and disability insurance (oasdi) program. that program is run by the social security administration. the original social security act was signed into law by president franklin d. roosevelt in 1935. the current version of the act, as amended, involves many social welfare and social insurance programs.
social security gets its money through payroll taxes. those taxes are called federal insurance contributions act tax (fica) or self employed contributions act tax (seca). tax deposits are collected by the internal revenue service (irs). almost all salaried income, up to an certain amount set by law (see tax rate table below), is taxed by the social security payroll tax. all income over the set amount is not taxed. in 2019, the maximum amount of taxable money is $132,900.
in 2017, social security spent $806.7 billion for oasdi and $145.8 billion for di.
a limited form of the social security program started during president franklin d. roosevelt's first term. it started using "social insurance" to help during the great depression of the 1930s.
duffield castle was a norman castle in duffield, derbyshire. the site is a scheduled ancient monument.
the rocky site was easy to defend, because it was surrounded by the river in three sides and hard to climb. it is not clear whether the site was inhabited in prehistoric times. the roman army might have been there to protect the ford nearby where people from lutudarum wirksworth passed before joining rykneld street at derventio (now part of derby) which was n-shaped route for the north sea ports.
ancient items of anglo-saxons have been found there. they suggest that saxon thane named siward or his relatives might have occupied the site. also, many roman or romano-british pottery has been found, including roof tiles of roman pattern. some of them were kept in the derby museum, but others kept in the parish room were unfortunately lost.
the norman castle.
henry de ferrers (ferrars) faithfully served king william and was given land in derbyshire, which became known as duffield frith. it was between heage and shottle on the north, and tutbury on the south. he built tutbury castle as his main residence. he built another castle at duffield to protect north side of his land. this castle was probably built of wood.
his third son, robert, fought the scots in the battle of the standard in 1138, and became the first earl of derby.
his great grandson, william, became the earl in 1162. he supported king's sons when they resisted henry ii, and finally both castles were destroyed in 1173.
william ii was favored by king john, and took back the land of wirksworth, ashbourne, and horston castle (horsley). the castles at tutbury and duffield were rebuilt with stone. william iii was also favored as william ii was.
the next earl (the 7th generation), robert, fought against henry iii and tutbury castle was destroyed. once the king forgave robert, but he resisted again and was defeated in battle at chesterfield. he lost his land in 1269 and duffield castle was destroyed. his lands were given to prince edmund, who became first earl of lancaster shortly later.
the castle was completely destroyed. most of the stones were taken away as materials of other buildings, and the place gradually retuned to wild.
when the site was surveyed, the base of a traditional norman motte and bailey castle was found with a large rock on it. the size of the rock was really remarkable, about 98 feet in length and 95 feet in width, only slightly smaller than the white tower in london.
the grounds were saved with definite shape of foundations, and transferred to the national trust in 1899. for many years, parish council was in charge of the site, but recently the role was handed down to the trust.
other surveys in the 1930s and in 1957 verified the residence before the arrival of the normans, because many romano‑british items were found.
a geophysical investigation of the site was carried out by the university of bradford in 2001. traces of other structures to the south and the southeast were found, and they appeared to date from the same period. the trust is planning to raise necessary funds to carry out further investigations.
melissa aronson (born 1963 in new york, new york), better known as emme, is an american plus-size supermodel. she is one of the leading plus-sized models in the profession, as well as its highest earner.
les casquets or (the) casquets () is a group of rocks 13 kilometres (8.08 mi) northwest of alderney and are part of an underwater sandstone ridge. other parts which emerge above the water are the islets of burhou and ortac. little grows on them.
origin of name.
theories as to the origin of the name include: 
a map ("leyland map") dated from around 1640 gives a latin name "casus rupes" (broken rocks), which would seem to confirm the third theory above, but which may be a folk etymology.
there have been numerous wrecks on the islets; fierce tides reaching 6-7 knots on springs and a lack of landmarks account for many wrecks in the area. the most famous include ss "stella", wrecked in 1899. the largest wreck was the 8000 tonne water tanker "constantia s".
it was believed for centuries that hms "victory" was wrecked in 1744 on the casquets, the lightkeeper of alderney even being court-martialled for failure to keep the light on at the time of the ship's loss. however, when the wreck of that ship was found in 2008, it was over 60 nautical miles (110 km) from the casquets.
the first lighthouses started operation on 30 october 1724, and were three towers lit by coal fires called st peter, st thomas and the dungeon. three stone towers were built so the lights would not look like those in nearby france.
they were built by thomas le cocq, owner of the rocks, under licence from trinity house and who was paid a halfpenny per ton of ship when vessels passed the rocks and in turn he paid trinity house 50 pounds per year for the right to run the lighthouses. the lighthouses reverted to trinity house in 1785.
they were converted to oil lamps with metal reflectors which were first used on 25 november 1790; and upgraded again with apparatus to rotate a beam of light in 1818. this had a clockwork mechanism which was wound up every hour and a half and gave one flash every 15 seconds.
the lighthouses were badly damaged and the lanterns smashed in a severe storm on 31 october 1823. the towers were raised by a further 10 yards (9.1 m) in 1854, and 184 kilocandela lamps were added which gave three slow flashes every half minute. in 1877 the north west tower was raised again and the lights in the other two towers turned off.
british commandos of the small scale raiding force made two raids during the second world war on the lighthouse, following the german occupation of the channel islands in 1940. the first raid, operation dryad, took place on 2/3 september 1942 and the seven keepers were taken back to england as prisoners of war.
in 1954 the lighthouse was coverted to electricity and a 2,830 kilocandela lamp was put in. the lamp is unusual because it rotates anti-clockwise. at the same time, the other two towers were reduced in height.
the current light in the 23 metres (75 ft) north west tower is 37 metres (121 ft) above mean sea level and flashes five times every 30 seconds and with flashes 3.7 seconds apart. it can be seen for around 24 nautical miles (44 km) in clear weather. the east tower contains the foghorn, which produces two blasts every 60 seconds and this has a nominal range of 3 nautical miles (5.6 km). the south west tower is topped with a helipad and there is another helipad on a flat section of the rock. the rocks are also marked using racon with a morse letter t on radar displays. the lighthouse complex was automated in 1990 and is monitored and controlled from the trinity house operations control centre in harwich.
maria francisca of savoy (marie françoise élisabeth; 21 june 1646 – 27 december 1683) was a princess of savoy and the queen consort of portugal twice as the wife of afonso vi and his brother peter ii.
the younger daughter of charles amadeus, duke of nemours, and élisabeth de bourbon she was the younger sister of marie jeanne, duchess of savoy who married victor amadeus ii in 1666. she was baptised with the names marie françoise élisabeth, but was known as "marie françoise". 
born a princess of savoy, her immediate family had resided in france since the previous century. styled "mademoiselle d'aumale" she was engaged to afonso vi of portugal by order of louis xiv who wanted an alliance with portugal against spain. as such, the young queen left paris on 29 may 1666, with the marquis of sande and his entourage, heading to la rochelle. on 27 june there was a proxy ceremony where afonso vi was represented by sande. she bought a dowry of 1.8 million pounds as part of an agreement which was signed on 24 february 1666. she arrived had her marriage in person on 2 august 1666. her husband was pleased at his attractive wife. her husband was paralysed on his left side and mentally unstable. the marriage was never consummated, and she divorced him. 
on 28 march 1668, she married afonso's brother, infante pedro, duke of beja, who was appointed prince regent the same year. the king was exiled for seven years and died in 1683. maria francisca again becaf portugal for the second time when peter succeeded his brother as peter ii in 1683. she died in december the same year and was buried at the "convent of the francesinhas", but was moved to the "monastery of são vicente de fora" in 1912. pedro ii remarried maria sofia of neuburg by whom he had several children. 
distrito federal may mean:
sv grödig is an austrian football club from grödig near salzburg, austria . the team plays in the regionalliga salzburg, the third highest league in austrian football.
the club was founded in 1948 and played till the 1990s in different classes of the sfv (salzburger football association). in the 1990s they won 4 championships. 2003 they promoted to the regionalliga west(3rd division). 2006 eduard glieder, a former team player became coach of sv grödig, they reached the 6th place. the next year heimo pfeifenberger, another former team player became coach. 2008 they were promoted to the 1.division, the second level in austrian football. the first year was not successful and they were relegated to the regionalliga. 2009/10 they won the league and were again promoted to the first division. the season 2010/11 was successful, they reached th 6th place. after this success the president announced, that the aim for the next season is reaching a top position. therefore, the team was chanced and 6 players left the club. 2012/13 they won the league under coach adi hütter and were promoted to the bundesliga. in the 2015/16 league they were relegated to the second league, but went straight to the third league because of financial reasons.
the usg ardagger/neustadtl is a women's soccer team from lower austria. it is formed out of the two clubs scu ardagger and sv neustadtl. the club plays in the öfb-frauenliga league, the highest level in austrian women's soccer. 
the club was founded in 1996 and started playing during the 1996/97 season in the lower austria women league. the next year they were promoted to the second women league (east division). in 2001/02 they won the league and were promoted to the öfb-frauenliga where they still are.
psycho is a 1960 american slasher movie directed by alfred hitchcock. it is set in arizona and california. it is considered to be one of the first modern horror movies since modern horror began in the 1960s.
it tells the story of a young woman, played by janet leigh, who steals money from her workplace and runs away. when she stops at a motel for the night she is murdered by the hotel's owner, played by perkins. the owner has dissociative identity disorder and is obsessed with his dead mother. the movie is famous for the unexpected death of leigh's character early in the movie in the 'shower scene' which has in turn become very famous in popular culture. it is now known as the first "slasher movie" and one of hitchcock's greatest movies.
the movie is based on the book of the same name by robert bloch. this was inspired by the real life crimes of wisconsin serial killer, ed gein. the movie was nominated for four academy awards including "best director". the movie was the first motion picture to feature a toilet flushing.
the movie was remade in 1998.
a slasher movie is a horror or thriller movie in which there is a killer hunting after a group of people, picking them off one by one. often the killer has a powerful weapon, is crazy or insane, and is either unstoppable or cannot die. common examples of slashers include: a nightmare on elm street, friday the 13th (1980 movie), halloween (franchise) and psycho (movie). stephen king has written several slasher movies.
a silent movie is a movie made without sound. silent movies were made from the late 1880s to the early 1930s. they used early cameras that could not record sound. either the movie was being made before sound cameras were invented, or the movie makers could not afford the expensive new equipment. 
charlie chaplin was known as one of the best movie stars during "the silent era", as it's called today in movie history. some silent stars also did well in sound movies. popular silent movies include "", "a trip to the moon", "the general", and "metropolis".
bernard greenhouse (born january 3, 1916; died may 13, 2011) was an american cellist. he was particularly famous for playing chamber music and was one of the original members of the beaux arts trio (a group of three musicians: a pianist, violinist and cellist).
greenhouse was born in newark, new jersey to a musical family. he started to learn the cello when he was nine. he studied with felix salmond at the juilliard school of music in new york city. then he studied with the great cellist emmanuel feuermann. he was also one of the very few students of the legendary cellist pablo casals.
when he started his career he soon became the principal cellist of the cbs symphony orchestra from 1938-1942 and he also played chamber music with the dorian string quartet. after his studies with casals he gave many solo recitals, but most of all he loved chamber music.
in 1955, he met the violinist daniel guilet and the pianist menahem pressler in new york. together they formed the beaux arts trio. this group became a world famous trio. bernard greenhouse played with them until 1987. 
at the time there were a few string quartets who were famous, but the idea of having success as a piano trio seemed strange. however, columbia artists asked them to play in 10 concerts, then they were offered 80 concerts. soon they were performing in europe and then all over the world, giving about 130 concerts a year in the usa alone and making many recordings. 
bernard greenhouse taught at the julliard and manhattan schools of music in new york and at several other music schools in the usa. 
when he retired he went to live in massachusetts. there he gave lessons to talented young players, never charging them fees. greenhouse was given many awards, including the prix mondial du disque and the us presidential medallion 1985.
greenhouse was still playing the cello at the age of 95. he died in wellfleet, massachusetts on cape cod, on may 13, 2011.
the beaux arts trio was a famous piano trio. the three musicians (a violinist, cellist and pianist first performed together in public on 13 july 1955 at the berkshire music festival, known today as the tanglewood music center. their last american concert was held at tanglewood on 21 august 2008. their last concert was in lucerne, switzerland on 6 september 2008.
the beaux arts trio made many recordings including all the well-known works for piano, violin and cello.
when the trio started its members were:
the pianist was menahem pressler during its whole existence.
there were several changes of violinist:
after daniel guilet left they were: isidore cohen (1968~), ida kavafian (1992~), yung uck kim (1998~), daniel hope (2002~)
bernard greenhouse stayed with the group until 1987. after that the cellists were peter wiley (1987~), antonio meneses (1998~)
todo noticias also know as tn (english: "all news") is an argentine television news channel. it belongs to grupo clarín since 1993, when it was launched. débora pérez volpin was the known reporter for the channel from 2005 until her retirement in 2017.
auguste of baden-baden (auguste marie johanna; 10 november 1704 – 8 august 1726) was born a margravine of baden-baden, she was the duchess of orléans by marriage to louis d'orléans, duke of orléans. her husband was a grandson of her father's former enemy louis xiv of france. known in france as jeanne or auguste de bade, she died in childbirth. she is an ancestor of louis philippe i and of several members of royal families of europe such as the spanish and italian as well as the present grand duke of luxemburg.
the emme is a river in switzerland. the emmental, meaning, valley of the emme is named after it.
the river is about 80 km long. it flows into the aare near solothurn.
on 13 august 1837 there was the biggest known flood of the river. jeremias gotthelf describes this in a story. this story, as well as other floods led to the river being canalised in the 19th century.
the mike douglas show was an american daytime television talk show. the host mike douglas. the show was broadcast in syndication from 1961 to 1982. westinghouse broadcasting distributed the show. many of the programs were made in studios of two of the company's tv stations.
the show featured the first television appearance of then 2 year old tiger woods who showed off his swing for bob hope and james stewart. others who appeared on the show over the years include malcolm x, martin luther king, jr., mother teresa, jerry rubin, angela davis, alfred hitchcock, fred astaire, judy garland, bette davis, gene kelly, gene tierney, lucille ball, vivian vance, mark hamill, ginger rogers, ricardo montalbán, howard keel, celeste holm, dorothy lamour, dana andrews, vincent price, natalie wood, joan crawford, cliff robertson, peter lawford, nanette fabray, jack lemmon, tony curtis, lee marvin, paul newman, sean connery, roger moore, carrie fisher, robert wagner, diahann carroll, george hamilton, victor buono, peter ustinov, tammy grimes, valerie harper, richard dreyfuss, john travolta, louis armstrong, rosemary clooney, bing crosby, ethel merman, sammy davis, jr., harrison ford, eydie gormé, jack jones, harry belafonte, liza minnelli, paul anka, robert goulet, carol lawrence, edie adams, debbie reynolds, gwen verdon, connie francis, olivia newton-john, ben vereen, joey heatherton, ruth dickson, frankie laine, eartha kitt, sergio mendes, buddy rich, jerry vale, lola falana, frankie valli, pearl bailey, lou rawls, tina turner, tom waits, eddy arnold, johnny cash, roy clark, kenny rogers, ray stevens, janis ian, bernie taupin, ian anderson, marcel marceau, muhammad ali, howard cosell, joe namath, mason reese, ralph nader, rex reed, martha mitchell, victor borge, kreskin, imogene coca, phyllis diller, fannie flagg, lily tomlin, joan rivers, elayne boosler, milton berle, george burns, sid caesar, mel brooks, alan king, bill cosby, henny youngman, jack carter, redd foxx, rodney dangerfield, jan murray, shecky greene, buddy hacket, joey bishop, red skelton, steve allen, dan rowan, dick martin, marty allen, robert klein, george carlin, sandy baron, arte johnson, frank gorshin, soupy sales, jonathan winters, charlie callas, norm crosby, rip taylor, foster brooks, irwin corey, leonard barr, pat cooper, rich little, stan kann, steve landesberg, andy kaufman, jimmie walker, jay leno, moe howard of the three stooges, gloria parker with her musical glasses, jimmy edmonson.
there was a different co-host every week on the show. some of the co-hosts include: cesar romero, jackie gleason, joan fontaine, anne baxter, jimmy dean, richard thomas, florence henderson, brooke shields, shelley berman, richard pryor, dyan cannon, suzanne somers, jerry lewis, don rickles, minnie pearl, shirley bassey, bobby darin, tony randall, kaye ballard, totie fields, david brenner, ted knight, bernadette peters, kate jackson, harry chapin, rod mckuen, cicely tyson, karen valentine, johnny mathis, joel grey, carol channing, anne murray, anthony newley, marvin hamlisch, patty duke, cher, mel tillis, steve lawrence, martha raye, tony bennett, mel tormé, frankie avalon, charlton heston, gordon macrae, richard harris, red buttons, billy crystal, david steinberg, hugh o'brian, burt reynolds, william shatner, john lennon & yoko ono.jimi hendrix
rotonda west is a place in charlotte county, florida, united states. the population was 6,574 at the 2000 census.
reaction agostini is the name of a simplified examination for the presence of glucose in human urine.
the method consists of preparing a solution of sodium chloride and potassium oxide, adding the urine to be investigated. if there is glucose present, the solution becomes red.
the troubles () was a guerrilla/nationalist conflict in northern ireland during the late 20th century.
it is also known as the northern ireland conflict, it is sometimes described as an "irregular war" or "low-level war".
the conflict began in the late 1960s and many said it ended with the good friday agreement of 1998. although the troubles primarily took place in northern ireland, at times the violence spilled over into parts of the republic of ireland, england, and mainland europe.
a key issue was the state of northern ireland. unionists/loyalists (most of whom were protestants) wanted northern ireland to remain within the united kingdom. irish nationalists/republicans (most of whom were catholics) wanted northern ireland to leave the united kingdom and join a united ireland.
more than 3,500 people were killed in the conflict. of those: 52% were civilians, 32% were members of the british security forces, and 16% were members of paramilitary groups.
brian joseph myers (born april 20, 1985 in glen cove, new york) is an american professional wrestler. he is best known for his time working with the wwe. he made his debut in 2004 and is now better known by his ring name curt hawkins. hawkins was also known for being part of many tag teams with zack ryder (the major brothers, curt hawkins and zack ryder and the edgeheads along with edge). hawkins is a one-time wwe tag team champion with zack ryder.
on june 12, 2014, hawkins was released from his wwe contract.
desert sand is a colour which is like the color of desert sand. 
it is a deep tone of beige.
in 1998, "desert sand" was made into a crayola crayon colour. 
the color shown at right matches the palest of the three colors in the 3-color "desert camouflage uniform" of united states army.in 1990, it began to replace the 6-color "desert battle dress uniform". 
seven witches is an american heavy metal band from the state of new jersey. seven witches has four members in the band; the current band members are james rivera, jack frost, michael lepond and taz marazz.
so far as of 2011, seven witches has released 8 studio albums:
james (jim) rempe was born november 4, 1947, in scranton, pennsylvania. he is an american professional pocket billiards (pool) player. he bacame a member of the billiard congress of america's hall of fame in 2002.
rempe began playing pool as a child. he was 6 years old when he started. he became a professional at age 22. he has won over 100 major championships. he won 11 world titles, including the world straight pool championship, world nine-ball championship, the world one-pocket championship, all-around world championship and, later, the mizerak senior tour.
he got 23 tournament wins between 1972 and 1978. that was more than any other pool player in the world, so he got the nickname "king james".
in september 1975, rempe went on a 23-stop tour in australia. he defeated world snooker champion eddie charlton in nine-ball, rotation, and straight pool.
angul district is a district in india. it is in the state of odisha. its headquarters are in angul city.
port lincoln is a city in south australia. it is a coastal city on boston bay at the southern end of the eyre peninsula. it is the largest city in the region. it is about 280 kilometres (straight line – 646 km by road) from the capital city adelaide.
the first people to live in the area were the barngarla (parnkalla) people, who are indigenous australian people. the name they used to call this area was galinyala.
european people settled in the area in 1836.
british royal navy explorer matthew flinders discovered the harbour in february 1802. he named it "port" lincoln rather than just lincoln, where flinders came from.
port lincoln may have become the state capital of the future south australia, but it did not have a good water supply.. even as a small town, port lincoln could not get enough fresh water, which is now supplied mostly from the underground aquifers to the south of the city. recently the water supply on the eyre peninsula has been connected to murray river water through a link from kimba to whyalla to connect into the morgan to whyalla pipeline water.
about 14,245 people live in the port lincoln area as of 2006. aboriginal people made up 5.4% of port lincoln's 2006 population.
port lincoln has different coastal areas, from sheltered waters and beaches, to surf beaches and rugged oceanic coastline.
port lincoln and its suburbs comprise the city of port lincoln local government area. port lincoln is in the state electoral district of flinders and the federal division of grey.
the economy is based on loading wheat onto ships. the port can handle over 337,500 tonnes) of wheat. there is also the canning and fish processing works, lambs, wool and beef, and tuna farming for the japanese market. the port is home to a large commercial fishing fleet. there is also fish farming (aquaculture) of the following species: tuna, kingfish, abalone, mussels, oysters, and experimental farming in seahorses and spiny lobsters. before the introduction of fish farming, the main fishing was for southern bluefin tuna.
port lincoln is the end of an isolated narrow gauge railway system to bring the wheat to port. iron ore traffic may be added in the future, although this has been the topic of protest and debate in the community.
tourism is becoming more important, thanks to the scenic beauty and coastal locality. easy access to both spencer gulf and the great australian bight make port lincoln a good place for yachting, scuba diving, shark cage diving and game fishing. the city also is the regional centre for government administration, corporate services and commerce to eyre peninsula. however, many state government functions are gradually being closed as state government becomes more centralised in adelaide. during the past decade, there has been a big increase in building houses and commercial buildings.
lincoln national park, coffin bay national park and kellidie bay conservation park are within easy driving distance.
port lincoln is the port for the isolated narrow gauge () eyre peninsular railway.
there is also a smaller port at proper bay which may be restored to use for iron ore traffic. the export of iron ore through port lincoln has been approved by the south australian government. (c. oct 2009)
port lincoln airport is located a few kilometers north of the city. regional express and qantaslink provide several daily flights to the state capital of adelaide.
the book "blue fin" by colin thiele was set in port lincoln. the movie of the same name was filmed in nearby streaky bay. some of the shark scenes of "jaws" and anzac cove scenes in "gallipoli", were also filmed near port lincoln. 
"australian survivor", the australian-produced series of the us television series, "survivor", was filmed at whalers way, south of port lincoln, in 2001.
"hearts apart" by caitlin jones was written on a farm in port lincoln.
port lincoln was visited in 1939 by english travel author eric newby, while he was crew in the four-masted barque "moshulu", which anchored off boston island. "moshulu" had taken 82 days to sail to port lincoln from belfast in ballast (a fast passage for a windjammer). but there was no grain to be had there, even though "moshulu" waited at anchor for most of january. the crew was given shore leave in port lincoln, encountering large amounts of australian wine. "moshulu" finally sailed to port victoria for cargo.
during the 1939 season, "passat" and "lawhill" also went to port lincoln. newby wrote about his round-trip from ireland to south australia in his book "the last grain race" (1956). several pictures of port lincoln in 1939 are in his photo-essay of his voyage, "learning the ropes".
port lincoln has two local commercial radio stations, 89.9 magic fm and 765 am 5cc. it is also served by abc west coast sa on 1485 am. it also receives triple j and abc radio national from tumby bay and satellite uplink from melbourne respectively. abc news radio is available on 91.5fm. it also receives kixfm 87.6.
port lincoln has one local newspaper, the port lincoln times, a rural press publication. the port lincoln times is published on tuesdays and thursdays and is printed in murray bridge at the high-tech rural press printing centre.
free to air tv stations available in port lincoln are abc, sbs, southern cross gts/bkn (formerly central television) and southern cross ten. also available is austar pay tv.
people from port lincoln.
olympic gold medal weightlifter dean lukin was a tuna fisherman who became famous as a weightlifter in the 1980s. he came back to run the family fishery business.
many australian rules football (afl) players have come from port lincoln, including graham johncock, peter burgoyne, shaun burgoyne and byron pickett.
tony santic, the owner of makybe diva (the only horse to win the melbourne cup three times), is a tuna farmer in port lincoln. a life-sized bronze statue of the horse stands on the town's foreshore.
australian diamonds netball player lauren nourse began her career in port lincoln at age seven. in 2008 she was a member of the gold medal winning australian side at the auckland world netball championships.
bagalkot is a city in india. it is in the state of karnataka.
eyre peninsula is a triangle shaped peninsula in south australia. on the east is spencer gulf, and on the west is the great australian bight. its north boundary is the gawler ranges. it is named after explorer edward john eyre who explored some of it in 1839-1841. the coastline was first explored by matthew flinders in 1801-1802. the west coast was also visited by nicolas baudin at around the same time.
the peninsula was explored by john charles darke in 1844, who was killed by local aborigines on his return to port lincoln.
the main towns are port lincoln on the southern point, whyalla and port augusta at the north east, and ceduna at the northwest. they are joined by the eyre highway across the inland edge, and the flinders highway and lincoln highway along the west and east coasts.
the major industry is farming - cereal crops, sheep, and cattle in the dry north area. more water-intensive farming such as dairy farming and growing wine industry happen in the south. many coastal towns have commercial fishing. port lincoln had a large tuna fishing fleet, which is now changing to fish farming in bays along the coast. the eyre peninsula has a growing population of around 55,390 people.
there is a commercial nephrite jade mine near cowell. iron ore is mined in the hills near iron knob and taken by rail to whyalla for smelting.
national parks located on the eyre peninsula include lincoln national park, coffin bay national park, gawler ranges national park, and several conservation parks and reserves like acraman creek conservation park.
in january 2005, bushfires on the eyre peninsula killed nine people.
the peninsular is served by the isolated narrow gauge eyre peninsula railway.
whicham is a village and civil parish in copeland, cumbria, england. in 2001 there were 395 people living in whicham.
scaleby is a village and civil parish in city of carlisle, cumbria, england. in 2001 there were 349 people living in scaleby. scaleby has a castle.
the delhi gate is a monument in the old walled city of lahore in lahore, punjab, pakistan. it was made during the mughal period as one of thirteen gates to the inner city. in 2008, the monument was renovated in certain parts by intach.
great clifton is a village and civil parish in allerdale, cumbria, england. in 2001 there were 1,101 people living in great clifton.
little clifton is a village and civil parish in allerdale, cumbria, england. in 2001 there were 391 people living in little clifton.
wickenby is a village and civil parish in west lindsey, lincolnshire, england. in 2001 there were 217 people living in wickenby.
eight ash green is a village and civil parish in colchester district, essex, england. in 2001 there were 1,750 people living in eight ash green.
murton is a village and civil parish in eden, cumbria, england. in 2001 there were 330 people living in murton.
ilfracombe is a town and civil parish in north devon, devon, england. in 2001 there were 10,840 people living in ilfracombe.
great strickland is a village and civil parish in eden, cumbria, england. in 2001 there were 246 people living in great strickland.
the following is a list of the 514 communes of the seine-et-marne "département", in france.
onecote is a village and civil parish in staffordshire moorlands, staffordshire, england. in 2001 there were 224 people living in onecote.
the following is a list of the 353 communes of the ille-et-vilaine "département", in france.
the following is a list of the 283 communes of the finistère "département", in france.
the following is a list of the 730 communes of the moselle "département", in france.
the following is a list of the 505 communes of the orne "département", in france.
the following is a list of the 153 communes of the var "département", in france.
the following is a list of the 262 communes of the french department of yvelines.
the following is a list of the 404 communes of the charente "département" in france.
apple tv is a digital streaming device made by apple inc. apple is a company that makes the iphone, ipod, and ipad. there are 4 generations of the apple tv. it can be used to stream content (for example, music, movies, tv shows, pictures etc.) from other apple devices or icloud to a tv.
apple tv was first announced on september 12, 2006 under the name "itv", however the name was changed before the final release because a uk television company named itv threatened to sue apple if they used the name. sales of apple tv started on march 21, 2007.
on january 15, 2008, apple announced they would release a free update to the apple tv, allowing people to download media from the itunes store without having to connect their apple tv to their computer.
apple announced a new, smaller version of the apple tv on september 1, 2010, followed by an almost identical, but faster apple tv on march 7, 2012.
on september 9, 2015, at wwdc, apple announced the 4th generation apple tv. it features a new siri remote, and an app store, as part of tvos 9.0.
angoulême () is a commune in southwestern france in the charente department, nouvelle-aquitaine region, of which it is its prefecture.
it was the capital of the old province of angoumois.
the city of angoulême is in the centre of the charente department, on a plateau overlooking a meander of the charente river.
it has an area of . its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .
the city of angoulême is surrounded by the "communes":
the climate of angoulême, in the köppen climate classification, is cfb - oceanic climate with template summers.
the inhabitants of this city are known, in french, as "angoumoisins" (women: "angoumoisines").
with a population of 41,955, angoulême has a population density of inhabitants/km2.
evolution of the population in angoulême
angoulême forms, together with other 17 "communes", the urban area of angoulême with a population of 108,624 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . this urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of angoulême, formed by 106 "communes", with a population of 180,820 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .
angoulême is the prefecture of the charente department, the capital of the "arrondissement" of angoulême and the administrative centre () of three cantons:
it is part of the intercommunality "grand angoulême" ().
twinned and partner towns.
angoulême is twinned with:
the following is a list of the 602 communes of the manche "département", in france.
the following is a list of the 369 communes of the drôme "département" in france.
the following is a list of the 277 communes of the indre-et-loire "département", in france.
the following is a list of the 533 different communes of the isère "département", in france.
blinman is a small town in the northern flinders ranges of south australia. it is 485 km north of the state capital, adelaide. about 151 people live in the blinman area. the town is also known as the highest town in south australia. it has a hotel, cafe, general store and a post office.
in december 1859, a shepherd called robert blinman, from the nearby angorichina station (farm) found copper. he was nickmaned "peg leg" because he had a wooden leg. with a group of friends he started the wheal blinman, a copper mine in 1861. the town grew quickly and by 1869 there were about 1,500 people living there. many miners were cornish men, who had been mining for copper at burra, south australia. the mine, later called the blinman consolidated copper mining company of south australia, soon became the biggest and most productive mine in the flinders ranges. about 10,000 tonnes of copper were taken from the mine which finally closed in 1918.
william kekwick (died 1872), who explored south australia and the northern territory with john mcdouall stuart, is buried in the blinman cemetery.
the blinman copper mine is now a tourist attraction, and visitors can explore the underground mine.
the following is a list of the 327 communes of the loire "département", in france.
villars is a small village in france near saint-priest-en-jarez.
lorette is a town in france.
it is the birthplace of 4-time formula one champion alain prost.
paulo freire (september 19, 1921 - may 2, 1997) was an educator born in brazil. he developed new ideas about education for the oppressed - people who have been trodden down.
paulo freire wrote about the philosophy of education that came not only from old school such as plato, but also from modern marxist and anti-colonialist thinkers. in fact, in many ways his "pedagogy of the oppressed" (1970) may be best read as an extension of, or reply to, frantz fanon’s "the wretched of the earth" (1961), which emphasized the need to provide native populations with an education which was simultaneously new and modern (rather than traditional) and anti-colonial (not simply an extension of the culture of the colonizer).
in "pedagogy of the oppressed" (1970), freire, talks about the oppressors-oppressed distinction,seeing differences between the two positions in an unjust society: the oppressor and the oppressed. freire makes no direct reference to his most direct influence for the distinction, which stems back to a least hegel in 1802, and has since been reprised by many authors including engels, marx, lenin, gramsci, simone weil and others.
freire advocates that education allows the oppressed to regain their humanity and overcome their condition; however, he acknowledges that in order for this to take effect, the oppressed have to play a role in their own liberation. as he states:
no pedagogy which is truly liberating can remain distant from the oppressed by treating them as unfortunates and by presenting for their emulation models from among the oppressors. the oppressed must be their own example in the struggle for their redemption (freire, 1970, p. 54).
likewise, the oppressors must also be willing to rethink their way of life and to examine their own role in the oppression if true liberation is to occur; "those who authentically commit themselves to the people must re-examine themselves constantly" (freire, 1970, p. 60).
the ideas of paulo freire.
freire believed education to be a political act that could not be divorced from pedagogy. freire defined this as a main tenet of critical pedagogy. teachers and students must be made aware of the "politics" that surround education. the way students are taught and what they are taught serves a political agenda. teachers, themselves, have political notions they bring into the classroom (kincheloe, 2008). freire believed that "education makes sense because women and men learn that through learning they can make and remake themselves, because women and men are able to take responsibility for themselves as beings capable of knowing — of knowing that they know and knowing that they don't" (freire, 2004, p. 15)
pedagogy: how teachers teach.
in terms of actual pedagogy, freire is best known for his attack on what he called the "banking" concept of education, in which the student was viewed as an empty account to be filled by the teacher. he notes that "it transforms students into receiving objects. it attempts to control thinking and action, leads men and women to adjust to the world, and inhibits their creative power" (freire, 1970, p. 77). the basic critique was not new — rousseau’s conception of the child as an active learner was already a step away from tabula rasa (which is basically the same as the “banking concept”). in addition, thinkers like john dewey were strongly critical of the transmission of mere facts as the goal of education. dewey often described education as a mechanism for social change, explaining that “education is a regulation of the process of coming to share in the social consciousness; and that the adjustment of individual activity on the basis of this social consciousness is the only sure method of social reconstruction” (1897, p. 16). freire’s work, however, updated the concept and placed it in context with current theories and practices of education, laying the foundation for what is now called critical pedagogy.
teachers and students: an organic whole.
more challenging is freire's strong aversion to the teacher-student difference. this splitis admitted in rousseau and constrained in dewey, but freire comes close to insisting that it be completely abolished. this is hard to imagine in absolute terms, since there must be some enactment of the teacher-student relationship in the parent-child relationship, but what freire suggests is that a deep reciprocity be inserted into our notions of teacher and student. he goes so far as to say that “education must begin with the solution of the teacher-student contradiction, by reconciling the poles of the contradiction so that both are simultaneously students and teachers” (freire, 1970, p. 72). freire wants us to think in terms of teacher-student and student-teacher – that is, a teacher who learns and a learner who teaches – as the basic roles of classroom participation.
freire however insists that educator and student, though sharing democratic social relations of education, are not on an equal footing, but the educator must be humble enough to be disposed to relearn that which he/she already thinks she knows, through interaction with the learner. the authority which the educator enjoys must not be allowed to degenerate into authoritarianism; teachers must recognize that "their fundamental objective is to fight alongside the people for the recovery of the people's stolen humanity", not to "win the people over" to their side (freire, 1970, p. 95).
the following is a list of the 594 communes of the doubs "département" in france.
the fiscal year is a year long time period used to figure out an organization's budget. it is not always the same as the calendar year. it is also a north american term for financial year.
"brother, can you spare a dime?", also sung as "buddy, can you spare a dime?", is one of the best-known american songs of the great depression. written in 1931 by lyricist e. y. "yip" harburg and composer jay gorney, "brother, can you spare a dime?" was part of the 1932 musical "new americana;" the melody is based on a russian lullaby gorney heard as a child. it became best known, however, through recordings by bing crosby and rudy vallee. both versions were released right before franklin delano roosevelt's election to the presidency and both became number one hits on the charts. the brunswick crosby recording became the best-selling record of its period, and came to be viewed as an anthem of the shattered dreams of the era.
the song asks why the men who built the nation – built the railroads, built the skyscrapers – who fought in the war (world war i), who tilled the earth, who did what their nation asked of them should, now that the work is done and their labor no longer necessary, find themselves abandoned, in bread lines.
the song has unusual structure for a broadway song. firstly, rather than starting in a major key, as most broadway songs do, it begins in a minor key, which is darker, and more appropriate for the depression. when discussing the prosperous past and building the railroads, the song jumps an octave and moves briefly into a major key, evoking energy and optimism. it then reverts to a minor key in the word "time" in the line "once i built a railroad, made it run / made it race against time," marking the end of prosperous times, and changing to a wistful mood. the song then ends, not on a note of resignation, but with anger – repeating the beginning (as is usual for broadway songs), an octave higher, but with a significant change: the friendly ""brother," can you spare a dime?" is replaced with the aggressive ""buddy," can you spare a dime?"
during the bad times in the 1970s, the "new york times" asked harburg to update "brother" for a new age, and he responded with:
sc schwarz-weiß bregenz is an austrian football club from vorarlbergs capital bregenz.
the club was founded in 1919 under the name fc bregenz. the club colours were black and white. till 1927 they only played friendly matches versus teams from germany and switzerland. in 1927 they played for the first time in vorarlbergs league. already 1928 they became vorarlbergs champion. 1938, after the occupation of austria by nazi germany they formed with other teams from the region the bezirksklasse bodensee-vorarlberg. due to the second world war the league was dissolved in 1942.
after the war fc bregenz was refounded under the name sc schwarz-weiß bregenz. they reached the highest level of austrian football, the staatsliga,for the first time in 1954 but was relegated the same season. till 1999 the club played under different names in the second level of austrians league. 1999 they were promoted to the austrian bundesliga, where they played till the 2004/05 season. at this time they were relegated to the erste liga, the second level. due to financial problems they could not get the licence and the club declare bankruptcy. for the young players a new club was founded, sc bregenz. although it is legally a new club the supporters saw it as replacement of the old club. since 2007 this club plays in the regionalliga west (3rd level).
the river shannon is the longest river in ireland. it runs mainly in a north/south direction, dividing ireland geographically between east and west. it is thought to rise in shannon pot in county cavan, and enters the sea in the shannon estuary at limerick. the river represents a major physical barrier between east and west.
rattlesden is a village and civil parish in mid suffolk, suffolk, england. in 2001 there were 811 people living in rattlesden.
little strickland is a village and civil parish near the m6 motorway in eden, cumbria, england.
crackenthorpe is a village and civil parish near the a66 road in eden, cumbria, england.
moulins is a "commune" in the allier department in the auvergne-rhône-alpes region in central france.
it is the "préfecture" (capital) of the department and the historical capital of the old province of "bourbonnais" (the duchy of bourbonnais).
moulins experienced its golden age in the 15th century, when the dukes of bourbon lived in the city on the allier river. the region of the northern massif central where is moulins is called the "bourbonnais" after the house of bourbon.
moulins became the capital of allier on 4 march 1790 with the creation of the departments in france.
during the german occupation in the second world war, the border between occupied france and the pro-german france (vichy france) went through the midst of moulins.
moulins is along the allier river, mainly on the right (eastern) side of the river. it has an area of , and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .
the distances from moulins to other cities are:
moulins is surrounded by the "communes" avermes, yzeure, toulon-sur-allier, bressolles and neuvy.
the climate of moulins, in the köppen climate classification, is cfb - oceanic climate with template summers.
the inhabitants of moulins are known, in french, as "moulinois" (women: "moulinoises").
with a population of 19,762, moulins has a population density of inhabitants/km2.
evolution of the population in moulins
moulins is the prefecture of the allier department since 1800. it is also the capital of the "arrondissement" of moulins and the administrative centre () of two cantons:
it is part of the intercommunality "moulins communauté" ().
moulins is twinned with:
places of interest.
some interesting places in moulins are:
"the edge of glory" is a song by american pop singer lady gaga from her third album "born this way". it was released as the third single from the album on may 9, 2011.
the song peaked at number 3 in the us and canada, number 2 in australia, and number 6 in the uk. the riaa certified the song triple-platinum on february 29, 2016, for sales and shipments of 3 million copies in the united states alone.
gaga is shown on a fire escape of an apartment building in new york city. clarence clemons, who played the saxophone for american singer bruce springsteen's e street band, is seen playing the instrument throughout the video. shortly after appearing in the video, clemons died from a stroke.
the video was supposed to show gaga under the sea but was canceled due to creative disagreements.
the following is a list of the 320 communes of the allier "département" in france.
cognac is a commune in southwestern france in the charente department, nouvelle-aquitaine region, of which it is a subprefecture.
the city of cognac is along the charente river, mainly on its left side, between the cities of angoulême, prefecture of the charente department, and saintes, a subprefecture in the charente-maritime department.
it has an area of . its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .
cognac is at about to the east of the atlantic coast.
the city of angoulême is surrounded by the "communes":
the climate of cognac is an oceanic climate with template summers, cfb (marine west coast climate) in the köppen climate classification.
the average amount of precipitation for the year in cognac is . the month with the most precipitation on average is november with of precipitation. the month with the least precipitation on average is july with an average of .
the average temperature for the year in cognac is . the warmest month, on average, is july with an average temperature of . the coolest month on average is january, with an average temperature of .
the inhabitants of this city are known, in french, as "cognaçais" (women: "cognaçaises").
with a population of 18,717, cognac has a population density of inhabitants/km2.
evolution of the population in cognac
cognac is a subprefecture of the charente department, the capital of the "arrondissement" of cognac and the administrative centre () of two cantons:
it is part of the intercommunality "grand cognac" ().
twinned and partner towns.
cognac is twinned with:
digne-les-bains is a commune in the alpes-de-haute-provence department in the south-east of france. it is also the capital of the department.
digne is twinned with:
the following is a list of the 198 communes of the alpes-de-haute-provence "département" in france.
gap is a "commune" in the hautes-alpes department in the provence-alpes-côte d'azur region in southeastern france. it is the "préfecture" (capital), and main city, of the department.
gap is the highest prefecture (departmental capital) of france; the city is in a valley whose bottom is at an altitude of about above sea level.
gap is in the south central part of the hautes-alpes department. the "luye", a tributary of the durance river, flows through the city.
it has an area of . its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .
the distances from gap to other cities are:
the "commune" of gap is surrounded by 17 "communes": laye, saint-laurent-du-cros, forest-saint-julien, la rochette, rambaud, jarjayes, neffes, châteauvieux, lettret, pelleautier, la roche-des-arnauds, la freissinouse, la fare-en-champsaur, poligny, le noyer, le dévoluy, rabou
the climate of gap, in the köppen climate classification, is cfb - oceanic climate with template summers.
the inhabitants of gap are known, in french, as "gapençais" (women: "gapençaises").
with a population of 40,225, gap has a population density of inhabitants/km2.
evolution of the population in gap
gap forms with la rochette the urban area of gap with a population of 40,700 inhabitants (2014) and an area of . this urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of gap, formed by 39 "communes", with a population of 62,567 inhabitants (2014) and an area of .
gap is the prefecture of the hautes-alpes department, the capital of the "arrondissement" of gap and the administrative centre () of four cantons:
it is part of the intercommunality "gap-tallard-durance" ().
gap is twinned with:
the following is a list of the 177 communes of the hautes-alpes "département" in france.
anne spielberg (born december 25, 1949) is an american screenwriter. she is the sister of movie director steven spielberg. 
she was born in philadelphia, pennsylvania in 1949. after working for her brother's production company, amblin entertainment, she co-wrote the movie "big" in 1988. for this, she was nominated for an academy award for "best writing of an original screenplay". she was also a co-producer on the movie, along with noted television and movie producer james l. brooks. she was also an uncredited cowriter of the movie "small soldiers". sue spielberg and nancy katz are her sisters.
kate capshaw (born kathleen sue nail on november 3, 1953 in fort worth, texas) is an american actress. she is the wife of movie director steven spielberg.
in 1956, capshaw's desire to be an actress led her to new york. there she got a role on the soap "the edge of night". 
capshaw was married to her first husband, robert capshaw, from 1976 until their divorce in 1980. in 1982, she made her first movie role in "a little sex". in 1984, she met future husband spielberg when she beat out 120 actresses for the female lead in "indiana jones and the temple of doom". the two married on october 12, 1991. in 1993, capshaw became a regular on the brief series "black tie affair".
charleville-mézières is a commune. it is the prefecture of the ardennes department.
charleville-mézières is twinned with:
the following is a list of the 463 communes of the ardennes "département" in france.
soulby is a village and civil parish in eden, cumbria, england. in 2001 there were 186 people living in soulby.
waitby is a village and civil parish in near kirkby stephen in eden, cumbria, england. waitby has a castle.
nateby is a village and civil parish in eden, cumbria, england. in 2001 there were 110 people living in nateby.
nateby is a village and civil parish in wyre, lancashire, england. in 2001 there were 475 people living in nateby.
hawes is a village and civil parish in richmondshire, north yorkshire, england. in 2001 there were 1,115 people living in hawes.
catterick is a village and civil parish in north yorkshire, england in the united kingdom. in 2001 there were 2,743 people living in catterick.
staindrop is a village and civil parish in county durham, england. in 2001 there were 1,241 people living in staindrop.
sedgefield is a town in county durham, england. in 2001 there were 4,534 people living in sedgefield.
eden is a local government district in cumbria, england. its council is based in penrith. it is named after the river eden which flows north through the district toward carlisle.
it has an area of , making it the eighth largest district in england and the largest non-unitary district. it also has the lowest population density of any english district, with a mean of just 24 persons per square kilometre.
the district council was created on 1 april 1974 under the local government act 1972, from the penrith urban district, alston with garrigill rural district and penrith rural district, all in cumberland, and appleby municipal borough, part of lakes urban district and north westmorland rural district, all in westmorland.
within the district lies part of the lake district national park.
the west coast main railway line runs through the district but with only one station at penrith. services on this line are provided by virgin trains. the northern rail settle-carlisle railway also goes through the district and has stations at armathwaite, lazonby, langwathby, appleby and kirkby stephen.
road transport links are provided by the m6 motorway, the a6 and the a66.
sports and recreation.
in eden there are king george's fields, in memorial to king george v, at appleby-in-westmorland and patterdale.
the council is the owner of the penrith leisure centre which is run by a private company under contract. the council also owns a number of playing fields and recreation grounds throughout the district most notably the sports pitches at frenchfield on the outskirts of penrith.
district council website
glusburn is a village and civil parish in craven, north yorkshire, england. in 2001 there were 3,902 people living in glusburn.
millom is a town and civil parish in copeland, cumbria, england. in 2001 there were 7,132 people living in millom.
mansriggs is a village and civil parish in south lakeland, cumbria, england. in 2001 there were 42 people living in mansriggs.
mansergh is a village and civil parish in south lakeland, cumbria, england. in 2001 there were 141 people living in mansergh.
foix (; ) is a commune, the former capital of the county of foix. today it is the préfecture of the ariège department in southwestern france in the occitanie region.
it is to south of toulouse, close to the border with spain and andorra. the city is only the second city of the department after pamiers. of all french "préfectures", foix is the one with fewest people living in it.
the romans built a fort on the rocky hill where the château de foix castle now the town. the town of foix probably owes its origin to an oratory founded by charlemagne, which afterwards became the abbey of saint volusianus in 849. the current area of the department was part of the old county of foix.
the city of foix lies in the foothills of the pyrénées mountains, in southern france. it is on the confluence of the ariège and arget rivers. foix is at to the south of toulouse.
the "commune" has an area of . its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .
the "commune" of foix is surrounded by the "communes" arabaux, cos, crampagna, ferrières-sur-ariège, ganac, montgaillard, pradières, saint-jean-de-verges, saint-pierre-de-rivière and vernajoul.
the climate of foix, in the köppen climate classification, is cfb - oceanic climate with template summers.
the inhabitants of foix are known, in french, as "fuxéens" (women: "fuxéennes").
foix has a population of 6,9,721 (2014), and population density of inhabitants/km2.
evolution of the population in foix
foix forms, with other 5 "communes", the urban area of foix with a population of 14,552 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . this urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of foix, formed by 17 "communes" with a population of 18,406 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .
foix is the prefecture of the ariège department, the capital of the "arrondissement" of foix and the administrative centre () of the canton of foix (with 13,700 inhabitants in 2014).
it is part of the intercommunality "pays foix-varilhes" ().
twinned and partner towns.
foix is twinned with:
pooley bridge is a village on the northern end of ullswater in cumbria, england. it has a church called st paul's church.
milburn is a village and civil parish in eden, cumbria, england. in 2001 there were 171 people living in milburn.
langwathby is a village and civil parish in eden, cumbria, england. in 2001 there were 748 people living in langwathby.
warcop is a village and civil parish in eden, cumbria, england. in 2001 there were 491 people living in warcop.
troyes is a commune of france. it is the capital city of the aube department in north-central france. it is on the seine river about southeast of paris. it was briefly the capital of france in the early 15th century.
the name troy weight for gold derives from the standard of measurement which developed in troyes.
troyes has existed since roman times. it was the capital of the counts of champagne.
the first lord of troyes was gwain de nantouillet in 884.
in 1417, the duke of burgandy and isabeau of bavaria, wife of charles vi of france, planned to establish the capital of france at troyes. this included a court, council, and parliament with comptroller's offices.
in 1419-1425, during the hundred years' war, troyes was the center of the royal government.
glassonby is a village and civil parish in eden, cumbria, england. in 2001 there were 314 people living in glassonby.
rodez () is a commune in southwestern france in the department of aveyron, of which it is its prefecture. it is in the region of occitanie.
it was the capital of rouergue, a former french province. rodez is also the capital of 3 "cantons": rodez-1, rodez-2 and rodez-onet.
existing from at least the 5th century bc, rodez was founded by celtic people, the ruteni. here they built an "oppidum" (fortified place) which, after the roman occupation, was named "segodunum" ("fortified place", "high hill"). the town later was given the name of "civitas rutenorum" ("city of the ruteni") and then only "ruteni" and, finally, rodez.
after the fall of the western roman empire, the city was taken by the visigoths and then by the franks; in 725, the moors took the city and destroyed the old church. later it was occupied by the armies of the dukes of aquitaine and of the counts of toulouse. english troops occupied rodez during the hundred years war.
with the creation of the aveyron department in 1790, rodez became préfecture of the department.
the "commune" of rodez is on the western part of the central plateau ("massif central") of france. the aveyron river and the "auterne" stream flow through the city.
rodez has an area of , and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .
rodez is surrounded by the "communes" onet-le-château, sainte-radegonde, le monastère and olemps.
the climate of rodez, in the köppen climate classification, is cfb - oceanic climate with template summers.
the inhabitants of rodez are known, in french, as "ruthénois" (women: "ruthénoises").
with a population of 24,088, rodez has a population density of inhabitants/km2.
evolution of the population in rodez
rodez forms, together with 5 other "communes", the urban area of rodez with a population of 49,716 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . this urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of rodez, formed by 39 "communes" with a population of 85,181 inhabitants and an area of .
rodez is the prefecture of the aveyron department, the capital of the "arrondissement" of rodez and the administrative centre () of three cantons:
it is part of the intercommunality "rodez agglomération" ().
rodez is twinned with:
places of interest.
some interesting places in rodez are:
"judas" is a song by american pop singer lady gaga from her second studio album, "born this way". it was released as the second single from the album on april 15, 2011.
"judas" is a house-tinged electropop and techno song about a woman falling in love with a man who betrayed her.
the song managed to reach the top ten in the us and canada. on february 29, 2016, the song was certified double-platinum by the riaa for sales and shipments of over 2 million copies in the united states alone.
the music video for the song was controversial, like gaga's video for "alejandro", because it contained religious imagery. gaga is shown dressed as mary magdalene in the video and depicted riding on the back of a motorcycle that an actor portraying jesus is driving. the catholic league condemned the video.
aurillac () is a french commune, the prefecture of the cantal department in the auvergne-rhône-alpes region.
aurillac was part of the former province of auvergne, in the region called haute-auvergne.
the name of the city comes from , meaning "roman villa of aurelius".
the city of aurillac is at the foot of the cantal mountains ("mounts of cantal"), in the massif central. the city is along the jordanne river, a tributary of the cère river.
it has an area of . its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .
the city of aurillac is at to the southeast of paris and at to the south of toulouse. the "commune" of aurillac is surrounded by the "communes" crandelles, naucelles, saint-simon, giou-de-mamou, arpajon-sur-cère, roannes-saint-mary, sansac-de-marmiesse and ytrac.
aurillac has an oceanic climate (subtype cfb in the köppen climate classification) with cold winters and hot summers due to its distance from the ocean.
the average temperature for the year in aurillac is . the warmest month, on average, is july with an average temperature of . the coolest month on average is january, with an average temperature of .
the average amount of precipitation for the year in aurillac is . the month with the most precipitation on average is december with of precipitation. the month with the least precipitation on average is june with an average of .
the inhabitants of aurillac are known, in french, as "aurillacois" (women: "aurillacoises").
the city of aurillac has a population, in 2014, of 26,135; its population density is of inhabitants/km2.
evolution of the population in aurillac
aurillac is the prefecture of the cantal department, the capital of the "arrondissement" of aurillac and the administrative centre () of three cantons: 
it is part of the intercommunality "bassin d'aurillac" ().
aurillac and arpajon-sur-cère are twinned with:
the following is a list of the 260 communes of the cantal "département" in france.
brough is a village and civil parish in eden, cumbria, england. in 2001 there were 680 people living in brough.
the village is on the site of the roman fort of verterae ("the forts"), on the northern leg of the roman-era watling street, linking luguvalium (carlisle) with eboracum (york) and points south.
stoke-by-clare is a village and civil parish in st edmundsbury, suffolk, england. in 2001 there were 460 people living in stoke-by-clare.
brough sowerby is a village and civil parish in eden, cumbria, england. in 2001 there were 127 people living in brough sowerby.
kemsing is a village and civil parish in kent, england. in 2001 there were 4,014 people living in kemsing.
crowland is a village and civil parish in south holland, lincolnshire, england. in 2001 there were 3,607 people living in crowland.
vallavanukku vallavan is a 1965 tamil mystery thriller starring asokan, manimala, gemini ganesan and r.s. manohar in lead roles with thangavelu and manorama in supporting roles. also savitri, makes a cameo as herself. it was directed by r. sundaram.
ramesh (askokan) is an engineer who is hunting for a job and with the help of his friend babu (thangavelu) goes to see a wealthy businessman named laxman for a new project of his. after a song and a comic encounter with laxman's daughter geeta (manimala), he falls in love with her. he also achieves very good success in convincing geeta's father into starting the project. during a sight visit for the project, his suitcase gets swapped with a similar suitcase of a co-passenger named mala (manorama), which is full of money. for this reason ramesh is detained in a police lock-up. also mala is revealed to be part of a criminal gang. when the gang leader, jumboo, is not able to kill mala (because he needs a particular diary from her), he instead arranges a dangerous rowdy named bijua pakiri (r.s. manohar)to kill ramesh within the lock-up.
however, instead of killing ramesh, bijua decides to hold ramesh captive. together they escape the lock-up that very night to prove ramesh's innocence. bijua also angers the criminal gang of mala, when he asks for a greater sum in return for killing ramesh. when a mysterious man (gemini ganesan) makes phone calls and tried to save ramesh from captivity, ramesh escapes by himself out into the city. the mysterious man also attacks bijua before running away. the criminal gang try to kill bijua but he escapes after a fight. geeta meets him and helps him by giving him a hanky and some milk from her flask.
ramesh being chased by police, bijua pakiri and the criminal gang attempts to fake his death. geeta believing his death to be real comes to the waterfall where he committed suicide and learns that he is not really dead. they both go one of the villas owned by geeta's father, and make a secret stay there. bijua confronts them and threatens to kill ramesh but is tamed by the very pleading words of geeta. he instead promises to help ramesh out of the situation. both bijua and ramesh don disguises to roam about in public, to search for mala and with her prove his innocence. but, they are chased by police and are lead to a comic encounter where they sing a song for a dance by savitri. later, mala and babu drive a car together and develop romantic feelings for one another. when ramesh and bijua get to know this, they try to use their relationship to get the truth out of mala. but their plan backfires.
after this, the mysterious man (gemini ganesan) appears secretly inside ramesh's car promising to help him. he accepts that he is a police officer when asked, and says he knows that ramesh is innocent. but leaves when bijua and babu enter the car. men from the criminal gang disguise as policemen and "arrest" ramesh whom they intend to murder at a safe spot. however, with the help of his friends ramesh escapes.
later, the same mysterious man appears once again, and meets ramesh once again to tell him that he knows mala well and also bijua is planning to give off ramesh to the criminal gang, for money. ramesh, believes him and starts to avoid bijua, telling him that he now knows his true colours.
when mala is forced by jumboo, the gangleader, to fly abroad, she is confronted by the still mysterious man who forces her to give him the diary, failing which she would end up in jail. but she is shot by a shadowy figure, who is then chased by the mysterious man. but, bijua gets hold of the diary after coming there. ramesh learns of the death of mala and becomes sad. jumboo arrives there and bijua confronts him, now asking for twice the earlier amount for the diary and the life of ramesh.
bijua takes ramesh with him to prove his innocence, after pleading with ramesh and geeta for a long time. they arrive at a cave on a hill. there bijua tries to sell ramesh and the diary for the agreed sum, apparently betraying ramesh. the mysterious man arrives at the scene to whom ramesh explains the situation.
when the mysterious man tries to act his police disguise there, bijua reveals he is mr.prakash, the true leader of the crime gang and he himself is inspector sekar of vigilance branch. with this information both prakash and ramesh are startled. after some talk an elaborate fight and chase scene, mr.prakash drives a boat that crashes into a rock fatally killing him. ramesh is proven innocent through the information in the diary.
bijua (now inspector sekar) attends the marriage of ramesh and geeta in full inspector uniform. the film ends with babu receiving a prize sum from police department for his help in the case.
persistent organic pollutants (pops) are organic compounds that are resistant to environmental degradation through chemical, biological, and photolytic processes. 
for this reason, they persist in the environment for a long time. they can be transported over long distances and bioaccumulate in human and animal tissue. when going up a food chain, there will be larger amounts of these substances. for this reason, they have a large impact on human health and the environment.
many pops are currently or were in the past used as pesticides. others are used in industrial processes and in the production goods such as solvents, polyvinyl chloride, and pharmaceuticals. there are a few natural sources of pops; most pops are created by humans in industrial processes, either intentionally or as byproducts.
the stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants is an international treaty signed in 2001. the treaty became effective in may 2004. its aim is to limit the use and production of persistent organic pollutants. examples of substances affected by the treaty are polychlorinated biphenyl and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane. an extension to the treaty in 2009 added other substances, like lindane. critics have said that the treaty limits the effectiveness of the fight against diseases such as malaria. this is not the case, as the use of certain substances for vector control is permitted; this includes the use against mosquitoes.
the following chemicals are listed:
, also known as or tepco, is a japanese company that sells electrical power in japan's kantō region, yamanashi prefecture, and the eastern part of shizuoka prefecture. this area includes tokyo. its headquarters are in uchisaiwaicho, chiyoda, tokyo. it has international offices in washington, d.c., and london.
after the march 2011 tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, its power plant at fukushima daiichi became a continuing nuclear disaster. the fukushima disaster forced 50,000 households to leave the evacuation zone because of radiation leaks into the air, soil and sea.
tokyo prefecture is the largest shareholder in the company with 9.37 percent voting rights.
dark circle is a documentary movie about anti-nuclear protest activity. the protest is mainly focused on diablo canyon (nuclear) power plant in california. the point of view is clearly in favor of the protesters. they believe that the protests delayed government licensing of the diablo canyon (nuclear) power plant. they believe that as a result of this delay,construction errors were made public before the plant started operating.
the director is judy irving. the movie is a 1982 release. it is said to be "still powerful" long after its initial release.
protest leader raye fleming takes central role. she leaflets power plant workers going to work and later leads protesters. two thousand people were arrested at the demonstrations. this established a record for anti-nuclear civil disobedience in the us.
0:30 a black and white clip from 1963 national educational television program giving basic information on the dangerousness of plutonium.
1:30 geese fly by diablo canyon nuclear power plant. female voice over speculates on radiologic hazards affecting animals.
2:30 inside diablo canyon power plant
4:00 federal government's early tests of reactor meltdown.
4:20 idaho 1955 nuclear reactor explosion test
4:40 new mexico 1965 nuclear reactor explosion test
4:55 nevada 1965 - actual explosion of an unshielded nuclear reactor, it's radioactive core blown to pieces and scattered to the atmosphere.
5:55 federal nuclear regulatory commission hearings, agenda limited to site specific matters.
7:45 ray contacting workers at dcpp.
8:54 quotes worker "none of the equipment or material or structures here would fail or be adversely effected by the earthquake."
9:30 "is it possible to design and build anything with a sufficient degree of certainty and safety that you should go ahead and do it."
9:40 diablo canyon anti-nuclear protest in san luis obispo, ca
10:00 60 local groups from across california formed a coalition to organize large scale highly visible opposition to diablo.
10:15 california governor jerry brown came out against diablo.
10:25 in the end there was no time for rallies or marches. back at diablo canyon's main gate, the human blockade began.
12:50 blockading protesters.
13:15 final preparations to start the reactor, then pg&e publicly admitted to backwards installation.
allegedly "first of hundreds of mistakes"
14:50 protesters taking credit for delaying start of plant prior to placement of the plant in service.
15:00 analogy to frogs by ray. "boiling frogs".
17:10 comment by filmmaker, judy irving.
scuttled by pbs.
the movie was approved for national broadcast in 1985, but that decision was rejected a year later. many people believe that was censorship. b.j.bullert commented that the pbs/kqed decision "robbed a national public television audience" . he extrapolates this critical remark to the media across the board and its failure to focus public attention on the putative biological hazard of nuclear power.
b.j. bullert, in his book "public television: politics and the battle over documentary film" protested what he viewed as censorship. he stated that dark circle was outside of the mainstream at that time but now the viewpoint in the movie is widely accepted. nat katzman, former kqed station manager, disagreed. he is quoted in bullert's book, saying "it's more difficult to say ("dark circle") falsified anything, but it left one with the uncomfortable feeling that this is propaganda, not journalism".
point of view.
the movie is clearly created to raise public alarm about the hazards of nuclear power. it is also about problems at the regulatory agency, the nuclear regulatory commission (nrc). however, there are numerous points in the movie in which the voices heard are those of the workers. we also hear from the pacific gas and electric management, and the lawyer for the nrc.
the following is a list of the 472 communes of the charente-maritime "département" in france.
bourges is a commune. it is the prefecture of the cher department.
bourges is twinned with:
the following is a list of the 290 communes of the cher "département" in france.
tulle () is a french commune, the "prefecture" of the corrèze department in central france. it is in the nouvelle-aquitaine region. it is also the capital of the "arrondissement" of tulle.
tulle is in the valley of the corrèze river at the confluence of this river with several tributaries: the solane and the céronne on the right side, and saint-bonnette and montane on the left side. the city is in narrow part of the valley along several kilometres.
the "commune" of tulle has an area of , and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .
the "commune" of tulle is surrounded by the "communes":
three rivers flow through the "commune"ː the river diège (the town sometimes is called "ussel-sur-diège"), the river sarsonne and the stream "étang roux".
the climate of tulle, in the köppen climate classification, is cfb - oceanic climate with template summers.
the inhabitants of this city are known, in french, as "tullistes".
with a population of 14,325, tulle has a population density of inhabitants/km2.
evolution of the population in tulle
tulle forms, together with other 7 "communes", the urban area of tulle with a population of 21,108 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . this urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of tulle, formed by 25 "communes", with a population of 30,970 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .
tulle is the prefecture of the corrèze department, the capital of the "arrondissement" of tulle and the administrative centre () of the canton of tulle.
it is part of the intercommunality "tulle agglo" ().
twinned and partner towns.
tulle is twinned with:
english grammar is the grammar of the english language. grammar is the rules about how to speak and write in a language. english grammar started out based on old english, which is considered to be a germanic language. after the norman french conquered england in 1066, parts of the latin language were brought to the english language by the norman french.
dialects of english vary not only in pronunciation but in grammar. for example, people who use what is called general american english or bbc english might say, "i didn't do anything", while someone who speaks what is called african american vernacular english might say, "i didn't do nothing". london working class version: "i ain't done nuffink!" the dialect a person uses is usually decided by where they live. 
even though the dialects of english use different words or word order, they still have grammar rules. however, when writing in american english, grammar uses the rules of general american english. when people talk about using "proper english", they usually mean using the grammar of general british english, as described in standard reference works. the models for "spoken" english in britain are often called received pronunciation or bbc english.
english makes few changes to its word endings. these are called ('suffixes'): plurals and possessives ("john's") are the most common. english verbs drop most endings except one: i love, you love, they love, but "she loves". that final 's' is a remnant of anglo-saxon, which had more suffixes. verbs do have endings which show changes in tense: walked, walking.
word order is the other big difference. in english, adjectives usually come before the noun. most romance languages normally put their adjectives after the nouns. for example, in english, a person may say "i like fast cars", but in spanish, it is "me gustan los coches rápidos" [coches = cars; rápidos = fast]. the order of the words has changed: if just the words, without the grammar, are translated into english, it would mean 'to me they please the cars fast'. this is because spanish and english have different rules about word order. in german, main verbs often come near the end of sentences, but in english we usually put them between subject and object, as: "the cat sat on the mat".
parts of speech.
grammar studies the different parts of language. the parts of language are called "parts of speech." the parts of speech are nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections.
a noun is a word that names something, such as a person, place, thing, or idea. they can be a single thing such as an apple. they can also be plural such as a box of apples. there is a special kind of noun called a proper noun, which is a name. for instance, johnny appleseed.
pronouns are words that take the place of nouns. we often use them to avoid repeating the nouns that they refer to. an example is the word "it." in the sentence "i like the ball; it is blue," you have to look at what comes before "it" to know that "it" is talking about the ball. the noun before a pronoun that the pronoun really means is called the antecedent.
there are different types of pronouns in english language. the most important ones are:
the basic verb form is called the infinitive. the infinitive for existence is "to be". a famous example is the speech of hamlet: to be or not to be?
variations of the infinitive create verb tenses. 
words that tell you about nouns are called adjectives. when an adjective is used, you learn more about the noun. an example would be the words "red" and "juicy" in the phrase "the red apple is juicy." they do not have any endings. even if the noun they talk about is plural, they stay the same. you can see this in the sentence "the red apples are juicy."
determiners are words placed in front of a noun to make it clear what the noun refers to. the difference is each noun can only have one determiner and the determiner always comes before all the other parts of the noun phrase. the most common determiners in english are "the" and "a/an".
adverbs are words that tell you about words that are not nouns. an adverb can describe a verb, like the word "quickly" in the sentence "he ran quickly." they can also describe an adjective. the adverb "very" describes the adjective "sick" in the sentence "the boy is very sick." adverbs can even describe other adverbs, as in the sentence "he ran very quickly."
a preposition is a word that describes how one noun (or pronoun) relates to another in the sentence as a whole. the preposition usually comes before the noun that it adds to the sentence, which is called the object of the preposition. an example is the word "over" in the sentence "he walked over the bridge."
a conjunction is a word that connects other parts of a sentence. it can connect two words that both do the same thing in a sentence. "and" in the sentence "the boy and the girl run" connects the boy to the girl because they both run. conjunctions can even connect two clauses that would normally be different sentences together. the word "but" in the sentence "i like cats, but he likes dogs" is a conjunction doing this.
interjections are words that do not fit normal grammar rules. interjections can and often do take the place of an entire sentence, as they can give they meaning of a whole sentence in a single word. these can be used to show emotions, such as the word "hooray," which means that the speaker is happy or likes something. they are also used to shorten common phrases that would otherwise need a full sentence to talk about. for example, saying the word "yes" is much simpler than saying "what you say is true," so it is usually used instead. interjections like these can be helpful for saving time and making complex sentences very simple. often, though, interjections may have no meaning at all, such as the word "um."
grammar also studies how the parts of language work together. this is called "syntax." some common ways in which the words fit together are sentences, phrases, clauses, and paragraphs.
the following is a list of the 286 communes of the corrèze "département" in france.
edward is an english male given name. it is an old name, dating from before the norman conquest of england in 1066. it means "wealthy" (rich) and "guard". "ted", "teddy", and "ned" are often used as nicknames for people called edward, such as ted kennedy, or ned kelly. there have been many kings of england called edward, such as edward the confessor, and edward viii.
holiday inn is a brand of hotels. holiday inn is one of the world's most recognized hotel brands. it is part of the intercontinental hotels group (ihg).
kemmons wilson had the idea for the business after a family road trip to washington, d.c.. during the trip, he was disappointed by the quality of roadside motels at that time. mr. wilson partnered with wallace e. johnson to build the first four motels on roads entering memphis, tennessee. eddie bluestein was the architect who designed these first hotels.
walter kogler (born 12 december 1967 in wolfsberg, carinthia) is a retired austrian football defender and coach. at the moment he is coach of fc wacker innsbruck, which is playing in the austrian bundesliga.
in his youth years he played for fc st. michael and wolfsberger ac. he start as professional player with sk sturm graz. his next club was austria wien, where he started also his team career. after one year in france with as cannes he came back to austria, where he played for lask linz, austria salzburg and fc kärnten.
after his professional career he became football coach starting in the football academy of fc kärnten. his first team was sk st. andrä in the regionalliga (3rd level). after one year with dsv leoben he went to fc wacker innsbruck. with this team he reached in 2010 the championship and was promoted to the bundesliga.
walter kogler played 28 matches for the austrian team and scored one goal. he was member of the austrian team for the fifa world cup 1998. as player he was 5 times austrian champion (with austria wien, austria salzburg and wacker innsbruck). in 17 years as professional he played 495 matches in the austrian bundesliga.
april jeanette "aj" brooks (born mendez, march 19, 1987) is an american retired professional wrestler. she is best known for her time in wwe under the ring name aj lee. she competed on the third season of nxt but finished fourth overall. even though she did not win nxt she was still given a contract with the wwe and debuted in her first match for the smackdown brand on may 27, 2011 edition where she teamed with kaitlyn in a losing effort against alicia fox and tamina.
aj lee held the divas championship 3 times in the wwe, successfully retaining her title at wrestlemania xxx. the night after on 'raw' she was defeated and lost her title to nxt woman's champion, paige. on the june 30, 2014 episode of "raw", lee returned to the wwe. she challenged paige for the divas championship and won her second championship.
on april 3, 2015, it was announced that aj decided to retire from the company. 
the basset hound is a short-legged dog, of the hound family. bassets are used in hunting to detect the scent of game. their sense of smell for tracking is second only to that of the bloodhound.
the name "basset" comes from french words meaning "rather low". 
basset hounds usually have coats of brown, black or white and are most often spotted. sometimes they can be other colors. basset hounds have been bred from the nineteenth century. they are said to descend from the basset d'artois. basset hounds are tall, and can weight up to .
alvin plantinga (born november 15, 1932, ann arbor, michigan ) is an american epistemologist, philosopher of religion and professor at the university of notre dame. he is a founding member of the society of christian philosophers.
plantinga's aim in philosophy is to defend believing in god as rational. his epistemology is one that tries to say that knowledge is only possible if you accept the possibility of some form of intelligent design by god.
acute radiation syndrome (ars) also known as radiation poisoning, radiation sickness or radiation toxicity, is a syndrome or group of health effects which occur within months of exposure to high amounts of ionizing radiation. the term generally refers to acute (serious, rapid onset) problems rather than ones that develop after a prolonged period. it is mainly damage to the blood, digestive system, and nervous system.
castorocauda was a genus of small, semi-aquatic proto-mammals which lived in the jurassic period, about 154 million years ago. 
its fossil was found in lakebed sediments of the daohugou beds of inner mongolia. "castorocauda" was highly specialized, with adaptations like those of modern semi-aquatic mammals such as beavers, otters, and the platypus (convergent evolution). it is the earliest animal found with fur.
"castorocauda" is one of the near-mammals in a group called the docodonta. 
although "castorocauda" was not a crown group mammal, it is important in the study of how mammals evolved. it was the first find with an almost complete skeleton. also it is not a "small nocturnal insectivore".
element skateboards (sometimes shortened to element) is an american company. it is known for making skateboards and swimwear. it was founded in 1992 by johnny schillereff. the company is based out of irvine, california. the company was originally known as underworld element skateboards but schillereff decided to drop the "underworld" part due to the company being absorbed because of financial problems. the element company also sponsors professional skateboarders like bucky lasek, bam margera, chad muska, ray barbee, vanessa torres, mark appleyard, nyjah huston and 
paul gustave doré (; january 6, 1832 – january 23, 1883) was a french artist, engraver, illustrator and sculptor. most of doré's work was wood engraving and steel engraving.
doré was born in strasbourg. his first illustrated story was published at the age of fifteen. as a young man, he began work as a literary illustrator in paris. he was hired to illustrate scenes from books by rabelais, balzac, milton and dante.
in 1853, doré was asked to illustrate the works of lord byron. british publishers asked him to do more work, including a new illustrated english bible. ten years later, he illustrated a french edition of cervantes's "don quixote". his images of the knight and sancho panza have influenced later readers, artists, and stage and film directors' ideas of how the two characters looked. doré also illustrated an edition of edgar allan poe's "the raven" with larger than usual pages. he was paid 30,000 francs by the publisher harper & brothers in 1883.
doré's english bible (1866) was a great success, and in 1867 doré had a major exhibition of his work in london. the doré gallery in covelant bond street opened after the show. in 1869, blanchard jerrold suggested that they work together to make a complete portrait of london. jerrold got the idea from "the microcosm of london" produced by rudolph ackermann, william pyne, and thomas rowlandson in 1808. doré signed a five-year contract with the publishers grant & co. he had to stay in london for three months each year. he was paid £10,000 a year for the project.
the completed book, "london: a pilgrimage," was published in 1872. it had 180 engravings. the book was successful financially and influenced many people. however, many critics at the time disliked it. some of these critics wrote that doré paid too much attention to the poverty in parts of london.
his later works included coleridge's "rime of the ancient mariner", milton's "paradise lost", tennyson's "the idylls of the king", "the works of thomas hood", and "the divine comedy". his work also appeared in the "illustrated london news".
he continued to illustrate books until he died in paris after a short illness in 1883. he is buried in père lachaise cemetery in paris.
list of works.
doré made many works of art. this list is very long, but does not include every piece of art that doré made. it does not include his sculptures and paintings. also, many journal illustrations are not listed.
wwe smackdown vs. raw 2009 is a wrestling video game that was published by thq. it is available for the playstation 2, playstation 3, playstation portable, nintendo ds, wii and xbox 360 systems. the game is also featured as a mobile phone game which can be downloaded. it featured new features like the inferno match, a newer tag team match, and also four new game modes: create-a-finisher, road to wrestlemania, career and multiplayer season. the game received positive reviews from video game reviewers. triple h and shawn michaels both as member of d-generation x are on the cover.
it is part of the wwe smackdown vs. raw video game series.
sylvester ritter (december 13, 1952 – june 2, 1998) was an american professional wrestler who was best known for wrestling with world wrestling federation (wwf) and world championship wrestling (wcw) under the ring names, junkyard dog and jyd for short. he died in forest, mississippi on june 2, 1998 after he fell asleep at the wheel of the car he was driving home in and crashed into another car.
ritter held many championships during his professional wrestling career:
full dark, no stars (2010) is a book of four novellas that was written by stephen king. the book was published on november 9, 2010. the four novellas are "1922", "big driver", "fair extension" and "a good marriage".
cell (2006) is a novel by stephen king. the book was published on january 24, 2006. it is about clayton riddell, an artist from new england who tries to reunite with his son after a signal is sent out over the global cell phone network which turns every cell phone user into a murderer.
lisey's story (2006) is a novel that was written by stephen king. the novel was published on october 24, 2006. the novel was nominated for the world fantasy award in 2007.
guéret () is a commune of france. it is the prefecture of the creuse department in the nouvelle-aquitaine region.
in 1514, guéret became the capital of the county of marche, a medieval french county, approximately corresponding to the modern creuse department.
in 1790, when the departments were created, guéret was named as the capital of the creuse department.
guéret is in a plateau between the creuse and the gartempe rivers, at the foot of two hills: the "puy de gaudy", high, and the "maupuy", high. the "commune" has an area of , and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .
the city of guéret is at about from bordeaux, at from toulouse, at from paris and at from lyon.
the "communes" that are around guéret are saint-fiel, sainte-feyre, savennes, saint-christophe, la chapelle-taillefert, saint-léger-le-guérétois and saint-sulpice-le-guérétois.
guéret has an oceanic climate with relatively hot summers, mild winters and abundant rainfall, cfb in the köppen climate classification.
the inhabitants of guéret are known, in french, as "guérétois" (women: "guérétoises").
the "commune" of guéret has a population, in 2014, of 13,342; its population density is of inhabitants/km2.
evolution of the population in guéret
guéret forms, together with saint-fiel, the urban area of guéret with a population of 14,157 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . this urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of guéret, formed by 32 "communes" with a population of 31,499 inhabitants and an area of .
guéret is the prefecture of the creuse department, the capital of the "arrondissement" of guéret and the administrative centre () of two cantons:
it is part of the intercommunality "le grand guéret" ().
guéret is twinned with:
the following is a list of the 260 communes of the creuse "département" of france.
périgueux () is a commune in the nouvelle-aquitaine region in southwestern france. it is the capital, prefecture, of the dordogne department.
périgueux is in the centre of the dordogne department, in the tourist region named as "périgord blanc". the isle river flows through the city.
the city is at about from angoulême, from limoges, from agen, from bordeaux and from cahors.
the "commune" of périgueux has an area of and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .
périgueux is surrounded by the "communes" château-l'évêque, champcevinel, trélissac, boulazac, notre-dame-de-sanilhac, coulounieix-chamiers, marsac-sur-l'isle and chancelade.
périgueux has an oceanic climate with template summers (köppen climate classification: cfb).
the inhabitants of périgueux are known, in french, as "pétrocoriens" (women: "pétrocoriennes"). another name for the inhabitants of périgueux is "périgourdins".
with a population of 30,069 (2014), périgueux has a population density of inhabitants/km2.
evolution of the population in périgueux
périgueux forms, together with 8 other "communes", the urban area of périgueux with a population of 66,895 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . this urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of périgueux, formed by 55 "communes" with a population of 102,855 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .
périgueux is a prefecture of the dordogne and the capital of the "arrondissement" of périgueux.
the "commune" is the administrative centre () of two cantons
it is part of the intercommunality "le grand périgueux" ().
périgueux is twinned with:
the following is a list of the 557 communes of the dordogne "département" in france.
évreux is a commune. it is found in the eure department in france.
évreux is twinned with:
the following is a list of the 675 communes of the eure "département" in france.
eric nickulas (born march 25, 1975 in hyannis, massachusetts) is an american professional ice hockey right winger who last played for the erc ingolstadt of the deutsche eishockey liga (del). nickulas has also played a total of 7 seasons in the nhl; 4 with the boston bruins, 2 with the st. louis blues and 1 with the chicago blackhawks. he won the calder cup in 1998 while he was apart of the boston bruins farm team, the providence bruins.
halteres are small knobbed structures modified from the hind wings in flies. they vibrate during flight, and help the insect fly better.
the halteres evolved from wings. ancestral flying insects had two pairs of wings, like dragonflies, hymenoptera and lepidoptera still do. flies have only the front pair of wings.
halteres help balancing and improve flight. they help flies to perform their fast aerobatics. in addition to providing rapid feedback to the muscles steering the wings, they also help stabilise the head during flight.
they are flapped rapidly and work as gyroscopes, telling the insect about its body position during flight.
every vibrating object tends to maintain its plane of vibration, a result of the coriolis effect. if the body of the insect changes direction in flight or rotates about its axis, the vibrating halteres exert a force on the body. the insect detects this force with sensory organs at the base of the halteres.
the two halteres vibrate in different planes, each forming an angle of about 45 degrees with the long axis of the insect. this increases the information got from the halteres.
in diptera, the formation of the haltere during metamorphosis is dependent on the homeotic gene "ultrabithorax" (ubx). if this gene is experimentally deactivated, the haltere will develop into a fully developed wing. this is an excellent illustration of an important mechanism of evolutionary development; a simple homeotic gene change can result in a radically different phenotype.
the strepsiptera, small insects parasitic on bees, wasps and cockroaches, also have halteres. we know the evolution was independent because in the strepsiptera the "forewings" evolved into halteres while, in the diptera, the "hindwings" changed into halteres. this is a classic case of convergent evolution.
grimaldi and engel say halteres have evolved at least seven times in insects, and "in most cases it is known to be associated with improved manoeuvering in flight".
jingū was the principle wife of emperor chūai her son would become known as emperor ōjin. the "gukanshō" mentions her, but she is not included on the list of persons born within the line of imperial descent.
events of jingū's life.
the limited information about jingū does not imply that no such person ever existed. very little information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, emperor kimmei.
after the death of chūai, jingū also served as regent, according to the oracle of sumiyoshi-jinja, until her son was old enough to be emperor. 
after her death.
this empress' official name after her death (her posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to jingū.
according to the imperial household agency, the empress's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus ("kofun"). jingū is venerated at a memorial shinto shrine ("misasagi") at nara.
in the centuries before the meiji period, jingū was known as the 15th japanese imperial ruler, according to the traditional order of succession. however, jingū's name is now removed from the official list of emperors of japan. jingū's son, emperor ōjin, is today considered to have been the 15th emperor in the order of succession.
the hypermoderns were a school of chess players who set out to rethink some of the principles of chess openings. the name was given to them by the polish-french grandmaster tartakower.
the key idea was, in reaction to the older ideas of siegbert tarrasch, to dispute control of the centre by more subtle methods. whereas old theory was to occupy the centre with two or three pawns immediately, the hypermoderns concentrated more on attacking the opponent's centre. a characteristic first move was 1nf3 with white, or 1...nf6 with black, especially in reply to 1d4. to 1e4 they favoured an asymmetric defence such as 1...e6 or 1...c5 rather than the classical reply 1...e5. 
nimzovich was the founder, and alekhine, tartakower, réti, grünfeld, and bogolyubov all took part. all were top grandmasters of the 1920s and 30s. several modern openings owe their popularity to this group: alekhine's defence (1e4 nf6); réti's opening (1nf3); the king's indian defence (1d4 nf6 2c4 g6 3nc3 bg7); the grünfeld defence (1d4 bf6 2c4 g6 3nc3 d5) and the modern defence (1...g6).p178
in statistics, a confidence interval, abbreviated as ci, is a special interval for estimating a certain parameter, such as the population mean. with this method, a whole interval of acceptable values for the parameter is given instead of a single value—together with a likelihood that the real (unknown) value of the parameter will be in the interval. thus, if we're not sure of the exact number of vehicles that crossed a bridge, we can say 400 plus or minus 10 instead of just saying 400. 
the confidence interval is based on the observations from a sample, and hence differs from sample to sample. the likelihood that the parameter will be in the interval is called the confidence level, and the end points of the confidence interval are referred to as confidence limits. 
very often, this is given as a percentage (for example, the 95% confidence interval). the confidence interval is always given together with the confidence level. for a given estimation procedure in a given situation, the higher the confidence level, the wider the confidence interval will be.
the calculation of a confidence interval generally requires assumptions about the nature of the estimation process, since it is primarily a "parametric" method. one common assumption is that the distribution of the population from which the sample came is normal. as such, confidence intervals as discussed below are not robust statistics, though changes can be made to add robustness.
meaning of the term "confidence".
the term "confidence" has a similar meaning in statistics, as in common use. in common usage, a claim to 95% confidence in something is normally taken as indicating near certainty. in statistics, a claim to 95% confidence simply means that the researcher has seen one possible interval from a large number of possible ones, from which 19 out of 20 intervals contain the true value of the parameter. 
a machine fills cups with margarine. it is adjusted so that the content of the cups is 250g of margarine. as the machine cannot fill every cup with exactly 250g, the content added to individual cups shows some variation, and is considered a random variable x.
this variation is assumed to be normally distributed around the desired average of 250g, with a standard deviation of 2.5g. to determine if the machine is adequately calibrated, a sample of "n" = 25 cups of margarine is chosen at random, and the cups are weighed. the weights of margarine are "x"1, ..., "x"25, a random sample from "x".
to get an impression of the expectation μ, an estimate is needed. the appropriate estimator is the sample mean: 
the sample shows actual weights "x"1, ...,"x"25, with mean:
if we take another sample of 25 cups, we could easily expect to find values like 250.4 or 251.1 grams. a sample mean value of 280 grams, however, would be extremely rare if the mean content of the cups is in fact close to 250g. 
there is a whole interval around the observed value 250.2 of the sample mean within which, if the whole population mean actually takes a value in this range, the observed data would not be considered particularly unusual. such an interval is called a confidence interval for the parameter "μ". 
to calculate such an interval, the endpoints of the interval have to be calculated from the sample, so they are statistics, functions of the sample "x"1, ..., "x"25, and hence are random variables themselves.
in our case, we may determine the endpoints by considering that the sample mean from a normally distributed sample is also normally distributed, with the same expectation "μ", but with standard error "σ"/√"n" = 0.5 (grams). by standardizing, we get a random variable
which depends on the parameter μ to be estimated, but with a standard normal distribution independent of the parameter "μ". hence it is possible to find numbers −"z" and "z", independent of "μ", where "z" lies in between with probability 1 − α, a measure of how confident we want to be. we take 1 - α = 0.95. so we have:
the number "z" follows from the cumulative distribution function:
and we get:
this might be interpreted as: with probability 0.95, we will find a confidence interval in which we will meet the parameter "μ" between the stochastic endpoints 
this does not mean that there is 0.95 probability of meeting the parameter μ in the calculated interval. every time the measurements are repeated, there will be another value for the mean of the sample. in 95% of the cases, "μ" will be between the endpoints calculated from this mean, but in 5% of the cases, it will not be. the actual confidence interval is calculated by entering the measured weights in the formula. our 0.95 confidence interval becomes:
as the desired value 250 of "μ" is within the resulted confidence interval, there is no reason to believe the machine is wrongly calibrated.
the calculated interval has fixed endpoints, where μ might be in between (or not). thus this event has probability either 0 or 1. we "cannot" say: "with probability (1 − α), the parameter "μ" lies in the confidence interval." we only know that by repetition in 100(1 − α) % of the cases, μ will be in the calculated interval. in 100α % of the cases, however, it does not. and unfortunately we do not know in which of the cases this happens. that is why we say: "with confidence level 100(1 − α) %, "μ" lies in the confidence interval."
the figure on the right shows 50 realisations of a confidence interval for a given population mean μ. if we randomly choose one realisation, the probability that it contains the parameter is 95%. however, it is also possible that we may have unluckily picked the wrong one as well.
 was the 17th emperor of japan, according to the traditional order of succession. historians consider details about the life of emperor richū to be possibly legendary, but probable. the name richū"-tennō" was created for him posthumously by later generations. 
some scholars identify him with king san in the book of song. king san sent messengers to the song dynasty at least twice in 421 and 425; and this historical person was succeeded by his younger brother.
no certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign. the conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of emperor kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the yamato dynasty. 
according to "nihonshoki" and "kojiki", he was the first son of emperor nintoku.
richū had two sons; but he was followed on the throne by his brother, who would become known as emperor hanzei. the enthronement of hanzei by-passed richū's two sons. few other details have survived.
two of richū's grandsons would attain the throne as emperor kenzō and as emperor ninken.
events of richū's life.
very little is known about the events of richū's life and reign. only limited information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, emperor kimmei. 
in his sixth year of his reign, richū died. 
after his death.
this emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to richū. 
according to the imperial household agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus ("kofun") at sakai. richū is venerated at a memorial shinto shrine ("misasagi") which is associated with the burial mound.
jacobitism was (and, to a much smaller extent, is) the political movement that tried to put the stuart kings back onto the thrones of england, scotland, and kingdom of ireland. the movement took its name from the latin form "jacobus" of the name of king james ii and vii.
jacobitism began after the deposition of james ii and vii in 1688. he was replaced by his daughter mary ii jointly with her husband and first cousin william of orange. the stuarts lived on the european mainland after that, sometimes trying to get back the throne with the help of france or spain. the most important places of jacobitism were ireland and scotland, especially the scottish highlands. in england, jacobitism was strongest in the north, and some support was also in wales.
a great number of catholic people liked jacobitism. they hoped the stuarts would end bad laws. lots of different helped the military campaigns for all sorts of reasons. in scotland the jacobite cause became a lasting romantic memory.
 was a japanese football player. he played for the japan national team.
horie was born in hamamatsu on september 13, 1913. he played for waseda wmw, which was consisted of players from his alma mater, waseda university. at that club, he played with many futures japan national team players, such as motoo tatsuhara, yasuo suzuki, and others.
in may 1934, when horie was a waseda university student, he was selected by the japan national team for the far eastern championship games in manila. at that competition, on may 15, he debuted against philippines. in 1936, he was also selected by japan for the 1936 summer olympics in berlin. at the 1936 summer olympics, he played against sweden, and japan completed a come-from-behind victory. it was the first victory in the olympics for japan and a historic victory over one of the powerhouses, the team became later known as the "miracle of berlin" () in japan. in 2016, the team was selected for the japan football hall of fame. however, he fractured his right arm in the match, and could not play in the next game against italy. he played three games for japan until 1936.
after 1936 summer olympics, horie retired from his playing career and joined the asahi shimbun. in 1951, he became a professor at his alma mater, waseda university. he also became a manager for waseda university and instructed many international players like shigeo yaegashi, saburo kawabuchi, masakatsu miyamoto, kunishige kamamoto, and others.
on march 29, 2003, horie died of pneumonia in nakano, tokyo at the age of 89.
maksim shatskikh (born 30 august 1978) is a uzbekistani football player. he plays for arsenal kyiv and uzbekistan national team.
club career statistics.
international career statistics.
john churchill, 1st duke of marlborough (26 may 1650 – 16 june 1722) was an important english soldier and statesman. he lived through the rules of five monarchs through the late 17th and early 18th centuries. rising from a lowly page at the court of the house of stuart, he faithfully served the duke of york through the 1670s and early 1680s. this gave him military and political advancement through his brave, clever skill. churchill helped secure james on the throne. 
however, just three years later he left his catholic teacher for the protestant dutchman, william of orange. for his help in the glorious revolution, william at his coronation made him earl of marlborough (pronounced /'mɔ:l b"ə"ɹə/). he served in the early years of the nine years' war and became famous. however, charges of jacobitism made him fall from office. for some time, he was imprisoned in the tower. when queen anne came to throne in 1702, however, marlborough secured his fame and lots of money.
his marriage to the quick-tempered sarah jennings – anne's close friend – helped marlborough's rise. he first became the captain-generalcy of british forces. then he became a duke. later, he became the richest of all anne's subjects. although in the end he could not completely crush his enemies, his victories allowed britain to rise to very great power. through him, the country grew more and more rich through the 18th century.
pierre njanka (born 15 march 1975) is a cameroonian football player. he has played for cameroon national team.
club career statistics.
international career statistics.
rigobert song bahanag (born 1 july 1976) is a former cameroonian football player. he played for trabzonspor and the cameroonian national team. he is the first african who has played in four world cups. he is regarded as one of the greatest african football players of all time.
club career statistics.
international career statistics.
wolfgang feiersinger (born 30 january 1965) is a former austrian football player. he has played for austria national team.
wolfgang feiersinger started playing football at his local club 1. saalfeldner sk. 1986 he went to austria salzburg, now known as fc red bull salzburg. with this club he became runner up of the austrian bundesliga in 1992 and 1993. his first championship he reached 1994. he was part of the team which reached the uefa cup final in the 1993/94 season. in 1996 he went on to borussia dortmund where he played in the championsleague due to the injury of matthias samer. but in the final he was not even part of the team which won the uefa championsleague. then he came back to austria playing for lask linz and again for austria salzburg. in 2002 he finished his professional career but played for the amateur squad of psv schwarz-weiß salzburg.
he played 46 matches for the national football team as defender but also as offensive midfielder. he was member of austrias teame for the fifa world cup 1998 in france. since 2009 he works as host in an alpine hut (hochwildalmhütte aurach). his daughter laura plays for fc bayern münchen in the german women league.
club career statistics.
international career statistics.
ernst franz hermann happel (29 november 1925 – 14 november 1992) was a former austrian football player and football coach. he has played for sk rapid wien, rc paris and the austria national team.
happel started professionally at the age of 17 with sk rapid wien as defender. he played only from 1955 till 1956 for another club. in 1999 he was elected for rapids team of the century.
he made his first match for austria in september 1947 against hungary and was member of the squad for the 1954 world cup in switzerlandand and the 1958 world cup in sweden.his last match was in september 1958 against yugoslavia. he played 51 times in the team and shot 5 goals.
club career statistics.
international career statistics.
baboons are monkeys of the genus papio. they are one of the largest kinds of monkey. it is an intelligent old world monkey. it lives on the ground in groups called troops. troops can be as small as a few baboons or as big as several hundred members.
baboons live in forests and on savannahs in africa and on the arabian peninsula. as they move into the open land, the family groups come together into groups several hundred strong, led by adult males that work together to protect the others from predators.
baboons are omnivores (they eat both plants and meat). they eat grasses, roots, insects and other small animals, like lizards, small mammals, fish, birds, and snakes. in some places, they steal food from humans.
leopards, cheetahs, african wild dogs, lions, hyenas and people hunt the baboon. to scare the predator away, baboons can show their eyelids, show their teeth, chase the predator, and make noise.
to understand their lives, one must see them in their natural environment.
friedrich (friedl) koncilia (born 25 february 1948) is a former austrian football player mainly for fk austria wien. he has also played for austria national team.
at the age of 14 he came to kac, an icehockeyclub, but the coach of the football department brought him to football. he played in austria for austria klagenfurt, ssw innsbruck and austria wien. abroad he played for rsc anderlecht. he is one of the most successful goalkeepers in austria. during his career he was 8 times austrian champion and six times cup winner and played 526 league matches, 76 cup matches and 51 matches in european cups.
for austria he played 85 matches, his first international match was on 27 september 1970 versus hungary. his last match was in 1985. for austria he played in the fifa world cup 1978 where he played in the legendary match versus germany in cordoba and 1982.
he was chosen as goalkeeper for a fifa-selection playing versus argentinia on 25 june 1979 he was goalkeeper in the 2nd half time. he was also goalkeeper in an uefa-team playing versus cssr, which celebrated the 70th anniversary.
after the end of his playing career he became coach for austria wien, gamba osaka and brandl-bau ischl.
club career statistics.
international career statistics.
toni polster (born 10 march 1964) is a former austrian football player. he has played for austria national team.
club career statistics.
international career statistics.
daisuke saito (born 29 august 1980) is a japanese football player. he plays for vegalta sendai.
club career statistics.
daisuke saito can refer to:
 is a japanese professional athlete. he is best known as an association football or soccer player.
club career statistics.
hirai retired in 2010.
 was the 16th emperor of japan, according to the traditional order of succession. historians consider details about the life of emperor nintoku to be possibly legendary, but probable. the name nintoku"-tennō" was created for him posthumously by later generations.
no certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign. the conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of emperor kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the yamato dynasty.
according to "nihon shoki", nintoku was the fourth son of emperor ōjin and the father of three emperors — richū, hanzei, and ingyō .
events of nintoku's life.
very little is known about the events of nintoku's life and reign. only limited information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, emperor kimmei.
nintoku's reign is marked by japan's first large-scale engineering projects.
after his death.
this emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to nintoku.
according to the imperial household agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus ("kofun") at sakai. nintoku is venerated at a memorial shinto shrine ("misasagi") which is associated with the burial mound.
the irukandji jellyfish, "carukia barnesi", is a species of jellyfish. it lives in the waters of northern australia. it is a very deadly jellyfish. the irukandji is only 2.5 centimeters (with bell and tentacles) in diameter. this makes it hard to find. the irukandji is believed to be the most poisonous creature in the world. some people are not sure if that is true.
the irukandjis' name comes from an australian aboriginal tribe. the tribe lived in the palm cove region of north queensland. when the irukandji people were stung by the irukandji, there are many symptoms. this includes:
sometimes, people may also get fluid on their lungs (pulmonary oedema), hypertension, and heart failure.
the irukandji has killed at least two swimmers in australia. in 2002, richard jordon came to australia as a tourist. he was a 58 year old british man. he was stung while swimming off hamilton island. jordon died a few days later. there may have been more deaths which doctors did not know were caused by the jellyfish.
the irukandji is related to another jellyfish. this is the box jellyfish, "chironex fleckeri". irukandji was identified in 1964 by a cairns doctor, jack barnes. because of this, its scientific name is named after him. when people were getting hurt in the sea, barnes was sure it was because of a jellyfish. he put on diving equipment and lay on the sea floor for six days until he discovered it. when barnes discovered the irukandji jellyfish, he tested its sting on himself, his son, and a lifeguard. they all had to be taken to the hospital.
irukandji has stingers – not only on its tentacles, but also on its bell. it is very small and weak. because of this, sudden force may kill it. so, it cannot be kept in a normal aquarium. the first irukandji jellyfish in captivity was born in townsville, queensland.
 was the 21st emperor of japan, according to the traditional order of succession historians consider details about the life of emperor yūryaku to be possibly legendary, but probable. the name yūryaku"-tennō" was created for him posthumously by later generations.
no certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign. the conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of emperor kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the yamato dynasty.
according to the "kojiki" and "nihonshoki", yūryaku was the fifth and youngest son of emperor ingyō.
he was the brother of emperor ankō.
yūryaku was followed on the throne by his son, who would come to be known as emperor seinei.
events of yūryaku's life.
very little is known about the events of yūryaku's life and rule. only limited facts can be studied before the rule of the 29th monarch, emperor kimmei.
after ankō's death, yūryaku overcame others in the struggle for power. he became the new emperor.
yūryaku is known as a patron of silk. it is said that he encouraged growing mulberry bushes for silkworms to eat.
poems that are said to be yūryaku's are included in the "manyōshū". a number of his verses are kept in the "kojiki" and the "nihonshoki."
he is credited with bringing many artisans from korea to japan.
after his death.
this emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to yūryaku.
according to the imperial household agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus ("kofun"). this emperor is venerated at a memorial shinto shrine ("misasagi") which is associated with the burial mound.
the kia carens is a mpv produced by kia motors in 1999 and 2019. it is now in its third generation, and is called kia rondo on the north american market.
the renault fr1 is a bus produced by renault from 1987 to 1997. 
the fr1 has a 9.8 litre 6-cylinder turbo diesel engine with 223 kw/303 hp or 250 kw/340 hp respectively.
in 1997, the fr1 received a facelift and were renamed renault iliade.
the kia soul is a car produced by kia since 2008. it is based on the hyundai i20 and kia venga's platform. it entered its second generation in 2013. 
the soul is available with 1.6 and 2.0 litre petrol engines with 93 kw/126 hp and 106 kw/144 hp respectively, and a 1.6 litre turbo diesel engine with 94 kw/128 hp.
the kia rio is a car produced by kia motors.
the first generation were produced from 2000 to 2005, and were available with 1.3 and 1.5 litre petrol engines with 55 kw/75 hp and 72 kw/98 hp respectively.
the second generation were launched in 2005, and is available with a 1.4 litre petrol engine in two versions with 55 kw/75 hp and 71 kw/97 hp respectively, a 1.6 litre petrol engine with 82 kw/112 hp and a 1.5 litre turbo diesel engine with 81 kw/110 hp. it is based on the hyundai getz's platform.
both generations are available as 4-door saloon and 5-door hatchback.
the kia magentis is a car produced by kia motors. it is the successor of the kia clarus, and is based on the hyundai sonata's platform.
the first generation were produced from 2000 to 2006. it is available with a 2.0 litre 4-cylinder petrol engine with 100 kw/136 hp and a 2.5 litre 6-cylinder petrol engine with 124 kw/169 hp.
the second generation were launched in 2006. it were until 2009 available with 2.0 and 2.4 litre 4-cylinder petrol engines with 106 kw/144 hp and 120 kw/163 hp respectively, a 2.7 litre 6-cylinder petrol engine with 139 kw/189 hp and a 2.0 litre 4-cylinder turbo diesel engine with 103 kw/140 hp.
in 2009, the magentis received a facelift. the engines available are now 2.0 and 2.4 litre 4-cylinder petrol engines with 121 kw/164 hp and 130 kw/175 hp respectively, a 2.7 litre 6-cylinder petrol engine with 142 kw/193 hp and a 2.0 litre 4-cylinder turbo diesel engine with 110 kw/150 hp.
in some counties, the first generation magentis is known as kia lotze, and the second generation as kia optima.
the kia carnival is a car produced by kia.
the first generation were launched in 1999 based on the ford windstar's platform. it were available with a 2.5 litre 6-cylinder petrol engine with 121 kw/165 hp and a 2.9 litre 4-cylinder turbo diesel engine with 93 kw/126 hp.
it gets a facelift in 2001, and were available until 2006 with a 2.5 litre 6-cylinder petrol engine with 110 kw/150 hp and a 2.9 litre 4-cylinder turbo diesel engine with 106 kw/144 hp.
in 2006, the second generation were launched based on the hyundai entourage's platform. it is available with 2.7 and 3.8 litre 6-cylinder petrol engines with 139 kw/189 hp and 187 kw/254 hp respectively, and a 2.9 litre 4-cylinder turbo diesel engine with 136 kw/185 hp.
the kia cee'd is a car produced by kia since 2006.
it is based on the hyundai i30's platform, and is available as 3- and 5-door hatchback and 5-door station wagon.
the engines available is 1.4, 1.6 and 2.0 litre petrol engines with 80 kw/109 hp, 92 kw/125 hp and 105 kw/143 hp respectively, a 1.6 litre turbo diesel engine in two versions with 66 kw/90 hp and 85 kw/115 hp respectively, and a 2.0 litre turbo diesel engine with 103 kw/140 hp.
the cee'd received a facelift in 2009. the 1.4 litre petrol engine was changed to 66 kw/90 hp instead of 80 kw/109 hp.
the volkswagen touran is a car produced by volkswagen, launched in 2003.
it is based on the platform of the fifth generation volkswagen golf, and were from start available with a 1.6 litre mpi petrol engine with 75 kw/102 hp, 1.6 and 2.0 litre fsi petrol engines with 85 kw/115 hp and 110 kw/150 hp respectively, and 1.9 and 2.0 litre tdi diesel engines with 74 kw/100 hp and 100 kw/136 hp respectively.
the diesel engines received an update in 2004. the 1.9 litre tdi engine are now available in 66 kw/90 hp and 77 kw/105 hp versions, and the 2.0 litre tdi engine has now 103 kw/140 hp.
the touran received an facelift in late 2006. both the 1.6 and 2.0 litre fsi petrol engines were replaced by a 1.4 litre tsi petrol engine in 103 kw/140 hp and 125 kw/170 hp versions. the 2.0 litre tdi engine were now also available in a 125 kw/170 hp version.
rade bogdanović (born 21 may 1970) is a former serbian football player. he has played for the serbian national team.
club career statistics.
international career statistics.
atsushi katagiri (born 1 august 1983) is a japanese football player. he plays for ventforet kofu.
club career statistics.
carlos gamarra (born 17 february 1971) is a former paraguayan football player. he has played for paraguay national team.
club career statistics.
international career statistics.
flávio conceição (born 12 june 1974) is a former brazilian football player. he has played for brazil national team.
club career statistics.
international career statistics.
 is a japanese professional athlete. he is best known as an association football player and coach.
 is a former japanese football player.
club career statistics.
masafumi nakaguchi (born 10 april 1972) is a former japanese football player. he manages sagawa shiga.
 was the 27th emperor of japan, according to the traditional order of succession. historians consider details about the life of emperor ankan to be possibly legendary, but probable. the name ankan"-tennō" was created for him posthumously by later generations.
no certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign. the conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of emperor kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the yamato dynasty.
according to "kojiki" ankan was the elder son of emperor keitai.
ankan died childless, and the throne passed to his brother, who would become known as emperor senka.
events of ankan's life.
very little is known about the events of ankan's life and reign. only limited information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, emperor kimmei.
ankan attained the imperial throne when his father, emperor keitai, abdicated in his favor.
the construction of state granaries in large numbers throughout japan was a demonstration of the broad reach of imperial power and concerns.
his death ended his reign after only four years.
after his death.
this emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to ankan.
according to the imperial household agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus ("kofun"). ankan is venerated at a memorial shinto shrine ("misasagi") which is associated with the burial mound.
 was the 28th emperor of japan, according to the traditional order of succession. historians consider details about the life of emperor senka to be possibly legendary, but probable. the name senka"-tennō" was created for him posthumously by later generations. 
no certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign. the conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of emperor kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the yamato dynasty.
according to "kojiki", senka was a son of emperor keitai. 
when emperor ankan died childless, the throne passed to his brother senka.
events of senka's life.
very little is known about the events of senka's life and reign. only limited information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, emperor kimmei. 
during this reign, soga no iname became the first verifiable "great minister" or "omi" (also identified as "ō-omi").
the reign of emperor senka lasted for three years. 
after his death.
this emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to senka. 
according to the imperial household agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus ("kofun"). senka is venerated at a memorial shinto shrine ("misasagi") which is associated with the burial mound.
the afrikaner weerstandsbeweging (awb) is a south african political party for the white afrikaner people, the boers. it was formed in 1973 by eugène terre'blanche. he led the party until his death in 2010. it is now led by steyn van ronge.
they are a party for the white south africans who want their own nation. they want to name it "boerestaat". the party is not as extreme as other parties who want to kick out all the black south africans. the awb simply wants a state within sa borders.
the awb also wants to go back to apartheid, or at least some of them want it. and they want to end the killing of white people by black people. the organisation is not violent, but it used to be back in the 1990s.
the xnor gate is a logic gate that outputs 1 (true) when both of its inputs are equal. if only one output is high(1) the output is low (0).
it is opposite of xor gate.
there are three symbols for the xnor gate:
efim bogolyubov (14 april 1889 – 18 june 1952) was a ukrainian–german chess grandmaster who won numerous events and played two matches with alexander alekhine for the world championship. his weak point, it is said, was over-optimism, but at his best he was one of the world's leading players.p49
1919 to 1939.
after the world war i, he won international tournaments at berlin 1919, stockholm 1919, stockholm 1920, kiel 1921, and pistyan (pieštany) 1922. he tied for 1st–3rd at karlsbad (karlovy vary) 1923.
in 1924 bogoljubow briefly returned to russia, which had since become the soviet union, and won consecutive ussr championships in 1924 and 1925. he also won at breslau (wroclaw) 1925, and in moscow 1925, ahead of a field which included emanuel lasker and josé raúl capablanca.
in 1926, he emigrated to germany. he won, ahead of akiba rubinstein that year at berlin. at bad kissingen 1928, he triumphed (+6 –1 =4) over a field which included capablanca, nimzovich and savielly tartakower. bogoljubov won two matches against max euwe (both 5.5–4.5) in 1928 and 1928/29 in holland. he played matches for the world chess championship twice against alekhine, losing 15.5–9.5 in 1929, and 15.5–10.5 in 1934.
he represented germany at first board in the 4th chess olympiad at prague 1931, winning the individual silver medal (+9 –1 =7). bogoljubov continued to have good tournament results throughout the 1930s.
during world war ii, he lost a match to euwe (+2 –5 =3) at krefeld 1941, and drew a mini-match with alekhine (+1 –1 =0) at warsaw 1943. he also played in numerous tournaments held in nazi-held territory throughout the war. after the war, he lived in west germany. in 1947, he won in lüneburg, and kassel. in 1949 he won in bad pyrmont (3rd west ger-ch), and tied for 1st-2nd in oldenburg. in 1951, he won in augsburg, and saarbrücken.
he was awarded the grandmaster title by the world chess federation (fide) in 1951.
the bogo-indian defence (1.d4 nf6 2.c4 e6 3.nf3 bb4+) is named after bogolyubov.
the is a government agency of japan. this bureaucracy is concerned with imperial house of japan (japan's imperial family).
"kunaichō" keeps the privy seal of japan and the state seal of japan.
in the 18 centuries before the second world war, it was named the .
the current grand steward is shingo haketa.
the organization and functions of the imperial household were established in the eighth century. the fundamental elements of this system evolved during the course of centuries.
the main focus of attention is the living imperial family. at the same time, the agency looks 890+ sites which may contain the remains of imperial family members.
organization and functions.
the grand steward is charged with overseeing all activities of today's agency. 
the basic structures remained in place until the meiji restoration; and some elements of the ancient organizing template remain:
imperial household agency became an external agency of the cabinet office.____________________
 imperial household agency was the new name of imperial household office; and the imperial household became an external agency of the prime minister's office.____________________
imperial household office was organized under the imperial household law of 1947 along with the current the constitution of japan which was adopted in the post-war period____________________
imperial household ministry was organized under the imperial house law of 1889 and the meiji constitution which was proclaimed in the course of the meiji restoration____________________
ministry of the imperial household was organized under the taiho code, which was adopted in during the reign of emperor monmu.
in computers, an operating environment is the environment in which you can use the operating system with, but is not the whole operating system on its own. for example, windows 3.x was not considered a full operating system since it ran on top of ms-dos.
adelong is a small town in the snowy mountains region of new south wales, australia. it is a part of the tumut shire. about 1400 people live in the adelong district, and 829 people live in the town. the town is about 160 kilometres west of canberra on the snowy mountains highway. the town's name comes from an aboriginal word meaning "along the way" or "plain with a river".
hamilton hume and william hovell were the first europeans in to visit the area on their way back to sydney in 1825. they described it as "rough and difficult country."
adelong was settled between 1840 and 1850. gold was discovered at adelong by a william williams in 1857. the gold was on the top of victoria hill and was part of the old hill reef. alluvial gold was found in both adelong creek and golden gully in the same year. adelong quickly became an important goldfield. adelong post office opened on 1 january 1859.
by 1859 a number of gold reefs were being mined, including the old reef and the great victoria mine. between 1859 and 1876, 3,798 kilograms of gold was mined. during the gold rush the population grew to more than 30,000 people. over 25 tonnes of gold was mined from 1857 to the close of the mines in 1914. the national trust of australia has listed the main street of adelong and a number of buildings as being important historical places.
a number of narrow tramway tracks were built in the mine area. adelong is one of the only two gold mining areas in new south wales known to have used a steam locomotive on its tramways.
during the gold rush many chinese people worked in the mines. many died and were buried in a special part of the adelong cemetery. the chinese part of the cemetery was destroyed in the early 1900s. one or two old chinese and indian people still lived in adelong in the 1950s. a small town, cornishtown, was about a mile west of adelong till the 1940s.
after the gold rush, farming became the main business in the area. this was mainly merino sheep and beef cattle. over the last 20 years a tourists have come to visit because of the pleasant scenery and gold mining history. the famous adelong falls, with its rich gold-mining past, is an ideal spot to for a picnic or to explore the local area.
cole albert porter (june 9, 1891 – october 15, 1964) was an american composer and songwriter. he wrote musical comedies like "kiss me, kate," "fifty million frenchmen", "dubarry was a lady" and "anything goes". he also wrote songs like "night and day," "i get a kick out of you," "well, did you evah!" and "i've got you under my skin." he was well known for his clever lyrics and rhymes. he wrote a lot of songs that are in the great american songbook.
porter was born in peru, indiana, to a rich baptist family.
one of his grandfathers made a lot of money from coal and timber. he had control over the family. porter started learning music when he was very young. he learned the violin at age six and the piano at eight. he and his mother wrote an operetta when he was 10. his mother, kate, was very supportive. his grandfather j.o. cole wanted him become a lawyer,
he went to worcester academy in worcester, massachusetts in 1905 and then yale university in 1909.
when he was at yale, he wrote 300 songs, including football fight songs that are still played at yale today.
porter went to harvard law school in 1913 for a year. he then moved into arts and sciences.
in 1915, his song, "esmeralda", was played on broadway. he had a musical on broadway in 1916, but it did not do well.
porter was not doing very well with his music so he went to paris, france. he was working there when world war i started. he travelled all over europe, and then joined the french foreign legion in 1917. he was a soldier in north africa, and then he taught american soldiers how to shoot.
porter was married to linda lee thomas (1883-1954) from 1919 until her death. some writers have said that porter also had some gay relationships.
porter started having musicals on broadway again in 1926. he wrote some famous songs like "let's do it, let's fall in love", "what is this thing called love?" and "night and day".
he threw lots of parties and had an exciting social life in the 1920s and 1930s. he became very successful with his musicals and songs.
in 1937, porter had an accident when he was horse-riding. he had a lot of pain and had to have many operations. he became depressed after that. he kept working and in 1948 he wrote a very popular musical called "kiss me, kate". he won a tony award for the musical. he also wrote music for movies.
in 1952, porter's mother died. in 1954, his wife died. in 1958, he had to have his injured leg amputated (cut off). after all these bad things happened, he retired. he died of kidney failure in 1964 in santa monica, california. he was 73.
johan anthoniszoon "jan" van riebeeck (april 21, 1619 – january 18, 1677) was a dutch colonial administrator and founder of cape town, a city in south africa.
van riebeeck was born in culemborg in the netherlands as the son of a surgeon. he grew up in schiedam, where he married 19-year old maria de la quellerie on 28 march 1649. (she died in malacca, now part of malaysia, on 2 november 1664, at the age of 35). the couple had eight children, most of whom did not live through infancy. their son abraham van riebeeck, born at the cape, later became governor-general of the dutch east indies.
joining the dutch east india company (voc) in 1639, he served in many posts, like an assistant surgeon in the batavia in the east indies. he then went to japan. his most important position was that of head of the voc trading post in tonkin, vietnam. however, he was called back from this post as it was found that he was working trade for his own account.
in 1651 he was asked to undertake the command of the initial dutch settlement in the future south africa. he landed three ships "drommedaris", "reijger" and "goede hoop" at the future cape town on 6 april 1652 and strongly make the site as a way-station for the voc trade route between the netherlands and the east indies. the "walvisch" and the "oliphant" came later, having had 130 burials at sea.
measles is an infectious disease, caused by a virus. people catch measles from other people. it is passed on in tiny drops of water when people breathe. people with measles have a sore throat, a fever, a cough, red eyes and a runny nose. they also have a bumpy red rash all over their body. these rashes will cause a high irritation of itching.
measles is very infectious, which means it is easy to catch. if someone in a house has measles, it is very likely that other people in the house will also get it. in developed countries, lots of children have a vaccination (injection) to stop them from getting measles. often they are given the mmr vaccine, to stop them getting measles, mumps and rubella. the three vaccinations are all in one injection.
measles is sometimes also called "rubeola", but it is not the same as rubella (german measles). the german measles (rubella) was discovered by german scientists.
there is no specific cure for measles. people with measles may rest and take medicines to make them feel better, to stop pain and make fevers go away. most people that have measles recover, but some people die from it. in the 19th century measles epidemics killed many polynesian people.
 was the 22nd emperor of japan, according to the traditional order of succession. historians consider details about the life of emperor seinei to be possibly legendary, but probable. the name seinei"-tennō" was created for him posthumously by later generations. 
no certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign. the conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of emperor kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the yamato dynasty.
according to "kojiki" and "nihonshoki", seinei was a son of emperor yūryaku. 
seinei fathered no children. he adopted two grandsons of emperor richū. each would attain the throne; and they would become known as emperor ninken and as emperor kenzo
events of seinei's life.
very little is known about the events of seinei's life and reign. only limited information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, emperor kimmei. 
after the death of his father, seinei overcame others in the struggle for power. 
after his death.
this emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to seinei. 
according to the imperial household agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus ("kofun"). this emperor is venerated at a memorial shinto shrine ("misasagi") which is associated with the burial mound.
xiphactinus (from latin and greek for "sword-ray") was a large, 4.5 to 5 m (15 to 20 feet) long predatory bony fish that lived in the western interior sea, over what is now the middle of north america, during the late cretaceous. skeletal remains of xiphactinus have come from kansas, alabama, and georgia in the united states, as well as europe and australia.
above all else, "xiphactinus" was a great swimmer, able to speed towards or away from virtually anything else in the seas of the time. it may have been able to leap above the waves at times to help dislodge parasites from its skin. it was not however immune from attack. if injured, its large size meant it was easy to spot and could become prey for sharks, mosasaurs, and other xiphactinus.
 was the 23rd emperor of japan, according to the traditional order of succession. historians consider details about the life of emperor kenzō to be possibly legendary, but probable. the name kenzō"-tennō" was created for him posthumously by later generations. 
no certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign. the conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of emperor kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the yamato dynasty.
kenzō was a grandson of emperor richū; and he was adopted as heir by the childless emperor seinei.
events of kenzō's life.
very little is known about the events of kenzō's life and reign. only limited information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, emperor kimmei. 
after his death.
this emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to kenzō. 
according to the imperial household agency, kenzō final resting place is in an earthen tumulus ("kofun"). this emperor is venerated at a memorial shinto shrine ("misasagi") which is associated with the burial mound.
 are earthen tombs or tumuli in japan. they were constructed between the early 3rd century and early 7th century. 
these burial mounds are referenced in the name of the kofun period (middle 3rd century - early-middle 6th century). 
many of the kofun have a keyhole-shaped mound () which is unique to ancient japan. 
chess and computers have been connected since the earliest days of the computer. in the 19th century charles babbage had thought of the idea,p87 and in modern times alan turing, the mathematician and bletchley park codebreaker, put some thought into the idea. he was not a very good chess player, but was one of the creators of the first british computer. he is also credited with the creation of computer science.
there are two types of chess programs. one plays against a human opponent; the other helps the user become a better player. the two types can be made to work together, though they have different functions and work in different ways.
chess engines are computer systems that can play chess games against human opponents. many have been created; they can play at master level, though their processes are quite different from those of a human being.<ref name="h/w">hooper d. and whyld k. 1992. "the oxford companion to chess". 2nd ed, oxford university press.</ref>p87 the best engines on the fastest computers have won matches against both kasparov and kramnik, but the software can be used at an easier level for a learner.
competitions are run by putting engines against each other, and the results are published. there is a world computer chess championship, in which the details of the rules may determine which software wins. software may also be rated on other scales, such as ease of usage.
fritz is a german chess program by frans morsch and mathias feist, published by chessbase. it is the current market leader. there is also a different kind of fritz called "deep fritz" that is made for multi-processing. the latest kinds of the consumer products are deep fritz 12 and fritz 12. they came with reviews by josh waitzkin, who said that "fritz is like a woman that you can't get with. it just drives (makes) you to think in ways you've never thought before".
shredder is a leading engine. it is also owned by chessbase. it comes in various forms: shredder 12, deep shredder 12; shredder classic. it has a reputation of being hard.
rybka, a product by vasik rajlich, is shredder's main rival. rybka 4 is their latest version.
chess databases do not actually play. they give access to the recorded history of master chess. there are two components. first, there is the software, which lets one search and organise the database material. then there is the actual database, typically one to four million games.
in practice, databases are used for two purposes. first, for a player to train his/her ability at specific openings. second, to look up specific opponents to see what they play, and prepare against them beforehand.
the existence of chess databases is one way that young players can achieve mastery at an early age.
chessbase is the biggest database, and widely used by masters. although it can be used online, most users download the software and data onto their laptop. then they take the laptop to tournaments, to help prepare for games. players may not use computers or any other aid during games, but much preparation goes on behind the scenes. chessbase has to be purchased, and it is not cheap.
new in chess.
this is a dutch magazine for advanced players, which runs an on-line database called nicbase as part of its services. nicbase is free, and has over a million games.
chessgames.com runs an on-line database of games. it is partly free, but requires registration. full access to all its facilities is by a fairly modest subscription. it has over half a million games on its database.
on-line playing sites.
there are websites which a player can join (for a fee) and play on line. in this case, the subscriber will play against other subscribers, not a computer. all standards of players are amongst the members, and various events are on offer at different rates of play. the two leaders in this market are:
julio césar romero (born 28 august 1960) is a former paraguayan football player. he has played for paraguay national team.
club career statistics.
international career statistics.
lee jong-min (born 21 may 1987) is a south korean professional athlete. he is best known as an association football player.
club career statistics.
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sin byung-ho (born 26 april 1975) is a south korean professional athlete. he is best known as an association football player. he was a member of the korean national team.
club career statistics.
international career statistics.
fernando almeida de oliveira (born 18 june 1978) is a brazilian football player.
club career statistics.
derlis florentín (9 january 1984 - 28 march 2010) was a former paraguayan football player.
club career statistics.
an sun-jin (born 19 september 1975) is a south korean professional athlete. he is best known as an association football player.
joseph-désiré job (born 1 december 1977) is a cameroonian football player. he plays for lierse and cameroon national team.
club career statistics.
international career statistics.
terry venables (born 6 january 1943) is a former english football player. he has played for england national team.
club career statistics.
international career statistics.
shingo hyodo (born 29 july 1985) is a japanese football player. he plays for yokohama f. marinos.
club career statistics.
takayuki nishigaya (born 12 may 1973) is a former japanese football player.
club career statistics.
chess notation is a method for writing down chess moves: after a player makes a move, both players write it down. this is compulsory in all organized chess events
the system must have these elements: the move number, the piece moved, the square it starts from (optional), the square it goes to, and other relevant information such as captures, and castles.<ref name="h/w">hooper d. and whyld k. 1992. "the oxford companion to chess". 2nd ed, oxford university press.</ref>p275 there are other notations for recording positions.
there have been ways of describing moves from quite early on. manuscripts with move descriptions are known in arabic (9th century) and from europe (13th century).p275 these early notations are usually quite cumbersome; "the pawn of the king forward two houses".p229; 469; 848 this kind of notation is called "descriptive". in a descriptive notation each player describes squares from his own point of view, e.g. 1 p–k4 p–k4. a notation which uses labels for the ranks and files is called "algebraic". in this notation a square has only one label, e.g. 1 e4 e5.
the moves of a chess game are written down by using a special notation.article 8 and appendix e usually algebraic chess notation is used. in algebraic notation, each square has one and only one name (whether you are looking from white's side of the board or black's). here, moves are written in the format of: abbreviation of the piece moved – file where it moved – rank where it moved. for example, qg5 means "queen moves to the g-file and 5th rank" (that is, to the square g5). if there are two pieces of the same type that can move to the same square, one more letter or number is added to show the file or rank from which the piece moved, e.g. ngf3 means "knight from the g-file moves to the square f3". the letter p showing a pawn is not used, so that e4 means "pawn moves to the square "e4"".
if the piece makes a capture, "x" is written before the square in which the capturing piece lands on. example: "bxf3" means "bishop captures on f3". when a pawn makes a capture, the file from which the pawn left is used in place of a piece initial. for example: exd5 means "pawn captures on d5."
if a pawn moves to its eighth rank, getting a promotion, the piece chosen is written after the move, for example e1q or e1=q. castling is written by the special notations 0–0 for kingside castling and 0–0–0 for queenside. a move which places the opponent's king in check normally has the notation "+" added. checkmate can be written as # or ++. at the end of the game, 1–0 means "white won", 0–1 means "black won" and ½-½ is a draw.
chess moves can also be shown with punctuation marks and other annotation symbols. for example: ! means a good move, !! means a very good move, ? means a bad move, ?? a very bad move (sometimes called a "blunder"), !? a creative move that may be good, and ?! a doubtful move. for example, one kind of a simple "trap" known as the scholar's mate, as in the diagram to the right, may be recorded in full notation:
1. e2-e4 e7-e5<br>
2. qd1-h5?! nb8-c6<br>
3. bf1-c4 ng8-f6?? (3...qe7 is better)<br>
4. qh5xf7# 1–0
here is a famous short game in the more usual short notation:
this is algebraic notation with little figurines instead of initial letters for the pieces. figurine notation is used in print and computer chess. since it avoids initial letters for pieces, it is more international.
notation for positions.
in addition to the forsyth notation, positions may be recorded in this simple fashion:
akiba rubinstein (stawiski, poland, 12 december 1882 – 15 march 1961, antwerp, belgium) was a polish chess grandmaster in the first part of the 20th century. around 1910 he was one of the three best players in the world.p346
rubinstein was jewish, and his family planned for him to become a rabbi. however, he did not finish his studies, and chose to devote himself to chess entirely. the decision came in 1903 after he won fifth place at a tournament in kiev. he learned to play chess when he was 16,<ref name="h/w">hooper d. and whyld k. 1992. "the oxford companion to chess". oxford.</ref> and played with the strong master gersz salwe in łódź.
rubinstein's best period was from 1907 to 1912. it began with his win at karlovy vary in 1907, and a shared win at st. petersburg in the same year. it closed in a string of wins in 1912. he won five consecutive major tournaments that year: san sebastian, piešťany, breslau (the german championship), warsaw and vilnius (although none of these events included lasker or capablanca).p79 some believe that he was better than world champion emanuel lasker at this time. ratings from "chessmetrics" support this conclusion, placing him as world #1 between mid 1912 and mid 1914. others believe he was not quite so strong as lasker, and was eclipsed by josé raúl capablanca after 1911.
rubinstein was never given a chance to play lasker for the world chess championship: he was unable to raise enough money to meet lasker's financial demands. in the 1909 st. petersburg tournament, he had tied with lasker and won his individual encounter with him. however, he had a poor result at st. petersburg tournament 1914, not reaching the final pool of five players. a match with lasker was arranged for october 1914, but it never took place because of the outbreak of world war i.
after the war rubinstein was still an elite grandmaster, but his results lacked their previous formidable consistency. nevertheless, he won at vienna in 1922, ahead of future world champion alexander alekhine, and was the leader of the polish team that won the chess olympiad at hamburg in 1930 with a superb record of thirteen wins and four draws. a year later he won an olympic silver.
after 1932 he withdrew from tournament play, mostly because his symptoms of schizophrenia prevented normal life. he suffered from a fear of people and society. he lived then in a sanitorium, and later rejoined his family.
rubinstein lived on for almost 30 years afterwards. he left behind no literary works (perhaps because of his mental problems), but a great heritage in his games. during world war ii he was placed in an asylum. one account says that when the nazis eventually arrived to haul the aged jewish grandmaster from his asylum to the death camps, he was so patently insane that they abandoned the attempt.
he was one of the earliest chess players to take the endgame into account when choosing and playing the opening. he was exceptionally talented in the endgame, particularly in rook endings, where he broke new ground. silman ranks him as one of the five best endgame players of all time, and a master of rook endgames.
he originated the rubinstein system against the tarrasch variation of the queen's gambit declined: 1.d4 d5 2.nf3 c5 3.c4 e6 4.cxd5 exd5 5.nc3 nc6 6.g3 nf6 7.bg2 cxd4 8.nxd4 qb6 (rubinstein - tarrasch, 1912). he is also credited with inventing the meran variation, which stems from the slav defence.
today, he certainly has no shortage of lines named for him. 1.d4 nf6 2.c4 e6 3.nc3 bb4 4.e3. is the rubinstein variation of the nimzo-indian defence.
the rubinstein trap, a trap in the queen's gambit declined is named after him because he fell into it twice. one version of the trap runs 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.nc3 nf6 4.cxd5 exd5 5.bg5 be7 6.e3 0-0 7.nf3 nbd7 8.bd3 c6 10.0-0 re8 11.rc1 h6 12. bf4 nh5? 13. nxd5! now 13...cxd5?? is met by 14.bc7, winning the queen, while 13...nxf4 14.nxf4 leaves white a pawn ahead.
the rubinstein memorial tournament in his honor has been held annually since 1963 in polanica zdroj, with a glittering list of top-flight winners.
martín chambi jiménez, (puno, peru november 5, 1891 – cuzco, september 13, 1973) was a photographer who came from the south of peru. he was also known as martín chambi de coaza. he was the only well known indigenous latin american photographer of his time.
he is considered one of the great figures of american photography.
chambi is famous for the historic and social value of his photographs. he was a portrait photographer in the cities and the countryside of the peruvian andes. he was the leading portrait photographer in the andean city of cusco. chambi also took many landscape photographs, and he sold these photographs as postcards. he was one of the first to use the postcard format in peru.
in 1979, moma in new york had a chambi exhibition. the exhibition later moved to various locations. it inspired other international exhibitions of his work.
"it is wrong to focus too much on the "testimonial" (historical) value of his photos. they have that, indeed, but, in equal measure they express the "milieu" (society) in which he lived and they show (...) that when he was behind a camera, he became a giant, a true inventor, a force of invention, a recreator of life."
- mario vargas llosa
"i've read that in chile they think that the indigenous south american peoples have no culture, that they are not civilised, that they are intellectually and artistically inferior to european white peoples. the artworks are a graphic testament that is more eloquent than my own opinion, always. i hope that this testament will be examined fairly and objectively. i feel i am representing my race; my people will speak through the photographs."
- martín chambi, 1936
martín chambi was born in a poor quechua family. he was born in one of the poorest parts of peru, at the end of the nineteenth century. his father worked in a gold mine by the river inambari. martín sometimes went to work with his father too. he saw his first photographer there at the mine. chambi learned the basic techniques from a photographer at the santo domingo mine. this meeting fired his ambition.
chambi tried to work as a professional photographer after this. he traveled to the city of arequipa in 1908, where photography was more developed. many professional photographers lived in areqiupa. they had developed individual photographic styles and professional techniques.
chambi was an apprentice in the studio of max t. vargas. after nine years he created his own studio in sicuani in 1917. he published his first postcards in november 1917.
in 1923 he moved to cusco and opened a studio there. in cusco he photographed rich society people and poor indigenous people. during his career, chambi also travelled all over the andes. he photographed the landscapes, inca ruins, and local people. chambi was with the american explorer hiram bingham when bingham "discovered" machu picchu, the great inca monument.
martín chambi, photographs 1920-1950 (smithsonian institution press 1993) 
 (originally published in spain by lunwerg editores, 1990)
martín chambi and the heirs of the incas 
the kia venga is a car produced by kia since 2009. it is based on the hyundai i20 and kia soul's platform.
the venga is available with 1.4 and 1.6 litre petrol engines with 66 kw/90 hp and 92 kw/125 hp respectively, a 1.4 litre turbo diesel engine in 55 kw/75 hp and 66 kw/90 hp versions, and a 1.6 litre turbo diesel engine in 85 kw/115 hp and 94 kw/128 hp versions.
the reception history of jane austen shows how austen's works, at first having modest fame, became wildly popular. her books are both the subject of great study and the center of various fan culture. jane austen, the writer of such works as "pride and prejudice" (1813) and "emma" (1815), has become one of the most famous novelists in the english language.
during her lifetime, austen's books did not make her very famous. like a great number of women writers at that time, she chose to publish her books secretly. only among people in the aristocracy, her writing was an open secret. at the time they were published, austen's works were thought fashionable by members of high society. however, they received only a few good reviews. by the mid-nineteenth century, her works were respected by people who were learned in literature. they thought that liking her works was a sign that they were clever. in 1870, her nephew published "memoir of jane austen". this showed her to a wider public as "dear, quiet aunt jane". after this, her works were published again in popular editions. by the twentieth century, lots of groups had formed. some praised her and some defended her from the "teeming masses". however, they all claimed to be true janeites, or people who really appreciated austen.
early in the twentieth century, scholars made a collection of her works (the first for any british novelist). but it was not until the 1940s that austen was widely accepted as a "great english novelist". in the second half of the twentieth century, people began studying austen more and more, and in different ways. for example, they studied her works artistically, ideologically, and historically. the university english departments began developing in the first half of the twentieth century. as they grew, criticism of austen split into remarkable high culture and popular culture trends. in the late twentieth century, fans made jane austen societies and clubs. they praised austen, her time, and her works. in the early twenty-first century, austen fans support an industry of printed sequels and prequels. they also support austen's work in television and film.
jane austen lived her entire life as part of a large and close family. her family was in the lower part of the english gentry. her family's steady support was very important to austen's development as a writer. for example, austen read her first drafts of all of her books to her family. in this way, she received encouragement and help. in fact, it was her father who first tried to put her book in print. austen's training as a writer lasted from when she was a teenager until she was about 35. during this time, she experimented with different literary forms. this included the epistolary novel (novel in letters), which she tried and did not like. she wrote and revised three important novels and began a fourth. when "sense and sensibility" (1811), "pride and prejudice" (1813), "mansfield park" (1814) and "emma" (1815) came out in print, she became a successful writer.
however, novel-writing was not easy for women in the early nineteenth century. this was because it made them famous. it also made people think them unfeminine. so like a great number of other female writers, austen published her books secretly. in time, though, her writing became an open secret among the aristocracy. in one of her visits to london, the prince regent invited her to his home. his librarian showed her around and said that the regent liked her books very much. the librarian added that "if miss austen had any other novel forthcoming, she was quite at liberty to dedicate it to the prince". austen did not like the prince, who spent a lot of money. she did not want to follow this suggestion. however, her friends persuaded her to follow it. therefore, "emma" was dedicated to him. austen refused the librarian's suggestion after that to write a historical romance for the prince's daughter's marriage.
in the last year of her life, austen revised "northanger abbey" (1817) and wrote "persuasion" (1817). she also began another novel, which was later titled "sanditon". she could not finish it before her death. austen did not have time to see "northanger abbey" or "persuasion" through the press. however, her family published them as one book after she died. her brother henry included a "biographical notice of the author". this short biography made people think of austen as a quiet aunt who wrote in her free time. "neither the hope of fame nor profit mixed with her early motives (purposes) ... [s]o much did she shrink from notoriety, that no accumulation of fame would have induced (made) her, had she lived, to affix (put) her name to any productions of her public she turned away from any allusion to the character of an authoress." however, austen shows excitement in her letters about getting her books in print. she was also interested in how much money the books would make. austen was a professional writer.
austen's works are noted for their realism, biting social commentary, and clever use of free indirect speech. they are also remarkable for their burlesque and irony. they criticize the novels of sensibility of the second half of the eighteenth century. they are part of the change to nineteenth-century realism. as susan gubar and sandra gilbert explain, austen laughed at "love at first sight, the primacy (first importance) of passion over all other emotions and/or duties, the exploits of the hero, the vulnerable sensitivity of the heroine, the lovers' proclaimed (declared) indifference to financial considerations, and the cruel of parents". austen's stories, though comic, focus on the way women depend on marriage to secure social standing and economic security. she was also concerned with moral problems, like samuel johnson, who strongly influenced her.
1812–1821: individual reactions and contemporary reviews.
austen's books quickly became fashionable. aristocrats who liked to set the fashion and taste of the day especially liked them. henrietta ponsonby, countess of bessborough wrote about "sense and sensibility" in a letter to a friend. she said: "it is a clever novel.  ... tho' it ends stupidly, i was much amused by it." the 15-year-old daughter of the prince regent, princess charlotte augusta, compared herself to marianne dashwood. she remarked, "i think marianne & me are very like in "disposition", that certainly i am not so good, the same , &tc". "pride and prejudice" was enjoyed by richard sheridan, a person who wrote plays. he told a friend to "[b]uy it immediately" for it "was one of the cleverest things" he had ever read. anne milbanke, future wife of lord byron, wrote that "i have finished the novel called pride and prejudice, which i think a very superior (good) work." she added that "is the most "probable" fiction i have ever read" and had become "at present the fashionable novel". the dowager lady vernon told a friend that "mansfield park" was "[n]ot much of a novel, more the history of a family party in the country, very natural". lady anne romilly told her friend, the writer maria edgeworth, that "["mansfield park"] has been pretty generally admired here". edgeworth later said that "we have been much entertained with mansfield park".
high society liked and approved of austen's novels. however, they received few reviews while she was alive. there were two for "sense and sensibility". "pride and prejudice" received three. "mansfield park" received none. there were seven for "emma". most of the reviews were short, careful, and approving. they mostly focused on the moral lessons of her books. brian southam writes about these reviewers: "their job was merely to provide brief (short) notices, extended with quotations, for the benefit (good) of women readers compiling their library lists and interested only in knowing whether they would like a book for its story, its characters and moral".
famous writer walter scott wrote the longest and deepest of these reviews. he was asked by publisher john murray to review "emma". "emma" had come out in print (without saying who the writer was) in the march 1816 issue of the "quarterly review". using the review as a way to praise the novel, scott praised austen's works. he praised her ability to copy "from nature as she really exists in the common walks of life, and presenting to the correct and striking representation of that which is daily (every day) taking place around him". modern austen scholar william galperin has noted that "unlike some of austen's lay readers, who recognized her divergence (difference) from realistic practice as it had been prescribed and defined at the time, walter scott may well have been the first to install austen as the realist par excellence". scott wrote in his private journal in 1826 about austen. this later became a widely quoted comparison:
also read again and for the third time at least miss austen's very finely written novel of "pride and prejudice". that young lady had a talent for describing the and feelings and characters of ordinary life which is to me the most wonderful i ever met with. the big bow-wow strain i can do myself like any now going, but the exquisite touch which renders (makes) ordinary commonplace things and characters interesting from the truth of the description and the sentiment is denied to me. what a pity such a gifted creature died so early!
"northanger abbey" and "persuasion" were published together in december 1817. they were reviewed in the "british critic" in march 1818 and in the "edinburgh review and literary miscellany" in may 1818. the reviewer for the "british critic" felt that austen's great use of realism was proof of a limited imagination. the reviewer for the "edinburgh review" thought differently. he praised austen for her " invention". he was also pleased with austen's stories because they mixed familiar scenes with surprising twists. austen scholars have pointed out that these early reviewers did not know what to make of her works. for example, they wrongly understood her use of irony. reviewers thought "sense and sensibility" and "pride and prejudice" were stories of virtue overcoming vice.
in the "quarterly review" in 1821 another review came out. richard whately was an english writer and theologican. he published the most serious early review of austen's work. whately compared austen and great writers such as homer and shakespeare with favor. he praised the dramatic quality of her stories. he also said that the novel was a real, respectable genre of literature. he argued that imaginative literature, especially narrative, was very valuable. he even said they were more important than history or biography. when it was well done, as austen's works were, whately said that novels wrote about human experience that the reader could learn from. in other words, he believed that it was moral. whately also addressed austen's position as a female writer. he wrote: "we suspect one of miss austin's ["sic"] great merits in our eyes to be, the insight she gives us into the peculiarities of female heroines are what one knows women must be, though one never can get them to acknowledge (admit) it." no better criticism of austen was put in print until the late nineteenth century. whately and scott had begun the victorian era's view of austen.
1821–1870: cultured few.
austen had a great number of readers who liked and respected her in the nineteenth century. according to critic ian watt, they liked her " to ordinary (usual) social experience". however, austen's works were not exactly what her romantic and victorian british audience liked. they wished for "powerful emotion [be] authenticated by an egregious display of sound and color in the writing". victorian critics and audiences liked the work of writers like charles dickens and george eliot. compared to them, austen's works seemed narrow and quiet. austen's works were put in print again beginning in late 1832 or early 1833. richard bentley printed them in the "standard novels" series, and remained in print for a long time after that. however, they were not bestsellers. southam describes her "reading public between 1821 and 1870" as "minute beside the known audience for dickens and his contemporaries".
the people who read austen saw themselves as clever readers. they were the cultured few. this became a well-known theme of austen criticism in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. george henry lewes was a philosopher and literary critic. he spoke about this theme in a series of articles in the 1840s and 1850s. "the novels of jane austen" was put in print in "blackwood's magazine" in 1859. in there, lewes praised austen's books for "the economy of easy adaptation of means to ends, with no aid (help) from superfluous elements". he also compared her to shakespeare. he argued that austen was not good at making up plots. however, he still enjoyed the dramatic quality of her works. he said: "the reader's pulse never throbs, his curiosity is never intense (very strong); but his interest never wanes (stops) for a moment. the action begins; the people speak, feel, and act; everything that is said, felt, or done tends towards the entanglement or disentanglement of the plot; and we are almost made actors as well as spectators (viewers) of the little drama."
writer charlotte brontë liked austen's writing because they were truthful about everyday life. however, brontë called her "only shrewd (clever) and observant". she said there was not enough passion in her work. to brontë, austen's work seemed formal and narrow. in a letter written to g.h. lewes in 1848, brontë said that she did not like "pride and prejudice". she said:
nineteenth-century european translations.
soon after austen's works were printed in britain, they appeared in some european countries. they began appearing in 1813 with a french translation of "pride and prejudice". it was quickly followed by german, dutch, and swedish editions. they were not always easy to get in europe. austen was not well known in russia. the first russian translation of an austen novel did not appear until 1967. austen’s works were translated into various european languages. however, europeans did not see her works as part of the english novel tradition. this was partly because of the changes made by translators. they put in sentimentalism into austen's works. they also failed to put in her humor and irony. therefore, european readers more often thought of walter scott's style as the english novel.
the great changes made by her translators made the continent receive austen differently than in britain. for example, the french writer isabelle de montolieu translated several of austen's novels into the french sentimental novel. in montolieu's "pride and prejudice", lively conversations (talks) between elizabeth and darcy were replaced by calm, proper ones. in jane austen's work, elizabeth said that she has "always seen a great similarity in the turn of [their] minds" (her and darcy's). she says this is because they are "unwilling to speak, unless [they] expect to say something that will amaze (surprise) the whole room". however, this becomes "moi, je garde le silence, parce que je ne sais que dire, et vous, parce que vous aiguisez vos traits pour parler avec effet." ("me, i keep silent, because i don't know what to say, and you, because you excite your features for effect when speaking.") cossy and saglia explained, "the equality of mind which elizabeth takes for granted is denied (not given) and gender distinction introduced". austen’s works were seen in france as part of a sentimental tradition. because of this, people were more interested in the works of french realists like stendhal, balzac, and flaubert. austen was also treated as a romantic writer in germany.
1870–1930: explosion in popularity.
for years, people thought the same of austen as scott and whately. only a few people actually read her novels. in 1870 the first important austen biography, "a memoir of jane austen", was written by jane austen's nephew, james edward austen-leigh and printed. this changed the way people thought of austen. when it came out in print, austen's popularity and critical standing increased greatly. the "memoir" made people think of an untrained writer who wrote masterpieces. people thought austen was a quiet, middle-aged unmarried aunt. this made them feel that her works were safe for respectable victorian families to read. the "memoir" made austen's books be printed again in great numbers. the first popular editions came out in 1883. they were a cheap series printed by routledge. this was followed by editions with pictures, collectors' sets, and scholarly editions. however, critics still said that only people who could really understand the deep meaning of austen's books should read them. however, after the "memoir" was printed, much more criticism about austen was printed. more came out in two years than had come out in the last 50 years.
in 1913, william austen-leigh and richard arthur austen-leigh printed a family biography. it was titled: "jane austen: her life and letters—a family record". william and arthur were both part of the austen family. it was based mostly on family papers and letters. it is described by austen biographer park honan as "accurate, staid (steady), reliable, and at times vivid and suggestive". the authors moved away from the sentimental tone of the "memoir". however, they did not go much beyond the family records and traditions they always had. therefore, their book offers only facts. it does not offer much interpretation.
in the last part of the nineteenth century, the first critical books about austen's works were printed. in 1890 godwin smith printed the "life of jane austen". this began a "fresh phase in the critical heritage". this began "formal (official) criticism". people began focusing on austen as a writer and analyzing the ways that made her writing special. southam said that there was much more austen criticism around 1780. he also said that the reviews became better. however, he was troubled at the "certain uniformity" in them:
we see the novels praised for their elegance of form and their surface 'finish'; for the realism of their fictional world, the variety and vitality (strength) of their characters; for their pervasive humour; and for their gentle and undogmatic morality and its unsermonising delivery. the novels are prized for their 'perfection'. yet it is seen to be a narrow perfection, achieved within the bounds of domestic comedy.
richard simpson, margaret oliphant, and leslie stephen were some of the best reviewers. in a review of the "memoir", simpson said austen was a serious but ironic critic of english society. he began two interpretative themes: using humor to criticize society and irony as a means of moral study. he continued lewes's comparison to shakespeare, and wrote that austen:
began by being an ironical critic; she manifested her by direct censure, but by the indirect method of imitating and exaggerating the faults of her , humour, irony, the judgment not of one that gives sentence but of the mimic who quizzes while he mocks, are her characteristics.
simpson's essay was not well-known. it did not a lot of influence until lionel trilling quoted it in 1957. margaret oliphant was another important writer whose criticism of austen did not have much influence. she described austen as "armed with a 'fine vein of feminine cynicism,' 'full of subtle power, keenness, finesse, and self-restraint (control),' with an 'exquisite sense' of the 'ridiculous,' 'a fine stinging yet soft-voiced contempt,' whose works are very 'calm and cold and keen'". this kind of criticism was not fully developed until the 1970s. this was when feminist literary criticism began.
austen's works had been in print in the united states from 1832. however, it was only after 1870 that americans began seriously considering austen's works. as southam says, "for american literary nationalists jane austen's cultivated scene was too pallid, too constrained, too refined, too downright unheroic". austen was not democratic enough for americans. also, her books did not have the frontier themes that often came out in american literature. the way americans thought about austen was represented in an argument between william dean howells and mark twain. through his essays, howells helped make austen much more popular. twain, however, used austen to argue against the anglophile tradition in america. in his book "following the equator", twain described the library on his ship: "jane austen's absent from this library. just that one omission alone would make a fairly good library out of a library that hadn't a book in it."
the "encyclopædia britannica's" changed the way they described austen as she became more and more popular. the eighth edition (1854) called her "an elegant novelist". the ninth edition (1875) praised her as "one of the most distinguished (remarkable) modern british novelists". austen novels began to be studied at universities. her works also began to come out in histories of the english novel. most people still thought of her as "dear aunt jane", the way she was first presented in the "memoir". howells had made this picture of austen famous by his essays in the "harper's magazine". writer and critic leslie stephen described a mania for austen that grew in the 1880s as "austenolatry". it was only after the "memoir" was printed that readers grew to like austen as a person. until then, literary elites had said their enjoyment of austen showed how clever they were. however, around the 1990s, they grew troubled at how popular austen's works became. they began calling themselves "janeites". they wanted to show that they were different from the people who they thought did not understand austen properly.
american novelist henry james liked austen. once he said she was as great as shakespeare, cervantes, and henry fielding - "the fine painters of life". but james thought austen was an "unconscious" artist who was "instinctive and charming". in 1905, james said he did not like the public interest in austen. he said it was more than austen's "intrinsic merit (worth) and interest" deserved. james said that this was mostly because of the "stiff breeze of the special bookselling body of publishers, editors, illustrators, producers of the pleasant twaddle of magazines; who have found their 'dear,' our dear, everybody's dear, their material pretty reproduction in every variety of what is called tasteful, and in what seemingly proves to be salable, form."
reginald farrer, a british travel writer, did not like the sentimental image of "aunt jane". instead, he wanted to study austen's fiction in a new way. in 1917, he published a long essay in the "quarterly review". jane austen scholar a. walton litz called it the best single introduction to her works. southam calls it as a "janeite" piece without the worship. farrer claimed that jane austen was not unconscious (disagreeing with james). he said that she was a writer of great concentration and a sharp critic of her society. he called her "radiant and remorseless", "dispassionate yet pitiless", with "the steely quality, the incurable rigor of her judgment". farrer was one of the first critics who saw austen as a writer.
1930–2000: modern scholarship.
the light of austen scholarship was beginning to shine through several important early works. these works helped austen become well accepted in the academy. the first was oxford shakespearean scholar andrew cecil bradley's 1911 essay. this essay was "generally (largely) regarded (seen) as the starting-point for the serious academic approach to jane austen". bradley pointed out austen's ties to eighteenth-century critic and writer samuel johnson. he argued that she was a moralist as well as a humorist. according to southam, this argument was "totally (completely) original". bradley separated austen's works into "early" and "late" novels. scholars still separate austen's works as bradley did today. the second original early-twentieth-century critic of austen was r. w. chapman. his edition of austen's works was the first scholarly edition of the works of any english novelist. the chapman edition has been the basis for all editions of austen's works after that.
after bradley and chapman, austen scholarship grew very quickly in the 1920s. british writer e. m. forster pointed out austen's works for his idea of the "round" character. it was with the 1939 publication of mary lascelles' "jane austen and her art"—"the first full-scale historical and scholarly study" of austen—that the academic study of her works matured. lascelles included a short essay about her, a study of the books austen read and their influence on her writing, and a study of austen's style and "narrative art". lascelles felt that critics before her had all worked in a way "so small that the reader does not see how they have reached their conclusions until he has patiently found his own way to them". she wished to study all of austen's works, style, and techniques together. critics after lascelles agreed that she studied them well. lascelles was interested in austen's connection to samuel johnson and her desire to discuss morality through fiction. in this she was much like bradley before her. but around this time, some fans of austen began to worry that her works were being enjoyed by only a few people. they were fearful that austen was being criticized only by academics. this was an argument that continued to the beginning of the twenty-first century.
mid-century revisionist views started to become popular, and scholars began studying austen more sceptically. d. w. harding, adding to farrer, wrote an essay called "regulated hatred: an aspect of the work of jane austen". he argued that austen did not support society's customs, and that her irony was not funny but bitter. he also claimed that austen wanted to show the faults of the society she wrote about. through her use of irony, austen tried to protect herself as an artist and a person from the behavior and practices she disliked. almost at the same time, british critic q. d. leavis printed "critical theory of jane austen's writing" in "scrutiny" in the early 1940s. in there, leavis argued that austen was a professional, not an amateur (untrained), writer. harding's and leavis's articles were followed by "jane austen: irony as defense and discovery" (1952). this was written by martin mudrick, who saw austen as lonely, defensive, and critical of her society. he carefully described the connection between austen's attitude towards the literature of her time and how she used irony to show the difference of how society was, and how she thought it could be. an important british critic, f. r. leavis, said in "the great tradition" (1948) that austen was one of the great writers of english fiction. ian watt agreed, and helped shape the arguments about the genre of the novel. the revisionist views and leavis's words helped austen to have a great reputation among academics. they agreed that she "combined (put together) [henry fielding's and samuel richardson's] qualities of interiority and irony, realism and satire to form an author superior to (better than) both".
after the second world war, people began studying austen more deeply, and in different ways. a great number of people have studied austen as a political writer. critic gary kelly explains, "some see her as a political 'conservative' because she seems to defend the established social order. others see her as sympathetic to 'radical' politics that challenged the established order, especially in the form of critics see austen's novels , criticizing aspects of the social order but supporting stability and an open class hierarchy." in "jane austen and the war of ideas" (1975), perhaps the most important of these works, marilyn butler argues that austen was greatly influenced by the principal moral and political arguments of her time, and that she had a partisan, firmly conservative and christian position in these arguments. alistair m. duckworth in "the improvement of the estate: a study of jane austen's novels" (1971) argues that austen used the concept of the "estate" to symbolise all that was important society, which should be conserved (kept), improved, and passed down to future generations. as rajeswari rajan notes, "the idea of a political austen is no longer seriously challenged". the questions scholars now study include: "the revolution, war, nationalism, empire, class, 'improvement' [of the estate], the clergy, town versus (against) country, abolition, the professions, female emancipation; whether her politics were tory, whig, or radical; whether she was a conservative or a revolutionary, or occupied (kept) a reformist position between these extremes".
in the 1970s and 1980s, austen studies was influenced by sandra gilbert and susan gubar's "the madwoman in the attic" (1979). "the madwoman in the attic" explores the "explosive anger" of nineteenth-century female english writers under their "decorous (proper) surfaces". this work, together with other feminist criticism of austen, has made people see her as a "woman" writer. the interest these critics showed in austen made people discover and study other women writers in austen's time. also, when julia prewitt brown's "jane austen's novels: social change and literary form" (1979), margaret kirkham's "jane austen: feminism and fiction" (1983), and claudia l. johnson's "jane austen: women, politics and the novel" (1988) were printed, scholars were no longer able to argue that austen was firmly "apolitical, or '". kirkham, for example, said that austen's thought and that of mary wollstonecraft were quite similar. she called them both "enlightenment feminists". johnson also places austen in an eighteenth-century political tradition. however, she notes the influence austen received from the political novels of the 1790s written by women.
in the late-1980s, 1990s, and 2000s ideological, postcolonial, and marxist criticism dominated austen studies. generating heated debate, edward said devoted a chapter of his book "culture and imperialism" (1993) to "mansfield park", arguing that the peripheral position of "antigua" and the issue of slavery demonstrated that colonial oppression was an unspoken assumption of english society during the early nineteenth century. in "jane austen and the body: 'the picture of health"', (1992) john wiltshire explored the preoccupation with illness and health of austen's characters. wiltshire addressed current theories of "the body as sexuality", and more broadly how culture is "inscribed" on the representation of the body. there has also been a return to considerations of aesthetics with d. a. miller's "jane austen, or the secret of style" (2003) which connects artistic concerns with queer theory.
chess openings are listed and classified according to their first few moves. there are interesting statistics on the frequency of chess openings from chess databases.
the table shows how common each opening was for each era. it shows movement away from symmetrical defences and an increase in asymmetrical defences. in reply to 1.e4, the sicilian and french defence, and to 1.d4 the indian defence become more common. it also shows an increased use of the english opening for white.
sources for beginners.
there are few opening book for beginners. some degree of understanding is needed before the details of an opening can be grasped. the endgame and middlegame should be studied before opening theory. the following books show complete games with elementary explanations of the moves:
none of these are suitable for beginners, but might be used by chess teachers and players of intermediate strength. tip for teachers: always check the book's reviews.
 was the 24th emperor of japan, according to the traditional order of succession. historians consider details about the life of emperor ninken to be possibly legendary, but probable. the name ninken"-tennō" was created for him posthumously by later generations. 
no certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign. the conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of emperor kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the yamato dynasty.
ninken was a grandson of emperor richū; and he was adopted by the childless emperor seinei.
events of ninken's life.
very little is known about the events of ninken's life and reign. only limited information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, emperor kimmei. 
after his death.
this emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to ninken. 
according to the imperial household agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus ("kofun"). ninken is venerated at a memorial shinto shrine ("misasagi") which is associated with the burial mound.
 was the 25th emperor of japan, according to the traditional order of succession. historians consider details about the life of emperor buretsu to be possibly legendary, but probable. the name buretsu"-tennō" was created for him posthumously by later generations.
no certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign. the conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of emperor kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the yamato dynasty.
buretsu was a son of emperor ninken. buretsu was childless; and he became been the last monarch of the first imperial dynasty of japan.
events of buretsu's life.
very little is known about the events of buretsu's life and reign. only limited information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, emperor kimmei.
as emperor, buretsu is described as wicked in the "nihonshoki," but this assessment is not mirrored in the text of the "kojiki."
after his death.
this emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to buretsu.
the "kami" of emperor buretsu was venerated at a shinto shrine in takaichi, yamato province.
according to the imperial household agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus ("kofun"). buretsu is venerated at a memorial shinto shrine ("misasagi") which is associated with the burial mound.
 are one of the basic local entities of japan. they are the 47 subdivisions of the country. prefectures are the governmental bodies of japan which are larger than cities, towns, and villages.
the former provinces of japan were converted into prefectures between 1876 and 1879.
the word "todōfuken" combines the suffixes of the names of the 47 prefectures. the four suffixes are: 
before world war ii, different laws applied to "fu" and "ken," but now two types of prefecture are the same, outside of their names.
lists of prefectures.
list in japanese iso order.
the prefectures are often grouped into these nine regions ("chihō"). the regions are not formally specified, they do not have elected officials, and they are not corporate bodies. however, the practice of ordering prefectures based on their geographic region is traditional. this ordering is mirrored in japan's international organization for standardization (iso) coding. from north to south, the prefectures of japan and their commonly associated regions are listed in traditional and in order:
okinawa prefecture is traditionally thought of as part of the kyūshū region of japan. okinawa prefecture is made up of islands which are southwest of the island of kyushu. the japanese government recognizes the prefecture as its own region in new 9-region, 11-region and 13-region systems.
the list of provinces of japan changed over time. the number and borders of provinces evolved from the 7th century through the meiji period. in the 1870s, the provinces were replaced by prefectures.
the traditional way of parsing the land of japan was "five provinces and seven circuits" ("go-shichidō").
the traditional five core provinces of japan were called "goki". 
the traditional seven core circuits of japan were called "shichidō".
the island was changed from ezo to hokkaidō, and 11 provinces were established in 1869-1882.
gilberto kassab ( or ; born 12 august 1960 in são paulo) was the mayor of são paulo, the biggest city in brazil. he is a member of the right-wing democrat party. kassab became famous when he brought in laws to stop billboard advertising, which he said were "visual pollution".
terra nullius means unclaimed territory. it is the correct term in international law. it means land which does not (at present) belong to any state. the term comes from the latin, meaning "nobody's thing". there is also an expression "no man's land", but that does not have a formal legal meaning.
rule over "terra nullius" can be got by occupying the territory. there are various legal problems about this concept, but in practice it is often the business of neighbouring states to decide by negotiation. diplomacy may sometimes be replaced by warfare.
two territories that are currently "terra nullius" are bir tawil between egypt and sudan, and marie byrd land, in antarctica.
the free state (afrikaans: vrystaat, sotho: foreistata; before 1995, the orange free state) is a province of south africa. its capital is bloemfontein, which is also south africa's judicial capital, because the supreme court is there. the current borders of the province date from 1994 when the bantustans were dissolved and were merged into the provinces of south africa. it is also the only one of the older provinces of south africa not to undergo border changes, not counting the incorporation of the bantustans.
the orange free state () was a country in southern africa. it was ruled by the afrikaners. it was defeated by the british empire and its colonies, the british cape colony and the natal colony, in the second boer war. it became the orange river colony and later joined with other colonies to make the union of south africa.
bir tawil or bi'r tawīl (بيرطويل in arabic; bi'r or بير, meaning water well), is a small, , area. it is along the border between egypt and sudan. it is claimed by neither country right now. it is sometimes given the name the bir tawil triangle, because even though it's not an exact triangle, it's made out of two triangles that share a border. the longer side is in the north of the area. it runs along the 22° north circle of latitude.
the administrative boundary of sudan and egypt was made in 1902. their political boundary was set in 1899. it was set as the 22° north circle of latitude. this area lies south of the 22° parallel. east-to-west, the area is between long in the south. it is long in the north. it is between and wide north-to-south. it is also in size.
the bir tawil area came under egyptian administration in 1902. this was because it was grazing land of the ababda tribe based near aswan, egypt. at the same time, the hala'ib triangle north of latitude 22° north, and northeast of the area, came under sudanese administration. this was because the tribes of this area were based in sudan. the two "triangles" border at one point, a quadripoint.
in 1899, the anglo-egyptian condominium agreement for sudan set the border between the territories at the 22nd parallel. at that time, the united kingdom ruled the area. in 1902 the uk drew a separate "administrative boundary". using this boundary, a triangle of land north of the parallel was placed under sudanese administration. it was because its inhabitants were closer to khartoum than cairo, both geographically and culturally. the area was ruled by the british governor in khartoum. 
egypt claims the original border from 1899, the 22° north circle of latitude. this would place the hala'ib triangle within egypt and the bir tawil area within sudan. sudan claims the administrative border of 1902. this would put hala'ib within sudan, and bir tawil within egypt. as a result, both states claim the hala'ib triangle. neither state claims the much less valuable bir tawil area, which is only a tenth the size and is landlocked. there is no basis in international law for sudan or egypt to claim both territories. it would also be difficult for any other state to claim the area. this is because only sudan or egypt border the land. as a result, bir tawil is one of the few land areas of the world which is not claimed by any state. the offical currency is the but this is no longer circulated. 
in the north of the area is the mountain jabal tawil (جبل طويل in arabic, located at ). it has a height of 459 meters. in the east is jabal ḩajar az zarqā'. it has a height of 662 meters.
in the south is the wadi tawil (وادي طويل in arabic, also called "khawr abū bard", located at ), near nogaem valley.
hebe maria camargo (march, 8 1929 – september 29, 2012) is a brazilian television host, actress and singer. 
samuel jacob bradford (born november 8, 1987, in oklahoma city, oklahoma) is an american football quarterback for the arizona cardinals. he played for the oklahoma sooners college football team. he was drafted by the st. louis rams with the first overall pick in the 2010 national football league (nfl) draft. bradford was the 2011 nfl offensive rookie of the year.
bradford is a cherokee. (the cherokee nation is a native american tribe.)
the olmedilla photovoltaic park in olmedilla de alarcón, spain, is the world’s largest photovoltaic plant. built in 2008, the plant uses more than 160,000 solar photovoltaic panels to generate 60 megawatts (peak). it produces enough electricity to power more than 40,000 homes.
the strasskirchen solar park is a power station in straßkirchen, germany. it is the second-largest photovoltaic power station in the world, with an installed capacity of 54 mw.
hiroshi noguchi (born 25 february 1972) is a former japanese football player.
club career statistics.
siegbert tarrasch (breslau, now wrocław, 5 march 1862 – munich, 17 february 1934) was a german doctor, and one of the strongest chess grandmasters of the day.
tarrasch was born in breslau, in prussian silesia. he left in 1880 to study medicine, and qualified as a physician. he lived most of his life in nuremberg, bavaria, and later in munich. tarrasch was born jewish, and converted to christianity in 1909. he was a patriotic german, who lost a son in world war i, but he faced antisemitism in the early stages of nazism.
tarrasch won more strong tournaments in the 1890s than any other player, and drew a 22-game match against mikhail chigorin, the leading russian player. tarrasch was also an influential chess writer, who summarised the chess ideas of the 1890s. it was his ideas against which the hypermoderns reacted in the early 1920s.<ref name="h/w">hooper d. and whyld k. 1992. "the oxford companion to chess". 2nd ed, oxford.</ref>p411
occupied with his profession, tarrasch did not challenge steinitz, and turned down the young emanuel lasker's request for a match. this turned out to be a mistake, for lasker then challended steinitz, and won the world chess championship. later tarrasch unsuccessfully challenged lasker for the world championship, in 1908. he was by then past his best, though he continued to play in tournaments for many years. his best result in later years was to reach the final pool in the strong st. petersburg 1914 tournament. he came fourth, behind lasker, capablanca and alekhine.
tarrasch was a highly esteemed chess writer. his "dreihundert schachpartien" (1895; 300 chess games) was a landmark; it was the first 'best game collection' with in-depth annotations. the notes were readable and could be understood by ordinary players. this led to his being described as the "praeceptor mundi", which is latin for 'teacher of the world'. the book was called by the american grandmaster reuben fine "one of the monuments of our game".f/w
tarrasch regularly wrote tournament reports and notes for games in the "deutsch schachzeitung", the german-language chess magazine. these annotations were read throughout the world, since that was the leading chess magazine of the day.
in his later elementary textbook "the game of chess" (1931) he wrote 
tetsuya takada (born 31 july 1969) is a former japanese football player.
club career statistics.
tadamichi machida (born 23 may 1981) is a former japanese football player.
club career statistics.
branko hucika (born 10 july 1977) is a former croatian football player.
goran vasilijević (born august 27, 1965) is a former serbian football player.
club career statistics.
owusu benson (born 22 march 1977) is a ghanaian football player. he has played for ghana national team.
club career statistics.
international career statistics.
massimo taibi (born 18 february 1970) is a former italian football player.
club career statistics.
noureddine naybet (born 10 february 1970) is a former moroccan football player. he has played for morocco national team.
club career statistics.
international career statistics.
kim hyun-seok (born 5 may 1967) is a south korean professional athlete. he is best known as an association football player. he was a member of the korean national team.
club career statistics.
international career statistics.
kwanzaa is a week long celebration held in the united states to honor universal african heritage and culture. people light a kinara (candle holder with seven candles) and give each other gifts. it takes place from december 26 to january 1 every year. it was created by maulana karenga and was first celebrated in 1966 - 1967. non-african americans also celebrate kwanzaa. the holiday greeting is "joyous kwanzaa".
history and name of the holiday.
kwanzaa is a celebration that started in the black nationalist movement of the 1960s. it was created as a way to help african americans reconnect with their african cultural and historical heritage. 
the name kwanzaa comes from the swahili phrase "matunda ya kwanza", meaning first fruits of the harvest. 
during the early years of kwanzaa, karenga said that it was meant to be an alternative to christmas, that jesus was psychotic, and that christianity was a white religion that black people should shun. however, as kwanzaa became more popular, karenga changed his position so that practicing christians could also feel included. he stated in the 1997 "kwanzaa: a celebration of family, community, and culture", "kwanzaa was not created to give people an alternative to their own religion or religious holiday."
many christian african americans who celebrate kwanzaa do so in addition to observing christmas.
principles and symbols.
kwanzaa celebrates what its founder called the seven principles of kwanzaa, or "nguzo saba" (originally "nguzu saba"—the seven principles of blackness). karenga said that this "is a communitarian african philosophy," . it consists of what karenga called "the best of african thought and practice in constant exchange with the world." these seven principles comprise "kawaida", a swahili term for tradition and reason. each of the seven days of kwanzaa is dedicated to one of the following principles, as follows:
kwanzaa symbols include a decorative mat on which other symbols are placed, corn and other crops, a candle holder with seven candles, called a kinara, a communal cup for pouring libations, gifts, a poster of the seven principles, and a black, red, and green flag. the symbols were designed to convey the seven principles.
during kwanzaa, families also decorate their households with objects of art. they use colorful african cloth such as kente, especially the wearing of kaftans by women. fresh fruits that represent african idealism are also used. it is normal to include children in kwanzaa ceremonies and to give respect and gratitude to ancestors. libations are shared, generally with a common chalice ("a shared cup"), "kikombe cha umoja", passed around to all people present. a kwanzaa ceremony may include drumming and musical selections, libations, a reading of the african pledge and the principles of blackness, reflection on the pan-african colors, a discussion of the african principle of the day or a chapter in african history, a candle-lighting ritual, artistic performance, and, finally, a feast (karamu). the greeting for each day of kwanzaa is "habari gani?" which is swahili for "what's the news?"
cultural exhibitions include the spirit of kwanzaa, an annual celebration held at the john f. kennedy center for the performing arts featuring interpretive dance, african dance, song and poetry.
interventional radiology is defined as the branch of medicine that diagnoses and treats a wide range of diseases using actions that are performed through the skin (for example an injection) or carried out with the least damage by x-rays, sonography, and so on.
some of these procedures are done only for diagnostic purposes, while others are done for treatment purposes. images are used to direct these procedures, which are usually done with needles or other tiny instruments like small tubes called catheters. the images provide road maps that allow the interventional radiologist to guide these instruments through the body to the areas containing diseases.
chess olympiads are chess events open to all national teams. they have been run since 1927 by the world chess organisation, fide. since 1950, they have been run every two years. earlier events were all-play-all. then, as numbers grew, a system of qualifying sections were used. in recent times, the format has been a swiss system. this, in chess terms, is a method whereby opponents are chosen each round to have similar scores. it has been widely used for individual tournaments. 
chess is a recognized sport by the international olympic committee with fide being the recognized international sports federation for chess since june 1999.
as a member of the international olympic committee, fide adheres to its rules, including controversially having doping tests. the prospects of chess becoming an olympic sporting event at some future date remain unclear. the naming of fide's team championship as the "chess olympiad" is of historical origin and implies no connection between this event and the olympic games.
the next chess olympiad will be held in 2014 in norway.
cassandra elizabeth austen (9 january 1773 – 22 march 1845) was the older sister of jane austen. she was jane's best friend and a beauty. her fiancé died; she never married.
austen was born in 1773 in steventon, hampshire. her father was the rev. george austen (1731–1805), and her mother was cassandra, "née" leigh (1739–1827). there were 8 austen children. as cassandra and jane were the only girls they kept up an especially close friendship through their entire lives. over 100 letters addressed to cassandra from jane are still kept. these letters have helped historians to find out more details about the life of jane austen. when cassandra went to school, jane followed her. at first it was arranged that jane was not to go, as she was considered to be too young for schooling. however, she ended up going with cassandra. in their mother's words, "if cassandra's head had been going to be cut off, jane would have hers cut off too".
when jane died in 1817, austen is reported to have destroyed many of her letters, most of them dated after 1795. austen herself lived alone until her death on 22 march 1845, aged 72. she was buried at st. nicholas' church in chawton, hampshire.
the lord mayor is the title of the mayor of a major city, with special recognition.
in england, wales and northern ireland it is a ceremonial position. this means the person is not in charge of the day to day work of the city, but represents the city at important events. these positions are given to a person by letters patent, which are a special letter from the monarch.
henry dyck (september 5, 1912 – november 15, 1993) was a canadian professional ice hockey left wing who played one game in the national hockey league for the new york rangers.
stephen wojciechowski (born december 25, 1922), also known as steve wochy, is a canadian retired professional ice hockey player, who played 54 games for the detroit red wings in the national hockey league. he was born in fort william, ontario.
prior to playing in the nhl, wojciechowski was a member of the port arthur bearcats in 1942 appearing in the 1942 allan cup. wojciechowski played 10 seasons in the american hockey league after leaving the nhl, with the indianapolis capitals, philadelphia rockets, cleveland barons and buffalo bisons. wojciechowski was named a first team ahl all-star in 1952.
fort william was a city in northern ontario. it was on the kaministiquia river, at its entrance to lake superior. it amalgamated with port arthur and the townships of neebing and mcintyre to form the city of thunder bay in january 1970. ever since then it has been the largest city in northwestern ontario.
the port arthur bearcats were an amateur men's senior ice hockey team based in port arthur, ontario, now part of the city of thunder bay. port arthur were champions canadian amateur hockey association four times, and were chosen twice as represent canada as the canada men's national ice hockey team at international competitions.
the port arthur team played several season without a nicknames over its history, with several generic names applied to the team including the port arthur ports, port arthur hockey club, and the port arthur seniors. the team ceased due to world war ii in 1943.
there was a revival in 1945 with a new port arthur bearcats club that operated until the merger of port arthur and fort william and creation of the thunder bay twins in 1970. 
the allan cup is the trophy awarded to the national senior amateur men’s ice hockey champions of canada. the trophy was donated in 1908 by sir h. montagu allan as a trophy for amateur teams, to replace the stanley cup, whose tournament had become a professional competition. 
allan cup championships.
"only listed are the final champions of the season, some teams may have carried the allan cup through winning challenges halfway through these seasons, but finishing the season with the trophy is what counted. for those teams who did not finish the season with the cup, they can be viewed by looking at articles for the first few allan cups."
"{*} denotes event held in multiple locations. applicable locations are listed on the event's specific article."
most championships by province.
this is a list of champions by province, territory, or state. since 1909, the allan cup has been awarded 101 times.
"(*) saskatchewan totals include championships won by teams from lloydminster."
pokémon black version and white version are two role-playing games (rpgs) in the "pokémon" series made by game freak for the nintendo ds. the games were released in japan on september 18, 2010, in europe on march 4, 2011, in north america on march 6, 2011, and in australia on march 10, 2011. the games have 156 new pokémon, which brings the total to 649. these games introduce the largest amount of pokémon in any generation.
"pokémon black" and "white" are role-playing games where the player captures creatures called pokémon. they can use them to battle against other pokémon. one of the new features in the games are triple battles, which allows players to battle three pokémon against three pokémon. alongside triple battles are rotation battles. players still send out three pokémon, but only one can battle at a time. the player can switch the position of their pokémon during their turn. also new is that the seasons change, and areas in the game have falling leaves in the fall, and snow in the winter.
"pokémon black" and "white" take place in the unova region, which is based on new york city and its surrounding area, unlike past games being based on regions of japan. the plot of the game follows a new pokémon trainer who is on a journey to become a pokémon master. they do this by battling other trainers such as gym leaders, and finally the elite four. during this journey, the player meets an evil team known as team plasma, who look like knights. team plasma wants to make a new world where pokémon are away from humans. after taking them down, the player must track down the first members, the seven sages, and battle them.
karl ernst adolf anderssen (breslau, 6 july 1818 – breslau, 13 march 1879) was a german chess master, and a teacher of mathematics. he was recognised as the best player in the world for much of the time between 1851 and 1870. 
anderssen won three great international tournaments: the first in london 1851, then london 1862 and baden-baden 1870. anderssen lost matches in 1858 to paul morphy and, narrowly, to steinitz in 1866. he was also a chess problem composer.p16
anderssen became the most successful tournament player in europe, winning over half the events he entered—including the baden-baden 1870 tournament, which is comparable to modern strong gm tournaments. his last success was at leipzig in 1877 where he came second equal with zukertort, behind paulsen. he was then nearly 60.
he is still famous for his brilliant sacrificial attacking play, particularly in the 'immortal game' (1851) and the 'evergreen game' (1852). he was also one of the most likeable of chess masters and became an elder statesman of the game, to whom others turned for advice or arbitration.
anderssen was never world champion because "there was as yet no concept of a formal championship, or of the means by which one might be awarded... the world championship proper was the creation of wilhelm steinitz (18361900)... the first match for the world championship was in 1886"... also: "wilhelm steinitz... was the first person to use the title of champion of the world...".
anderssen was a teacher of mathematics in breslau (now wroclaw). he became a professor in about 1862, and in january 1865 was awarded honorary degrees of phd and ma. these honours were not for chess, but not much is known about the teaching part of his career.
a bayesian network is a kind of graph which is used to model events that cannot be observed. this can then be used for inference. the graph that is used is directed, and does not contain any cycles. the nodes of the graph represent random variables. if two nodes are connected by an edge, it has an associated probability that it will transmit from one node to the other.
bayesian networks are mainly used in the field of (unassisted) machine learning. they have been used where information needs to be classified. examples are image, document, or speech recognition, and information retrieval.
it is based on reverend thomas bayes' discovery in the 1740s called bayes' theorem.
the term "bayesian networks" was made by judea pearl in 1985 to emphasize three aspects:
in the late 1980s, the seminal texts "probabilistic reasoning in intelligent systems" and "probabilistic reasoning in expert systems" summarized the properties of bayesian networks and helped to establish bayesian networks as a field of study.
informal variants of such networks were first used by legal scholar john henry wigmore, in the form of wigmore charts, to analyse trial evidence in 1913. another variant, called path diagrams, was developed by the geneticist sewall wright and used in social and behavioral sciences (mostly with linear parametric models).
the m1 abrams is a modern main battle tank used by the united states. it is also exported to several countries. it is a well armed, well protected, and fast tank designed for modern armored ground warfare. notable features of the m1 abrams include the use of a powerful engine, layered armor, and a low profile. it is one of the heaviest tanks in service, weighing almost 70 short tons.
the m1 abrams entered u.s. service in 1980, replacing the m60 patton. three main versions of the m1 abrams have been deployed, the m1, m1a1, and m1a2, incorporating improved armament, protection and electronics. these improvements, as well as periodic upgrades to older tanks have allowed this long-serving vehicle to remain in front-line service. the m1a3 is currently under development. it is the principal (main) main battle tank of the united states army and marine corps, and the armies of egypt, kuwait, saudi arabia, australia, and in 2010 iraq. the m1 abrams is anticipated to be in u.s. service until the 2050s.
sexual intercourse (or simply called sex) is the insertion and thrusting of a male's penis into a female's vagina. people and animals that sexually reproduce use sexual intercourse to have an offspring. sometimes sexual intercourse is called coitus or copulation and is more casually known as having sex or sleeping together. the two animals may be of opposite sexes or they may be hermaphroditic, as is the case with snails. sexual intercourse may also be between individuals of the same sex.
humans sometimes engage in behaviors that do not include the penetration of sexual organs, such as oral intercourse or anal intercourse or by non-sexual organs (fingering, fisting). these behaviors are sometimes included in the definition of sexual intercourse. sex is usually teleiophilic (between adults).
two animals coming together for the purposes of sexual reproduction is called mating. most mammals only mate when the female is at the point of estrus, which is the most fertile period of time in its reproductive cycle. in certain animals, sexual intercourse is not only used for reproduction, but has taken other functions as well. these animals include bonobos, dolphins, and chimpanzees which also have sexual intercourse even when the female is not in estrus, and to engage in sex acts with same-sex partners. in most instances, humans have sex primarily for pleasure. this behavior in the above mentioned animals is also presumed to be for pleasure, which in turn strengthens social bonds.
many governments have laws relating to sex. forcing someone to have sex who does not want to, called rape, is a serious crime in many countries. there are other forms of sex that may also be against the law, such as incest, sex with minors, sex outside of a marriage, prostitution, homosexual sex, sex with animals, as well as others.
sexual intercourse is the natural and most common way to make a baby. it involves a man and woman having sex without birth control until the man ejaculates, or releases, semen from his penis into the woman's vagina. the semen, which has sperm in it (which is made in his testicles), moves to the fallopian tubes, and if it finds an ovum on its way, it will try to fertilize it. if this works, the now fertilized ovum sticks to the side of the uterus and the woman becomes pregnant. the fertilized ovum then develops into a human. medically, it is called a pregnancy until birth.
behaviors unrelated to reproduction.
certain species of animals also have sex for other purposes than to bear offspring. these include humans, bonobos, chimpanzees and dolphins. these species also are among those known to engage in homosexual behaviors.
in both humans and bonobos, the female has a relatively concealed ovulation. neither male or female partners commonly know whether she is fertile at any given moment. one reason for this may be that sex partners of these species form strong emotional bonds. the partners come together for more than just sexual intercourse. in the case of humans, long-term partnership is more important than immediate sexual reproduction.
humans, bonobos and dolphins show cooperative behavior. in many cases, this behavior has shown better results than what an individual can achieve alone. in these animals, the use of sex has evolved beyond reproduction and has taken additional social functions. sex reinforces intimate social bonds between individuals. overall, such cooperation also benefits each member of the group in that they are better able to survive.
in humans, sexual intercourse seems to serve three types of purposes, which do not exclude one another:
how humans prevent pregnancy.
in the late 20th century, very effective forms of contraception (birth control) were developed allowing a man and women to help prevent a baby from being made when they have sex. one type of contraception is a condom. this is a piece of rubber that covers the penis that a man can wear during intercourse, which stops the man's semen from going into the woman's vagina. this does not always work though because the condom may rip or tear. another well-known type of contraception is called the pill, which a woman takes every day. when a woman is "on the pill," she and her partner may have sex any time they wish with very little chance of making a baby. it is recommended that a couple who have a sexual relationship use two forms of contraception. that way if one fails the other is a 'backup'. 
contraception allows people to keep "sex for fun" separate from "sex to make children". for example, a fertile couple may use contraception to experience sexual pleasure (recreational). at the same time, this experience may strengthen their relationship, and a stronger relationship may mean that they will better be able to raise children in the future.
who people like to have sex with depends on their sexuality. men who like to have sex with women, and women who like to have sex with men are heterosexual or "". men who only like to have sex with other men, and women who only like to have sex with other women are homosexual or "gay". a different word to describe a woman who only likes to have sex with other women is "lesbian". some people like both men and women, which is called being bisexual. others do not feel sexual attraction at all, and are referred to as asexual.
sexually transmitted infections.
some diseases can be caught by having sex. these diseases are called sexually-transmitted infections (stis).
some examples of stis include chlamydia infection, syphilis and gonorrhea. a virus called hiv causes aids, which cannot be cured and can lead to death.
using latex condoms or oral dams reduce the chance that a few types of diseases will be passed on, but it not entirely effective for all stis. birth control (like "the pill") can prevent pregnancy, but won't prevent sexual infections.
some stis can also be spread in ways other than having sex. for example, herpes simplex and hepatitis b could be caught by a virgin without having sex, but can also be caught through sex. some types of stis can spread from contact between the genitals, mouth, anus, skin, eyes, and (rarely) infected surfaces; this depends a lot on the type of sti and how it spreads. some common diseases like hpv can cause warts and cancer in the genitals or anus or throat.
there exists an hpv vaccine that prevents some sexually-transmitted strains of hpv; however, the vaccine only works if you get vaccinated before becoming infected. the vaccine is approved of for both men and women, but is often not required in the u.s. due to politics.
other kinds of sex.
there are many other kinds of sex. two of them are oral sex and anal sex.
oral sex is when one partner uses the tongue, mouth, or throat to excite the other partner's sex organs.
slangs for oral sex is common in western cultures, for example: "going down on", "giving a blowjob", "giving head", or "eating out". the technical term for oral sex is fellatio if performed on a male and cunnilingus if performed on a female. when a man performs fellatio on himself, it is called autofellatio, and autocunnilingus if a woman performs cunnilingus on herself. few men and women are able to do this.
people can get sexually transmitted infections from oral sex, such as herpes (which can be passed between the mouth and groin), hiv and even oral cancer.
anal sex is when an erect penis or other device made for sexual pleasure is inserted into a sexual partner's anus. anal sex with a female does not lead to pregnancy by itself, however, semen can leak out of the anus and enter into the vagina, and pregnancy may rarely occur. anal sex can still pass sexually transmitted diseases from one partner to another. it can also be very unhealthy for the body because the skin around the anus can tear, bleed and get infected with bacteria. for safety and pleasure, partners often use condoms, female condoms and/or lubrication.
painful sexual act.
a painful sexual act is a condition of repeated or persistent genital pain before, during, or after sexual intercourse due to physical and/or emotional causes. doctors call the condition "dyspareunia". it occurs in women and men. the condition affects up to one-fifth of women at some point in their lives.
the phylum ctenophora, the comb jellies, is a phylum of marine invertebrates. they are part of the plankton, and there are also pelagic species. the phylum includes the sea gooseberry ("pleurobrachia pileus") and venus' girdle ("cestum veneris").
the phylum was grouped with cnidaria (jellyfish) in the former coelenterata phylum. ctenophores are the most basal known type of animals. 
even though they look like jellyfish, they are zoologically not related to them. they lack the characteristic nematocysts (stinging cells), but have "colloblasts", sticky cells that snare small victims. they have eight rows of cilia which look like the teeth of a comb, hence ctenophore = comb-bearer. ctenophores have connective tissues and a nervous
system. there are about 150 described species of ctenophora spread throughout the world's oceans, from shallow estuarine waters to the deep sea. 
although there are a few benthic species, most are gelatinous zooplankton and form a considerable proportion of the entire planktonic biomass worldwide. a few species, such as the sea gooseberry, native to the north sea, have reached such high populations that they clog fishermen's nets, while of other species only a few examples are known. the fragile makeup of ctenophores makes research into their way of life extremely difficult. for this reason their lifespan is not known, but ctenophores begin to reproduce at an early age.
colour and light.
many planktonic ctenophores produce a rainbow effect, which is not caused by bioluminescence but by "diffraction", the scattering of light, as the cilia on the combs beat. most species are also bioluminescent, but the light is usually blue or green and can only been seen in darkness. however some groups appear incapable of bioluminescence.
croats () are a south slavic ethnic group mostly living in croatia, bosnia and herzegovina and nearby countries. there are around 5 million croats living in the southern central europe region, along the east bank of the adriatic sea and an estimated 9 million throughout the world. large croat communities exist in a number of countries, including chile, the united states, argentina, australia, germany, new zealand and south africa. croats are noted for their unique culture, which comes from their location on the edge of the western world which subjected them to various non european influences. the croats are predominantly catholic and their language is croatian.
the polish people, or poles (, singular "polak") are a slavic nation and ethnic group native to poland, they are bounded by the polish language, which belongs to the lechitic subgroup of west slavic languages of central europe, living mainly in poland. their religion is mainly roman catholic. they use modified latin alphabet.
there are about 60 million poles in the world. besides poland, many live in the united states, australia, brazil, germany, canada, france, the united kingdom, ukraine and elsewhere.
the most famous poles are pope john paul ii, maria skłodowska-curie, nicolaus copernicus and lech wałęsa.
polish names often end with "-ski", "-ska", "-cki" or "-cka".
the most popular polish surnames are nowak and kowalski.
the histories of herodotus of halicarnassus is considered the first work of history in western literature. written about 440 bc in the ionic dialect of classical greek, "the histories" tells the story of the greco-persian wars between the achaemenid empire and the greek city-states in the 5th century bc.
the ancient thracians were a group of indo-european tribes who spoke the thracian language - a rare branch of the indo-european language family. those peoples lived in thrace: the eastern, central and southern part of the balkan peninsula, and the adjacent parts of eastern europe. the pomak claimed to be descendants of this old trachians. today people from thrace, no matter if they are turks, bulgarians, greeks, pomak or xoraxane roma, said simple we are thracians.
the south west trains class 458 (or 4jop) electrical multiple units were built by alstom at washwood heath between 1998 and 2000. these units are part of alstom's "juniper" family of units, which also includes classes 334 and 460.
the british rail class 460 (or 8gat) electrical multiple units were built by alstom at washwood heath between 1999 and 2001. these units were part of alstom's "juniper" family of units, which also includes classes 334 and 458.
all have since been converted to class 458/5 units (other than four surplus driving vehicles used as spares donors) for operation by south western railway.
domitian (titus flavius domitianus, 24 october 51 – 18 september 96) was a roman emperor who reigned from 14 september 81 until his death in ad 96.
domitian was the last emperor of the flavian dynasty, which ruled the roman empire between 69 and 96, this included the reigns of domitian's father vespasian (69–79), his elder brother titus (79–81), and that of domitian himself.
when titus died (he was struck down by a fatal illness in 81), the next day domitian was declared emperor by the praetorian guard. this started a reign which lasted fifteen years – longer than any man who ruled since tiberius.
as emperor, domitian strengthened the economy by revaluing the roman coinage. he expanded the border defenses of the empire, and started a massive building program to restore the damaged city of rome.
significant wars were fought in britain, where his general agricola attempted to conquer scotland, and in dacia, where domitian was unable to win a decisive victory against king decebalus.
domitian's rule was totalitarian. he saw himself as the new augustus, as an enlightened despot destined to guide the roman empire into a new age. religious, military, and cultural propaganda fostered a cult of personality. by nominating himself perpetual censor, he sought to control public and private morals. as a consequence, domitian was popular with the people and army but considered a tyrant by members of the roman senate.
domitian's reign came to an end in 96 when he was assassinated by court officials. the same day, he was succeeded by his advisor nerva. after his death, domitian's memory was condemned to oblivion by the roman senate, while senatorial authors such as tacitus, pliny the younger and suetonius published histories showing domitian as a cruel and paranoid tyrant.
modern history has rejected these views. now we see domitian as a ruthless but efficient autocrat, whose cultural, economic and political program provided the foundation of the peaceful second century.
the british rail class 465 "networker" electric multiple units were built by metro cammell and brel between 1991 and 1993, and by abb rail between 1993 and 1994. they were brought into service from 1991 onwards. they are mostly used on suburban routes serving the south east of england, now operated by southeastern.
dacian wars can be either of two wars by the roman empire along its danube river against the north bank kingdom of dacia and the dacian king decebalus:
the class 466 750v dc third rail electric multiple unit (emu) is a suburban emu, which operates with class 465 emus in southeast london and kent on the southeastern network. it is a member of the networker family of trains.
the 1992 tube stock is the type of train used on the central line and waterloo & city line of the london underground. the trains were built by brel (later adtranz and now bombardier transportation). they were built after three 1986 tube stock prototype trains were tested to find out what the public wanted on the new trains.
carol i of romania, original name prince karl eitel friedrich zephyrinus ludwig of hohenzollern-sigmaringen, later simply of hohenzollern (20 april 1839 - ), german prince, was elected domnitor (prince) of romania on 20 april 1866, following the overthrow of alexandru ioan cuza. he reigned in 1881 in the aftermath of the russo-turkish war of 1877–1878 . he died in october 1914 during world war 1 just after austria-hungary and germany declared war on serbia , russia and france in august 1914
the british rail class 483 electrical multiple units were originally built by metro-cammell as 1938 tube stock units for london underground. they were extensively refurbished between 1989 and 1992 by eastleigh works, for use on services on the isle of wight's island line. this was despite having already worked for nearly fifty years on the london underground. the units replaced the even older and life-expired class 485 and class 486 units, which were introduced in 1967, but were originally built as 'standard' stock units for the london electric railway in 1923.
the pechenegs or patzinaks (, , or , /in hungarian diplomas) were a semi-nomadic turkic people of the central asian steppes speaking the pecheneg language which belonged to the turkic language family. 
uzès is a commune in the gard department in southern france.
the first bulgarian empire (old bulgarian: ц︢рьство бл︢гарское, "ts'rstvo bl'garskoe") was a medieval bulgarian state founded in ad 632 in the lands near the danube delta and which disintegrated in ad 1185 after its annexation to the byzantine empire.
basarab i (c. 1310/1319–1352) was an early ruler of the principality of wallachia from perhaps as early as 1310 until 1352. he is sometimes referred to as "întemeietorul" ("the founder"), given his role in the creation of the state, together with his position as common ancestor of rulers in the basarab dynasty.
dragoş ("drágfi of béltek") was a maramureş voivode ruling over the lands of what was to become moldavia (between 1351 and 1353). he left maramureş by orders from the hungarian king louis i, in order to establish a defense line against the golden horde. he was succeeded by his son, sas ("szász" or "sas of béltek") (ruled 1354-1358).
the high middle ages was the part of european history in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries (ad 1000–1299). before the high middle ages came the early middle ages (from the 5th century to approximately ad 1000). after the high middle ages came the late middle ages (about ad 1300–1500).
the kingdom of hungary (short form: hungary), which existed from 1000 to 1918, and then from 1919 to 1946, was a considerable state in central europe.
the principality of transylvania was a semi-independent state. it was ruled by mostly calvinist hungarian princes. the principality existed as a semi-independent state from 1571 to 1711. it was a part of the habsburg monarchy / austrian empire from 1711 to 1867.
the british rail class 485 (or 4vec) and british rail class 486 (or 3tis) electrical multiple units were originally built for the london electric railway from 1923-31 as their 'standard' tube stock. they were purchased by british rail in 1967 and transported to the isle of wight to work 'mainline' services on the newly electrified ryde to shanklin line. at the time the units had already worked for over forty years on the london underground, but their introduction allowed the final steam locomotives on the line to be withdrawn.
suzerainty (american accent: soo-zer-en-tee) happens when a country x has its own government but cannot act independently because of a more powerful country y. this more powerful country y is called the suzerain and can usually control the foreign relations of x (how x interacts with other countries).
it differs from sovereignty in that the tributary still has limited control of its own stuff and internal country affairs.
a suzerain can also mean a feudal lord. vassals must pay tribute to the feudal lord.
the term suzerainty originally described the relationship between the ottoman empire and its surrounding regions including:
china historically had suzerainty over mongolia, korea.
the british rail class 487 electric multiple units were built by english electric in 1940, for use on the waterloo & city line.
the british rail class 488 are unpowered trailer sets, converted from mark 2f coaches for the gatwick express service from london victoria to gatwick airport.
the british rail class 489 (or glv) is a type of electrical multiple unit, specially converted for use on gatwick express trains, from london victoria to gatwick airport.
a second-class citizen is a person who is discriminated by their country, even though they are a citizen or legal resident.
second-class citizenry is usually seen as a violation of human rights. african-americans who lived in the united states during segregation, indian natives during british rule in india, and black africans who lived in south africa under apartheid, were often described in this way. other groups of people that have been or still are being treated as second class citizens are the dalit of india, and arab christians.
british rail allocated class 499 to a fleet of six luggage vans used in electric multiple unit formations on boat train services between london and dover. they were allocated southern region class tlv (meaning trailer luggage van).
the british rail class 501 electric multiple units were built in 1957/58 for use on the former lnwr/lms suburban electric network of the london midland region. a total of 57 three-car units were built.
the british rail class 502 was a type of electric multiple unit originally built by the london midland and scottish railway at their derby works workshop. introduced in 1940 and withdrawn by 1980, they spent the whole of their working lives on the electrified railway lines of north liverpool.
british rail class 503 trains were 70mph (110km/h) electric multiple units. they were introduced in two batches — in 1938 by the london, midland and scottish railway (lms) with a further batch (built to a similar design) in 1956 by the then nationalised british railways (br).
the british rail class 504 was a unique type of electric multiple unit that ran on 1200 v dc third rail with side-contact current collection. the type was used only between manchester and bury. 
alexander joan cuza (a common english rendition of alexandru ioan cuza; march 20, 1820 – may 15, 1873) was a moldavian-born romanian politician who ruled as the first "domnitor" of the united principalities of wallachia and moldavia between 1859 and 1866.
british railways class 505 were 1,500 v dc electric multiple units (emus) introduced in 1931 by the manchester, south junction and altrincham railway (msjar). although assigned to tops class 505 by british railways, these units were withdrawn before the tops numbering system came into common use for multiple units, and the class 505 designation is very rarely used.
the house of hohenzollern-sigmaringen is the cadet branch of the senior swabian branch of the hohenzollern dynasty, less known than the franconian branch which became burgraves of nuremberg and later ruled brandenburg-prussia and the german empire. the state which the cadet branch ruled was the county of hohenzollern-sigmaringen (), which later became a principality ("fürstentum hohenzollern-sigmaringen").
the british rail class 506 was a 3 carriage electric multiple unit (emu) built for local services between manchester, glossop and hadfield on the woodhead line. the 8 units were introduced in 1954. they had air-operated sliding doors. the emus had a single diamond-shaped pantograph, mounted over the driver's cab and adjacent guard's compartment at the outer end of one of the driving carriages (unlike other british emus, where the pantograph is mounted over one of the middle carriages).
british rail class 507 electric multiple units were built by brel at york works from 1978 to 1979. they were the third variety of british rail's then-standard 1972 design for suburban emus, which eventually encompassed 755 vehicles and five classes (class 313/314/315/507/508). the 507s were the first variant to be 750v dc third rail only. they have worked on the merseyrail network from new, and continue to do so, now refurbished by alstom's eastleigh works.
the british rail class 508 electric multiple units ("emus") were built by brel at york works in 1979-80. they were the fourth variety of br's then-standard 1972 design for suburban emus, eventually encompassing 755 vehicles and five classes (313/314/315/507/508). they have mostly worked on the merseyrail network since 1983, and continue to do so, now refurbished by alstom's eastleigh works.
iaşi is a city in the northeastern part of romania. it is the second largest city in romania as of the year 2007. iaşi used to be the capital of moldavia.
alexandru lăpuşneanu changed the capital of moldavia from suceava to iaşi in 1564. one of the first churches to be built in moldavia was built by the greek adventurer prince ioan iacob heraclid.
the tatars burned the city down in 1513. the ottoman empire also burned the city down in 1538 and people from the imperial russian army did so again in 1686. the plague spread throughout the city in 1734.
the russo-turkish war of 1787 was stopped when the peace of iaşi happened. alexander ypsilanti and the filiki eteria came into the city and took it in 1822.
iaşi was the capital of moldavia from 1568 to 1859. when world war i happened, iaşi became the capital of romania. this happened when the central powers took bucharest on 6 december 1916. bucharest became the capital again when imperial germany was defeated.
iaşi can be found on the bahlui river, which is a tributary of the jijia. forests and uplands are very common. these woods and hills include the monasteries of cetăţuia, frumoasa, and galata. people have thought that iaşi was built on seven hills (cetăţuia, galata, copou-aurora, bucium-păun, şorogari, repedea and breazu in romanian).
the population of iaşi has changed a bit over the years:
the following are the sister cities of iaşi:
class am1 was allocated to the prototype ac electric multiple units, converted from fourth-rail dc electric stock in 1952 and used on the lancaster/morecambe/heysham route. this route had been electrified by the midland railway at 6.6 kv, 25 hz ac, but the frequency was changed to 50 hz in 1953 to test the prototype am1 stock.
the russo-turkish war of 1877–1878 had its origins in a rise in nationalism in the balkans as well as in the russian empire's goal of recovering territorial losses that it had suffered because of the crimean war. tsar alexander ii was fighting against the ottoman empire led by abdul hamid ii .
the kingdom of romania (or 'romania' after 1969) was a constitutional monarchy which existed between 13 march 1881 and 30 december 1947, specified by the first (in 1866), and respectively, the second constitution of roumania. thus, the kingdom of romania began with the reign of king carol i of romania and later replaced by michael i of romania . it's prime minister was ion antonescu who was prime minister from 1940-1944 . he was later executed in 1946 2 year's after the defeat of nazi germany,italy,hungary,croatia,romania,bulgaria and japan the countries in the axis powers who were defeated in 1945 .
from 1859 to 1877, romania evolved from a personal union of two vassal principalities (moldavia and wallachia) to a full-fledged independent kingdom. during 1918-20, at the end of world war i, transylvania, eastern moldavia (bessarabia), and bukovina were united with the kingdom of romania. in 1940, bessarabia, northern bukovina, northern transylvania and southern dobruja were ceded to the soviet union, hungary and bulgaria. in 1947 the last king was compelled to abdicate from throne. socialist republic ruled by the romanian communist party replaced the monarchy after joseph stalin occupied romania in 1945 .
the treaty of trianon is the peace treaty signed in 1920 between the allies and hungary. 
hungary lost world war i and so the treaty gave about two thirds of its land and one third of its population to neighboring countries, like romania, czechoslovakia and yugoslavia. the partition of hungary brought irredentism, since many people in the lost lands were hungarian and wanted to continue being part of hungary. 
as a result, about 400 000 people from the lost territories sought refuge in hungary. 
also, the treaty forced hungary to pay reparations and to limit the size of its army.
the treaty of saint-germain-en-laye was signed on 10 september 1919 by the winning allies and the new republic of austria on the other. austria lost large amounts of territory to the allies after it lost world war i.
like the treaty of versailles with germany, the treaty contained the covenant of the league of nations and so the united states did not ratify either of them.
the 1920 treaty of paris was an act signed by romania and the principal allied powers of the time (france, united kingdom, italy and japan) whose purpose was the recognition of romanian sovereignty over bessarabia. the treaty however never came into force because japan failed to ratify it.
bessarabia is the word for the area in eastern europe between romania and ukraine. it shares borders with dniester river on the east and the prut river on the west. 
during the 19th century it was sometimes part of romania and sometimes in the russian empire. it was again part of romania most of the first half of the 20th century. the soviet union occupied the region after 1944. today, most areas of bessarabia belong to the republic of moldova.
bukovina is a historical region in both romania and ukraine. it can be found by the northeastern carpathian mountains.
the southern railway (sr) gave the designation cp to the fleet of ac electric multiple units used on the former london, brighton and south coast railway lines in the crystal palace area.
hungarians, also known as magyars ( ; ), are a nation and ethnic group native to hungary and historical hungarian lands who share a common culture, history, ancestry and language. the hungarian language belongs to the uralic language family. 
the southern railway (sr) gave the designation cw to the fleet of ac electric multiple units used on the lines to coulsdon and wallington. they were planned by the london, brighton and south coast railway but were delayed by the grouping and were introduced by the southern railway.
the midland railway (mr) experimented with electrification on its heysham-morecambe-lancaster line. electric trains started to run over this route in 1908. the system used was 6,600 volt, 25 hz alternating current from overhead lines. power was generated at the mr's own power station in heysham.
the southern railway (sr) gave the designation sl to the fleet of ac electric multiple units used on the former london, brighton and south coast railway south london line.
total operations processing system, or tops, is a computer system for managing the locomotives and rolling stock (railroad cars) owned by a rail system. it was originally developed by the southern pacific railroad and was widely sold; it is best known in the united kingdom for its use by british rail.
the battery electric multiple unit was an experimental two-car multiple unit, built at the same time and in the same style as the prototype derby lightweight diesel multiple units.
dobruja is an area between bulgaria and romania. it can be found between the danube and the black sea. 
the romanian part of dobruja, dobrogea, is made up of the counties of constanţa and tulcea. the bulgarian part of dobruja, dobrudzha, is made up of the regions of dobrich province and silistra province.
this historical region however, sees today, little but significant nationalistic conflict, for who, out of the coastal balkan countries should control the western coastal lying areas of the black sea. 
the areas of interest are seen to varying amounts of tourism amongst the black sea and its huge saline content, which brings in a leveled amount of income in the tourism sectors of the dobruja region, i.e. bulgaria, romania and ukraine. 
in dobruja live a muslim minority since ottoman empire times, this are turkish people, albanians, crimean tatars and turkish gypsy. many of them left romania and settled in turkey.
they was also once settlemants of the dobruja-germans from 1840 until 1940, when they went back to germany
in 1937 the london and north eastern railway (lner) ordered a fleet of articulated electric multiple unit (emu) passenger trains for use on the tyneside electric lines, which linked the english city of newcastle upon tyne with the coast at north shields and south shields. the order also included some single-unit motor parcel vans and motor luggage vans. 
românia mare, translated from romanian can mean:
during 1909-1922, the london and north western railway embarked on a large-scale project to electrify their whole london inner-suburban network, encompassing the lines from london euston to watford and the north london railway from london broad street to richmond. this also included branch lines such as watford to croxley green (where a depot was built to house the electric units), and links to what was to become the london underground network. for this reason, the lines were electrified using the fourth rail 630v dc system, the electricity being generated at the lnwr's own power station in stonebridge park. the first electric passenger trains ran in 1914, limited to the west london line route (willesden to earls court), and full services over the whole network did not begin until 1922, work having been delayed by the first world war. the london, midland and scottish railway extended the network in 1927 by electrifying the branch to rickmansworth.
golaniad was a protest in bucharest, romania. it started in april 1990.
the lancashire and yorkshire railway (l&yr) electrified urban railway lines in liverpool and manchester in order to improve the service offered against the competition being put up by new electric trams.
liverpool to southport.
the line between liverpool and southport began using electric multiple units (emus) on 22 march 1904. power was supplied from a third rail at 625 volts direct current.
liverpool overhead railway.
connections were built with the liverpool overhead railway (lor) at seaforth & litherland railway station to a new station beside lor's seaforth sands station. also from the north mersey branch route to aintree. from 2 july 1905 lor trains began to run through to seaforth and litherland. in 1906 the l&yr electrified the line to aintree.
liverpool to ormskirk.
electrification to ormskirk was completed in 1913.
bury to holcombe brook.
from 1913 an experimental electric service operated between bury and holcombe brook. the equipment was provided by dick, kerr & co. of preston, which was developing its products for export.
the system used was 3,500 volts dc from overhead lines. in 1918 the line was converted to the 1,200 v dc system chosen for the manchester to bury line.
manchester to bury.
after the holcombe brook service, the l&yr decided to electrify the manchester to bury line. the system used was 1,200 v dc from a side-contact third rail. the purpose of this unusual arrangement was to prevent the service being affected by ice forming on the live rail. sixty-six cars were built at newton heath works. the electrical equipment was supplied by dick, kerr & co. the first public services ran on 17 april 1916,
the duchy of courland and semigallia was a duchy in the baltic region. it existed from 1562 through 1795. it was a vassal state of grand duchy of lithuania and later of poland-lithuania. it became independent in 1791, but was annexed by russian empire in 1795 during third partition of poland.
it had its own empire. one of its colonies was modern day trinidad and tobago.
there are 706 communes in the calvados "département" in france.
carol ii of romania (15 october/16 october 1893 – 4 april 1953) was the king of romania from june 8, 1930 until september 6, 1940.
the southern railway (sr) gave the designation 2nol to the electric multiple units built during the 1930s from old london and south western railway carriage bodies on new underframes. none of these units survived long enough in british rail ownership to be allocated a tops class.
ion victor antonescu (15 june 1882 in piteşti – 1 june 1946) was the fascist prime minister of romania from 4 september 1940 to 23 august 23 1944. after the war he was tried and executed by firing squad for war crimes.
ablon is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
the southern railway (sr) gave the designation 2sl to the small fleet of electric multiple units dedicated for use on the south london lines. none of these units survived long enough in british rail ownership to be allocated a tops class.
acqueville is a former commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2019, it was merged into the new commune of cesny-les-sources.
agy is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
aignerville is a former commune. it is in basse-normandie in the calvados department in northwest france. on 1 january 2017, it was merged into the new commune of formigny la bataille.
airan is a former commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2017, it was merged into the new commune valambray.
amayé-sur-orne is a commune. it is found in the basse-normandie region in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
amayé-sur-seulles is a commune. it is in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
amblie is a former commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2017, it was merged into the new commune ponts sur seulles.
amfreville, calvados is a commune. it is in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
anctoville is a former commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2017, it was merged into the new commune aurseulles.
angerville, calvados is a commune. it is in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
angoville is a former commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2019, it was merged into the new commune of cesny-les-sources.
anguerny is a former commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2016, it was merged into the new commune of colomby-anguerny.
anisy is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
annebault is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
arganchy is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
argences is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
arromanches-les-bains is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
asnelles is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
asnières-en-bessin is a commune. it is in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
auberville is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
aubigny, calvados is a commune. it is in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
audrieu is a commune. it is found in the region normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
aunay-sur-odon is a former commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2017, it was merged into the new commune les monts d'aunay.
auquainville is a former commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2016, it was merged into the new commune of livarot-pays-d'auge.
authie, calvados is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
auvillars is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
avenay is a commune. it is in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
balleroy is a former commune. it is in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2016, it was merged into the new commune of balleroy-sur-drôme.
banneville-la-campagne is a commune. it is in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
banneville-sur-ajon is a former commune. it is in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2016, it was merged into the new commune of malherbe-sur-ajon.
banville is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
barbery, calvados is a commune. it is in the basse-normandie region in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
barbeville is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
barneville-la-bertran is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
baron-sur-odon is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
barou-en-auge is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
basly is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
basseneville is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
bauquay is a former commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2017, it was merged into the new commune les monts d'aunay.
bavent is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
bayeux is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
the town is famous for its tapestry. it is one of the oldest complete tapestries in the world.
the inhabitants are called "bajocasses" ou "bayeusains". bayeux is a "sous-préfecture" of the calvados department.
bayeux is the capital of "the bessin" which was called bajocasses before. bessin was a province of france before the french revolution. the name of the city comes from the celtic tribe which lived in the bajocasses region.
the vikings distroyed the town in 890, but it was rebuilt by bothon at the beginning of the 10th century. the bishop hugues ii, and his successor, odon de conteville (guillaume le conquérant's half brother) insisted the town needed a new cathedral. in 1077, a new one was built. however it is around that time that the town lost a lot of influence. guillaume le conquérant decided to make caen his capital, in 1050. the bayeux tapestry was made around that time
the renaissance didn't really mark the town. the most notable building from that period is the saint-patrice church. it was built between 1544 and 1548.
second world war.
bayeux was the first city in france to be liberated after the battle of normandy. on 16 june 1944, general charles de gaulle made his first major speech in bayeux. the buildings were not damaged much during the battle of normandy as the german forces were defending caen at the same time.
the bayeux war cemetery is the largest british cemetery dating from the second world war in france. there are 4648 graves: 3935 are british and 466 are german.
bayeux is seven kilometres from the english channel and the d-day landing beaches. it is about 30 kilometres northwest of caen. the town's elevation varies from 32 to 67 metres (with an average of 46 metres). the river aure passes through it.
the table below gives the temperatures and precipitation for 2007 (recorded at the "station caen-carpiquet") :
the table below gives the minimum and maximum temperatures for each month :
la bayeux train station is on the "paris-saint-lazare>cherbourg" line. the ter line is from caen to rennes.
the "bybus" goes around the town and to the communes of saint-martin-des-entrées and saint-vigor-le-grand. there is one main line ("chojnice / st-martin-des-entrées") and three minor one's toward the different districts. the "bus verts" invented by the "conseil général" is a way to get to the surrounding communes (lines 30, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74). 3000 parking spaces in the town center make it an easy place to park. furthermore, most car parks are free. the "by-pass" is bayeux's ring road. the first part was built after the battle of normandy by british soldiers. the roads in the town center were too narrow for the tanks to get through. the "by-pass" used to be the "route nationale 13" until a motorway was built (a13 autoroute).
the closest airport is in caen (21 km away) and the closest ferry to england (32 km away) leaves in ouistreham.
bayeux is the fourth biggest town in calvados by population. the three biggest are caen, hérouville-saint-clair and lisieux.
bazenville is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
beaufour-druval is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
beaulieu, calvados is a former commune. it is in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2016, it was merged into the new commune of souleuvre-en-bocage.
beaumais is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
beaumesnil, calvados is a commune. it is in the basse-normandie region in the calvados department in northwest france.
beaumont-en-auge is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
bellengreville, calvados is a commune. it is in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
bellou is a former commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2016, it was merged into the new commune of livarot-pays-d'auge.
benerville-sur-mer is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
bernesq is a commune. it is in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
bernières-d'ailly is a commune. it is in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
bernières-le-patry is a former commune. it is in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2016, it was merged into the new commune of valdallière.
bernières-sur-mer is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
beuvillers, calvados is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
beuvron-en-auge is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
billy, calvados is a former commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2017, it was merged into the new commune of valambray.
bissières is a former commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2017, it was merged into the new commune of méry-bissières-en-auge.
biéville-beuville is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
biéville-quétiéville is a former commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2017, it was merged into the new commune of belle vie en auge.
blainville-sur-orne is a commune. it is in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
blangy-le-château is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
blay is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
blonville-sur-mer is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
boissey, calvados is a former commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2017, it was merged into the new commune of saint-pierre-en-auge.
bonnebosq is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
bonnemaison is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
bonneville-la-louvet is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
bonneville-sur-touques is a commune. it is in the region of basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
bonnœil is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
bons-tassilly is a commune. it is in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
bougy is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
boulon is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
bourgeauville is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
bourguébus is a commune. it is in the basse-normandie region in the calvados department in northwest france.
branville is a commune. it is found in the basse-normandie region in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
bretteville-l'orgueilleuse is a former commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2017, it was merged into the new commune of thue et mue.
bretteville-le-rabet is a commune. it is in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
bretteville-sur-dives is a former commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2017, it was merged into the new commune of saint-pierre-en-auge.
bretteville-sur-laize is a commune. it is in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
2wim was the designation given, by southern railway (sr), to a small fleet of electric multiple units, dedicated for use on the west croydon to wimbledon line. none of these units survived long enough in british rail ownership to be allocated a tops class.
conceived by oliver bulleid for the southern railway's dartford commuter route, the two 4dd electric multiple units were the only double-deck trains to run on the main line railway network in britain. the upper-level seats were squeezed in between the lower-level seats to ensure that the overall height of the unit was within the clearances necessary to pass through tunnels and under bridges. the 4dd was somewhat unsuccessful because the upper level compartments were cramped and poorly ventilated (the upper level windows could not be opened due to tight clearance). the compartments were pressure-ventilated but the equipment proved to be troublesome. also dwell times at stations were increased because of the increased number of passengers per door. to obtain the extra seating capacity that was being sought, it was instead decided to lengthen trains from eight cars to ten.
network southeast (nse) was one of three passenger sectors of british rail created in 1982. nse principally operated commuter trains in the london area and inter-urban services in densely populated south east england. before 1986, the sector was known as london & south eastern.
after privatisation, nse was divided up into several franchises:
the southern railway (sr) gave the designation 4lav to the electric multiple units built to work the semi-fast services on the route between london and brighton. none of these units survived long enough in british rail ownership to be allocated a tops class.
the southern railway (sr) gave the designations 6pul, 6cit and 6pan to electric multiple units built to work the routes between london and brighton, west worthing and eastbourne. none of these units survived long enough in british rail ownership to be allocated a tops class number. the 6pul units were designated 6cor until 1935 (the cor designation was later used for 4cor units).
british rail's third fundamental design of carriage was designated mark 3, and was introduced in 1976 primarily for use on the high speed train (hst). the coaches were also used as conventional loco-hauled stock as part of the west coast main line (wcml) northern electrification scheme in the mid 1970s, designated mark 3a and 3b. the final batch was built in 1988, but mark 3-based multiple units continued to be built until the early 1990s.
desiro is the brand name for a design of modular train manufactured by siemens of germany.
the desiro can be made as a diesel or electric multiple unit (dmu or emu). it is normally made as two and three-car trainsets. although there are many differences between single trains, the basic body design is the same. these trains are mostly used for regional services, and belong to a new generation of light, modular trains which have become common in many european countries. they are sometimes thought as light regional railcars. they are mostly cheap to make and work. their fast acceleration makes them good for services with short intervals between stations. however, they are sometimes complained by people for their poor passenger comfort.
in austria, the öbb (austrian federal railways) is right now using about 60 diesel-powered desiro trains called "öbb 5022". these are based on the class 642 used by deutsche bahn, but have added more safety stuff.
in 2005 and 2006, in bulgaria, the bulgarian state railways begin working desiro trains as part of a €67-million deal with siemens ag for a total of 25 diesel multiple units. as of 22 march 2006, 16 trains had been delivered, with many of them working on the sofia-kyustendil-sofia line. another €117-million deal for 25 emus has also been signed with siemens ag. the emus were fitted out in varna, where bdž and siemens ag are thinking about making a joint venture company. the emus are classes 30 and 31 and are servicing traffic in the sofia and plovdiv areas.
in denmark, dsb rented 12 desiro trains since 2002. the train is mostly used between odense and svendborg and between odense and fredericia. on july 2, 2009 dsb signed a contract of eight trains from siemens for grenaabanen for delivery late 2010. nordjyske jernbaner used desiro trains since 2004 on all its working rails. today the company owns eight desiro trains.
 germany's deutsche bahn first showed two-car desiro dmus for local services in 2000. with a top speed of 120 km/h, these "class 642" units are mostly used on branch lines and regional lines. besides the 234 units bought by db until 2007, many private german rail companies are also using desiro dmus.
the "class 642" has two man diesel engines with an output of 275 or 315 kw each and hydro-mechanical transmission with retarders. it normally has 100 seats. when linked together with scharfenberg couplers, up to three trainsets can be worked together. the desiros are quite popular with most passengers, thanks to their good acceleration. because they have often replaced push/pull trains, their shorter journey times, such as on the "müglitzbahn", have made greater passenger numbers.
at first, db was going to work together modern dmus bought from different makers, but because of software trouble, this proved to be impossible. therefore the "class 642" can only be mechanically coupled with other dmus like the "class 643".
right now in hungary, 31 diesel desiros are in service with máv (counting 8 units from greece), mostly as suburban trains on the secondary line between budapest-esztergom and budapest - lajosmizse and as an intercity between budapest and baja. on weekends, the units also used as top inter-city trains from budapest to baja and sátoraljaújhely and as fast trains from budapest to tapolca. during the summer months (when fewer units are used on the budapest suburban routes) desiros appear on some local train diagrams on the norther shore of the lake balaton.
the 57km klia ekspres and klia transit airport rail link uses the desiro et 425 m four-car electric multiple units. there are 12 trainsets right now working in malaysia.
these emus have a maximum commercial speed of 160 km/h.
căile ferate române (cfr), romania's national railway worker, is one of the largest users of the siemens desiro trainsets. cfr, which is right now undergoing modernisation, has bought many desiro trainsets and uses them for all types of train: ""regio", "interregio" and "intercity" inter-city services, but mostly on its "interregio"" express trains. there was some criticism of the use of desiros for cfr's long-distance services because they were thought to be uncomfortable. cfr has recently refitted them, and is now using desiros mostly on its medium and short-distance routes.
in december 2009 russian railways ordered 38 desiros for delivery in 2013 for use during the 2014 winter olympics in sochi, with an option for a further 16 which would be mostly made in russia.
slovenian railways works electric desiro units that are made as desiro emg 312 sr 31e. they are used as commuter stopping trains mostly on connections to and between ljubljana and maribor on the following lines:
sbb-cff-ffs works double-decker (bilevel cars) emu's. they are designated as class sbb rabe 514. they are used as commuter trains in zürich, where 61 four-car sets have been working since 2006.
nine 25 kv ac desiro uk emus based on the heathrow connect class 360/2 will be used for the suvarnabhumi airport link which is right now under running test from the locomotive shop in asoke to suvarnabhumi station under the airport.
electrostar is the name given to a group of similar electric multiple unit passenger trains made by bombardier transportation, formerly adtranz. since the privatisation of british rail, it has become the most common new emu type in britain, with different variants referred to as class 357, class 375, class 376, class 377, class 378, class 379, class 387. they are most common on the high-volume commuter routes in south london and to the sussex, kent & south essex coasts. it shares the same bodyshell and core structure as the turbostar, which is in turn the most common post-privatisation diesel multiple unit family. all of the electrostar fleet were assembled at bombardier’s derby works.
bretteville-sur-odon is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
bricqueville is a commune. it is in the basse-normandie region in the calvados department in northwest france.
brouay is a former commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2017, it was merged into the new commune of thue et mue.
brucourt is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
brémoy is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
bréville-les-monts is a commune. it is in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
bucéels is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
burcy is a former commune. it is in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2016, it was merged into the new commune of valdallière.
bures-les-monts is a former commune. it is in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2016, it was merged into the new commune of souleuvre-en-bocage.
bénouville, calvados is a commune. it is in the basse-normandie region in the calvados department in north france.
bény-sur-mer is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
cabourg is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
cagny, calvados is a commune. it is in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
cahagnes is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
cahagnolles is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
cairon is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
the coradia juniper series is a family of electric multiple unit trains built by alstom transport birmingham, subcontractor: ganz hunslet, hungary (project for 120 bodyshells in 1998-2000, project manager at ganz hunslet; gabor honthy) for use on the railway network in great britain. the family is related to the coradia 1000 series of diesel multiple unit. there are currently three types in service with various tocs.
cambes-en-plaine is a commune. it is in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
cambremer is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2019, saint-laurent-du-mont became a part of the commune cambremer.
campagnolles is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
campandré-valcongrain is a former commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2017, it was merged into the new commune les monts d'aunay.
campeaux, calvados is a former commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2016, it was merged into the new commune of souleuvre-en-bocage.
campigny, calvados is a commune. it is in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
canapville, calvados is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
canchy, calvados is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
canteloup, calvados is a commune. it is in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
carcagny is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
the networker is a family of trains which operate on the uk railway system. they were built in the late 1980s and early 1990s by brel and metropolitan cammell which later became abb. the trains were built for the network southeast sector of british rail. they are all multiple unit trains. 
cardonville is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
carpiquet is a commune. it is in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in northwest france.
cartigny-l'épinay is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
carville is a former commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2016, it was merged into the new commune of souleuvre-en-bocage.
castillon, calvados is a commune. it is in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
castillon-en-auge is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
castilly is a former commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2017, it was merged into the commune of isigny-sur-mer.
caumont-l'éventé is a former commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2017, it was merged into the new commune caumont-sur-aure.
caumont-sur-orne is a former commune. it is in the basse-normandie region in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2016, it was merged into the new commune of le hom.
cauvicourt is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
cauville is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
cernay, calvados is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
cerqueux is a former commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2016, it was merged into the new commune of livarot-pays-d'auge.
cesny-bois-halbout is a former commune. it is in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2019, it was merged into the new commune of cesny-les-sources.
cesny-aux-vignes is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
champ-du-boult is a former commune. it is in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2017, it was merged into the new commune of noues de sienne.
cheffreville-tonnencourt is a former commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2016, it was merged into the new commune of livarot-pays-d'auge.
cheux is a former commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2017, it was merged into the new commune thue et mue.
chicheboville is a former commune. it is in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2017, it was merged into the new commune of moult-chicheboville.
chouain is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
chênedollé is a former commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2016, it was merged into the new commune of valdallière.
cintheaux is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
clarbec is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
clinchamps-sur-orne is a former commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2017, it was merged into the new commune of laize-clinchamps.
clécy is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
cléville is a commune. it is in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
colleville-montgomery is a commune. it is in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
colleville-sur-mer is a commune. it is in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
colombelles is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
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colombiers-sur-seulles is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
colombières is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
colomby-sur-thaon is a former commune. it is in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2016, it was merged into the new commune of colomby-anguerny.
combray is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
commes is a commune. it is in basse-normandie in the calvados department in northwest france.
condé-sur-ifs is a commune. it is in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
condé-sur-noireau is a former commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2016, it was merged into the new commune of condé-en-normandie.
condé-sur-seulles is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
conteville, calvados is a former commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2017, it was merged into the new commune of valambray.
coquainvilliers is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
corbon, calvados is a former commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2015, it was merged with the commune of notre-dame-d'estrées to the new commune notre-dame-d'estrées-corbon.
cordebugle is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
cordey is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
cormelles-le-royal is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
cormolain is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
cossesseville is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
cottun is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
coudray-rabut is a former commune. it is in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2019, it was merged into the commune of pont-l'évêque.
coulombs, calvados is a former commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2017, it was merged into the new commune moulins en bessin.
coulonces is a former commune. it is in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2016, it became a part of the new commune of vire-normandie.
coulvain is a former commune. it is in the region of basse-normandie in the calvados department. this is in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2016, it was merged into the new commune of seulline.
coupesarte is a former commune. it is in the basse-normandie region in the calvados department in northwest france. on 1 january 2017, it was merged into the new commune mézidon vallée d'auge.
courcy, calvados is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
courseulles-sur-mer is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
courson is a former commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2017, it was merged into the new commune of noues de sienne.
courtonne-la-meurdrac is a commune. it is in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
courtonne-les-deux-églises is a commune. it is in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
courvaudon is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
cresserons is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
cresseveuille is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
creully is a former commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2017, it was merged into the new commune of creully sur seulles.
cricquebœuf is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
cricqueville-en-auge is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
cricqueville-en-bessin is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
cristot is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
crocy is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
croisilles, calvados is a commune. it is in the basse-normandie region in the calvados department in northwest france.
croissanville was a commune. it was in basse-normandie in the calvados department in northwest france. on 1 january 2017, it was merged into the new commune mézidon vallée d'auge.
crouay is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
crèvecœur-en-auge is a former commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2017, it was merged into the new commune mézidon vallée d'auge.
crépon is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
culey-le-patry is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
cully, calvados is a former commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2017, it was merged into the new commune of moulins en bessin.
curcy-sur-orne is a former commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2016, it was merged into the new commune of le hom.
cussy is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
cuverville, calvados is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
damblainville is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
dampierre, calvados is a former commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2017, it was merged into the new commune of val de drôme.
danestal is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
danvou-la-ferrière is a former commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2017, it was merged into the new commune les monts d'aunay.
deauville is a commune in lower normandy in the calvados department in northwestern france.
it is a luxurious seaside resort. it is perhaps best known for its role in marcel proust's "in search of lost time".
deux-jumeaux is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
dives-sur-mer is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
donnay is a commune. it is found in the basse-normandie region in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
douville-en-auge is a commune. it is found in the basse-normandie region in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
douvres-la-délivrande is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
dozulé is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
drubec is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
ducy-sainte-marguerite is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
démouville is a commune. it is in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
ellon, calvados is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
englesqueville-en-auge is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
englesqueville-la-percée is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
eraines is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
ernes is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
escoville is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
espins is a commune. it is in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
esquay-notre-dame is a commune. it is in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
esquay-sur-seulles is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
esson is a commune. it is in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in northwest france.
estry was a commune. it was in basse-normandie in the calvados department in northwest france. on 1 january 2016, it was merged into the new commune of valdallière.
estrées-la-campagne is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
familly is a former commune. it is in basse-normandie in the calvados department in northwest france. on 1 january 2016, it was merged into the new commune of livarot-pays-d'auge.
fauguernon is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
fervaques is a former commune that is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2016, it was merged into the new commune of livarot-pays-d'auge.
feuguerolles-bully is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
fierville-bray is a former commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2017, it was merged into the new commune of valambray.
fierville-les-parcs is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
firfol is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
fleury-sur-orne is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
fontaine-henry is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
fontaine-le-pin is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
fontaine-étoupefour is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
fontenay-le-marmion is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
fontenay-le-pesnel is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
fontenermont was a commune. it was in basse-normandie in the calvados department in northwest france. on 1 january 2017, it was merged into the new commune of noues de sienne.
formentin is a commune. it is in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
formigny is a former commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france. on 1 january 2017, it was merged into the new commune of formigny la bataille.
foulognes is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
fourches is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
fourneaux-le-val is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
fourneville is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
fresney-le-puceux is a commune. it is found in the region basse-normandie in the calvados department in the northwest of france.
science hill, kentucky
science hill is a city of kentucky in the united states.
scottsville is a city of kentucky in the united states.
sebree is a city of kentucky in the united states.
seneca gardens, kentucky
seneca gardens is a city of kentucky in the united states.
sharpsburg is a city located in bath county, kentucky in the united states.
shelbyville is a city of kentucky in the united states.
shepherdsville is a city of kentucky in the united states.
shively is a city of kentucky in the united states.
shively was created in 1938.
silver grove, kentucky
silver grove is a city of kentucky in the united states.
simpsonville is a city of kentucky in the united states.
slaughters is a city of kentucky in the united states.
smithfield is a city of kentucky in the united states.
simple network management protocol
simple network management protocol (snmp) is a part of the internet protocol suite. snmp is used in network management systems to monitor status of devices and also spot problems. it consists of a set of standards for network management, including an application layer protocol, a database schema, and a set of data objects.
snmp exposes management data in the form of variables on the managed systems, which describe the system configuration. these variables can then be queried (and sometimes set) by managing applications. it is a standard for managing devices such as routers,switches,servers etc. 
overview and basic concepts.
in common snmp usage, there are a number of systems to be managed, and one or more systems managing them. a software component called an "agent" (see below) runs on each managed system and reports information via snmp to the managing systems.
snmp agents expose management data on the managed systems as variables (such as "free memory", "system name", "number of running processes", "default route"). but the protocol also allows active management tasks, such as modifying and applying a new configuration.
the managing system can retrieve the information through the get, getnext and getbulk protocol operations or the agent will send data without being asked using trap or inform protocol operations. management systems can also send configuration updates or controlling requests through the set protocol operation to actively manage a system. configuration and control operations are used only when changes are needed to the network. the monitoring operations are usually performed regularly.
smithland is a city of kentucky in the united states.
smiths grove, kentucky
smiths grove is a city of kentucky in the united states. the horror movie, halloween, was set in smiths grove. the movies' director, john carpenter, grew up in bowling green, about 15 miles away.
somerset is a city of kentucky in the united states.
sonora is a city in hardin county, kentucky in the united states.
south carrollton, kentucky
south carrollton is a city of kentucky in the united states.
south park view, kentucky
south park view is a city in kentucky in the united states.
south shore, kentucky
south shore is a city of kentucky in the united states. it is located along the ohio river across from portsmouth, ohio, at the mouth of tygarts creek.
it was first settled in 1890 by the fullerton, warnock, and the morton families from the nearby tygarts valley.
southgate is a city of kentucky in the united states.
sparta is a city of kentucky in the united states.
spring mill, kentucky
spring mill is a city of kentucky in the united states.
spring valley, kentucky
spring valley is a city of kentucky in the united states.
springfield is a city of kentucky in the united states.
st. charles, kentucky
st. charles is a city of kentucky in the united states.
st. matthews, kentucky
st. matthews is a city of kentucky in the united states.
st. matthews, kentucky was established in 1889 as a subdivision of jefferson county.
st. regis park, kentucky
st. regis park is a city of kentucky in the united states.
stamping ground, kentucky
stamping ground is a city in scott county, kentucky in the united states.
stanford is a city of kentucky in the united states.
stanton is a city of kentucky in the united states.
strathmoor manor, kentucky
strathmoor manor is a city of kentucky in the united states.
strathmoor village, kentucky
strathmoor village is a city in the u.s. state of kentucky.
sturgis is a city of kentucky in the united states.
sycamore is a city of jefferson county in the state of kentucky, united states. about 160 people were living in sycamore as of 2000.
taylor mill, kentucky
taylor mill is a city in kenton county, kentucky in the united states.
taylorsville is a city of kentucky in the united states.
ten broeck, kentucky
ten broeck is a city of kentucky in the united states.
thornhill is a city in kentucky in the united states.
tompkinsville is a city of kentucky in the united states.
trenton is a city of kentucky in the united states. it is in todd county.
union is a city of kentucky in the united states.
uniontown is a city of kentucky in the united states.
upton is a city in hardin and larue counties, kentucky in the united states.
vanceburg is a small city in kentucky in the united states. it is the seat of lewis county.
versailles is a city in kentucky in the united states. it was founded on june 23, 1792, on of land owned by hezekiah briscoe.
vicco is a city of kentucky in the united states.
villa hills, kentucky
villa hills is a city in kenton county, kentucky in the united states.
vine grove, kentucky
vine grove is a city in hardin county, kentucky in the united states.
wallins creek, kentucky
wallins creek is a city in harlan county, kentucky in the united states.
walton is a city in kenton county, kentucky in the united states.
warfield is a city of kentucky in the united states.
warsaw is a city of kentucky in the united states.
water valley, kentucky
water valley is a city of kentucky in the united states.
watterson park, kentucky
watterson park is a city of kentucky in the united states.
wayland is a city of kentucky in the united states.
wellington is a city of kentucky in the united states.
west buechel, kentucky
west buechel is a city of kentucky in the united states.
west liberty, kentucky
west liberty is a city of kentucky in the united states.
west point, kentucky
west point is a city in hardin county, kentucky in the united states.
westwood, jefferson county, kentucky
westwood is a city in kentucky in the united states.
wheatcroft is a city of kentucky in the united states.
wheelwright is a city of kentucky in the united states.
white plains, kentucky
white plains is a city of kentucky in the united states. the population was 884 at the 2010 census, up from 800 at the 2000 census.
white plains is located in southeastern hopkins county at (37.184489, -87.384739). u.s. route 62 passes through the northern part of the community, leading east to greenville and west to nortonville.
according to the united states census bureau, white plains has a total area of , of which are land and , or 2.34%, are water.
whitesburg is a city of kentucky in the united states.
whitesville is a city of kentucky in the united states. whitesville has a 2020 population of 586. whitesville is currently growing at a rate of 0.51% annually and its population has increased by 1.03% since the most recent census, which recorded a population of 580 in 2010.
wickliffe is a city of kentucky in the united states.
wilder is a city of kentucky in the united states. it is in campbell county.
williamsburg is a city of kentucky in the united states.
williamstown is a city in grant and pendleton counties of kentucky in the united states. it is the county seat of grant county.
willisburg is a city of kentucky in the united states.
winchester is a city of kentucky in the united states. it is the county seat of clark county.
windy hills, kentucky
windy hills is a city of kentucky in the united states.
wingo is a city of kentucky in the united states.
woodburn is a city of kentucky in the united states.
woodbury is a city in kentucky in the united states.
woodland hills, kentucky
woodland hills is a city of kentucky in the united states.
woodlawn is a city of kentucky in the united states.
woodlawn park, kentucky
woodlawn park is a city of kentucky in the united states.
worthington is a city of kentucky in the united states.
the site of the present city was once owned by abraham buford, who sold the land to the means and russell iron company. this company sold the land to w. j. worthington, who was william o. bradley's lieutenant governor from 1895 to 1899. after his death, the property was given to his daughters, who founded the present town and named it for their father.
worthington was incorporated as a city by the kentucky general assembly on february 5, 1920.
worthington hills, kentucky
worthington hills is a city of kentucky in the united states.
worthville is a city of kentucky in the united states.
wurtland is a city in kentucky in the united states.
wildwood is a city of kentucky in the united states.
wilmore is a city of kentucky in the united states.
alexandria is a city in virginia in the united states. it has a population of 159,200 in 2020. it is 6 miles south of washington, d.c. it is by the potomac river. the temperature is between 80°f to 100°f in the summer, and 20°f to 40°f in the winter. 
the city is twinned with caen in france, dundee in scotland and gyumri in armenia.
bedford is a town in bedford county, virginia in the united states. before 2013, it had been a city, which under virginia law made it separate from any county.
bristol is an independent city in the commonwealth of virginia. as of the 2010 census, the population was 17,835. it is the twin city of bristol, tennessee, just across the state line, which runs down the middle of its main street, state street. it is surrounded on three sides by washington county, virginia, which is combined with the city for statistical purposes. bristol is a principal city of the kingsport–bristol–bristol, tn-va metropolitan statistical area, which is a component of the johnson city–kingsport–bristol, tn-va combined statistical area – commonly known as the "tri-cities" region.
buena vista, virginia
buena vista ( ) is an independent city located in the blue ridge mountains region of virginia in the united states. as of the 2010 census, the population was 6,650.
formerly named "hart's bottom", "green forest" or "green valley" until 1888, and chartered as a town in 1890, buena vista was granted a city charter on february 15, 1892.
founded by benjamin c. moomaw in the late 1800s, the town consisted only of a simple tannery at the intersection of two railroads and a canal. the richmond and alleghany railroad and the shenandoah valley railroad,
buena vista is home to southern virginia university, which had an enrollment of 928 full-time students in the fall of 2017.
charlottesville is a city in virginia in the united states. it is named for charlotte of mecklenburg-strelitz, king george iii's queen. 45,049 people live there. in 2004, charlottesville was named the best place to live in the united states in a book named "cities ranked and rated." three american presidents have lived in charlottesville, including thomas jefferson, james madison, and james monroe. the university of virginia is in charlottesville. president jefferson's home, monticello, is also in charlottesville. both are popular places for people to visit.
in 2017, far-right political groups including the ku klux klan, neo-nazis, and proud boys held their unite the right rally in charlottesville. they did not want the city to take down a statue of robert e. lee. one man drove his car into a crowd of counter-protesters, killing a woman called heather heyer and injuring many others. united states president donald trump would later say there were "fine people" on both sides of the incident.
chesapeake is a city in virginia in the united states. 
colonial heights, virginia
colonial heights is a city in virginia in the united states.
covington is a city in virginia in the united states.
danville is a city in virginia in the united states.
emporia is a city in virginia in the united states.
fairfax is an independent city of virginia in the united states.
falls church, virginia
falls church is a city in virginia in the united states.
franklin is a city in virginia, in the united states.
fredericksburg is a city in virginia in the united states. it was important in the american civil war, because of its location on the rappahannock river, near the capital of the north (washington, dc) and the south (richmond, virginia). in late 1862 the battle of fredericksburg was fought there.
galax is a city in virginia in the united states.
hampton is a city of virginia in the united states. it is part of the hampton roads metro area, which also includes norfolk and virginia beach. as of 2012, 138,848 people lived there. hampton university, a historically black college, is there.
hopewell is a city in virginia in the united states.
lexington is a city in virginia in the united states. it is the county seat of rockbridge county. washington and lee university (w&l) and virginia military institute (vmi) are there.
manassas park, virginia
manassas park is a city in virginia in the united states. it is an independent city and not part of any county.
manassas is a city in virginia in the united states. there were 37,821 people living in the area, according to 2010 census. 
martinsville is a city in virginia in the united states. as of the 2010 census, there were 13,821 people living there. 
newport news, virginia
newport news is a city of virginia in the united states. it is in the hampton roads metro area. it is about 80 miles southeast of the state capital, richmond.
norton is a city in virginia in the united states.
petersburg is a city in virginia in the united states. it is on the appomattox river. the city's population was 32,420 as of 2010.
part of petersburg national battlefield park is in the city.
the area has three schools of higher education:
poquoson is a city in virginia in the united states.
radford is a city in virginia in the united states.
roanoke is a city in virginia in the united states. at the 2020 census, 100,011 people lived in roanoke. the two main suburbs of roanoke are salem and vinton. roanoke is named after the roanoke river which runs through the city.
roanoke is nicknamed "the star city of the south" because of the roanoke star. it is a neon lamp star which sits on mill mountain, a hill south of roanoke. roanoke is also named the heart of the blue ridge because roanoke is located in the middle of the blue ridge mountains. another nickname for roanoke is "magic city."
roanoke and its suburbs are located in a valley between the appalachian mountains and the blue ridge mountains.
salem is a city in virginia in the united states. about 25,000 people live in salem. salem is a suburb of roanoke since it lies directly west of roanoke.
staunton is a city in virginia in the united states. at the 2010 united states census, about 23,000 people lived in staunton. staunton is known for being the place where u.s. president woodrow wilson was born.
suffolk is a city in virginia in the united states.
waynesboro is a city in virginia in the united states.
williamsburg is a small city in virginia in the united states. williamsburg is near two important places in virginia history: jamestown and yorktown. williamsburg has three important things: busch gardens, colonial williamsburg, and the college of william & mary. williamsburg has many hotels and restaurants because there are many tourists.
winchester is a city in virginia in the united states. winchester was the birth and death place of former united states senator harry f. byrd, jr..
accomac is a town in accomack county, virginia, united states. at the 2020 census, 855 people lived there. it is the county seat of accomack county.
accomac is at (37.718678, -75.667323).
the united states census bureau says that the town has an area of 0.4 square miles (1.1 km²). all of it is land.
as of the census of 2000, there were 547 people, 199 homes and 125 families living in accomac. the population density was 1,322.1 people per square mile (515.1/km²). in race, there 71.12% white people living there, 24.68% african-american, 2.56% asian, 0.91% from other races, and 0.73% from two or more races. [
there were 199 households as of the 200 census. 2.6% of these had children under the age of 18 living with them. 51.8% were married couples living together. 8.5% had a female living in them with no husband, and 36.7% were non-families. 35.7% of all households were made up of only one person and 21.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years or older. the average people in a household was 2.13 and the average family size was 2.71.
the population of accomac was spread out. 14.8% were under the age of 18, 11.0% were from 18 to 24, 30.7% from 25 to 44, 24.1% from 45 to 64, and 19.4% who were 65 years of age or older. the median age was 40 years. for every 100 females there were 131.8 males. for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 136.5 males.
alberta is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
altavista is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
amherst is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
appalachia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia. as of 2000, the town had a population of 1,839.
appomattox is a town in virginia in the united states.
it played a major role towards the end of the american civil war (1861-1865).
ashland is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
belle haven, accomack county, virginia
belle haven is a town in accomack county, virginia, united states. about 480 people were living in belle haven as of the year 2000.
berryville is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
big stone gap, virginia
big stone gap is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
blacksburg is a town in montgomery county, in western virginia. in 2000, 39,284 people lived there.
blacksburg was first explored by henry batt and john fallam who were sent by abraham wood in 1671. the town is named after samuel black, who used to own land there. on october 2, 1872, virginia tech was opened with three teachers. on april 26, 2007, seung-hui cho shot 32 people in the virginia tech massacre.
blackstone is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
bloxom is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
bluefield is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
boones mill, virginia
boones mill is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
bowling green, virginia
bowling green is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
boyce is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
boydton is a town in the u.s. state of virginia. it is the county seat of mecklenburg county.
boykins is a town in the u.s. state of virginia. it is in southampton county.
branchville is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
bridgewater is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
broadway is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
brodnax is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
brookneal is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
buchanan is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
burkeville is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
cape charles, virginia
cape charles is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
capron is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
cedar bluff, virginia
cedar bluff is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
charlotte court house, virginia
charlotte court house is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
chase city, virginia
chase city is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
cheriton is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
chilhowie is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
chincoteague is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
christiansburg (used to be called hans meadows) is a town in the u.s. state of virginia. 21,041 people lived there in 2010. it is the county seat of montgomery county.
claremont is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
clarksville is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
cleveland is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
clifton forge, virginia
clifton forge is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
clifton is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
clinchco is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
clinchport is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
clintwood is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
coeburn is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
colonial beach, virginia
colonial beach is a town in virginia on the potomac river.
columbia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
courtland is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
craigsville is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
crewe is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
culpeper (formerly fairfax) is the only incorporated town in culpeper county, virginia, united states. the population was 16,379 at the 2010 census. this was an increase from 9,664 at the 2000 census. it is the county seat of culpeper county.
culpeper is located at (38.471915, −77.999168).
according to the united states census bureau, the town has a total area of 6.8 square miles (17.5 km²), of which 6.7 square miles (17.4 km²) is land and 0.04 square mile (0.1 km²) (0.44%) is water.
after forming culpeper county, virginia, in 1748, the virginia house of burgesses voted to establish the town of fairfax on february 22, 1759. the name honored thomas fairfax, 6th lord fairfax of cameron. he was the proprietor of the northern neck, a vast domain north of the rappahannock river. his territory was then defined as stretching from chesapeake bay to what is now hampshire county, west virginia.
the original plan of the town called for ten blocks, which form the core of culpeper's downtown area today. the original town was surveyed by a young george washington. in 1795, the town received a post office under the name "culpeper court house" most maps of the time, however, continued to show the fairfax name. the confusion resulting from the difference in official and postal names was finally resolved when the virginia assembly formally renamed the town culpeper in 1869 (acts, 1869–1870, chapter 118, page 154).
during the american revolutionary war, the culpeper minutemen, a pro-independence militia, formed in the town of culpeper. they organized in what was then known as "clayton's old field," near today's yowell meadow park.
during the civil war, culpeper was a crossroads for a number of armies marching through central virginia, with both union and confederate forces occupying the town by turn. in the heart of downtown, the childhood home of confederate general a.p. hill stands at the corner of main and davis streets. one block north on main st. (present location of piedmont realty) was the frame house where "the gallant major" john pelham died after being wounded at the battle of kelly's ford.
culpeper began to grow dramatically in the 1980s, becoming a "bedroom community" of more densely populated northern virginia and washington, d.c. suburbs. a growing number of residents of the town and county of culpeper once lived and continue to work in those areas.
in 2011, east davis street in downtown culpeper was named as a 2011 "america's great place" by the american planning association.
downtown culpeper was one of the communities most affected by the august 23, 2011 virginia earthquake. several buildings along main street and east davis street suffered severe damage, and some have been condemned. the earthquake led to the temporary evacuation of the packard campus for audio-visual conservation. at the time it was hosting a town hall event for u.s. senator mark warner. in 2014 the museum of culpeper history moved into the town's historic train depot.
as of the 2010 census, the racial makeup of the town was 61.5% white, 21.9% black, 0.6% native american, 2.1% asian, 0.01% pacific islander, and 4.0% from two or more races. hispanic or latino of any race were 17.0% of the population.
the town's population included 25.7% under the age of 18, 10.0% from 18 to 24, 30.3% from 25 to 44, 19.0% from 45 to 64, and 15.0% who were 65 years of age or older. the median age was 35 years. for every 100 females there were 87.9 males. for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.9 males.
the median income for a household in the town was at a time $35,438, and the median income for a family was $41,894 but due to the economic downturn this has changed. males had a median income of $28,658 versus $25,252 for females. the per capita income for the town was $16,842. about 23.0% of families and 26.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 40.8% of those under age 18 and 22.1% of those age 65 or over.
damascus is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
dayton is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
dendron is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
dillwyn is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
drakes branch, virginia
drakes branch is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
dublin is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
duffield is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
dumfries is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
dungannon is a town of scott county in the state of virginia in the united states.
eastville is a town in the u.s. state of virginia. it is the county seat of northampton county. 
edinburg, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
elkton, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
exmore, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
farmville, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia. it is in prince edward and cumberland counties.
fincastle is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
floyd, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
fries, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
front royal, virginia
front royal, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
gate city, virginia
gate city is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
glade spring, virginia
glade spring, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
glasgow, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia. it is where the james and maury rivers come together. it is in rockbridge county.
glen lyn, virginia
glen lyn, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
gordonsville, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia. it is in louisa and orange counties.
goshen, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
gretna, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
grottoes, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
grundy, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
halifax, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
hallwood, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
hamilton, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
haymarket, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
haysi, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
herndon, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
hillsboro, loudoun county, virginia
hillsboro is a town in loudoun county of virginia, united states. about 100 people were living in hillsboro as of the year 2000.
hillsville, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
honaker, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia. it is in russell county.
hurt, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
independence, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
iron gate, virginia
iron gate, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
irvington, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
ivor, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
jarratt, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
jonesville, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
keller, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
kenbridge, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
keysville, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
kilmarnock, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
la crosse, virginia
la crosse, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
lawrenceville, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
lebanon, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
leesburg is a town in the u.s. state of virginia. it is the county seat of loudoun county. about 28,300 people were living in leesburg as of 2000.
louisa, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
lovettsville, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
luray, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
madison, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia. it is the county seat of madison county.
marion, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia. it is the county seat of smyth county. the town is named for american revolutionary war officer francis marion.
mckenney, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
melfa, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
middleburg, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
middletown, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
mineral, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia. in the 2010 census, mineral had a 467 population.
at 1:51 p.m. on august 23, 2011, a 5.8 magnitude earthquake was centered 5 miles (8 kilometers) south-southwest of mineral, at a depth of 3.7 miles (6 kilometers). according to the associated press, it "forced evacuations of all the monuments on the national mall in washington and rattled nerves from florida to canada". the roof of mineral's town hall collapsed, and three of the six schools in the county's school system suffered heavy damage. no one died, and some people had only minor injuries.
monterey, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia. it is the county seat of highland county.
montross, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
mount crawford, virginia
mount crawford, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
mount jackson, virginia
mount jackson, virginia, is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
narrows, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
nassawadox, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
new castle, virginia
new castle, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
new market, virginia
new market, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia. it is in shenandoah county.
newsoms, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
nickelsville is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
occoquan, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
onancock, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
onley, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
orange is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
painter, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
pamplin city, virginia
pamplin city, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia. it is in both appomattox and prince edward counties. the population was 219 at the 2010 census.
parksley, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
pearisburg, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia. it is the county seat of giles county.
pembroke, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
pennington gap, virginia
pennington gap, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
phenix, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
pocahontas, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia named after pocahontas.
port royal, virginia
port royal, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
pound, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
pulaski, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
purcellville, virginia is a town in loudoun county, virginia, united states.
quantico, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
remington, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
rich creek, virginia
rich creek, virginia is a town in giles county, virginia, virginia, united states. the population was 665 at the 2000 census. it is part of the "blacksburg, virginia–christiansburg, virginia–radford, virginia metropolitan statistical area."
richlands, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
ridgeway, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
black-legged dart frog
the black-legged dart frog ("phyllobates bicolor"), also known as the bicolored dart frog or neari in choco, is the second most toxic of the wild poison dart frogs. it lives in colombia. scientists have seen it between 400 and 1500 meters above sea level.
the adult male frog is 32.1-39.5 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 35.7-42.7 mm. it has large disks on its toes for climbing. young frogs have stripes on their sides. in some groups of this frog, the stripes go away when the frog is an adult. in other places, the adult frogs keep their stripes.
human beings who live where the frog lives have used the frog to poison arrows. the human can touch the arrow to the frog's back without killing it. or the human can kill and heat the frog's body.
the poison in the frog's skin is a chemical called batrachotoxin. the frog gets the poison from the ants and other insects that it eats. so frogs kept as pets do not have poison.
there are fewer of these frogs than there were. scientisis think this could be because human beings change the places where the frog lives. humans turn the forests into forms and take the trees for lumber. human beings also catch these frogs to sell as pets.
junglefowl are the four living species of bird from the genus gallus in the pheasant family. they occur in india, sri lanka and southeast asia.
these are large birds, with colourful male plumage. they are difficult to see in the dense vegetation they live in.
the junglefowl are seed-eaters, but insects are also taken, particularly by the young birds.
one of the species in this genus, the red junglefowl, is of historical importance as the likely ancestor of the domesticated chicken.
the red junglefowl ("gallus gallus") is a tropical member of the family phasianidae. they are the ancestors of all our domestic chickens. they were first domesticated in asia, where they are native. some of the less specialized domestics, such as the brown leghorns, keep color patterns similar to that of their wild ancestors. the males are about two pounds (1kg) in weight.
red junglefowl regularly bathe in dust to keep just the right balance of oil in their plumage. the dust absorbs extra oil and it subsequently falls off. 
rocky mount, virginia
rocky mount, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
round hill, loudoun county, virginia
round hill is a town in the u.s. state of virginia. it is about 50 miles from washington, d.c. it was named "round hill" for being located two miles from of a hill used during the american civil war as a signal post by both confederate and union troops. in the 2010 census, 539 people and 155 families lived there.
rural retreat, virginia
rural retreat, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
saltville is a town in smyth and washington counties in virginia, united states.
saxis, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
scottsburg, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
scottsville, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
shenandoah, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
smithfield, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
south boston, virginia
south boston, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
south hill, virginia
south hill, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
st. charles, virginia
st. charles, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
st. paul, virginia
st. paul, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
stanardsville, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
stanley, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
stephens city, virginia
stephens city, virginia is a town in frederick county, virginia. the town had a population of 1,146 at the time of the 2000 census.
the german protestants from heidelberg, germany were the founders of the town. their leader was peter stephens. he came from pennsylvania in 1732. stephens would buy some land from thomas fairfax, 6th lord fairfax of cameron. the land was set out in parcels at first. later, it was made into "stephensburgh" in 1758 by peter's son lewis.
by the start of the revolutionary war, "stephensburg" was often called simply "newtown".
the town was almost burned by union forces during the civil war. this was when union forces were attacked by newtown residents. major joseph k. stearns of the 1st new york cavalry disobeyed an order from a higher ranking general and saved the town.
the town was again renamed "stephens city" in 1880. this happened after a row with the united states postal service.
today, the town is a busy place of throughfare with interstate 81 and us route 11. the center of the town is recognized by the national register of historic places.
stony creek, virginia
stony creek, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia. it has a population of approximately 200. 
strasburg, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia. it is the largest town in shenandoah county.
stuart, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
surry, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
tangier, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
tappahannock, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
tazewell, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
the plains, virginia
the plains, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
timberville, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
toms brook, virginia
toms brook, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
troutdale, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
troutville, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
urbanna, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
victoria, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
vienna is a town in the u.s. state of virginia. it has been a town since 1890. it has a population of 15,687 as of 2010 and it is about 350 feet above sea level.
vinton, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia. about 8,000 people live in vinton. vinton is a suburb of roanoke since it lies directly east of roanoke.
virgilina, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
wachapreague, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
wakefield, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
warrenton, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia. the population was 9,611 at the 2010 census, up from 6,670 at the 2000 census. the estimated population in 2015 was 9,897. warrenton is the county seat of fauquier county.
warsaw, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
washington, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
waverly, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
weber city, virginia
weber city, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
west point, virginia
west point, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
white stone, virginia
white stone is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
windsor, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
wise, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
woodstock, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
wytheville, virginia is a town in the u.s. state of virginia.
abingdon is a city in illinois in the united states.
albion is a city in illinois in the united states.
aledo is a city in illinois in the united states.
alsip is a village of illinois in the united states.
altamont is a city in illinois in the united states.
amboy is a city in illinois in the united states.
anna is a city in the u.s. state of illinois. it is in southern tip of illinois. its population was 5,136 at the 2000 census. anna is known for the anna state mental hospital (now called the choate mental health care center). anna was a segregated sundown town a century ago.
arcola is a city in illinois in the united states.
ashley is a city in illinois in the united states.
assumption is a small town in christian county, illinois, united states. the population was 1,168 at the 2010 census.
athens is a city in illinois in the united states. it is in menard county.
atlanta is a city in illinois in the united states. it is in logan county. the town was first called xenia.
auburn is a city in illinois in the united states. it is in sangamon county. 
aurora is a city in illinois in the united states. it is part of the chicago metropolitan area.
ava is a city in illinois in the united states.
barry is a city in illinois in the united states. it is in pike county.
batavia is a city in illinois in the united states. it is on the fox river between geneva, illinois to the north and north aurora, illinois to the south.
beardstown is a city in illinois in the united states.
belleville is a city in st. clair county, illinois. the population was 44,478 according to the census bureau's 2010 data, making it the largest city in southern illinois.
belvidere is a city in illinois in the united states.
benld is a city in illinois in the united states. it is in macoupin county.
benton is a city in illinois in the united states.
berwyn is a city in illinois in the united states.
blue island, illinois
blue island is a city in illinois in the united states.
braidwood is a city in illinois in the united states.
breese is a city in illinois in the united states.
bridgeport is a city in illinois in the united states.
brookport is a city in illinois in the united states.
bunker hill, illinois
bunker hill is a city in illinois in the united states.
burbank is a city in illinois in the united states. its population was 27,902 at 2000. it is on the south-western edge of chicago.
bushnell is a city in illinois in the united states.
byron is a city in illinois in the united states.
cairo is a city in illinois in the united states.
calumet city, illinois
calumet city is a city in illinois in the united states.
canton is a city in illinois in the united states.
carbondale is a city in illinois in the united states.
carlinville is a city in illinois in the united states.
carlyle is a city in illinois in the united states.
carmi is a city in illinois in the united states.
carrollton is a city in illinois in the united states.
carterville is a city in illinois in the united states.
carthage is a city in illinois in the united states.
casey is a city in illinois in the united states.
centralia is a city in illinois in the united states. it is the birth place of politician and activist james brady.
centreville is a city in illinois in the united states. it is in st. clair county.
champaign is a city in illinois in the united states.
charleston is a city in illinois in the united states.
chenoa is a city in illinois in the united states. the census tells us 1,695 people lived there in 2020. the city can be found where interstate 55 meets historic route 66 and u.s. route 24. matthew t. scott started the city in 1854 to give the people who rented homes on his farm the chance to shop and buy and sell with eachother and so he could ship grain. the chenoa centennial was celebrated in 1954. today, farming is still a big part of the community. 
 schuirman's drug store (now chenoa pharmacy) and union roofing are both notable because of how long they have been businesses in the area. union roofing is one of the largest roofers in illinois. many small shops and factories exist in the city too, including shops which sell antiques. the town school system closed at the end of the 2004 school year so now students go instead to the nearby prairie central school district. lots of people enjoy july 4 celebrations in chenoa each year.
chester is a city and the county seat of randolph county, illinois in the united states. the city features the chester bridge, a bridge over the mississippi river connecting perryville, missouri with chester.
in 2020, chester had 6,814 people living in the city.
chicago heights, illinois
chicago heights is a city in illinois in the united states.
chillicothe is a city in illinois in the united states.
chrisman is a city in illinois in the united states.
christopher is a city in illinois in the united states.
clinton is a city in illinois in the united states.
coffeen is a city in illinois in the united states.
colchester is a city in illinois in the united states.
collinsville is a city in illinois in the united states.
colona is a city in illinois in the united states.
columbia is a city in illinois in the united states.
country club hills, illinois
country club hills is a city in illinois in the united states. it is in cook county.
countryside is a city in illinois in the united states.
creal springs, illinois
creal springs is a city in illinois in the united states.
crest hill, illinois
crest hill is a city in the state illinois in the united states.
crystal lake, illinois
crystal lake is a city in illinois in the united states.
cuba is a city in illinois in the united states.
dallas city, illinois
dallas city is a city in illinois in the united states.
danville is a city in illinois in the united states.
darien is a city in illinois in the united states.
dekalb () is a city in illinois in the united states. the population was 43,862 at the 2010 census, up from 39,018 at the 2000 census. the city is named after decorated german war hero johann de kalb, who died during the american revolutionary war.
delavan is a city in illinois in the united states.
des plaines, illinois
des plaines is a city in illinois in the united states.
it has a bulgarian orthodox church called saint sophias.
dixon is a city in the united states state of illinois. it is the boyhood town of ronald reagan.
du quoin, illinois
du quoin is a city in illinois in the united states.
earlville is a city in illinois in the united states. it is in lasalle county.
east dubuque, illinois
east dubuque is a city in illinois in the united states.
east moline, illinois
east moline is a city in illinois in the united states. it is one of the quad cities.
east peoria, illinois
east peoria is a city in illinois in the united states.
east st. louis, illinois
east st. louis is a city in southwest illinois. it is a suburb of st. louis, missouri. in 2010, the city had a population of 27,006. the majority of the population is black or african-american.
edwardsville, home to southern illinois university edwardsville (siue) is a city in madison county, illinois, united states. as of the 2018, the population was 24,969. it is the county seat of madison county. the city was named in honor of ninian edwards, then governor of the illinois territory.
effingham is a city in illinois in the united states. there are several truck stops in effingham. they also have fast food and hotels there.
el paso, illinois
el paso is a city in illinois in the united states.
eldorado is a city in illinois in the united states.
elgin () is a city in illinois in the united states. it is roughly northwest of chicago on the fox river. most of elgin lies within kane county, illinois, with a portion in cook county, illinois. as of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 108,188. it is the eighth-largest city in illinois and the 241st largest city in the united states. it is part of the chicago metropolitan area.
elmhurst is a city in illinois in the united states.
elmwood park, illinois
elmwood park is a city in illinois in the united states.
eureka is a small city of illinois in the united states. in 2010, 5,295 people lived there. eureka college, a place where abraham lincoln spoke and where ronald reagan graduated, is in eureka.
eureka was started in 1855. it was called "walnut grove". the name was changed to "eureka" because there was another walnut grove. no one agrees about who thought of the name eureka. the name "eureka" comes from a greek word that means "i found it".
evanston is a city in illinois in the united states. it is 12 miles (19 km) north to the center of chicago, and is a part of the chicago metropolitan area. the mayor of evanston is daniel biss.
in march 2021, after evanston passed a measure offering reparations to black residents over slavery, becoming the first in the united states to do so.
fairbury is a city in illinois in the united states.
fairfield is a city in illinois in the united states.
fairview heights, illinois
fairview heights is a city in illinois in the united states.
farmer city, illinois
farmer city is a city in illinois in the united states.
farmington is a city in illinois in the united states.
flora is a city in illinois in the united states.
fox lake, illinois
fox lake is a city in illinois in the united states.
freeport is a city in illinois in the united states, it is also the county seat of stephenson county, illinois. the population was 25,638 at the 2010 census. the mayor of freeport is george w. gaulrapp, who was elected in 2005.
fulton is a city in illinois in the united states.
galena is the largest city in and the county seat of jo daviess county, illinois. 3,429 people lived here at the 2010 census.
galesburg is a city in illinois in the united states.
galva is a city in illinois in the united states.
geneseo is a city in illinois in the united states.
geneva is a city in illinois in the united states. it is on the fox river between st. charles, illinois to the north and batavia, illinois to the south.
genoa is a city in illinois in the united states.
georgetown is a city in illinois in the united states.
gibson city, illinois
gibson city is a city in illinois in the united states.
gillespie is a city in illinois in the united states. as of 2010 there were about 3,000 people living here.
this small city has police protection, water supply, and sewer services.
gilman is a city in illinois in the united states.
girard is a city in illinois in the united states.
golconda is a city of pope county in the state of illinois in the united states. 
the name of this city is inspired from the famous fort called golconda fort which is located in hyderabad city of telangana district in india.
it is the county seat of pope county.
goreville is a city in illinois in the united states. it is in johnson county.
grafton is a city in illinois in the united states.
grand tower, illinois
grand tower is a city in illinois in the united states.
granite city, illinois
granite city is a city in illinois in the united states.
grayslake is a city in lake county in illinois in the united states.
grayslake has a main lake called grays lake.
grayville is a city in illinois in the united states.
greenfield is a city in illinois in the united states.
greenville is a city in illinois in the united states.
griggsville is a city in illinois in the united states.
hamilton is a city in illinois in the united states.
harrisburg is a city in illinois in the united states.
harvard is a city in illinois in the united states.
harvey is a city in illinois in the united states.
havana is a city in illinois in the united states.
henry is a city in illinois in the united states.
herrin is a city in illinois in the united states.
hickory hills, illinois
hickory hills is a city in illinois in the united states.
highland park, illinois
highland park is a city in illinois in the united states. as of 2010, the population was 29,763.
on july 4, 2022, a mass shooting happened at a fourth of july parade in highland park, killing seven people.
highland is a city in illinois in the united states.
highwood is a city in illinois in the united states.
hillsboro is a city in illinois in the united states.
hometown is a city in illinois in the united states.
hoopeston is a city in illinois in the united states.
hurst is a city in illinois in the united states.
jacksonville is a city of morgan county, west-central illinois in the united states.
jerseyville is a city in illinois in the united states.
johnston city, illinois
johnston city is a city in illinois in the united states. it is in williamson county.
the city used to be called jeffersonville. in the beginning of the 1900s, the city had many new people move in. these people moved for the coal mines. ever since 1940 the population has gotten smaller. this is because of the coal mines not being used anymore. 
joliet is a city in illinois in the united states. joliet is 40 miles southwest of chicago, and is the county seat of will county. about 106,000 people lived in joliet as of the year 2000, and about 146,000 people lived in joliet as of the year 2007. joliet is one of illinois' quickest growing cities, and one of the quickest growing cities in the united states. it is also home to the chicagoland speedway used by nascar annually.
kankakee is a city in illinois, united states. it is also the county seat of kankakee county.
u.s. house of representatives member adam kinzinger was born in kankakee.
the potawatami lived in the area beginning sometime in the 18th century. in 1833 the potawatami signed a treaty with the united states government. they agreed to leave the region and move west. kankakee was founded in 1854.
keithsburg is a city of mercer county in the state of illinois in the united states.
kewanee is a city in illinois in the united states.
kinmundy is a city in illinois in the united states.
knoxville is a city in illinois in the united states.
la harpe, illinois
la harpe is a city in illinois in the united states. in 2012 there were 1,222 people living in la harpe. it is in hancock county. it is 697 feet above sea level.
the city is named for berrard de laharpe, a french explorer. during the 1715 he spent winter in the area. the area was settled in the 1830's and the first post office opened in 1836.
lacon is a city in illinois in the united states. it is part of the peoria, illinois metropolitan statistical area
lake forest, illinois
lake forest is a city in illinois in the united states.
lanark is a city in illinois in the united states.
lasalle is a city in illinois in the united states.
lawrenceville is a city in illinois in the united states.
le roy, illinois
le roy is a city in illinois in the united states.
le roy is located at (40.347168, -88.762293).
according to the 2010 census, le roy has a total area of , of which (or 99.32%) is land and (or 0.68%) is water.
lebanon is a city in illinois in the united states.
leland grove, illinois
leland grove is a city in illinois in the united states.
lena is a small city in stephenson county, illinois in the united states.
lewistown is a city in illinois in the united states.
lexington is a city in illinois in the united states.
lincoln is a city in illinois in the united states.
lisle is a city in the state of illinois in the united states.
it has two high schools, two junior highs, and an elementary school.
one high school is the lisle senior high.
litchfield is a city in illinois in the united states.
lockport is a city in illinois in the united states.
lombard is a city in illinois in the united states.
macomb is a city in illinois in the united states.
macon is a city in illinois in the united states.
madison is a city in illinois in the united states.
marengo is a city in illinois in the united states. the population was 6,355 at the 2000 census.
marion is a city in illinois in the united states.
markham is a city in illinois in the united states. it is in cook county. the population was 12,620 at the 2000 census.
maroa is a city in illinois in the united states.
marquette heights, illinois
marquette heights is a city in illinois in the united states.
marseilles is a city in illinois in the united states. the population was 5,094 at the 2010 census. it is part of the ottawa–streator micropolitan statistical area.
marshall is a city in illinois in the united states.
martinsville is a city in clark county, illinois, united states. in 2010, the population was 1,167
mascoutah is a city in illinois in the united states.
mason city, illinois
mason city is a city in illinois in the united states.
mattoon is a city in illinois in the united states.
mchenry is a city in illinois in the united states.
mcleansboro is a city in hamilton county, illinois, united states. the population was 2,883 at the 2010 census. it is the county seat of hamilton county.
mendota is a city in illinois in the united states.
metropolis is a city in illinois in the united states. it is the county seat of massac county, illinois.
midlothian is a city in illinois in the united states.
minonk is a city in illinois in the united states.
mokena is a city in illinois in the united states.
moline is a city in illinois in the united states. it is one of the quad cities. as of 2011, about 43,489 people lived there.
momence is a city in illinois in the united states. in 2000, 3171 people lived in it.
monmouth is a city in illinois in the united states.
monticello is a city in illinois in the united states.
morris is a city in illinois in the united states.
morrison is a city in illinois in the united states.
mound city, illinois
mound city is a city in the u.s. state of illinois.
mounds is a city in illinois in the united states.
mount carmel, illinois
mount carmel is a city in illinois in the united states.
mount carroll, illinois
mount carroll is a city in illinois in the united states.
mount olive, illinois
mount olive is a city in illinois in the united states.
mount pulaski, illinois
mount pulaski is a city in illinois in the united states.
mount sterling, illinois
mount sterling is a city in illinois in the united states. it is the county seat of brown county.
mount vernon, illinois
mount vernon is a city in and the county seat of jefferson county, illinois, united states. the population was 15,277 at the 2010 census.
murphysboro is a city in illinois in the united states.
naperville is a city in illinois in the united states. it is ranked the 5th biggest in illinois. it was founded by joseph naper who founded it along with the dupage river in 1831. before any settlement, naperville was home to native american tribes. in 1641, the first caucasian contact with native americans in illinois. they were kicked out by the potawami tribe that kicked out the ilinewek tribe whom they had made contact with native americans. naper arrived with his friends and family to what would be known as napers settlement. he was known for many things in naperville as it was incorporated as a community in 1857. the county is named after the river, dupage county. these churches were built by the early families of naperville such as the hobsons, napers, and scotts as they built seven churches. naperville became an important stop from chicago and ottawa. by 1832, there were 180 residents living in naperville whom they had built sawmills, stores, the pre-emption hotel, and gristmills. du-page county was established in 1839 and naperville became the county seat. eight businesses in naperville contributed to the building of the southwest plank road. this was completed in 1851 and connected chicago, naperville, and oswego. 
naperville grew and grew for the next century as stone quarries flushed providing building materials for chicago after the horrible fire of 1871. the stenger brewery shipped beer across the region. the kroehler manufacturing company became naperville’s largest employer which shipped furniture by rail into chicago and many dominant markets. 
naperville became a city in 1890 with a population of 2,629 from the 1900s census. it grew to 12,933 residents by 1960. between 1890 and 1920, residents began to receive basic city services like water, sewers, electricity, and landlines. 
the suburban boom began in the western suburbs after the second world war, naperville remained out of the range of growth until 1954, when plans for a transportation system began as it was announced as the east-west toll road. the route slirted the northern edge of naperville and included an interchange which linked the city to downtown chicago via the completed eisenhower expressway. as a result, residential, industrial, and retail services boomed in naperville. the city expanded to 50 square miles in 1993, with a population of 128,358 in 2000. among the area, only aurora and chicago were larger in size. 
many new buisnesses attracted to the naperville area were based in development and research. during the late 50s and 60s, argonne national laboratory, northern illinois gas, at&t bell laboratories, etc were established in naperville 
harold moser led the residential boom with his first subdivision in 1956. by 1965, moser had subdivided 8,000 building lots and built 3500 homes in the naperville area. 
according to the 2010 census, naperville has an area of 39.323 square miles of which 38.77 square miles is land and 0.553 square miles is water. 
portions of naperville drain to the west of the dupage river. 
as of the 2020 census, the population of naperville would be 149,540 making it the fourth populous city in the state of illinois with the largest employer being edward hospital with 4500 employees. 
naperville is home to moser tower and millennium carillion, is one of the fourth largest in the world. 
it is home to extensive parks and forest preservation networks like centennial beach. naperville has two school districts, 203 and 204. 
naperville has had two major floods, one in 1996 and the other in 2013. 
nashville is a city in illinois in the united states.
nason is a city in illinois in the united states.
nauvoo is a city in illinois in the united states. it was settled by the church of jesus christ of latter-day saints. a temple was built at nauvoo by joseph smith. joseph smith was killed there. the original temple was burnt, but a new one was built in 2002. later in the 19th century, there was a utopian (ideal) colony built by a group called the icarians. 
neoga is a city in illinois in the united states.
new boston, illinois
new boston is a city in illinois in the united states.
newman is a city in illinois in the united states.
newton is a city in illinois in the united states.
nokomis is a city in illinois in the united states. it is in montgomery county.
normal is a city in mclean county, illinois, in the united states. it is considered a "twin city" of bloomington, illinois. normal was originally called north bloomington. its name was changed to normal after illinois state normal university was built there.
north chicago, illinois
north chicago is a city in illinois in the united states. it is in lake county.
north chicago has the great lakes naval training center and the headquarters of abbott laboratories.
northlake is a city in illinois in the united states.
o'fallon is a city in illinois in the united states.
oak forest, illinois
oak forest is a city in illinois in the united states.
oakbrook terrace, illinois
oakbrook terrace is a city in illinois in the united states.
oakland is a city in illinois in the united states.
oglesby is a city in illinois in the united states.
olney is a city in illinois in the united states. it is the county seat of richland county.
oneida is a city in illinois in the united states.
oregon is a city in ogle county, illinois, united states. oregon is also the county seat. the population was 3,721 people in the 2010 census.
orient is a city in illinois in the united states.
orland park, illinois
orland park is a city in illinois in the united states.
ottawa is a city in illinois in the united states.
palos heights, illinois
palos heights is a city in illinois in the united states.
palos hills, illinois
palos hills is a city in illinois in the united states.
pana is a city in illinois in the united states.
paris is a city in illinois in the united states. 
park city, illinois
park city is a city in illinois in the united states. there were 7,570 people living in the area, according to the 2010 census. 
park ridge, illinois
park ridge is a city in cook county, illinois, united states, and a chicago suburb. the population was 37,480 at the 2010 census. it is located northwest of downtown chicago. it is close to o'hare international airport, major expressways, and rail transportation. it is a part of the chicago metropolitan area, bordering three northwestern neighborhoods of chicago's far north side (edison park, norwood park, and o'hare.)
as its name suggests, park ridge lies on a ridge. the soil is abundant with clay deposits, which made it a brick-making center for the developing city of chicago. park ridge was originally called pennyville to honor george penny, the businessman who owned the local brickyard along with robert meacham. later it was named brickton. the des plaines river divides park ridge from neighboring des plaines, illinois, which is west of park ridge. chicago is south and east of park ridge, and niles and unincorporated maine township are to its north.
paxton is a city in illinois in the united states.
pekin is a city in illinois in the united states.
peru is a city in illinois in the united states.
petersburg is a city in illinois in the united states.
pinckneyville is a city in illinois in the united states.
pittsfield is a city in illinois in the united states.
plano is a city in illinois in the united states.
pleasant hill, illinois
pleasant hill is a village of pike county in the state of illinois in the united states.
polo is a city in illinois in the united states.
pontiac is a city in illinois in the united states.
princeton is a city in bureau county, illinois, united states. it is also the county seat of bureau county. in 2010, 7,660 people lived there. princeton is part of the ottawa–streator micropolitan statistical area.
bureau county was a new england settlement. the first people of princeton were from new england. these people were "yankees." they were part of a group of new england farmers who went west into what was then the wilds of the northwest territory during the early 1800s. most of them came because of the erie canal. when they came to what is now bureau county, there was nothing but forest and wild prairie. the new englanders created farms, built roads, created government buildings and created post routes. culturally, bureau county would be very similar with early new england culture for most of its history. during slavery, it was a stop on the underground railroad at the home of owen lovejoy.
princeton's old nickname was "the city of elms" because there were many elm trees in princeton during the middle of the 20th century.
princeton is at (41.378481, −89.466924). the united states census bureau says that princeton has a total area of . all of it is land.
the 2000 census says that there were 7,501 people, 3,263 households, and 1,987 families living in princeton.
amtrak has service to princeton. it is on the "california zephyr", the "illinois zephyr", the "carl sandburg" and the "southwest chief". it goes daily in both directions between chicago and points west from princeton.
princeton has the princeton high school. it is the oldest township high school in the state. it was created in 1867.
prophetstown is a city in illinois in the united states. the population was 2,080 at the 2010 census, up from 2,023 in 2000.
prospect heights, illinois
prospect heights is a city in illinois in the united states. it is a suburb of chicago. in 2020, 16,058 people lived there.
red bud, illinois
red bud is a city in illinois in the united states.
robinson is a city in illinois in the united states.
rochelle is a city in illinois in the united states.
rock falls, illinois
rock falls is a city in illinois in the united states. there were 9,266 people living in the area, according to the 2010 census. 
rock island, illinois
rock island is a city in illinois in the united states. it is part of the quad cities of northwest illinois and southeastern iowa. it is named for an island, now called "arsenal island" and one of the world's largest arsenals.
rockford is a city of illinois in the united states. it is in northern illinois, at the junction of interstate 90 and interstate 39. it is one of the largest cities in the state of illinois, with a population of 150,115. an ahl team called the "rockford icehogs" play there.
rolling meadows, illinois
rolling meadows is a city in illinois in the united states.
roodhouse is a city in illinois in the united states.
rosiclare is a city in illinois in the united states.
roxana is a city in illinois in the united states.
rushville is a city in illinois in the united states.
salem is a city in illinois in the united states.
sandwich is a city in the u.s. state of illinois. the population is 7,337 and is in the county's dekalb, kendall and lasalle. it is nicknamed, "the fair city".
savanna is a city in illinois in the united states.
sesser is a city in illinois in the united states.
shawneetown is a city in illinois in the united states.
shelbyville is a city in illinois in the united states.
silvis is a city in illinois in the united states. it got its name in 1906.
south beloit, illinois
south beloit is a city in illinois in the united states.
sparta is a city in illinois in the united states.
spring valley, illinois
spring valley is a city in illinois in the united states.
st. charles, illinois
st. charles is a city in illinois in the united states. in the 2010 census, st. charles had a population of 32,974. it is located on the fox river between south elgin, illinois to the north and geneva, illinois to the south.
st. elmo, illinois
st. elmo is a city in illinois in the united states.
st. francisville, illinois
st. francisville is a city in illinois in the united states.
staunton is a city in illinois in the united states.
sterling is a city in illinois in the united states.
streamwood is a city in illinois in the united states.
streator is a city in illinois in the united states.
sullivan is a city in the u.s. state of illinois.
sumner is a city in illinois in the united states. according to the 2010 census, the city has a total area of , all land.
sycamore is a city in illinois in the united states.
vandalia is a city in fayette county, illinois, united states. it is northeast of st. louis, on the kaskaskia river. it was the capital of illinois from 1819 to 1839. (the state legislature moved the capital from kaskaskia to a more central location in vandalia.) it was also the west end of the national (cumberland) road, which is now u.s. highway 40. today it is the county seat of fayette county and the home of the vandalia state house state historic site (1836). the population was 7,042 at the 2010 census.
venice is a city in illinois in the united states.
vienna is a city in illinois in the united states.
villa grove, illinois
villa grove is a city in illinois in the united states.
villa park, illinois
villa park is a city in illinois in the united states.
virden is a city in illinois in the united states.
virginia is a city in the state of illinois in the united states.
wamac is a city in illinois in the united states.
warrenville is a city in illinois in the united states.
warsaw is a city in hancock county, illinois, united states. the population was 1,793 at the 2000 census. people know the city for its historic downtown and the warsaw brewery.
the city of warsaw began in 1814. future president zachary taylor founded fort johnson on the eastern bank of the mississippi river across from the mouth of the des moines river. fort johnson was occupied only for a few weeks before it was burned. in 1815 another military camp, fort edwards, was built nearby at a different location. warsaw became an important fur trading post and one of the earliest european-american settlements in western illinois.
during the 1840s, warsaw was one of the centers of opposition to the mormons at nauvoo. thomas c. sharp, who edited the "warsaw signal" at this time lead the anti-mormons. the mormons tried to set up a settlement at warren, a site just south of warsaw. in 1841 willard richards moved to warsaw to oversee the settlement of warren, but due to the public response to writings by sharp and other problems, the mormon settlement was abandoned in 1842. in october 1844, a great gathering was announced in warsaw. although it claimed to be a "wolf hunt," people knew that the "wolves" to be hunted were the mormons. when governor thomas ford heard about it, he sent militia troops to disperse the gathering. most mormons left the area for utah in 1846.
the city has a well-preserved downtown with a number of remaining historic businesses. founded by german immigrants, the warsaw brewery opened in 1861 and operated for more than 100 years, ending production in 1971. the facility was renovated and reopened in 2006 as a bar and restaurant.
washington is a city in illinois in the united states.
waterloo is a city in illinois in the united states.
watseka is a city in illinois in the united states.
waukegan () is the largest city in and the county seat of lake county, illinois, united states. it is a suburb of chicago, therefore part of the chicago metropolitan area. as of the 2010 census, the population of waukegan was 89,078.
waverly is a city in illinois in the united states. it is in morgan county. the population was 1,346 at the 2000 census. 
wenona is a city in illinois in the united states.
west chicago, illinois
west chicago is a city in illinois in the united states.
west frankfort, illinois
west frankfort is a city in illinois in the united states.
west peoria, illinois
west peoria is a city in illinois in the united states.
wheaton is a city in illinois in the united states.
white hall, illinois
white hall is a city in illinois in the united states.
wilmington, will county, illinois
wilmington is a city of will county in the state of illinois, in the united states.
winchester is a city in illinois in the united states. it is the county seat of scott county.
windsor, shelby county is a city in illinois in the united states.
witt is a city in illinois in the united states. it is in montgomery county.
wood dale, illinois
wood dale is a city in illinois in the united states.
wood river, illinois
wood river is a city in madison county, illinois in the united states in the river bend area.
woodstock is a city in illinois in the united states.
wyoming is a city in illinois in the united states.
yorkville is a city in illinois in the united states. it is the county seat of kendall county, illinois.
zeigler is a city in illinois in the united states. the population was 1,801 in 2010 census.
zion is a city in illinois in the united states.
real time streaming protocol
the real time streaming protocol (rtsp), developed by the ietf and created in 1998 as , is a protocol for use in streaming media systems, which allows a client to remotely control a streaming media server, issuing vcr-like commands such as "play" and "pause", and allowing time-based access to files on a server.
the sending of streaming data itself is not part of the rtsp protocol. most rtsp servers use the standards-based rtp as the transport protocol for the actual audio/video data. the rtsp server from realnetworks also features realnetworks' proprietary rdt as the transport protocol.
alexandria is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states. it was settled during the 1830s and 1840s by people who thought it would be linked by the planned 296-mile long indiana central canal. the canal was never completed, and alexandria did not really grow until the discovery of natural gas in 1887. the number of people living in the town grew from only 491 in 1887 to 7,221 in 1900.
the world's largest steel mill was built, but the gas did not last. the mill was taken down and moved without ever producing steel.
in 1943 the united states office of war information decided alexandria was the typical american town. it published a book about the town called "small town, u.s.a".. this was to show what typical american people were like, how they lived, their beliefs and their values. alexandria celebrates this choice with its annual "small town usa festival."
anderson is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
angola is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
attica is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
auburn is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
aurora is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
batesville is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
bedford is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states. as of the 2010 census, the population was 13,413. it is the county seat of lawrence county.
beech grove, indiana
beech grove is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states. as of the 2010 census, the city's population was 14,192.
berne is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
bicknell is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
bloomington is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states of america.
bluffton is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
boonville is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
brazil is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states. it is the county seat of clay county.
butler is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
cannelton is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
carmel is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states. the city was first called bethlehem when it began in 1837. the name was changed to carmel in 1847.
charlestown is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
clinton is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
columbia city, indiana
columbia city is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
columbus is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
about 47,000 people were living in columbus in 2016.
connersville is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
covington is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
crawfordsville is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
crown point, indiana
crown point is a city in, indiana, united states. crown point was founded in 1834. it was incorporated into lake county 1868. in 2022, 33,899 people lived there.
decatur is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
delphi is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
dunkirk is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
east chicago, indiana
east chicago is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
elkhart () is a city in elkhart county in the state of indiana, in the united states.
elwood is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
evansville is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
fort wayne, indiana
fort wayne is a city in the u.s. state of indiana and the county seat of allen county. the population was 254,555 as of the 2012 census estimate making it the 74th largest city in the united states and the second largest in indiana after indianapolis. the city is in northeastern indiana, about west of the ohio border and south of the michigan border. 
under the direction of american revolutionary war statesman anthony wayne, the united states army built fort wayne. it was the last in a series of forts near the miami tribe village of kekionga in 1794. named in wayne's honor, the settlement established itself as a trading post for european pioneers.
fort wayne was known for hosting the first ever nighttime baseball game. in 1982, there was flood that forced 9,000 residents to leave their homes. it damaged 2,000 buildings and caused us$56.1 million in damage. because of this, president ronald reagan visited the city.
the city has been an all-america city award winner. it won in 1982, 1998, and 2009. it received an outstanding achievement city livability award by the u.s. conference of mayors in 1999.
frankfort is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
franklin is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
garrett is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
gary is a city in the state of indiana, in the midwestern united states. gary is known for its steel mills and for being the birthplace of singer michael jackson. 
the population of gary is less than 80,000. this is under half what it was in 1960. industry has been reduced a lot since the 1960s. most of the city's middle-class and white people moved away. it is now 85% african-american.
gary has a humid continental climate (dfa in the köppen climate classification).
gas city, indiana
gas city is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states. it is in grant county. it is along the mississinewa river. it was first called harrisburg.
goshen is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
greencastle is a city in greencastle township, putnam county, indiana, united states, and the county seat of putnam county. before greencastle became a city in 1861, it was a town. greencastle, indiana was founded in year 1821 by a man named ephraim dukes after he purchased and later sold some land to the local government. this type of purchase is called a land grant. ephraim duke named the settlement for his hometown of greencastle, pennsylvania. the population was 10,326 at the 2010 census. it is located near interstate 70 approximately halfway between terre haute and indianapolis in the west-central portion of the state. greencastle is well known as being the location of depauw university.
as of the census of 2010, there were 10,326 people, 3,368 households, and 1,989 families residing in the city. the population density was . there were 3,742 housing units at an average density of . the racial makeup of the city was 92.4% white, 2.7% african american, 0.3% native american, 1.9% asian, 0.9% from other races, and 1.8% from two or more races. hispanic or latino of any race were 2.5% of the population.
there were 3,368 households, of which 30.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.0% were married couples living together, 12.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.9% were non-families. 35.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. the average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.93.
the median age in the city was 27.4 years. 19% of residents were under the age of 18; 28.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 19.7% were from 25 to 44; 18.6% were from 45 to 64; and 14.2% were 65 years of age or older. the gender makeup of the city was 46.7% male and 53.3% female.
greendale is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
greenfield is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
greensburg is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states. the population was counted at 11,492 at the 2010 census. the city is the county seat of decatur county.
greenwood is a city in johnson county, in the u.s. state of indiana.
hammond is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states. it is a sister city to galaţi, romania.
as of 2016 about 77,000 people are living there.
hartford city, indiana
hartford city is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
hobart is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
huntingburg is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
huntington is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
major employers include utec (united technologies electronic controls) and continental structural plastics.
in the early 2016, utec announced plans to move about 700 of its roughly 800 positions to mexico.
jasonville is a city of greene county in the state of indiana, united states.
jasper is a city of dubois county in the state of indiana, united states. jasper is the county seat of dubois county.
jeffersonville is a city of clark county in the state of indiana, united states.
jonesboro is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
kendallville is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
knox is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
kokomo is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
la porte, indiana
la porte is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
in april 1908, the home of resident belle gunness burned down. the investigation found that belle gunness was a killer who would seduce males so she could kill them for their money. it is unknown exactly how many murders she committed-anywhere to from over a dozen to a suspected 50. there are two main beliefs of belle gunness fate; one is that she was killed in the fire caused by her accomplice ray lamphere [who died in prison of natural causes]; the other is that she tried to fake her own death [the remains of the woman found with gunness children did not confirm to gunness size and weight]. in april 1931 a woman called herself "esther carlson" was arrested in california on a charge of poisoning a man named august lindstrom for his money; she died of natural causes before she could be tried or identified as gunness..
lafayette is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states. according to census of 2000, the population was 56,397.
lake station, indiana
lake station is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
lawrence is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
lawrenceburg is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
lebanon is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
ligonier is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
linton is a town of the stockton township in greene county in the state of indiana, united states.
logansport is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
loogootee is a city of martin county in the state of indiana, united states.
madison is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
marion is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states. the city is the county seat of grant county.
the city is the home of indiana wesleyan university.
martinsville is a city of morgan county in the state of indiana in the united states. almost 11,700 people were living in martinsville as of 2000.
michigan city, indiana
michigan city is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
mishawaka is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states. it is built on the banks of the st.joseph river. first settled in the 1830's, in 2000 there were 44,657 people living in the city. the city is named after a native american girl, princess mishawaka, the daughter of a shawnee chief, elkhart.
the first european settlers came to the area after bog iron was found there in the 1830's. being near the river, it was a good site for industry which could use river transport. the town was first called st.joseph iron works, after the works which started there in 1833. shortly after, three other small towns were joined together as the city of mishawaka.
mitchell is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
monticello is a city in the state of indiana, in the united states.
montpelier is a city in indiana in the united states.
it is estimated that 1,654 people live in montpelier.
mount vernon, indiana
mount vernon is a city in indiana in the united states.
muncie is a city in indiana in the united states. it is known as "middletown usa" because many sociological studies were conducted there because it was said to be the typical american city. the population of muncie in 2011 was 67,430 people.
muncie is in delaware county, about northeast of indianapolis. the county was named after the delaware indians, a native american people, who had moved west from ohio in the 1770's. they settled along the banks of the white river. one of the settlements was named muncietown. in 1818 the delaware signed a treaty with the us government and moved out of the area to go further west.
sociologists, robert s. lynd and his wife, helen merrell lynd, studied muncie in the 1920s. they wrote two books about life in muncie called "middletown: a study in modern american culture", and "middletown in transition". they wanted to study the typical small american city, which of course can not exist. they wanted to see how life in a city had changed from 1890 to 1925. they were going to study a city they way an anthropologist would study a primitive tribe. they decided to look at six parts of living in a city:
they chose muncie because it shared features with many other small cities. the selection was based on the following:
muncie was chosen from the 143 cities that met the above descriptions. since then muncie has been studied by other sociologists looking at life in america. the ball state university in muncie runs the center for middletown studies to continue the research.
nappanee is a city in indiana in the united states.
new albany, indiana
new albany is a city in indiana in the united states.
new haven, indiana
new haven is a city in indiana in the united states.
noblesville is a city in indiana in the united states. its estimated population as of 2007 is 41,561. it is also about 19.1 square miles large.
north vernon, indiana
north vernon is a city in indiana in the united states.
oakland city, indiana
oakland city is a city in indiana in the united states.
peru is a city in indiana in the united states.
petersburg, indiana is a city in indiana in the united states. it is the county seat of pike county.
plymouth is a city in indiana in the united states.
portage is a city in indiana in the united states. according to the 2020 united states census, 37,926 people lived there.
portland is a city in indiana in the united states. the population in 2000 was 6,437. it is 90 miles west of indianapolis.
princeton is a city in the state of indiana in the united states.
rensselaer is a city in indiana in the united states.
richmond is a city in indiana in the united states and county seat of wayne county, indiana.
rising sun, indiana
rising sun is a city in indiana in the united states. the population was 2,304 at the 2010 census. the city is the county seat of ohio county.
rochester is a city in indiana in the united states.
rockport is a city in indiana in the united states.
rushville is a city in indiana in the united states.
salem is a city in indiana in the united states.
scottsburg is a city in indiana in the united states.
seymour is a city in indiana in the united states.
shelbyville is a city in indiana in the united states.
south bend, indiana
south bend is a city of northern indiana in the united states. it is the county seat of st. joseph county near the st. joseph river. in the year 2000, the city had 107,789 people living in it. it is the fourth largest city in indiana. the university of notre dame is in south bend. 
the current mayor is james mueller since 2020.
southport is a city in indiana in the united states.
sullivan is a city in indiana in the united states.
tell city, indiana
tell city is a city in indiana in the united states.
terre haute, indiana
terre haute is a city in indiana in the united states. indiana state university is in terre haute.
"this is about the town in indiana, usa. for other towns called tipton, see tipton (disambiguation)."
tipton is a city in indiana in the united states.
union city, indiana
union city is a city in indiana in the united states.
valparaiso is a city in indiana in the united states.
1917 time capsule.
in 2006, in the town hall of valaparaiso, a time capsule from 1917 was found. inside was a letter, written by louis james gast in 1917. there were also photos, a telephone book, and magazine pages. 
vincennes is a city in indiana in the united states.
wabash is a city in indiana in the united states.
warsaw is a city in indiana in the united states.
washington is a city in indiana in the united states.
west lafayette, indiana
west lafayette is a city in indiana in the united states.
whiting is a city in the us state of indiana. the city is in lake county on the southern shore of lake michigan. it is a part of the chicago metropolitan district. there were 4,997 people living in whiting according to the 2010 united states census.
the city is home to the whiting refinery. this is the biggest oil refinery in the midwest. 
winchester is a city in indiana in the united states.
woodburn is a city in indiana in the united states.
august krogh (schack august steenberg krogh, 15 november 1874 13 september 1949) was a danish zoologist. he won the 1920 nobel prize in physiology or medicine, for his discoveries about capillaries.
ackley is a city in iowa in the united states.
ackworth is a city in iowa in the united states.
adair is a city in iowa in the united states. it is in the counties of adair and guthrie. at the 2010 census, 781 people lived there.
adel is a city in iowa in the united states.
afton is a city in iowa in the united states.
agency is a city in iowa in the united states. the population of agency was 644 in july 2008.
agency's coordinates are .
ainsworth is a city in iowa in the united states.
akron is a city in iowa in the united states.
albert city, iowa
albert city is a city in iowa in the united states.
albia is a city in iowa in the united states.
albion is a city in iowa in the united states.
alburnett is a city in iowa in the united states.
alden is a city in iowa in the united states.
alexander is a city in iowa in the united states.
algona is a city in iowa in the united states.
alleman is a city in iowa in the united states.
allerton is a city of wayne county in the state of iowa, united states.
allison is a city in iowa in the united states. it was named for u.s. senator william boyd allison.
alta vista, iowa
alta vista is a city in iowa in the united states.
alta is a city in iowa in the united states.
alton is a city in iowa in the united states.
altoona is a city in iowa in the united states.
alvord is a city in iowa in the united states.
ames is a city in iowa in the united states. in 2006 there were 54,181 people living in the city. it is was built between skunk river and squaw creek, 35 miles north of the state capital, des moines. the town was first settled in 1864 as a railway town at a spot where the skunk river could be crossed easily. it was named after oakes ames, a member of the us congress who supported building the railway. 
ames is the home of the iowa state university. it is also famous for being the home of the united states department of agriculture's national animal disease center.
anamosa is a city in iowa in the united states.
andover is a city in iowa in the united states.
andrew is a city in iowa in the united states.
anita is a city in iowa in the united states.
ankeny is a city in iowa in the united states.
it has the population of 65,854 and is the 3rd biggest city in polk county.
anthon is a city in iowa in the united states.
aplington is a city in iowa in the united states.
arcadia is a city in iowa in the united states.
archer is a city of o'brien county in the state of iowa in the united states. around 120 people were living in archer as of 2000.
aredale is a city in iowa in the united states.
aredale is located at (42.834907, -93.004744).
argyle is an unincorporated community of iowa in the united states. it is in southwestern lee county.
arion is a city in iowa in the united states.
arispe is a city in iowa in the united states.
arlington is a city in iowa in the united states.
armstrong is a city in emmet county of the state of iowa in the united states. about 950 people were living in armstrong as of 2000.
arnolds park, iowa
arnolds park is a city in iowa in the united states. it is in dickinson county.
arthur is a city in iowa in the united states.
asbury is a city in iowa in the united states.]
ashton is a city in iowa in the united states.
aspinwall is a city in iowa in the united states.
atalissa is a city of muscatine county in the state of iowa, in the united states.
atkins is a city in iowa in the united states.
atlantic is a city in iowa in the united states.
auburn is a city in iowa in the united states. it is in sac county.
audubon is a city in iowa in the united states.
aurelia is a city in iowa in the united states.
aurora is a city in iowa in the united states.
avoca is a city in pottawattamie county, iowa, united states. in 2010, 1,506 people lived there.
avoca was created in 1869 when the chicago, rock island and pacific railroad built a railroad near the area. it is named after avoca in ireland. it quickly became a regional service center for the nearby farms.
avoca is at (41.4790, -95.3373). the city is between the west nishnabotna river and its east branch.
the united states census bureau says that the city has a total area of . all of it is land.
in 2010, there were 1,506 people, 662 households, and 436 families living in the avoca. 98.8% of the people were white, 0.2% african american, 0.1% native american, 0.1% asian, 0.1% from other races, and 0.6% from two or more races. hispanic or latino of any race were 1.9% of the people.
the median age in the city was 43.2 years old. 48.9% of the people were male, and 51.1% of the people were female.
the community is served by the ahstw community school district. it used to be in the hancock-avoca community school district until july 1, 1996. this was when the district merged into the a-h-s-t community school district. in turn, that merged into ahstw on july 1, 2016.
ayrshire is a city in iowa in the united states.
badger is a city in iowa in the united states. the population was 610 at the 2000 census.
bagley is a city in iowa in the united states.
baldwin is a city in iowa in the united states.
balltown is a city in iowa in the united states.
bancroft is a city in iowa in the united states.
bankston is a city in iowa in the united states.
barnes city, iowa
barnes city is a city in iowa in the united states.
barnum is a city in iowa in the united states.
bassett is a city in iowa in the united states. it is in northeastern iowa. it is in chickasaw county.
batavia is a city in iowa in the united states.
battle creek, iowa
battle creek is a city in iowa in the united states.
baxter is a city in iowa in the united states. it is in jasper county, near the central part of the state.
bayard is a city in iowa in the united states.
beacon is a city in iowa in the united states.
beaconsfield is a city in iowa in the united states.
beaman is a city in iowa in the united states.
beaver is a city in iowa in the united states.
bedford is a city in iowa in the united states.
belle plaine, iowa
belle plaine is a city in iowa in the united states.
bellevue is a city in iowa in the united states.
belmond is a city in iowa in the united states. according to the census bureau, there are 2,574 people living in belmond and the town's area is 2.8 miles, all of it land.the largest racial ethnic group that exists are whites forming around 82% of the total population.
on october 14, 1966, at about 2:55pm, belmond was hit by an f5 tornado which killed six people and destroyed 650 homes.
bennett is a city in iowa in the united states.
benton is a city in iowa in the united states.
berkley is a city in iowa in the united states.
bernard is a city in iowa in the united states.
bertram is a city of linn county in the state of iowa, united states.
berwick is a city in iowa in the united states.
bettendorf is a city in iowa in the united states. it is in scott county. bettendorf is one of the quad cities, along with neighboring davenport and the illinois cities of moline, east moline and rock island. in 2011, bettendorf was named america's 95th best town by cnnmoney.
bevington is a city in iowa in the united states. the population was 58 at the 2000 census.
birmingham is a city in iowa in the united states. the population was 423 at the 2000 census
blairsburg is a city in iowa in the united states.
blairstown is a city in iowa in the united states.
blakesburg is a city in iowa, one of the united states.
blanchard is a city in iowa in the united states.
blencoe is a city in iowa in the united states. it is in monona county.
blockton is a city in iowa in the united states.
bloomfield is a city in iowa, united states.
blue grass, iowa
blue grass is a city in iowa in the united states.
bode is a city in iowa in the united states. it is in humboldt county. the population was 302 at the 2010 census.
bonaparte is a city in iowa in the united states.
bondurant is a city in iowa in the united states.
boone is a city in iowa in the united states.
booneville is a city in iowa in the united states.
bouton is a city in iowa in the united states.
boxholm is a city in iowa in the united states.
boyden is a town in iowa in the united states. the population was 701 at the 2020 census.
braddyville is a city in iowa in the united states.
bradford is a census-designated place (cdp) in iowa in the united states.
bradgate is a city in iowa in the united states. as of the 2000 census, 101 people lived there.
brandon is a city in buchanan county, iowa, united states. the population was 311 at the 2000 census.
brandon is home to iowa's largest frying pan. built in 2001, the frying pan weighs over 1,000 pounds.
brayton is a city in iowa in the united states.
breda is a city in iowa in the united states. as of 2020, it had a population of 500.
bridgewater is a city in iowa in the united states.
brighton is a city in iowa in the united states. about 690 people lived in brighton in 2001.
bristow is a city in iowa in the united states.
britt is a city in iowa in the united states.
bronson is a city in iowa in the united states.
brooklyn is a city in iowa in the united states.
brunsville is a city in iowa in the united states.
buck grove, iowa
buck grove is a city in iowa in the united states.
buckeye is a city in iowa in the united states.
buffalo center, iowa
buffalo center is a city in iowa in the united states.
buffalo is a city in iowa in the united states.
burt is a city in iowa in the united states. students attend the nearby algona schools.
bussey is a city in iowa in the united states.
calamus is a city of clinton county in the state of iowa, united states. nearly 400 people were living in calamus as of 2000.
callender is a city in iowa in the united states.
calmar is a city in iowa in the united states.
calumet is a city in iowa in the united states.
camanche is a city in iowa in the united states.
cambridge is a city in iowa in the united states.
cantril is a city of van buren county, iowa in the united states.
carbon is a city in iowa in the united states.
carlisle is a city in iowa in the united states.
carpenter is a city in iowa in the united states.
carroll is a city in iowa in the united states.
carson is a city of pottawattamie county in the state of iowa, united states. it is found along the banks of the west nishnabotna river.
carter lake, iowa
carter lake is a city in pottawattamie county, iowa, united states. it is a suburb of omaha, nebraska. in 2010, 3,785 people lived there.
carter lake is an example of the border irregularities of the united states. it is the only city in iowa that is west of the missouri river. in march 1877, a flood changed the course of the river 1.25 mi (2 km) to the southeast. the parts of the old river course, called saratoga bend, became an oxbow lake. it is named carter lake. after the creation of the lake, the place became a recreational area. it included "a boathouse at the foot of locust street, hotels and club houses were numerous and the lake was the scene of many a pleasant rowing and fishing party."
in 1892, after a lot of litigation between iowa and nebraska, the supreme court of the united states said that carter lake is part of iowa in "nebraska v. iowa", 143 u.s. 359 (1892). the general rule is that state borders follow small changes in the course of a river. however, the court said that an there's an exception when a river avulses one of its bends. in 1972, the supreme court made another ruling about carter lake when it ruled on a border dispute between the two states in "nebraska v. iowa", 406 u.s. 117 (1972).
carter lake is at (41.292647, -95.913989).
the city is surrounded on three sides by omaha, nebraska, and on the fourth by the missouri river.
the united states census bureau says that the city has a total area of . of that, is land and is water.
the 2010 census says that there were 3,785 people, 1,388 households, and 997 families living in carter lake.
the current mayor of carter lake is ron cumberledge. he was elected on november 7th, 2017.
cascade is a city in iowa in the united states.
casey is a city in iowa in the united states.
castalia is a city in iowa in the united states.
castana is a city in iowa in the united states. castana is at (42.072518, -95.908266).
cedar falls, iowa
cedar falls is a city in iowa in the united states. it is part of the waterloo-cedar falls region. university of northern iowa was established in cedar falls.
center junction, iowa
center junction is a census-designated place (cdp) of iowa in the united states.
center point, iowa
center point is a city in iowa in the united states.
centerville is a city in iowa in the united states.
central city, iowa
central city is a city in iowa in the united states.
centralia is a city in iowa in the united states.
chariton is a city in iowa in the united states.
charles city, iowa
charles city is a city in iowa in the united states.
charlotte is a city in iowa in the united states.
charter oak, iowa
charter oak is a city in iowa in the united states.
chatsworth is a city in iowa in the united states. it is in sioux county.
chelsea is a city in iowa in the united states.
cherokee is a city in iowa in the united states.
chester is a city in iowa in the united states.
chillicothe is a city in iowa in the united states.
churdan is a city in iowa in the united states.
cincinnati is a city in iowa in the united states. in 2000, the population was 428. it is in appanoose county.
clare is a city in iowa in the united states.
clarence is a city in iowa in the united states.
clarinda is a city in iowa in the united states.
clarion is a city in iowa in the united states.
clarksville is a city in iowa in the united states.
clayton is a city in iowa in the united states.
clear lake, iowa
clear lake is a city in iowa in the united states.
clearfield is a city in iowa in the united states.
the population of clearfield was 371 people in 2000.
cleghorn is a city in iowa in the united states.
clemons is a city found in marshall county in iowa in the united states. the city had a population of 148 in 2010. the population was the same in 2000. when the city was created, the city was first called clemons' grove. clemons was founded in 1882. the city became incorporated in 1903.
clermont is a city in iowa in the united states.
clinton is a city in the united states state of iowa.
clio is a city in iowa in the united states.
clive is a city in iowa in the united states.
clutier is a city in iowa in the united states.
coburg is a city in iowa in the united states.
coggon is a city in iowa in the united states.
coin is a city in iowa in the united states.
colesburg is a city in iowa in the united states.
colfax is a city in iowa in the united states.
college springs, iowa
college springs is a city in iowa in the united states.
collins is a city in iowa in the united states.
colo is a city in iowa in the united states.
columbus city, iowa
columbus city is a city in iowa in the united states.
columbus junction, iowa
columbus junction is a city in iowa in the united states.
colwell is a city in iowa in the united states.
conesville is a city in iowa in the united states.
conrad is a city in iowa in the united states.