---
dataset_info:
  features:
  - name: question_English
    dtype: string
  - name: answer_English
    dtype: string
  - name: question_Chinese
    dtype: string
  - name: answer_Chinese
    dtype: string
  - name: question_Spanish
    dtype: string
  - name: answer_Spanish
    dtype: string
  - name: question_Hindi
    dtype: string
  - name: answer_Hindi
    dtype: string
  - name: answer_ids
    dtype: int64
  - name: label
    dtype: int64
  - name: id
    dtype: int64
  splits:
  - name: liveqa
    num_bytes: 7181107
    num_examples: 1230
  - name: medicationqa
    num_bytes: 8507105
    num_examples: 3450
  - name: healthqa
    num_bytes: 82047006
    num_examples: 11340
  download_size: 25265727
  dataset_size: 97735218
license: apache-2.0
task_categories:
- text-classification
- text-generation
- question-answering
language:
- en
- es
- zh
- hi
tags:
- medical
- health
- healthcare
pretty_name: XLingHealth
size_categories:
- 10K<n<100K
---

# Dataset Card for "XLingHealth"

[XLingHealth](https://claws-lab.github.io/XLingEval/) is a **Cross-Ling**ual **Health**care benchmark for clinical health inquiry that features the top four [most spoken languages in the world](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_languages_by_total_number_of_speakers): English, Spanish, Chinese, and Hindi. 



## Statistics


| Dataset      | \#Examples | \#Words (Q)       | \#Words (A)         |
|--------------|------------|-------------------|---------------------|
| HealthQA     | 1,134      | 7.72 ± 2.41   | 242.85 ± 221.88 |
| LiveQA       | 246        | 41.76 ± 37.38 | 115.25 ± 112.75 |
| MedicationQA | 690        | 6.86 ± 2.83   | 61.50 ± 69.44   |

- `#Words (Q)` and `\#Words (A)` represent the average number of words in the questions and ground-truth answers of the datasets, respectively.
- In the **HealthQA** dataset, each question is already associated with 1 correct answer (termed "positive example") and 9 incorrect/irrelevant answers (termed "negative examples"). Thus, the total number of examples in HealthQA is 11,340
- **LiveQA** and **MedicationQA** do not provide negative question-answer pairs. Therefore, for each question in these datasets, we randomly sampled 4 responses from the entire set of answers to serve as negative examples. Thus, the total number of examples is 1230 and 3450 for **LiveQA** and **MedicationQA**, respectively.




## Introduction

Large language models (LLMs) are transforming the ways the general public accesses and consumes information. Their influence is particularly pronounced in pivotal sectors like healthcare, where lay individuals are increasingly appropriating LLMs as conversational agents for everyday queries. While LLMs demonstrate impressive language understanding and generation proficiencies, concerns regarding their safety remain paramount in these high-stake domains. Moreover, the development of LLMs is disproportionately focused on English. It remains unclear how these LLMs perform in the context of non-English languages, a gap that is critical for ensuring equity in the real-world use of these systems.This paper provides a framework to investigate the effectiveness of LLMs as multi-lingual dialogue systems for healthcare queries. Our empirically derived framework XlingEval focuses on three fundamental criteria for evaluating LLM responses to naturalistic human-authored health-related questions: correctness, consistency, and verifiability. Through extensive experiments on four major global languages, including English, Spanish, Chinese, and Hindi, spanning three expert-annotated large health Q&A datasets, and through an amalgamation of algorithmic and human-evaluation strategies, we found a pronounced disparity in LLM responses across these languages, indicating a need for enhanced cross-lingual capabilities. We further propose XlingHealth, a cross-lingual benchmark for examining the multilingual capabilities of LLMs in the healthcare context. Our findings underscore the pressing need to bolster the cross-lingual capacities of these models, and to provide an equitable information ecosystem accessible to all.



```bibtex
@inproceedings{jin2023better,
	title        = {Better to Ask in English: Cross-Lingual Evaluation of Large Language Models for Healthcare Queries},
	author       = {Jin, Yiqiao and Chandra, Mohit and Verma, Gaurav and Hu, Yibo and De Choudhury, Munmun and Kumar, Srijan},
	year         = {2024},
	booktitle    = {The Web Conference},
}
```