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nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96b7:23 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96b7 | The claimed land was under the control of the Minister administering the CLC Act. The relevant statutory authority that could reserve or dedicate the land for conservation purposes was Lands under the CLC Act and in this case there was no proposal put to the Executive Government at the date of claim: Maroota at [65] - [67] per Spigelman CJ.
This required the Minister administering the CLC Act to take any action and no proposal was prepared by Lands to that effect. As at the date of claim any decisions in relation to the reservation of the land were required to be made pursuant to the CLC Act and likely need cannot be determined by reference to a body (BHSC) which has no decision-making power in relation to the land.
70Due to the statutory constraints neither NPWS nor BHSC could take any unilateral action in relation to it.
As at the date of claim, while the government policy was for a LAPP study to be carried out, there was no proposal put to the Executive Government at the date of claim as required under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 (the NPW Act): see NPW Act s 49 and Interpretation Act 1987 s 14; Maroota at [65] - [67] per Spigelman CJ. A proposal is relevant to finding an EPP.
The interest that Lands and BHSC had about the possibility of residential subdivisions as at the date of claim was still very much at the conceptual level, and was contingent upon the completion of the 1989 LAPP.
As the Court does not have the content of that LAPP, which was finally completed in 1993, it is difficult for the Court to assess a likely need for nature conservation. The Applicant submitted that there was no "real or not remote" chance of such a proposal coming to fruition from BHSC.
71Suitability and capability of the claimed land does not equate with "likely need". The fact that the claimed land was identified as suitable for different uses, or has capabilities for different uses, impacts upon the Court's consideration of no real or not remote chance.
Here, the Applicant referred to the Department of Housing's interest in the potential capability for housing and the DMR's interest in the capability for petroleum extraction (post date of claim).
These factors must impact on "likely need". Different proposals by different agencies were found to point against the land being needed for nature conservation proposals even where NPWS had developed a clear proposal for reservation.
No EPP
72The facts do not establish that the government of the day considered the nature conservation of the claimed land to be an EPP. None of the evidence evinced an attitude that the claimed land was "necessary or indispensable" to conservation purposes. Instead there is indecision and ongoing investigation and the proactive pursuit of other inconsistent proposals such as residential development.
There were numerous opportunities in the years prior to the date of claim for proposals to be developed and the land set aside for conservation. This was not pursued due to "other State-wide priorities," (RTB tab 39 p 345) and "other longstanding statewide priorities", (RTB tab 50 p 366, RTB tab 50 p 367) and because NPWS was "reluctant to seek a nature reserve over the area" (RTB tab 76 p 423).
2. No likely need - public recreation
No specific government intention
73None of the claimed land was likely to be needed for recreation at the date of claim. At the date of claim there was no proposal at any level within Lands that any part of the land be reserved and therefore no basis to consider that the government of the day considered that the land was likely to be needed for the EPP of public recreation.
This is evidenced by the fact that without any reservation or dedication of the land for recreation purposes, the use of the claimed land for recreation purposes was not authorised by the CLC Act or the CL Act. | [
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96b7:20 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96b7 | It is not sufficient merely to show that there was a desire or a demand for land for a particular purpose: see Maroota No 2 (CA) at [61] per Spigelman CJ; Illawarra Local Aboriginal Land Council v Minister Administering the Crown Lands Act [2008] NSWLEC 188; (2008) 161 LGERA 294 at [116] - [117] per Sheahan J; Any need for land must be a "reasonable" need: Wanaruah at [16] per Lloyd J.
53The concept of "likely to be needed" involves an element of "reasonable futurity": see the judgments considering the phrase with regard to s 36(1)(b1) in Daruk Local Aboriginal Land Council v Minister Administering Crown Lands Act (No 2) [1995] NSWLEC 238; (1995) 89 LGERA 194 (Londonderry Claim) at 204 per Bignold J; Wanaruah at [17] per Lloyd J and Maroota (LEC) at 361 per Lloyd J.
Need determined according to relevant statutory scheme
54The question whether land was needed, or likely to be needed "is essentially a question of the view held by the Government on the day when the claim was made": Castlereagh at 252C per Meagher JA, in dissent on other grounds.
Importantly, however, the view of the Executive Government must be directed to the relevant question under s 36(1)(c), namely, whether the land was "needed" for that purpose: Castlereagh at 254D - F per Handley and Powell JJA.
See also Birrigan Gargle Aboriginal Land Council v Minister Administering Crown Lands Act [1999] NSWLEC 12; (1999) 102 LGERA 33 at [60] per Bignold J. This may require having regard to a range of surrounding circumstances to determine what is being considered.
55This necessarily requires consideration of the statutory schemes under which decisions are made or political will is manifested on behalf of the Government of NSW: see New South Wales Aboriginal Land Council v Minister Administering the Crown Lands Act [2008] NSWLEC 241 (Berowra (LEC)) at [139] per Sheahan J;
Minister Administering the Crown Lands Act v New South Wales Aboriginal Land Council [2009] NSWCA 352; (2009) 171 LGERA 56 (Berowra (CA)) at [152] per Macfarlan JA and at [81] - [82] per Basten JA; and Maroota No 2 (CA) per Spigelman CJ at [62] - [64].
See also Jerrinja at [121] per Jagot J.
56While "likely" can invite consideration of the likelihood of a formal decision being made by the Executive Government in the absence of an actual decision (Illawarra No 1 (CA) at [35] per Hodgson JA (with whom McColl JA agreed)) the likely decision must still be that of the Executive Government (Maroota No 2 (CA) at [50] per Spigelman CJ;
Minister Administering the Crown Lands Act v Illawarra Local Aboriginal Land Council [2011] NSWCA 127 (Illawarra No 2 (CA)) at [37] per Sackville AJA (with whom Whealy JA and Basten JA agreed)).
Where the statutory scheme confers authority for a particular species of decision on a particular decision-maker, such as a Minister, it is the existence of or likelihood of a decision by that decision-maker which must be considered.
Where there are competing or conflicting land uses, as a matter of practicality the resolution involves a level of political will at the level of Executive Government: see Maroota No 2 (CA) at [62] - [65] per Spigelman CJ; Illawarra No 1 (CA) at [106] per Basten JA.
57The requirement that the likely need be expressed by the Executive Government in that context has been repeated in numerous cases: see Maroota No 2 (CA) at [60] - [63] per Spigelman CJ; Jerrinja at [121] - [122] per Jagot J; Illawarra (No 2) at [35] per Hodgson JA and at [63] per Basten JA.
Indeed, in Jerrinja s 36(8) certificates were set aside because the briefing to the Minister ignored the law on this point.
58Where land is required to be dealt with by way of reservation under the Crown Lands Consolidation Act 1913 (the CLC Act) it would be expected that the decision would be made by the Minister in accordance with that statute. It is against this background that the Minister's written submissions at par 84 - 88 regarding a "trajectory" need be considered.
Need for specific government intention | [
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96b7:5 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96b7 | (k) The Minister for the Environment did not express any support for a reserve for mixed recreation and conservation (which in any case was a matter for Lands and not BHSC). The Minister for the Environment only stated that the State Government would not consider dedicating the land as a nature reserve, which statement was later reversed.
At the time of the date of claim, NPWS was opposed to the creation of a reserve for mixed recreation and conservation (at least in relation to some forms of recreation).
(m) and (n) The Department of Housing's interest in the claimed land was not limited to Area A and extended to Area B. The Department of Housing had expressed an interest in the whole of the claimed land at the date of claim.
(o) BHSC and Lands, on the one hand, and NPWS on the other hand, had inconsistent intentions in respect of the Area B.
13In addition, the Applicant contended for the factual finding that, at the date of claim, the Department of Mineral Resources (DMR) was opposed to a reserve over the claimed land (for nature conservation, public recreation or a mix of both) because of the interests of a soil extraction operation Kemp Sandstone Pty Ltd.
At the date of claim, the DMR was or would have been opposed to a reserve over the claimed land (for nature conservation, public recreation or a mix of both) because of its effect on petroleum exploration rights.
Questions of law
14The following questions of law were identified by the Minister in the Respondent's Amended List of Issues to be Determined filed in Court on 18 August 2011:
(a)Is a likely need for Crown Land for (i) "open space" or (ii) "urban fringe park" an EPP for the purpose of ALR Act s 36(1)(c)?
(b)Can land be considered as likely to be needed for an EPP under ALR Act s 36(1)(c) in circumstances where that land is identified as likely to be needed for any one or more EPPs, in circumstances where no specific dedication or reservation of any particular sub-parcel of that land has been made for one of the identified EPPs?
15The Applicant's issues identified for each of the Minister's proposed EPPs of nature conservation, public recreation, open space and urban fringe park, were whether each was an EPP for the purposes of s 36(1)(c) ALR Act and whether the whole or part of Area B was likely to be needed for that EPP at the date of claim.
16The Applicant's Core Contentions filed in Court on 1 November 2011 state:
The Court should find that the Minister has failed to discharge her onus because she has failed to establish that, as at the date of the claim (15 August 1989):
(a) there was any clear or sufficiently developed proposal regarding any of the three (now four) asserted EPPs against which the question of "likely need" could properly be addressed; and
(b)if there was any such proposal and it related to an EPP (both of which are denied), it has not been demonstrated that the Area B was likely to be needed for any of those purposes in the senses that "likely need" involves a real or substantial chance and not simply a remote chance or mere possibility.
Evidence
17Documents drawn from the relevant departmental files were produced and are identified in the chronology below. The Minister additionally relies on the affidavit of Sonia Hughes dated 8 February 2011 and a letter from Lands to BHSC dated 30 November 1987 (exhibit 8).
18Ms Hughes, Status Branch, Legal Services Division, Land and Property Management Authority (LPMA) annexes to her affidavit various maps requested by the Crown Solicitor's Office. She describes the method of creating the requested maps. She was asked to prepare maps showing:
(a)An outline of the claimed land and a broken outline surrounding the area identified as the "deferred area" on the diagram annexed to the letter dated 17 December 1987 to the Lands Office from BHSC (a copy of this document is located at tab 54 of the Respondent's Tender Bundle (RTB)). | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96b7:21 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96b7 | 59Tellingly, the Minister's submissions did not identify any specific proposal which is said to be the subject of the likely need for the claimed land.
Instead the Minister asserts that at some unidentified point in the future the government of the day would determine that the claimed land was needed for an as yet undetermined mix of recreation, nature conservation open space or urban fringe park. The mechanism by which this may be achieved also remains unspecified and undetermined.
In relation to this nebulous situation, the Minister submitted (see par 42 above) that it is simply sufficient to (a) identify a purpose; and (b) that it be "manifested in governmental action".
There is no authority for the proposition that simply because there is an administrative action by a department in relation to land there is established a "likely need" for the purposes of ALR Act s 36(1)(c): see for example New South Wales Aboriginal Land Council v Minister Administering the Crown Lands Act (No 2) [2008] NSWLEC 13 at [93] per Jagot J.
60The approach ignores the distinction between a "desire" in relation to the land by an agency or body and the likelihood of need determined in accordance with relevant statutory schemes which has been affirmed on numerous occasions or that action can be taken regardless of consideration of need.
At any point of time in relation to the day to day management of all Crown land in the State there could be consideration in relation to land capabilities, potential uses, land suitability, all of which could generate activity by a department or agency.
That is why s 36(1)(c) has been interpreted to provide content to the requirement of likely need and to require an expression of political will in the context of the statutory schemes under which the relevant decisions in relation to the land are made.
The ALR Act would be put at nought if it were otherwise and ordinary administrative steps of considering options for Crown land were taken to be determinative of likely need.
61The Minister's approach is premised on the proposition that there does not need to be a specific proposal in relation to the claimed land.
However, in the absence of a "specific government intention" being identified the Court is not in a position to consider the matters relevant to determining whether land is not claimable by virtue of s 36(1)(c): a phrase used in Batemans Bay at [110] per Sheahan J.
The Minister cannot identify the legislative scheme or the administrative steps necessary to bring it into existence, whether other departments are required to be notified or what their position may be. All of these matters are relevant to assessing likelihood.
Similarly, it has no basis to assess whether the "likely need" is "reasonable", or has an element of reasonable futurity. These matters have been relevant to need and likelihood in other claims under the ALR Act.
62It is also not possible for the Court to properly assess whether a grant of land can be made subject to conditions, and if so, what those conditions would be. The consideration of that possibility is a fundamental part of the remedial features of the ALR Act.
Indeed, it is not possible to reconcile the proposition that a land claim can be defeated because of the possibility of a proposal being put forward within the terms of s 36(1)(c) or the scheme of the Act, particularly given that it is established that exceptions to "claimable Crown land" are to be construed narrowly.
Relevance of planning documents
63It is also well-established that the fact that land is zoned for a particular purpose does not establish need: Wanaruah at [14]; Londonderry Claim at 204 per Bignold J; Darkinjung at [149] per Pain J; Dubbo Ga at 15 per Lloyd J; Berowra (LEC) at [119] per Sheahan J; Maroota No 2 (CA) at [24] and [73] per Spigelman CJ. | [
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96b7:14 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96b7 | (NPWS)
23 October 1989 Society for Growing Australian Plants wrote to the Minister for the Environment doubting that BHSC had "any genuine interest" in flora and fauna, or the experience or resources to protect the land from damage.
7 November 1989 Memorandum from Administration Manager to Shire Engineer, notes that BHSC resolved to support the setting aside of the majority of the NPWS nature reserve area, but it considered "any further action should be deferred until completion of the [LAPP] Study."
1 - 21 December 1989 Minister for the Environment notes any action on the nature reserve initially depends on responses to the reference statement.
8 February 1990
(Department of Housing) Letter from Department of Housing to Metropolitan Lands Office re ALCs. The Department stated that it is investigating the potential of all Crown land holdings in the Ku-ring-gai area and requested a two month extension to indicate its position on all land claims.
Exhibit 7 (ATB) tab 30
7 March 1990 Letter from BHSC's shire clerk to Lands promoting "open space" in the Shire, "pre-planning a range of active and passive recreation areas." The importance of open space linkages was also recognised as a means of protecting flora and fauna.
9 March 1990
(DMR) Letter from N Pickard, Minister for Minerals and Energy to T Moore, Minister for the Environment objecting to the NPWS nature reserve proposal on the basis the area was wholly within PEL 260 and as it wanted the area available for future soil extraction.
A technical assessment indicated that the proposal would affect current soil extraction operation of Kemp Soil and an area identified as having potential for soil extraction.
Applicant and Minister rely on this document
Exhibit A (ATB) tab 32
27 March 1990
(DMR) Letter from Department of Minerals and Energy to Metropolitan Lands Office re ALCs 3462, 3463 and 3465 - 3470 - no objection.
Exhibit 6 (ATB) tab 79
19 June 1990
7 August 1990 Letter from T Moore, Minister for the Environment to K Rozzoli, Speaker and Member for Hawkesbury stating that NPWS was awaiting several Departmental responses on its proposal, notably "the Department of Lands", which was contingent on its LAPP. The Minister for the Environment had no information on when the Study would be available.
(NPWS)
3 July 1990 BHSC had a meeting regarding 15 ALCs lodged (including 3465). It recommended objecting to them and to "adopt" and "develop" the bushland reserve corridor concept.
9 July 1990
(Department of Housing) Letter from Department of Housing to Lands re 11 ALCs including ALC 3465, states "An analysis of each of the claims referred to above indicates that the claimed land is to a substantial extent,
directly identified in the audit and/or falls within valleys in between or adjoining such areas where there may be a need for use in relation to urban development .
.. Accordingly, the Department of Housing recommends against the granting of the above claims ... on the basis that these lands are needed or likely to be needed as residential land."
Exhibit 7 (ATB) tab 37
25 July 1990 A Lands officer reports "bush degradation and abuse from trail bikes and four wheel drive vehicles" in the subject area.
21The Minister objected to eight pre-claim documents relied on by the Applicant on the grounds that these were irrelevant because they referred to other land claims,
or were not relevant to the matters in issue or were correspondence from a community representative that could not be probative of government intention or policy (exhibit A (Applicant's Tender Bundle (ATB)) tabs 11, 12, 13, 14, 18, 20, 22, and 23). | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96b7:16 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96b7 | Porters/Nyari Road rezoning (1985 - 1987)
27The RLS recommended that the two hectare zoning boundary for rural residential land development be extended off Porters Road to include ridgetop lands in Cadwells and Nyari Roads.
This and the Read Patterson report proved to be the catalysts for the revision of BHSC's proposal for the use of the O'Haras Creek area for conservation only. On 20 January 1986 BHSC told Lands that it would not "proceed with the proposal to zone sensitive areas using an environmental protection zone as previously proposed in the [RLS]".
Lands stated that it would like to participate in the preparation of a draft LEP to allow two hectare development or a density zoning yielding the same number of lots, but that it would prefer that rezoning proposals were deferred until Lands completed its study under the LAPP for all Crown land within the shire.
A LAPP was announced on 24 March 1986 and a draft emerged after the date of the claim (15 August 1989) but was never completed.
28BHSC notified Lands that it had purchased a substantial tract of land within the Nyari Road, Porters Road and Cadwell Road area (south of the claimed land) for the purpose of developing the land for rural residential allotments (Porters/Nyari Road subdivision).
BHSC noted that the parcel of Crown land to the north (which included part of the claimed land, Lots 306, 387 and a small portion of Lot 385) (the northern subdivision proposal) was also identified for a future semi-rural residential area and that both parcels had "a capacity to take an additional 180 allotments of land".
The northern subdivision proposal alone had the "potential of being developed as 100 allotments". The Pistol Club land was within the northern subdivision proposal.
29Between May and June 1986, Lands and BHSC discussed the preparation of a draft LEP to rezone the Porters Road area for rural home sites. Lands indicated that the Lands Office would undertake the proposed rural subdivision of Porters Road, if approved. On 12 August 1986 BHSC sent to Lands a draft LEP which dealt with the Porters Road area (both subdivision proposals) as the draft DCP 85.
The draft LEP amended interim development order (IDO) No 118 and proposed zoning the subdivision area as rural 1 (c1) small holdings to allow a range of uses compatible with rural residential development including protecting environmentally sensitive land, particularly escarpments and steep slopes, and encouraging dedication of land below the escarpment for open space purposes.
30In mid March 1987 the NPWS, Lands, and the Department of Environment and Planning informally agreed that "planning of land in Crown ownership and portion 307 in BHSC ownership be deferred" pending further studies by the Department of Environment and Planning and NPWS and for discussion of "Council's open space needs" (see entry in chronology for 17 March 1987).
On 24 September 1987 the Minister for Lands announced that rezoning of Crown lands adjoining Porters Road, Kenthurst would be deferred, citing discussions between Lands, NPWS and the Department of Environment and Conservation.
Accordingly on 15 December 1987 BHSC passed resolutions regarding the draft DCP 85 and draft LEP resolving that the zoning of the northern section of the Porters Road area "be deferred pending the results of further investigations in the area". The deferred area included the Pistol Club, all of Lot 306 and those parts of Lots 387 and 385 closest to Porters Road (the northern subdivision proposal).
31BHSC issued an amended DCP before 14 April 1988 which was to be accompanied by the preparation of "plans for the open space area" to "address the issue of public access".
BHSC's and Lands' reserve for public recreation/preservation of fauna and flora/open space (1987 - 1989)
32On 1 September 1987 BHSC approved its chief town planner's report issued in August 1987 entitled "Proposed Public Reserve - O'Hara's Creek Area". | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96b7:0 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96b7 | Land and Environment Court
New South Wales
Medium Neutral Citation: Deerubbin Local Aboriginal Land Council v Minister Administering the Crown Lands Act [2012] NSWLEC 68
Hearing dates: 15 - 18 August 2011, 31 October 2011, 1 November 2011
Decision date: 30 March 2012
Jurisdiction: Class 3
Before: Pain J
Decision: See par 169
Catchwords:
ABORIGINAL - land claim - whether Crown land likely to be needed for essential public purposes of public recreation, nature conservation,
open space/urban fringe park - whether essential public purposes - whether likely to be needed - whether local council interest in use of Crown land relevant to intention of State government actors - whether competing departmental interests to asserted essential public purposes at date of claim
Legislation Cited: Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983 s 36, s 36A
Interpretation Act 1987 s 14
National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 s 49
Sydney Regional Environmental Plan 19: Rouse Hill Development Area
Trade Practice Act 1974 (Cth) s 45D (repealed)
Cases Cited: Batemans Bay Local Aboriginal Land Council v Minister Administering the Crown Lands Act [2007] NSWLEC 800
Birrigan Gargle Aboriginal Land Council v Minister Administering Crown Lands Act [1999] NSWLEC 12; (1999) 102 LGERA 33
Darkinjung Local Aboriginal Land Council v Minister Administering the Crown Lands Act [2006] NSWLEC 180; (2006) 149 LGERA 162
Daruk Local Aboriginal Land Council v Minister Administering Crown Lands Act (No 2) [1995] NSWLEC 238; (1995) 89 LGERA 194
Deerubbin Local Aboriginal Land Council v Minister Administering the Crown Lands Act [1997] NSWLEC 93; (1997) 95 LGERA 353
Deerubbin Local Aboriginal Land Council v The Minister Administering The Crown Lands Act [1999] NSWLEC 82
Dorrigo Plateau Local Aboriginal Land Council v Minister Administering the Crown Lands Act [2007] NSWLEC 653; (2007) 155 LGERA 307
Housing Commission (NSW) v Falconer [1981] 1 NSWLR 547
Illawarra Local Aboriginal Land Council v Minister Administering the Crown Lands Act [2010] NSWLEC 124
Illawarra Local Aboriginal Land Council v Minister Administering the Crown Lands Act [2008] NSWLEC 188; (2008) 161 LGERA 294
Jerrinja Local Aboriginal Land Council v Minister Administering the Crown Lands Act [2007] NSWLEC 577; (2007) 156 LGERA 65
La Perouse Local Aboriginal Land Council v Minister Administering Crown Lands Act (1991) 74 LGRA 176
New South Wales v Commonwealth [1926] HCA 23; (1926) 38 CLR 74
New South Wales Aboriginal Land Council v Minister Administering the Crown Lands Act [2007] NSWCA 281; (2007) 157 LGERA 18
New South Wales Aboriginal Land Council v Minister Administering the Crown Lands Act (No 2) [2008] NSWLEC 13
New South Wales Aboriginal Land Council v Minister Administering the Crown Lands Act [2008] NSWLEC 241
New South Wales Aboriginal Land Council v Minister Administering the Crown Lands (Consolidation) Act and the Western Lands Act (1988) 14 NSWLR 685
New South Wales Aboriginal Land Council v Minister for Natural Resources (The Tredega Claim) (1986) 59 LGRA 318
Minister Administering the Crown Lands Act v Bathurst Local Aboriginal Land Council [2009] NSWCA 138; (2009) 166 LGERA 379
Minister Administering the Crown Lands Act v Deerubbin Local Aboriginal Land Council (1998) 43 NSWLR 249
Minister Administering the Crown Lands Act v Deerubbin Local Aboriginal Land Council [No 2] [2001] NSWCA 28; (2001) 50 NSWLR 665
Minister Administering the Crown Lands Act v Illawarra Local Aboriginal Land Council [2009] NSWCA 289; (2009) 168 LGERA 71
Minister Administering the Crown Lands Act v Illawarra Local Aboriginal Land Council [2011] NSWCA 127 | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96b7:25 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96b7 | In relation to Crown land generally it noted that the "rationalisation of such land warrants further study" (RTB tab 10 p 108). In no way does the RLS support a "trajectory". The 1984 response from Lands does not establish a likely need of the land for open space.
It contained no more than a statement that it supported a "joint review" of Crown land "related to the concept of bushland and reserve network" in relation to all the land in the vast RLS study area: Letter from the Crown Solicitor's Office to Chalk & Fitzgerald dated 25 March 2011 ATB tab 78 p 736 par 4biii.
The "trajectory" advanced goes nowhere. No open space proposal was ever adequately progressed by any department or agency, and certainly not Lands.
81In the absence of any proposal being formulated before the date of claim, it is impossible to identify how an open space proposal was to be achieved, particularly in circumstances where Lands rejected and discredited BHSC's bushland open space plan, which itself relied on connecting lands now granted in land claims.
4. No likely need - urban fringe park
82Urban fringe park suffered from the same problems as open space. It is an elusive concept because there was a general proposal that Area B accommodate a mixture of, inter alia, open space.
There is no evidence to support the view that an urban fringe park was even contemplated as the relevant document merely refers to various "active and semi-active recreational pursuits" being appropriate to "bushland fringe or urban fringe areas": RTB tab 19 p 295. These generic references are not specific to the claimed land, and do not establish likely need on the basis of an urban fringe park.
83There were no details in the documents and the term "urban fringe park" was undefined and not one customarily used in a town planning context. Neither is it a form of reservation which is provided for under the NPW Act. The Applicant submitted that an undefined reference of this kind was too vague to support an assertion of likely need for an EPP.
Did Department of Housing have an interest in claimed land at date of claim?
84The documents in evidence concerning interest from the Department of Housing pre-claim include the assessment of urban land capability in the RLS. A letter dated 23 July 1986 from the Department of Housing to Lands refers to Lands' intention to commence a LAPP for the Shire of Baulkham Hills and states that all land should be regarded as of interest to the Department of Housing.
A handwritten memorandum dated 3 May 1989 prepared by Lands refers to the interest of the Department of Housing in the land the subject of the LAPP.
I conclude below that the post-claim documents should not be referred to beyond mid 1990 (see below at par 108). A letter dated 8 February 1990 (exhibit 7 ATB tab 30) from the Department of Housing to the Metropolitan Lands Office states that in the context of several land claims it is investigating all Crown land in a certain area and requests an extension of time to do so.
A letter dated 9 July 1990 from the Department of Housing to Lands identifies land the subject of multiple land claims as having urban potential.
Applicant's submissions
85The Applicant claimed that the Department of Housing had an active interest in the claimed area as at the date of the claim given the Department of Housing documents expressing that department's interest in the general area.
In 1983, the RLS Stage 1 had identified rural residential development as a suitable, or potentially suitable, land use, on land with urban capability (classed as "B", "C" and "D" - white) and on land less suitable for agriculture (classed as "4" - yellow and "5"- purple).
The study recommended further investigation for development on class C or D lands and on land less suitable for agriculture specifically, and "around Kenthurst" more generally. That interest was confirmed in the letter dated 23 July 1986 from the Department of Housing. | [
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96b7:45 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96b7 | The post-claim documents dated 8 February 1990 and 9 July 1990 further suggest Department of Housing's interest in the O'Haras Creek area, contrary to the Minister's submissions. I do not accept the Minister's submissions at par 88 above.
163The Applicant relied on the existence of a competing interest from the Department of Housing for potential housing at the date of claim as evidence of conflict about potential uses of the land amongst State government departments, relying on the majority in Castlereagh. Castlereagh focussed on competing EPPs as that reflected the facts then before the court.
Given my finding that the planning for the land was at a relatively preliminary stage at the date of claim, with the LAPP a necessary step to any decision about the use of the land by Lands or any other department or agency, whether the Department of Housing then had a competing interest in the land as an EPP is difficult to infer.
Its interest is relevant however in identifying that there was potentially other departmental interest in the land which would have to be considered as part of the LAPP.
If the post-claim documents I have allowed in up to the end of July 1990 are considered, in a letter dated 12 July 1990 from the Department of Housing to Lands a number of land claims including ALC 3465 are identified and it is stated that all of the areas included in the claims are on land with urban potential in a wider sense.
DMR's interest (Applicant's alternative facts)
164The Applicant contended in its alternative facts that there was competing interest from the DMR at the date of claim based on soil extraction and PEL 260 (par 13 above). The pre-claim references to the interest of the DMR are few. The DMR's interest was recorded by BHSC in the RLS identified in par 89.
A letter dated 30 September 1986 (exhibit A (ATB) tab 12) indicates that the DMR had an interest by virtue of PEL 260 in the immediately adjoining land subject to ALCs. The factual matters contended for by the Applicant in relation to DMR's interest in the land at the date of claim are supported by the documents in that the interests of the DMR are identified.
165The post-claim letter dated 27 March 1990 from DMR to Lands states that there can be no objection to a land claim based on a known mineral resource or potential for use of such resource on the basis that is an EPP.
The letter refers to mining lease 3462 and PEL 260 in the area of O'Haras Creek, which suggests in the separate LAPP that the DMR may have interests in land capability within its portfolio requiring consideration in that context.
166While the possibility of conflicting State government interests is of less materiality than in cases such as Castlereagh because the level of decision-making about the land is at a more preliminary stage,
I would simply observe that on the available evidence there was potential for conflicting demands for the land from the Department of Housing and the DMR which would be likely to come into play within the LAPP commenced in 1989.
167The NPWS' reference proposal is to achieve nature conservation. While at a general level that is not necessarily a competing interest to the Lands' concept of a flora and fauna reserve, the two types of reserves cannot co-exist and are made through different mutually exclusive legislative mechanisms.
In that sense they can be described as competing departmental interests in the same land. This provides further support for the Applicant's submissions that there were competing State government interests in the land at the date of claim. This raises additional doubt that the land was likely to be needed, meaning required, for the EPPs relied on at the date of claim.
Additional matter
168A further matter suggesting the Applicant should succeed is found in the provisions of the ALR Act. | [
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96b7:6 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96b7 | (b)An outline of the claimed land and both green outlines on the draft Development Control Plan No 85 (DCP 85) diagram annexed to the draft Baulkham Hills Local Environmental Plan (LEP) (not numbered) and DCP 85 (a copy of this document is located at RTB tab 53).
(c)An outline of the claimed land and an outline of the area on the draft LEP attached to the letter dated 2 January 1986 to Lands from BHSC. I describe this area as the "LEP area".
19The "DCP area" is the area between the green outlines on the draft DCP 85 diagram annexed to the draft LEP and DCP 85. Annexure F to her affidavit is a topographical map with outlines of the claimed land in black, the deferred area in broken purple line, and the DCP area in green and bounded by thick green lines.
The red marking between the broken purple line and thick green line made during the hearing represents potential open space use.
Annexure J is a copy of an orthophoto map with the outlines of the claimed land in black, the area deferred for zoning (see par 30 below) in a broken purple line, and the DCP area highlighted in green and bounded by thick green lines. The red cross hatching made during the hearing between the thick green line and the black line represents Area A.
20A chronology of events follows:
Date Event
12 July 1963 Gazettal notice reserving land from sale for future public requirements under the Crown Lands Consolidation Act 1913.
1970 M Ruddock, State Member of Parliament for the Hills district, Press release to local papers on O'Haras Creek recommending the whole Cattai complex of bush areas should become part of a national park. O'Haras Creek would be a very important section of the park if it is created.
1970 Lands file note, "Proposed O'Haras Creek Nature Reserve" identifying that land has great conservation value and recommending that areas specified on a plan be dedicated as a nature reserve - including the claimed land
1970 Lettersfrom NPWS to Department of Mines, State Planning Authority of NSW, BHSC and Forestry Commission of NSW on proposed dedication as a nature reserve over the broader O'Haras Creek region.
(NPWS)
21 July 1970 NPWS report, "Investigation of Proposed O'Haras Creek Nature Reserve" identifying its ecological qualities and that it be required to be dedicated as a nature reserve and cancellation of permissive occupancy 68/26 in the area and timber licences be withdrawn
(NPWS)
12 October 1970 NPWS report regarding Aboriginal relics within permissive occupancy for the removal of topsoil at O'Haras Creek
(NPWS)
1973 Lands officers and BHSC were to prepare an Open Space Study of the Shire's Crown Land. This was never completed. Referred to in BHSC minutes of meeting dated 26 June 1990.
July 1975 Conservation and Landscape Committee of the National Trust of Australia (NSW), Sydney 2000: requirements for conservation of natural areas, scenic preservation and recreation in the Sydney metropolitan area.
9 July 1982 Letter from BHSC to Lands seeking input into rural lands study (RLS)
March 1983 NPWS extract of submissions on BHSC's RLS identifying areas of potential conservation value including O'Haras Creek
June 1983 BHSC's RLS part 1. This was done over half of the Shire's rural land. The Study's objectives included investigating areas for future village, urban and rural residential expansion. | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96b7:12 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96b7 | 22 March 1989 Letter from T Moore, Minister for the Environment to F Caterson, Member for The Hills in similar terms to letter to K Rozzoli.
22 March 1989 Notes from meeting with Regional Manager, Lands - current interest in the claimed land. Lands considered interest in the claimed land as including "[H]ousing, ALCs...[and the] pistol club."
(Department of Housing)
25 March 1989 Land Conservation Branch, NPWS, Approval to reference land as O'Haras Creek Nature Reserve.
(NPWS) Recreation is not identified by NPWS as an interest and "Proposed rural-residential subdivision" is noted as a conflict/problem area.
1 April 1989 Letter from THREAT to Lands re negotiations to secure O'Haras Creek Crown Land for subdivision.
Lands was being accused by THREAT of undertaking "confidential" and "secretive" negotiations with BHSC with a view to BHSC securing 2 portions of O'Haras Creek Crown land. The suggestion is public interest grounds such as THREAT were excluded from discussions about the future use of the land.
Exhibit A (ATB) tab 22
11 April 1989 Letter from P Riddle of the Lands to BHSC's shire clerk stating Lands' intention to undertake another LAPP over an area covering all of the claimed land.
13 April 1989 Department's Draft Paper - Regeneration Strategy Options - Management Options for O'Haras Creek Reserve
14 April 1989 Instruction from A Leard, Regional Manager, Metropolitan Lands Office and officers on preparation of LAPP study O'Haras Creek/Porters Road attaching J Read's handwritten memorandum dated 6 April 1989.
The memorandum states officers were to "prepare proposals for rezoning and the creation of a rural subdivision on Porters Road and a valley/escarpment Reserve for Public Recreation and the Promotion of the Study and Preservation of Native Fauna and Flora."
29 April 1989 Letter from P Kenyon, The Society for Growing Australian Plants to T Moore, Minister for the Environment seeking preservation of Crown land at Porters Creek Road/O'Haras Creek as nature reserve.
3 May 1989
(Department of Housing) Lands' notes re Department of Housing's interest in land the subject of LAPP which mentions that "Housing need input in all of these areas - need to consult with them as to what are their ideas.
Exhibit A (ATB) tab 23
3 May 1989 Letter from Acting Manager, Metropolitan Lands Office to Director for Crown Lands, Land Resources and Environment Branch
A handwritten note regarding the LAPP at O'Haras Creek notes that "[f]unds are not currently available to undertake the work" and making reference to the need for detailed survey "if residential subdivision was proposed."
3 May 1989 J Read, Acting Manager, Metropolitan Lands Office of the Department, Submission to the Minister headed "Future of Crown Lands a O'Haras Creek - Porters Road, Kenthurst - various correspondence from Joe A Friend.
" J Read states in the context of informing the Minister about Mr Friend's attitude and allegations, that some land "is intended for Reservation for Public Recreation and Promotion of the Study and Preservation of Native Fauna and Flora, with Council as Trustee".
Letter from Lands' Regional Manager to the Department of Environment and Planning re Land Assessment and Planning Study of Crown Lands at Kenthurst.
3 May 1989 Lands "referenced" its LAPP over the O'Haras Creek/Porters Road area of Kenthurst.
A land assessment would "be used as the basis for determining future land use and to request for rezoning." | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96b7:46 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96b7 | Section 36(5A) provides that where a Crown Lands Minister is not satisfied that land is claimable Crown land because it is needed or likely to be needed for an EPP, if that need could be met if the claim were granted subject wholly or partly to the imposition of a condition, and the condition is consented to by the relevant applicant, the land claim may be granted subject to that condition.
The Court can also exercise that power for the purposes of disposing of an appeal under ALR Act s 36(7). As the Applicant submitted, this provision cannot be availed of in this case because the uncertainty of the EPPs relied on means drafting conditions to enable their implementation in some way is not possible.
In conclusion
169In light of all the above reasoning, I find there was not a sufficiently developed proposal regarding the mixture of purposes relied on by the Minister to establish that the claimed land was likely to be needed for any essential public purpose at the date of claim.
The Minister has not satisfied the onus of proof that the land was not claimable Crown land at the date of claim. The appeal should be upheld. It is requested that the parties file, within a suitable period, orders which will give effect to the findings in this judgment to enable the transfer of the whole of the claimed land under s 36(7) of the ALR Act. Costs should be reserved.
DISCLAIMER - Every effort has been made to comply with suppression orders or statutory provisions prohibiting publication that may apply to this judgment or decision.
The onus remains on any person using material in the judgment or decision to ensure that the intended use of that material does not breach any such order or provision. Further enquiries may be directed to the Registry of the Court or Tribunal in which it was generated.
Decision last updated: 05 April 2012 | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96b7:1 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96b7 | Minister Administering the Crown Lands Act v New South Wales Aboriginal Land Council [2009] NSWCA 151
Minister Administering the Crown Lands Act v New South Wales Aboriginal Land Council [2009] NSWCA 352; (2009) 171 LGERA 56
Minister for Natural Resources v NSW Aboriginal Land Council (1987) 9 NSWLR 154
Minister Administering the Crown Lands (Consolidation) Act v Tweed Byron Local Aboriginal Land Council (1992) 75 LGRA 133
Tillmanns Butcheries Pty Ltd v Australasian Meat Industry Employees' Union (1979) 27 ALR 367
Wanaruah Local Aboriginal Land Council v Minister Administering the Crown Lands Act [2001] NSWLEC 20; (2001) 113 LGERA 163
Worimi Local Aboriginal Land Council v The Minister (1991) 72 LGRA 149
Category: Principal judgment
Parties: Deerubbin Local Aboriginal Land Council (Applicant)
Minister Administering the Crown Lands Act (Respondent)
Representation: Dr J Griffiths SC with Mr J Hutton (Applicant)
Dr C Mantziaris (Respondent)
Chalk & Fitzgerald (Applicant)
Crown Solicitor's Office (Respondent)
File Number(s): 30246 of 2010
Judgment
1The Minister administering the Crown Lands Act (the Minister) refused Deerubbin Local Aboriginal Land Council's, the Applicant's, Aboriginal Land Claim 3465 (ALC 3465) on 8 December 2009.
This appeal against the Minister's refusal was lodged pursuant to s 36(6) of the Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983 (the ALR Act). ALC 3465 was lodged 23 years ago on 15 August 1989. I thank Acting Commissioner Davis for her assistance in this matter.
2ALC 3465 relates to Lots 49, 306, 385, 387 and 414 in DP752047 and areas of vacant Crown land within the external boundary of the claim (the claimed land). The area is irregular in shape and difficult to describe in narrative. At the hearing the Minister conceded part of the land is claimable Crown land (Area A).
The claimed land is outlined in black in Annexure J to the affidavit of Sonia Hughes dated 8 February 2011. The area with red cross hatching marked during the hearing represents Area A.
The balance of the land the subject of these proceedings is known as Area B. The total land comprises approximately 355.5ha at Kenthurst within the Parish of Nelson, County of Cumberland along O'Haras Creek near Porters Road.
3The Minister conceded that ALC 3465 should be granted over part of the claimed land. Area A comprises:
(i)that part of the claimed land situated within the inner green line (being the inner boundary of the DCP area highlighted in green shading) as set out on the map at Annexures F and J to the affidavit of Sonia Hughes sworn 8 February 2011; but
(ii)excludes the Crown public roads as dedicated in (i); and
(iii)excludes the area under Permissive Occupancy 1968/30 granted to the Northern Districts Pistol Club.
4The Minister submitted that except for Area A, as at the date ALC 3465 was lodged (15 August 1989), the claimed land in Area B was needed or likely to be needed for the essential public purposes (EPPs) of open space and/or urban fringe park, nature conservation and public recreation.
The Applicant conceded that Permissive Occupancy 1968/30 granted to the Northern Districts Pistol Club does not comprise claimable Crown land within the meaning of the ALR Act pursuant to cl 8 of Sch 4 of the Act. The Applicant also concedes that the dedicated roads in Area B are not claimable Crown land.
Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983
5Section 36 of the ALR Act relevantly provides:
(1) In this section, except in so far as the context or subject-matter otherwise indicates or requires:
claimable Crown lands means lands vested in Her Majesty that, when a claim is made for the lands under this Division:
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96b7:13 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96b7 | 3 May 1989 Letter from Regional Manager of Lands to various community organisations inviting submissions on O'Haras Creek - Porters Road area for the LAPP
Lands "referenced" its LAPP over the O'Haras Creek/Porters Road area of Kenthurst.
17 May 1989 I Brown, Senior Ranger, NPWS Memorandum to A Bon recommends referencing a Nature Reserve Proposal for O'Haras Creek - Porters Road. The NPWS had been "reluctant" to do so, hoping the lobby groups would assist. It states, "after three years, we are no closer to its reservation."
(NPWS)
19 May 1989 Letter from A Bond, Head, Land Conservation Branch, NPWS to J Friend, THREAT indicating that "we are currently reviewing the [O'Haras Creek] area and will shortly be determining whether or not it is appropriate to dedicate and manage it as a nature reserve."
(NPWS)
19 May 1989 Society for Growing Australian Plants, Parramatta - Hills District Group, Schedule of Plants seen at Porters Road
23 May 1989 Letter from C Noakes, President Dural & Round Corner Chamber of Commerce & Industry Inc to T Moore, Minister for the Environment re O'Haras Creek Nature Reserve
4 July 1989 BHSC's press release, "Council wants answer on O'Haras Creek Park" states it had been pressing the State Government for an answer on its proposal for a nature reserve at O'Haras Creek (described in the title as a "Park") but it was "still waiting for an answer" from Lands.
20 July 1989 D Benson, Senior Plant Ecologist, Royal Botanical Gardens, "Comment on Crown Land in Nelson and Castle Hill Study Areas" report including O'Haras Creek
7 August 1989 I Brown, Senior Ranger, NPWS Invitation to O'Haras Creek Discovery Day on 26 August 1989
(NPWS)
8 August 1989 Letter from F Caterson, Member for The Hills to P Kenyon, Society for Growing Australian Plants noting any proposed Reserve at O'Haras Creek, would be better placed in the hands of BHSC as opposed to the NPWS.
15 August 1989 Letter from T Whelan, Administrator, Mt Druitt LALC (aka Deerubbin) to Registrar, NSW Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983 lodging ALC 3465 (#1866)
20 August 1989 Letter from N Perkins, Registrar, NSW Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983 to I Causley, Minister for Natural Resources re ALCs (#1839 - 1874) acknowledging claim.
POST-CLAIM
Circa August 1989 Metropolitan Lands Office Document re ALCs 3438 - 3473.
25 August 1989 Minister for Natural Resources wrote to the Member for the Hills noting Lands was undertaking its LAPP covering O'Haras Creek, being a capabilities study.
30 August 1989 Letter from NPWS to BHSC attaching a reference statement for nature reserve proposal and indicating inter alia that it was "considering" dedication of the area, and that "recreation use is not encouraged."
(NPWS)
7 September 1989 Letter from T Moore, Minister for Environment to P Kenyon, Secretary, The Society for Growing Australian Plants stating that the NPWS considers the Crown lands over O'Haras Creek "warrants conservation" and has "significant potential for natural area recreation" but that nature reserve status was not appropriate.
Rather, "natural area recreation under control of the local council would be the more desirable alternative."
11 September 1989 Lands wrote to the NPWS saying, "No decision will be made regarding future use and management of this Crown land until the Land Assessment Study has been completed." | [
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96b7:11 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96b7 | 9 February 1988 Letter from BHSC to Lands re Porters Road area seeking result of meeting and advise on land management problems.
11 February 1988 Lands' 1985 LAPP had not been completed.
Exhibit A (ATB) tab 18
Circa 2 March 1988 Lands wrote to the Northern Districts Pistol Club indicating that "no decisions" had been made regarding the future use of the lands around O'Haras Creek.
14 April 1988 Letter from BHSC to Regional Manager, Metropolitan Lands Office seeking draft DCP address land management problems and deferral of Porters Creek (north).
26 July 1988 Letter from J Friend, Western Sydney Network of Environmental Organisations to Mr Micali and Mr Reid of Lands.
16 August 1988 Ministerial Memorandum seeking advice on O'Haras Creek
24 September 1988 Minister for the Environment, Response to question posed during question time by R Jones, MP on 30 August 1988. The Minister was asked whether the Government was considering dedicating Crown land portions as O'Haras Creek Nature Reserve, and if so, when.
The answer was "No. ... it is not considered that nature reserve status is appropriate." The practical alternative provided was for the area to be managed for conservation by local government.
25 October 1988 I Brown, NPWS Memorandum to L Cook stating the NPWS considers the area worthy of conservation, did not consider a nature reserve at O'Haras Creek "appropriate at this time," supporting a Crown lands reserve, perhaps with local private trustees, to manage the area for conservation and natural area recreation.
It noted the Royal Botanical Gardens may have an interest in the area.
7 November 1988 Letter from K Rozzoli, Speaker and Member for Hawkesbury to T Moore, Minister for the Environment about KPA proposal for O'Haras Creek nature reserve.
23 November 1988 J Whitehouse, Director of NPWS, Issue, Background, Present Position and Departmental Comment on O'Haras Creek. He noted that the area is "worthy of conservation" but nature reserve status was not appropriate.
The NPWS supported local government management for conservation and rural area recreation. (Signed by T Moore, Minister for the Environment on 1 December 1988).
1 December 1988
22 February 1989 Letter from K Rozzoli, Speaker and Member for Hawkesbury to T Moore, Minister for the Environment seeking reply to earlier letter.
14 March 1989 A letter from The Hills Residents' Environmental Action Trust (THREAT) suggests Lands had been ignoring correspondence relating to a "nature reserve proposal," and the issue had received "no committee or executive level discussion." The letter refers to damage occurring to trailways and due to four-wheel drive vehicles.
Exhibit A (ATB) tab 20
20 March 1989 J Read, Senior Surveyor of Lands, Handwritten notes re Porters Road and J Friend indicate he met with BHSC to discuss the possibility of a reserve for public recreation and promoting the study and preservation of native flora and fauna,
and that the Department "applied the LAPP process" over the Porters Road area and "had to have regard to many competing uses for the valuable remaining Crown Lands.
" A 6 April 1989 file note is to similar effect.
6 April 1989
22 March 1989 Letter from T Moore, Minister for the Environment to K Rozzoli, Speaker and Member for Hawkesbury notes that while the NPWS considers the O'Haras Creek area was warranting conservation and having natural area recreation potential,
nature reserve status was not considered "appropriate at this time and that local management of the area for conservation and natural area recreation would be a more practical alternative.
" | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96b7:18 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96b7 | 38Community organisations, such as Kenthurst Progress Association and Society for Growing Australian Plants, wrote submissions (between 1987 to 1989) in support of a nature reserve and opposed the northern subdivision proposal. In 1987 the National Trust urged BHSC to undertake a local environmental study prior to determining zoning of the area.
Legal standard
39Nature conservation is an EPP under s 36(1)(c). Section 36A is a legislative confirmation of this proposition: Maroota No 2 (CA) at [5]. Recreation has been accepted as an EPP under the ALR Act per Worimi Local Aboriginal Land Council v The Minister (1991) 72 LGRA 149 at 163.
To be essential a public purpose must display an element of necessity or indispensability or must be material and important (New South Wales Aboriginal Land Council v Minister for Natural Resources (The Tredega Claim) (1986) 59 LGRA 318 at 331 - 332; Worimi at 163;
La Perouse Local Aboriginal Land Council v Minister Administering Crown Lands Act (1991) 74 LGRA 176 at 183; Deerubbin Local Aboriginal Land Council v Minister Administering the Crown Lands Act [1997] NSWLEC 93; (1997) 95 LGERA 353 at 361 (Maroota LEC) per Lloyd J.
These authorities were approved in Maroota No 2 (CA) at [56]. Provision of open space or urban fringe park are EPPs.
40Whether land is likely to be needed for an EPP is a question of fact (Illawarra No 1 (CA) at [39]; Winbar No 3 at 691 - 692). In Illawarra No 1 (CA) at [35] and [39] Hodgson and McColl JJA held that "likely to be needed" in s 36(1)(c) requires demonstration that at the time of the claim it was likely that a governmental requirement for the land would arise at some time in the future.
"Likely to be needed" means there was a real or not remote chance that the land might be required for the nominated purpose in the future (Maroota No 2 (CA) at [56] and also accepted in Illawarra No 1 (CA) at [32] - [35]).
41The requirement must have been shown to have existed at an appropriate government level, interpreted in Illawarra No 1 (CA) at [35] as the level of Executive Government. That phrase was undefined in Illawarra No 1 (CA), was not equated with a Cabinet decision and would have to be inferred from the facts of each case as identified by Basten JA at [97] - [98].
Application of legal standard
42The four uses of Crown land relied on are uses for an EPP under s 36(1)(c) of the ALR Act. The existence of a likely need for the land for more than one EPP is sufficient evidence of an EPP under the likely need standard.
The precise application and mix of these purposes in relation to parts of the claimed land and the relative priority that would come to exist between them at some future point is irrelevant (compare Illawarra No 1 (CA)).
It is sufficient for the Court to determine whether, at the date of claim, firstly, that all of these were EPPs and, secondly, were manifested in governmental action. The purposes can be pursued simultaneously on the claimed land.
43In relation to appropriate government level, the deferral of land use planning over the northern portion of the claimed land in 1985 occurred at the Ministerial level for Lands and NPWS/Department of Environment and Conservation.
All other action occurred at the departmental or agency level or at the level of BHSC. This is adequate for s 36(1)(c) as these were the appropriate entities with carriage of the formulation and implementation of governmental policy in relation to the claimed land.
BHSC's proposals for land use were in all material respects agreed to by Lands or NPWS. Prior to the date of the claim NPWS had expressly ceded any leadership role for land use planning over the claimed land to "local management".
By 1987, it was willing to accept the use of the claimed land for recreation rather than conservation. In 1989, it revived work on its old nature reserve proposal, but this was not announced until after the date of claim. | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96b7:2 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96b7 | (c) are not needed, nor likely to be needed, for an essential public purpose, and
...
(5) A Crown Lands Minister to whom a claim for lands (being lands which are, or, but for any restriction on their sale or lease, would be, able to be sold or leased under a provision of an Act administered by the Crown Lands Minister) has been referred under subsection (4) shall:
(a) if the Crown Lands Minister is satisfied that:
(i) the whole of the lands claimed is claimable Crown lands, or
(ii) part only of the lands claimed is claimable Crown lands,
grant the claim by transferring to the claimant Aboriginal Land Council (or, where the claim is made by the New South Wales Aboriginal Land Council, to a Local Aboriginal Land Council (if any) nominated by the New South Wales Aboriginal Land Council) the whole or that part of the lands claimed, as the case may be, or
(b) if the Crown Lands Minister is satisfied that:
(i) the whole of the lands claimed is not claimable Crown lands, or
(ii) part of the lands claimed is not claimable Crown lands,
refuse the claim or refuse the claim to the extent that it applies to that part, as the case may require.
(5A) Where, under subsection (5), a Crown Lands Minister is not satisfied that the whole or part of the lands claimed is claimable Crown lands because the lands are needed, or likely to be needed, for an essential public purpose,
but that the need for the lands for the public purpose would be met if the claim were to be granted in whole or in part subject to the imposition of a condition (whether by way of covenant or easement or in any other form) relating to the use of the lands,
the Crown Lands Minister may, notwithstanding that subsection, where the condition is agreed to by the Aboriginal Land Council making the claim, grant the claim under that subsection subject to the imposition of the condition.
(6) An Aboriginal Land Council may appeal to the Court against a refusal under subsection (5) (b) of a claim made by it.
(7) The Court shall hear and determine any appeal made to it under subsection (6) in respect of any lands claimed and may, if the relevant Crown Lands Minister fails to satisfy the Court that the lands or a part thereof are not or is not claimable Crown lands,
order that the lands or the part, as the case may be, be transferred to the claimant Aboriginal Land Council or, where the claim is made by the New South Wales Aboriginal Land Council, to a Local Aboriginal Land Council (if any) nominated by the New South Wales Aboriginal Land Council.
...
6Section 36A "Special provision concerning certain Crown lands having nature conservation value" relevantly provides:
(1) This section applies in relation to lands that:
(a) are the subject of a claim by one or more Aboriginal Land Councils under section 36, and
(b) the Crown Lands Minister is satisfied would be claimable Crown lands except for the fact that the lands are needed, or likely to be needed, for the essential public purpose of nature conservation.
(2) If the Aboriginal Land Council or Councils making the claim agree to the imposition of the conditions that, before the grant of a claim to lands to which this section applies, the Aboriginal Land Council or Councils:
(a) must negotiate a lease of the lands, that complies with the requirements of Part 4A of the NPW Act, with the Minister administering that Act, and
(b) must agree:
(i) to enter into a lease of the lands to the Minister administering the NPW Act in the terms negotiated in accordance with paragraph (a), and
(ii) to the simultaneous reservation or dedication of the lands under the NPW Act, and
(iii) to hold the lands as lands reserved or dedicated under the NPW Act, and
(iv) to comply with the requirements of the NPW Act and, in particular, the requirements of Part 4A of that Act in relation to the lands,
the Crown Lands Minister may, despite section 36 (5) grant a claim to lands to which this section applies.
... | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96b7:30 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96b7 | Not long after the claim was lodged on 15 August 1989, Lands wrote to NPWS on 11 September 1989 in relation to the reference as a nature reserve stating that no decision would be made regarding the future use and management of the Crown land until the LAPP had been completed.
103At the date of claim the NPWS Land Conservation branch had put forward internally a proposal to reference the claimed land as the O'Haras Creek Nature Reserve on 25 March 1989. Previously NPWS' response on O'Haras Creek was to the effect that the area was worthy of conservation but not nature reserve status.
Rather local government management was supported. Much earlier, in July 1970, there was an NPWS report investigating the proposed O'Haras Creek Nature Reserve identifying its ecological qualities recommending that it be dedicated as a nature reserve.
104For reasons articulated below at par 124 - 126, the actions of BHSC, a local council, after the date of claim are not as material to the matters in issue as actions of State departments or agencies. BHSC had undertaken the most recent investigation in relation to the land commencing with the RLS conducted during at least 1982 and released in 1983.
This identified that NPWS considered O'Haras Creek had conservation value with environmental protection zoning recommended. In January 1986 BHSC told Lands that it would not zone sensitive environmental areas accordingly as proposed in the RLS. It intended to review IDO No 118 in relation to the RLS area.
Lands noted the draft LEP for Nyari, Cadwells and Porters Roads Kenthurst proposed to utilise the ridgetop lands for two hectare lots and reserve steeper escarpment land for open space. The draft LEP released for public comment in August 1986 proposed open space below the escarpment areas (possibly Area B according to the Minister).
In April 1987 the Department of Planning proposed that BHSC defer the northern area of Porters Road in the draft LEP pending further assessment of the natural value of the area, to which Lands agreed. This area was identified in a plan attached to a letter dated 17 December 1987 from BHSC to Lands.
105The Minister for Natural Resources wrote to the local member on 21 May 1986 (exhibit A (ATB) tab 8) advising that the LAPP was to commence and that until necessary studies had been completed there was no certainty Crown land would be rezoned. Lands commenced a second LAPP in 1989.
106At the date of claim Lands' view expressed in several documents was that no decision about the use of O'Haras Creek would be made until the LAPP had been completed.
While the departmental memorandum commencing the LAPP referred to investigations for residential use and a reserve for public recreation and the promotion of the study and preservation of native fauna and flora, there was no indication at a senior level in the Department or at Ministerial level of what the outcome of that process would be at the date of claim.
Although the post-claim documents continue until 2005 no LAPP has been included in the evidence. As stated in Illawarra No 2 (CA) only if material is probative of the "objective likelihood assessed in prospect at a particular date of events happening in the future" should it be admitted.
There is no basis for admitting the post-claim material beyond mid 1990 that the Applicant sought to rely on as there was no proposal or outcome under consideration by Lands at the date of claim which suggests that prospective consideration through post-claim documents should be availed of.
107The other State government statutory process commenced within NPWS before the date of claim was the NPWS' reference proposal for a nature reserve. The Minister's case changed during the hearing and primary reliance was no longer placed on the NPWS' nature reserve reference. That change in the case in part explained why the Minister no longer pressed a number of post-claim documents. | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96b7:44 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96b7 | Handley and Powell JJA held at 245D - F that "[t]he variety of public purposes suggested by different agencies, their lack of interest in the years before and after the claim, and the fluctuating priorities" provided ample evidence for the trial judge's findings that the purposes were not regarded as essential by the departments and need for those purposes not established.
"Needed" in s 36(1)(c) meant "required".
160The Minister argued in reply that the facts of this case are different because the multiple land uses relied on are all EPPs unlike in Castlereagh where forestry and urban development were not EPPs. That is not correct.
It was found (at 254E) that the trial judge was not saying that the land uses were not EPPs in the abstract but that the land uses were not demonstrated to be needed as EPPs by the departments at the date of claim in the circumstances, a finding open to him.
The Minister's case here is different in that the mixture of EPPs relied on are not necessarily competing if carried out in parallel (leaving aside whether public recreation and open space/urban fringe park can sit with nature conservation).
161The observation of the majority in Castlereagh about fluctuating interests applies particularly to NPWS in this case given that a proposal in the 1970s for a nature reserve was not supported or pursued during the 1980s.
Much of the correspondence in the 1980s from the Minister for the Environment and NPWS stated that while the O'Haras Creek area was considered to have conservation significance there were not funds or staff for further investigations (for example NPWS' memorandum dated 17 May 1989,
Minister for the Environment's letter dated 15 July 1987 stating that NPWS had limited funds and could not investigate when a study would take place, NPWS' letter dated 21 August 1987 to the Four Wheel Drive Clubs Association and briefing note to the Minister for the Environment by NPWS dated 11 November 1987).
Local management of the area was supported by NPWS until not long before the date of claim when the nature reserve reference process was commenced within NPWS. The change of attitude in NPWS is evidenced by the commencement of that reference and in post-claim documents of NPWS and the Minister for Environment dated 30 August 1989 and December 1989.
Department of Housing (Minister's facts (m), (n); Applicant's alternative facts (m), (n)) (see par 84 - 88 above)
162In relation to interest at the date of claim from the Department of Housing, the Applicant put forward two facts ((m) and (n)) it asked the Court to find. The parties' submissions based on the limited evidence available are identified in par 85 - 88.
The first fact was that any interest was confined to Area A only (the ridgetop lands). The second fact refers to post-claim material in 1993 (which I have held should not be relied on).
The alternative findings of fact the Applicant contended for were that the Department's interest was over the whole of the land including Area B in light of the RLS.
The Minister made extensive submissions summarised above in par 87 concerning the meaning of the various land capability maps attached to the RLS. As identified elsewhere that study was by BHSC not a State government agency and is directed to land capability.
The general nature of the references to land with possible residential capability in the RLS supports the Applicant's factual contentions in that it is not possible to be conclusive that the only area of interest was Area A this far removed in time from the dates in question.
The letter from the Department of Housing to Lands dated 23 July 1986, a note on Lands' files dated 22 March 1989 recording current interest in the claimed land as including housing and the Lands' memorandum dated 3 May 1989 further confirm the Department's general interest in the O'Haras Creek land the subject of the LAPP. | [
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8:42 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8 | 3. His Honour erred in point of law in his resolution of the issue of causation in finding that the Plaintiff had discharged the onus of proof as to causation of the Deceased's lung cancer condition in respect of the Deceased's exposure to asbestos in the employ of either Asbestospray Fireproofing and Insulation (NSW) Pty Limited or Asbestospray Corporation Australasia Pty Limited.
...
5. His Honour erred in point of law in awarding any damages against WorkCover Authority (NSW) in respect of the Deceased's exposure to asbestos in the employment of Asbestospray Fireproofing and Insulation (NSW) Pty Limited
a. In finding that there was a policy of insurance within the terms of s 151AB of the Workers Compensation Act 1987 on the last day of the Deceased's employment, whether it be that the Deceased's last day of employment by Asbestospray Fireproofing and Insulation (NSW) Pty Limited was on 30th June 1972 (J [14]) or May 1972 (J [158]);
b.
Alternatively, given His Honour's finding (J [163]) that there was no Workers Compensation policy between June 1972 and 10 May 1974, in finding (J [146 and 158][)], that there was a policy for Workers Compensation insurance within the terms of s 151AB of the Workers Compensation Act 1987 on the last day of the Deceased's employment by Asbestospray Fireproofing and Insulation (NSW) Pty Limited,
whether it be that the Deceased's last day of employment with by [sic] Asbestospray Fireproofing and Insulation (NSW) Pty Limited was the 30th June 1972 (J [14]) or May 1972 (J [158]).
6. His Honour erred in point of law in ordering that the Appellant pay the Plaintiff's costs on an indemnity basis from 14th May 2010."
(b) principles enunciated in Amaca v Ellis
147The written submissions in support of ground 2 merely noted that the trial judge adopted the "all exposure is causative" approach in reaching the ultimate determination of the lung cancer, and in this regard fell into error of law: written submissions, par 12. That complaint was misconceived.
As explained in the joint judgment in Amaca v Booth, the approach adopted in Amaca v Ellis depended upon the evidence in that case, which differed from that called in Amaca v Booth: at [71].
The evidence in Amaca v Booth (and in the present case) also differed from that relied on in Fairchild: at [79] and [80]. The submissions failed to identify any more specific principle which was not applied. Ground 2 must be rejected.
(c) onus of proof
148Neither in written submissions, nor in oral argument, did WorkCover seek to identify any issue raised by this ground which was not otherwise covered by the common ground 1. Ground 3 should also be dismissed.
(d) insurance cover
149The liability of WorkCover arose, if at all, under s 151AB of the Workers Compensation Act, which relevantly provided:
"151AB Special insurance provisions relating to occupational diseases
(1) If an employer is liable independently of this Act for damages for an occupational disease contracted by a worker, the following provisions have effect for the purposes of any policy of insurance obtained by the employer:
(a) the liability is taken to have arisen when the worker was last employed by the employer in employment to the nature of which the disease was due ...
...
(6) In sections 151AB and 151AC:
occupational disease means a disease of such a nature as to be contracted by a gradual process, and includes:
(a) a dust disease as defined by the Workers' Compensation (Dust Diseases) Act 1942 ...."
150There was dispute in the Tribunal as to the insurance cover held by Asbestospray Fireproofing (the second employer). The plaintiff alleged in her statement of claim that the company was insured by Vanguard Insurance Company Ltd ("Vanguard"), seeking relief pursuant to s 6(4) of the Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act.
Vanguard being insolvent, WorkCover was sued as manager of the Insurers' Guarantee Fund, pursuant to s 236 of the Workers Compensation Act. | [
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] | What is the effect of section 151AB of the Workers Compensation Act 1987 on the liability of an employer for damages for an occupational disease contracted by a worker? | [
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nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8:36 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8 | If it had been desired to give technical evidence of the physics involved and of any relevant opinions deduced therefrom, possibly that might have been done by a qualified witness although one may doubt how intelligible to the jury the evidence would have been and what useful purpose it would have served.
But it certainly does not appear that Mr Foster Joy was qualified to give such testimony and in fact he did not essay to do so. What in truth occurred was to use the witness to argue the plaintiff's case and present it more vividly and cogently before the jury."
115To say, as Allianz did, that "the opinions on individual causation offered by the plaintiff's witnesses in the present case are indistinguishable in principle from the opinion offered by Mr Joy in Clark v Ryan" is so vapid a proposition as to cast doubt upon the ground of appeal generally, as it formed the primary basis of the written submissions: see par 50.
However, there were three attempted refinements on the submission which need to be addressed.
116First, it was said that because the "general theory as to the aetiology of lung cancer was not in dispute" there was, in effect, nothing left about which an expert could helpfully opine. There are a number of responses to that proposition. First, as has been explained above, the "cumulative theory" of causation was very much in issue and, it appears, remains so in the appellants' view.
Thus, in the same written submissions, although in a passage not pursued on the present appeal, Allianz sought to argue that the trial judge was in error in seeking to distinguish the approach of the House of Lords in Fairchild v Glenhaven Funeral Services Ltd [2003] 1 AC 32.
Further, the submissions sought to distinguish the factual findings accepted as available to the Tribunal in Amaba Pty Ltd v Booth in this Court.
117A second response is that by purportedly accepting Professor Henderson's evidence as to the aetiology of lung cancer, but not accepting his evidence as to causation in the individual case, the appellants were assuming the correctness of their conclusion, namely that the inferences to be drawn as to causation in the individual case were simply not available on any logical basis.
For the reasons already given, that assumption must be rejected.
118A third response is that the complaint has echoes of an "ultimate issue" challenge. Conscious of the terms of s 80, which provides that evidence of an opinion is not inadmissible only because it is about a fact in issue or an ultimate issue, counsel denied the suggestion.
Nevertheless, if it is appropriate at all to draw an inference as to causation in the individual case, the third supplementary report of Professor Henderson demonstrates with clarity why it is that an expert is entitled to take that step.
Indeed, although it relied upon no epidemiological evidence, Allianz sought to argue a proposition which itself required scientific justification, namely that only epidemiology could answer the plaintiff's need to establish individual causation. If that required a scientific justification, the answer (provided by Professor Henderson) also required scientific expertise.
119The second basis on which the appellants sought to bolster their challenge was that "the drawing of inferences of individual causation was [not] the subject of any organised field of scientific or medical study": written submissions, par 52.
That extraordinary proposition was, in substance, based on the view accepted by one of the clinicians that treatment of lung cancer was unaffected by its cause; that may well be so, but the point is trivial.
The submission rejects out of hand all aspects of preventative medicine and public health, the latter, presumably, because it is not concerned with how a particular individual might acquire a disease or other disability.
No reference was made to Professor Henderson's evidence, for example, as to the importance of knowing why only 10-15% of cigarette smokers develop lung cancer and only 10-15% of persons heavily exposed to asbestos develop mesothelioma. | [
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nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8:40 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8 | Where the disease is indivisible, such as lung cancer, a defendant who has tortiously contributed to the cause of the disease will be liable in full. Where the disease is divisible, such as asbestosis, the tortfeasor will be liable in respect of the share of the disease for which he is responsible."
139In the 2009 publication of the American Law Institute (ALI), Restatement (Third) of Torts: Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm, Vol 1 380-1 (s27, Illustration 3) an example is given of three people who independently but simultaneously and negligently lean against the plaintiff's car, causing it to roll over the edge of a precipice.
On the hypothesis presented, the force applied by each was insufficient to effect the damage, but the combined force of two was sufficient.
Accordingly, the conduct of none was necessary or sufficient to cause the damage. This constituted one of a number of examples given by Professor Jane Stapleton in "Factual Causation" (2010) Fed L Rev 467 at 475-476. Approving the statement of the ALI, Professor Stapleton accepts that each should be held liable in respect of an indivisible outcome.
140There is authority in this country to support that approach. Thus, the doctrine of material contribution was applied by the House of Lords in Bonnington Castings Ltd v Wardlaw [1956] AC 613, a case involving "pneumoconiosis ... caused by a gradual accumulation in the lungs of minute particles of silica inhaled over a period of years": at 621 (Lord Reid).
There were two sources of the dust inhaled by the plaintiff, namely pneumatic hammers and swing grinders. It was conceded by the employer that the dust from the swing grinders should have been intercepted and removed. Lord Reid stated at 621:
"... I cannot agree that the question is: which was the most probable source of the respondent's disease, the dust from the pneumatic hammers or the dust from the swing grinders? It appears to me that the source of his disease was the dust from both sources, and the real question is whether the dust from the swing grinders materially contributed to the disease.
What is a material contribution must be a question of degree. A contribution which comes within the exception de minimus non curat lex is not material, but I think that any contribution which does not fall within that exception must be material."
Viscount Simons (at 618), Lord Tucker (at 623), Lord Keith of Avonholm (at 626) and Lord Somervell of Harrow (at 627) agreed.
141In March v Stramare, Mason CJ (with the concurrence of Deane J, writing separately, Toohey and Gaudron JJ) noted that uniformity of approach to questions of causation might not be possible, given the purpose of allocating legal responsibility for conduct. Bonnington Castings (at 620) was referred to as providing support for the following proposition (at 514):
"Nonetheless, the law's recognition that concurrent or successive tortious acts may each amount to a cause of the injuries sustained by a plaintiff is reflected in the proposition that it is for the plaintiff to establish that his or her injuries are 'caused or materially contributed to' by the defendant's wrongful conduct."
142More recently, the statement of Lord Reid in respect of material contribution was referred to without disapproval by the High Court in Amaca v Ellis [2010] HCA 5; 240 CLR 111. Their Honours stated:
"[67] It is important to recognise the context in which this statement was made.
The issue in Bonnington Castings was whether exposure to silica dust from poorly maintained equipment caused or contributed to the pursuer's pneumoconiosis, when other (and much larger) quantities of silica dust were produced by other activities at the pursuer's workplace. Those other activities were conducted without breach of duty. | [
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] | What is the doctrine of material contribution, and how has it been applied in Australian law? | [
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nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8:19 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8 | 34The proposition also put forward that Professor Henderson cannot give expert evidence on causation is, with respect, incorrect. As a pathologist, if he otherwise has the basis to express an opinion, he is concerned with the science of the causes and effects of diseases.
In this respect I agree with what was said by Nettle JA, Ashley JA and Redlich JA in Amaca Pty Ltd v King [2011] VSCA 447 at [110] ff; and see also Amaca Pty Ltd (under NSW Administered Winding up) v Booth [2011] HCA 53; 283 ALR 461 at 475 [49] per French CJ.
35It is true that the opinions were expressed in language that is employed in legal analysis in causation, but the expressions used were factual phrases capable of expressing meaning in the contexts in which they were used. There was no cross-examination to the effect that these were not Professor Henderson's views but the words given to him by lawyers.
36In my opinion, Professor Henderson's opinions were admissible and no error was displayed by the Tribunal in admitting them.
Material contribution
37It is necessary to deal with the second level of argument, that even if admissible, the evidence of Professor Henderson is insufficient to support the conclusion of causation arrived at by the Tribunal.
38The factual proposition said to support this conclusion was one with which Professor Henderson agreed: it could not be said in respect of each of the appellants that, but for its negligent exposure of Mr Sim to asbestos, he would not have contracted his lung cancer.
39The legal proposition said to support this conclusion and to be dictated by the High Court's decision in Amaca Pty Ltd v Ellis [2010] HCA 5; 240 CLR 111 and the Full Court of the Federal Court's decision in Merck Sharp & Dohme (Australia) Pty Ltd v Peterson [2011] FCAFC 128;
196 FCR 145 was as follows: Under the common law of Australia an essential pre-requisite of a conclusion of causation by a factor materially contributing to the relevant event or circumstance is that it be shown that without the factor the event or circumstance would not have occurred.
Thus it was submitted that satisfaction of the but for test was essential for the conclusion that each of the three employment exposures contributed to Mr Sim's cancer. That factual premise not being made out, the appellants must succeed.
40The phrases "material contribution" or "materially contributes" to a result used in a causal sense are capable of taking on a number of meanings. Care needs to be taken in their use. In this regard, see Strong v Woolworths Ltd [2012] HCA 5.
For instance, in Canada the phrase "material contribution" has been used as a special or exceptional notion as an alternative to the but for test in connection with the finding in some cases that the defendant has increased the risk of the harm in question: see Resurfice Corp v Hanke 2007 SCC 7; [2007] 1 SCR 333 at 342-343 [24]-[25].
It can be accepted that the respondent did not advocate and the Tribunal did not conclude that causation was to be concluded by increase in risk alone. Such an approach was rejected in Ellis, Bendix, Gett v Tabet [2009] NSWCA 76; 254 ALR 504 and Tabet v Gett [2010] HCA 12; 240 CLR 537 and Evans. There was no argument on behalf of Mrs Sim that this clear line of authority should be departed from.
41The expression "material contribution" has been used authoritatively in Australia as part of the description of relevant causal connection: March v Stramare (Mason CJ, with whom Toohey J and Gaudron J agreed).
Indeed, the recognition that the primary legal proposition should be rejected can be taken from the first sentence of Mason CJ's judgment in March v Stramare that states his disagreement with McHugh J about the but for test (at 508 [1]):
"Like McHugh J., I would allow this appeal but my reasons for taking this course are rather different from those stated by his Honour as I do not accept that the 'but for' (causa sine qua non) test ever was or now should become the exclusive test of causation in negligence cases." | [
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nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8:11 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8 | ...
Ibid pp 246-247
Q. ... A - ... So the difference is between the non-necessity for this causal chain in the throwing of the darts, but the dire necessity - in fact, it is essential - that one moves from one mutational event to another, ultimately striking the right sequence or combination of mutational and other events necessary to lead to a lung cancer. So there is a necessary causal chain.
HIS HONOUR
Q. So if we do not look at darts, but 99 to 100 fibres, every fibre does its part . A - Every deposited fibre potentially does its part, yes.
MR SEMMLER
Q. Going on to the next page, at the top of page 8 you use the expression, 'The hundred darts do not constitute an obligate chain of events essential for the score of a triple 20.' Does the exposure in four separate periods, as in Mr Sim's case, to asbestos, with four separate employers - does each exposure constitute an obligate chain of events essential for the ultimate development of the cancer.
A - Well, in the development of that particular cancer my answer is in the affirmative;
but, yes, that each of those exposures will increase the likelihood that a cancer will develop, but the fibres from the first exposure remain throughout the other periods of exposure and are added to by the fibres inhaled and deposited by the subsequent exposures,
so that each has incrementally increased the likelihood that a lung cancer will develop, and in this case that likelihood has been translated into the actual development of lung cancer.
Q. When the lung cancer develops and the risk expressed as a likelihood has come home, is it possible then to exclude any of the four periods of exposure to asbestos with each for the employers in the explanation for the reality of the cancer.
A - Well, the answer to that is no, one cannot exclude any one and blame all of the others. The point is that all of them have contributed to the load of inhaled and deposited asbestos fibres in lung tissue, or a fraction of those fibres have interacted with the cells to produce the toxic chemicals involved in producing mutations.
Those mutations have increased in number as a result of the fact that asbestos fibres can interact with cells at multiple different points along the causal chain, leading up to the development of the lung cancer. ,...
one cannot point to one and blame it and exculpate the others; and equally, one can't point to one and exculpate it and then blame all of the other three exposures. The point is that all of them have contributed to the fibre burden in lung tissue, all have contributed to the risk which is then translated into the actual occurrence of the lung cancer.
Q. Yes. And when you say it is translated into the actual occurrence of the lung cancer, you mean that once the risk comes home each of them has caused that cancer. A - That's right, yes."
20Having been taken to a chapter in a text entitled "Asbestos Risk Assessment, Epidemiology and Health Effects", he was asked and answered as follows:
Ibid pp 247-248
"Q. ... Does the chapter that you have there in your hand - does that provide perhaps a more comprehensive and detailed explanation of the patho-biological mechanisms for lung cancer and mesothelioma development at a cellular level.
A - Well, yes, it's a more widespread account. It's dealing with the cellular and molecular events that take place between asbestos and various cells and tissues, including malignant transformation near the end of the chapter; but it also addresses other things like asbestosis.
Q. Yes. Do you accept that that is a reasonable explanation of that phenomenon that you have just described.
A - Yes, I think it is a reasonably - not entirely up-to-date, but a reasonably current account of some of the events that are thought to take place between deposited asbestos fibres in various cells and the pathways that were thought to lead to asbestosis and the cancer, such as lung cancer or mesothelioma." | [
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8:47 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8 | This Court was not taken to any submissions in that respect made at the costs hearing. Neither in its written submissions in reply in this Court, nor in oral argument, did it raise any response to the plaintiff's submissions in this respect. It cannot be said that his Honour erred in the evaluative judgment he formed in respect of this issue, let alone that he erred in law.
176The second objection raised by WorkCover, and repeated in this Court, was that the offer was not open for "such time as is reasonable in the circumstances", pursuant to r 20.26(7)(b).
177The trial judge held that the offer was open for a reasonable time, given the circumstances: at [41]-[43]. The argument in this Court asserted that his Honour failed to take into account the need for WorkCover to be informed in full of the case it was to meet.
That complaint, in substance, echoed the first objection and should be rejected for similar reasons. There was no attempt to identify any relevant error of law in the reasoning of the trial judge.
178Thirdly, WorkCover submitted that "no defendant individually could have accepted the plaintiff's offer of compromise given the terms of the offer of compromise": written submissions, par 32. The reason for this proposition was that an acceptance on the part of one defendant would result in the plaintiff recovering the whole of her costs from that defendant.
179In response to what must have been a similar argument put at trial, the Tribunal stated at [44]:
"An offer by a plaintiff sufficient to trigger the operation of the rule may be put to multiple defendants. Their several interests may be protected in terms of offers between themselves (Henderson v Amadeo (unreported, Federal Court, Vic, 22 March 1990, Stevedoring Industry Finance Committee v Gibson [2000] NSWCA 179)."
180No legal error was identified as attending that reasoning. Accordingly, the third basis of challenge to the order must also be rejected.
(10) Conclusion
181Each of the appeals has failed on all grounds and must therefore be dismissed. The appellants must pay the costs of Mrs Sim in respect of each appeal.
182MEAGHER JA: I agree, for the reasons given by Basten JA and for the additional reasons given by Allsop P that these three appeals should be dismissed and the appellants ordered to pay the costs of Mrs Sim.
**********
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Decision last updated: 04 April 2012 | [
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8:26 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8 | [166] Nor can there be any real dispute that the totality of the several periods of asbestos employment caused Mr Sim's cancer. The presence of asbestosis increases the risk of contracting lung cancer by a factor of between 5 and 10 over the background risk.
Because Mr Sim stopped smoking 30 years before he died, every medical expert called in the plaintiff's case dismissed smoking as a cause of the cancer.
[167] Nevertheless, the plaintiff cannot succeed against any defendant merely by proving that the aggregate exposure to asbestos caused the cancer (Amaca Pty Ltd v Ellis (2010) 240 CLR 111), and each defendant, calling no medical evidence, asserts that the plaintiff has failed to prove that the employment for which it is responsible materially contributed to the contraction of the cancer."
73After referring briefly to the evidence of the three main witnesses called by the plaintiff, Professor Douglas Henderson (Professor of Pathology at Flinders University), Dr David Bryant (Associate Professor of Medicine at UNSW) and Dr Deborah Yates, the judge identified the principal contentions put forward on behalf of the defendants (now appellants) in the following terms at [183]:
"(a) Because it is impossible on the current state of scientific knowledge to fully identify the sequence of mutagenic events that caused a lung cancer in an individual, it is impossible to assert that all retained fibres contributed to the particular biochemical reaction which led ultimately to the development of the cancer.
(b) In this circumstance the only rational basis for concluding that asbestos fibre for which a defendant is liable caused or contributed to those events, is ... the laws of mathematical probability based on whether the attributable risk fraction for the exposure in question exceed[ed] 50 per cent."
74The first contention, as summarised, involved a degree of circularity which was unhelpful. The real question was whether enough was known for a scientist with expertise in the relevant discipline to express the view identified in the second part of the proposition. In substance, as explained in oral argument in this Court by senior counsel for Wallaby Grip (Tcpt, p 17(10)):
"Our point is this: if one's talking about increasing the possibility of a set of mutations, which is what Professor Henderson is talking about, the question remains of any one defendant responsible for some but not all of the aggregate exposure which [on?
] the premise is more likely [than] not as an aggregate cause for lung cancer, one still has to ask the question 'how can you say of any part of that component that it did anything other than increase a risk?'.
And then if the risk, if the other exposures apart from the exposure by the particular defendant in question, is more than sufficient to explain the lung cancer - which it is in this case - how can you say on the balance of probabilities as opposed to a possibility, that the first of the defendants in question is liable ... Or the second or the third.
And that's why it's only in cases where you can say each was necessary though not sufficient.
And that means you need to know something about what is sufficient to have caused it and you obviously need to pay close regard to the component of exposure for which [the] defendant is negligently liable - I stress it's not the whole of the exposure necessarily - towards the end of the period it will be. But not at the beginning."
75The trial judge addressed the argument that the mutagenic process was "not known" in the following terms:
"[186] As I understand Professor Henderson's evidence, a cell mutates, not because of mechanical impingement upon the cell by an identifiable asbestos fibre, but because of its exposure to free radicals, toxic to DNA. | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8:4 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8 | The principal vice of Professor Henderson's evidence (and, through it, of that of Drs Bryant and Young) was the absence of rational explanation drawn from his expertise about the causal connexion in Mr Sim's individual case between the asbestos fibres inhaled through the breach of duty by each defendant and Mr Sim's lung cancer.
The related vice was that Professor Henderson had no expertise in drawing causal conclusions from primary material facts. The conclusion was one of legal cause and not for Professor Henderson to draw, however eminent and well-qualified he might otherwise be, as a pathologist. For the reasons given by Basten JA and in what follows, both these propositions should be rejected.
5The second level of argument that worked on the assumption of the admission (and lawful admissibility) of the relevant evidence was directed to the inadequacy of the material to supply any evidential foundation for the causal conclusions drawn by the primary judge.
This was approached in argument by reference to the reasons of the primary judge. With respect, though giving a helpful elaboration of the essentials of the argument, and to the essential elements of the asserted error of the primary judge, the matter is to be assessed by reference to the whole of the evidence.
That is not the only difficulty. If the evidence is of no probative value in the proof of the causal responsibility of any of the defendants (even if it "passes muster" as opinion evidence as to something because of the presence of adequate explanation sourced in relevant expertise) it must be because it lacks probative value for the purposes of the Evidence Act 1995 (NSW), s 55.
6Central to the success of the argument at this second level was the proper approach to causation and, in particular, the meaning in the Australian common law of "material contribution" in such expressions of principle as in March v Stramare (E & M H) Pty Ltd [1991] HCA 12; 171 CLR 506 at 514, and cf Norton Australia Pty Ltd v Streets Ice Cream Pty Ltd [1968] HCA 61; 120 CLR 635 at 643.
It was submitted, as I ultimately understood the argument, that it was necessary for proof of "material contribution" in any tortious causal analysis (at least in negligence) that the plaintiff prove that were it not for ("but for") the defendant's breach the damage would not have occurred.
For the reasons given by Basten JA and in what follows, this proposition should be rejected. I should say at this point that the reasons of the primary judge commenced (at [2]) with the positing of the relevant questions conformably with this proposition of the appellants:
"The principal issue for determination is whether the evidence called by Mr Sim satisfies the "but for" test of causation in relation to the causal contribution by any particular period of employment to Mr Sim's disease of lung cancer."
7The argument in this Court, and in essence his Honour's own reasoning ranged wider than this. This was the case because it can be readily accepted that Professor Henderson disavowed any opinion that without any one of the exposures by reference to periods of employment the cancer would probably not have occurred.
Further, there was evidence that the load of asbestos inhaled in each year of employment was probably sufficient to cause cancer in Mr Sim.
The operation and application of the Evidence Act, s 79
8Section 79 is an exception to the general rule in the Evidence Act, s 76 of the inadmissibility of opinion evidence.
In Dasreef Pty Ltd v Hawchar [2011] HCA 21;
243 CLR 588, the judgment of French CJ, Gummow J, Hayne J, Kiefel J and Bell J emphasised (at 603-604 [35]) that the conditions necessary for admissibility of an expert opinion under s 79 are:
that the witness has specialised knowledge based on training, study and experience and that the opinion is wholly or substantially based on that specialised knowledge, and, of course, that the opinion is one relevant to a fact in issue. | [
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8:8 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8 | Both crocidolite and chrysotile have been shown to disturb cell division, producing binucleated cells, which may lead to aneuploidy or polyploidy. Asbestos fibres can also induce oncogene expression - such as c-fos and c-jun proto-oncogenes - in cultured rodent mesothelial cells. Asbestos-related adenocarcinoma of lung is also associated with p53 and k-ras mutations.
...
Ibid p 2135
On the basis of prevailing evidence, the cumulative exposure model for lung cancer induction by asbestos appears to conform to modern approaches to assessment of causality, with coherence of data across multiple different types of investigation that include dose-response data from epidemiological studies and case-referent studies based on lung tissue fibre measurements;
the evidence also encompasses a variety of pathological observations that include the separate and combined clastogenic and mutagenic effects of asbestos and tobacco smoke on cell lines in vitro and on bronchiolar epithelium in vivo.
In terms of generalisability, the cumulative exposure model appears to have explanatory-predictive value:
after the 25 fibres/mL-year standard was introduced in Germany - where attribution is primarily an administrative exercise, so that decision-making is less likely to be skewed than by adversarial court-based systems of compensation - the excess lung cancer to mesothelioma ratio has shown close agreement with the same ratio obtained from multiple epidemiological investigations.
"
(Endnotes omitted.)
16Professor Henderson wrote a later report dated 31 August 2010 in response to the views of Professor Berry (whose report was exchanged, but who was not called). The report is to be read as a defence by Professor Henderson of his opinions as to the causal relationship of all the exposures of Mr Sim by the three appellants, a matter contested in the report of Professor Berry.
The whole section entitled "Causation in a claimant" on pp 7-10 of Professor Henderson's report is directly relevant. (See Joint Blue Book Vol 5 of 5 pp 2177-2180.
) In it, Professor Henderson seeks to explain why differentiation between employers, such that one can be and another not be causally responsible, cannot be done.
He explained that this was the case because, if lung cancer occurs because of exposure to asbestos (as on the probabilities it did here), the induction of asbestos fibres into the lung and respiratory structure that were there retained all played a necessary, cumulative and incremental part in the development of the disease.
At the risk of unnecessary lengthening of these reasons I set out the following from this report:
Joint Blue Bok Vol 5 of 5 pp 2178-2180
"The point is that lung cancer is considered to develop by way of a multi-stage model of carcinogenesis, analogous to that which applies to the development of mesothelioma when caused by asbestos, but in most cases of asbestos-related lung cancer cigarette smoking is an important causal co-factor.
In this context, it is worth noting the following:
Because of the apparent capacity of asbestos fibres to participate at several stages of cancer (lung cancer; mesothelioma) induction (please see the attached document MM_Overview_Schematic, reproduced from reference 24), all exposures to asbestos in an individual patient must be considered cumulatively to play some part in causation of the cancer in question.
Current understanding of the pathobiological mechanisms for lung cancer and mesothelioma development indicates that epithelial/mesothelial cells are being initiated, initiated cells promoted, and altered cells proliferating at different times, apparently and at least in part as a result of free radical generation, with oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes being activated and inactivated. | [
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8:41 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8 | As Lord Reid rightly pointed out, the question in the case was not what was the most probable source of the pursuer's disease: dust from one source or the other. The question was whether dust from the poorly maintained equipment was a cause of his disease when the medical evidence was that pneumoconiosis is caused by a gradual accumulation of silica particles inhaled over a period of years.
[68] This description of the issue of causation in Bonnington Castings shows how different it is from the issue of causation in this case. The issue in Bonnington Castings was whether one source of an injurious substance contributed to a gradual accumulation of dust that resulted in disease. The issue here is whether one substance that can cause injury did cause injury.
Or, to adopt and adapt what Starke J said in Adelaide Stevedoring Co Ltd v Forst, was Mr Cotton's cancer 'intimately connected with and contributed to' by his exposure to asbestos? Questions of material contribution arise only if a connection between Mr Cotton's inhaling asbestos and his developing cancer was established.
Knowing that inhaling asbestos can cause cancer does not entail that in this case it probably did. For the reasons given earlier, that inference was not to be drawn in this case. Questions of what is a material contribution do not arise."
143While questions of material contribution did not arise in that case, there was no suggestion that, in another case, they could not support a finding of liability: indeed the discussion assumes that they could.
Further, in terms of the precise question identified at [68], it was not in dispute in the present case that asbestos did cause Mr Sim's lung cancer: the question related rather to what has been described as "the defendant-identification issue": Stapleton, "Factual Causation and Asbestos Cancers", (2010) 126 LQR 351 at 356.
144In Amaca v Booth, Gummow, Hayne and Crennan JJ referred to the same issue at [70]:
"The 'but for' criterion of causation proved to be troublesome in various situations in which multiple acts or events led to the plaintiff's injury, for example, where the development of a particular medical condition was the result of multiple conjunctive causal factors.
In such cases what may be unclear is the extent to which one of these conjunctive causal factors contributed to that state of affairs.
These situations have been addressed by the proposition stated by Lord Watson in Wakelin v London and South Western Railway Co [(1886) 12 App Cas 41 at 47] that it is sufficient that the plaintiff prove that the negligence of the defendant 'caused or materially contributed to the injury'."
Their Honours also referred to the speech of Lord Reid in Bonnington Castings at 621 and Amaca v Ellis at [67].
145The appellants identified no authority for the proposition that substantial successive and cumulative tortious conduct, independently engaged in by several defendants, did not render each liable for the consequential and individual harm, in circumstances where individually, the tortious conduct was neither necessary nor sufficient to cause the harm.
The line of authorities referred to above demonstrates that evidence of causation satisfying those conditions is sufficient to establish liability according to general law principles. Accordingly, ground 1(f) must be rejected.
(9) WorkCover Authority - further grounds
(a) further issues
146Wallaby Grip did not seek to rely upon any grounds beyond the common grounds addressed above. The WorkCover Authority, however, raised four further grounds, in the following terms:
"2.
His Honour erred in point of law in his resolution of the issue of causation in failing to apply the principles enunciated by the High Court in Amaca v Ellis 240 CLR 111 as to causation of the Deceased's lung cancer condition in respect of the Deceased's exposure to asbestos in the employ of either Asbestospray Fireproofing and Insulation (NSW)
Pty Limited or Asbestospray Corporation Australasia Pty Limited. | [
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8:30 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8 | as such, this exercise involves a biomedical exercise whereby all relevant data are integrated into a conceptual/actual understanding (although when the evidence is strong enough, causation can be assigned in the absence of some or much knowledge of causal mechanisms - a so-called 'black box' approach).
This multifactorial approach to causation was set forth explicitly and in a commonsense approach by the late Sir Austin Bradford-Hill, in a set of multiple criteria that became known as 'The Bradford-Hill Criteria'."
89The second focus of Professor Henderson's comments was that "lung cancer is considered to develop by way of a multi-stage model of carcinogenesis, analogous to that which applies to the development of mesothelioma when caused by asbestos". Professor Henderson continued (p 8):
"Current understanding of the pathobiological mechanisms for lung cancer and mesothelioma development indicates that epithelial/mesothelial cells are being initiated, initiated cells promoted, and altered cells proliferating at different times, apparently and at least in part as a result of free radical generation, with oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes being activated and inactivated.
At some stage, the proliferative airway/mesothelial cells are thought to become resistant to apoptosis. At the same time, fibres are cleared at different rates and, if exposure is continuing, they continue to be deposited in the lung. ...
All these processes at a cellular level are probabilistic: i.e., the probability of fibre/cell interaction (or, more accurately, fibres/cells interactions) depends on the number of fibres and the number of cells involved at any point in time and space.
Hence, simplistically, the greater the number of asbestos fibres, the more free radicals (generated from the fibres or their interactions with cells such as macrophages) and the greater probability of initiated, promoted or proliferative cells at any given time point.
From a current understanding of the multistage model for cancer induction by asbestos,
it follows that each of all exposures to asbestos - recalled or unrecognised - contributes incrementally and cumulatively to the singular disease outcome lung cancer or mesothelioma (provided that the latency interval between any one exposure and the subsequent diagnosis of the cancer is not too short for a carcinogenic effect).
"
90The so-called "latency interval" is a period of at least 10 years. Thus, exposure to asbestos within 10 years of diagnosis of a carcinoma is treated as causally immaterial.
In the present case, the carcinoma was diagnosed as occurring in May 2008, more than 30 years after the last relevant exposure. The evidence did not suggest there was an upper limit to the period during which asbestos exposure could contribute to the development of lung cancer.
91There is one other passage in the report to which reference is necessary, as it was relied upon to illustrate what was said to be an invalid leap from assessment of risk to causation. Professor Henderson's opinion is introduced by the following passage (p 11):
"On page 5, Prof Berry responds to the two questions, presumably posed by the instructing solicitors. One of the questions asks whether it is possible to determine scientifically whether Mr Sim's lung cancer (in his individual case) was caused by his exposure to asbestos dust and fibre only whilst employed by Australian Asbestos Pty Ltd between 1964 and 1966? I note that he comments:
'In the absence of quantitative exposure information it would be invalid to conclude that the lung cancer was caused only by the exposure whilst employed by Australian Asbestos. There were three other periods of exposure that would have made a contribution to the excess in risk, and there is no scientific basis for saying that only one of these four periods of employment [caused] the lung cancer.'"
(Both the underlining and the inserted words occur in Professor Henderson's document.) | [
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8:39 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8 | For these purposes, the appellants did not seek to set up a necessary condition test as the only relevant test; they accepted that the results of applying that test may be over-inclusive, so that legal policy may restrict the category of those liable, even where the conduct is a necessary condition of the harm suffered.
On the other hand, they said that satisfaction of the necessary condition test is a necessary condition of liability.
136This approach is too limited and does not reflect presently accepted general law principles. In its terms, it rejects reliance on "material contribution" as a sufficient causal connection.
In a classic analysis of causation principles in the law of tort entitled "Causation in Tort Law" (1985) 73 Cal L Rev 1735, Professor Richard W Wright undertook a comprehensive survey of causation in tort law, the analysis covering theories from David Hume to the date of publication.
In discussing the 'NESS test' (necessary elements of a sufficient set of conditions) as articulated by Hart and Honoré, Wright noted that the courts had not required independent sufficiency for each element in cases of duplicative causation: pp 1791-1792.
Referring to two early American cases, Corey v Havener, 182 Mass 250; 65 NE 69 (1902) (noisy motorcycles) and Anderson v Minneapolis, St P & S Ste M Ry, 146 Minn 430; 179 NW 45 (1920) (merged fires) he noted that the courts did not require the plaintiff in either case to prove independent sufficiency of each contributing factor, but only that each factor contributed to the injury.
Professor Wright noted similar results in pollution cases including, more recently, Michie v Great Lakes Steel Div, 495 F2d 213 (6th Cir), cert denied, 419 US 997 (1974).
137This analysis is apt in the present case: to oversimplify the facts for the purposes of noting the principle, one may assume there were four defendants each of whom contributed (through tortious conduct) 20% of the exposure to asbestos dust which caused the plaintiff's lung cancer;
that the contribution of each, taken alone, would not have been shown, on the balance of probabilities, to cause the lung cancer, but that the combination of any two would have been sufficient.
Thus the contribution of each individually was neither necessary (because there were three other equivalent contributions) nor sufficient to cause the injury. The example was illustrated in the course of argument by a temporal analysis.
Assuming two were sufficient, if the first two in point of time had the necessary effect, the third and fourth would have been redundant; alternatively, if the third and fourth were sufficient, it could not be demonstrated on the balance of probabilities that the chain of causation commenced with either the first or second defendant.
138The appellants contended that if each defendant should in those circumstances be found liable, the conclusion reflected the need, identified in Fairchild, to vary the general law principles, even those relating to material contribution, for the defendants, or any of them, to be found liable.
It not being appropriate for the Tribunal, nor for that matter this Court, to create a new form of tortious liability, the appellants contended that they should succeed: cf Tabet v Gett [2010] HCA 12; 240 CLR 537; Gett v Tabet [2009] NSWCA 76; 254 ALR 504.
However, the flaw in the appellants' argument is its foundation in epidemiology. If Professor Henderson's evidence was inadmissible, the appellants succeed on a different basis; if Professor Henderson's evidence was admissible (as held above) then it must be taken into account in the analysis of causation.
Indeed, as explained by Lord Phillips PSC in Sienkiewicz v Greif (UK) Ltd [2011] 2 WLR 523 at [90]:
"I see no scope for the application of the 'doubles the risk' test in cases where two agents have operated cumulatively and simultaneously in causing the onset of a disease. In such a case the rule in Bonnington [discussed below] applies. | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8:34 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8 | 104Allianz sought to place reliance on the statements by Spigelman CJ in Seltsam Pty Ltd v McGuiness [2000] NSWCA 29; 49 NSWLR 262 at [118]-[120]. In that passage the Chief Justice was addressing an argument not put in the present case, based on an observation of McHugh J in Chappel v Hart [1998] HCA 55; 195 CLR 232 at [27] where his Honour asserted that:
"Before the defendant will be held responsible for the plaintiff's injury, the plaintiff must prove that the defendant's conduct materially contributed to the plaintiff suffering that injury. ...
If a wrongful act or omission results in an increased risk of injury to the plaintiff and that risk eventuates, the defendant's conduct has materially contributed to the injury that the plaintiff suffers whether or not other factors also contributed to that injury occurring."
105There is no need in the present case to explore the scope of McHugh J's remarks: they were made in the course of a dissenting judgment;
they related to a case where the breach of duty was the failure to give a warning as to precisely that risk which eventuated, and they occurred in a passage addressing the proposition that the "but for" test of causation is "often not enough to establish a causal connection for legal purposes": at [26].
The passage in the judgment of Spigelman CJ in Seltsam related to the relevance of epidemiological evidence which did not establish a relative risk in excess of two, and thus causation on the balance of probabilities.
106This reasoning was not relied upon in Professor Henderson's evidence which included the following proposition (third supplementary report, p 6):
"These comments concerning RR extend to the concept of attributable fraction (AF) amongst the exposed, because this is based on the RR derived as an average. Rockhill et al have emphasised that AF cannot be equated automatically to the probability of causation in an individual case (see Henderson et al)."
107Further, the nature of the epidemiology was quite different in the present case, to the extent that it appeared at all in the evidence. Thus, Professor Henderson estimated Mr Sim's "relative risk of lung cancer from his asbestos exposure sufficient to cause clinical asbestosis, at about 5.0": third supplementary report, p 14.
108The appellants' second submission was that the trial judge reached a conclusion that all exposure is causative based on the existence of a dose-response relationship, that is a correlation between exposure to asbestos and the incidence of lung cancer.
The passage in the reasoning of the Tribunal said to support the inference was but one reason given to reject the proposition identified at [197] of the Tribunal's reasons and set out at [76] above: see third reason at [206] of the Tribunal's reasons, set out at [77] above.
109More importantly, the complaint both overstates and trivialises the evidence. Neither Professor Henderson nor the trial judge treated all exposure as causative in a practical sense. Each dismissed as irrelevant exposures to asbestos characterised as insignificant.
Professor Henderson noted that Mr Sim's condition involved "pathologically advanced asbestosis", being a condition which had reached "stage 4 out of four stages of" the disease: Third Supplementary Report, p 13.
He estimated Mr Sim's cumulative asbestos exposure "almost certainly to have been greater than 50 fibres/mL-years - probably substantially in excess of this figure and probably more than a 100 fibres/mL-years": report, p 14. Further, the exposure took place over a period of some 14-15 years.
The shortest period of any single employer was the two years during which Mr Sim was employed by Allianz' insured. Significant exposure over a two year period did not require consideration of whether "all" exposure was causative.
110Nor was it suggested that all exposure contributed to the "chemical soup" described by Professor Henderson as the consequence of inhaling asbestos fibre: Tcpt, 7/9/10, 272(10) and (25). Further, as Professor Henderson acknowledged (Third Supplementary Report, p 9): | [
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8:6 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8 | that the opinions proffered were not based on the deep body of specialised knowledge of the witness or not sufficiently explained as to be more than reasonless assertions unrelated to that which could be legitimately drawn from the facts,
using the relevant specialised knowledge.
All this without a word of contrary expert material; and without the slightest suggestion that the expert's views were tainted by bias, interest or considerations of credit, in any way whatsoever.
The conclusions could be drawn, it was submitted, from lay reading of the specialised knowledge, the facts and the opinions. It is difficult to conclude that a provision such as s 79 should work like this by reason of the words of the statute or judicial exegesis of the method of its application.
11The first matter to consider is the specialised knowledge of Professor Henderson. His report of 4 June 2009 contains evidence as to his training, study and experience. The evidence, in particular at Joint Blue Book Vol 5 of 5 pp 1931-1932, suffices for present purposes to identify his eminence in his field of the pathological study of asbestos related disorders.
12In the report of 4 June 2009, his view was expressed "at a high order of confidence" that Mr Sim's "probable/presumptive lung cancer is attributable to his total cumulative and heavy occupational exposure to asbestos (with clinical asbestosis), by way of a significant causal contribution.
" That was a conclusion that did not seek to differentiate the causal contributions of the respective defendants who were the sequential employers of Mr Sim. No significant attack was made on the conclusion that Mr Sim suffered from lung cancer and that that lung cancer was, on the balance of probabilities, caused by asbestos exposure.
13What was necessary for legal liability of the appellants was evidence that inculpated one or more of the employers such that it could be said that the exposure in the respective employment period caused or materially contributed to Mr Sim's lung cancer.
14In Professor Henderson's later report of 19 April 2010, he expressed the conclusion that the exposures in each of the employment periods made a significant and substantial causal contribution to the development of his lung cancer. He said:
Joint Blue Book Vol 5 of 5 pp 2105-2106
"It is known that asbestos can induce lung cancer, the causal relationship being one of a linear dose-response effect with no threshold. That is, the greater the inhaled 'dose' the greater the risk of lung cancer and the causal contribution by asbestos for lung cancer induction.
Lung cancer differs qualitatively from asbestosis and falls into the class of malignant neoplastic diseases. It is considered to be a 'singular' injury, in that once it has come into being, further exposure to its causal factors (e.g., cigarette smoke; asbestos) cannot significantly worsen the injury (cancer) and, conversely, withdrawal of the causal factors cannot reverse the cancer.
...
Because asbestosis itself represents a dose-response outcome of asbestos exposure, it follows that each of Mr Sim's asbestos exposures related to each of his employments with Australian Asbestos, Asbestospray Corporation and Bells Asbestos made a significant and substantial causal contribution to the development and severity of his asbestosis, as a matter of high probability.
...
Because the likelihood and pathogenesis of lung cancer are governed by a dose-response relationship, it also follows on a probabilistic basis that each of Mr Sim's asbestos exposures related to each of his employments with Australian Asbestos, Asbestospray Corporation and Bells Asbestos made a significant and substantial causal contribution to the development of his lung cancer.
The basis for my opinions expressed above is covered in the review published in 2004."
15The "review published in 2004" referred to in the last sentence quoted above was in evidence. | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8:5 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8 | Their Honours also said (at 604 [37]) that ordinarily the expert's evidence must explain how the field of specialised knowledge in which the witness is expert by reason of training, study or experience and on which the opinion is based applies to the facts assessed or observed so as to produce the opinion, paraphrasing Heydon JA in Makita (Australia) Pty Ltd v Sprowles [2001] NSWCA 305;
52 NSWLR 705 at 743-744 [85] and referring to Gleeson CJ in HG v The Queen [1999] HCA 2; 197 CLR 414 at 427 [39].
As their Honours then recognised in the same paragraph, in the ordinary run of cases this may not be an onerous task.
9The recognition of the requirement to explain how the opinion is drawn from the available facts and how it is based on the specialised knowledge of the witness should be understood as the enunciation of a procedural rule for the admission of evidence as available to be considered by the tribunal of fact.
As such it should (unless the statutory words demand to the contrary) be understood and applied as a facultative rule to promote the just and efficient resolution of disputes. This is achieved by not permitting, through loose application of the requirements of the statute, voluminous or unsourced opinions unfairly to vex tribunals and other parties in litigation.
It is also achieved by recognising that the two requirements of the section and the explanation that is ordinarily required as to how the opinion applies to the facts should not be elevated into something more than they are:
procedural rules to limit evidence to that which is rational and coherent and properly arising from expertise and directed to areas in respect of which the court needs assistance.
The section nowhere calls for, and its purpose is not, the limitation of expert evidence to that which is scientifically or logically complete, in its assumptions, in its appreciation of intervening events and in explaining how an event or circumstance arises.
In some scientific explanations, the absence of particular knowledge as to how an event occurs at a particular stage of an otherwise known process may destroy the ability to form a reliable opinion about the process, including a causal relationship within the process.
One could well imagine that views may differ among experts as to the importance (or not, as the case may be) of the absence of the particular knowledge. It would then be a matter for resolution by considering and weighing competing expert views as to whether what was known, and what was not known, enabled an impugned expert opinion to be reliably or responsibly drawn.
Of course, if the impugned expert opinion so lacks apparent basis in specialised knowledge or contains no explanation as to how the specialised knowledge applies to the facts such that the lay mind of the tribunal can confidently assess such matters without the assistance of competing expert opinion, the tendered evidence will be rejected.
There is a real limit to such a course being taken when the debate about the legitimacy of the opinion as being drawn from the specialised knowledge and about the adequacy of the explanation as to how the specialised knowledge applies to the facts appears to involve evaluation and judgment requiring the very expertise under consideration.
At that point, bearing in mind the practical procedural purpose of s 79, it may be difficult to see any other course consonant with practical common sense and running an efficient trial than to admit the evidence, perhaps conditionally as being initially satisfied of its relevance.
10Here, two full days of argument were taken, minutely examining the linguistic and logical context of a significant body of medical and scientific evidence proffered by an expert of world standing in his field.
This exercise was in order to persuade three appeal judges,
who lacked any working expert scientific skills (and lacking the knowledge of forensic training first instance judges sometimes obtain in a bespoke way in preparation for the running of a trial concerning a specialised subject matter) | [
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8:18 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8 | There was no suggestion in the evidence of any dispute or issue concerning these views about the latency period. No submission or cross-examination was directed to this part of Professor Henderson's report. It is not necessary for a witness to dilate upon issues that are not in contest or give explanations that are not necessary.
30The evidence of Dr Bryant and Dr Yates may well have been bad in form in the way it simply rolled up agreement with Professor Henderson. That objection, however, was not the burden of the debate.
I did not understand any submission to be put that if Professor Henderson's evidence was admissible and adequate to found the Tribunal's conclusions, any defect in the evidence of Dr Yates and Dr Bryant would make any difference to the orders on appeal.
31The acceptance that Professor Henderson has rationally explained his opinion by reference to facts, assumptions and his specialised knowledge,
and the acceptance that Professor Henderson was not expressing an opinion about heightened risk makes irrelevant any criticisms of his analysis based on cases such as Bendix Mintex Pty Ltd v Barnes (1997) 42 NSWLR 307 or what I said in Evans v Queanbeyan City Council [2011] NSWCA 230.
Thus, a response to the historical exegesis in the appellants' submissions of cases such as Bendix, EM Baldwin & Son Pty Ltd v Plane (1998) 17 NSWCCR 434, Seltsam Pty Ltd v McGuiness [2000] NSWCA 29;
49 NSWLR 262, Fairchild, Barker v Corus UK Ltd [2006] UKHL 20; [2006] 2 AC 572 and Sienkiewicz (Administratrix of the Estate of Enid Costello Deceased) v Greif (UK) Ltd [2011] UKSC 10; [2011] 2 AC 229 becomes unnecessary.
32Reliance was placed by the appellants on the scholarly works of Professor Stapleton such as "Factual Causation and Asbestos Concerns" (2010) 126 Law Quarterly Review 351.
A reading of Professor Stapleton's work on causation in relation to asbestos, such as the above article and "Two Causal Fictions at the Heart of US Asbestos Doctrine" (2006) 122 Law Quarterly Review 189 reveals the view that New South Wales Courts have been inconsistent in their treatment of causation.
Professor Stapleton noted that after there was a rejection of mere increase in risk as causally sufficient in cases such as Bendix, there was a persuasion of courts to accept expert evidence that every exposure to asbestos contributes to the triggering of the process. Professor Stapleton wrote in 126 Law Quarterly Review at 355:
"This approach seems to outstrip the limits of medical knowledge depicted in Fairchild, yet when unsuccessful defendants, attacking such evidence, applied for special leave to appeal ... they too were rebuffed: Jsekarb Pty Ltd v Plane [1999] HCATrans 368."
33Professor Stapleton is undoubtedly correct that the evidence accepted by the Tribunal in mesothelioma cases goes beyond what was accepted in Fairchild. That may have been a product of errors of fact of the Tribunal in the weighing of expert evidence, though I do not assert that. The point for present purposes is that the appeal to this Court from the Tribunal is limited by s 32.
A mere error of fact, however critical, is unappealable. The question here is whether Professor Henderson's views, which, in the context of mesothelioma, have been the foundation of the Tribunal's factual findings, are admissible in so far as he proffers them in respect of lung cancer.
For the reasons that I have expressed, I think they are. They may be wrong. The experience and multidisciplinary training of others, scientists and legal scholars included, may suffice beyond a lay analysis to criticise the acceptability of Professor Henderson's views.
With that I do not quarrel. But that was not attempted by the appellants. His views do not suffer the characterisation capable of being made by a judge without expert assistance of unreasoned ipse dixit. | [
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8:25 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8 | Now, that material we say can actually in significant respects [support] the objections we were taking so it's rather like a voir dire in one sense, that we would say one can have regard to that material and see that ... objections which we have taken on the basis that matters that weren't demonstrated in fact later fell out to be demonstrated to the contrary, if I can put it that way."
67Counsel was asked whether it might be appropriate to look at all of the evidence to see whether, by the end of the trial, any error in admitting the written reports of the experts had been overcome by subsequent evidence so that the written reports might originally have properly been admitted conditionally, rather than unconditionally, but that the condition had been fulfilled.
Counsel did not so much demur to those propositions as seek to ensure that no point of waiver was being taken against him. Those propositions should be accepted.
68There may be other ways in which the question of process might be addressed.
If the Tribunal had erred in admitting the evidence as originally presented and if the appellants had challenged that decision on an interlocutory basis, even accepting that without such evidence the claimant would fail, there might be a separate question as to whether the claim should be dismissed or there should be a retrial.
If there were reasonable grounds for thinking that the claimant might be able to make good any omission in the expert evidence, the Court might decline to interfere on the basis that the decision to admit the expert reports had not occasioned any "substantial wrong or miscarriage", in circumstances where the relevant omission could be rectified:
Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 2005 (NSW) ("UCPR"), r 51.
53(1). If that were a legitimate approach, it must follow that, subject to questions of procedural fairness, the admission of evidence, not challenged on appeal at the time, should be treated as an immaterial error if, as the oral evidence progressed, any omission in the original report was remedied.
In that situation, it would be appropriate (and indeed necessary) for the appellate court to consider the question of admissibility by reference to all of the evidence tendered or adduced at trial. Nor was there any complaint of procedural unfairness in the present case, which might otherwise have rendered that course inappropriate.
69However, as will appear below, little turned on the oral evidence; the issues were adequately identified in, and the findings supported by, the written reports.
(3) The medical evidence
(a) background
70It is convenient to address the substance of the appellants' arguments before considering the challenge to the admissibility of the evidence and the alleged error of law.
71The periods of Mr Sim's employment by the appellants commenced in 1964 and, relevantly in terms of tortious exposure to asbestos dust, terminated on 31 December 1979: third amended statement of claim, pars 4, 6, 6A and 8. On 7 May 1996 Mr Sim was diagnosed by Dr Deborah Yates, a consultant thoracic physician, as suffering from early asbestosis: judgment at [212].
In November 2006, a CT scan confirmed diffuse pleural thickening and asbestosis: at [214]. His condition continued to worsen until January 2009 when Dr Yates diagnosed lung cancer with multiple metastases in the spine: at [217].
He was admitted to hospital on 7 June 2009, where he remained until his death on 6 July 2009: at [218]. Retrospectively, Dr Yates formed the view that his lung cancer formed in early 2008: at [220].
(b) findings with respect to causation
72The issues with respect to causation were succinctly identified by the trial judge in the following passage:
"[165] There can be no real dispute that the several employments with each of Australian Asbestos, Asbestospray Fireproofing, Asbestospray Australasia, and Bells caused the severable disease of asbestosis. | [
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8:10 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8 | To reiterate: these cells-fibres effects do not occur between a single asbestos fibre and a single airway epithelial cell: rather, the situation is one of multiple asbestos fibres interacting with multiple airway epithelial cells over multiple generations of those cells (please see preceding discussion and the analogous situation for mesothelioma induction by asbestos, as discussed by Hammar et al).
In other words because tobacco smoke and asbestos fibres are thought to participate at multiple different points in the causal chain leading to the development of lung cancer, the cancer itself is thought to be the outcome of reactions between a proportion of the inhaled and deposited fibres, and the greater the numbers of those deposited fibres the greater is the likelihood of lung cancer induction.
"
(Endnotes omitted; emphasis added.)
17It is evident that Professor Henderson recognised the gaps in scientific knowledge in understanding the process. He used expressions such as "probabilistic".
But it is tolerably clear from an overall reading of this evidence that his opinion drawn from his specialised knowledge was that if a lung cancer is caused by asbestos, the fibres induced into and that remained within the airway structures induced the lung cancer, and that he was not in those circumstances limiting himself to a statement of risk.
18Professor Henderson was examined, and cross-examined, at length. The oral evidence reflected the content of his reports, and, in answer, the attack made (in the Tribunal and on appeal) that he simply had no scientific ground for the opinion that in Mr Sim's case all three periods of exposure were causally relevant to the onset of Mr Sim's cancer.
The following passages are of assistance in appreciating the debate in the course of evidence.
In chief
19In relation to his rejection of Professor Berry's opinion, Professor Henderson stated:
Joint Black Book Vol 1of 2 p 245
"A - The simple fact is that if one has say four separate asbestos exposures, one cannot fractionate a causal effect or even one stage in the multi step progression to an indivisible outcome like lung cancer, and attribute that stage to one of those four exposures. The point is, and a point that I think is overlooked in the quoted passage of text, that -
Q. From Professor Berry.
A - That's right, is that amphibole fibres in particular which are known to be the most carcinogenic forms of asbestos, are characterised by biopersistence, that is once deposited in tissues, they will remain there for year after year after year,
and they will interact with cells such as macrophages and they will generate toxic chemicals known as reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species, which are known then to be injurious to the DNA of various cells, for example, airway epithelial cells in the case of lung cancer.
So that when you have multiple exposures, one cannot say that one stage is related to exposure 1 and that that exposure or its effects then cease and then one goes on to exposure 2, because the fibres are persistent to the tissue year after year and as additional exposures occur, additional fibres are deposited in the tissues,
so that there are more fibres interacting with more cells generating more toxic chemicals increasing the toxicity to the DNA of airway epithelial cells and increasing the probability of a set of mutations in what is a chain of necessary causal preliminary events on the pathway to lung cancer which is an indivisible and singular outcome.
So my problem there is that the quoted passage of text involves speculation on pathogenesis which is at variance with what we know about the biopersistence of asbestos fibres in tissues, and also the multi step model of lung carcinogenesis. | [
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8:24 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8 | 2, set out at [60] above, reflecting ground 1(d). That contention was itself inaptly identified: the question was not what the evidence did or did not establish, but rather whether there was any evidence capable of supporting the relevant findings.
(2) Nature of appeal
63The last point flows from the statutory conferral of a right of appeal to this Court from a decision of the Tribunal "in point of law or on a question as to the admission or rejection of evidence": Dust Diseases Tribunal Act 1989 (NSW) ("the Tribunal Act"), s 32(1).
In an earlier decision dealing with s 32 of the Tribunal Act this Court accepted that, to the extent that s 32 permitted a challenge to the admission of evidence, it was not restricted to identification of legal error, but engaged the powers of the Court on a rehearing, pursuant to s 75A of the Supreme Court Act 1970 (NSW): Amaba Pty Ltd (Under NSW Administered Winding Up) v Booth;
Amaca Pty Ltd (Under NSW Administered Winding Up) v Booth [2010] NSWCA 344; (2011) Aust Torts Rep ¶82-079 at [20].
The issue was not debated in these proceedings.
However, it may be that little turns on the proper characterisation because the question of admissibility, in the present case, involves no findings in respect of facts but rather an assessment of whether the expert evidence, admitted by way of exception to the opinion rule, pursuant to s 79 of the Evidence Act 1995 (NSW), was capable of supporting the findings made.
That involved an assessment of whether, if it were accepted, it could rationally affect the assessment of the probability of the existence of a fact in issue: Evidence Act, s 55.
Thus, the real difference between the admissibility question and the substantive grounds of appeal was temporal:
in respect of admissibility, the question was whether the Tribunal erred in admitting the evidence by an assessment of the evidence in its own terms, without reference to the later oral evidence and assuming that, if the written reports had been rejected, oral evidence would not have been permitted.
64As a practical matter, evidence is sometimes admitted subject to the party adducing it satisfying the Court as to its relevance, in circumstances where relevance may depend upon the existence or absence of other evidence or on a more refined understanding of the issues than is possible at the beginning of the trial.
That raised a question with respect to the appeal, namely whether the question of admissibility was truly to be determined on a rehearing without regard to the oral evidence of the respective witnesses.
It appeared from the answer given by senior counsel for Wallaby Grip to a question from the President at the commencement of argument that such a staged consideration would be artificial and that it was sufficient to address the issues on appeal on the basis of the whole of the evidence: Tcpt, 15/11/11, p 2(35-45) and p 3(1-35).
65The matter was raised again by the President with senior counsel for Allianz, in the following terms (Tcpt, p 37(15)):
"...
do you approach it as it were sequentially, that is,
that the paper as it stood at the point prior to any oral evidence was inadmissible and that must be examined at that point in time and move forward with each question or are you prepared as it were to embrace the totality of the material that fell out and see whether material in the oral evidence in effect cures what might otherwise have been at an earlier point .
.. an evidential difficulty and an objection you should have won[?]"
66Senior counsel responded:
"We say first that this evidence was inadmissible in the form in which it was first presented before the Court, namely, in written form and his Honour should have excluded it at that point and we do say that's an important matter for the Court because of its obvious potential to affect future trials.
So that's the first point we make but we accept ... that what in fact happened was that there was further evidence on the subject and we accept that at a practical level it's necessary to have regard to that material. | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8:9 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8 | At some stage, the proliferative airway/mesothelial cells are thought to become resistant to apoptosis. At the same time, fibres are cleared at different rates and, if exposure is continuing, they continue to be deposited in the lung. [At this point he gave a reference for a detailed exposition of the mechanisms of mesothelioma induction.]
All these processes at a cellular level are probabilistic: i.e., the probability of fibre/cell interaction (or, more accurately, fibres/cells interactions) depends on the number of fibres and the number of cells involved at any point in time and space.
Hence, simplistically, the greater the number of asbestos fibres, the more free radicals (generated from the fibres or their interactions with cells such as macrophages) and the greater probability of initiated, promoted or proliferative cells at any given time point.
From a current understanding of the multistage model for cancer induction by asbestos,
it follows that each of all exposures to asbestos - recalled or unrecognised - contributes incrementally and cumulatively to the singular disease outcome lung cancer or mesothelioma (provided that the latency interval between any one exposure and the subsequent diagnosis of the cancer is not too short for a carcinogenic effect).
From the preceding discussion it is evident that the risk and causal contributory effects of asbestos towards lung cancer or mesothelioma induction are dependent upon the cumulative exposure to asbestos, modified by asbestos fibre types, and in years following commencement of the exposures. Provided that the latency interval is appropriate (i.
e. more than 10 years following the beginning of any exposure), each of any identified above-background exposure makes a causal contribution towards the induction of the lung cancer or mesothelioma, the proportional causal contribution being modified by the three factors mentioned in the preceding sentence.
Therefore, it follows that when there are multiple exposures with an appropriate latency interval, each one of those exposures makes a causal contribution towards lung cancer induction.
It also follows that one cannot point to any one exposure as being responsible for the lung cancer entirely, with exculpation of the others. Furthermore, one cannot point to any one exposure and exculpate it and to blame all of the others. All exposures contribute to the final outcome (i.e., the lung cancer).
I agree with Prof. Berry that not all asbestos fibres initially inhaled actually participate directly in lung cancer induction. When airborne asbestos fibres are inhaled, a proportion will be filtered out by the upper nasal passages (although humans frequently convert from nose breathing to mouth breathing when exerting themselves).
A proportion of the fibres which successfully bypass the upper respiratory passages will be deposited in the bronchial walls, and amphibole fibres such as crocidolite and/or amosite will tend to persist, although some will translocate away from bronchial walls and others will reach the pleura.
Nonetheless, those that remain within the airway structures and eventually induce the lung cancer represent a proportional fraction of those fibres first inhaled, and the more fibres that are deposited (when there were multiple exposures over time),
the greater the probability of induction of chemical messengers such as reactive oxygen species and the amounts of such reactive chemicals, which can damage the DNA of the cells.
Put simplistically, the more fibres deposited in airways, the greater the probability of key interactions with airway epithelial cells and the greater amounts of chemical messengers produced by the cells-fibres interactions,
with the greater probability that different asbestos fibres interacting with cells over multiple generations of cells, eventually and cumulatively lead to the production of a lung cancer. | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8:28 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8 | 80Professor Henderson's first report, dated 4 June 2009, was not the subject of any challenge on the appeal. It was directed to the general question as to the correct diagnosis of Mr Sim's condition and, if satisfied that he suffered from a carcinoma of the lung, whether his exposure to asbestos dust and fibre "from 1964 to 2002" made a material contribution to the development of the carcinoma.
Professor Henderson accepted Dr Yates' diagnosis of asbestosis;
he also accepted that the primary site for Mr Sim's metastatic adenocarcinoma was the lung and concluded that "at a high order of confidence" Mr Sim's "probable/presumptive lung cancer is attributable to his total cumulative and heavy occupational exposure to asbestos (with clinical asbestosis), by way of a significant causal contribution": Report, p 17.
81The focus of the first report was the identification of the primary site of the carcinoma. The diagnosis of an adenocarcinoma derived from a pathology report for a core biopsy taken from a mass lesion in the spine at L2. The report identified "diffuse invasion of bone marrow by metastatic adeno carcinoma where the tumour cells formed groups with a desmoplastic stroma": Report, p 6.
The initial question was to determine the primary site of the carcinoma as the lung. That being determined, the second question, answered in the affirmative, was whether "Mr Sim's cumulative asbestos exposure resulting in clinical asbestosis made a substantial causal contribution" to the carcinoma.
The opinions set out in Professor Henderson's first report allowed the trial judge to conclude that the cumulative effect of the exposure to asbestos was established as the cause of the lung cancer. That conclusion was not challenged on appeal.
The remaining question was whether each of the four employers was implicated or whether all could escape because it could not be established that the tortious exposure during employment with each was a necessary causal element in the chain of events.
82Professor Henderson provided a supplementary report dated 19 April 2010. That report set out to answer a further question, namely whether each of Mr Sim's periods of employment caused or made a material contribution to the pathogenesis of asbestosis and carcinoma of the lung: Supplementary Report, p 2.
Professor Henderson concluded that each of his employments "made a significant and substantial causal contribution to the development of each of his asbestosis and his lung cancer": Supplementary Report, p 5. Referring to Mr Sim's diagnosis of asbestosis, Professor Henderson stated (p 4):
"Characteristically, asbestosis is an outcome of substantial exposure to asbestos and carries a relative risk of lung cancer of 2-5, or more. The relationship between asbestos exposure and asbestosis is governed by a dose-response model, with evidence of a 'dose' threshold: the greater the exposure, the greater the likelihood of asbestosis and its severity.
Asbestosis falls into the class of fibro-inflammatory disorders and once it has developed as such, its severity can be aggravated by continued exposure to asbestos (although it can also progress even after exposure has ceased).
The details of Mr Sim's work (insulation work including the spraying of asbestos) as set out in his affidavit indicate that he sustained heavy cumulative exposure to asbestos ....
As an approximation only, one could estimate that his inhaled 'dose' of asbestos from each of those employments would have been proportional to the duration of each, and each would have [been] sufficient by itself for the induction of asbestosis."
83Despite the objection to the whole of the report, no specific complaint was made about the passage set out above. Nor was there complaint about the following passage in relation to lung cancer:
"It is known that asbestos can induce lung cancer, the causal relationship being one of a linear dose-response effect with no threshold. That is, the greater the inhaled 'dose' the greater the risk of lung cancer and the causal contribution by asbestos for lung cancer induction. | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8:12 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8 | 21The evidence in chief continued, by way of the explanation of a diagram contained at p 2429 of Joint Blue Book Vol 5 of 5. Professor Henderson said:
Joint Black Book Vol 1 of 2 pp 249-250
"Q. It is because of the potential for persistence of fibres from years earlier and the understanding that they interact at a later time that one cannot exclude an earlier in time exposure. A - That's correct, because it's known that amphibole fibres once deposited in tissues tend to be bio persistent and they remain stable interacting with cells for varying periods of time.
There is some evidence about 10% of the fibres may be cleared each year but it means they have a very long half life in tissues so that if you have one episode of asbestos inhalation a proportion of the fibres will be deposited in lung tissues.
They will remain there for many years thereafter interacting with cells causing mutations and the like. Another episode of fibre inhalation will be superimposed on that so that one had an incremental increase in the number of fibres.
As the number of fibres increased the amounts of toxic chemicals generated by those fibres as a result of interaction with various cells will increase and hence the likelihood of key mutations involved in the multi-stage pathway will occur and those mutations will accumulate ultimately leading to a singular event called the development of a lung cancer or a mesothelioma.
So I was just trying to give some broad understanding of some of the steps which are involved."
Cross-examination
22In cross-examination, Professor Henderson was taxed with the proposition that available medical and scientific evidence did not enable an opinion to be given, in any particular case, as to what causal relationship any particular asbestos exposure had to an assumed lung cancer.
All that could be stated, it was put to him, was that there were risk factors of which exposure to asbestos was one and that such exposure heightened the risk of cancer.
One could not, it was put to him, translate that into an opinion about the causal responsibility of any particular exposure to a lung cancer. It was put to him that all that science tells us could be summarised in four propositions that are paraphrased as follows:
(1) There are cohorts of asbestos workers who were subject to substantial exposure who have been studied and who show an increased incidence of lung cancer compared to those who did not have that exposure (Joint Black Book Vol 1 of 2 p 255 P).
(2) Work has been taken further and a dose response relationship has been derived which is a linear dose response relationship (ibid p 255 Q).
(In relation to that relationship Professor Henderson agreed that epidemiology has taken us to the stage of saying, RR [relative risk] equals I plus K times E, and the occupational hygienists may or may not be able to tell us in particular circumstances whether K or E can be determined with any precision (ibid p 257 G)).
(3) Asbestos is biopersistent (ibid p 257 J).
(4) Asbestos fibres have been shown to initiate biochemical processes which may lead to cell mutation and also proliferation of cells that have damaged DNA, directly or indirectly, from generation of toxic chemicals from the fibres themselves or from the fibre cell interactions particularly with macrophages (ibid p 257 K-M).
23As to the fourth proposition the following exchange took place:
Ibid p 257
"Q. And that is a not at all uncommon feature of other carcinogens. A - That is correct. For example ionising radiation also develops similar reactive chemicals and some of the carcinogens in tobacco smoke generate similar toxic chemicals like reactive oxygen species.
Q. And those toxic chemicals that you describe, can have either the direct or the indirect effect on the cells, direct in the sense that they may induce mutations in the cells. A - That's correct. | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8:15 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8 | Q. That is the sense in which you have used this phrase, 'material contribution or cause,' is it not. A - I don't think I've used the word 'material,' but if I have it has been a mistake on my part.
HIS HONOUR ...
Q. Doctor, can you reply. A - Well, I try not to use the word 'material,' your Honour. To me that is a legal term, the expressions I use are 'significant and substantial causal contribution', and the point that I am simply trying to make is that the more fibres that are inhaled, the greater the probability that the cancer will develop.
So that each of - when you say there were four exposures, each of the exposures will increase the likelihood of a cancer developing. They each increase the likelihood on top of those that have gone before, so that the total likelihood at the end, when it's translated into a cancer, is the total cumulative exposure that has come home to fruition in terms of a cancer.
Q. In that each additional fibre adds to the chemical soup which is toxic. A - That's correct. Each of the exposures is adding to all of the events and chemicals and mutations which ultimately lead to the cancer, so that when you see a cancer in reality, as expressed in an individual patient, you're looking at the end result of all the risks or likelihoods imposed by each of multiple exposures.
... HIS HONOUR
Q. So that does each exposure create some additional mutations. A - Well, I don't think one can put it quite so precisely, your Honour, because if you have, say, somebody with four exposures to asbestos over, say a period of two or three years each, then the amphibole fibres from the first exposure, a proportion of those will be present in bronchial walls and lung tissue.
They will persist. The second exposure takes place and that adds to that pool of asbestos fibres. So does the third and so does the fourth. But the first exposure fibres are still resident, so that the chemical soup and the mutational events are the end result of the cumulative exposure imposed by each of multiple exposures when there is more than one.
Q. So that each exposure creates some additional mutations. A - The likelihood is that each does, that each additional exposure, because it increases the number of fibres, increases the likelihood that the chemical messengers will induce one of the required mutations for the development of a lung cancer.
I mean, I can only requote Professor Berry when he says, 'It would be invalid to conclude a lung cancer is caused only by one exposure. There were three other periods of exposure that would have made a contribution to the excess in risk, and there is no scientific basis for saying that only one of those periods caused the cancer.'
... WITNESS
If one has an exposure which has contributed, say, 60% to the total fibre pool and there are two other exposures, each of which has contributed 20%, I don't think one can say that the cancer which has developed is the outcome, even on a probability basis, from the 60%.
It is the total 100% - the 60 plus 20 plus 20 - which is the cumulative exposure which has been brought home in terms of the development of the cancer.
MR PARKER
Q. That is the way you analyse it. A - Well, yes, it is.
Q. And you have said now many times that an additional exposure - or an individual episode of exposure - increases the risk of a cancer ultimately developing. A - Yes.
Q. But that particular exposure may not in fact play any role in the development of the particular cancer that in fact develops; correct. A - I think - well, I wouldn't say - I don't believe that is correct, because I think it falls into the realm of far-fetched speculation beyond what is available in the biological and scientific evidence. I think that is entirely speculative.
Q. Well, most of the cells which develop these mutations ultimately do not go on to grow into a cancer, they either die out or are eliminated by the natural processes that we have discussed; correct. A - Well, that's correct. | [
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8:22 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8 | 52In any event, even if it laid down an exclusive requirement of a but for test, it would not bind this Court in the face of March v Stramare, Amaca v Booth and Strong v Woolworths.
53For these reasons and the reasons given by Basten JA, I agree with the orders proposed by Basten JA.
54BASTEN JA:
INDEX
Paragraph
(1) Background 56
(2) Nature of appeal 63
(3) The medical evidence
(a) background 70
(b) findings with respect to causation 72
(c) thrust of the plaintiff's case 79
(4) Analysis of appellant's criticisms 97
(5) Admissibility of evidence 113
(6) Inference based on Jones v Dunkel 124
(7) Assessment of excessive exposure 130
(8) Necessary condition test not satisfied 133
(9) WorkCover Authority - further grounds
(a) further issues 146
(b) principles enunciated in Amaca v Ellis 147
(c) onus of proof 148
(d) insurance cover 149
(e) indemnity costs 164
(10) Conclusion 181
55Mr David Sim died on 6 July 2009. Having worked for many years with asbestos, he contracted asbestosis and subsequently lung cancer. Between 1964 and approximately 1979 Mr Sim was employed by various employers to spray asbestos at commercial and construction sites.
For all but a few months of that period, he had four employers. The three appellants in this Court represent the employers responsible for approximately 97% of Mr Sim's total known exposure to asbestos dust.
(1) Background
56The present proceedings were brought in the Dust Diseases Tribunal by Mr Sim's widow, Lorraine Fay Sim, as the legal personal representative of his estate (she was referred to below as "the plaintiff"). The Tribunal (Curtis DCJ) found in her favour and awarded damages against each of the three defendants for the asbestosis suffered by the deceased in amounts totalling a little over $100,000.
The Tribunal also found that the three defendants were jointly and severally liable in respect of Mr Sim's lung cancer, damages being assessed in the sum of $317,561.85. It was the liability in respect of lung cancer which was the subject of dispute in this Court.
57The first appeal was brought by Allianz Australia Ltd ("Allianz") as the insurer of Mr Sim's first employer, Australian Asbestos Contracting Pty Ltd ("Australian Asbestos"). Allianz was sued pursuant to the statutory provision in s 6(4) of the Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1946 (NSW). Australian Asbestos employed Mr Sim for approximately two years between 1964 and 1966.
58The second appeal was brought by the WorkCover Authority of NSW ("WorkCover") which incurred liability on behalf of the defunct insurer of the second and third employers, namely Asbestospray Fireproofing and Insulation (NSW) Pty Ltd ("Asbestospray Fireproofing") and the successor to that business, Asbestospray Corporation Australasia Pty Ltd (Asbestospray Corporation").
In respect of the former (second employer), WorkCover raised a separate issue as to its liability pursuant to s 151AB of the Workers Compensation Act 1987 (NSW).
WorkCover also challenged the Tribunal's order that it pay the claimant's costs on an indemnity basis from 14 May 2010. In addition, WorkCover brought proceedings by way of amended summons seeking judicial review of the judgment of the Tribunal. The summons was not pursued and was dismissed by consent at the commencement of the hearing in this Court: Tcpt, 15/11/11, p 2(5). | [
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8:3 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8 | 5. As Professor Henderson is a pathologist, if he otherwise has the basis to express an opinion, he is concerned with the science of the causes and effects of diseases: [34]
Amaca Pty Ltd v King [2011] VSCA 447 approved; Amaca Pty Ltd (under NSW administered winding up) v Booth [2011] HCA 53; 86 ALJR 172 applied.
In relation to (ii)
(per Basten JA, Allsop P and Meagher JA agreeing)
6. Increase in risk is not to be equated with factual causation: [98]
Amaca Pty Ltd (under NSW administered winding up) v Booth [2011] HCA 53; 86 ALJR 172 applied.
7. In circumstances in which the negligence of each defendant was insufficient to effect the damage, but the combined force of two was sufficient, each should be held liable in respect of an indivisible outcome: [139]-[140], [145]
Bonnington Castings Ltd v Wardlaw [1956] AC 613 applied; March v E & MH Stramare Pty Ltd [1991] HCA 12; 171 CLR 506; Amaca Pty Ltd v Ellis [2010] HCA 5; 240 CLR 111; Amaca Pty Ltd (under NSW administered winding up) v Booth [2011] HCA 53; 86 ALJR 172 discussed.
(per Allsop P, Meagher JA agreeing)
8. Under general law principles, the counterfactual satisfaction of the but for test is not essential: [49]
March v E & MH Stramare Pty Ltd [1991] HCA 12; 171 CLR 506; Amaca Pty Ltd (under NSW administered winding up) v Booth [2011] HCA 53; 86 ALJR 172; Strong v Woolworths Ltd [2012] HCA 5 applied.
In relation to (iii)
(per Basten JA, Allsop P and Meagher JA agreeing)
9. No error of law was demonstrated in the manner in which the Tribunal dealt with the failure of the appellants to adduce expert evidence: [126], [128]
In relation to (iv)
(per Basten JA, Allsop P and Meagher JA agreeing)
10. There does not appear to have been any issue raised before the Tribunal that the date of Mr Sim's employment with the second employer extended past the date of expiration of the relevant insurance policy, nor was it suggested that the insurance policy terminated before the date of sale of the business: [163]
In relation to (v)
(per Basten JA, Allsop P and Meagher JA agreeing)
11. It may be that the provisions of the Dust Diseases Tribunal Regulation 2007 (NSW), Pt 6, only operate to the extent that they are not inconsistent with the equivalent provisions in the Uniform Civil Procedure Rules: [168]
12. No error of law was shown in the Tribunal's conclusion that the plaintiff made a valid offer of compromise and was entitled to indemnity costs: [173], [175], [180]
Judgment
1ALLSOP P: I have read the reasons of Basten JA. I agree with them and with the orders he proposes. I would add the following reasons.
2First, the scope of the appeal on a question as to the admission or rejection of evidence under the Dust Diseases Tribunal Act 1989 (NSW), s 32 was not the subject of debate. No one argued that in such an appeal this Court was prevented from examining factual questions relevant to the evidential question at hand. That was the correct approach.
Some questions of evidence require factual analysis and conclusion, such as a view on the expertise of a witness. In order for this Court to be able to deal with (and correct, if necessary) the rulings on evidence by the Tribunal, it must be able to address any relevant factual questions.
It is unnecessary, however, to consider the scope otherwise of the operation of the Supreme Court Act 1970 (NSW), s 75A.
3The appeal was conducted at two principal levels: first, whether the relevant parts of the expert evidence of Professor Henderson and Drs Bryant and Young were admissible; and secondly, if so, whether the evidence could support the primary judge's finding of a causal link sufficient to found responsibility in each of the defendants for Mr Sim's death from cancer.
4The first level of argument depended on the validity of two propositions that were closely related. | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8:31 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8 | 92Professor Henderson noted that Professor Berry had treated exposure as steady in each year of employment and had therefore suggested that, based on the duration of employment, the contribution to total risk contributed by employment at Australian Asbestos would have been "about 15% 'of the total excess risk'".
Professor Henderson expressed agreement with Professor Berry in respect of the material set out and stated, "I would go further, in assuming that one could state the proportional causal contribution towards the development of Mr Sim's lung cancer from his Australian Asbestos exposure was roughly about 15%,
as opposed to his risk of lung cancer, because that risk was translated into an actual outcome as a lung cancer, ie, the fractional causal contribution from each of the four exposures/employments is roughly proportional to the duration of each in percentage terms".
That passage was one of a number relied upon by the appellants in support of their contention that Professor Henderson (and the other experts) had simply restated a legitimate assessment of increase in risk as an entirely speculative claim of causal contribution.
93For reasons which are identified below, the criticism was not made good. However, before addressing that analysis, it is convenient to refer to the oral evidence of Professor Henderson.
94Professor Henderson provided some further explanations of his opinions in his evidence in chief.
He had stated in his third supplementary report that it was "impossible to fractionate or partition various stages in a multi-stage process into the exposure from one particular employer as opposed to another": at p 7. He was asked to explain why he considered that impossible and stated (Tcpt, 07/09/10, p 240):
"The simple fact is that if one has say four separate asbestos exposures, one cannot fractionate a causal effect or even one stage in the multi-step progression to an indivisible outcome like lung cancer, and attribute that stage to one of those four exposures. The point is, and a point that I think is overlooked in the quoted passage of text [from Professor Berry] ...
is that amphibole fibres in particular which are known to be the most carcinogenic forms of asbestos, are characterised by bio-persistence, that is once deposited in tissues, they will remain there for year after year after year,
and they will interact with cells such as macrophages and they will generate toxic chemicals known as reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species, which are known then to be injurious to the DNA of various cells, for example, airway epithelial cells in the case of lung cancer.
So that when you have multiple exposures, one cannot say that one stage is related to exposure one and that that exposure or its effects then cease and then one goes on to exposure two, because the fibres are persistent to the tissue year after year and as additional exposures occur, additional fibres are deposited in the tissues,
so that there are more fibres interacting with more cells generating more toxic chemicals increasing the toxicity to the DNA of airway epithelial cells and increasing the probability of a set of mutations in what is a chain of necessary causal preliminary events on the pathway to lung cancer which is an indivisible and singular outcome.
"
95With respect to the translation of risk into causative effect, he gave the following further evidence (p 241):
"Q. ... Does the exposure in four separate periods, as in Mr Sim's case, to asbestos, with four separate employers - does each exposure constitute an obligate chain of events essential for the ultimate development of the cancer?
A.
Well, in the development of that particular cancer my answer is in the affirmative;
but, yes, that each of those exposures will increase the likelihood that a cancer will develop but the fibres from the first exposure remain throughout the other periods of exposure and are added to by the fibres inhaled and deposited by the subsequent exposures, | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8:0 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8 | Court of Appeal
Supreme Court
New South Wales
Medium Neutral Citation: Allianz Australia Ltd v Sim; WorkCover Authority (NSW) v Sim; Wallaby Grip (BAE) Pty Ltd (In liq) v Sim [2012] NSWCA 68
Hearing dates: 15, 16 November 2011
Decision date: 04 April 2012
Before: Allsop P at 1;
Basten JA at 54;
Meagher JA at 182
Decision: In each of the three matters:
(1) Appeal dismissed.
(2) Appellant to pay Mrs Sim's costs.
[Note: The Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 2005 provide (Rule 36.11) that unless the Court otherwise orders, a judgment or order is taken to be entered when it is recorded in the Court146s computerised court record system.
Setting aside and variation of judgments or orders is dealt with by Rules 36.15, 36.16, 36.17 and 36.18. Parties should in particular note the time limit of fourteen days in Rule 36.16.]
Catchwords:
COSTS - indemnity costs - offer of compromise - whether Dust Diseases Tribunal Regulation 2007 (NSW), Pt 6, only operates to the extent that it is not inconsistent with the Uniform Civil Procedure Rules - whether offeror had provided all documents necessary to enable the offeree to consider offer under the Uniform Civil Procedure Rules - whether offer was open for a reasonable time
EVIDENCE - admissibility - expert evidence - whether appropriate to consider all of the evidence to determine whether expert evidence should have been admitted - whether pathologist able to give evidence as to the causal connection between exposure to asbestos dust and lung cancer, given current state of medical knowledge
TORTS - causation - whether increase in risk can be equated with factual causation - whether liability requires satisfaction of the necessary condition test - whether open to Tribunal to accept pathologist's opinion as to link between exposure to asbestos dust and lung cancer
Legislation Cited: Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW), ss 3B, 5D
Civil Procedure Act 2005 (NSW), ss 10, 11
Dust Diseases Tribunal Act 1989 (NSW), s 32
Dust Diseases Tribunal Regulation 2007 (NSW), cll 84, 87; Pt 6
Evidence Act 1995 (NSW), ss 55, 76, 79
Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1946 (NSW), s 6
Supreme Court Act 1970 (NSW), s 75A
Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 2005 (NSW), rr 1.5, 1.7, 20.26, 36.16, 51.53; Schs 1, 2
Workers Compensation Act 1987 (NSW), ss 151, 151AB, 236
Cases Cited: Adelaide Stevedoring Co Ltd v Forst [1940] HCA 45; 64 CLR 538
Amaba Pty Ltd (Under NSW Administered Winding Up) v Booth; Amaca Pty Ltd (Under NSW Administered Winding Up) v Booth [2010] NSWCA 344; (2011) Aust Torts Rep ¶82-079
Amaca Pty Ltd (under NSW administered winding up) v Booth [2011] HCA 53; 86 ALJR 172
Amaca Pty Ltd v Ellis [2010] HCA 5; 240 CLR 111
Amaca Pty Ltd v King [2011] VSCA 447
Anderson v Minneapolis, St P & S Ste M Ry, 146 Minn 430; 179 NW 45 (1920)
Barker v Corus UK Ltd [2006] UKHL 20; [2006] 2 AC 572
Bendix Mintex Pty Ltd v Barnes (1997) 42 NSWLR 307
Bonnington Castings Ltd v Wardlaw [1956] AC 613
Chappel v Hart [1998] HCA 55; 195 CLR 232
Clark v Ryan [1960] HCA 42; 103 CLR 486
Corey v Havener, 182 Mass 250; 65 NE 69 (1902)
Dasreef Pty Ltd v Hawchar [2011] HCA 21; 243 CLR 588
EM Baldwin & Son Pty Ltd v Plane (1998) 17 NSWCCR 434 | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8:21 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8 | ...
No doubt the total amount from both sources in the atmosphere was small at any one time, but the combined effect over a period of eight years was to cause the respondent's disease."
46The dust that was negligently in the atmosphere helped produce the disease. Lord Tucker put it simply (at 623):
"the silica dust discharged from the swing grinders contributed to the harmful condition of the atmosphere, which admittedly resulted in the pursuer contracting pneumoconiosis, and was therefore a contributory cause of the disease."
47The conclusion of material contribution to the causal process in Bonnington Castings was reached without over-refinement of measurement and without medical or physiological counterfactual analysis, which would have been both impossible and unreal.
48Science may struggle to give complete expressions of reasons for pathology and aetiology of disease. Still more is it likely to struggle to express opinions about what might have happened had an indefinable or imprecise body of facts not occurred.
For the law to demand that exercise in the working out of responsibility for the consequences of tortious wrongdoing would be to demand unreality. As Dixon J said in Adelaide Stevedoring Co Ltd v Forst [1940] HCA 45; 64 CLR 538 at 569, cited by Gummow J, Hayne J and Crennan J in Amaca v Booth (at 479-480 [69]):
"I think that upon a question of fact of a medical or scientific description a court can only say that the burden of proof has not been discharged where, upon the evidence,
it appears that the present state of knowledge does not admit of an affirmative answer and that competent and trustworthy expert opinion regards an affirmative answer as lacking justification, either as a probable inference or as an accepted hypothesis."
49The requirement for such counterfactual satisfaction of the but for test was one of the matters that Mason CJ rejected in March v Stramare, that Gummow J, Hayne J and Crennan J can be taken to have rejected in Amaca v Booth at [70] and that French CJ, Gummow J, Crennan J and Bell J rejected in Strong v Woolworths at [26]-[28].
50Nothing in Amaca v Ellis is to the contrary. There the evidence failed to demonstrate on the balance of probabilities that the asbestos exposure caused the cancer. Without acceptance of the synergistic hypothesis as necessarily or probably always occurring, the asbestos exposure rose no higher than one of the possible risk factors, that is, one of the possible causes.
In Bonnington Castings, the disease was caused by the dust that Mr Wardlaw had inhaled, a not negligible proportion of which was caused by the employer's negligence.
Here, the cancer was caused by asbestos, and the evidence, if accepted, was that the cancer was caused by a process that involved the retained fibres from all three periods up to the point of the tumour onset, each exposure contributing to a material degree.
51Nothing in Merck Sharp & Dohme should be taken as contrary to this. There the Full Federal Court rejected the proposition that increased risk was sufficient for a causal connection. To the extent that material contribution was discussed it was in this context of increased risk - such as by McHugh J in Chappel v Hart [1998] HCA 55; 195 CLR 232 at 244-245 [27], see Merck Sharp & Dohme at 168 [96].
There may be a number of places where the requirement of a causal connection was expressed in terms of the causal requirement of the satisfaction of the but for test eg 169 [99]. The case was not directed to the nature of "material contribution" in the manner disclosed either in Bonnington Castings or in the evidence here.
The question in Merck Sharp & Dohme was whether, beyond heightened risk, it had been shown that the drug had any factual connection with the condition suffered: the same threshold issue as in Amaca v Ellis. | [
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8:44 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8 | [27] Mr John McAllister said that he worked as manager of Asbestospray from 6 April 1972 until the business was sold in June 1972. Although Mr McCudden denied employing Mr McAllister, it may be that in this short period Mr McAllister was employed by the purchasers of the business to gain experience of its operations.
In any event, Mr McCudden said that the subcontracting arrangements lasted for only about 30 days, and ceased at the request of Mr Sim.
[28] I find that, with the exception of 30 days, Mr Sim worked full-time as a full-time employee of Asbestospray Fireproofing between 1967 and 30 June 1972, and as a full-time employee of Asbestospray Australasia from 1 July 1972 until 17 September 1975."
157The issue being addressed in the preceding passages was that of employment or independent contractor. Neither the precise date of the sale of the business, nor the date of termination of the insurance policy was in issue.
When he turned to the question of insurance of Asbestospray Fireproofing at [134] his Honour addressed first the primary issue as to whether the company had been insured by Vanguard. Both Mr McCudden and a broker for the company, Mr Hicks, had given evidence that it was Vanguard. A further issue arose as to the date on which the insurance commenced, the trial judge holding at [148]:
"Because Mr McCudden said 'In respect of Asbestos Spray Fireproofing & Insulation (NSW) Proprietary Limited I always took out workers compensation insurance ...
with Vanguard [I]nsurance Company Ltd', I regard his statement that the business he conducted from 36 Chappel Street Marrickville was 'between 1969 and 1972' an error of recollection, and that as the business was conducted between 1967 and 1972, Vanguard was the insurer for the whole of that time."
158His Honour also found at [146]:
"The suggestion that brokers for the new owners of the business continued to place the insurance with Vanguard is confirmed by a proposal to Vanguard for insurance from 10 May 1974 to 10 May 1975 made by Hewitt Cummins and Associates on behalf of Asbestospray Australasia tendered in evidence. This proposal limits common law indemnity to $100,000."
159His final conclusion was at [158], in the following terms:
"I find that between mid-1967 and May 1972 when Mr Sim last worked for Asbestospray Fireproofing in an employment to the nature of which his asbestos diseases were due,
there existed as between Asbestospray Fireproofing and Vanguard Insurance Company Ltd a contract of insurance whereby Vanguard agreed to indemnify Asbestospray Fireproofing in respect of its liability independently of the Workers Compensation Act, and that this indemnity was unlimited in amount.
"
160Although there is a clear conflict between the last statement and the earlier statements, read as a whole, his Honour was satisfied that the insurance with Vanguard continued to the sale of the business, at which time a new policy was taken out with the same company.
Similarly, Mr Sim's employment extended to the time of the sale of the business, at which stage fresh employment commenced with the third employer.
161In written submissions in this Court, the plaintiff noted that there had been unchallenged evidence that the date of sale of the business was 6 May 1972.
That evidence was not contained in the appeal books, but counsel for WorkCover at the trial, asked a question of Mr McAllister in cross-examination as to the date of sale of the business stating "We know from other records, 6 May 1972": Tcpt, 08/09/10, p 323(34).
Mr McAllister commenced employment as manager of Asbestospray Fireproofing on 6 April 1972. There was no suggestion that Mr Sim's employment with the company continued after the sale of the business.
162The only finding which might have suggested that his date of termination was other than the date of sale of the business was his Honour's conclusion that there was a period of 30 days when he worked otherwise than as a fulltime employee of Asbestospray Fireproofing: see [28], set out at [156] above. | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8:27 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8 | These radicals are released by the response of the immune system, not only to the presence of any particular identifiable fibre or fibres, but to the presence of all retained fibres. Because the ultimate mutation occurs shortly before the development of the cancer, all retained fibres are causally implicated in a cascading chain of mutations.
[187] His opinion is encapsulated in an exchange in cross-examination, where Mr Parker sought to isolate a mutant ancestral cell caused by a particular asbestos exposure as the single cause of the cancer.
[188] Professor Henderson responded by pointing out that, even if it were accepted that an identifiable ancestral cell was generated in a discrete period of employment,
further necessary mutations of that cell are modulated by the totality of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species released in the immune system's continuing response to the presence of all retained asbestos fibres, inhaled both before and after the generation of that particular ancestral cell.
"
76The trial judge also dealt with the second proposition, namely that the only way in which the plaintiff could succeed was by demonstrating, by reference to a calculation of relative risk, that the exposure by one defendant was, on the balance of probabilities, likely to have been the cause of the cancer, when compared with all other exposures.
He noted that the submission had been explained in the following manner - at [197]:
"What this means is that if Mr Sim had never had any asbestos exposure after his employment with Australian Asbestos, a probability analysis would overwhelmingly attribute his cancer to background. The plaintiff cannot be in a better position because, quite independently of his Australian Asbestos exposure, Mr Sim was later exposed to asbestos while employed by other employers."
77The judge rejected that proposition for three identified reasons, which, in part, were explained as follows:
"[199] The first is that epidemiological studies are concerned with risk not cause. Once the cancer has developed medical science may attribute that cancer to a causal factor notwithstanding that, prospectively, that factor was not seen as a probable cause.
...
[203] The second reason is that epidemiological evidence cannot prove that exposure to a toxic agent at a certain concentration did not cause a corresponding disease in an instant case.
...
[206] A third reason for rejecting the submission is that the incidence of lung cancer rises with increasing doses of asbestos fibre. That circumstance gives rise to an inference that all contributions are causative. Mr Parker cannot advance any scientific basis upon which a particular period of exposure may be exculpated."
78The appellants take issue with each aspect of the judge's reasoning. One point, however, may be disposed of at this preliminary stage. A complaint that the passage at [203] reversed the onus of proof should not be accepted. The judge was addressing the manner in which the epidemiological evidence was relied on by the appellants to rebut an inference of causation which otherwise arose.
Either the inference arose on the plaintiff's case (as his Honour held) or it did not; if it did not, the epidemiology was irrelevant; if it did, the epidemiology might in principle provide a basis for rebutting the inference.
I do not read his remarks at [203] as placing a burden on the defendants: rather, he was addressing an argument which they had presented. He disposed of the argument on its merit, in terms to which it will be necessary to return.
(c) thrust of the plaintiff's case
79In order to address further the thrust of the case for the plaintiff, it is necessary to refer to key passages in the evidence. To know whether the judge's reliance on the evidence was sound, it is sufficient to address the evidence of Professor Henderson: the support obtained from Associate Professor Bryant and Dr Yates do not affect the analysis. | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8:13 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8 | Q. Or indirect in the sense that they may interfere with the body's natural defence mechanisms, [that] ordinarily would control and eliminate rogue cells. A - Well, that may be part of carcinogenesis but it is a much more speculative one, but yes.
Q. What I have just put to you is a possibility but you would regard it as speculative. A - Well, in case of asbestos I would regard it as more speculative.
Q. But it is established in relation to other carcinogens is it. A - Well, yes, some of other carcinogens are known to depress cell immunity.
Q. But in asbestos that is not - sorry, you do not regard that as being - A - Well, I don't regard it as being one of the really important factors.
The important interaction is thought to be the fibre macrophage interaction and they may well have secondary effects further down the track on lymphocytes and other arms of the immune system, but the essential factor is the fibre cell or rather fibres cells' interactions with the generation of reactive oxygen species, which are known to be damaging to the DNA."
24It was then put to Professor Henderson that that was "all that science tells us relevantly." (Joint Black Vol 1 of 2 p 257 X.) Professor Henderson did not accept this. He said:
Ibid p 258
"A. Well, I think it goes beyond that because a number of the steps in a mutational pathway towards cancer have been established, and there is now a - although the process is incompletely understood, there is now good evidence for a number of the mutational steps and one can name individual genes involved.
Q. Well, can we include all of that as falling within the general statement in the fourth proposition. A - Right.
Q. Now, understanding the propositions in those broad terms, is what I put to you correct, that those four propositions exhaust what science can tell us about the relationship. A - I don't think they exhaust it."
25Meticulous cross-examination then followed in aid of the propositions as to the limits of science identified. This included the following exchange:
Ibid pp 263-264
"Q. Now the creation of genomically unstable cells is something that happens even without asbestos exposure, correct. A - Yes, people develop mutations spontaneously.
Q. So it can happen spontaneously, correct. A - Yes.
Q. Or other carcinogens can be involved. A - Yes.
Q. Such as ionising radiation. A - Yes.
Q. Or cigarette smoke. A - Yes.
Q. And that may happen either at the initial stage when the first, and I call it, the ancestor cell which is the first genomically unstable cell was created or at any of the descendant stages. A - Well, yes, just as the asbestos fibres interact either at the first and as they accumulate the subsequent stages in cancer development.
Q. So you could have one genomically unstable cell that had been started by ionising radiation and then another at later generations that could accumulate a further mutation and that might be the produce of an asbestos fibre.
A - Yes, but all the asbestos fibres then are doing is adding on to a previous mutation and furthering the development of the necessary causal chain of the mutations necessary for cancer development.
...
Ibid p 264
Q. So looking at the ultimate development of the cancer, it is possible to trace it back to a series of finite number of individual events at which first the ancestor cell has become genomically unstable and then further mutations have occurred to its descendant cells until it eventually becomes a cancer cell and then develops into a tumour, correct.
A - Well, I don't know what you mean by the expression a series of finite steps.
All I'd say is that when you have a deposition of inhaled asbestos fibres especially amphibole fibres those fibres will interact with otherwise normal cells, macrophages release toxic chemicals which can then impact on otherwise normally replicating bronchial epithelial cells and induce mutations and the more fibres that are inhaled and deposited the greater the number of the toxic chemicals, | [
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8:14 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8 | the greater the number of the mutations, the greater number of epigenetic events, for example, autocrine cell stimulation, which will lead to this expanded population of cells and the point is that all of these factors accumulate in a necessary obligate causal chain of precancerous events finally leading up to the final event which becomes the cancer.
...
Ibid p 271
Q. The proposition is that when one reads this report as a whole it is clear that the words on a probability basis and the sentence to which I have drawn attention connote an exercise for an individual in the application of a formula RR equals 1 plus K times E. A - Well, I just do not agree with that proposition. I would not use that equation.
I would think that the attribution in an individual patient is based on a variety of considerations and including - and a work history of substantial to heavy exposure as in this case or asbestosis however diagnosed and I don't think one needs to invoke the equation RR equals 1 plus K times E. I don't see the relevance of that to this particular exercise.
...
Ibid p 274
Q. Now, I asked you some questions earlier about the biochemical processes which are thought to lead to the development of cancer.
You will agree with me, will you not, that not all of the fibres which lodge in the lung and produce the adverse effects that you are referring to actually contribute to the chain of causal events which lead to the generation of the particular cancer which may later develop.
A - I agree that not all of the inhaled fibres will actually participate in the process of carcinogenesis, that some of the fibres will migrate away and be translocated to pleura.
But what I can say is that a proportion which is likely to be proportionate to the dose of each episode of exposure will participate in the process of carcinogenesis, so one is looking at a fraction, a proportion of the inhaled and deposited fibres which will participate in carcinogenesis.
...
Q. Well, we do not now how many steps there are or may be, how many mutative steps there are or may be between the original unstable - and I am sorry, I have forgotten your phrase - the ancestor unstable cell. A - Well, we don't know the precise number of steps."
...
Ibid pp 276-279
Q.
Would you agree with me that the model that you have described involves an assumption that there is a continued accumulation through the generations of further mutations which,
if the cell does not automatically die or undergo apoptosis or be eliminated by the body's defence mechanisms, eventually results in accumulating enough mutations that the cell then becomes a cancer cell capable of replicating itself and then the cancer grows from that cell.
A - Well, that's a fair representation of the process, as we discussed this morning; and again, the more a person smokes cigarettes the greater the likelihood that the carcinogens in the cigarette smoke will lead to an outcome, yet not everybody who is even a heavy smoker will develop lung cancer.
It is increasing the probability that the required chain of sequential causal mutational and epigenetic events will actually occur that lead to the cancer; and the point is, the more that one smokes, the more that one is exposed to asbestos, the greater the probability that this chain of events will come to its fruition, if you like.
And the point is that each of the, if you like, cigarette smoke or asbestos exposures will contribute to the pool of asbestos fibres, from the first, second, third and fourth exposures, and as the fibre numbers increase the probability that a cancer will develop increases.
Each adds to the likelihood that a cancer will develop and eventually that is translated, or comes home, or comes into being as a cancer.
Q. When it does, in your language, the fibre in question - that is, the fibre that has been inhaled as a whole - in your language has made a material causal contribution to the cancer which ultimately results. A - What I am saying is that - | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8:20 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8 | 42Of course, Mason CJ recognised (at 514 [16]) the often important place of the but for test in causal analysis, but (at 514-515 [16]-[19]) his Honour also discussed its deficiencies in certain kinds of circumstances, in particular where there are conjunctive causal factors.
This refusal to accept that proof that the damage would not have occurred but for the defendant's negligent act as always essential was recognised by Gummow J, Hayne J and Crennan J in Amaca v Booth at 480 [70]. See also Amaca v King at [123].
43In Strong v Woolworths at [26] French CJ, Gummow J, Crennan J and Bell J reiterated what Mason CJ had said in March v Stramare at 514, saying:
Negligent conduct that materially contributes to the plaintiff's harm but which cannot be shown to have been a necessary condition of its occurrence may, in accordance with established principles, be accepted as establishing factual causation..."
(Citations omitted.)
See also at [28].
44One of the cases to which Mason CJ made reference in March v Stramare at 514 as illustrative of the phrase "materially contributes to" was Bonnington Castings Ltd v Wardlaw [1956] AC 613.
The reasoning of the Law Lords in Bonnington Castings did not involve any counterfactual but for analysis; nor was there any overly refined discussion of expert evidence of the necessary elements of a sufficient set of factors to cause the condition.
The silica dust inhaled by Mr Wardlaw brought about his condition of pneumoconiosis. Particles of silica small enough to be dangerous if inhaled came either from the annealing process of the castings or by the working of three kinds of machines in the dressing shop or both.
There was no way of preventing silica dust from one of the machines, a pneumatic hammer, from escaping, nor was any mask effective. The floor grinders had an effective extraction mechanism, so far as it was possible.
The only source of silica dust said to be attributable to the negligence of Bonnington Castings was from the swing grinders, because the dust extraction plant was not kept free from obstruction.
The evidence revealed (as Lord Reid said at 621) that the disease is caused by the whole of the noxious material inhaled. Thus, if it came from two sources it could not be attributed solely to either. The relevant question posed by Lord Reid (at 621) was incompatible with the but for test:
"I am in agreement with much of the Lord President's opinion in this case, but I cannot agree that the question is: which was the most probable source of the respondent's disease, the dust from the pneumatic hammers or the dust from the swing grinders?
It appears to me that the source of his disease was the dust from both sources, and the real question is whether the dust from the swing grinders materially contributed to the disease.
What is a material contribution must be a question of degree. A contribution which comes within the exception de minimis non curat lex is not material, but I think that any contribution which does not fall within that exception must be material. I do not see how there can be something too large to come within the de minimis principle but yet too small to be material."
The negligence of the employers allowed a proportion of silica dust which was not negligible to be inhaled.
45As to alternative causes Lord Reid said at 622 and 623:
"I cannot avoid the conclusion that the proportion which came from the swing grinders was not negligible.
He was inhaling the general atmosphere all the time, and there is no evidence to show that his hammer gave off noxious dust so frequently or that the concentration of noxious dust above it when it was producing dust was so much greater than the concentration in the general atmosphere, that that special concentration of dust could be said to be substantially the sole cause of his disease. | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8:43 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8 | 151In respect of the second employer, WorkCover denied in the Tribunal that there was a contract of insurance involving Vanguard (defence to third amended statement of claim, par 5(a)) and further denied that if there were such a contract, Mr Sim was an employee of the second employer, asserting that he was an independent contractor: par 5(i).
152The precise point or points sought to be raised by ground 5 in WorkCover's notice of appeal was (or were) obscure. The written submissions, however, identified the relevant point as arising from two findings of fact made by the trial judge, namely that Mr Sim's employment ended on 30 June 1972, but that Vanguard's insurance policy ceased in May 1972.
Accordingly, the policy did not operate as at the last day of his employment and s 151AB was not engaged: written submissions, pars 14-16.
(Although paragraph 17 of the written submissions appeared to raise a separate issue as to the existence of a relevant policy, counsel indicated that no separate question was sought to be raised: Tcpt, 16/11/2011, p 41(28-31).) The ground therefore raised two issues, namely:
(a) did s 151AB require a policy extending to the last day of the worker's employment, and
(b) if it did, were the facts found by the Tribunal inconsistent with such a requirement?
153It is convenient to consider first whether his Honour made a finding that Mr Sim's employment with the second employer continued until 30 June 1972. The third amended statement of claim made no such assertion: it alleged, consistently, that the employment ended in May 1972: pars 6 and 6A.
WorkCover's defence also identified the date of termination of employment as May 1972: par 5(a), (b). In setting out the parties to the proceedings, the trial judge referred to WorkCover in the following terms at [3]:
"WorkCover Authority (NSW) (Workcover), heir to the liabilities of Vanguard Insurance Company, the insolvent insurer of both Asbestospray Fireproofing and Insulation (NSW) Pty Ltd ... for whom Mr Sim worked between June 1967 and 30 June 1972, and Asbestospray Corporation Australasia Pty Ltd ... for whom he worked between 1 July 1972 and 17 September 1975."
154This statement was not a finding of fact, but a summary of the parties sued, which did not accurately reflect the pleading. At [12], the trial judge noted, in summarising the history of Mr Sim's asbestos exposure, that Asbestospray Fireproofing had been registered on 15 June 1967 by Mr Bill McCudden. At [14] he stated:
"In May 1972 Mr McCudden sold the business of Asbestospray Fireproofing to Asbestospray Australasia. Mr Sim's last day of employment with Asbestospray Fireproofing was 30 June 1972. Mr Sim became an employee of the new owner and continued work as before."
155There was an ambiguity raised by this description; it appears clear that Mr Sim's employment terminated when the business was sold, but whether that was May 1972 or 30 June 1972 was unclear. His Honour later said that the business was sold "in June 1972": at [27].
At that point, his Honour was seeking to resolve what he described as "a preliminary dispute", namely that Mr Sim had not worked fulltime for Asbestospray Fireproofing: at [17]. His Honour then stated at [24]:
"In an industrial history given to the Dust Diseases Board dated 28 July 2006, Mr Sim stated that 'I was employed by Asbestospray from 1966 until 1975'. Although he does not in this statement reveal the change of ownership in 1972, that lapse is understandable because it remained the same business conducted from the same premises throughout that period despite the change of ownership."
156His Honour summarised certain other evidence and made a finding, relied on by WorkCover:
"[26] Although in his statement of 25 January 1996, given in support of a claim for damages made by a co-worker, Mr Sim said that: "During McAllister's time several of the staff were put on a sub contract basis, including myself", this statement is also to be seen in context. | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8:1 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8 | Evans v Queanbeyan City Council [2011] NSWCA 230
Fairchild v Glenhaven Funeral Services Ltd [2002] UKHL 22; [2003] 1 AC 32
Fairchild, Barker v Corus UK Ltd [2006] UKHL 20; [2006] 2 AC 572
Gett v Tabet [2009] NSWCA 76; 254 ALR 504
HG v The Queen [1999] HCA 2; 197 CLR 414
Jones v Dunkel [1959] HCA 8; 101 CLR 298
Makita (Australia) Pty Ltd v Sprowles [2001] NSWCA 305; 52 NSWLR 705
March v E & MH Stramare Pty Ltd [1991] HCA 12; 171 CLR 506
Merck Sharp & Dohme (Australia) Pty Ltd v Peterson [2011] FCAFC 128; 196 FCR 145
Michie v Great Lakes Steel Div, 495 F2d 213 (6th Cir), cert denied, 419 US 997 (1974)
Norton Australia Pty Ltd v Streets Ice Cream Pty Ltd [1968] HCA 61; 120 CLR 635
Resurfice Corp v Hanke 2007 SCC 7; [2007] 1 SCR 333
Seltsam Pty Ltd v McGuiness [2000] NSWCA 29; 49 NSWLR 262
Sienkiewicz (Administratrix of the Estate of Enid Costello Deceased) v Greif (UK) Ltd [2011] UKSC 10; [2011] 2 AC 229
Strong v Woolworths Ltd [2012] HCA 5
Tabet v Gett [2010] HCA 12; 240 CLR 537
Texts Cited: American Law Institute (ALI), Restatement (Third) of Torts: Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm, (2009) Vol 1 380-1 (s27, Illustration 3)
Michael S Moore, Causation and Responsibility (OUP, 2010), p 84
Professor Jane Stapleton in "Factual Causation" (2010) Fed L Rev 467 at 475-476
Professor Jane Stapleton, "Two Causal Fictions at the Heart of US Asbestos Doctrine" (2006) 122 Law Quarterly Review 189
Professor Jane Stapleton, "Factual Causation and Asbestos Cancers", (2010) 126 LQR 351 at 355, 356
Professor Richard W Wright "Causation in Tort Law" (1985) 73 Cal L Rev 1735, pp 1791-1792
Category: Principal judgment
Parties: 2011/16442:
Allianz Australia Ltd - Appellant
Lorraine Fay Sim (as legal personal representative of the Estate of the Late David Sim) - First Respondent
WorkCover Authority (NSW) - Second Respondent
Wallaby Grip (BAE) Pty Ltd (In liq) - Third Respondent
2011/21072-002:
WorkCover Authority (NSW) - Appellant
Lorraine Fay Sim (as legal personal representative of the Estate of the Late David Sim) - First Respondent
Allianz Australia Ltd - Second Respondent
Wallaby Grip (BAE) Pty Ltd (In liq) - Third Respondent
2011/21072-004:
Wallaby Grip (BAE) Pty Ltd (In liq) - Appellant
Lorraine Fay Sim (as legal personal representative of the Estate of the Late David Sim) - First Respondent
Allianz Australia Ltd - Second Respondent
WorkCover Authority (NSW) - Third Respondent
Representation: Counsel:
T G R Parker SC with D T Miller SC - Allianz Australia Ltd
G Little SC with J L Sharpe - WorkCover Authority (NSW)
B W Walker SC with D T Miller SC - Wallaby Grip (BAE) Pty Ltd (In liq)
P C B Semmler QC with S Tzouganatos - Lorraine Fay Sim (as legal personal representative of the Estate of the Late David Sim)
Solicitors:
Ellison Tillyard Callanan - Allianz Australia Ltd
Thompson Cooper Lawyers - WorkCover Authority (NSW)
Hicksons Lawyers - Wallaby Grip (BAE) Pty Ltd (In liq)
Turner Freeman Lawyers - Lorraine Fay Sim (as legal personal representative of the Estate of the Late David Sim)
File Number(s): 2011/16442; 2011/21072
Decision under appeal Jurisdiction: 9115 | [
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8:45 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8 | If the period of sub-contracting was indeed the last 30 days during which Mr Sim worked for Asbestospray Fireproofing, that would have taken the date of termination of his employment back to an earlier date, which would still have been within the period of the Vanguard insurance policy.
163The mistaken reference to 30 June 1972 may well have resulted from reliance on the submissions for Workcover, which, without reference to evidence, used that date: Black Appeal Book, pp 817 and 871. Further, there does not appear to have been any issue raised before the Tribunal that the date of Mr Sim's employment extended beyond the date of expiration of the relevant Vanguard policy.
Nor was it suggested that the Vanguard policy terminated before the date of sale of the business. Accordingly, the factual premise on which ground 5 is based must be rejected. The first question therefore does not arise.
If it had arisen, it would have been necessary to explain how it could have been relied upon by WorkCover in the present appeal, it not having been raised below and thus not having been considered, let alone decided, by the Tribunal: see Tribunal Act, s 32(1).
(e) indemnity costs
164The notice of appeal did not condescend to identify any error of law on the part of the Tribunal in making the indemnity costs order. The written submissions for WorkCover, somewhat cryptically, noted that the claim for indemnity costs had not been made when judgment was delivered. The relevance of that proposition was obscure.
There was an issue, dealt with by his Honour, as to whether the notice of motion had been filed within the time permitted by the Uniform Civil Procedure Rules, r 36.16. No ground was identified for setting aside his Honour's order on the basis that the application for indemnity costs had not been made within time.
165On 14 May 2010 the solicitors for the plaintiff served on each of the defendants a notice entitled "Offer of compromise", in the following terms:
"The plaintiff offers to compromise this action on terms that:
1. The defendants pay to the plaintiff the sum of $290,000 plus her costs as agreed or assessed.
2. This offer shall remain open for acceptance until 5pm 11 June 2010.
This Offer of Compromise is made in accordance with Clause 86 of the Dust Diseases Tribunal Regulation, 2007."
166The judgment entered in favour of the plaintiff against WorkCover was in an amount in excess of $375,000. (The amount of the judgment against the other defendants varied, because of their proportionate shares of the separate judgments in respect of Mr Sim's asbestosis. Because the joint and several liability for lung cancer exceeded $290,000, in respect of each, the plaintiff bettered her offer.)
167The Dust Diseases Tribunal Regulation 2007 (NSW) ("the Tribunal Regulation"), Pt 6, dealing with offers of compromise, states that the Part "displaces any provision of rules of court with respect to the acceptance to the acceptance or rejection of an offer of compromise": cl 84.
The UCPR apply in the Dust Diseases Tribunal: UCPR, r 1.5 and Sch 1, with exceptions not presently relevant. Apart from exceptions, there may be "local rules" that prevail over the UCPR: r 1.7. Those include the "Dust Diseases Tribunal Rules": UCPR, Sch 2.
In fact, there are Dust Diseases Tribunal Rules, which are separate from the Dust Diseases Tribunal Regulation. The Civil Procedure Act 2005 (NSW) assumes that courts and tribunals which are subject to the Act and the UCPR will continue to have their own rules which will include the uniform rules to the extent to which they are applicable: s 10.
However, the uniform rules prevail over any provision of any local rules "unless the uniform rules expressly provide that the provision of the local rules is to prevail": s 11(1).
168Clause 84 of the Tribunal Regulation cannot have that effect: it may be, therefore, that the provisions of Pt 6 of the Tribunal Regulation only operate to the extent that they are not inconsistent with equivalent provisions in the UCPR. | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8:46 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8 | 169Although the offer claimed it was made pursuant to the Tribunal Regulation, as the trial judge noted at [9] of his costs judgment, thereby giving the plaintiff an entitlement under cl 87, the defendants' response was dealt with, at least in part, under UCPR, r 20.
26(5). (The confusion, which was maintained in this Court, suggests that steps should be taken by the relevant rule-making bodies to resolve potential conflicts and make manifest the rules which are to prevail in the Tribunal.)
170WorkCover's first complaint, raised before his Honour and maintained in this Court, was that the offer was "incapable of acceptance" until the plaintiff had supplied all the material upon which she ultimately relied, which only occurred after the offer had lapsed: written submissions, par 28.
Workcover relied in support of this submission on r 20.26(4). It may be accepted for present purposes that the rule is relevant. However, that sub-rule cannot be read in isolation from sub-rules (1) and (5): together they provide as follows:
"20.26 Making of offer
(1) In any proceedings, any party may, by notice in writing, make an offer to any other party to compromise any claim in the proceedings, either in whole or in part, on specified terms.
...
(4) Despite subrule (1), a plaintiff may not make an offer unless the defendant has been given such particulars of the plaintiff's claim, and copies or originals of such documents available to the plaintiff, as are necessary to enable the defendant to fully consider the offer.
(5) If a plaintiff makes an offer, no order may be made in favour of the defendant on the ground that the plaintiff has not supplied particulars or documents, or has not supplied sufficient particulars or documents, unless:
(a) the defendant has informed the plaintiff in writing of that ground within 14 days after receiving the offer, or
(b) the court orders otherwise."
171The trial judge addressed a complaint in substantially the same form, namely that "the plaintiff's case was not particularised, and changed fundamentally after the offer of compromise was served": at [30]. In effect, the trial judge treated such a complaint as subject to sub-rule (5).
There was no argument that his Honour was in error in that respect. There was no notice in writing to the plaintiff pursuant to sub-rule (5)(a). The trial judge gave consideration to the material available to the defendants (at [32]-[40]), in support of his view that the defendants' submission was "wholly without merit": at [30].
172WorkCover invites this Court, in effect, to make a different evaluative judgment on the basis that the second supplementary report of Professor Henderson and further reports of Drs Bryant and Yates were served "10 days after the offer was made, and only 18 days before the offer expired": submissions, par 25.
Although some particulars were sought by the defendants on 19 May 2010, to which a detailed response was given on 2 June 2010, it was submitted that this was the subject of further "clarification", sought on 2 July and provided on 8 July 2010.
173The timing, the contents of the letters and the failure of the defendant to call in aid r 20.26(5) in seeking particulars casts no doubt on the evaluation undertaken by the trial judge.
174Finally, WorkCover relied upon the fact that Professor Henderson's third supplementary report was served after the offer had lapsed. It is true that Professor Henderson's third supplementary report provided significant evidentiary support to the plaintiff's claims, but it was, in substance, a response to a report prepared for Allianz by Professor Berry dated on 24 August 2010.
175The trial judge did not refer to the service of Professor Henderson's third supplementary report, possibly because he had formed the view on the basis of material available on 14 May 2010 that WorkCover was in a position to consider fully the offer and perhaps because,
at the hearing, no great weight was placed by WorkCover upon the later material replying to a report which it apparently had no part in supplying. | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8:35 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8 | "I agree with Prof Berry that not all asbestos fibres initially inhaled actually participate directly in lung cancer induction. When airborne asbestos fibres are inhaled, a proportion will be filtered out by the upper nasal passages (although humans frequently convert from nose breathing to mouth breathing when exerting themselves).
A proportion of the fibres which successfully bypass the upper respiratory passages will be deposited in the bronchial walls, and amphibole fibres such as crocidolite and/or amosite will tend to persist, although some translocate away from bronchial walls and others will reach the pleura.
Nonetheless, those that remain in the airway structures and eventually induce the lung cancer represent a proportional fraction of those fibres first inhaled, and the more fibres that are deposited (when there were multiple exposures over time),
the greater the probability of induction of chemical messengers such as reactive oxygen species and the amounts of such reactive chemicals, which can damage the DNA of the cells."
111In short, Professor Henderson provided a biochemical explanation for the proposition that substantial periods of exposure, extending over two years or more, all materially contributed to the induction of the cancer. The appellants complained on many occasions of the reliance by the plaintiff on the "ipse dixit" of the experts, meaning unreasoned statements of conclusions.
Much the same could have been said of those submissions; while the experts spoke within areas of expertise, the appellants' submissions resorted to tendentious dismissal of the expert evidence, mischaracterised for the purpose.
112For these reasons, common ground 1(d), asserting error of law in finding material contribution against each defendant when the evidence established "no more than that such exposure had increased Mr Sim's risk of contracting lung cancer" must be rejected.
(5) Admissibility of evidence
113The appellants asserted that evidence as to causation of Mr Sim's carcinoma was inadmissible, despite the fact that Professor Henderson was a distinguished pathologist with an international reputation and long-standing interest in asbestos caused diseases and that Drs Bryant and Yates were clinicians, eminent in the same area.
Each undoubtedly had "specialised knowledge based on [their] training, study or experience" for the purposes of s 79(1) of the Evidence Act.
So much was accepted: what was disputed was that their opinions in respect of causation were "wholly or substantially based on that knowledge", again within the language of s 79(1). Just how the appellant sought to make good that challenge requires careful identification.
114The first proposition raised by the written submissions was that their evidence fell within the class of evidence rejected by the High Court in Clark v Ryan [1960] HCA 42; 103 CLR 486.
Accepting for present purposes that the terms of s 79 of the Evidence Act reflect the general law principles as applicable in 1960, the lessons to be drawn from that case for present purposes are obscure. No relevant principle was derived from the case and the facts are far removed from the present dispute.
Clark v Ryan involved the tender of evidence from a person with "engineering" experience, who had no specialist qualifications of significance, but had investigated road accidents including those involving semi-trailers.
He sought to explain how a semi-trailer had jack-knifed in taking a bend on the Pacific Highway south of Gosford, colliding with the plaintiff's vehicle, which was entirely on the correct side of the road. As explained by Dixon CJ at 490-491:
"If it had been desired to prove how in fact semi-trailers of the kind driven by the defendant Clark do in practice behave, perhaps a witness or witnesses experienced in their actual use might have given admissible evidence, not of opinion, but of the fact. But Mr Foster Joy did not possess that experience. | [
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8:7 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8 | It was authored by Professor Henderson and three others, Klaus Rodelsperger and Hans-Joachim Woitowitz from the Department of Occupational and Social Medicine at Justus Liebig University, in Giessen in Germany, and James Leigh of the Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Sydney.
It is too long to quote extensively, beyond the following extracts that deal with the cumulative exposure model, the capacity of asbestos to produce damage to the DNA and the lack of necessity for asbestosis or fibrosis for the inducing of cancer:
Joint Blue Book Vol 5 of 5 p 2110
"The authors conclude that (i) the prevailing evidence strongly supports the cumulative exposure model;
(ii) the criteria for probabilistic attribution of lung cancer to mixed asbestos exposures as a consequence of the production and end-use of asbestos-containing products such as insulation and asbestos-cement building materials - as embodied in The Helsinki and AWARD Criteria - conform to, and are further consolidated by, the new evidence discussed in this review;
(iii) different attribution criteria (e.
g.
greater cumulative exposures) are appropriate for chrysotile mining/milling and perhaps for other chrysotile-only exposures, such as friction products manufacture, than for amphibole-only exposures or mixed asbestos exposures;
and (iv) emerging strong evidence on genetic susceptibility/resistance factors for lung cancer risk as a consequence of cigarette smoking, and potentially also asbestos exposure, suggests that genotypic variation may represent an additional confounding factor potentially affecting the strength of association and hence the probability of causal contribution in the individual subject,
but at present there is insufficient evidence to draw any meaningful conclusions concerning variation in asbestos-mediated lung cancer risk relative to such resistance/susceptibility factors.
...
ibid p 2119
There is increasing evidence that the capacity of asbestos to induce oxidative damage to DNA is an important mechanism for asbestos-mediated carcinogenesis and for fibrosis; there is a well-recognised dose-response effect for both asbestos-related cancers and fibrosis, but there is no proven sequential or obligatory mechanistic linkage between fibrosis and carcinogenesis.
This issue has been summarised by Nelson et al.: 'Both fibrosis of the lung and cancer of the lung are dose-related occurrences ... consequently ... [the] majority of cancers will occur in those people who have the highest exposure ... [and who] ...
will be the most likely to have asbestosis, regardless of whether the process that produces lung cancer has anything to do with fibrosis. ...
Only if the biologic process that gives rise to fibrosis itself also directly induces genetic changes important for the production of lung cancer (or creates conditions that enhance the likelihood of these mutations in relevant cells) can it be necessary for interstitial lung disease to be present for asbestos to cause lung cancer.
[Little] direct evidence that this occurs has been presented to date. Thus, it can be said that ... there is no direct evidence that there is any necessity for asbestosis to be present for a lung cancer to be caused by [asbestos]' (p.478; italics in the original).
...
ibid p 2132
Detailed discussion of the molecular and genetic aberrations inducible by asbestos in experimental animals and cultured cell lines lies outside the scope of this review ...
However, asbestos is known to be genotoxic and clastogenic, with the capacity to induce DNA strand breaks, anaphase-telophase abnormalities and sister chromatid exchanges in cell lines in vitro - where fibrosis cannot be implicated - and free radicals generated from the surface of asbestos fibres or macrophages are implicated in these aberrations. | [
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8:32 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8 | so that each has incrementally increased the likelihood that a lung cancer will develop, and in this case that likelihood has been translated into the actual development of the lung cancer.
Q. When the lung cancer develops and the risk expressed as a likelihood has come home, is it possible then to exclude any of the four periods of exposure to asbestos with each of the employers in the explanation for the reality of the cancer?
A. Well, the answer to that is no, one cannot exclude anyone and blame all of the others. The point is that all of them have contributed to the load inhaled and deposited asbestos fibres in lung tissue, or a fraction of those fibres have interacted with the cells to produce the toxic chemicals involved in producing mutations.
Those mutations have increased in number as a result of the fact that asbestos fibres can interact with cells at multiple different points along the causal chain, leading up to the development of the lung cancer.
... In other words, one cannot point to one and blame it and exculpate the others; and equally, one can't point to one and exculpate it and then blame all of the other three exposures. The point is that all of them have contributed to the fibre burden in lung tissue, all have contributed to the risk which is then translated into the actual occurrence of the lung cancer."
96Allianz characterised this evidence in the following terms in its written submissions in this Court:
"59 In short, any exposure to fibres (other than numerically insignificant ones) increases the risk of a lung cancer eventuating. This is quite different from saying that if a lung cancer actually eventuates, every exposure actually caused that cancer (in the sense that without that exposure, the cancer would not have appeared).
60 How then did the experts (and his Honour) justify treating increased risk as equivalent to cause?
To the extent that any reasoning at all was offered for this step, it seems to boil down to two arguments: (1) it was appropriate to do so because 'the risk came home'; and (2) the proposition that 'all exposure is causative' followed from the existence of a dose-response relationship (ie, the incidence of cancer increases with cumulative dose)."
(4) Analysis of appellants' criticisms
97Although parts of Professor Henderson's evidence were expanded upon and explained in his oral evidence, as indicated above, the general thrust of his evidence did not vary in significant respects from that set out in his reports, and particularly the third supplementary report.
Accordingly, it is convenient to analyse the substantive argument raised by the appellants, to the effect that the evidence failed to demonstrate a causal connection between the exposure to asbestos dust in each period of employment and the carcinoma which resulted from the exposures taken cumulatively and as a whole.
98The first step in the argument is undoubtedly correct: increase in risk is not to be equated with factual causation. As noted by French CJ in Amaca Pty Ltd (under NSW administered winding up) v Booth [2011] HCA 53; 86 ALJR 172 at [41]:
"Causation in tort is not established merely because the allegedly tortious act or omission increased a risk of injury. The risk of an occurrence and the cause of the occurrence are quite different things."
99As his Honour further noted, assessment of the risk of an occurrence is "prospective in character": at [42]. Further, the reasoning continued at [43]:
"An after-the-event inference of causal connection may be reached on the civil standard of proof, namely, balance of probabilities, notwithstanding that the statistical correlation between the first event and the second event indicated, prospectively, no more than a 'mere possibility' or 'real chance' that the second event would occur given the first event." | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8:17 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8 | "... The mechanism by which a normal mesothelial cell is transformed into a mesothelioma cell is not known. It is believed by the best medical opinion to involve a multi-stage process, in which 6 or 7 genetic changes occur in a normal cell to render it malignant. Asbestos acts in at least one of those stages and may (but this is uncertain) act in more than one.
It is not known what level of exposure to asbestos dust and fibre can be tolerated without significant risk of developing a mesothelioma, but it is known that those living in urban environments (although without occupational exposure) inhale large numbers of asbestos fibres without developing a mesothelioma.
It is accepted that the risk of developing a mesothelioma increases in proportion to the quantity of asbestos dust and fibres inhaled: the greater the quantity of dust and fibre inhaled, the greater the risk.
But the condition may be caused by a single fibre, or a few fibres, or many fibres: medical opinion holds none of these possibilities to be more probable than any other, and the condition once caused is not aggravated by further exposure.
So if C is employed successively by A and B and is exposed to asbestos dust and fibres during each employment and develops a mesothelioma, the very strong probability is that this will have been caused by inhalation of asbestos dust containing fibres.
But C could have inhaled a single fibre giving rise to his condition during employment by A, in which case his exposure by B will have had no effect on his condition; or he could have inhaled a single fibre giving rise to his condition during his employment by B, in which case his exposure by A will have had no effect on his condition;
or he could have inhaled fibres during his employment by A and B which together gave rise to his condition; but medical science cannot support the suggestion that any of these possibilities is to be regarded as more probable than any other.
There is no way of identifying, even on a balance of probabilities, the source of the fibre or fibres which initiated the genetic process which culminated in the malignant tumour. It is on this rock of uncertainty, reflecting the point to which medical science has so far advanced, that the three claims were rejected by the Court of Appeal and by two of the three trial judges."
28If the induction of lung cancer were better seen as reflected by the evidence as to mesothelioma as described by Lord Bingham (as the legal submissions of the appellants asserted) that could form the basis of the rejection of Professor Henderson's evidence. But there was no contrary evidence. There was (relevantly) only that of Professor Henderson.
I am unable to characterise Professor Henderson's evidence as inadmissible to prove the causal relationship between all these exposures and the lung cancer. In my view, the material crosses the line, by some measure, at which lay analysis can discern any inadequacy of the requirements of s 79 discussed by the joint judgment in Dasreef v Hawchar.
29There was some discussion at the appeal about the statement of opinion on p 9 of Professor Henderson's report of 31 August 2010 as to the latency period:
Joint Blue Book Vol 5 of 5 p 2179
"Provided that the latency interval is appropriate (i.e. more than 10 years following the beginning of any exposure), each of any identified above-background exposure makes a causal contribution towards the induction of the lung cancer or mesothelioma, the proportional causal contribution being modified by the three factors mentioned in the preceding sentence.
Therefore, it follows that when there are multiple exposures with an appropriate latency interval, each one of those exposures makes a causal contribution towards lung cancer induction. It also follows that one cannot point to any one exposure as being responsible for the lung cancer entirely, with exculpation of the others." | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8:2 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8 | Citation: Lorraine Fay Sim v Allianz Australia Ltd [2010] NSWDDT 19
Date of Decision: 2010-12-24 00:00:00
Before: Curtis J
File Number(s): DDT 158 of 2009
HEADNOTE
[This headnote is not to be read as part of the judgment]
Mr Sim worked with asbestos for many years and in the employ of various employers. He contracted asbestosis and subsequently lung cancer. He died on 6 July 2009.
Mrs Sim ("the plaintiff"), the legal personal representative of his estate, commenced proceedings in the Dust Diseases Tribunal ("the Tribunal") against four of these employers or their insurers. The WorkCover Authority of NSW ("WorkCover") incurred liability on behalf of the defunct insurer of the second and third employers.
The Tribunal admitted expert evidence from Professor Henderson, Associate Professor Bryant and Dr Yates. The evidence asserted that it could not be established that the tortious exposure during employment with each employer was a necessary causal element in the chain of events leading to the lung cancer.
The Tribunal accepted this evidence. Nevertheless, the Tribunal held that the employers' negligence had caused Mr Sim's lung cancer.
The Tribunal:
(a) found that the appellants were jointly and severally liable in respect of Mr Sim's lung cancer and awarded damages of $317,561.85,
(b) found that WorkCover was liable in respect of the second employer pursuant to the Workers Compensation Act 1987 (NSW), s 151AB, and
(c) ordered that WorkCover pay the plaintiff's costs on an indemnity basis from 14 May 2010, following an offer of compromise which was not accepted by WorkCover.
The issues for determination on appeal were:
(i) whether the Tribunal erred in admitting the expert evidence because the opinions of the experts were not "wholly or substantially based" on their "training, study or experience",
(ii) whether each of the four employers was implicated or whether all could escape because it could not be established that the tortious exposure during employment with each was a necessary causal element in the chain of events,
(iii) whether the Tribunal erred in drawing an adverse inference from the appellants' failure to call expert medical evidence on the question of causation,
(iv) whether the Tribunal erred in finding that WorkCover was liable in respect of the second employer pursuant to the Workers Compensation Act 1987 (NSW), s 151AB, and
(v) whether the Tribunal erred in ordering that WorkCover pay the plaintiff's costs on an indemnity basis from 14 May 2010.
The Court held, dismissing the appeal:
In relation to (i)
(per Basten JA, Allsop P and Meagher JA agreeing)
1. It is appropriate to look at all of the evidence to see whether, by the end of the trial, any error in admitting the written reports of the experts had been overcome by subsequent evidence: [67]
2. The cumulative theory of causation was in issue, about which an expert could helpfully opine. The challenge to the admissibility of the expert evidence must be rejected: [116]-[122]
Clark v Ryan [1960] HCA 42; 103 CLR 486 distinguished.
(per Allsop P, Meagher JA agreeing)
3. Professor Henderson's evidence was not inadmissible to prove the causal relationship between the exposures and the lung cancer. His evidence drew upon his specialised knowledge. The material crosses the line at which lay analysis can discern any inadequacy of the requirements of Evidence Act 1995 (NSW), s 79: [26]-[28]
Dasreef v Hawchar [2011] HCA 21; 243 CLR 588 applied.
4. Professor Henderson rationally explained his opinion by reference to facts, assumptions and specialised knowledge, and was not expressing an opinion about heightened risk: [31]
Bendix Mintex Pty Ltd v Barnes (1997) 42 NSWLR 307; Evans v Queanbeyan City Council [2011] NSWCA 230 distinguished. | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8:33 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8 | 100In Amaca v Booth, the question was whether Mr Booth had established that his malignant pleural mesothelioma was caused by his exposure to asbestos in working on brake linings over a period of 30 years, and involving two separate defendants. After noting the distinction between a predictive assessment of risk and a retrospective assessment of causation, French CJ stated at [43]:
"The existence of an association or a positive statistical correlation between the occurrence of one event and the subsequent occurrence of another may be expressed as a possibility, which may be no greater than a 'real chance' that, if the first event occurs, the second event will also occur.
The mere existence of such an association or correlation does not justify a statement, relevant to factual causation in law, that the first event 'creates' or 'gives rise to' or 'increases' the probability that the second event will occur.
Such a statement contains an assumption that if the second event occurs it will have some causal connection to the first. However, if the association between two events is shown to have a causal explanation, then the conclusion may be open, if the second event should occur, that the first event has been at least a contributing cause of that occurrence."
101His Honour then referred to the nine factors identified by Sir Austin Bradford-Hill as matters having the character of circumstantial evidence of a casual relationship: at [44]. These factors had been referred to by Professor Henderson in Amaca, and in his report in the present case.
Significantly however, the Chief Justice pointed to the distinction between a finding that conduct has increased the risk of injury and a mere statistical correlation between such conduct and such injuries. The former involves, inherently, a causal connection, which the latter need not: at [49]. His Honour concluded at [51]:
"It is enough for present purposes to say that an inference of factual causation, as against both Amaca and Amaba, was open on the evidence before the primary judge.
The cumulative effect mechanism involving all asbestos exposure in causal contribution to the ultimate development of a mesothelioma had been propounded and was accepted by his Honour. It depended upon an understanding of physiological mechanisms. It did not depend upon the epidemiology."
102The joint judgment of Gummow, Hayne and Crennan JJ reached a similar conclusion. After noting the significance of the "single fibre" theory in the development of the law in England, their Honours noted the contrary view, based on multiple exposures, as explained by Professor Henderson in that case: at [79].
Subject to an attack not made in the present case, their Honours set out and accepted the plaintiff's argument in Amaca v Booth in the following terms at [83]:
"Mr Booth developed his case in the following steps: (1) he had contracted mesothelioma; (2) the only known cause of that disease is exposure to asbestos; (3) the expert evidence at trial, accepted by the primary judge, was that: (a) exposure to asbestos contributes to the disease;
and (b) the prospective risk of contracting the disease increases with the period of significant exposure; (4) Mr Booth had two periods of significant exposure; (5) it is more probable than not that each period of exposure made a material contribution to bodily processes which progressed to the development of the disease."
103The remainder of their conclusions were directed to an alleged failure by the Tribunal to make proper allowance for the epidemiological evidence which the appellants presented; no similar issue arises in the present case, such evidence not having been adduced by the appellants.
The appellants' submissions as to the supposed elision from risk to causation paid inadequate attention to the reasoning of Professor Henderson accepted by the trial judge. At no stage was the conclusion supported merely on the basis that the risk had eventuated. | [
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8:38 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8 | 127The second basis of complaint was that Professor Berry's "conclusions" were before the Tribunal because they had been identified by the plaintiff's experts, to whom the report had been provided, who "did not disagree with his conclusions": written submissions, par 79.
128That submission must be rejected. First, brief extracts were quoted by Professor Henderson, for example, and not necessarily "conclusions". Secondly, Professor Henderson did not agree with all that Professor Berry said, expressing his disagreement in some instances in strong terms.
129No error of law is demonstrated in the manner in which the trial judge dealt with the failure of the appellants to adduce expert evidence; common ground 1(c) must be rejected.
(7) Assessment of excessive exposure
130Common ground 1(e) complained that the trial judge had failed to make a necessary finding as to "the degree of additional asbestos exposure, if any, attributable to the negligence of the [appellants]". The qualifier "if any" should be disregarded. The trial judge made findings in respect of breach of duty on the part of each appellant.
131It is true that the trial judge made no specific finding as to the degree to which the negligent exposure exceeded that which would have eventuated had reasonable care been taken.
His Honour held that the failure to provide and supervise the use of adequate masks resulted in Mr Sim's exposure exceeding the "then NHMRC recommended level of less than 5 million particles per cubic foot averaged over a working week": at [129].
Although not pleaded, nor apparently addressed in the course of the hearing, in written submissions to the trial judge Allianz submitted that, on a finding of negligence, the inquiry in respect of causation had to be limited to the effects of the negligent exposure as opposed to the non-negligent exposure: written submissions, 1 November 2010, par 42.
(It was not suggested that the other appellants adopted this specific submission.)
132It is true that the trial judge did not deal with this issue in respect of causation. However, the need to make a precise calculation depended upon the findings based on Professor Henderson's evidence.
If the cumulative consequences of continuing exposure were accepted, in the terms suggested by Professor Henderson, it was clear that the extent of the disparity rendered a precise calculation unnecessary. In fact, the fate of this challenge stands or falls with the final common ground.
(8) Necessary condition test not satisfied
133Common ground 1(f) asserted that it was not reasonably open on the admissible evidence to conclude that Mr Sim "would not have contracted lung cancer but for the negligence of" each appellant.
134The premise underlying this ground was that the conduct of each appellant must be a sine qua non with respect to the harm suffered.
This is sometimes described as the "counterfactual test" of causation because it poses the hypothetical question as to whether the harm would have resulted, if the defendant's tortious conduct were removed from the equation: see, eg, Michael S Moore, Causation and Responsibility (OUP, 2010), p 84.
It is also known as the "necessary condition" test, in which form it has been adopted in one part of s 5D of the Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW). Its operation in that context does not arise in the present case, to which the Act does not apply: see s 3B.
135The second proposition relied on by the appellants was that the "commonsense" approach to causation, long favoured by the common law and approved in March v E & MH Stramare Pty Ltd [1991] HCA 12; 171 CLR 506 at 515-516 (Mason CJ), should be abjured in circumstances where causation is not capable of commonsense assessment and can only be established by application of scientific principles. | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8:37 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8 | It also ignores the discussion of genetic susceptibility or resistance that is no doubt partly responsible for some individuals contracting a carcinoma whilst others do not.
120The third complaint was that the experts expressed their opinions in the language of legal standards, including "the balance of probabilities" and "material contribution", although Professor Henderson disowned "material contribution or cause": Tcpt, 7/9/10, p 271(43).
121How this complaint fell within the terms of s 79 of the Evidence Act was not explained. If the language truly involved legal concepts not available in common speech or having a different meaning from their common meaning, that might have been a matter for cross-examination.
Most of the phrases complained of did not fit either of these categories. The phrase "the balance of probabilities" is neither esoteric, nor used by the law with a different meaning from common usage. It requires no explanation for a jury.
Indeed, an epidemiologist might use that language as equivalent to a relative risk greater than two. Nor is causation generally a concept known only to the law, although its application may differ depending upon the purpose for which, or the discipline within which, it is deployed.
Medical evidence, particularly, is encountered in the courts on a daily basis, using the language of causation. Evidence is not reduced to "legal arguments", as the appellants would have it, for that reason.
122Fourthly, and perhaps most powerfully, the appellants submitted that their substantive objection to the evidence was also relevant to its admissibility.
As explained earlier in these reasons, that submission was undoubtedly available to them, in that evidence which could not support a finding favourable to the plaintiff would not have satisfied the requirements of admissibility. Adopting the same course as the appellants in their written submissions, the substantive argument has already been addressed, and rejected.
123It follows that the challenge to the admissibility of the evidence of each of the experts, as identified in common ground 1(a), must be rejected.
(6) Inference based on Jones v Dunkel
124The next common ground raising a separate point of law, 1(c), complained that the trial judge had drawn an adverse inference from the appellants' failure to call expert medical evidence on the question of causation. This was said to have occurred in passages in his Honour's reasons at [190]-[192] and [209].
At [190] and [192] the trial judge merely referred to the evidence of the plaintiff's experts, who were described as "well qualified", noting that the defendants called no medical evidence to the contrary of the opinions expressed by the plaintiff's experts. The critical passage is at [209], which was in the following terms:
"It is significant that no defendant calls expert evidence on the issue of causation. Allianz obtained a report from Professor Geoffrey Berry.
WorkCover arranged for Associate Professor A B X Breslin, a highly regarded respiratory physician with extensive experience in asbestos related diseases, to examine Mr Sim. Neither expert is called, and I draw the inference that neither would have advanced the case argued by the defendants."
125The first basis of complaint was no more than maintaining consistency with the appellants' primary argument: that is, if the plaintiff's witnesses were unable to express opinions as to the cause of the carcinoma, there was no sound basis for expecting the appellants' potential witnesses to be able to do so. There was, therefore, no adverse inference to be drawn.
126That submissions fails at two points. First, it must fall once the foundation is removed. Secondly, Professor Berry was an epidemiologist: the appellants did not suggest that epidemiology might not be relevant to establishing or disproving causation. To the contrary, their primary position was that only epidemiology was relevant in the current state of medical knowledge. | [
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8:16 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8 | Q. So it's only a fraction of those cells or indeed usually only one that will actually lead to a line which endures down the generations enough and develops the necessary mutations to turn into a cancer. That is right, is it not. A - Well, yes.
The majority of the cells will either die out,
the mutations will be irrelevant or they will not progress to cancer for a variety of reasons and it requires a complex series of sequential causal steps to cause the cancer but the point is that the likelihood that
those essential causal steps in this casual chain will be achieved is increased by the additional asbestos exposures so that one can't point to any one exposure and say well this one on a probably basis has not contributed.
That to me is speculation.
Q. Nor can one point to any particular individual one and say on a probability basis this one did contribute. A - Well, as I say one cannot point to one of, say, four exposures and say that is the exposure responsible, the other three played no role.
One cannot equally point to one exposure and say well that played no role it's the other three. The point is, it's all of the exposures in an individual which are ultimately translated into the development of a lung cancer.
Ibid p 279
Q. You have expressed yourself in your report and in your evidence a number of times as saying all the exposures make a substantial contribution to any cancer which ultimately develops or you have said all the exposures cumulatively cause the cancer which ultimately develops. A. And this is in accordance with current theories on carcinogenesis.
Q. That is the way you have expressed yourself and in expressing yourself you mean that all of the exposures increase the risk in the way that you have described in your evidence to me. A. That's correct.
Q. And nothing more. A - Well, I think it means more when the cancer has finally developed because the risk has come home in the form of a cancer.
HIS HONOUR
Q. But does every additional exposure increase the number of mutations. A - We can't count them because in humans one can't come back and look at the mutations. The point here is, your Honour, that even the first exposure will produce a series of ongoing mutations.
The next exposure will increase the number of mutations and increase the likelihood that one of those mutations is relevant to the development of cancer and so would a third and so would a fourth.
One can't neatly fractionate mutations according to each of, say, four exposures because the mutations - the fibres are long resident in lung, new fibres are added and the mutations are ongoing process over 20 to 30 years."
(Emphasis added.)
26From the totality of the written and oral evidence of Professor Henderson, illustrated by the above extensive extracts one can see the following:
(1) The consistent and careful attempts by the cross-examiner to have Professor Henderson accept that his expressed views as to necessary causal relevance of retained asbestos fibres in an asbestos induced cancer were no more than hypotheses of heightened risk;
and that scientific knowledge did not permit any conclusions in the case of an individual cancer of the causal relevance of any particular exposure.
(2) The rejection by Professor Henderson of those propositions and his opinion for the reasons he gave that scientific knowledge did permit and support his opinion that upon a cancer occurring that could be attributed to asbestos (as here), the retained asbestos fibres were all necessary or obligate parts of the causal chain.
27In so expressing the matters in (2) Professor Henderson was drawing upon his specialised knowledge. It may be that the better scientific view of the pathology or aetiology of asbestos induced cancer is another quite different hypothesis.
For instance, the medical evidence that formed the basis of the findings of fact in Fairchild v Glenhaven Funeral Services Ltd [2002] UKHL 22; [2003] 1 AC 32 as to the cause of mesothelioma was summarised by Lord Bingham of Cornhill at 43 [7] as follows: | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8:23 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8 | 59The fourth employer, Bells Thermalag & Industrial Services Pty Ltd, now known as Wallaby Grip (BAE) Pty Ltd ("Wallaby Grip") relied upon the same grounds as Allianz and adopted the submissions made on behalf of Allianz.
60The manner in which the case on causation was articulated was addressed, in oral argument, by reference to the following summary of contentions found in the written submissions for Allianz:
"13.1 The doctors' opinions (or assertions) to the effect that exposure to asbestos in AA's [Australian Asbestos] employment was a cause of Mr Sim's lung cancer were inadmissible. Properly analysed, they involved the application of the doctors' own notions of causation rather than the application of relevant scientific or medical study, training or experience.
They also lacked a rational exposition of how the assumptions they made led, by the application of relevant expertise, to the conclusions they asserted. They were thus inadmissible under s 79.
13.2 Properly understood, the evidence as to causation (including the doctors' opinions, if admissible) established no more than that exposure to asbestos in AA's employment had increased the risk of Mr Sim contracting lung cancer.
The evidence did not establish that 'all exposure is causative' and did not establish that the lung cancer in fact contracted by Mr Sim was, on the probabilities, caused by exposure in AA's employment.
13.3 Furthermore, the relevant question was whether AA's negligence was a cause of Mr Sim's lung cancer. It was clear that Mr Sim would have been exposed to at least some asbestos in AA's employment even if AA had taken all proper precautions.
His Honour should have made findings as to the excess, negligent, exposure by AA, and considered the question of causation by reference to that excess exposure, but he did not do so."
61The appellants treated Allianz as the primary proponent of their cases. Ground 1 in Allianz' amended notice of appeal was replicated in the other notices of appeal and will be referred to as the "common ground". WorkCover raised four additional grounds which will be addressed separately. It is convenient to start with the elements of the common ground, which in their amended form were as follows:
"1. As to the finding (J[210]) that the inhalation of asbestos fibres by the Respondent (Mr Sim) when in the employ of Australian Asbestos Contracting Pty Ltd, in respect of which entity the Allianz Australia Limited has been sued pursuant to s 6(4) of the Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1946 (herein, the Appellant) had materially contributed to the cause of Mr Sim's lung cancer:
(a) the trial judge erred in admitting into evidence the material referred to in the document annexed hereto and marked with the letter "A" headed "First Appellant's Summary Table - Objections. Revised version: 16 November 2011", such being inadmissible under s 79 of the Evidence Act 1995 (NSW).
(b) deleted.
(c) the trial judge erred in point of law in drawing an adverse inference from the Appellant's failure to call expert medical evidence expressing a conclusion as to the causation of Mr Sim's lung cancer (J[190]-[192] and J[209]);
(d) the trial judge erred in point of law in so finding in circumstances where the evidence (to the extent admissible) established no more than that such exposure had increased Mr Sim's risk of contracting lung cancer;
(e) having made a finding of excessive exposure by the Appellant, the trial judge erred in point of law in failing to make necessary findings as to the degree of additional asbestos exposure, if any, attributable to the negligence of the Appellant; and
(f) the trial judge erred in point of law in so finding as it was not reasonably open on the admissible evidence that Mr Sim would not have contracted lung cancer but for the negligence of the Appellant."
62Logically, the question of admissibility (ground 1(a)) might have been addressed first; however, by arrangement between counsel, senior counsel for Wallaby Grip commenced the oral argument by addressing the issue identified at par 13. | [
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8:29 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e63004de94513d96d8 | Lung cancer differs qualitatively from asbestosis and falls into the class of malignant neoplastic diseases. It is considered to be a 'singular' injury, in that once it has come into being, further exposure to its causal factors (eg, cigarette smoke; asbestos) cannot significantly worsen the injury (cancer) and, conversely, withdrawal of the causal factors cannot reverse the cancer."
84None of this material was challenged: the heart of the objection was to the conclusion identified in the following passage (p 5):
"Because the likelihood and pathogenesis of lung cancer are governed by a dose-response relationship, it also follows on a probabilistic basis that each of Mr Sim's asbestos exposures ... made a significant and substantial causal contribution to the development of his lung cancer."
85The appellants objected to this passage on the basis that the process of reasoning was not exposed. In fact, Professor Henderson identified the basis for that opinion by reference to a paper of which he was a co-author, published in Pathology in 2004, which formed part of the tender, with the second report.
However, it is not necessary to refer to that article in this context: the reasoning underlying the opinions was more fully set out in Professor Henderson's third supplementary report, addressed below.
86On 19 May 2010 Professor Henderson produced a second supplementary report.
The principal difference in the question asked for the purpose of this report, as compared with the previous report, was to divide the period of employment with Asbestospray between the two separate companies, so that there was not one continuous period of employment from 1966 to 1975, as had been suggested in the earlier material supplied to Professor Henderson.
His conclusions were the same as before, namely that exposure during each period of employment (now four rather than three) made a significant and substantial causal contribution to the development of Mr Sim's asbestosis and lung cancer.
87On 31 August 2010 Professor Henderson provided a third supplementary report. The primary purpose of this report was to comment on a report obtained by Allianz from Professor Geoffrey Berry on 24 August 2010. However, in undertaking that review, Professor Henderson expanded significantly on the process of reasoning upon which he had relied in reaching his earlier conclusions.
Accordingly, to the extent that objection to the first and second supplementary reports was based on an absence of reasoning, it is sufficient to address that question by reference to the third supplementary report. (Professor Berry's report was not tendered by the appellants and his opinions, except to the extent they were revealed by Professor Henderson, did not become part of the evidence.)
88Two themes may be identified in Professor Henderson's response to Professor Berry. The first was the importance of the distinction between epidemiology and aetiology. Epidemiology, at least in the current context, establishes a "relative risk" or "attributable fraction" in respect of a particular carcinogen and an identified disease.
As Professor Henderson explained (Third Supplementary Report, p 5) relative risk "deals with the actual number of occurrences of the disease or injury in question for an exposed group, versus the actual number of cases of the same disease in those unexposed to the factor(s) under investigation".
Its weakness as a predictor of causation in a particular case derives from the application of a result derived from a population to an individual. By contrast, Professor Henderson explained (p 4):
"In fact, assessment of causation of disease involves a wider exercise than epidemiology alone, and usually includes knowledge/concepts of the character of the disease in question relative to other diseases (bi-plausibility), and experimental data, as well as clinical/pathology observations, in addition to epidemiology and statistics; | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9:24 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9 | 156Bankwest would not have allowed the guarantor to modify a guarantee and indemnity document (T97.25-98.30, 14/12/11). Had Christine Nassif asked to modify and negotiate any terms in relation to a guarantee and indemnity she would not have been able to do so.
157Once again, this falls into the general case with banks. There was material inequality but not extreme inequality in relation to the negotiation and the alteration of any of the previsions of the contract.
(d) Whether or not any provisions of the contract impose conditions which are unreasonably difficult to comply with or not reasonably necessary for the protection of the legitimate interests of any party to the contract
158Bankwest provided the facility documents and funds to enable the Sherene Group to complete the building project at Speers Point. The guarantee and indemnity are standard form documents. Between March 2007 and January 2009 the total amount of facilities although configured differently at times remained almost the same, with a slight decrease towards January 2009 from $10.
6M to $10.343M. The provisions of the loan facilities including the loan and guarantee were not unreasonable nor were they difficult to comply with. I turn now to consider whether the provisions of the loan facility documents were not reasonably necessary for the protection of the legitimate interests of Christine Nassif.
159On 11 August 2007, Christine Nassif gave a guarantee in favour of Bankwest. She also provided security, namely mortgages, over the Wentworth Falls property. The amount of the facilities for which the guarantee was given was $11.675M (T53.
15-27, 13/12/11), which was approximately three times more than was required to secure Bankwest's exposure on the refinance of the NAB facility (T82.42-83.1, 14/12/11). Counsel for Christine Nassif pointed out that this guarantee and indemnity was 7.5 times her asset position.
160Christine Nassif was not the only one who was required to provide a guarantee in order for the loan facilities to be made available. In August 2007, there were guarantees given by Joseph Youssef, Christine Nassif, Sarkis Nassif, Ellis J Enterprises Pty Ltd and Steve Nassif as trustee for the Nassif Family Trust.
Other securities were provided, namely a fixed and floating charge by Sherene, Ellis J Enterprises and Trioplex Constructions; mortgages were provided by Sherene over the Speers Point Property and Hanan Nassif provided a mortgage over the property at Wentworth Falls (Hume Avenue property). I accept that Christine Nassif stood to lose a substantial asset (over $3M) should the facilities not be repaid.
161Bankwest's reasons for requiring a guarantee from Christine Nassif were twofold, firstly, that she had provided one to the prior lender NAB and secondly, because the construction loan was funding the Nassifs' personal living, car payments, personal amounts and for improvements to the Wentworth Falls property which underpinned Christine Nassif's security (T54.38, 13/12/11).
162Christine Nassif was aware that her husband borrowed money to fund a property development at Speers Point. She says that she did not receive any financial benefit from the Speers Point development.
It appears that some payments of the moneys lent to Sherene Group were for her benefit. Christine Nassif was cross examined in relation to the Trioplex Constructions Pty Ltd bank statements for the period between 30 June 2007 and 1 February 2008.
It shows that she received the following amounts: $1,022.18 on 20 August 2007; $250 on 22 August 2007; $1,019.68 on 27 August 2007; $1,019.68 on 26 September 2007; $15,000 on 30 November 2007; $100 on 4 December 2007 and $25,00 on 19 December 2007. The amounts of around $1,020 were for lease payments on a BMW, the motor vehicle she drove most of the time. | [
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nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9:27 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9 | To grant remedies under the Contracts Review Act on such grounds would be to convert an Act, intended to achieve just results, into an instrument of injustice.
[79] This case has two important features that distinguish it from Khoshaba.
First, in Khoshaba, the circumstances that the statement of the purpose of the loan was left blank, and that Perpetual made no inquiry about its purpose, were decisive:
Spigelman CJ said that had Perpetual made any inquiries about the purpose of the loan (not extending to determining that the proposed investment was reasonable and capable of servicing the loan) his Honour would have allowed the appeal;
and Basten JA observed (at [125]) that had the loan been expressed to be intended for investment purposes, rather than expenditure on consumables, it was at least arguable that it would be self-funding.
In the present case, the purpose of the loan - refinance and further investment - was stated, and it was not as if Perpetual was prepared to proceed on the basis that for all it knew the funds would be paid away immediately;
Perpetual's state of mind was that Mr and Mrs Riz proposed to refinance and invest the surplus proceeds, which imports the generation of a return and/or the acquisition of corresponding additional assets.
Secondly, for reasons already explained, there is no basis for concluding that Perpetual was in this case engaging in "asset lending".
[80] Mr and Mrs Riz were represented and advised by their own lawyer. Perpetual did not demonstrate the indifference referred to in Khoshaba, and did not engage in asset lending, but assessed the loan having regard to serviceability. ...
Although Mr and Mrs Riz were the subject of unfair tactics, those were perpetrated not by or on behalf of Perpetual, but by the promoters... , or by their own agents . The false financial information, without which the loan agreement would not have been approved, was provided to Perpetual by QLS on behalf of Mr and Mrs Riz ...
Perpetual was not required to have a high index of suspicion that it was being deceived by QLS acting for Mr and Mrs Riz, and its failure to discover the deception does not make a case of injustice."
177Bankwest submitted that it took every reasonable step to ensure that Christine Nassif was properly informed and voluntarily consented to the transaction. However, Bankwest did not have any direct contact with Christine Nassif prior to her providing the first guarantee.
Bankwest, prior to requiring Christine Nassif to sign the guarantee and indemnity, made no independent assessment as to her level of income (T53.30; 72.48, 13/12/11).
Bankwest did not it make any independent inquiry as to Christine Nassif's asset position (T54.11, 13/12/11), although it received a statement of assets signed by her. The contents of that document, although not in her handwriting, appear to be correct.
It did not state that she earned any income. The only time someone from Bankwest spoke Christine Nassif occurred by accident when Grant Murphy met Christine Nassif briefly at Speers Point one day. They exchanged pleasantries.
178Bankwest did not have any actual notice that Christine Nassif was purportedly reliant to and subservient on Steve Nassif in relation to the Bankwest facilities.
However, Bankwest did have notice at the time of the taking of the guarantee: that Christine Nassif was a married woman and hence there was a possibility of emotional subservience to her husband;
that she was the sole owner of the property at Wentworth Falls that was worth about $3M; and that that property was her home and she had no income of her own with which to service the borrower's obligations, if her husband and other family members were unable to do so.
Bankwest was aware that the value of the Wentworth Falls property was substantial and it was not the only property it had recourse to if the funds were not repaid. | [
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nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9:14 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9 | 463M to $9.563M; an existing business bonus overdraft with a facility limit increase from $430,000 to $600,000; and an existing business bonus overdraft with a facility limit increase from $180,000 to $190,000.
103Once again, as far as Variation 8 is concerned Christine Nassif recalls seeing a document similar to that document around the house. She did not read the document and cannot say for sure whether that is the document she had seen around the house or not. At the time she signed it her husband provided her with that page only.
She cannot recall the date she signed the document but believes she signed the document at her home in Wentworth Falls when her husband asked her to. She does do not recognise the name of the purported witness to her signature. The witness to her signature was Robert Barraket, a solicitor. Christine Nassif says that Robert Barraket did not provide her with legal advice in relation to the guarantee.
104Robert Barraket says that Steve Nassif called him and asked him to sign a document. Christine and Steve Nassif arrived in a car downstairs (he was not sure whether it was the Mercedes or the BMW) at the rear of Robert Barraket's (then) office in Milsons Point.
Robert Barraket thinks that Steve Nassif was driving the car and that Christine Nassif was in the passenger seat. He cannot recall whether Christine got out of the car. He is not sure whether Steve Nassif handed him some documents or whether Steve gave him the guarantee and indemnity prior to that date. Robert Barraket walked over to the car.
105It took five to 10 minutes to explain and sign the documents. Robert Barraket completed the Certificate of Independent Advice and handed it to Christine Nassif. The legal advice he gave to Christine was very general.
He signed the document on the roof of the sports car; it was either a Mercedes or BMW. The writing on the first page of the solicitor's Certificate of Independent Advice is not in Robert Barraket's handwriting. That was completed by someone else.
Robert Barraket says that had it been blank, he would have filled that part of the form in in his handwriting (T150, 15/12/11). There was a lot of cross examination about telephone records of three mobile phones, times and places.
The cross examination presupposed that Christine Nassif had one of these mobile phones in her possession on 20 January 2009 but in the end it does not usurp Robert Barraket's evidence that the Certificate was signed on 20 January 2009.
106Robert Barraket's evidence is that then words to the effect of the statements as set out in Part D of the 2009 certificate were said to Christine Nassif.
Conversation between Christine, Steve and George Aziz in July 2009
107Christine Nassif deposes that a conversation occurred at their Wentworth Falls home. It was between Christine, Steve and George Aziz. Christine and Steve were hosting a BBQ. George Aziz is Steve Nassif's business friend of 10 years standing.
They had offices in the same building. George Aziz is a Justice of the Peace. He had previously witnessed Christine Nassif's signature on a mortgage (TB 919) over the Wentworth Falls property on 11 August 2007.
108In July 2009, when Christine Nassif became aware that Bankwest sought possession of her home, George Aziz came to her home and a conversation took place in a conversation of Arabic and English and words were spoken to the effect of:
George: "What's going on with the house?"
Steve: "Christine had to sign a document for the bank before a lawyer but Christine was not present. Christine should have been there. The document should have been explained to her."
Christine: "I did not know that. How could that have possibly happened? When did John Paul call me and talk to me with about the house."
Steve: "It is not John Paul."
Christine: "Who is the lawyer then who signed for me to lose the house."
Steve: "Bob Barraket."
George: "You can take him to court."
Christine: "I have no money. How can I pay?"
George: "You can take him to court through legal aid." | [
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nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9:4 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9 | 30On this topic, Steve Nassif's evidence is confusing and I have set some of it out below.
Q. You agree that by 2003 Christine Nassif had been on a number of occasions been provided with information by the bank about what a guarantee and indemnity is?
A. Most of the time I do give Christine advice that we're buying something, we have to sign some document for the bank, and yes that's what I - on my direction.
Q. Steve Nassif, thank you so much for that but I'm asking you to accept that by 2003 on a number of occasions the bank had provided Christine Nassif with information about what a guarantee and indemnity is?
A. I didn't - I wasn't with the bank when he was with her or how he explain to her. When we purchase the property in two-nine(?) I used to say it's good and let's sign the document, there was no legal advice there.
HER HONOUR: That's not the question, try and listen to the question.
BELLAMY
Q. I'll ask the question one more time and if you don't answer it I'll make submissions adverse to your interests and Christine's interests about it and about your credit. I'm asking you to acknowledge that up to 2003 on a number of occasions Christine Nassif had been provided with information by the bank about what a guarantee and indemnity is, do you agree or not?
A. The bank send me this document, yes, and she never went through.
Q. Do you disagree, she was never provided with information by the bank about what a guarantee and indemnity is?
A. When the bank manager signed(?) her document but he was talking to her he did explain to her, yes.
Q. You accept that--
A. And then - I was the interpreter then.
Q. Say that part again, please.
A. When she sign the indemnity I was with her and the bank manager when we purchase something in our name and he used to tell her that this guarantee for this project, if we don't pay the money we'll take the - what we are buying and I used to say - explain to her in Lebanese and he used to - she was - in my direction she was - sign the document, yes.
Q. So your evidence is that the bank manager would give her information about what a guarantee and indemnity is, you would then translate it to her and at the end of the translation you would say sign the document, is that right?
A. Yes.
...
Q. And I gather you'd tell her that in Lebanese, would you, to sign the document?
A. Yeah, I say to her yes sign it because it's, you know, it's good for us. (T74-75, 8/2/12)
31Then in re-examination Steve Nassif's evidence was:
Q. You recall Mr Bellamy asked you a number of questions in relation to explaining various documents to your wife Christine and that you would translate those documents in Arabic to Christine, do you recall that evidence sir?
A. Yes.
Q. And at time you recall that the bank officer was present and that the bank officer explained things to you and then you explained things to Christine?
A. Yes.
Q. Do you understand sir what the word 'translate' means?
A. Yes if you speak English I translate to Lebanese.
Q. Mr Bellamy asked you some questions in relation to a mortgage document which is found at page 102 and 103, volume 1 of 3 of the tender bundle.
A. Sorry, what was the number?
Q. Pages 102 and 103. And you see at page 103 the signature of Robert Noel Dudley on the top half of that page. Did Mr Dudley explain this document to you in the presence of Christine?
WITNESS: He was asking me and I was explaining to Christine in that time, yes. (T 74-75, 9/2/12)
32I make a finding that Steve Nassif did translate what the bank officer said in relation to a guarantee and indemnity. This may have occurred on more than one occasion. However, this must be understood in the light of what occurred after the translation was completed. | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9:11 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9 | 83In 2006, Robert Barraket became aware of the Speers Point development from Steve Nassif. He understood that Sherene had acquired a property for development. He also understood that Steve was a director of Sherene. He did not know the name of the company initially but was aware that Steve was the shareholder and a director, but that Christine was not.
84In late 2006/2007 Robert Barraket recalls a conversation with Steve and Christine Nassif in the kitchen at the Wentworth Falls property about which properties were in each persons names. He recalls the conversation as follows:
Mr Barraket: "You really should be careful about having the properties in family members names. There are some real problems that could arise if Hanan and Joe were to get divorced or Christine, Joe or Hanan were to die. You need to make sure that there is some strategy in place so that is one of you or they were to die the assets go to the right family members."
Steve: "I know that we have to get you to do this for use."
Christine: "I own the house because Steve and Sarkis are directors of the companies.
Steve and I need to make sure that the bank can't get the house if there was a problem."
Me: "The problem is more about what happens when someone dies. If Christine died and you got the house you would lose any protection that you had if you inherited the house from Christine."
85So far as that Certificate of Independent Advice dated 11 August 2008 is concerned Robert Barraket does not have a specific recollection of providing Christine Nassif with legal advice. He does not have a file nor does he have any file notes in relation to this matter.
The documents were signed in a social setting. He thinks that he signed this certificate in the kitchen of the Nassifs' house at Wentworth Falls on the morning of 11 August 2008 in the kitchen when Steve was also present. While Robert Barraket does not recall taking her through the acknowledgment in detail.
The advice he gave her was general advice that she had signed a mortgage over the property and that she wanted to increase the amount of the mortgage and that there was an offer from the bank. He told her that she was providing a guarantee. Robert Barraket had had a discussion with Steve Nassif about asset protection.
As this was a discussion he had had on prior occasions with both the Nassifs so he did not sit down and take Christine Nassif through it specifically but he did say to her that she did not have to sign it.
But if she wanted the money to complete Speers Point she would be increasing the mortgage and she had provided the guarantee to the bank and that she would be liable as a guarantor and she could lose everything.
86Steve Nassif often asked Robert Barraket his view on how the Nassif family was structured. Christine Nassif on one occasion specifically said to him, "the house is in my name in case something goes wrong" (T134, 15/12/11).
87While Robert Barraket knew that there was to be an increase in Christine Nassif's exposure of several hundred thousand dollars, he did not know that the debt was greater than $9M (T143, 15/12/11).
88The relevant part of the certificate reads:
PART B EXPLANATIONS GIVEN BY THE CERTIFYING SOLICITOR
I certify THAT I GAVE LEGAL ADVICE IN RESPECT OF THE DOCUMENTS REQUIRED TO BE SIGNED BY THE Client and I EXPLAINED to the Client:
the viability of the transaction with the Borrower was undertaking;
the Borrower's ability to make the required payments to the Lender;
the Client's ability to make payment to the Lender.
I FURTHER INFORMED the Client that, if in any doubt on those aspects, the Client should obtain independent financial advice before signing the documents.
PART D STATEMENTS BY THE PERSONS SIGNING DOCUMENTS
FOLLOWING THE ABOVE EXPLANATIONS, the Client stated to me:
that he or she understood my advice as to the obligations and risks involved in signing the documents; and
that he or she was signing the documents freely, voluntarily and without pressure from any person.
89Likewise, Christine Nassif acknowledged that: | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9:30 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9 | 196Unconscionability is something which shows no regard for conscience or is irreconcilable with what is right or reasonable. Further, unconscionability is not to be lightly found. As Bryson J (as he then was) said in Burt v ANZ Banking Group Ltd (1994) ATPR 46-123:
"The ordinary means of establishing in honesty and fair dealing that a person with whom one is dealing knows the nature and terms of a document which one proposes should be signed is to put the document before that person for signature.
The opportunity to find out what is in the document is there, available to that person, who can use the opportunity in whatever manner is thought right. Unless the person with whom one is dealing is known to be at some special disadvantage, this is as much as conscience requires.
There is no reason why it is unconscionable per se to deal with and take a guarantee from a person who is closely related to or otherwise well disposed towards a customer; indeed that is the ordinary case in which a guarantee is available.
Unconscionability is not a slight matter, and behaviour is only unconscionable where there is some real and substantial ground based on conscience for preventing a person from relying on what are, in terms of the general law, that person' s legal rights.
Previous judicial experience and established grounds on which reliance on legal rights would be unconscionable are reliable bases on which to act and the Court is not authorised to take idiosyncratic approaches."
197I have already referred to the following matters under the Contracts Review Act 1980 heading. I have summarised the relevant facts and findings here.
198Christine Nassif is a married woman and she deferred to her husband on business and financial matters. She signed legal and financial documents when Steve Nassif asked her to do so. While English is not her first language, she speaks and understands conversational English well.
She can read formal documents but does not understand all of their meaning. I accept that Bankwest had no actual notice of these factors but that does not absolve Bankwest of any responsibility.
199Bankwest's reasons for requiring a guarantee from Christine Nassif were twofold, firstly, that she had provided one to the prior lender NAB and secondly, because the construction loan was funding the Nassifs' personal living, car payments, personal amounts and for improvements to the Wentworth Falls property which underpinned Christine Nassif's security (T54.38, 13/12/11).
200Bankwest did have notice at the time of the taking of the guarantee that Christine Nassif was a married woman and hence there was a possibility of emotional subservience to her husband,
that she was the sole owner of the property at Wentworth Falls that was worth about $3M, that that property was her home and she had no income of her own with which to service the borrower's obligations, if her husband and other family members were unable to do so.
201Bankwest was aware that Christine Nassif had already been involved in the Speers Point project prior to Bankwest refinancing and had provided guarantees and security by mortgages over the Wentworth Falls property to the former lender NAB. Bankwest had assessed the viability of the loan by having regard to its serviceability of the facilities.
202Christine Nassif was not the only one who was required to provide a guarantee in order for the loan facilities to be made available. In August 2007, there were guarantees given by Joseph Youssef, Steve Nassif, Hanan Nassif, Christine Nassif, Sarkis Nassif, Ellis J Enterprises Pty Ltd and Steve Nassif as trustee for the Nassif Family Trust.
Other securities were provided, namely a fixed and floating charge by Sherene, Ellis J Enterprises and Trioplex Constructions; mortgages were provided by Sherene over the Speers Point Property and Hanan Nassif provided a mortgage over the property at Wentworth Falls (Hume Avenue property). | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9:2 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9 | 11Between 1980 and January 1984 they lived in Lebanon. In 1984 the Nassifs moved to Australia. In 1988 the Nassif family returned to Lebanon. In 1995 the returned to Australia. There are two, now adult, children of the marriage. Their first child, Sarkis was born in Lebanon in 1983.
In 1985 their daughter Hanan was born. In 1988 the Nassifs returned to Lebanon so that their children could learn Arabic and spend time with Steve Nassif's family. In 1995 they returned to Australia and have remained here ever since.
12From the outset of their relationship Christine Nassif says she was fully dependent on her husband and that they did not have an equal relationship. She felt that she was expected to be a traditional Arab wife.
13In 1987, the Nassifs started their first business, a coffee shop in Burwood. It failed. In about 1988 they started a second coffee shop. While Steve Nassif's evidence is that Christine occasionally worked in the kitchen, she says she did do more than that. She served customers and dealt with payments. During this time Steve Nassif also started building work and developing land.
14In 2000, Steve Nassif commenced his first property development of a block of 38 units at Burwood. It was successful.
15In 2001, the Nassifs bought the cafe premises in Burwood from their landlord. The building comprised of five shops which were rented out and for which they received rental income. In 2002 they sold the cafe and Christine Nassif stopped work. They sold the building of shops for $3.3M.
16They found a house in Wentworth Falls. Steve Nassif's affidavit says they "wanted to buy a house in the Blue Mountains and that she looked at several houses", she deposed that she said to Steve, "Buy this house for me". He did so, paying cash in full for the house in her name alone.
Christine Nassif elaborated on this by giving evidence that she wanted the house in her name as she wanted security and no longer wanted to be involved in her husband's development projects. She wanted her share of the proceeds of the sale from the cafe premises to be put towards her home. She was happy to stay at home looking after her family and her home.
17Steve continued his building and developing work and during that year Steve Nassif bought his second development of a block of 12 home units in Burwood. This development was successful. In 2003, Steve Nassif commenced a further development of a block of six units at Burwood. In 2004, he built a block of 23 units in Pennant Hills for a client.
18In 2005, Steve Nassif and the Sherene Group began the Speers Point, Lake Macquarie development. This development involved building 15 residential apartments and two commercial units over three storeys. The property is located on a corner site on The Esplanade at Speers Point opposite the Lake Macquarie Foreshore and has waterfront views.
Speers Point is 2 kilometres west of Warners Bay and 15 kilometres south of Newcastle. It is the Speers Point development (Speers Point) for which Bankwest provided finance and gives rise to these proceedings.
19Steve Nassif has three brothers, Ray (Ramez), Milad and Joseph (Youssef). Together these brothers, through various legal entities, have been involved in property development projects. The Nassifs' son Sarkis and daughter Hanan were also involved in the Speers Point project. Sarkis ran the building arm with his father. Hanan was the bookkeeper.
Steve Nassif's Evidence
20It is convenient at this stage, that I record my observations and findings in relation to Steve Nassif. Counsel for Bankwest submitted that Steve Nassif was an advocate in Christine Nassif's case.
21I closely observed Steve Nassif when he gave evidence and was cross examined. I found him to be a most unimpressive witness. At times he was uncooperative, he deliberately provided non-responsive answers to questions, he suffered from convenient failures of recollection and an inability to understand questions. | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9:16 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9 | 115Steve Nassif gave evidence that Christine became a director of the company as a favour to the "lady" so she (the lady) could open a business and Steve Nassif could deal with her and help her so she could become an Australian citizen. Steve Nassif was going to run the business for the lady and Christine would be the director.
Apparently the lady had been living with the Nassifs for two years and she loved Christine like a mum. Steve Nassif says that he asked Christine to become a director of the company and that she could have said no but didn't. He said that it was an emotional decision when they did if for the lady (T61-65, 9/2/12).
116Christine Nassif's evidence is that her husband asked her to become a director of AMI & Christine Pty Limited, as "we have no choice". She says that if her husband had not directed her to become a director of the company she would not have agreed to it (T91-92, 9/2/12).
117Christine Nassif gave the following evidence:
Q. You understand that part of your case against the bank is that if you had known what you were signing you wouldn't have signed the documents. It's not a well-phrased question your Honour I think I'll rephrase it. Ms Nassif, do you understand that the bank in this case relies upon a document called a mortgage that you signed. Do you understand that?
A. WITNESS: Yes.
Q. And at some point in these proceedings one of your lawyers has explained to you what a mortgage is?
A. WITNESS: Yes.
Q. And you also understand the bank in this case relies on a document called a guarantee and indemnity that you signed?
A. WITNESS: Yes.
Q. And someone working for you as a lawyer has explained to you what a guarantee and indemnity is?
A. WITNESS: Yes.
Q. And part of your case is that when you were presented with guarantee and indemnity documents and mortgage documents from Westbank [Bankwest] you didn't know what they were?
...
A. WITNESS: Yes.
... (T92-93)
118Christine Nassif says that Steve Nassif is everything in her family. He is the head; he says whatever must be done at home. She says that this was something she was happy to do. She was happy to sign things that he told her to sign (T93, 9/2/12).
119She gave evidence as follows:
Q. It's the case that in 2010 like today if your husband told you to sigh something you'd sign it?
A. WITNESS: I can say no.
Q. Do you mean to say that in 2010 your position was different?
A. WITNESS: Yes.
Q. So today you'd sign anything your husband told you to sign?
A. WITNESS: Yes.
Q. In 2007 you'd sign anything your husband told you to sign?
A. WITNESS: Yes.
Q. But not in 2010?
A. WITNESS: I didn't refuse. I say yes in 2010. I did it when he gave me to sign.
HER HONOUR
Q. I thought you gave evidence that you can say no. So when can you say no?
A. WITNESS: It was for the AMI Christine company, I say yes.
BELLAMY
Q. You said yes because you wanted to say yes?
A. WITNESS: Same, absolutely same like in 2007 and 2010. Always yes I have to do it because I can't say no to him.
HER HONOUR: Maybe I - I thought she said I can say no but maybe I misheard.
BELLAMY: Yes, that was understanding and indeed the witness said the position was different in 2010 compared to 11 and 7.
WITNESS: I can't refuse to him.
BELLAMY
Q. You can't refuse him?
A. WITNESS: No. (T 93-94)
120On 27 February 2009, pursuant to variation 8, all the facilities fell due for repayment. In breach of the terms of the Business Edge Loan, Sherene failed to repay the Business Edge Loan upon its expiry being 27 February 2009. In the light of the foregoing evidence, it is now convenient that I record my findings in relation to Christine Nassif's evidence.
Findings in relation to the evidence of Christine Nassif
121Christine Nassif says that she is able to speak limited English and that her English skills have improved as a result of her involvement in these proceedings. She has had no formal training in English and her English skills are limited to the extent of what she has learned as a result of living in Australia. She says that she cannot read and write English well. | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9:28 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9 | 179So far as Bankwest is concerned it was refinancing existing NAB facilities where Christine Nassif was already a guarantor and had already provided a mortgage over the Wentworth Falls property as security.
Bankwest had received three certificates of independent legal advice in relation to the guarantees. When Christine Nassif provided the initial guarantee to Bankwest she signed a statutory declaration to the effect that she had received financial advice.
180Bankwest had lent the moneys for the completion of the Speers Point project. Christine Nassif had already been involved in this project prior to Bankwest refinancing. Bankwest had assessed the viability of the loan by having regard to its serviceability of the facilities. Christine Nassif received some payments from the funds advanced by Bankwest.
181Bankwest had been provided with Christine Nassif's statement of assets and liabilities, a statement that she had received financial advice and three certificates of independent legal advice.
In my view Bankwest, as a lender, was not obliged to take any additional steps such as phoning Christine Nassif and providing her with advice as to whether or not she should sign the guarantees or check whether the advice she received in relation to certificate of independent advice was correct.
(k) The conduct of the parties to the proceedings in relation to similar contract or courses of dealing to which any of then has been a party
182Prior to accepting the facilities that Bankwest offered, Christine Nassif signed prior guarantees with the National Bank on 21 March 2003, 7 August 2003, 11 March 2004, 26 August 2004, 21 February 2005 and 9 June 2005.
It was in relation to the guarantee dated 9 June 2005 that Christine Nassif was required to provide a mortgage on the Wentworth Falls property to NAB. Further guarantees were provided by her to NAB on 27 July 2005, 15 December 2005 and 11 August 2005.
183From the outset Bankwest was aware that Sherene had no other independent sources of income other than rental income and the sale of units in the development (T43.35; 44.5-10, 13/12/11). If the development was not completed, Bankwest had recourse to seek possession of Hanan Nassif's property and Christine Nassif's property at Wentworth Falls.
Steve Nassif, Hanan Nassif and Trioplex Constructions Pty Ltd had also entered into guarantees. While they could be called up, they were only of value if they had any assets. Hanan Nassif's property had some value. Bankwest was also aware that Christine Nassif had no income and no assets (other than the Wentworth Falls property) from which to pay any default in the loan facilities.
(l) The commercial or other setting, purpose and effect of the contract
184Bankwest viewed the financing and development of the Speers Point Project as one being undertaken by the extended Nassif family.
185The purpose of the loan facilities, guarantees and mortgages were to finance through the Sherene Group the completion of the Speers Point project. Once these units were completed they were to be sold and the proceeds would pay out the Bankwest facilities.
Were the contracts unjust?
186The balancing of Christine Nassif's position against that of Bankwest, by reference to the foregoing criteria set out in s 9 of the Contracts Review Act 1980 and my analysis favours Bankwest.
187I have concluded that the guarantee and indemnity that was secured by a mortgage over Christine Nassif's property at Wentworth Falls is not unjust within the meaning of s 4 of the Contract Review Act.
188Christine Nassif's claim for relief under the Contracts Review Act 1980 fails.
(ii) Was the guarantee and indemnity unconscionable?
189Counsel for Christine Nassif submitted that there was a material inequality between Christine Nassif and Bankwest; Bankwest failed to exercise the judgment of a prudent lender in making a loan ostensibly for the benefit of another and secured by the home of Christine Nassif; | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9:12 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9 | I did attend the office of the certifying solicitor on the date recorded in the certificate for the purposes of receiving legal advice on the nature and effect of the documents referred to in the certificate;
I have received the explanations referred to an have stated to the solicitor that I understand those explanations.
90On 4 August 2008, Christine Nassif signed the guarantor's acknowledgement at (d) she acknowledged that she had obtained independent financial and legal advice regarding her obligations under the guarantee and indemnity.
I accept that Christine Nassif signed the guarantor's acknowledgment and the guarantee seven days prior to the solicitor, Robert Barraket, providing independent legal advice but nothing turn on this as had she known about this discrepancy in the date she would have signed the documents in any event.
91In cross examination Christine Nassif gave evidence that she remembers a man called Robert Barraket. She denies that in 2006 or 2007 she told him that the Wentworth Falls house was in her name. She says that she has never had a conversation with Robert Barraket about any guarantee and denies that he provided her with any legal advice.
Christine Nassif says that the Certificates of Independent Advice signed by Robert Barraket are untrue (T18, 10/2/12). She says that she has never spoken to Robert Barraket at about her guarantee or about the mortgage (T21, 10/2/12).
92Christine Nassif gave the following evidence (T22-23, 10/2/12):
Q. Do you remember that you sued Mr Barraket?
A. WITNESS: Yes.
Q. You took legal action against him?
HER HONOUR: She's nodding her head yes.
WITNESS: Yes.
...
Q. And do you remember alleging that Mr Barraket provided you with legal services?
A. INTERPRETER: That he provided me with?
Q. Yes.
A. INTERPRETER: She says not provided.
Q. Anybody who said that Mr Barraket provided you with legal services would be telling a lie, wouldn't they?
A. WITNESS: Yes.
Q. Or they'd be absolutely wrong?
A. WITNESS: Yes, wrong.
Q. Just turn to paragraph 18 of the cross-claim.
...
Q. Doesn't that say there--
A. WITNESS: Yes.
Q. --that Mr Barraket provided legal services to the cross-claimant?
A. WITNESS: Yes.
Q. And the cross-claimant is you, isn't it?
A. WITNESS: Yeah, it says like that.
Q. So that's just wrong, isn't it?
A. WITNESS: For me yes.
93Steve Nassif gave evidence that when he took the document to Robert Barraket it had already been signed. At T37-38, 9/2/12 he gave the following evidence:
Q. Now Steve Nassif are you saying that in July 2009, you didn't think there was anything wrong with having people witness Christine Nassif's signature after the event?
A. Maybe I did know and but in that time I was desperate to finish the project.
...
Q. No, no but you're not being asked that. You're asked did you ever go to somebody to get them to witness Christine's signature when Christine wasn't present and they said no I'm not going to do it? Did that ever happen?
A. Not that I recall, no.
Q. No-one said well I can't do it unless you bring Christine here?
A. No.
Q. Do you remember anything like that ever happening?
A. No.
94For reasons previously given, I do not accept Steve Nassif's evidence on this topic, nor do I accept the evidence of Christine Nassif (I have explained why later in this judgment). I prefer and accept the evidence of Robert Barraket.
Variation 7 (24 October 2008)
95This variation was that the existing business edge loan with a facility limit was increased from $9.023M to $9.463M, and existing business bonus overdraft facility with a facility limit decreased from $530,000 to $430,000 and an existing business bonus overdraft facility with the limit remaining at $180,000.
96On 7 November 2008, Christine Nassif signed the guarantor's acknowledgement. Her signature was witnessed by Sarkis Bou-Melham. Sarkis Bou-Melham is a relative of Steve Nassif. | [
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9:13 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9 | 97As far as Variation 7 is concerned Christine Nassif, once again recalled seeing a document similar to that document around the house. She had not read the document and cannot say for sure whether this was the document she had seen around the house or not.
She recalls signing a page that her husband provided her with. She believes she signed the document at her home in Wentworth Falls when my husband asked her to. She recognises the name of the witness to her signature but does not recall ever signing a document in the presence of Sarkis Bou-Melhem.
98On 17 November 2008, solicitor Carla Leny Cassano-Ramirez certified the provision of legal advice to Christine Nassif concerning the letter of variation and the guarantee and indemnity.
In that document Christine Nassif acknowledged that she had read the certificate; that the certificate was provided at her request; that she did receive the explanations referred to and understood them and the matters stated in the certificate were true and correct. The signature of Christine Nassif appears.
99Ms Cassano-Ramirez did not provide an affidavit nor was she called to give evidence. Steve Nassif gave evidence about the circumstances in which the certificate was signed. According to Steve Nassif, Ms Cassano-Ramirez was a good friend and his accountant. She was also admitted as a solicitor. Steve Nassif's evidence is that he said to her that he needed documents to be signed.
She said "that's okay". Steve Nassif signed the documents in front of her. According to Steve Nassif, Ms Cassano-Ramirez then asked him to obtain the driver's licence numbers of Christine, Sarkis, Hanan and Joseph. Steve Nassif called them, relayed the licence numbers to Ms Cassano-Ramirez and she wrote them into the Certificates of Independent Advice and signed the Certificates.
100Even though Steve Nassif gave evidence that as far as he was concerned Ms Cassano-Ramirez knew that she was signing Certificates of Independent Advice for Christine, Sarkis, Hanan and Joseph without giving any of them any legal advice, I do not accept this evidence. Steve Nassif's evidence amounts to a serious allegation that Ms Cassano-Ramirez did not fulfil her obligations as a solicitor.
This in my view is another attempt for him to bolster his wife's case and I do not accept his evidence particularly when Ms Cassano-Ramirez has not given her account of what occurred.
Without the benefit of Ms Cassano-Ramirez's evidence, I am not prepared to make any findings of impropriety against her. However, I accept that the solicitor's Certificate of Independent Advice was given 10 days after the guarantor's acknowledgement was signed by Christine Nassif.
Variation 8 (20 January 2009 - 143 to 154)
101During either the first or second week of January 2009 (before Variation 8 was signed) Robert Barraket recalled having a conversation with Christine Nassif. Christine Nassif was in tears. The conversation was as follows:
Christine: "I have to help Steve by giving a guarantee for the loan Bankwest gave to Sherene. I need a certificate of independent legal advice. Can you help?"
Mr Barraket: "You do not have to sign a guarantee Christine. You could end up losing everything."
Christine: "I have already signed documents for Bankwest and am already a guarantor under the loan."
Mr Barraket: "If Sherene had no money and could not complete construction of units at Speers Point, or could not sell the units when they were finished, you could lose everything you own."
Christine: "I know Steve and Sherene are in trouble and don't have the money to finish Speers Point. If I don't give the guarantee that the bank wants we will lose everything."
"I don't care if I lose everything I own, I will do whatever I can to help Steve."
102On 14 January 2009, an additional facility variation was made and accepted on 20 January 2009 (Variation 8). Pursuant to Variation 8, Bankwest varied the facility expiry date to 27 February 2009 and made available to Sherene a business edge loan with a facility limit increased from $9. | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9:5 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9 | After the translation was completed, Steve Nassif said to Christine Nassif words to the effect "sign the document". Although this evidence only relates to the prior NAB facilities not the Bankwest ones, it is likely that Christine Nassif gained some basic understanding of the legal ramifications of signing a guarantee and indemnity from the explanation given by the bank officer.
Bankwest's evidence
33Messrs Grant Murphy and Kenneth Owens gave evidence on behalf of Bankwest. Mr Owens had little involvement in the management of the loan. Mr Grahame Murphy now holds the position of State Manager, Queensland with Bankwest.
In 2007, Grant Murphy was newly employed as a Regional Manager at Bankwest. He was approached by a finance broker, Jason Ganis of iFish Finance, together with Steve Nassif. Grant Murphy had a prior existing business relationship with Mr Ganis.
Most of Grant Murphy's initial dealings, comprising of 10 to 15 telephone calls in relation to providing finance for the Sherene Group, were with the solicitor who acted for Sherene Formwork Group, Mr John-Paul Shehata of Simpson Freed Lawyers. Grant Murphy understood from these conversations that Shehata and Steve Nassif required a complete refinance including personal liabilities of all parties.
34Bankwest proposed to lend funds to refinance NAB, clear up disclosed creditors and provide a modest amount for living, as the Speers Point project was only several months away from completion. The facilities that were required were an existing business edge loan with a limit decreased from $5.
950M to $1,35M; an existing business bonus overdraft facility with a facility limit increased from $200,000 to $250,000; a new commercial advance facility with a limit of $2M; a new business edge loan with a limit of $2M and a new business bonus overdraft facility with a limited of $150,000. The purpose of the business edge loan included the refinance of the Sherene Group's NAB facilities.
35Grant Murphy prepared a credit risk submission.
He noted firstly, that a number of major trends in housing were evident within the greater Newcastle area where there was a general demographic shift to high density living from the older residents, who were moving from larger homes to smaller, low maintenance, newer properties within the same locality such as residential units;
secondly, the trend had seen a number of medium density developments constructed in recent years that had the backing from local council, in its desire to turn areas that were well located to shopping precincts and transport hubs into high density development areas;
thirdly, there had been an increasing number of small/medium density developments in western Lake Macquarie which has generally been well received when placed on the open market, primarily due to transport and shops;
and finally, the fact that residential vacancy rates were at very low levels, it was encouraging first home buyers to consider purchasing rather than renting and furthermore with strengthening rental investors would eventually return to the market.
36Grant Murphy in his submission made reference to the Nassifs being a traditional Lebanese construction family.
By that he meant that all family members are heavily and actively involved in the business such as the son running the building company, the daughters running the financial company and paying all the creditors or the son-in-law being a shareholder and director in every one of the entities going from direct siblings, once removed to son-in-law (T32, 13/12/11).
37Grant Murphy recorded that Steven Nassif's group was heavily dependant on reputable third party advisors, whereby, they had engaged quantity surveyor, Rider Hunt and a valuer, Duponts prior to seeking finance with Bankwest. The submission also recorded that the director was Steve Nassif who had over 20 years experience in the commercial development industry. | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9:26 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9 | 170Christine Nassif received independent legal advice in relation to guarantees she provided on three occasions on 4 August 2008, 7 November 2008 and 20 January 2009. While, in August 2007, Christine Nassif signed a statutory declaration to the effect that she had received financial advice, the reality is that she never did.
(i) The extent (if any) to which the provisions of the contract and their legal and practical effect were accurately explained to Christine Nassif and whether or not she understood the provisions and their effect
171It is my view that Christine Nassif, as at 7 August 2008, understood that by signing the guarantees to Bankwest if the Sherene Group defaulted in repayment of its loan obligations, she would lose her property at Wentworth Falls.
172On 20 January 2009, Robert Barraket again explained to Christine Nassif that she did not have to sign a guarantee and that she could end up losing everything. Christine Nassif told Robert Barraket that she had already signed documents for Bankwest and she was already a guarantor under the loan.
Robert Barraket advised her that if Sherene had no money and could not complete constructions of the units at Speers Point, or could not sell the units when they were finished, then she could lose everything she owned.
Christine Nassif knew that Steve Nassif and Sherene were in trouble and did not have any money to finish the Speers Point development and that if she did not give the guarantee that the bank wanted then they would lose everything. She also said that she did not care if she lost everything she owned, because she would do whatever she could to help Steve Nassif.
(j) Whether any undue influence, unfair pressure or unfair tactics were exerted on or used against Christine Nassif
173I accept that Bankwest itself did not exert any undue influence, unfair pressure or unfair tactics upon Christine Nassif.
174Bankwest submitted that it is a real question in this case as to who it was who should bear the responsibility of the alleged conduct of Steve Nassif. Counsel for Bankwest submitted that it is clear in this Act that the parties to a contract are to be treated as responsible for the conduct of those who act on their behalf.
175Counsel for Christine Nassif submitted that the court would find that the conduct of Steve Nassif and the approach taken to direct his wife amounts to unfair pressure or undue influence and that as a consequence of this Christine Nassif was not able, when considered with the lack of financial advice and legal advice, to protect her interests.
On the basis of the findings I have made, the latter part of this submission is incorrect as she did receive legal advice on three occasions.
176Bankwest says that the alleged conduct of Steve Nassif and the alleged disadvantageous position of Christine Nassif was not known to it and referred to Riz v Perpetual Trustee Australia where Brereton J stated at [78] - [80]:
"[78] The evidence does not demonstrate any indifference or recklessness on the part of Perpetual, and I do not accept that, although Perpetual did not know the true circumstances of Mr and Mrs Riz, it ought to have ascertained them, or should be regarded as having been wilfully blind as to the income of its borrowers.
... A prospective borrower is not entitled to expect the lender to be alert for fraud by or on behalf of the borrower; and a lender is not required, in the interests of the borrower, to have a high index of suspicion for fraud by the borrower or the borrower's agent.
A lender's failure to detect fraud by or on behalf of a borrower does not weigh significantly in favour of a finding that the consequent loan contract is unjust.
To hold that the undetected provision of false information by or on behalf of a borrower to a lender in an attempt to obtain a loan resulted in the loan contract being unjust against the lender would be to invert commonsense, logic and justice, by protecting the wrongdoer against the victim. | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9:18 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9 | 127Even though by the end of October 2007, Christine Nassif knew that there were money problems and that her husband's business was not going well, when she was personally served with a court documents she passed it onto Steve Nassif when he got home.
There were numerous documents served on her in relation to the Boral, debt as it resulted in a judgment and bankruptcy being entered that would have required a number of notices being personally served upon her.
128Even when in 2008, an arrangement was made to sell one of her Wentworth Falls properties she says that she did not speak to Mr Shehata, the solicitor acting for her this time, at all. Her evidence is that heard about this plan for the sale of one of her properties from her family members. She was aware that the property was to be sold to her sister-in-law Suzanne Gregory. The sale did not proceed.
129The only independent evidence given about Christine Nassif's capacity to understand English and of her understanding of the documents she signed comes from Robert Barraket, a solicitor and friend of Steve Nassif. As previously stated, I accept and prefer his truthful evidence. On a number of occasions between 2005 and 2008 he heard Christine Nassif conversing in both English and Arabic.
Christine Nassif spoke to him in English. Robert Barraket formed the view that Christine Nassif understands English perfectly well. He did not observe that Christine Nassif was subservient to the wishes of her husband (T134).
This last observation is of limited value as it was made in a social setting. I will return to the topic of Steve's role in the marriage with Christine Nassif later in this judgment.
130In late 2006/2007, during a conversation Christine Nassif told Robert Barraket that she owned the house because Steve Nassif and Sarkis Nassif were directors of the companies. She said that she and Steve Nassif needed to make sure that the Bank could not get the house if there was a problem.
But Christine Nassif's understanding at this time was incorrect because in June 2005, she had signed a guarantee that was secured by mortgages over the Wentworth Falls property. Hence, as at 2005 her property was at risk if the Sherene Group facilities went into default.
131On 11 August 2008, Robert Barraket signed Christine Nassif's Certificate of Independent Advice. It was signed in a social setting. They were in the kitchen of Christine Nassif's house at Wentworth Falls. Steve also present.
Robert Barraket gave Christine Nassif general advice to the effect that she had signed a mortgage over the property and that she wanted to increase the amount of the mortgage and that there was an offer from the bank.
He told her that she was providing a guarantee. As Robert Barraket had had prior discussions about asset protection with the Nassifs he did not recover that ground. Christine Nassif told him that she needed to make sure the Bank could not get the house.
He did not take Christine Nassif through the guarantee and indemnity in its specific terms but he did say to her that she did not have to sign it, but if she wanted the money to complete Speers Point she would be increasing the amount of the mortgage and as she had provided the guarantee to the bank and that she would be liable as a guarantor and she could lose everything.
While I accept that by this time a guarantee had been signed by Christine Nassif seven days prior to this legal advice being given it would not have altered whether or not she agreed to sign the guarantee and indemnity.
If Christine Nassif had had the wrong belief that the Bank could not take her house, the statement "you could lose everything" should have disavowed her of this belief. It did not prompt her to take any action to seek to be discharged from her obligations to Bankwest.
132In the first or second week of January 2009, a further conversation occurred when Christine Nassif approached Robert Barraket saying, "I have to help Steve by giving a guarantee for the loan Bankwest gave to Sherene. I need a certificate of independent legal advice. | [
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9:8 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9 | 56Between 2006 and 2008, Christine Nassif recalls that sometimes a male person attended her home at Wentworth Falls. He asked, "Is Christine Nassif here? Is Steve Nassif here?" At the time Steve was not home.
The person gave her a document and she gave the document to Steve on his return. As she had no interest in the document she did not ask the male person or Steve about it and did not know the nature or substance of the document.
57Christine Nassif says that at no point was she aware of her involvement with a company called Boral Resources. She did not know she was involved in any court proceedings to do with Steve or his company. She deposed that she first became aware that she had signed documents in relation to Boral Resources when documents were discovered in these current proceedings.
58On 5 October 2007, NAB's discharge of over the property was registered (discharge of mortgage number XXXXX). On the same day, Bankwest registered its mortgage over the property (registered mortgage numbers XXXXX and XXXXX).
59By the end of October 2007, Christine Nassif's evidence is that she knew that there were money problems and that her husband's business was not going well.
Around this time in about November 2007, Grant Murphy of Bankwest also became concerned about Sharene's financial position and realised that the bank needed to take a greater degree of control on the Speers Point development and the file was transferred to Michael Craven.
According to Grant Murphy, Michael Craven had the time and capacity to focus on the file and to try and mitigate the credit risk for the bank (T61.5, 13/12/11).
Variations 3 and 4 (16 December 2007 and 22 January 2008)
60An additional facility variation took place by letter of variation dated 10 December 2007 accepted by the borrower on 26 December 2007. The facility expiry dated was extended to 31 December 2007. A further facility variation, that took place by letter of variation dated 16 January 2008, was accepted by the borrower on 22 January 2008 and the facility expiry date was extended to 31 January 2008.
61So far as Variation 3 is concerned Christine Nassif recalls seeing a document similar to this document around the house. She did not read the document and cannot say for sure whether this is the document she has seen around the house or not.
She recalled signing a page that appears at B983 (a guarantor's acknowledgement). The guarantor's acknowledgement at (g) says, "I have obtained independent financial and legal advice regarding their obligations under the guarantee and indemnity".
At the time she signed it, her husband provided her with that page only and she cannot recall the date she signed the document. Christine Nassif believes that she signed the document at her home in Wentworth Falls when her husband asked her to. She recognises the name of the witness to her signature. She does not recall ever signing a document in the presence of Gloria Trevallion.
62Gloria Trevallion is now aged 92 and is a friend and neighbour at Wentworth Falls. She comes over to Christine Nassif's house a few times a week, as she loves the garden.
Steve Nassif says that he asked Gloria Trevallion to witness Christine Nassif's signature at a time when Christine Nassif was not present. While Gloria Trevallion's signature appears on the documents, she was not called to give evidence by either party.
63So far as Variation 4 is concerned (a guarantor's acknowledgement) Christine Nassif's evidence is the same as before; she recalls seeing a document similar to this document around the house. At the time she signed it her husband provided her with that page only.
She cannot recall the date she signed the document. Christine Nassif recognises the name of the purported witness to her signature. She does not recall ever signing a document in the presence of Suzanne Arabi. Suzanne Arabi is a bookkeeper who worked for the Nassifs.
64There was still no requirement that a Certificate of Independent Advice be provided by Christine Nassif in relation to the existing guarantee.
Variation 5 (7 March 2008) | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9:20 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9 | 137Nor do I accept Christine Nassif's evidence that she never had these conversations with Robert Barraket (T18, 22-23, 10/2/12). Nor to I accept her version of a July 2009 conversation with George Aziz where she inferred that Robert Barraket (whom she wrongly thought was Mr John Paul Shaharta) did not explain the Certificates of Independent Advice to her.
Nor do I accept her evidence that she first became aware that she was a guarantor on the loan when she was served with a notice of demand in June 2009.
The only conclusion I have reluctantly arrived at is that Christine Nassif tailored her evidence to bolster her case by portraying herself as having little or no knowledge as to her legal obligations arising out if the documents she signed when her husband asked her to do so.
138This Court also needs to comment about the role of Steve Nassif in their relationship. Christine Nassif's has what she describes as a "very traditional relationship" with her husband, Steve Nassif.
She says that she does what her husband demands of her, particularly in business affairs. Her opinion is that her husband is a dominating man and he looks after all of their business affairs and she signs documents when he asks her to.
139Christine Nassif recalls that there were about one or two occasions when she asked "Why do I have to sign" [documents]. If he answered her he would reply, "It is a document for the bank. It is for money".
She felt that she could not ask any more questions of Steve Nassif and that she was always expected to do as she was told. She trusted Steve Nassif and relied upon him. As he worked hard for the family, she says that she felt obliged to do as she was told, and this included the signing documents.
140It is Christine's evidence that throughout her marriage Steve Nassif would physically abuse her whenever she questioned him or tried to defend herself. She feared that he would hit her if she did not do as she was told or if she asked too many questions. Steve Nassif corroborates his wife's evidence to some extent.
He admitted to hitting his wife. More telling, when asked by counsel for Bankwest if he was aware that Christine had given sworn evidence that he beat her, Steve Nassif responded with, "You might beat your wife sometime too." Then he gave confusing evidence.
Q. Do you agree that you would physically abuse Christine Nassif?
A. Cannot be, that's family argument, always happen.
Q. Yes or no please?
A. Yes. (T19)
141Steve Nassif gave evidence that he has not hit his wife for a long time and that the last time could have been in 2005 but that he had a hot temper. When asked if it was with his hands Steve Nassif relied, "Yeah of course, I pushed her or something yeah.
... A push and a smack, yes." Asked if she fell over, Steve Nassif relied, "Yes, yes she fall over one yes." A neighbour called the police who attended the house (T21-22, 9/2/12).
Christine Nassif spoke of an occurrence of physical abuse when she beaten with a stick by her husband in front of her children in 1996. When the Police arrived she hid. When describing this assault she said she felt shame and became visibly upset.
Christine Nassif indicated that the last assault occurred some six to seven years ago when Steve Nassif put his fist to her jaw. He had put his fist to her jaw this on previous occasions. She gave evidence that when she did something he did not like he would stare at her intently with his eyes.
142I accept Christine Nassif's evidence that she has been assaulted by her husband a number of times but had not and that he can intimidate her by staring at her intently when she does not want to do as he says. Steve Nassif has not assaulted Christine Nassif since 2005. He was dominant partner in their marriage and she was financially subservient to him.
The cross claim of Christine Nassif
143By cross claim, Christine Nassif seeks the following relief against Bankwest. | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9:7 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9 | 350M, an existing business bonus overdraft facility with a facility limit increase from $200,000 to $250,00, a new commercial advance facility with a limit of $2M, a new business edge loan with a limit of $2M, a new business bonus overdraft facility with a limit of $150,000, an existing commercial advance facility with the limit remaining at $4.
6M and an existing commercial advance facility with the limit remaining at $125,000. As previously stated, the purpose of the business edge loan included the refinance of the Group's NAB facilities.
The first guarantee given by Christine Nassif
48Guarantees were now required from Joseph Youssef, Steve Nassif, Hanan Nassif, Christine Nassif, Sarkis Nassif, Ellis J Enterprises Pty Ltd and Steve Nassif as trustee for the Nassif Family Trust.
A fixed and floating charge was provided by Sherene, Ellis J Enterprises and Trioplex Constructions; and mortgages were provided by Sherene over the Speers Point Property and Hanan Nassif over the property at Wentworth Falls (Hume Avenue property).
49On 11 August 2007, the guarantors signed the guarantee and indemnity. All the signatures on this document were witnessed by George Aziz, a Justice of the Peace.
50George Aziz also witnessed Christine Nassif's statutory declaration, the contents of which read:
"1. I am one of the Guarantors named in certain loan and security documents relating loans to be provided by Bank of Western Australia Ltd ABN 22 050 494 454 to Sherene Formwork Group Pty ltd ACN 099 220 747 and Ellis j Enterprises Pty Ltd ACN 101 549 428.
2. I have received independent legal advice regarding the loan and security documents referred to in paragraph 1.
3. I have freely and voluntarily signed the small business and consumer guarantee and indemnity forming part of the loan and security documents."
51The statutory declaration bears the date 1 August 2007. By signing this document Christine Nassif also is declaring that she had received legal advice and voluntarily signed the guarantee and indemnity, although she did not do so. This statutory declaration was only required for this Variation.
52On 11 August 2007, George Aziz also witnessed Christine Nassif's signature on the two mortgages over the Wentworth Falls property.
53Christine Nassif's evidence is similar in relation to every document that she was required to sign. That is she recalls seeing a document similar to the document (variation of facility documents) around the house. She has not read the document and cannot say for sure whether this is the document she saw around the house or not. She recalls signing a page (the signature page of the guarantee).
At the time she signed it she says that her husband provided her with that page only and that she cannot recall the date she signed the document. Christine Nassif believes she signed the document at her home in Wentworth Falls when her husband asked her to.
She recognises the name of the witness to her signature. She does not recall ever signing a document in the presence of that witness, although she recognises the signature of the witness, in this case George Aziz.
54So far as Variation 2 is concerned, Christine Nassif does recall signing the document in front of George Aziz. Christine came to know George Aziz as he had an office in the building in Burwood where the Nassifs had their café and he was a customer. George Aziz also witnessed the signatures of Joseph Youssef, Hanan and Sarkis Nassif on the guarantee.
Christine Nassif recalls signing a document similar to the Statutory Declaration when her husband presented a single page to her. In each instance, she recognised the name of the witness to her signature but she does not recall signing it in front of George Aziz.
The claim by Boral and the proposed sale of the Wentworth Falls property
55On 24 August 2007, Boral Resources (Country) Pty Ltd obtained judgment against Steve Nassif, Sarkis Nassif and Christine Nassif in the sum of $73,544.58 in the District Court. | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9:21 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9 | A declaration that the making of the loan, and procuring the guarantee and mortgage were unjust within the meaning of the Contracts Review Act 1980; a declaration that it is unconscionable for Bankwest to enforce the loan, guarantee and mortgage as against Christine Nassif; a declaration that Bankwest is not entitled to possession of the home;
an order setting aside the loan mortgage and guarantee pursuant to s 7 of the Contracts Review Act 1980; alternatively an order setting aside the loan mortgage and guarantee pursuant the equitable principles of unconscionable conduct; an order directing Bankwest to provide to Christine Nassif two discharges of mortgage in registrable form the appropriate fee within 14 days; and interest and costs.
Although not specifically pleaded the loan and guarantee that Christine Nassif is seeking to set aside must be the ones sued upon, namely the ones entered into on 20 January 2009. The mortgages that are sought to be set aside are the ones that were provided on 11 August 2007.
144Christine Nassif seeks relief, firstly, pursuant to the Contracts Review Act 1980 in respect of the Sherene facilities, mortgages and the guarantee and indemnity.
Secondly, Christine Nassif seeks relief in respect of the principles of unconscionable conduct in equity in so far as she was at all relevant times subject to a special disability that affected her judgment and that this was something that Bankwest knew or ought to have known in respect of the Sherene facilities and the giving of the mortgages, the guarantee and indemnity;
and finally, Christine Nassif says that she was fearful and signed documents for her husband out of a sense of obligation and without any clear explanation as to the meaning and effect of those documents such as the mortgages, guarantee and indemnity.
Christine Nassif relied on the principles in Garcia v National Australian Bank [1988] HCA 48; (1998) 194 CLR 395.
145Relevantly, she submitted that she did not receive any benefit of the funds advance by Bankwest, but that Bankwest had the benefit of security flowing from the Sherene facilities, mortgages and the guarantee and indemnity.
She submitted that Bankwest took no active steps to ensure that she actually understood the transaction and the consequences of default, Christine Nassif says she did not receive any financial advice about a set of transactions which were clearly improvident to her,
that exposed her to significant risk to support the business activities of Steve Nassif and which on default would ultimately have the effect of her losing her only valuable asset, that is her home.
146I propose to deal with the Contracts Review Act 1980 issues first because as Young JA stated (with whom Tobias JA and Campbell JA agreed) in Spina v Permanent Custodians Ltd [2009] NSWCA 206 at [74]:
"...it is always preferable to deal with the Contracts Review Act point first.
Not only is the jurisdiction probably wider under that Act than when dealing with equitable principles of unconscionability, but where, as has happened time and time again through history, statute has been enacted to cover the same ground as an equitable principle, the equitable principle is usually put into abeyance. After all, equity only operates where the common law is inadequate."
147Christine Nassif being the person alleging unconscionable conduct, and unjust circumstances for the purposes of Contracts Review Act 1980, bears the onus of proof: see Perpetual Trustee Company Limited v Albert and Rose Khoshaba [2006] NSWCA 41 and Mathew Bransgrove et at, The Essential Guide to Mortgage Law in New South Wales, 1st ed (2008) LexisNexis Butterworths at [11.15].
The Contracts Review Act 1980
148The Contracts Review Act 1980 involves a two-step process. In Riz v Perpetual Trustee Australia Ltd [2007] NSWSC 1153 at [51] Brereton J noted that the relevant questions are:
" whether the contract was unjust in the circumstances in which it was made, having regard to the factors referred to in s 9. | [
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9:32 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9 | However, Bankwest required Christine Nassif to have guarantee that she entered into on 4 August 2008, 7 November 2008 and 20 January 2009 explained to her by a solicitor. As at August 2008, Christine Nassif understood that if the Sherene Group defaulted on its obligations, she would lose her property at Wentworth Falls yet she did not take any steps to extricate herself from them.
208Taking these matters into account, Christine Nassif's application for relief on the principles espoused in Garcia v NAB fails.
209The result is that Christine Nassif's further amended cross claim is dismissed and I enter judgment in favour of Bankwest in relation to the judgment and orders sought against Christine Nassif as sixth defendant in the amended statement of claim.
210Costs are discretionary. Costs usually follow the event. The sixth defendant is to pay the plaintiff's costs of the proceedings as agreed or assessed.
The Court orders that:
(1) The further amended cross claim filed 13 July 2011 is dismissed.
(2) It is adjudged that the plaintiff have possession of the whole of the land in folio identifiers X/XXXX and X/XXXX situated at Wentworth Falls in the State of New South Wales respectively.
(3) The plaintiff is to bring in short minutes in relation to the amount outstanding on the judgment debt.
(4) The sixth defendant is to pay the plaintiff's costs of the proceedings as agreed or assessed.
(5) I will hear short submissions on the issue of a writ of possession and the date of its issue.
**********
DISCLAIMER - Every effort has been made to comply with suppression orders or statutory provisions prohibiting publication that may apply to this judgment or decision.
The onus remains on any person using material in the judgment or decision to ensure that the intended use of that material does not breach any such order or provision. Further enquiries may be directed to the Registry of the Court or Tribunal in which it was generated.
Decision last updated: 13 April 2012 | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9:17 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9 | She can communicate with people in English at a very basic and informal level but cannot read and understand complex documents such as loan documents. She says that she does not understand the complexities of commercial dealings such as the loan facilities.
She says that she has no experience in business and commercial dealings and that she has always relied on Steve's directions and expertise in relation to those areas of their lives.
122Counsel for Bankwest submitted that care should be taken with the evidence of Christine Nassif, particularly as her husband sought to bolster her case. I closely observed Christine Nassif when she gave evidence and was cross examined.
When Christine Nassif gave evidence, she did so with the assistance of a Bulgarian interpreter. The manner by which she gave evidence was consistent with being a comfortable understanding and she was speaking conversational English.
When she was asked conversational types of questions in the witness box she did not need the assistance of an interpreter. She used an interpreter when questions involved legal terms. She could read relatively difficult English but she explained to the court that while she can read the words she does not necessarily understand their meaning. I accept this evidence.
123Before the facilities were moved to Bankwest Christine Nassif had provided signed guarantees to the National Bank on 21 March 2003, 7 August 2003, 11 March 2004, 26 August 2004, 21 February 2005, 9 June 2005 27 July 2005, 15 December 2005 and 11 August 2006. Steve Nassif gave evidence about his translation of documents to Christine Nassif in front of a bank officer, albeit a NAB one.
124On 9 June 2005, Christine Nassif provided a mortgage on the Wentworth Falls property in relation to that NAB guarantee. With Bankwest, Christine Nassif provided guarantees on 11 August 2007, 4 August 2008, 7 November 2008 and 20 January 2009.
It was on 11 August 2007 that the guarantee and indemnity was secured by the Wentworth Fall mortgages. Christine Nassif signed a statutory declaration in relation to the first guarantee with Bankwest signed on 11 August 2007 to the effect that she had received independent legal advice when she did not do so.
125Christine Nassif's evidence is similar in relation to every document that she was required to sign. This includes the guarantees and indemnities. Her evidence is as follows.
She recalls seeing a document similar to the document (any of variation of facility documents) around the house. She has not read the document and cannot say for sure whether this is the document she saw around the house or not.
She recalls signing a page (the signature page of the guarantee). At the time she signed it she says that her husband provided her with that page only and that she cannot recall the date she signed the document.
Christine Nassif believes she signed the document at her home in Wentworth Falls when her husband asked her to. She usually recognises the name of the witness to her signature but she does not recall ever signing a document in the presence of that witness.
126To accept her evidence means that two solicitors, namely Robert Barraket and Ms Cassano-Ramirez and four justices of the peace, namely George Aziz, Ms Trevallion, Susanne Arabi and George Simeonov, falsely witnessed her signature.
That means that no justice of the peace or solicitor acted properly. I cannot accept this as being correct. Hence, I do not accept her evidence that she never signed the documents in front of those who witnessed her signature.
I have already made Jones v Dunkel inferences that their evidence would not assist Christine Nassif's case. Nor do I accept that Christine Nassif has no understanding of the contents of the financial documents she signed and did not know what they were. In my view, she deliberately played down her understanding of financial documents and of her knowledge of what was going on in the family business. | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9:6 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9 | Grant Murphy recorded that due to Steve Nassif's experience in the industry and the successful completion of prior developments, he had been able to acquire many properties including his principal place of residence at Wentworth Falls which was at that time worth in excess of $2M, which total a net worth of $4.95M.
38The entities involved in the project were Sherene Formwork Group Pty Ltd, created for the sole purpose of the development at Speers Point, and Trioplex Constructions Pty Ltd, which was engaged via a fixed price building contract for the construction arm. The corporate diagram of Sherene Formwork Group is as follows:
39The sole director of Sherene was Steve Nassif. The directors of Trioplex Constructions Pty Ltd were Steve Nassif and Sarkis Nassif.
40On 16 March 2007, after considering the lending viability and three exit strategies, Grant Murphy recommended the facilities on the basis that Sherene obtained presales of $2,700 net of GST;
a proven record with 75 percent of construction was already completed with the remaining to be completed by the end of April 2007 and the primary exit strategy was from the sale of individual lots within a 12 month period.
From then on it was Grant Murphy who had most of his dealings with Steve Nassif.
41Grant Murphy knew as the relationship banker to Steve Nassif and the Sherene companies that Sherene had no other independent sources of income other than rental income and the sale of units in the development. (T43.35; 44.5-10).
Variation 1 (21 March 2007)
42On 21 March 2007, Bankwest agreed to refinance and to provide the following facilities to Sherene Formwork Group Pty Ltd. It agreed to provide a commercial advance facility in the amount of $4.6M; a business edge loan in the amount of $5.6M and an overdraft facility in the amount of $400,000 (CB 7 & 8).
The facilities offered ("the Speers Point facilities") were for the completion of the construction of 18 residential units at the Esplanade, Speers Point NSW ("the Speers Point property"). Guarantees were provided by Steve Nassif, Hanan Nassif and Trioplex Constructions Pty Ltd. As at 21 March 2007, there was no requirement that Christine Nassif provide a guarantee.
43On 29 May 2007, by letter of variation, the Speers Point facilities were varied (Variation 1). The terms of this variation were an existing business edge account with a limit increase from $5.6M to $5.
960M; an existing business bonus overdraft with a facility limit decrease from $400,000 to $200,000; a new commercial advance facility with a limit of $125,000 and an existing commercial advance facility with the limit remaining at $4.6M. Variation 1 did not require Christine Nassif to sign a guarantee.
44On 6 June 2007, Christine Nassif signed a statement of her assets and liabilities for Bankwest. She did not complete the form or write what her assets and liabilities were, nor did she insert the figures for those items.
In that document she stated that her liability was the current amount owing on NAB for the loan (no amount was stipulated) and her assets were cash on hand $7,000, the Wentworth Falls property at a value of $1.3M (Ex 2), jewellery at $30,000 and furniture $200,000. I accept the handwriting on the document was Steve Nassif's, but the document was signed by Christine Nassif.
Variation 2 - Refinance of the NAB's Facilities (July 2007)
45In about July 2007 Sherene sought a refinance of its NAB facilities. Christine Nassif had previously given a guarantee to the NAB with respect to these facilities. In excess of $4M sought to be refinanced by Bankwest. The NAB facility was supported by a first registered mortgage on Christine Nassif's Wentworth Falls property.
46On 25 July 2007, by letter, Bankwest agreed to refinance the NAB facilities of the Nassif family. The NAB facilities were repaid and Christine Nassif was released from the guarantee to NAB.
47The facilities were now an existing business edge loan with a limit decreased from $5.950 to $1. | [
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9:29 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9 | and at the time the guarantee, loan and mortgage were entered into Bankwest knew or could have ascertained by reasonable inquiry of Christine Nassif at the time, that Christine Nassif could not pay in accordance with the terms of the loan or mortgage or not pay without substantial hardship.
This, according to counsel for Christine Nassif constitutes unconscionable conduct.
190Bankwest submitted that if the circumstances of Christine Nassif amounted to circumstances of "special disadvantage" there is no evidence that Bankwest had knowledge of those matters. According to Bankwest this is especially so where from Bankwest's perspective the transaction was not an imprudent, let alone an improvident, one.
191Often the reasons for concluding that a contract was not unjust equally inform a conclusion that it was not unconscionable.
192In Elkofairi v Permanent Trustee Co Ltd [2002] NSWCA 413 where Beazley JA said at [51]:
"[51] In Teachers Health Investments Pty Ltd v Wynne (1996) NSW Conv R 55-785, a case which bore a particular similarity to this case, to which I shall refer, I said at 56,029:
"... two matters need to be established to invoke the court's jurisdiction to set aside an unconscientious transaction. The first is that the party seeking to impugn the transaction was under a relevant disability. In describing this disability, Deane J at 476 referred to the statement of McTiernan J in Blomley v Ryan (1956) 99 CLR at 392 that:
'... as taking surreptitious advantage of the weakness, ignorance or necessity of another. The essence of such weakness is that the party is unable to judge for himself.'
...
The second element [required to establish an entitlement to relief under Amadio is that this disability], as Deane J said at 477:
'sufficiently evident to the [other party to the transaction] to make it prima facie unfair or 'unconscientious' of the [other party to the transaction] to procure [the] execution of the [contract] in the circumstances in which the execution was procured.'"
193Unconscionable conduct on the principles established in Commercial Bank of Australia Ltd v Amadio [1983] HCA 14; (1983) 151 CLR 447 at 474 per Deane J:
"jurisdiction is long established as extending generally to circumstances in which (i) a party to a transaction was under a special disability in dealing with the other party with the consequence that there was an absence of any reasonable degree of equality between them and (ii)
that disability was sufficiently evident to the stronger party to make it prima facie unfair or "unconscientious" that he procure,
or accept, the weaker party's assent to the impugned transaction in the circumstances in which he procured or accepted it."
194In Blomley v Ryan [1956] HCA 81; (1956) 99 CLR 362, at 405 per Fullagar J listed some examples of such disability to include:
"poverty or need of any kind, sickness, age, sex, infirmity of body or mind, drunkenness, illiteracy or lack of education, lack of assistance or explanation where assistance or explanation is necessary."
195As the Full Court of the Federal Court pointed out in Hurley v McDonald' s Australia Ltd [1999] FCA 1728; (2000) ATPR 41-741 at [22]:
"For conduct to be regarded as unconscionable, serious misconduct or something clearly unfair or unreasonable must be demonstrated - Cameron v Qantas Airways Ltd [1995] FCA 1304; (1995) 55 FCR 147 at 179.
Whatever ' unconscionable' means in s 51AB and s 51 AC the term carries the meaning given by the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, namely, actions showing no regard for conscience, or that are irreconcilable with what is right or reasonable -Qantas Airways Ltd v Cameron [1996] FCA 1483; (1996) 66 FCR 246 at 262.
The various synonyms used in relation to the term ' unconscionable' import a ' pejorative moral judgment' - Qantas Airways Ltd v Cameron [1996] FCA 1483; (1996) 66 FCR 246 at 283-4 and 298." | [
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9:23 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9 | (f) the relative economic circumstances, educational background and literacy of:
(i) the parties to the contract (other than a corporation), and
(ii) any person who represented any of the parties to the contract,
(g) where the contract is wholly or partly in writing, the physical form of the contract, and the intelligibility of the language in which it is expressed,
(h) whether or not and when independent legal or other expert advice was obtained by the party seeking relief under this Act,
(i) the extent (if any) to which the provisions of the contract and their legal and practical effect were accurately explained by any person to the party seeking relief under this Act, and whether or not that party understood the provisions and their effect,
(j) whether any undue influence, unfair pressure or unfair tactics were exerted on or used against the party seeking relief under this Act:
(i) by any other party to the contract,
(ii) by any person acting or appearing or purporting to act for or on behalf of any other party to the contract, or
(iii) by any person to the knowledge (at the time the contract was made) of any other party to the contract or of any person acting or appearing or purporting to act for or on behalf of any other party to the contract,
(k) the conduct of the parties to the proceedings in relation to similar contracts or courses of dealing to which any of them has been a party, and
(l) the commercial or other setting, purpose and effect of the contract.
(3) For the purposes of subsection (2), a person shall be deemed to have represented a party to a contract if the person represented the party, or assisted the party to a significant degree, in negotiations prior to or at the time the contract was made.
(4) In determining whether a contract or a provision of a contract is unjust, the Court shall not have regard to any injustice arising from circumstances that were not reasonably foreseeable at the time the contract was made.
(5) In determining whether it is just to grant relief in respect of a contract or a provision of a contract that is found to be unjust, the Court may have regard to the conduct of the parties to the proceedings in relation to the performance of the contract since it was made."
153I will turn now to examine s 9(2). Some of the evidence has been referred to earlier in this judgment and the evidence under these headings set out below can overlap and be repetitive. I have only expressed my main conclusions under these headings and by doing so I should add that I have taken earlier evidence into account.
(a) Whether or not there was any material inequality in bargaining power between the parties to the contract
154Counsel for Bankwest submitted that the inequality of bargaining power, although a material consideration in the mortgages cases is only given weight in special circumstances. Counsel referred to Newman AJ in Permanent Trustee Co Ltd v Elkofairi [2001] NSWSC 1113 at [34]:
"(b) material inequality in bargaining power between an institutional lender and an individual will rarely be of significance, as the courts recognise that the terms of contracts of that nature are generally fixed and there is usually little room for negotiation: Commonwealth Bank of Australia v Cohen (unrep, SCNSW, Cole J, 22/7/88).
For inequality to have effect, one needs to identify "extreme" inequality."
155As is the general case, there was no room for negotiation between the institutional lender Bankwest and Christine Nassif. There was material inequality, but not extreme inequality, in the bargaining power between Bankwest and Christine Nassif.
(b) & (c) Whether or not prior to or at the time the contract was made its provisions were the subject of negotiation and whether or not it was reasonably practicable for Christine Nassif to negotiate for the alteration of or to reject any of the provisions of the contract | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9:0 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9 | Supreme Court
New South Wales
Medium Neutral Citation: Bank of Western Australia v Ellis J Enterprises Pty Ltd [2012] NSWSC 313
Hearing dates: 13, 14 & 15 December 2011, 8, 9 & 10 February 2012
Decision date: 05 April 2012
Jurisdiction: Common Law
Before: Harrison AsJ
Decision: (1) The further amended cross claim filed 13 July 2011 is dismissed.
(2) It is adjudged that the plaintiff have possession of the whole of the land in folio identifiers X/XXXX and X/XXXX situated at Wentworth Falls in the State of New South Wales respectively.
(3) The plaintiff is to bring in short minutes in relation to the amount outstanding on the judgment debt.
(4) The sixth defendant is to pay the plaintiff's costs of the proceedings as agreed or assessed.
(5) I will hear short submissions on the issue of a writ of possession and the date of its issue.
Catchwords: DISMISS CROSS CLAIM - possession of property in consequence of default - whether knowingly acted - whether relief under Contracts Review Act 1980, unconscionable conduct or wife's equity principle
Legislation Cited: Contracts Review Act 1980
Cases Cited: Blomley v Ryan [1956] HCA 81; (1956) 99 CLR 362
Burt v ANZ Banking Group Ltd (1994) ATPR 46-123
Commercial Bank of Australia Ltd v Amadio [1983] HCA 14; (1983) 151 CLR 447
Elkofairi v Permanent Trustee Co Ltd [2002] NSWCA 413
Fabre v Arenales (1992) 27 NSWLR 437
Fast Fix Loan Pty Ltd v Maldenko Samardzic & Anor [2011] NSWCA 260
Garcia v National Australian Bank [1998] HCA 48; (1998) 194 CLR 395
Hurley v McDonald' s Australia Ltd [1999] FCA 1728; (2000) ATPR 41-741
Jones v Dunkel (1959) 101 CLR 298
Perpetual Trustee Company Limited v Albert and Rose Khoshaba [2006] NSWCA 41
Permanent Trustee Co Ltd v Elkofairi [2001] NSWSC 1113
Riz v Perpetual Trustee Australia [2007] NSWSC 1153 [2008]
Spina v Permanent Custodians Ltd [2009] NSWCA 206
Texts Cited: Mathew Bransgrove et at, The Essential Guide to Mortgage Law in New South Wales, 1st ed (2008) LexisNexis Butterworths
Category: Principal judgment
Parties: Bank of Western Australia Limited (Plaintiff)
Christine Nassif (Sixth Defendant)
Representation: P Bellamy (Plaintiff)
DC Eardley (Sixth Defendant)
Gadens Lawyers (Plaintiff)
Downeys Lawyers (Sixth Defendant)
File Number(s): 2009/295874
Judgment
1HER HONOUR: The issue is whether Christine Nassif is entitled to relief under the Contracts Review Act 1980, unconscionable conduct or due to wife's equity principle.
The plaintiff, the Bank of Western Australia ("Bankwest"), seeks possession of two properties, namely X XXXX, Wentworth Falls and X XXXX, Wentworth Falls, of which the sixth defendant Mrs Christine Nassif ("Christine Nassif") is the registered proprietor.
The two properties are treated by the registered proprietor as one, with one house, and therefore are referred to as the "property". Christine Nassif is the wife of Mr Steve Nassif ("Steve Nassif"). They have a son Sarkis Nassif and a daughter Hanan Nassif.
2Bankwest seeks possession of the home in consequence of default in relation to the business edge loan repayment dated 27 February 2009 and judgment in the sum of $10,734,574.48 pursuant to the guarantee provided by Christine Nassif to Bankwest. | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9:25 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9 | 163I accept that from the Speers Point funding Christine Nassif derived some economic benefit, namely living expenses, car payments and for improvements to her residence (T73.47, 13/12/11). However, these benefits represented only a small portion of the overall funds made available to the Sherene Group.
164Overall it is my view that the provisions of the Bankwest loan facilities did not impose conditions, which were unreasonably difficult to comply with and these provisions were reasonably necessary for the protection of the legitimate interests of Bankwest.
(e) Whether Christine Nassif was not reasonably able to protect her interests in relation to the Bankwest facilities
165Christine Nassif was subservient to her husband in relation to financial matters. While she portrayed herself both in her affidavits and in court as not being cognisant with any of the financial dealings of her husband and Sherene, it is my view that Christine Nassif did have some basic understanding of their financial affairs.
Certainly Christine Nassif was aware in October 2007, a few months after the Bankwest refinancing occurred, that there were money problems and that her husband's business the Speers Point development was not going well.
166In 20006/2007, Christine Nassif (wrongly) believed that the bank could not get the house if there was a problem as the Wentworth Fall property was solely in her name despite her obligations as a guarantor had been explained to her by an officer at NAB in about 2005.
However, by August 2008, when Robert Barraket provided her with independent legal advice, she understood that the bank could take possession of her Wentworth Falls property if the moneys due to Bankwest were not repaid. Even though the explanation by Robert Barraket was brief, it was in clear terms "you could lose everything".
167A difficult part of this case is to determine why Christine Nassif continued to sign guarantees when she became aware that there was a real risk she could lose the Wentworth Falls property.
Between 2000 and 2003, Christine Nassif was aware that her husband had been financially successful in developing properties. But she knew that this had changed by 2007 when she became aware that there were money problems with the Speers Point development.
168While I have made findings that Christine Nassif was aware of the consequences to her when she signed the guarantees in 2008 and onwards, I have formed the view that she continued to sign these documents in the belief there were still funds that could be used to support the family members including herself. I accept that she was subservient to her husband in financial matters.
So far as business matters were concerned, she did what her husband told her to do and by doing so she believed that she and her family would be financially better off. I also have taken into account that had Christine Nassif refused to sign the guarantees Steve Nassif would have become difficult and overbearing.
There was a possibility he could have assaulted her, although it is both Christine Nassif and Steve Nassif's evidence that assaults had ceased in 2005. That is at a time before the Bankwest facilities were in place.
(f) The relative economic circumstances, educational background and literacy of the parties to the contract
169Christine Nassif was educated in Bulgaria to the equivalent HSC standard. She can speak and understand conversational English well. She can write basic English, compose and send everyday type emails. While she can read relatively complex documents written in English such as loan documents she has only a partial understanding of their meaning. Bankwest is a lending institution.
(h) Whether or not and when independent legal and other expert advice was obtained by Christine Nassif | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9:15 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9 | 109Christine Nassif knows "John Paul" to be a solicitor at Simpson Freed Lawyers and she was aware he was Steve's solicitor for many years.
Not long after this conversation took place she went to Centrelink to make enquiries about Legal Aid and they directed her to Legal Aid in Penrith. Steve Nassif agreed that this conversation took place as recorded above but he denies that the words "through legal aid" were said.
110There is another matter I should comment upon. Christine Nassif's did not rely upon her affidavit dated 10 February 2010 (Ex F). Portions of it were relied on by Bankwest. In swearing this affidavit she did not rely on a translator.
In all her subsequent affidavits she used a translator. However in the affidavit dated 10 February 2010 she explained at [19] "I have had to ask for help with this affidavit but understand it when I read it and I confirm that it is true.
" In that affidavit, Christine Nassif deposed, "I knew that I had to sign the bank documents for my husband to get the money from the bank for him to finish the project" [11] and at [18] "If I had known what I know today I would never have signed the bank documents.
I would have divorced my husband. My children come first. My home, second. I could divorce my husband and my children would not lose their father, he would not be lost. That would be better than my home being lost."
111Christine Nassif's affidavit explained the circumstances surrounding the preparation of this affidavit. She attended the office of Robert Tinsey in the company of her husband to discuss the Bankwest action to take possession of her house.
Robert Tinsey advised her that she needed to prepare an affidavit. She remembers telling Robert Tinsey only the basic facts about her education, family and background.
She says that, on the day that she signed the affidavit, Robert Tinsey pressed something on his computer and printed out a document. He gave it to her to read and she understood generally the contents of the documents.
She signed it in the understanding that the purpose of the affidavit was to prevent the bank from taking her house. She did not ask any question about the affidavit because she relied on her husband and Robert Tinsey and their knowledge of dealings with the bank.
112The affidavit was witnessed by Robert Tinsey's secretary Jocelyn Williams. Christine Nassif does not recall Jocelyn Williams asking her if she understood the contents of the documents nor does she remember Jocelyn Williams delivering the oath to her. Jocelyn Williams' evidence, it is fair to say, was not of much assistance.
While she recalls Christine Nassif coming in to swear an affidavit, in the company of another person, she has no recollection of witnessing it. The parts of this affidavit that were relied upon by the plaintiff contain English that is not complex. It is my view that Christine Nassif would have been able to read and understand it before she signed it.
Notice of demand
113In June 2009, Christine Nassif recalls receiving the notice of demand and it was at this time she says that she first became aware that she was a guarantor on the loan. On 2 July 2009, Christine Nassif says that she first became aware that she was the guarantor on the loan. She reiterates that she did not agree to guarantee the debts of her husband, his companies or any other person.
114In cross-examination Steve Nassif's evidence was that from time to time he made Christine Nassif a director of a company. In 2010, after these proceedings had commence, he made Christine Nassif a director of a company of a lady who wanted to open a cafe business and she wanted Steve Nassif to work with her.
Because he was a bankrupt he asked Christine to become the director. Christine Nassif agreed but it was because Steve Nassif told her she had to become the director. The name of the company was AMI & Christine Pty Limited. | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9:10 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9 | 75As far as Variation 6 is concerned, as per her earlier evidence, Christine Nassif deposed that she recalls seeing a document similar to that document around the house. She has not read the document and cannot say for sure whether this is the document she had seen around the house or not.
At the time Christine Nassif signed the guarantor's acknowledgement her husband provided her with that page only. She believed that she signed the document at her home in Wentworth Falls when her husband asked her and recognised the name of the witness to her signature as George Simeonov. She does not recall ever signing a document in the presence of George Simeonov.
76This time a Certificate of Independent Advice was required. On 11 August 2008 a solicitor, Robert Barraket, certified that he had provided legal advice to Christine Nassif concerning the letter of variation and the guarantee and indemnity.
In that document, Christine Nassif acknowledged that she had read the certificate; that the certificate was provided at her request; that she did receive the explanations referred to and understood them and that the matters stated in the certificate were true and correct and that she signed the guarantee freely and voluntarily.
77There were three Certificate of Independent advice in relation to the guarantee entered into by Christine Nassif. One dated 11 August 2008 and another dated 20 January 2009 were signed by solicitor Robert Barraket. Robert Barraket gave evidence and was cross examined. On 17 November 2008, a Certificate of Independent Advice was signed by solicitor Clara Leny Cassano-Ramirez.
Evidence of Robert Barraket in relation to the Certificates of Independent Advice
78While counsel for Christine Nassif did not submit that Robert Barraket gave untruthful evidence, they submitted that he was mistaken.
79Robert Barraket, a solicitor who has been admitted as a solicitor for some 45 years, gave evidence and was cross-examined. I accept his evidence. He gave truthful evidence and made frank admissions even when his evidence was against his interest.
He does not practice in banking law. Over the last 45 years he has only provided advice in relation to guarantees and obligations as guarantor on about 20 occasions. When he has given such advice, he is usually acted for the mortgagor in the transaction.
80In about 2005, Robert Barraket first met Steve Nassif. They became friends. From time to time they met for coffee and/or dinner. Through discussions with Steven Nassif over this time, Robert Barraket understood that he (Steve) was active in the property development industry.
He also understood that in 2005, a property at Strathfield (actually the Burwood property) was sold and Christine Nassif had bought the Wentworth Falls property.
81In 2005, Robert Barraket and his partner together with Steve Elias (Steve Nassif's cousin) and his family went to lunch with the Nassifs at a restaurant in Leura. Over lunch all conversations were conducted in English. Robert Barraket observed that Christine Nassif spoke and understood English.
A few months later Robert Barraket attended a family lunch of between 20 and 30 at the Nassifs and a wedding of a relative of the Nassifs. During these events, he observed Christine Nassif conversing with people in Arabic and English. At the Leura restaurant Robert Barraket observed Christine Nassif read a menu and order in English.
82In 2006, Robert Barraket recalled visiting Christine and Steve Nassif's home at Wentworth Falls for a family lunch. He also attended a number of other social events including Joe Nassif"s wedding at Bankstown and Anne's wedding.
On these occasions Christine, Steve Nassif and Robert Barraket spoke in English. Robert Barraket formed the view that Christine Nassif understands English perfectly well. He did not observe that Christine Nassif was subservient to the wishes of her husband (T134, 15/12/11). | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9:1 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9 | 3On 13 November 2009, Bankwest obtained judgment for the debt against all of the facility guarantors (excluding Christine Nassif) namely Ellis J Enterprises, Trioplex constructions, Steve Nassif, Hanan Nassif and Sarkis Nassif in the amount of $11,195,134.99; against Joseph Youssef and Sarkis Nassif in the amount of $1,255,939.25 and an order for possession of the Hume Avenue property.
4On 1 October 2010, a sequestration order was made against the estate of Joseph Youssef, Steve Nassif, Hanan Nassif and Sarkis Nassif. Following default and demand, on 4 June 2009, Bankwest appointed Neil Singleton and Stephen Parbery of PPB Chartered Accountants as receivers of Sherene. The receivers sold the Speers Point Property for $5.28M.
5On 28 May 2010, the amount of $5,102,532.88 was paid to Bankwest in reduction of the debt. Hanan Nassif sold the Hume Avenue property prior to any eviction and net sale proceeds in the amount of $608,177.84 were paid to Bankwest in reduction of the outstanding debt.
6Christine Nassif is the only defendant left in these proceedings. She filed a cross claim against the third parties. It has been dismissed against those cross defendants. The cross claim against Bankwest remains on foot. Shortly stated, Christine Nassif denies that Bankwest is entitled to the relief claimed in the amended statement of claim.
She asserts that she did not knowingly enter into any guarantee or indemnity nor did she consent to the variation of the Sherene facilities. Christine Nassif also asserts that she did not knowingly provide the mortgages in favour of Bankwest.
She seeks that the loan and guarantee be set aside and that she be provided with two discharges of mortgage in registrable form. I shall refer to the pleadings in the cross claim in more detail later in this judgment.
7There is no dispute that the mortgages, guarantees and indemnity came into existence and that the mortgages are indefeasible. Nor is there any suggestion of any fraud or that the signatures of Christine Nassif are not hers. Bankwest has proved the formal matters and is entitled to possession of the property if Ms Nassif's claim fails.
8Bankwest relied upon the affidavits of Kenneth Owens dated 29 January 2010, the affidavit of Grant Murphy ("Grant Murphy") dated 1 September 2011, two affidavits of Robert Lawrence Barraket ("Robert Barraket") dated 31 August 2011 and 30 November 2011, the affidavit of Jocelyn Williams ("Jocelyn Williams") dated 16 November 2011 and the affidavit of George Aziz ("George Aziz") dated 27 May 2011.
Christine Nassif relied on her affidavits dated 30 November 2010, 7 July 2011, 4 November 2011 and 25 November 2011 and the affidavit of Steve Nassif dated 8 July 2011. Christine Nassifs did not rely upon her affidavit dated 10 February 2010 (Ex F).
Portions of it were relied on by Bankwest. Messrs Grant Murphy, Kenneth Owens, Robert Barraket, Jocelyn Williams, Steve Nassif and Christine Nassif gave evidence and were cross-examined.
9On 11 August 2007, 4 August 2008, 7 November 2008 and 20 January 2009, Christine Nassif signed guarantees and indemnities. The moneys guaranteed are secured by the mortgages over the Wentworth Falls property registered in her name. During this period, there were eight variations to the Sherene Group facilities. I shall refer to each of them in more detail later in this judgment.
Background
10On 22 September 1979 Christine Nassif met her husband Steve Nassif in Bulgaria. Christine Nassif was born in Bulgaria and speaks Bulgarian. She obtained the equivalent of the High School Certificate in Bulgaria.
When they met they communicated in broken English. On 7 March 1980 they married. On 14 March 1980 they left Bulgaria as they agreed to move to Lebanon. During their marriage they have lived both in Australia and in Lebanon. | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9:19 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9 | Can you help?" Robert Barraket cautioned her by telling her, "You do not have to sign a guarantee Christine. You could end up losing everything." Christine Nassif acknowledged that she was aware that she was already a guarantor under the loan to Bankwest.
Robert Barraket told her, "If Sherene had no money and could not complete construction of units at Speers Point, or could not sell the units when they were finished, you could lose everything you own" and she replied, "I know Steve and Sherene are in trouble and don't have the money to finish Speers Point.
If I don't give the guarantee that the bank wants by signing the guarantee and indemnity we will lose everything. I don't care if I lose everything I own, I will do whatever I can to help Steve." This conversation portrays Christine Nassif in a very different light. Christine Nassif understood that she could lose everything she owned but she would de whatever she could to help Steve Nassif.
133On 20 January 2009, Robert Barraket signed a further Certificate of Independent Advice in another informal situation but this time Christine Nassif and Steve Nassif were in a car outside Robert Barraket's office.
Robert Barraket went from his office to the street outside to the car (either a BMW or Mercedes) and provided a brief explanation to Christine Nassif that took between 5 and 10 minutes. This was the explanation of the guarantee and indemnity for Variation 9 and signed when she was conscious that the Speers Point project was not going well and she could lose everything.
134There are two other matters that I should comment upon. In an earlier affidavit (10/2/2010) in these proceedings, Christine Nassif deposed, "I knew that I had to sign the bank documents for my husband to get the money from the bank for him to finish the project" [11]. This statement is consistent with what Robert Barraket says was Christine Nassif's understanding.
She continued at [18] "If I had known what I know today I would never have signed the bank documents. I would have divorced my husband. My children come first. My home, second. I could divorce my husband and my children would not lose their father, he would not be list. That would be better than my home being lost."
135On 29 September 2010, after these proceedings were already underway, Christine Nassif became a director of AMI & Christine Pty Limited (Ex H). Steve Nassif's evidence is that because he is a bankrupt he asked Christine to become the director.
Christine Nassif's evidence is that her husband asked her to become a director as, "we have no choice". She says that if her husband had not directed her to become a director of the companies he would not have agreed to it. (T91-92, 9/2/12).
136Christine Nassif then gave evidence that Steve Nassif is everything in her family. He is the head; he says whatever must be done at home. She says that this was something she was happy to do. She was happy to sign anything that he told her to sign (T93, 9/2/12).
While I accept that signing a document to become a director of a company is not the same as signing a bank document,
it is an important piece of evidence because it shows that even after these proceedings were on foot and she had received legal advice about what can occur when she signs documents at her husband's behest, she elected to revert to her prior position that she would sign anything Steve told her to.
These is totally at odds to her position that after receiving legal advice earlier in these proceedings that, had she known the position she would be in today she would not have signed the bank documents and she would have divorced Steve.
I do not accept this last piece of Christine Nassif's evidence. The fact is that she did know the risks she took when she signed the last three guarantees and she did not take any steps to divorce Steve. | [
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|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9:31 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9 | Bankwest was aware that the value of the Wentworth Falls property was substantial but it was not the only property it had recourse to if the funds were not repaid.
203When Christine Nassif provided the initial guarantee to Bankwest she signed a statutory declaration to the effect that she had received financial advice.
Subsequently, Bankwest had received three certificates of independent legal advice dated 4 August 2008, 7 November 2008 and 20 January 2009 in relation to the guarantees. Bankwest was entitled to rely on these documents and accept that Christine Nassif had received independent financial and legal advice.
204It is my view that in these circumstances, it cannot be said that Bankwest acted without regard or conscience, nor did it act unreasonably. Christine Nassif's claim that Bankwest engaged in unconscionable conduct in its dealings with her fails.
(iii) The wife's equity principle
205Neither party made detailed submissions in relation to this issue.
206Both parties referred to Garcia v National Australia Bank [1998] HCA 48; (1998) 194 CLR 395, where the High Court (per Gaudron, McHugh, Gummow and Hayne JJ) stated at [31] and [41]:
"31 The principles applied in Yerkey v Jones do not depend upon the creditor having, at the time the guarantee is taken, notice of some unconscionable dealing between the husband as borrower and the wife as surety.
Yerkey v Jones begins with the recognition that the surety is a volunteer: a person who obtained no financial benefit from the transaction, performance of the obligations of which she agreed to guarantee. It holds, in what we have called the first kind of case, that to enforce that voluntary transaction against her when in fact she did not bring a free will to its execution would be unconscionable.
It holds further, in the second kind of case,
that to enforce it against her if it later emerges that she did not understand the purport and effect of the transaction of suretyship would be unconscionable (even though she is a willing party to it) if the lender took no steps itself to explain its purport and effect to her or did not reasonably believe that its purport and effect had been explained to her by a competent,
independent and disinterested stranger.
And what makes it unconscionable to enforce it in the second kind of case is the combination of circumstances that:
(a) in fact the surety did not understand the purport and effect of the transaction;
(b) the transaction was voluntary (in the sense that the surety obtained no gain from the contract the performance of which was guaranteed);
(c) the lender is to be taken to have understood that, as a wife, the surety may repose trust and confidence in her husband in matters of business and therefore to have understood that the husband may not fully and accurately explain the purport and effect of the transaction to his wife; and yet
(d) the lender did not itself take steps to explain the transaction to the wife or find out that a stranger had explained it to her."
41 As is apparent from what was said in Yerkey v Jones the creditor may readily avoid the possibility that the surety will later claim not to have understood the purport and effect of the transaction that is proposed.
If the creditor itself explains the transaction sufficiently, or knows that the surety has received "competent, independent and disinterested" advice from a third party, it would not be unconscionable for the creditor to enforce it against the surety even though the surety is a volunteer and it later emerges that the surety claims to have been mistaken."
207Bankwest the lender is to be taken to have understood that Christine Nassif, as a wife, may repose trust and confidence in her husband Steve Nassif in matters of business.
Bankwest is also taken to have understood that the Steve Nassif may not fully and accurately explained the purport and effect of the loan facilities and her obligations in relation to her guarantees secured by the mortgages Christine Nassif. | [
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9:3 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9 | He also took many opportunities to volunteer irrelevant comments even when this court asked him to refrain from doing so and cautioned him to listen and answer the questions that were asked. Mostly he wanted to express his view that the bank was to blame for whatever had happened. Throughout this judgment I have referred to some of his evidence.
22It is my view that the evidence of Steve Nassif is unreliable. I do not accept it except where I say otherwise or where his evidence is corroborated by documents or another witness, other than Christine Nassif. I have made separate findings about Christine Nassif's evidence towards the end of this judgment.
Jones v Dunkel Inferences
23Before I leave the topic of evidence, both parties made submissions that I should draw Jones v Dunkel (1959) 101 CLR 298 inferences for the failure to call a number of witnesses. Counsel for Bankwest submitted that I should draw Jones v Dunkel inferences for Christine Nassif's failure to call Hanan Nassif and Sarkis Nassif and other family members.
So far as Sarkis Nassif is concerned, at least for part of the hearing he was in Lebanon. In relation to Hanan Nassif and other family members, as said in Fabre v Arenales (1992) 27 NSWLR 437, at 450 per Mahoney JA, a Jones v Dunkel inference may not arise if a "witness has a reason for not telling the truth or refusing to assist and the party who may call [the witness] is aware of this."
24It would be difficult for the adult children to give evidence about their father's dominance over their mother, particularly as they still have regular contact with both parents. I do not draw a Jones v Dunkel inference arising from Christine Nassif's failure to call these witnesses.
25Counsel for Bankwest submitted that I should make Jones v Dunkel inferences against those who witnessed documents signed by Christine Nassif, such as solicitor Leny Cassano-Ramirez and Mrs Gloria Trevallion, her 92 year old friend and neighbour.
26In so far as this category of witness is concerned, I am prepared to draw Jones v Dunkel inferences that they would have given evidence to whether or not Christine Nassif was present when they witnessed documents signed by her.
None of them were called and no explanation was given as to why this was so. I am prepared to draw Jones v Dunkel inferences that their evidence would have assisted Christine Nassif's case that her signature was not witnessed in front of them.
27Counsel for Christine Nassif submitted that a Jones v Dunkel inference should be drawn in relation to Bankwest failing to call its employee Michael Craven. I do not think Michael Craven's evidence was necessary. Bankwest's evidence was adequately covered by Grant Murphy. Hence, I do not draw a Jones V Dunkel inference in relation to Michael Craven.
Prior National Australia Bank dealings
28With respect to any dealings with the National Australia Bank, Christine Nassif says that she was generally aware that Steve borrowed money but she did not know that she was involved in any loan or guarantee with National Australia Bank or the nature of any documents that she signed.
She signed the documents at Steve's direction and that she felt obliged and still feels obliged to sign all documents Steve directed her to sign.
29Christine Nassif signed guarantees with the National Bank on 21 March 2003, 7 August 2003, 11 March 2004, 26 August 2004, 21 February 2005 and 9 June 2005. It was in relation to the guarantee dated 9 June 2005 that Christine Nassif was required to provide a mortgage on the Wentworth Falls property to NAB. Further guarantees were provided on 27 July 2005, 15 December 2005 and 11 August 2005.
With respect to day to day banking, she says that Steve's employees or himself would complete any bank documents such as deposit slips and she would simply take the documents and/or money and cheques to the bank. She says that she did not question her husband about any of his business dealings and that it was her obligation as his wife to do as she was told. | [
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] | null |
|
nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9:22 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9 | This is a conclusion of fact, albeit one of ultimate fact involving a broadly based value judgment [Antonovic v Volker (1986) 7 NSWLR 151 at 154-155 (Samuels JA, Kirby P agreeing); Beneficial Finance Corporation Ltd v Karavas (1991) 23 NSWLR 256 at 270E (Samuels JA); Perpetual Trustee Co Ltd v Khoshaba [2006] NSWCA 41, [34]-[40] (Spigelman CJ), [106]-[111] (Basten JA)].
The second, which arises only if the first is resolved in the affirmative, is whether any and if so what relief should be granted; this involves the exercise of a judicial discretion [Khoshaba, [34]-[36] (Spigelman CJ), [109] (Basten JA)]."
149Both parties referred to Fast Fix Loan Pty Ltd v Maldenko Samardzic & Anor [2011] NSWCA 260 as being instructive.
150The relevant provisions of the Contracts Review Act are:
"7(1) Where the Court finds a contract or a provision of a contract to have been unjust in the circumstances relating to the contract at the time it was made, the Court may, if it considers it just to do so, and for the purpose of avoiding as far as practicable an unjust consequence or result, do any one or more of the following:
(a) it may decide to refuse to enforce any or all of the provisions of the contract,
(b) it may make an order declaring the contract void, in whole or in part,
(c) it may make an order varying, in whole or in part, any provision of the contract,
(d) it may, in relation to a land instrument, make an order for or with respect to requiring the execution of an instrument that:
(i) varies, or has the effect of varying, the provisions of the land instrument, or
(ii) terminates or otherwise affects, or has the effect of terminating or otherwise affecting, the operation or effect of the land instrument.
(2) Where the Court makes an order under subsection (1) (b) or (c), the declaration or variation shall have effect as from the time when the contract was made or (as to the whole or any part or parts of the contract) from some other time or times as specified in the order.
(3) The operation of this section is subject to the provisions of section 19."
151Section 4(1) provides a non-exhaustive definition of "unjust".
"Unjust includes unconscionable, harsh or oppressive, and injustice shall be construed in a corresponding manner."
152Assistance in ascertaining the intended content of "unjust" is derived from s 9:
"9(1) In determining whether a contract or a provision of a contract is unjust in the circumstances relating to the contract at the time it was made, the Court shall have regard to the public interest and to all the circumstances of the case, including such consequences or results as those arising in the event of:
(a) compliance with any or all of the provisions of the contract, or
(b) non-compliance with, or contravention of, any or all of the provisions of the contract.
(2) Without in any way affecting the generality of subsection (1), the matters to which the Court shall have regard shall, to the extent that they are relevant to the circumstances, include the following:
(a) whether or not there was any material inequality in bargaining power between the parties to the contract,
(b) whether or not prior to or at the time the contract was made its provisions were the subject of negotiation,
(c) whether or not it was reasonably practicable for the party seeking relief under this Act to negotiate for the alteration of or to reject any of the provisions of the contract,
(d) whether or not any provisions of the contract impose conditions which are unreasonably difficult to comply with or not reasonably necessary for the protection of the legitimate interests of any party to the contract,
(e) whether or not:
(i) any party to the contract (other than a corporation) was not reasonably able to protect his or her interests, or
(ii) any person who represented any of the parties to the contract was not reasonably able to protect the interests of any party whom he or she represented, because of his or her age or the state of his or her physical or mental capacity, | [
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nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9:9 | nsw_caselaw:54a636e73004de94513d96e9 | 65On 7 March 2008, Variation 5 was agreed to by the borrower. On 11 March 2008, as part of the variation, Christine Nassif (together with Steve Nassif as trustee for the Nassif Family Trust (and in his own capacity), Hanan Nassif, and Sarkis Nassif) gave a further guarantee and indemnity dated 11 March 2008, limited downwards to $8.842M. Joseph Nassif gave a guarantee limited to $1.2M.
66So far as Variation 5 is concerned, Christine Nassif once again recalls seeing a document similar to that document around the house. She has not read the document and cannot say for sure whether this is the document she had seen around the house or not.
She recalls signing the signature page of the guarantee that was handed to her by her husband. She believes she signed the document at her home in Wentworth Falls when her husband asked her to.
She recognised the name of the purported witness to her signature but she does not recall ever signing a document in the presence of Steven Bohm. Christine Nassif thinks that Steven Bohm is a neighbour. She says that she was not present when he witnessed her signature on the documents. She does not know whether Hanan or Sarkis were present when Mr Bohm signed the documents.
67On 8 September 2007, Porsche Lee Remington deposed that she served Christine Nassif personally with a bankruptcy notice at her address at Wentworth Falls.
68On 16 April 2008 at 6.22 pm, John Daley, a process server, deposed that he attended the premises to service Christine Nassif with a bankruptcy petition. He says that at the time of service he asked Sarkis Nassif if Christine Nassif was present to accept service, Sarkis Nassif replied, "Yes she is".
Sarkis Nassif then called and motioned for Christine Nassif to come out of the house to accept service. Mr Daley says that Christine Nassif refused to come out and he then called out that he was leaving the documents.
69On 23 April 2008, Mr J P Shehata, solicitor employed by Simpson Freed, wrote to the solicitors acting for Boral. The letter states:
"As you are aware one of our clients, Christine Nassif, owns the family home which is mortgaged to BankWest.
The consequences of your client's application will be devastating to our client [Christine Nassif] and yours as the bank would then exercise its power of sale and there would be no funds available to your client as an unsecured creditor. Our clients commitment to satisfying the debt to your client is of utmost importance to them."
70Christine Nassif's evidence is that she did not speak to Mr Shehata nor did she provide this information to him.
71On 11 June 2008, Mr Shehata wrote to Gadens saying that he acted for Christine Nassif who had exchanged contracts to sell her property at Wentworth Falls.
Mr Shehata confirmed that contracts were exchanged on 28 May 2008 and completion was due on 9 July 2008. The information contained in this letter is correct as Christine Nassif recalls that the property was to be sold to her sister-in-law Ms Gregory.
72On 12 June 2008, Mr Shehata wrote to Christine Nassif saying that the contract had been exchanged and that Bankwest had to agree to discharge the mortgage. Christine Nassif says that she knew about the subject matter of this letter from her family members.
Variation 6 (28 July 2008)
73On 28 July 2008, by letter of variation, an additional facility variation was accepted by the borrower.
This variation was that the facility expiry date was extended to 13 December 2008, a new business edge loan with a facility limit of $9,023M, a new business bonus overdraft facility with a limit of $530,000 and a new business bonus overdraft facility with a limit of $180,000. The liability to the bank had now increased to $9.743M.
74On 4 August 2008, the offer of variation was accepted. Christine Nassif signed the guarantor's acknowledgment and the date 4 August 2008 appears. Her signature was witnessed by George Simeonov. | [
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