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▁Yang li u q ing ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁market ▁town ▁in ▁X iq ing ▁District , ▁in ▁the ▁western ▁subur bs ▁of ▁T ian j in , ▁People ' s ▁Republic ▁of ▁China . ▁Despite ▁its ▁relatively ▁small ▁size , ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁named ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁in ▁the ▁" f amous ▁historical ▁and ▁cultural ▁market ▁towns ▁in ▁China ". ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁best ▁known ▁in ▁China ▁for ▁creating ▁n ian h ua ▁or ▁Yang li u q ing ▁n ian h ua . ▁For ▁more ▁than ▁ 4 0 0 ▁years , ▁Yang li u q ing ▁has ▁in ▁effect ▁special ised ▁in ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁these ▁wood c uts ▁for ▁the ▁New ▁Year . ▁ ▁wood ▁block ▁prints ▁using ▁vivid ▁colours che mes ▁to ▁port ray ▁traditional ▁scenes ▁of ▁children ' s ▁games ▁often ▁inter w oven ▁with ▁aus p ici ouse ▁objects . ▁ ▁, ▁it ▁had ▁ 2 7 ▁residential ▁communities ▁() ▁and ▁ 2 5 ▁villages ▁under ▁its ▁administration . ▁ ▁Sh i ▁Family ▁Grand ▁Cour tyard ▁ ▁Sh i ▁Family ▁Grand ▁Cour tyard ▁( T i ā n j ī n ▁Sh í ▁Ji ā ▁D à ▁Yu à n , ▁ 天津石家大院 ) ▁is ▁situated ▁in ▁Yang li u q ing ▁Town ▁of ▁X iq ing ▁District , ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁former ▁residence ▁of ▁wealthy ▁merchant ▁Sh i ▁Yu ans hi ▁- ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁son ▁of ▁Sh i ▁W anc heng , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁eight
▁great ▁masters ▁in ▁T ian j in . ▁First ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 5 , ▁it ▁covers ▁over ▁ 6 , 0 0 0 ▁square ▁meters , ▁including ▁large ▁and ▁small ▁yards ▁and ▁over ▁ 2 0 0 ▁folk ▁houses , ▁a ▁theater ▁and ▁over ▁ 2 7 5 ▁rooms ▁that ▁served ▁as ▁apartments ▁and ▁places ▁of ▁business ▁and ▁worship ▁for ▁this ▁powerful ▁family . ▁Sh if u ▁Garden , ▁which ▁finished ▁its ▁expansion ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁covers ▁ 1 , 2 0 0 ▁square ▁meters , ▁incorpor ates ▁the ▁eleg ance ▁of ▁imperial ▁garden ▁and ▁del ic acy ▁of ▁south ▁garden . ▁Now ▁the ▁cour tyard ▁of ▁Sh i ▁family ▁covers ▁about ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁square ▁meters , ▁which ▁is ▁called ▁the ▁first ▁m ansion ▁in ▁North ▁China . ▁Now ▁it ▁serves ▁as ▁the ▁folk ▁custom ▁museum ▁in ▁Yang li u q ing , ▁which ▁has ▁a ▁large ▁collection ▁of ▁folk ▁custom ▁museum ▁in ▁Yan li u q ing , ▁which ▁has ▁a ▁large ▁collection ▁of ▁folk ▁art ▁pieces ▁like ▁Yan li u q ing ▁New ▁Year ▁pictures , ▁brick ▁sculpt ure . ▁ ▁Sh i ' s ▁ancest or ▁came ▁from ▁D ong ' e ▁County ▁in ▁Sh and ong ▁Province , ▁engaged ▁in ▁water ▁transport ▁of ▁grain . ▁As ▁the ▁wealth ▁gradually ▁accum ulated , ▁the ▁Sh i ▁Family ▁moved ▁to ▁Yang li u q ing ▁and ▁bought ▁large ▁tr acts ▁of ▁land ▁and ▁set ▁up ▁their ▁residence .
▁Sh i ▁Yu ans hi ▁came ▁from ▁the ▁fourth ▁generation ▁of ▁the ▁family , ▁who ▁was ▁a ▁successful ▁business man ▁and ▁a ▁good ▁household ▁manager , ▁and ▁the ▁residence ▁was ▁thus ▁en larg ed ▁for ▁several ▁times ▁until ▁it ▁acquired ▁the ▁present ▁scale . ▁It ▁is ▁believed ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁first ▁m ansion ▁in ▁the ▁west ▁of ▁T ian j in . ▁ ▁The ▁residence ▁is ▁symmetric ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁axis ▁formed ▁by ▁a ▁passage way ▁in ▁the ▁middle , ▁on ▁which ▁there ▁are ▁four ▁arch ways . ▁On ▁the ▁east ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁cour tyard , ▁there ▁are ▁traditional ▁single - story ▁houses ▁with ▁rows ▁of ▁rooms ▁around ▁the ▁four ▁sides , ▁which ▁was ▁once ▁the ▁living ▁area ▁for ▁the ▁Sh i ▁Family . ▁The ▁rooms ▁on ▁north ▁side ▁were ▁the ▁account ants ' ▁office . ▁On ▁the ▁west ▁are ▁the ▁major ▁const ructions ▁including ▁the ▁family ▁hall ▁for ▁worship ping ▁Budd ha , ▁theater ▁and ▁the ▁south ▁reception ▁room . ▁On ▁both ▁sides ▁of ▁the ▁residence ▁are ▁side ▁yard ▁rooms ▁for ▁ma ids ▁and ▁servants . ▁ ▁Today , ▁the ▁Sh i ▁m ansion , ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁town ship ▁of ▁Yang li u q ing ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁of ▁central ▁T ian j in , ▁stands ▁as ▁a ▁surprisingly ▁well - pres erved ▁monument ▁to ▁China ' s ▁pre - rev olution ▁merc ant ile ▁spirit . ▁It ▁also ▁serves ▁as ▁an ▁on - location ▁shoot ▁for ▁many ▁of ▁China ' s ▁popular ▁historical ▁dram as . ▁Many ▁of ▁the
▁rooms ▁feature ▁period ▁furniture , ▁paintings ▁and ▁call ig raph y , ▁and ▁the ▁extensive ▁Sh if u ▁Garden . ▁ ▁Part ▁of ▁the ▁complex ▁has ▁been ▁turned ▁into ▁the ▁Yang li u q ing ▁Museum , ▁which ▁includes ▁displays ▁focused ▁on ▁symbol ic ▁aspects ▁of ▁the ▁cour ty ards ' ▁ ▁construction , ▁local ▁folk ▁art ▁and ▁customs , ▁and ▁traditional ▁period ▁furn ish ings ▁and ▁craft s . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁town ship - level ▁divisions ▁of ▁T ian j in ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁ ▁http :// arts . c ultural - ch ina . com / en / 6 5 Ar ts 4 7 9 5 . html ▁ ▁Category : T own s ▁in ▁T ian j in <0x0A> </s> ▁Or ana ▁Australia ▁Ltd ▁is ▁a ▁not - for - profit ▁organisation ▁that ▁provides ▁a ▁diverse ▁range ▁of ▁training ▁and ▁support ▁services ▁to ▁over ▁ 6 5 0 ▁people ▁with ▁dis abilities ▁and ▁their ▁families ▁in ▁South ▁Australia . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁M ent ally ▁Ret arded ▁Children ’ s ▁Society ▁of ▁SA ▁Inc . ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁by ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁parents ▁who ▁wanted ▁education , ▁employment ▁and ▁accommodation ▁opportunities ▁for ▁their ▁children ▁within ▁the ▁local ▁community ▁at ▁a ▁time ▁when ▁institutional ised ▁care ▁in ▁Ad ela ide ▁was ▁their ▁only ▁alternative . ▁ ▁The ▁society ’ s ▁aims ▁were ▁to ▁seek ▁education ▁or ▁training ▁facilities ▁for ▁people ▁with ▁intellectual ▁dis abilities , ▁to ▁establish ▁shel tered ▁workshops , ▁and
▁to ▁establish ▁residential ▁host els . ▁ ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁shel tered ▁workshops ▁were ▁established , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁the ▁name ▁was ▁changed ▁to ▁the ▁Ab original ▁word ▁" Or ana ", ▁which ▁means ▁" W elcome ". ▁ ▁Today , ▁Or ana ▁provides ▁assist ed ▁employment , ▁assist ed ▁accommodation ▁and ▁res pite ▁services ▁to ▁people ▁with ▁intellectual ▁dis abilities . ▁ ▁Or ana ' s ▁current ▁and ▁previous ▁clients ▁include ▁M its ub ishi ▁Mot ors , ▁Cl ips al , ▁R AA , ▁Eld ers ▁Limited , ▁and ▁Billy cart ▁Kids . ▁ ▁Or ana ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁disability ▁service ▁organisations ▁to ▁achieve ▁Quality ▁Acc red itation . ▁ ▁The ▁services ▁and ▁products ▁they ▁offer ▁are : ▁▁ ▁Pack aging ▁ ▁Assembly ▁ ▁S ew ing ▁ ▁Coll ating ▁& ▁M ailing ▁ ▁F urn iture ▁- ▁Ret ail ▁ ▁F urn iture ▁– ▁Manufact ure ▁for ▁Commercial ▁Market ▁ ▁W orm ▁Farm ing ▁ ▁Work ▁C rew s ▁ ▁Pet ▁& ▁Gr ain ▁– ▁Ret ail ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁after ▁ 6 5 ▁years ▁of ▁better ing ▁people ’ s ▁lives , ▁Or ana ▁identified ▁a ▁community ▁need ▁and ▁expanded ▁their ▁operations ▁into ▁the ▁aged ▁care ▁sector . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁un ve iling ▁of ▁the ▁Australian ▁Government ’ s ▁Commonwealth ▁Home ▁Support ▁Program me ▁( CH SP ) ▁and ▁seeing ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁natural ▁step ▁of ▁progress ion , ▁Or ana ▁now ▁provides ▁quality ▁tail ored
▁aged ▁care ▁at ▁home . ▁ ▁The ▁well - res our ced ▁organization ▁del ivers ▁help ▁across ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁areas , ▁helping ▁the ▁elderly ▁remain ▁where ▁they ▁want ▁to ▁be ▁- ▁in ▁the ▁comfort ▁of ▁their ▁own ▁home ▁during ▁their ▁later ▁years . ▁ ▁Or ana ▁continues ▁with ▁its ▁mission ▁to ▁support ▁people ▁remain ▁independent , ▁valued ▁and ▁productive ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁community . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Dis ability ▁organisations ▁based ▁in ▁Australia ▁Category : Organ is ations ▁based ▁in ▁South ▁Australia <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁St . ▁Mary ' s ▁Church ▁is ▁a ▁church ▁owned ▁by ▁the ▁Church ▁of ▁Denmark ▁in ▁S ø nder borg , ▁Denmark ▁and ▁the ▁church ▁of ▁the ▁parish ▁with ▁the ▁same ▁name . ▁Thanks ▁to ▁its ▁location ▁on ▁a ▁hill , ▁the ▁church ▁building ▁is ▁very ▁icon ic ▁for ▁the ▁city . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁Middle ▁A ges ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁le per ▁colony ▁on ▁a ▁hill ▁just ▁outside ▁the ▁city . ▁It ▁was ▁named ▁after ▁Saint ▁George ▁and ▁around ▁ 1 3 0 0 ▁the ▁chap el ▁of ▁this ▁le per ▁colony ▁stood ▁in ▁the ▁place ▁of ▁the ▁present ▁St . ▁Mary ' s ▁Church . ▁After ▁the ▁old ▁parish ▁church ▁of ▁the ▁city , ▁the ▁St . ▁Nicholas ▁Church , ▁was ▁demol ished ▁around ▁ 1 5 3 0 , ▁the ▁Saint - Ge orge ▁chap el ▁became ▁the ▁new ▁main ▁church . ▁Tow ards ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁century , ▁John
▁II , ▁Duke ▁of ▁Sch les wig - Hol stein - S onder burg ▁commissioned ▁the ▁en larg ement ▁of ▁the ▁building ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁make ▁it ▁suitable ▁for ▁the ▁function ▁of ▁the ▁parish ▁church ▁of ▁his ▁city . ▁ ▁The ▁current ▁St . ▁Mary ' s ▁Church ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 5 9 5 ▁a ▁start ▁was ▁made ▁on ▁the ▁partial ▁demol ition ▁of ▁the ▁old ▁church ▁and ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁church . ▁Only ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁old ▁medieval ▁church ▁remained . ▁From ▁the ▁medieval ▁church , ▁a ▁medieval ▁wooden ▁wall ▁cup board ▁dating ▁from ▁about ▁ 1 4 0 0 ▁remained . ▁The ▁so lem n ▁inaug uration ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁parish ▁church ▁took ▁place ▁just ▁before ▁Christmas ▁in ▁ 1 6 0 0 . ▁In ▁ 1 6 4 9 ▁the ▁George ▁Church ▁was ▁renamed ▁as ▁the ▁Mary ▁Church . ▁The ▁name ▁of ▁Saint ▁George ▁stayed ▁in ▁the ▁Dan ish ▁names ▁S ank t ▁J ø rg ens g ade ▁and ▁J ø rg ens b j erg . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁S ø nder borg ▁Municip ality ▁Category : Ch urches ▁in ▁Denmark ▁Category : Ch urch ▁of ▁Denmark ▁churches <0x0A> </s> ▁Kal itta ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Con nie ▁Kal itta ▁( born ▁ 1 9 3 8 ), ▁a ▁retired ▁American ▁drag ▁rac er ▁and ▁CEO ▁of ▁the ▁e pon ym ous ▁K all ita ▁Air . ▁Doug ▁Kal itta ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6
4 ), ▁an ▁American ▁drag ▁rac er , ▁nep hew ▁of ▁Con nie ▁Kal itta ▁and ▁owner ▁of ▁Kal itta ▁Char ters . ▁Scott ▁Kal itta ▁( 1 9 6 2 - 2 0 0 8 ), ▁an ▁American ▁drag ▁rac er ▁and ▁son ▁of ▁Con nie ▁Kal itta . ▁Kal itta ▁Air , ▁a ▁cargo ▁air line ▁flying ▁Bo eing ▁ 7 4 7 ▁aircraft . ▁Kal itta ▁Char ters , ▁a ▁cargo ▁air line ▁flying ▁medium - sized ▁aircraft . <0x0A> </s> ▁Where ▁Is ▁Freedom ? ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁Italian ▁comedy - dr ama ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁Roberto ▁Ross ell ini . ▁▁▁ ▁The ▁film ▁had ▁a ▁trou bled ▁production ▁because , ▁after ▁shooting ▁some ▁scenes , ▁Ross ell ini ▁lost ▁interest ▁in ▁the ▁film ▁and ▁abandoned ▁the ▁set . ▁The ▁work ▁was ▁completed ▁after ▁about ▁a ▁year , ▁mainly ▁from ▁Mario ▁Mon ic elli , ▁with ▁some ▁scenes ▁also ▁shot ▁by ▁Luc io ▁F ul ci ▁and ▁Feder ico ▁F ell ini . ▁Despite ▁that , ▁Ross ell ini ▁is ▁the ▁sole ▁cred ited ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁film . ▁ ▁Plot ▁ ▁Diff icult ies ▁and ▁troubles ▁of ▁an ▁ex - conv ict . ▁Emb itter ed ▁and ▁dis ill usion ed ▁by ▁life , ▁he ▁will ▁soon ▁plan ▁his ▁return ▁to ▁prison . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Tot ò : ▁Salv atore ▁Lo ▁Jac ono ▁ ▁V era ▁Mol nar : ▁Ag nes ina ▁ ▁N ita ▁D over : ▁ ▁mar aton eta ▁di
▁dan za ▁ ▁Franc a ▁F ald ini : ▁Maria ▁ ▁Leop old o ▁Tri este : ▁A br amo ▁P iper no ▁ ▁Antonio ▁Nic ot ra : ▁ma res ci allo ▁ ▁Sal vo ▁Lib ass i : ▁ ▁ma res ci allo ▁# 2 ▁ ▁Gi ac omo ▁R ond in ella : ▁ ▁car cer ato ▁ ▁U go ▁D ' A less io : ▁ ▁gi ud ice ▁Mario ▁Cast ell ani : ▁pubblic o ▁minister o ▁ ▁V inc en zo ▁Tal ar ico : ▁av v oc ato ▁dif ens ore ▁Piet ro ▁Carl oni : ▁ ▁Piet ro ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 4 ▁films ▁Category : It al ian ▁comedy - dr ama ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 5 0 s ▁comedy - dr ama ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁Roberto ▁Ross ell ini ▁Category : Com media ▁all ' ital iana ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁Rome ▁Category : It al ian ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁produced ▁by ▁D ino ▁De ▁La urent i is ▁Category : Fil ms ▁produced ▁by ▁Carlo ▁Pont i <0x0A> </s> ▁Latin ▁lit urg ical ▁r ites , ▁or ▁Western ▁lit urg ical ▁r ites , ▁are ▁Catholic ▁lit urg ical ▁r ites ▁employed ▁by ▁the ▁Latin ▁Church , ▁the ▁largest ▁particular ▁church ▁su i ▁i ur is ▁of ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Church , ▁that ▁origin ated ▁in ▁Europe ▁where ▁the ▁Latin ▁language ▁once ▁dominated . ▁Its
▁language ▁is ▁now ▁known ▁as ▁Ec cles i ast ical ▁Latin . ▁The ▁most ▁used ▁r ite ▁is ▁the ▁Roman ▁R ite . ▁ ▁The ▁Latin ▁r ites ▁were ▁for ▁many ▁centuries ▁no ▁less ▁numerous ▁than ▁the ▁lit urg ical ▁r ites ▁of ▁the ▁Eastern ▁autonom ous ▁particular ▁Ch urches . ▁Their ▁number ▁is ▁now ▁much ▁reduced . ▁In ▁the ▁after math ▁of ▁the ▁Council ▁of ▁T rent , ▁in ▁ 1 5 6 8 ▁and ▁ 1 5 7 0 ▁Pope ▁P ius ▁V ▁supp ressed ▁the ▁Bre vi aries ▁and ▁Miss als ▁that ▁could ▁not ▁be ▁shown ▁to ▁have ▁an ▁ant iqu ity ▁of ▁at ▁least ▁two ▁centuries ▁( see ▁Tr ident ine ▁Mass ▁and ▁Roman ▁Miss al ). ▁Many ▁local ▁r ites ▁that ▁remained ▁legitimate ▁even ▁after ▁this ▁dec ree ▁were ▁abandoned ▁volunt arily , ▁especially ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century . ▁In ▁the ▁second ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century , ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁religious ▁orders ▁that ▁had ▁a ▁distinct ▁lit urg ical ▁r ite ▁chose ▁to ▁adopt ▁in ▁its ▁place ▁the ▁Roman ▁R ite ▁as ▁rev ised ▁in ▁accordance ▁with ▁the ▁decre es ▁of ▁the ▁Second ▁V atic an ▁Council ▁( see ▁Mass ▁of ▁Paul ▁VI ). ▁A ▁few ▁such ▁lit urg ical ▁r ites ▁pers ist ▁today ▁for ▁the ▁celebration ▁of ▁Mass , ▁since ▁ 1 9 6 5 – 1 9 7 0 ▁in ▁rev ised ▁forms , ▁but ▁the ▁distinct ▁lit urg ical ▁r ites ▁for ▁celebr ating ▁the ▁other ▁sac
ram ents ▁have ▁been ▁almost ▁completely ▁abandoned . ▁ ▁Lit urg ical ▁r ites ▁currently ▁in ▁use ▁within ▁the ▁Latin ▁Church ▁ ▁Roman ▁R ite ▁ ▁The ▁Roman ▁R ite ▁is ▁by ▁far ▁the ▁most ▁widely ▁used . ▁Like ▁other ▁lit urg ical ▁r ites , ▁it ▁developed ▁over ▁time , ▁with ▁newer ▁forms ▁replacing ▁the ▁older . ▁It ▁under w ent ▁many ▁changes ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁mill enn ium ▁and ▁a ▁half ▁of ▁its ▁existence ▁( see ▁Pre - Tr ident ine ▁Mass ). ▁The ▁forms ▁that ▁Pope ▁P ius ▁V , ▁as ▁requested ▁by ▁the ▁Council ▁of ▁T rent , ▁established ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 5 6 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 5 7 0 s ▁under w ent ▁repeated ▁minor ▁variations ▁in ▁the ▁centuries ▁immediately ▁following . ▁Each ▁new ▁typical ▁edition ▁( the ▁edition ▁to ▁which ▁other ▁print ings ▁are ▁to ▁conform ) ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ▁Miss al ▁( see ▁Tr ident ine ▁Mass ) ▁and ▁of ▁the ▁other ▁lit urg ical ▁books ▁supers ed ed ▁the ▁previous ▁one . ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁saw ▁more ▁profound ▁changes . ▁Pope ▁P ius ▁X ▁rad ically ▁re arr anged ▁the ▁P sal ter ▁of ▁the ▁Bre vi ary ▁and ▁altered ▁the ▁rub rics ▁of ▁the ▁Mass . ▁Later ▁pop es ▁continued ▁to ▁make ▁such ▁changes , ▁beginning ▁with ▁Pope ▁P ius ▁XII , ▁who ▁significantly ▁rev ised ▁the ▁Holy ▁Week ▁ceremon ies ▁and ▁certain ▁other ▁aspects ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ▁Miss al ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 5 .
▁ ▁Ord inary ▁Form ▁ ▁The ▁Second ▁V atic an ▁Council ▁( 1 9 6 2 – 1 9 6 5 ) ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁general ▁revision ▁of ▁the ▁r ites ▁of ▁all ▁the ▁Roman ▁R ite ▁sac ram ents , ▁including ▁the ▁E uchar ist . ▁As ▁before , ▁each ▁new ▁typical ▁edition ▁of ▁an ▁official ▁lit urg ical ▁book ▁supers edes ▁the ▁previous ▁one . ▁Thus , ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁Roman ▁Miss al , ▁which ▁supers ed ed ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁edition , ▁was ▁supers ed ed ▁by ▁the ▁edition ▁of ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁The ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁edition ▁in ▁turn ▁supers edes ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁edition ▁both ▁in ▁Latin ▁and , ▁as ▁official ▁transl ations ▁into ▁each ▁language ▁appear , ▁also ▁in ▁the ▁ver n acular ▁languages . ▁Under ▁the ▁terms ▁of ▁Sum mor um ▁Pont ific um ▁by ▁Pope ▁Bened ict ▁XVI , ▁the ▁Mass ▁of ▁Paul ▁VI ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Ord inary ▁Form ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ▁R ite . ▁ ▁Extra ord inary ▁Form ▁ ▁The ▁Tr ident ine ▁Mass , ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁Roman ▁Miss al , ▁is ▁still ▁authorized ▁for ▁use ▁as ▁an ▁extraordinary ▁form ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ▁R ite ▁under ▁the ▁conditions ▁indicated ▁in ▁the ▁document ▁Sum mor um ▁Pont ific um . ▁ ▁Ord in ari ate ▁Use ▁ ▁The ▁Ord in ari ate ▁Use ▁is ▁a ▁form ▁or ▁variation ▁of ▁the ▁Roman
▁R ite , ▁rather ▁than ▁a ▁unique ▁r ite ▁itself . ▁During ▁the ▁Lit ur gy ▁of ▁the ▁E uchar ist , ▁especially ▁the ▁E uchar istic ▁Pray er , ▁it ▁is ▁closest ▁to ▁other ▁forms ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ▁R ite , ▁while ▁it ▁diff ers ▁more ▁during ▁the ▁Lit ur gy ▁of ▁the ▁Word ▁and ▁the ▁Pen it ential ▁R ite . ▁The ▁language ▁used , ▁which ▁diff ers ▁from ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁I CE L ▁translation ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ▁R ite ▁of ▁Mass , ▁is ▁based ▁upon ▁the ▁Book ▁of ▁Common ▁Pray er , ▁originally ▁written ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁century . ▁Prior ▁to ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁the ▁personal ▁ordin ari ates , ▁par ishes ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁were ▁called ▁" Ang lic an ▁Use " ▁and ▁used ▁the ▁Book ▁of ▁Div ine ▁W orship , ▁an ▁adaptation ▁of ▁the ▁Book ▁of ▁Common ▁Pray er . ▁The ▁Book ▁of ▁Div ine ▁W orship ▁has ▁been ▁replaced ▁with ▁the ▁similar ▁Div ine ▁W orship : ▁The ▁Miss al ▁for ▁use ▁in ▁the ▁ordin ari ates ▁worldwide . ▁Ang lic an ▁lit urg ical ▁rit uals , ▁whether ▁those ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁ordin ari ates ▁of ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁or ▁in ▁the ▁various ▁prayer ▁books ▁and ▁miss als ▁of ▁the ▁Ang lic an ▁Commun ion ▁and ▁other ▁denom inations ▁trace ▁their ▁origin ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁Sar um ▁Use , ▁which ▁was ▁a ▁variation ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ▁R ite ▁used ▁in ▁England ▁before ▁introduction ▁during ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁Edward ▁VI ▁of
▁the ▁ 1 5 4 9 ▁Book ▁of ▁Common ▁Pray er , ▁following ▁the ▁break ▁from ▁the ▁Roman ▁church ▁under ▁the ▁previous ▁mon arch ▁Henry ▁VIII . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁under ▁a ▁Past oral ▁Prov ision ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁personal ▁par ishes ▁were ▁established ▁that ▁introduced ▁adapted ▁Ang lic an ▁traditions ▁to ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁from ▁members ' ▁former ▁Ep isc op al ▁par ishes . ▁That ▁provision ▁also ▁permitted , ▁as ▁an ▁exception ▁and ▁on ▁a ▁case ▁by ▁case ▁basis , ▁the ▁ord ination ▁of ▁married ▁former ▁Ep isc op al ▁minister s ▁as ▁Catholic ▁priests . ▁As ▁personal ▁par ishes , ▁these ▁par ishes ▁were ▁formerly ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁local ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁di oc ese , ▁but ▁accepted ▁as ▁members ▁any ▁former ▁Ang lic an ▁who ▁wished ▁to ▁make ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁provision . ▁ ▁On ▁ 9 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Pope ▁Bened ict ▁XVI ▁established ▁a ▁worldwide ▁provision ▁for ▁Ang lic ans ▁who ▁joined ▁the ▁church . ▁This ▁process ▁set ▁up ▁personal ▁ordin ari ates ▁for ▁former ▁Ang lic ans ▁and ▁other ▁persons ▁entering ▁the ▁full ▁commun ion ▁of ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Church . ▁These ▁ordin ari ates ▁would ▁be ▁similar ▁to ▁di oc es es , ▁but ▁en compass ing ▁entire ▁regions ▁or ▁nations . ▁Paris hes ▁belonging ▁to ▁an ▁ordin ari ate ▁would ▁not ▁be ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁local ▁di oc ese . ▁These ▁ordin ari ates ▁are ▁charged ▁with ▁maintaining ▁the ▁Ang lic an ▁lit urg ical
, ▁spiritual ▁and ▁past oral ▁traditions , ▁and ▁they ▁have ▁full ▁fac ult ies ▁to ▁celebrate ▁the ▁E uchar ist ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁sac ram ents , ▁the ▁Lit ur gy ▁of ▁the ▁H ours ▁and ▁other ▁lit urg ical ▁functions ▁in ▁accordance ▁with ▁the ▁lit urg ical ▁books ▁proper ▁to ▁Ang lic an ▁tradition , ▁in ▁re vis ions ▁approved ▁by ▁the ▁Holy ▁See . ▁This ▁faculty ▁does ▁not ▁exclude ▁lit urg ical ▁celebr ations ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁Roman ▁R ite . ▁ ▁The ▁Personal ▁Ord in ari ate ▁of ▁Our ▁Lady ▁of ▁W als ingham ▁was ▁set ▁up ▁for ▁England ▁and ▁Wales ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁and ▁the ▁Personal ▁Ord in ari ate ▁of ▁the ▁Chair ▁of ▁Saint ▁Peter ▁for ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁Canada ▁on ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁and ▁the ▁Personal ▁Ord in ari ate ▁of ▁Our ▁Lady ▁of ▁the ▁Southern ▁Cross ▁for ▁Australia ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁it ▁was ▁decre ed ▁that ▁all ▁par ishes ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁established ▁under ▁the ▁Past oral ▁Prov ision ▁be ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁Ord in ari ate . ▁Bishop ▁Steven ▁L opes ▁of ▁the ▁Personal ▁Ord in ari ate ▁of ▁the ▁Chair ▁of ▁Saint ▁Peter ▁has ▁requested ▁that ▁terms ▁such ▁as ▁" Ang lic an ▁Use " ▁and ▁" Ang lic an ▁Ord in ari ate " ▁be ▁avoided , ▁saying ▁" Our ▁cler gy
▁and ▁faithful ▁do ▁not ▁like ▁being ▁called ▁Ang lic an , ▁both ▁because ▁this ▁is ▁ins ensitive ▁to ▁actual ▁Ang lic ans , ▁and ▁because ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁subtle ▁way ▁of ▁suggesting ▁that ▁their ▁entrance ▁into ▁full ▁commun ion ▁is ▁less ▁that ▁total . ▁We ▁are ▁Catholic ▁in ▁every ▁sense ." ▁ ▁Al gon qu ian ▁and ▁I ro qu o ian ▁Us es ▁ ▁Also ▁called ▁" Ind ian ▁Mass es ", ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁variations ▁on ▁the ▁Roman ▁R ite ▁developed ▁in ▁the ▁Indian ▁missions ▁of ▁Canada ▁and ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁These ▁origin ated ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century , ▁and ▁some ▁remained ▁in ▁use ▁until ▁the ▁Second ▁V atic an ▁Council . ▁The ▁priest ' s ▁parts ▁remained ▁in ▁Latin , ▁while ▁the ▁ordin aries ▁sung ▁by ▁the ▁cho ir ▁were ▁translated ▁into ▁the ▁ver n acular ▁( e . g ., ▁Moh awk , ▁Al gon quin , ▁Mic mac , ▁and ▁Hur on ). ▁They ▁also ▁generally ▁featured ▁a ▁reduced ▁cycle ▁of ▁native - language ▁prop ers ▁and ▁h ym ns . ▁At ▁present ▁they ▁are ▁rarely ▁used . ▁ ▁Z aire ▁Use ▁ ▁The ▁Z aire ▁Use ▁is ▁an ▁inc ultur ated ▁variation ▁of ▁the ▁Ord inary ▁Form ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ▁R ite ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁Church . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁used ▁to ▁a ▁very ▁limited ▁extent ▁in ▁some ▁African ▁countries ▁since ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 0 s . ▁ ▁Western ▁R ites ▁of ▁" G all ican " ▁type ▁
▁Amb ros ian ▁R ite ▁ ▁The ▁Amb ros ian ▁R ite ▁is ▁celebrated ▁in ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁Arch di oc ese ▁of ▁Milan , ▁Italy , ▁and ▁in ▁parts ▁of ▁some ▁neighbour ing ▁di oc es es ▁in ▁Italy ▁and ▁Switzerland . ▁The ▁language ▁used ▁is ▁now ▁usually ▁Italian , ▁rather ▁than ▁Latin . ▁With ▁some ▁variant ▁texts ▁and ▁minor ▁difference ▁in ▁the ▁order ▁of ▁read ings , ▁it ▁is ▁similar ▁in ▁form ▁to ▁the ▁Roman ▁R ite . ▁Its ▁classification ▁as ▁Gall ican - related ▁is ▁disput ed . ▁ ▁R ite ▁of ▁Br aga ▁ ▁The ▁R ite ▁of ▁Br aga ▁is ▁used , ▁but ▁since ▁ 1 8 ▁November ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁only ▁on ▁an ▁optional ▁basis , ▁in ▁the ▁Arch di oc ese ▁of ▁Br aga ▁in ▁northern ▁Portugal . ▁ ▁Moz ar ab ic ▁R ite ▁ ▁The ▁Moz ar ab ic ▁R ite , ▁which ▁was ▁preval ent ▁throughout ▁Spain ▁in ▁Vis ig oth ic ▁times , ▁is ▁now ▁celebrated ▁only ▁in ▁limited ▁locations , ▁princip ally ▁the ▁cat hedral ▁of ▁Tol edo . ▁ ▁Car th us ian ▁R ite ▁The ▁Car th us ian ▁r ite ▁is ▁in ▁use ▁in ▁a ▁version ▁rev ised ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 . ▁Apart ▁from ▁the ▁new ▁elements ▁in ▁this ▁revision , ▁it ▁is ▁substant ially ▁the ▁r ite ▁of ▁Gren ob le ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁century , ▁with ▁some ▁ad mi xture ▁from ▁other ▁sources . ▁Among ▁other ▁differences ▁from
▁the ▁Roman ▁Order ▁of ▁Mass , ▁the ▁de acon ▁pre pa res ▁the ▁gifts ▁while ▁the ▁Ep ist le ▁is ▁being ▁sung , ▁the ▁celebr ating ▁priest ▁was hes ▁his ▁hands ▁twice ▁at ▁the ▁offer t ory ▁and ▁says ▁the ▁e uchar istic ▁prayer ▁with ▁arms ▁extended ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁a ▁cross ▁except ▁when ▁using ▁his ▁hands ▁for ▁some ▁specific ▁action , ▁and ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁blessing ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁Mass . ▁ ▁This ▁is ▁now ▁the ▁only ▁ext ant ▁Mass ▁r ite ▁of ▁a ▁Catholic ▁religious ▁order ; ▁but ▁by ▁virtue ▁of ▁the ▁Ec cles ia ▁De i ▁ind ult ▁some ▁individuals ▁or ▁small ▁groups ▁are ▁authorized ▁to ▁use ▁some ▁now ▁def unct ▁r ites . ▁ ▁Western ▁R ite ▁of ▁su i ▁gener is ▁type ▁ ▁Bened ict ine ▁R ite ▁ ▁The ▁Order ▁of ▁Saint ▁Bened ict ▁has ▁never ▁had ▁a ▁r ite ▁of ▁the ▁Mass ▁peculiar ▁to ▁it , ▁but ▁it ▁keeps ▁its ▁very ▁ancient ▁Bened ict ine ▁R ite ▁of ▁the ▁Lit ur gy ▁of ▁the ▁H ours . ▁ ▁Def unct ▁Catholic ▁Western ▁lit urg ical ▁r ites ▁ ▁African ▁R ite ▁ ▁In ▁Africa ▁Pro cons ul are , ▁located ▁in ▁present - day ▁Tun is ia ▁( of ▁which ▁Car th age ▁was ▁the ▁capital ), ▁the ▁African ▁R ite ▁was ▁used ▁before ▁the ▁ 7 th - century ▁Arab ▁con quest . ▁It ▁was ▁very ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁Roman ▁R ite ; ▁so ▁much ▁so ▁that ▁Western ▁lit urg ical ▁traditions ▁have
▁been ▁classified ▁as ▁belonging ▁to ▁two ▁streams , ▁the ▁North ▁African - R ome ▁tradition , ▁and ▁the ▁Gall ican ▁( in ▁the ▁broad ▁sense ) ▁tradition ▁en compass ing ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁Western ▁Roman ▁Empire , ▁including ▁northern ▁Italy . ▁ ▁Celt ic ▁R ite ▁▁ ▁The ▁ancient ▁Celt ic ▁R ite ▁was ▁a ▁composite ▁of ▁non - R oman ▁ritual ▁structures ▁( poss ibly ▁Ant io ch ian ) ▁and ▁texts ▁not ▁ex empt ▁from ▁Roman ▁influence , ▁that ▁was ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁Moz ar ab ic ▁R ite ▁in ▁many ▁respect s ▁and ▁would ▁have ▁been ▁used ▁at ▁least ▁in ▁parts ▁of ▁Ireland , ▁Scotland , ▁the ▁northern ▁part ▁of ▁England ▁and ▁perhaps ▁even ▁Wales , ▁Corn wall ▁and ▁Som erset , ▁before ▁being ▁author it atively ▁replaced ▁by ▁the ▁Roman ▁R ite ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁Middle ▁A ges . ▁" C elt ic " ▁is ▁possibly ▁a ▁mis nom er ▁and ▁it ▁may ▁owe ▁its ▁origins ▁to ▁August ine ' s ▁re - ev angel isation ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Is les ▁in ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁century . ▁Little ▁is ▁known ▁of ▁it , ▁though ▁several ▁texts ▁and ▁lit urg ies ▁survive . ▁▁ ▁Some ▁Christians – typ ically ▁groups ▁not ▁in ▁commun ion ▁with ▁the ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁Church , ▁especially ▁some ▁Western ▁Orth odox ▁Christian ▁communities ▁in ▁commun ion ▁with ▁Eastern ▁Orth odox ▁Ch urches , ▁e . g . ▁Celt ic ▁Orth odox y – have ▁attempted ▁to ▁breathe ▁life ▁into ▁a ▁reconstruction ▁of ▁the ▁Celt
ic ▁R ite ▁the ▁historical ▁accuracy ▁of ▁which ▁is ▁deb ated . ▁Historical ▁evidence ▁of ▁this ▁r ite ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁rem n ants ▁of ▁the ▁St owe ▁( L orr ha ) ▁Miss al . ▁ ▁Gall ican ▁R ite ▁ ▁The ▁Gall ican ▁R ite ▁is ▁a ▁ret ros pective ▁term ▁applied ▁to ▁the ▁sum ▁of ▁the ▁local ▁vari ants , ▁on ▁similar ▁lines ▁to ▁that ▁designated ▁elsewhere ▁as ▁the ▁Celt ic ▁R ite ▁( ab ove ) ▁and ▁the ▁Moz ar ab ic ▁R ite , ▁which ▁faded ▁from ▁use ▁in ▁France ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁mill enn ium . ▁It ▁should ▁not ▁be ▁confused ▁with ▁the ▁so - called ▁Ne o - G all ican ▁lit urg ical ▁books ▁published ▁in ▁various ▁French ▁di oc es es ▁after ▁the ▁Council ▁of ▁T rent , ▁which ▁had ▁little ▁or ▁nothing ▁to ▁do ▁with ▁it . ▁ ▁Regional ▁Latin ▁r ites ▁or ▁uses ▁Several ▁local ▁r ites ▁( more ▁properly ▁uses ▁or ▁vari ants ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ▁R ite ▁( most ▁with ▁Gall ican ▁elements ▁some ▁with ▁By z antine ▁lit urg ical ▁and ▁tradition ▁elements ) ▁of ▁limited ▁scope ▁existed , ▁but ▁are ▁now ▁def unct . ▁The ▁Sar um ▁R ite ▁( more ▁properly ▁Sar um ▁Use ), ▁a ▁def unct ▁variant ▁on ▁the ▁Roman ▁r ite ▁origin ating ▁in ▁the ▁Di oc ese ▁of ▁Sal is bury , ▁which ▁had ▁come ▁to ▁be ▁widely ▁pract ised ▁in ▁England ▁and ▁Scotland ▁around ▁the ▁ 1 5
3 0 s , ▁while ▁the ▁Protest ant ▁Re formation ▁swept ▁across ▁contin ental ▁Europe ; ▁pract ised ▁alongside ▁limited ▁other ▁vari ants ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Use ▁of ▁York , ▁Lincoln ▁Use , ▁Bang or ▁Use , ▁and ▁Here ford ▁Use . ▁It ▁has ▁a ▁legacy ▁in ▁its ▁influence ▁on ▁later ▁Ang lic an ▁lit ur gy . ▁The ▁C olog ne ▁Use , ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁di oc ese ▁of ▁C olog ne ▁() ▁prior ▁to ▁ 1 5 7 0 . ▁The ▁Met z ▁Use , ▁created ▁by ▁Arn ulf ▁of ▁Met z ▁and ▁Am al arius ▁of ▁Met z ▁in ▁the ▁nin th ▁century – used ▁in ▁Als ace - L orr aine , ▁the ▁Netherlands , ▁and ▁F lem ish ▁and ▁Wall on ian ▁lands ▁until ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁twentieth ▁century . ▁The ▁Ly ones e ▁R ite ▁of ▁the ▁Di oc ese ▁of ▁Ly on , ▁France , ▁which ▁some ▁consider ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁( r ather ▁than ▁Milan ) ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁diffusion ▁of ▁the ▁Gall ican ▁lit ur gy ; ▁it ▁is ▁maintained ▁in ▁a ▁few ▁par ishes ▁in ▁Ly on . ▁The ▁N id ar os ▁Use , ▁long ▁def unct , ▁based ▁mainly ▁on ▁imported ▁English ▁lit urg ical ▁books , ▁used ▁in ▁pre - Re formation ▁Norway . ▁The ▁U pp s ala ▁Use , ▁supp ressed ▁during ▁the ▁Re formation , ▁formerly ▁the ▁dominant ▁variant ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ▁R ite ▁used ▁in ▁northern ▁Sweden . ▁The ▁ ▁Aqu ile ian ▁R
ite , ▁a ▁def unct ▁r ite ▁origin ating ▁in ▁the ▁former ▁patri arch ate ▁of ▁Aqu ile ia ▁in ▁northern ▁Italy . ▁The ▁Ben event o ▁R ite , ▁a ▁def unct ▁Latin ▁r ite ▁origin ated ▁in ▁this ▁city ▁in ▁Italy . ▁The ▁Dur ham ▁R ite ▁( def unct : ▁Dur ham , ▁England ) ▁The ▁E sz ter gom ▁Use ▁( def unct : ▁Arch di oc ese ▁of ▁E sz ter gom , ▁used ▁between ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁and ▁ 1 7 th ▁centuries ▁primarily ▁in ▁the ▁Arch di oc ese ▁of ▁E sz ter gom , ▁and ▁in ▁its ▁suff r agan ▁di oc es es . ▁Similar ▁r ites ▁were ▁also ▁in ▁Slov ak ia ▁and ▁in ▁southern , ▁central , ▁and ▁western ▁Poland . ▁These ▁us ages ▁of ▁Roman ▁lit ur gy ▁was ▁the ▁closest ▁to ▁Roman ▁( t oday ▁V atic an ) ▁r ites ▁with ▁some ▁small ▁By z antine - Sl av ic ▁elements . ▁ ▁R ites ▁of ▁religious ▁orders ▁ ▁Some ▁religious ▁orders ▁celebrated ▁Mass ▁according ▁to ▁r ites ▁of ▁their ▁own , ▁dating ▁from ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 0 0 ▁years ▁before ▁the ▁pap al ▁bull ▁Qu o ▁prim um . ▁These ▁r ites ▁were ▁based ▁on ▁local ▁us ages ▁and ▁combined ▁elements ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ▁and ▁Gall ican ▁R ites . ▁Following ▁the ▁Second ▁V atic an ▁Council , ▁they ▁have ▁mostly ▁been ▁abandoned , ▁except ▁for ▁the ▁Car th us ian ▁R ite ▁( see
▁above ). ▁Relig ious ▁orders ▁of ▁more ▁recent ▁origin ▁have ▁never ▁had ▁special ▁r ites . ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁previously ▁existing ▁r ites ▁of ▁Mass , ▁distinct ▁from ▁the ▁Roman ▁R ite , ▁continue ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁on ▁a ▁limited ▁basis ▁by ▁the ▁permission ▁of ▁ec cles i ast ical ▁super iors : ▁Carm el ite ▁R ite ▁C ister c ian ▁R ite ▁Domin ican ▁R ite ▁Prem on str at ens ian ▁or ▁Nor bert ine ▁R ite ▁ ▁The ▁Catholic ▁En cycl op edia ▁applied ▁the ▁word ▁" rite " ▁also ▁to ▁the ▁practices ▁followed ▁( to ▁some ▁extent ▁even ▁now , ▁a ▁century ▁later ) ▁by ▁certain ▁Catholic ▁religious ▁orders , ▁while ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁stating ▁that ▁they ▁in ▁fact ▁followed ▁the ▁Roman ▁R ite : ▁Francis can ▁R ite ▁F ri ars ▁Minor ▁Cap uch in ▁R ite ▁Serv ite ▁R ite ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Alexand rian ▁R ite ▁Anti oche ne ▁R ite ▁Armen ian ▁R ite ▁ ▁By z antine ▁R ite ▁Catholic ▁particular ▁churches ▁and ▁lit urg ical ▁r ites ▁East ▁Sy ri ac ▁R ite ▁West ▁Sy ri ac ▁R ite ▁General ▁Roman ▁Cal endar ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Dom ▁Fern and ▁Cab rol ' s ▁The ▁Mass ▁of ▁the ▁Western ▁R ites ▁Non - R oman ▁Latin ▁or ▁Western ▁R ites ▁An ▁African ▁Inter pret ation ▁of ▁Lit urg ical ▁Inc ult uration : ▁The ▁R ite ▁Z airo is ▁▁▁ ▁Category : W estern ▁Christianity <0x0A> </s> ▁Fern
ald ia ▁pand ur ata ▁( common ▁name : ▁l or oco ▁) ▁is ▁a ▁vine ▁with ▁ed ible ▁flowers , ▁widespread ▁in ▁Mexico ▁and ▁Central ▁America . ▁ ▁Fern ald ia ▁pand ur ata ▁is ▁an ▁important ▁source ▁of ▁food ▁in ▁El ▁Salvador ▁and ▁Gu atem ala . ▁The ▁plant ' s ▁bud s ▁and ▁flowers ▁are ▁used ▁for ▁cooking ▁in ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁ways , ▁including ▁in ▁pup us as . ▁ ▁The ▁name ▁" lor oco " ▁is ▁used ▁throughout ▁Mes o amer ica ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁Fern ald ia ▁pand ur ata . ▁ ▁Fern ald ia ▁pand ur ata ▁is ▁an ▁her b ace ous ▁vine ▁with ▁ob long - elli pt ical ▁to ▁broad ly ▁ov ate ▁leaves ▁. ▁long , ▁ 1 . 5 – 8 cm ▁broad , ▁inf lo resc ences ▁are ▁generally ▁somewhat ▁shorter ▁than ▁the ▁leaves , ▁with ▁ 8 – 1 8 ▁flowers , ▁the ▁ped ic els ▁ 4 – 6 mm . ▁long ; ▁b ract s ▁ov ate , ▁ ▁long ; ▁cal y x ▁lob es ▁ov ate , ▁ac ute ▁or ▁obt use , ▁ 2 – 3 mm . ▁long ; ▁cor oll a ▁white ▁within , ▁green ish ▁outside . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁▁ ▁Le ón , ▁J ., ▁H . ▁Gold bach ▁& ▁J . ▁Eng els , ▁ 1 9 7 9 : ▁Die ▁gen et ischen ▁R ess our cen ▁der ▁Kultur p fl an zen ▁Zent ral
amer ik as ., ▁Int . ▁Gen bank ▁C AT IE / GT Z ▁in ▁Tur rial ba , ▁Costa ▁R ica , ▁San ▁Juan ▁de ▁Tib ás , ▁Costa ▁R ica , ▁ 3 2 ▁pp . ▁ ▁Mort on , ▁J . ▁F ., ▁E . ▁Al vare z ▁& ▁C . ▁Q ui ñ one z , ▁ 1 9 9 0 : ▁Lor oco , ▁Fern ald ia ▁pand ur ata '' ▁( Ap oc yn aceae ): ▁a ▁popular ▁ed ible ▁flower ▁of ▁Central ▁America . ▁Economic ▁Bot any ▁ 4 4 , ▁ 3 0 1 – 3 1 0 . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Lor oco ▁in ▁World ▁Cro ps ▁( English ) ▁ ▁Category : E ch ite ae ▁Category : Ed ible ▁plants ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁Central ▁America ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁Mexico ▁Category : Sal v ador an ▁cu isine ▁Category : Gu atem al an ▁cu isine ▁Category : Pl ants ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 4 <0x0A> </s> ▁Che ster ▁Earl ▁Mer row ▁( N ovember ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 9 0 6 ▁– ▁February ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 9 7 4 ) ▁was ▁a ▁U . S . ▁Represent ative ▁from ▁New ▁Hampshire . ▁ ▁Born ▁in ▁Center ▁O ss ipe e , ▁New ▁Hampshire , ▁Mer row ▁attended ▁the ▁public ▁schools ▁and ▁Brew ster ▁Free ▁Academy ▁in ▁Wolf eb oro ▁from ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁to ▁ 1 9
2 5 . ▁He ▁was ▁graduated ▁from ▁Col by ▁College , ▁Wat erv ille , ▁Maine , ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁and ▁from ▁Te achers ▁College ▁( sum mers ) ▁( Col umb ia ▁University ), ▁New ▁York ▁City , ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 7 . ▁ ▁Mer row ▁was ▁an ▁instructor ▁of ▁science ▁at ▁K ents ▁Hill ▁School ▁in ▁Maine ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁and ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁and ▁at ▁Mont pel ier ▁Sem inary ▁from ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 3 7 . ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁assistant ▁head master ▁of ▁Mont pel ier ▁Sem inary ▁from ▁ 1 9 3 5 ▁to ▁ 1 9 3 8 . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁an ▁instructor ▁of ▁political ▁science ▁and ▁history ▁at ▁Verm ont ▁Junior ▁College ▁in ▁Mont pel ier ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 7 ▁and ▁ 1 9 3 8 . ▁ ▁Mer row ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁Hampshire ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁and ▁ 1 9 4 0 . ▁ ▁He ▁became ▁a ▁radio ▁news ▁comment ator ▁and ▁lect urer , ▁and ▁served ▁as ▁delegate ▁to ▁an ▁international ▁conference ▁on ▁education ▁and ▁cultural ▁relations ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Nations , ▁held ▁in ▁London ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁congress ional ▁adv iser ▁to ▁the ▁first ▁conference ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Nations ▁Educ ational , ▁Scient ific , ▁and ▁Cultural ▁Organization ▁( UN ES CO ) ▁held ▁in ▁Paris
▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 . ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁deleg ation ▁to ▁UN ES CO ▁ 1 9 4 6 - 1 9 4 9 . ▁ ▁Mer row ▁was ▁elected ▁as ▁a ▁Republican ▁to ▁the ▁S event y - e ighth ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁nine ▁succeed ing ▁Congress es ▁( Jan uary ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁– ▁January ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 9 6 3 ). ▁Mer row ▁voted ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁the ▁Civil ▁Rights ▁Act s ▁of ▁ 1 9 5 7 ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 0 . ▁He ▁was ▁not ▁a ▁candidate ▁for ▁re election ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁to ▁the ▁Eight y - e ighth ▁Congress , ▁but ▁was ▁un successful ▁for ▁nom ination ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Senate . ▁ ▁Sub sequently , ▁he ▁was ▁Special ▁Advis er ▁on ▁Community ▁Rel ations , ▁Department ▁of ▁State , ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 8 . ▁He ▁was ▁an ▁un successful ▁candidate ▁for ▁election ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁to ▁the ▁Nin ety - second ▁Congress ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁to ▁the ▁Nin ety - third ▁Congress . ▁He ▁res ided ▁in ▁Center ▁O ss ipe e ▁until ▁his ▁death ▁there , ▁February ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 9 7 4 . ▁He ▁was ▁inter red ▁in ▁Ch ick ville ▁C emetery . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 6 ▁birth
s ▁Category : 1 9 7 4 ▁deaths ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives ▁from ▁New ▁Hampshire ▁Category : Col by ▁College ▁al umn i ▁Category : T each ers ▁College , ▁Columbia ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : New ▁Hampshire ▁Republicans ▁Category : Rep ublic an ▁Party ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁Hampshire ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁politicians ▁Category : People ▁from ▁O ss ipe e , ▁New ▁Hampshire <0x0A> </s> ▁H IS ▁(" H ight ech ▁Information ▁System ▁Limited "; ▁established ▁ 1 9 8 7 ), ▁is ▁a ▁Hong ▁Kong - based ▁graphics ▁card ▁manufacturer ▁that ▁produces ▁AMD ▁( former ly ▁known ▁as ▁A TI ) ▁R ade on ▁graphics ▁cards . ▁Its ▁headquarters ▁are ▁in ▁Hong ▁Kong , ▁with ▁additional ▁sales ▁offices ▁and ▁distribution ▁networks ▁in ▁Europe , ▁the ▁Middle ▁East , ▁North ▁America ▁and ▁Asia ▁Pacific ▁Reg ions . ▁The ▁current ▁distribut or ▁in ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁is ▁Jun Max ▁Technology . ▁ ▁Products ▁ ▁H IS ▁manufact ures ▁and ▁sell s ▁AMD ▁R ade on ▁series ▁video ▁cards . ▁They ▁are ▁known ▁for ▁their ▁Ice Q ▁cooling ▁technology ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁producing ▁the ▁latest ▁and ▁fastest ▁PCI ▁cards ▁like ▁AMD ▁R ade on ▁R X ▁ 5 9 0 , ▁R X ▁ 5 7 0 0 ▁and ▁R X ▁ 5 7 0 0 ▁X T . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 9
, ▁H IS ▁launched ▁new ▁versions ▁of ▁the ▁R X ▁ 5 7 0 0 ▁X T ▁in ▁pink ▁and ▁blue . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁H IS ▁Ltd . ▁ ▁Category : Comput er ▁companies ▁of ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁Category : Graphics ▁hardware ▁companies ▁Category : Comput er ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁Category : E lect ron ics ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁Category : H ong ▁Kong ▁brands <0x0A> </s> ▁__ NOT OC __ ▁AD ▁ 4 7 ▁( X L V II ) ▁was ▁a ▁common ▁year ▁starting ▁on ▁Sunday ▁( link ▁will ▁display ▁the ▁full ▁calendar ) ▁of ▁the ▁Julian ▁calendar . ▁" At ▁the ▁time , ▁it ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Year ▁of ▁the ▁Cons ul ship ▁of ▁Claud ius ▁and ▁Vit ell ius ▁( or , ▁less ▁frequently , ▁year ▁ 8 0 0 ▁Ab ▁ur be ▁cond ita ). ▁The ▁denom ination ▁AD ▁ 4 7 ▁for ▁this ▁year ▁has ▁been ▁used ▁since ▁the ▁early ▁medieval ▁period , ▁when ▁the ▁An no ▁Dom ini ▁calendar ▁era ▁became ▁the ▁preval ent ▁method ▁in ▁Europe ▁for ▁n aming ▁years . ▁ ▁Events ▁ ▁By ▁place ▁ ▁Roman ▁Empire ▁▁ ▁Claud ius ▁rev ives ▁the ▁cens orship ▁and ▁l udi ▁sa ec ula res , ▁and ▁organ ises ▁the ▁order ▁of ▁the ▁Har us p ices , ▁with ▁ 6 0 ▁members . ▁ ▁G na e us ▁Dom it ius ▁Cor bul o ▁is ▁made ▁commander ▁of ▁the
▁Roman ▁army ▁in ▁Germ ania ▁In fer ior . ▁He ▁conqu ers ▁the ▁Ch au ci ▁and ▁fights ▁against ▁the ▁Cher us ci ▁and ▁Fr is ians . ▁ ▁C au ci ▁pir ates ▁led ▁by ▁the ▁Roman ▁des er ter ▁G ann asc us ▁rav age ▁the ▁Gall ic ▁coast ; ▁Cor bul o ▁uses ▁the ▁Rh ine ▁fleet ▁against ▁them . ▁The ▁Fr is ian ▁revol t ▁is ▁supp ressed . ▁ ▁Pub li us ▁Ost or ius ▁Sc ap ula ▁repl aces ▁A ulus ▁Pl aut ius ▁as ▁governor ▁of ▁Britain . ▁The ▁south - east ▁of ▁the ▁island ▁is ▁now ▁a ▁Roman ▁province , ▁while ▁certain ▁states ▁on ▁the ▁south ▁coast ▁are ▁ruled ▁as ▁a ▁nomin ally ▁independent ▁client ▁kingdom ▁by ▁T iber ius ▁Claud ius ▁C og id ub n us , ▁whose ▁seat ▁is ▁probably ▁at ▁Fish bourne ▁near ▁Ch iche ster . ▁Ost or ius ▁immediately ▁faces ▁in curs ions ▁from ▁un con qu ered ▁areas , ▁which ▁he ▁puts ▁down . ▁ ▁Cor bul o ▁orders ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁canal ▁F oss a ▁Cor bul on is , ▁between ▁the ▁Rh ine ▁and ▁Me use ▁in ▁the ▁Netherlands , ▁which ▁connect s ▁the ▁city ▁Forum ▁Had ri ani ▁( V oor burg ). ▁ ▁Romans ▁build ▁the ▁Tra ie ct um ▁fort ification ▁near ▁the ▁mouth ▁of ▁the ▁Rh ine , ▁which ▁will ▁later ▁grow ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁U tre cht . ▁ ▁Claud ius ▁found s ▁the ▁city ▁Forum ▁Claud ii
▁Vall ens ium ▁( mod ern ▁Mart ign y ) ▁in ▁the ▁Al pes ▁Po en ina e ▁( Sw itzerland ). ▁ ▁M uss el burgh ▁is ▁founded ▁in ▁Roman ▁Britain ▁( Sc ot land ). ▁ ▁By ▁topic ▁ ▁Relig ion ▁▁ ▁An an ias ▁becomes ▁high ▁priest ▁in ▁Jud ae a . ▁ ▁Paul ▁starts ▁his ▁evangel istic ▁work . ▁</ only include > ▁ ▁Birth s ▁▁ ▁T ae j od ae , ▁Korean ▁rul er ▁of ▁G og ury e o ▁( d . ▁ 1 6 5 ) ▁ ▁Death s ▁▁ ▁Dec im us ▁Val er ius ▁As i atic us , ▁Roman ▁politician ▁and ▁cons ul ▁ ▁G ai us ▁S all ust ius ▁Cris pus ▁Pass ien us , ▁Roman ▁cons ul ▁ ▁G na e us ▁Pom pe ius ▁Magn us , ▁Roman ▁noble man ▁▁ ▁Qu int us ▁San quin ius ▁Max im us , ▁Roman ▁politician ▁ ▁V ard anes ▁I , ▁king ▁of ▁the ▁Par th ian ▁Empire ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁ 0 0 4 7 ▁ ▁als : 4 0 er # 4 7 <0x0A> </s> ▁O ll om bo ▁is ▁a ▁district ▁in ▁the ▁Pl ate aux ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Republic ▁of ▁the ▁Cong o . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : Pl ate aux ▁Department ▁( Rep ublic ▁of ▁the ▁Cong o ) ▁Category : D istrict s ▁of ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁the ▁Cong o <0x0A> </s> ▁Y oh mor ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Y oh
mor , ▁B eq aa , ▁Leb anon ▁Y oh mor , ▁N ab atie h , ▁Leb anon <0x0A> </s> ▁Cl ancy ▁R of ique ▁( born ▁ 2 2 ▁July ▁ 1 9 9 8 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Maur it ian ▁international ▁football er ▁who ▁plays ▁as ▁a ▁forward ▁for ▁L igue ▁ 2 ▁side ▁Le ▁Hav re ▁and ▁the ▁Maur it ius ▁national ▁football ▁team . ▁ ▁Career ▁statistics ▁ ▁International ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : M aur it ian ▁football ers ▁Category : M aur it ius ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁for wards ▁Category : Le ▁Hav re ▁AC ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁media ▁from ▁the ▁Pun j ab ▁region ▁or ▁published ▁in ▁the ▁Pun j abi ▁language . ▁Pun j abi ▁journalists ▁have ▁received ▁many ▁international ▁awards ▁for ▁their ▁reporting . ▁ ▁Digital ▁Web ▁channels ▁After ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁there ▁is ▁rise ▁digital ▁content ▁and ▁channels ▁in ▁pun j abi ▁language : ▁Pun j abi ▁P arch ar ▁TV ▁Pun j abi ▁Le har ▁A j it ▁Web ▁TV ▁Bh ule k ha ▁TV ▁ ▁Major ▁Pun j abi ▁newspapers ▁and ▁news ▁organizations ▁ ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁Pun j abi ▁C het na ( P un j abi ▁C het na ) ▁India ▁[[ Ch ard ik la ( Pat ial a )\| Time ▁TV ]] ▁( Ch ard ik la ) ▁Az ad
▁So ch ▁Daily ▁A j it ▁The ▁Trib une ▁( The ▁Trib une ) ▁Pun j ab ▁News line ▁ ▁Pun j ab ▁Times ▁ ▁R oz ana ▁Sp okes man ▁ ▁Des h V ides h ▁Times ▁Pun j ab ▁Hot line ▁Pun j abi ▁News ▁Online ▁Pun j ab ▁News ▁Express ▁Do aba ▁Head lines ▁Pun j ab ▁Mail ▁ ▁Month ly ▁W ari am ▁J aland har ▁Gh anch i ▁Media ▁Italy ▁ ▁Canada ▁Asian ▁Vision ▁Pun j ab ▁News line ▁Pun j abi ▁Daily ▁S ikh ▁Press ▁San j h ▁Sa ver a ▁A j it ▁Week ly ▁ ▁Pakistan ▁ ▁S aj jan ▁K hab ran ▁Bh ule k ha ▁ ▁UK ▁S ikh ▁Times ▁A ka al ▁Channel ▁ ▁USA ▁Pun j ab ▁Mail ▁USA ▁Qu ami ▁Ek ta ▁ ▁Other ▁major ▁online ▁Pun j abi ▁newspapers ▁Pun j abi ▁C het na ▁ ▁Ch ard hi ▁K ala ▁ ▁Pun j ab ▁News line ▁Des h V ides h ▁Times ▁ ▁W ich a ar ▁Media ▁Pun j ab ▁Europe ▁Sam ach ar ▁Europe ▁V ich ▁Pun j abi ▁Pan j abi ▁Today ▁ ▁Pun j abi ▁television ▁channels ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁Pun j abi - language ▁television ▁channels ▁List ▁of ▁Pun j abi - language ▁newspapers ▁A j it ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Pun j abi ▁Press ▁Club ▁Canada ▁ ▁Media ▁Pun j ab ▁Pun j abi ▁media ▁▁▁▁ ▁Media <0x0A> </s> ▁N en ad ▁" P ur ke "
▁Sto jan ović ▁( ; ▁born ▁ 2 2 ▁October ▁ 1 9 7 9 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Ser bian ▁professional ▁football er ▁who ▁plays ▁as ▁a ▁stri ker . ▁ ▁Career ▁After ▁coming ▁through ▁the ▁youth ▁categories ▁of ▁Red ▁Star ▁Bel grade , ▁Sto jan ović ▁went ▁on ▁numerous ▁loans , ▁having ▁a ▁break through ▁season ▁at ▁Bos n ian ▁club ▁Le ot ar ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 – 0 3 . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁team ' s ▁top ▁sc orer ▁with ▁ 2 2 ▁goals ▁in ▁ 2 3 ▁league ▁games , ▁helping ▁them ▁win ▁their ▁first ▁national ▁title ▁in ▁history . ▁Following ▁his ▁return ▁to ▁Red ▁Star , ▁Sto jan ović ▁played ▁mostly ▁as ▁a ▁substitute ▁and ▁scored ▁several ▁crucial ▁goals ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 3 – 0 4 ▁season , ▁helping ▁the ▁side ▁win ▁the ▁championship . ▁ ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁Sto jan ović ▁was ▁transferred ▁to ▁Belg ian ▁club ▁Gen k , ▁signing ▁a ▁three - and - a - half - year ▁contract . ▁He ▁also ▁played ▁for ▁Br uss els , ▁before ▁moving ▁to ▁Russian ▁club ▁L uch ▁Vlad iv ost ok ▁in ▁early ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁In ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Sto jan ović ▁returned ▁to ▁Ser bia ▁and ▁joined ▁V oj vod ina . ▁ ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁aged ▁ 3 8 , ▁Sto jan ović ▁agreed ▁terms ▁with ▁Bel grade ▁Zone
▁League ▁side ▁Le št ane . ▁He ▁previously ▁played ▁for ▁Bro dar ac ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁( Spring ▁ 2 0 1 5 ), ▁I MT ▁( 2 0 1 5 – 1 6 ), ▁and ▁Ž ark ovo ▁( 2 0 1 6 – 1 7 ) ▁in ▁the ▁Ser bian ▁League ▁Bel grade . ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁Le ot ar ▁ ▁Premier ▁League ▁of ▁Bos nia ▁and ▁Herz eg ov ina : ▁ 2 0 0 2 – 0 3 ▁Red ▁Star ▁Bel grade ▁ ▁First ▁League ▁of ▁Ser bia ▁and ▁Mont en eg ro : ▁ 2 0 0 3 – 0 4 ▁ ▁Ser bia ▁and ▁Mont en eg ro ▁Cup : ▁ 2 0 0 3 – 0 4 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁for wards ▁Category : A zer ba ij an ▁Premier ▁League ▁players ▁Category : Bel g ian ▁First ▁Division ▁A ▁players ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁A zer ba ij an ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Belgium ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Bos nia ▁and ▁Herz eg ov ina ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Mont en eg ro ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Russia ▁Category : FC ▁L uch ▁Vlad iv ost ok ▁players ▁Category : First ▁League ▁of ▁Ser bia ▁and ▁Mont en eg ro ▁players ▁Category : F K ▁J avor ▁Ivan
j ica ▁players ▁Category : F K ▁Jed inst vo ▁U b ▁players ▁Category : F K ▁Le ot ar ▁players ▁Category : F K ▁Lov ć en ▁players ▁Category : F K ▁M lad ost ▁A pat in ▁players ▁Category : F K ▁Rud ar ▁Pl jev l ja ▁players ▁Category : F K ▁V oj vod ina ▁players ▁Category : F K ▁Ž ele zn ik ▁players ▁Category : K . R . C . ▁Gen k ▁players ▁Category : Mont en egr in ▁First ▁League ▁players ▁Category : OF K ▁Ž ark ovo ▁players ▁Category : P rem ier ▁League ▁of ▁Bos nia ▁and ▁Herz eg ov ina ▁players ▁Category : Red ▁Star ▁Bel grade ▁football ers ▁Category : R ussian ▁Premier ▁League ▁players ▁Category : RW DM ▁Br uss els ▁FC ▁players ▁Category : Ser bia ▁and ▁Mont en eg ro ▁exp atri ate ▁football ers ▁Category : Ser bia ▁and ▁Mont en eg ro ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Belgium ▁Category : Ser bia ▁and ▁Mont en eg ro ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Bos nia ▁and ▁Herz eg ov ina ▁Category : Ser bia ▁and ▁Mont en eg ro ▁football ers ▁Category : Ser bian ▁exp atri ate ▁football ers ▁Category : Ser bian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁A zer ba ij an ▁Category : Ser bian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Belgium ▁Category : Ser bian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Bos nia ▁and ▁Herz eg ov ina ▁Category :
Ser bian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Mont en eg ro ▁Category : Ser bian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Russia ▁Category : Ser bian ▁football ers ▁Category : Ser bian ▁Super L iga ▁players ▁Category : Sim ur q ▁PI K ▁players ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Bel grade ▁Category : 1 9 7 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Canadian ▁Association ▁for ▁Free ▁Expression ▁( CA FE ) ▁is ▁a ▁Canadian ▁political ▁group ▁led ▁by ▁Paul ▁From m , ▁a ▁white ▁sup rem ac ist . ▁Est ab lished ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁CA FE ▁is ▁committed ▁to ▁the ▁promotion ▁and ▁defense ▁of ▁total ▁freedom ▁of ▁speech , ▁and ▁pub l ishes ▁the ▁Free ▁Spe ech ▁Monitor ▁ten ▁times ▁a ▁year . ▁Although ▁it ▁began ▁in ▁Ontario , ▁it ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁incorporated ▁in ▁Alber ta . ▁ ▁Opp on ents ▁have ▁accused ▁CA FE ▁of ▁racism , ▁arguing ▁that ▁it ▁does ▁not ▁merely ▁support ▁the ▁free ▁speech ▁rights ▁of ▁far ▁right ▁groups , ▁but ▁also ▁prom otes ▁their ▁views . ▁ ▁CA FE ▁has ▁critic ized ▁what ▁it ▁considers ▁in just ices ▁against ▁white ▁people ▁in ▁Canada , ▁and ▁has ▁argued ▁that ▁Canadian ▁laws ▁do ▁not ▁robust ly ▁defend ▁the ▁free ▁speech ▁of ▁whites , ▁and ▁are ▁too ▁weight ed ▁in ▁favour ▁of ▁minor ities . ▁CA FE ▁has ▁camp a igned ▁( al ong ▁with ▁the ▁def unct ▁white ▁national ist ▁groups ▁Canadian ▁Heritage ▁Alliance ▁and ▁Northern ▁Alliance
) ▁for ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁Brad ▁Love , ▁whom ▁it ▁claimed ▁was ▁j ailed ▁for ▁express ing ▁his ▁nat iv ist ▁sent iments . ▁CA FE ▁has ▁also ▁camp a igned ▁for ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁Hol oca ust ▁den iers ▁Ernst ▁Z ünd el ▁and ▁David ▁Ir ving , ▁and ▁against ▁human ▁rights ▁lawyer ▁Richard ▁War man ▁and ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Human ▁Rights ▁Commission . ▁▁ ▁On ▁November ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Ontario ▁Super ior ▁Court ▁Justice ▁Mon ique ▁M ét iv ier ▁ruled ▁that ▁From m ▁and ▁CA FE ▁had ▁lib elled ▁War man , ▁and ▁ordered ▁them ▁to ▁pay ▁$ 3 0 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁damages ▁and ▁to ▁post ▁full ▁re tra ctions ▁within ▁ten ▁days ▁on ▁all ▁the ▁websites ▁on ▁which ▁the ▁def am atory ▁comments ▁were ▁posted . ▁The ▁Ontario ▁Court ▁of ▁Appe al ▁up held ▁the ▁judgment ▁in ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁with ▁damages ▁being ▁raised ▁to ▁$ 4 0 , 0 0 0 , ▁as ▁From m ▁was ▁ordered ▁to ▁pay ▁an ▁additional ▁$ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁towards ▁War man ' s ▁legal ▁costs . ▁War man ▁said ▁the ▁appeal ▁court ' s ▁ruling ▁" s ends ▁the ▁message ▁that ▁those ▁who ▁try ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁clo ak ▁of ▁free ▁speech ▁to ▁poison ▁other ▁people ' s ▁reput ations ▁through ▁lies ▁and ▁def am ation ▁do ▁so ▁at ▁their ▁own ▁per il ." ▁ ▁CA FE ▁was ▁an ▁interven or ▁in ▁O ger ▁v ▁What
cott , ▁a ▁hearing ▁before ▁the ▁British ▁Columbia ▁Human ▁Rights ▁Trib unal ▁regarding ▁harass ment ▁of ▁Ms . ▁O ger ▁by ▁Mr . ▁What cott , ▁who ▁Ms . ▁O ger ▁alleged ▁ran ▁a ▁very ▁public ▁campaign ▁of ▁harass ment ▁against ▁her ▁on ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁her ▁gender ▁identity . ▁CA FE ▁supported ▁Mr . ▁What cott ' s ▁right ▁to ▁make ▁those ▁statements , ▁and ▁adopted ▁many ▁of ▁Mr . ▁What cott ' s ▁statements ▁in ▁its ▁subm issions ▁to ▁the ▁Trib unal . ▁On ▁March ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁the ▁Trib unal ▁ruled ▁that ▁CA FE ' s ▁behaviour ▁as ▁an ▁interven or ▁was ▁" im pro per ", ▁and ▁that ▁its ▁subm issions ▁were ▁" infl am mat ory , ▁der og atory , ▁dis respect ful ▁and ▁in appropri ate ". ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Cit iz ens ▁for ▁Foreign ▁A id ▁Re form ▁ ▁Heritage ▁Front ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁white ▁national ist ▁organizations ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Canadian ▁Association ▁for ▁Free ▁Expression ▁ ▁H ate ▁G roups ▁and ▁Big ot ry ' s ▁Fellow ▁Tr av ellers ▁- ▁by ▁Manuel ▁Pr utsch i , ▁Canadian ▁Jewish ▁Congress ▁ ▁The ▁New ▁Generation ▁of ▁Organ ised ▁R ac ial ism ▁in ▁Canada ▁ ▁Naz is ▁In ▁Su its : ▁Paul ▁From m ▁& ▁The ▁Far ▁Right ▁ ▁Canadian ▁Association ▁for ▁Free ▁Expression ▁- ▁Canadian ▁Political ▁Part ies ▁and ▁Political ▁Interest ▁G roups ▁- ▁Web ▁Arch ive ▁created ▁by ▁the ▁University
▁of ▁Toronto ▁L ibraries ▁ ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁far - right ▁political ▁movements ▁Category : White ▁sup rem acy ▁in ▁Canada <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁British ▁Motor ▁Museum ▁in ▁War wick shire , ▁England , ▁holds ▁the ▁World ' s ▁largest ▁collection ▁of ▁historic ▁British ▁cars . ▁There ▁are ▁over ▁ 3 0 0 ▁classic ▁cars ▁on ▁display ▁from ▁the ▁British ▁Motor ▁Industry ▁Heritage ▁Trust ▁and ▁the ▁Jag uar ▁Heritage ▁Trust . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁collection , ▁now ▁cared ▁for ▁by ▁the ▁British ▁Motor ▁Industry ▁Heritage ▁Trust , ▁was ▁developed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁when ▁a ▁new ▁division ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Le y land ▁Motor ▁Corporation ▁( BL MC ) ▁was ▁formed ▁to ▁preserve ▁and ▁manage ▁the ▁company ' s ▁collection ▁of ▁historic ▁vehicles . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁the ▁company ▁became ▁BL ▁Heritage ▁Limited , ▁ad op ting ▁a ▁new ▁headquarters ▁at ▁Stud ley , ▁War wick shire . ▁ ▁Two ▁years ▁later , ▁a ▁museum ▁was ▁opened ▁at ▁the ▁London ▁Transport ▁Museum ' s ▁former ▁home ▁of ▁Sy on ▁Park , ▁west ▁of ▁London , ▁where ▁some ▁ 1 0 0 ▁vehicles ▁from ▁the ▁collection ▁were ▁put ▁on ▁display . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁closer ▁ties ▁were ▁made ▁with ▁other ▁British ▁motor ▁manufacturers . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁the ▁collection ▁was ▁granted ▁char itable ▁status , ▁and ▁became ▁the ▁British ▁Motor ▁Industry ▁Heritage ▁Trust , ▁and ▁although ▁there ▁were ▁now ▁several
▁manufacturers ▁involved , ▁the ▁collection ▁still ▁carried ▁a ▁large ▁bias ▁towards ▁the ▁former ▁British ▁Le y land ▁companies . ▁ ▁Austin - R over ▁continued ▁as ▁the ▁primary ▁back er ▁of ▁the ▁Trust , ▁and ▁gradually ▁the ▁other ▁companies ▁withd rew ▁their ▁support . ▁ ▁Meanwhile , ▁the ▁collection ▁continued ▁to ▁grow . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁it ▁became ▁evident ▁that ▁larger ▁prem ises ▁would ▁be ▁required ▁as ▁the ▁collection ▁developed . ▁ ▁Several ▁new ▁sites ▁were ▁considered ▁for ▁a ▁purpose ▁built ▁museum . ▁ ▁The ▁present ▁location ▁was ▁chosen , ▁on ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁R AF ▁Gay don ▁air field ▁in ▁South ▁War wick shire , ▁which ▁was ▁home ▁to ▁the ▁R over ▁Group ' s ▁design , ▁technology ▁and ▁testing ▁ground . ▁ ▁Pl ans ▁were ▁drawn ▁up ▁and ▁construction ▁began ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁for ▁the ▁new ▁Heritage ▁Motor ▁Centre . ▁ ▁Set ▁in ▁ ▁of ▁grounds , ▁the ▁centre ▁brought ▁together ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁Trust ' s ▁operations ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time , ▁providing ▁exhibition ▁and ▁storage ▁space ▁for ▁the ▁collection ▁of ▁over ▁ 2 5 0 ▁vehicles ▁and ▁archive ▁of ▁over ▁ 2 mill ion ▁photographs , ▁business ▁records , ▁bro ch ures ▁and ▁drawings . ▁ ▁The ▁site ▁also ▁includes ▁conference ▁facilities . ▁ ▁When ▁R over ▁Group ▁was ▁taken ▁over ▁by ▁BM W ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁the ▁British ▁Motor ▁Museum ▁came ▁under ▁their ▁ownership . ▁ ▁Six ▁years ▁later ,
▁BM W ▁sold ▁the ▁R over ▁Group , ▁which ▁meant ▁that ▁the ▁Centre ▁changed ▁hands ▁yet ▁again , ▁this ▁time ▁under ▁the ▁ownership ▁of ▁the ▁Ford ▁Motor ▁Company . ▁ ▁This ▁latest ▁change ▁of ▁ownership ▁means ▁that ▁the ▁Trust ▁now ▁had ▁the ▁opportunity ▁to ▁expand ▁its ▁collection ▁to ▁include ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁companies ▁that ▁have ▁formed ▁part ▁of ▁Britain ' s ▁motor ▁manufacturing ▁history . ▁ ▁Following ▁Jag uar ' s ▁decision ▁to ▁close ▁their ▁Jag uar ▁D aim ler ▁Heritage ▁Centre , ▁a ▁small ▁selection ▁of ▁the ▁Jag uar ▁D aim ler ▁Heritage ▁Collection ▁has ▁been ▁on ▁display ▁at ▁the ▁Museum . ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁the ▁Heritage ▁Motor ▁Centre ▁closed ▁for ▁a ▁£ 1 . 1 mill ion ▁ref urb ishment , ▁and ▁re op ened ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁under ▁the ▁new ▁name ▁of ▁British ▁Motor ▁Museum . ▁ ▁V eh icles ▁in ▁the ▁collection ▁ ▁This ▁is ▁not ▁an ▁exhaust ive ▁list ▁— ▁a ▁complete ▁list ▁is ▁provided ▁on ▁the ▁centre ' s ▁website . ▁ ▁Due ▁to ▁space ▁limitations , ▁not ▁all ▁cars ▁are ▁exhib ited ▁at ▁all ▁times . ▁ ▁The ▁very ▁first ▁Land ▁R over ▁( 1 9 4 8 ) ▁The ▁first ▁and ▁last ▁production ▁models ▁of ▁the ▁Land ▁R over ▁Fre el ander ▁Var ious ▁Land ▁R over , ▁Range ▁R over , ▁and ▁R over ▁P 5 ▁vehicles ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁British ▁Royal ▁Family ▁and ▁senior ▁politicians ▁An ▁S AS ▁Land ▁R
over ▁Pro totype ▁Land ▁R over ▁ 1 0 1 ▁Rec overy ▁Tru ck ▁Sha un ▁the ▁She ep ▁Land ▁R over ▁Def ender ▁Land ▁R over ▁Series ▁ 2 ▁track ▁wheel ed ▁off ▁road ▁vehicle ▁R are ▁Land ▁R over ▁L l ama ▁l orry ▁The ▁million th ▁Land ▁R over ▁Dis covery ▁ 4 ▁The ▁first ▁and ▁last ▁production ▁models ▁of ▁the ▁R over ▁ 7 5 ▁R over ▁Gas ▁T urb ine ▁cars ▁The ▁Metro ▁ 1 . 3 ▁H LS ▁as ▁shown ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁Motor ▁Show ▁Metro ▁ 6 R 4 ▁R ally ▁Car ▁Var ious ▁M G ▁Speed ▁Record ▁cars ▁The ▁first ▁Mini ▁produced : ▁ 6 2 1 ▁A OK ▁The ▁last ▁R over ▁Mini ▁Cooper ▁produced ▁( 2 0 0 0 ) ▁The ▁Min is ▁that ▁won ▁the ▁Monte ▁Carlo ▁R ally ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁Var ious ▁Mini ▁based ▁pro tot ypes , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Min iss ima ▁F AB 1 ▁from ▁the ▁Th under bird s ▁film ▁An ▁Asc ari ▁K Z 1 ▁show ▁car ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁Roll s - R oy ce ▁Ph ant om ▁The ▁last ▁A ston ▁Martin ▁DB 7 ▁A ston ▁Martin ▁V 1 2 ▁Van qu ish ▁S incl air ▁C 5 ▁Ford ▁R S 2 0 0 ▁ ▁The ▁last ▁production ▁Austin ▁Monte go ▁Ford ▁Esc ort ▁Mark ▁I ▁as ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁London ▁to ▁Mexico ▁World ▁Cup ▁R
ally ▁Jag uar ▁R 1 ▁Formula ▁One ▁race car ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁N uff ield ▁G ut ty ▁prototype ▁ ▁Research ▁services ▁The ▁British ▁Motor ▁Museum ▁offers ▁a ▁research ▁and ▁registry ▁service ▁for ▁several ▁British ▁car ▁mar ques . ▁The ▁Arch ive ▁houses ▁authentic ▁historical ▁records ▁by ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁major ▁car ▁manufacturers , ▁including ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁original ▁factory ▁led gers ▁which ▁record ▁the ▁details ▁of ▁individual ▁vehicles ▁as ▁they ▁came ▁off ▁the ▁production ▁line . ▁For ▁a ▁small ▁fee , ▁owners ▁may ▁send ▁in ▁their ▁V ehicle ▁Ident ification ▁Number ▁( V IN ▁- ▁a ka ▁ch ass is ▁number ) ▁and / or ▁engine ▁numbers , ▁and ▁they ▁will ▁research ▁the ▁original ▁production ▁records ▁for ▁that ▁vehicle ▁and ▁send ▁back ▁whatever ▁information ▁on ▁the ▁vehicle ▁is ▁available . ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁' Cert ified ▁Copy ▁of ▁a ▁Factory ▁Record ' ▁or ▁more ▁commonly ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁Heritage ▁Cert ificate . ▁This ▁can ▁include ▁such ▁details ▁as ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁the ▁options ▁the ▁car ▁was ▁ordered ▁with , ▁the ▁original ▁paint ▁colour ▁and ▁any ▁identification ▁numbers ▁that ▁may ▁be ▁missing . ▁This ▁can ▁be ▁useful ▁when ▁applying ▁for ▁tax ▁exem ption ▁or ▁to ▁obtain ▁an ▁age - related ▁Reg istration ▁Mark . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁British ▁Motor ▁Museum ▁ ▁Classic ▁Car ▁Collection ▁Gay don ▁Series ▁of ▁photos ▁of ▁the ▁classic ▁cars ▁at ▁the ▁British ▁Motor ▁Museum ▁ ▁Category : Transport ▁museum s ▁in ▁England ▁Category : M useum s ▁in ▁War wick shire
▁Category : Autom obile ▁museum s ▁in ▁England <0x0A> </s> ▁World ▁Art ▁Nou ve au ▁Day ▁( W AND ) ▁is ▁an ▁event ▁dedicated ▁to ▁art ▁nouveau ▁that ▁is ▁celebrated ▁annually ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁June . ▁The ▁first ▁World ▁Art ▁Nou ve au ▁Day ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁was ▁organized ▁by ▁The ▁Museum ▁of ▁Ap plied ▁Arts ▁( B ud apest ) ▁( IM M ) ▁in ▁cooperation ▁with ▁Sz ec ess z ió s ▁Mag az in ▁( a ▁Hung arian ▁Magazine ▁about ▁Art ▁Nou ve au ). ▁The ▁selected ▁date ▁– ▁ 1 0 ▁June ▁– ▁is ▁the ▁anniversary ▁of ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁two ▁famous ▁architect s ▁of ▁the ▁movement , ▁Ant oni ▁G aud í ▁and ▁Ö d ön ▁Le ch ner . ▁Activ ities ▁like ▁those ▁organ ised ▁on ▁World ▁Art ▁Nou ve au ▁Day ▁aim ▁to ▁create ▁more ▁awareness ▁of ▁Art ▁Nou ve au ▁heritage ▁among ▁the ▁public . ▁ ▁The ▁two ▁biggest ▁organisations ▁in ▁Europe ▁coord inating ▁the ▁World ▁Art ▁Nou ve au ▁Day ▁activities ▁are ▁the ▁Art ▁Nou ve au ▁European ▁Route ▁in ▁Barcelona , ▁and ▁the ▁Ré seau ▁Art ▁Nou ve au ▁Network ▁( RAN N ) ▁in ▁Br uss els . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁the ▁event ▁was ▁supported ▁by ▁European ▁Heritage ▁Alliance . ▁ ▁Link s ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Art ▁Nou ve au ▁Art ▁Nou ve au ▁Category : Art ▁Nou ve au <0x0A> </s> ▁A ly se ▁Black ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁singer ▁and ▁song writer .
▁Black ' s ▁music ▁is ▁described ▁as ▁ind ie ▁pop ▁with ▁jazz ▁influences , ▁in ▁the ▁ve in ▁of ▁artists ▁such ▁as ▁F iona ▁Apple , ▁R egin a ▁Spe ktor ▁and ▁Nor ah ▁Jones . ▁Her ▁song ▁" S to od ▁for ▁Stand ▁for ", ▁which ▁was ▁featured ▁on ▁Black ' s ▁debut ▁album ▁Too ▁Much ▁& ▁Too ▁Lov ely , ▁won ▁Bill board ' s ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁World ▁Song ▁Cont est ▁in ▁the ▁Jazz ▁category . ▁ ▁Background ▁and ▁career ▁ ▁Black ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Seattle , ▁Washington , ▁the ▁youngest ▁of ▁three ▁daughters . ▁According ▁to ▁her ▁website , ▁she ▁initially ▁had ▁an ▁interest ▁in ▁purs uing ▁a ▁career ▁as ▁a ▁singer - s ong writer , ▁but ▁instead ▁studied ▁business , ▁communications , ▁and ▁international ▁studies ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Washington , ▁where ▁she ▁graduated ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁ ▁After ▁working ▁in ▁the ▁corporate ▁world , ▁she ▁returned ▁to ▁her ▁original ▁interest , ▁releasing ▁her ▁debut ▁album ▁Too ▁Much ▁& ▁Too ▁Lov ely ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Black ▁began ▁working ▁on ▁a ▁new ▁project , ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁original ▁and ▁classic ▁l ull ab ies ▁with ▁the ▁band ▁' N ight ▁Sweet ▁Pe a ; ▁to ▁finance ▁the ▁album ' s ▁production , ▁the ▁band ▁launched ▁a ▁successful ▁campaign ▁on ▁K ick st arter . ▁ ▁The ▁album , ▁A ▁Little ▁Line ▁of ▁Kiss es , ▁was ▁released
▁to ▁critical ▁ac claim ▁in ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁Her ▁song ▁Super ▁Hero ▁was ▁featured ▁on ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁film ▁Let ' s ▁Make ▁a ▁Movie . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁she ▁recorded ▁three ▁love ▁song ▁covers ▁with ▁producer ▁Mark ▁Hall man ▁( Car ole ▁King , ▁Eliz a ▁Gil k ys on , ▁An i ▁D ifr anco ), ▁which ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁early ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁titled ▁You ▁Bel ong ▁To ▁Me ▁( 1 9 5 2 ▁song ) ▁after ▁the ▁old ▁pop ▁ball ad ▁on ▁the ▁record . ▁The ▁record ▁also ▁contains ▁a ▁cover ▁of ▁Brand i ▁Carl ile ' s ▁" The ▁Story " ▁and ▁Beth ▁N iel sen ▁Chap man ' s ▁" S even ▁Sh ades ▁of ▁Blue ." ▁ ▁In ▁early ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁A ly se ▁began ▁recording ▁her ▁third ▁full - length ▁studio ▁record ▁with ▁producer , ▁Eric ▁Ros se ▁( S ara ▁B are illes , ▁Tor i ▁Am os , ▁Mar oon ▁ 5 , ▁Bird y ▁( s inger ), ▁G av in ▁De G raw , ▁A ▁Fine ▁F ren zy , ▁Land on ▁P igg , ▁Anna ▁N al ick , ▁Mary ▁Lam bert ▁( s inger )), ▁in ▁Hollywood . ▁That ▁album ▁was ▁fan - fund ed ▁on ▁K ick st arter ▁as ▁well , ▁raising ▁$ 3 1 , 2 7 6 . ▁During ▁this ▁time , ▁A
ly se ▁also ▁gar ner ed ▁an ▁endorse ment ▁with ▁Fish man ▁Am ps . ▁The ▁self - t itled ▁record ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁January ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁A ly se ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁licensed ▁real ▁estate ▁agent ▁with ▁K eller - Will iam s ▁Real ty . ▁ ▁She ▁did ▁promise , ▁however , ▁to ▁continue ▁making ▁the ▁world ▁better ▁with ▁her ▁music . ▁ ▁In flu ences ▁ ▁Black ' s ▁influences ▁ ▁include ▁Nina ▁Sim one , ▁Tor i ▁Am os , ▁Bill ie ▁Hol iday , ▁Nor ah ▁Jones , ▁F iona ▁Apple , ▁Eva ▁Cass idy , ▁Sarah ▁Mc L ach lan , ▁An i ▁D ifr anco , ▁Port is head , ▁B j ör k , ▁Tom ▁Wait s , ▁Ed ith ▁P ia f , ▁J ude , ▁Maz zy ▁Star , ▁Cr an berries , ▁P oe , ▁Sarah ▁V augh an , ▁The ▁Beat les , ▁Led ▁Ze pp elin . ▁ ▁Awards ▁ 1 st ▁Place , ▁Jazz , ▁Bill board ' s ▁Annual ▁World ▁Song ▁Cont est , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁ 1 st ▁Place , ▁Jazz , ▁and ▁Final ist , ▁Adult ▁Cont emporary , ▁Independent ▁S inger - S ong writer ▁Awards , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁ ▁Studio ▁Albums ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Too ▁Much ▁& ▁Too ▁Lov ely ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁Hold ▁Ont o ▁This ▁ 2 0 1 1
▁The ▁Hon esty ▁EP ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁A ▁Little ▁Line ▁of ▁Kiss es ▁( with ▁band : ▁' N ight , ▁Sweet ▁Pe a ) ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁You ▁Bel ong ▁To ▁Me ▁( EP ) ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁A ly se ▁Black ▁ ▁Live ▁Albums ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁The ▁Tri ple ▁Door ▁S essions ▁L IVE ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Official ▁website ▁A ly se ▁Black ▁on ▁Facebook ▁A ly se ▁Black ▁on ▁Twitter ▁A ly se ▁Black ▁on ▁i T unes ▁A ly se ▁Black ▁on ▁Amazon ▁A ly se ▁Black ▁on ▁The Si xt y One ▁A ly se ▁Black ▁on ▁the ▁A TX ▁Architect s ▁Pod cast ▁ ▁Category : American ▁female ▁singer - s ong writ ers ▁Category : American ▁singer - s ong writ ers ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Washington ▁al umn i ▁Category : Mus icians ▁from ▁Seattle ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : S ong writ ers ▁from ▁Washington ▁( state ) ▁Category : Sing ers ▁from ▁Washington ▁( state ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Martin ▁Del an ey ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁ ▁Martin ▁Del an ey ▁( activ ist ) ▁( 1 9 4 5 – 2 0 0 9 ), ▁HIV / A IDS ▁treatment ▁advocate ▁ ▁Martin ▁Del an ey ▁( actor ), ▁British ▁actor ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Martin ▁Del any ▁( 1 8 1 2 – 1
8 8 5 ), ▁African - American ▁abol ition ist <0x0A> </s> ▁Leon ardo ▁Vin ici us ▁Pere ira ▁Lu iz ▁( born ▁June ▁ 5 , ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁in ▁Rio ▁de ▁Jane iro ), ▁known ▁as ▁Leon ardo ▁Lu iz , ▁is ▁a ▁Brazil ian ▁football er ▁who ▁most ▁recently ▁played ▁as ▁def ender ▁for ▁Arts ul . ▁ ▁Career ▁statistics ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : B raz il ian ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁defend ers ▁Category : Cam peonato ▁Bras ile iro ▁S érie ▁B ▁players ▁Category : Cam peonato ▁Bras ile iro ▁S érie ▁C ▁players ▁Category : Cam peonato ▁Bras ile iro ▁S érie ▁D ▁players ▁Category : N ova ▁I gu a ç u ▁Fut eb ol ▁Cl ube ▁players ▁Category : Vol ta ▁Red onda ▁Fut eb ol ▁Cl ube ▁players ▁Category : Cl ube ▁N á ut ico ▁Cap ib ar ibe ▁players ▁Category : Es porte ▁Cl ube ▁XV ▁de ▁N ove mb ro ▁( P ir ac ic aba ) ▁players ▁Category : AB C ▁Fut eb ol ▁Cl ube ▁players ▁Category : F ort ale za ▁Es porte ▁Cl ube ▁players ▁Category : B angu ▁Atl ético ▁Cl ube ▁players ▁Category : T re ze ▁Fut eb ol ▁Cl ube ▁players ▁Category : Es porte ▁Cl ube ▁Sant o ▁André ▁players ▁Category : Ar ts ul ▁Fut eb ol
▁Cl ube ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Dallas ▁Bay ▁Sk yp ark ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁public - use ▁airport ▁located ▁ 1 1 ▁miles ▁( 1 8 km ) ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁central ▁business ▁district ▁of ▁Ch att ano oga ▁and ▁ 4 ▁miles ▁south west ▁of ▁the ▁central ▁business ▁district ▁of ▁L akes ite ▁( both ▁cities ▁in ▁Hamilton ▁County , ▁Tennessee , ▁United ▁States .) ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁community ▁of ▁Middle ▁Valley ▁with ▁a ▁H ix son , ▁Tennessee ▁mail ing ▁address . ▁. ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Dallas ▁Bay ▁Sk yp ark ▁began ▁life ▁as ▁the ▁Optim ist ▁Club ▁Drag ▁St rip ▁back ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 5 0 s ▁and ▁survived ▁until ▁the ▁early ▁ 6 0 s . ▁The ▁drag strip ▁was ▁moved ▁to ▁East ▁Ridge ▁and ▁John ▁Fle well en ▁and ▁his ▁family ▁bought ▁the ▁old ▁drag strip ▁and ▁turned ▁it ▁into ▁a ▁private ▁run way . ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁the ▁a irst rip ▁became ▁an ▁F AA - cert ified ▁public ▁airport ▁with ▁the ▁design ation ▁ 1 A 0 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁investors , ▁all ▁with ▁a ▁passion ▁for ▁flying , ▁bought ▁Dallas ▁Bay ▁Sk yp ark ▁and ▁have ▁been ▁running ▁it ▁ever ▁since . ▁The ▁airport ▁is ▁still ▁a ▁full - service ▁public ▁airport ▁with ▁a ▁flight ▁school ▁on ▁prem ises . ▁ ▁Fac ilities ▁and ▁aircraft ▁ ▁Dallas ▁Bay ▁Sk yp ark ▁covers ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁ ▁which
▁contains ▁one ▁as ph alt ▁p aved ▁run way ▁( 5 / 2 3 ) ▁measuring ▁ 3 , 0 2 5 ▁x ▁ 5 0 ▁ft ▁( 9 2 2 ▁x ▁ 1 5 ▁m ). ▁For ▁the ▁ 1 2 - month ▁period ▁ending ▁May ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁the ▁airport ▁had ▁ 1 0 , 1 0 8 ▁aircraft ▁operations , ▁ 1 0 0 % ▁of ▁which ▁were ▁general ▁av iation . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Dallas ▁Bay ▁Sk yp ark ▁( off icial ▁site ) ▁Dallas ▁Bay ▁Sk yp ark ▁page ▁at ▁Tennessee ▁D OT ▁Airport ▁Direct ory ▁ ▁Category : Air ports ▁in ▁Tennessee ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Hamilton ▁County , ▁Tennessee <0x0A> </s> ▁Jason ▁Mc End oo ▁( born ▁February ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 1 9 7 5 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁football ▁coach ▁and ▁former ▁center ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁Football ▁League ▁for ▁the ▁Seattle ▁Se ah aw ks . ▁He ▁is ▁currently ▁the ▁tight ▁ends ▁and ▁Cow boy ▁B acks ▁coach ▁for ▁Oklahoma ▁State . ▁He ▁played ▁college ▁football ▁at ▁Washington ▁State ▁University ▁in ▁Pull man ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁team ▁which ▁went ▁to ▁the ▁Rose ▁Bowl . ▁▁ ▁Born ▁in ▁San ▁Diego , ▁California , ▁Mc End oo ▁played ▁high ▁school ▁football ▁in ▁south west ▁Washington ▁at ▁ ▁Aber de en . ▁Se lected ▁in ▁the ▁seventh ▁round ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 9
8 ▁NFL ▁D raft , ▁Mc End oo ▁played ▁one ▁game ▁for ▁Seattle ▁in ▁his ▁ro ok ie ▁season ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 ; ▁he ▁was ▁released ▁the ▁following ▁summer ▁on ▁September ▁ 5 , ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁ ▁Mar ried ▁for ▁less ▁than ▁a ▁month ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁Mc End oo ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁Michelle ▁were ▁passengers ▁in ▁a ▁roll over ▁accident ▁in ▁which ▁she ▁was ▁killed . ▁The ▁vehicle ▁was ▁driven ▁by ▁team mate ▁Ryan ▁Mc Sh ane , ▁who ▁apparently ▁fell ▁asleep . ▁The ▁three ▁were ▁returning ▁to ▁Pull man ▁after ▁attending ▁a ▁team mate ' s ▁wedding ▁in ▁T ac oma , ▁and ▁occurred ▁on ▁Inter state ▁ 9 0 , ▁near ▁Ell ens burg . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁football ▁centers ▁Category : W ashington ▁State ▁Cou g ars ▁football ▁players ▁Category : Se attle ▁Se ah aw ks ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Anne ▁Herbert , ▁Count ess ▁of ▁P em bro ke , ▁Baron ess ▁Herbert ▁of ▁Card iff ▁( 1 5 ▁June ▁ 1 5 1 5 ▁– ▁ 2 0 ▁February ▁ 1 5 5 2 ) ▁was ▁lady - in - wait ing ▁to ▁each ▁of ▁Henry ▁VIII ▁of ▁England ' s ▁six ▁wives . ▁She ▁was ▁the ▁younger ▁sister ▁of ▁his ▁sixth ▁wife , ▁Catherine ▁Par r . ▁ ▁Early ▁years ▁Anne ▁was ▁born ▁on
▁ 1 5 ▁June ▁ 1 5 1 5 ▁to ▁Sir ▁Thomas ▁Par r ▁and ▁M aud ▁Green . ▁She ▁was ▁the ▁youngest ▁surviving ▁child ▁of ▁five , ▁having ▁an ▁older ▁sister ▁Catherine ▁and ▁brother ▁William ▁Par r , ▁ 1 st ▁Mar qu ess ▁of ▁North ampton . ▁In ▁ 1 5 1 7 , ▁when ▁she ▁was ▁two ▁years ▁old , ▁her ▁father ▁died ▁of ▁the ▁swe ating ▁sick ness ▁leaving ▁her ▁mother ▁a ▁wid ow ▁at ▁twenty - five , ▁pregnant , ▁and ▁with ▁the ▁grave ▁responsibility ▁of ▁guard ing ▁the ▁inherit ance ▁of ▁the ▁Par r ▁children . ▁M aud ▁Green ▁was ▁a ▁lady - in - wait ing ▁and ▁conf id ant ▁to ▁Catherine ▁of ▁Ar agon . ▁She ▁was ▁also ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁school ▁at ▁court ▁where ▁Anne ▁was ▁educated ▁alongside ▁her ▁sister ▁Catherine ▁and ▁other ▁daughters ▁of ▁the ▁nob ility . ▁They ▁were ▁taught ▁by ▁the ▁brilliant ▁Human ist ▁scholar ▁Joan ▁L lu ís ▁V ives ▁who ▁was ▁the ▁principal ▁tut or ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁school . ▁Anne ▁would ▁have ▁been ▁taught ▁French , ▁Latin , ▁philosophy , ▁the ology , ▁and ▁the ▁Class ics . ▁M aud ▁Green ▁had ▁already ▁taught ▁her ▁children ▁to ▁read ▁and ▁write ▁when ▁they ▁were ▁small . ▁Anne ▁herself ▁later ▁said ▁that ▁her ▁education ▁at ▁home ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁approach ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁of ▁Sir ▁Thomas ▁More ▁where ▁boys ▁and ▁girls ▁were ▁educated ▁together ; ▁as ▁was ▁the ▁case ▁with ▁the ▁Par rs ▁until ▁her ▁brother ▁left
▁home ▁in ▁ 1 5 2 5 ▁to ▁join ▁the ▁household ▁of ▁Henry ▁Fitz R oy , ▁ 1 st ▁Duke ▁of ▁Richmond ▁and ▁Som erset . ▁ ▁At ▁court ▁ ▁S omet ime ▁in ▁ 1 5 2 8 , ▁M aud ▁Green ▁secured ▁her ▁ 1 3 - year - old ▁daughter , ▁Anne , ▁a ▁post ▁at ▁Court ▁as ▁maid - of - hon our ▁to ▁Queen ▁Catherine ▁of ▁Ar agon . ▁Anne ▁was ▁then ▁made ▁a ▁ward ▁of ▁King ▁Henry . ▁When ▁Anne ▁B ole yn ▁was ▁c rowned ▁queen ▁in ▁ 1 5 3 3 , ▁Anne ▁Par r ▁continued ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁capacity ▁as ▁maid - of - hon our . ▁She ▁quickly ▁succ umb ed ▁to ▁the ▁spell ▁of ▁Queen ▁Anne ' s ▁char ism atic ▁personality ▁and ▁following ▁the ▁Queen ' s ▁example , ▁she ▁became ▁an ▁ar d ent ▁supp orter ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁Faith . ▁After ▁Anne ▁B ole yn ' s ▁fall ▁from ▁power ▁and ▁subsequent ▁execution , ▁Anne ▁remained ▁at ▁Court ▁in ▁the ▁service ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁queen , ▁Jane ▁Se ym our . ▁Anne ▁Par r ▁served ▁all ▁of ▁Henry ▁VIII ' s ▁que ens ▁from ▁the ▁mid - 1 5 3 0 s , ▁and ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁few ▁women ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁lady - in - wait ing ▁to ▁all ▁six . ▁She ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁few ▁present ▁at ▁the ▁bapt ism ▁of ▁Prince ▁Edward ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁October ▁ 1 5 3 7 ▁and
▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁funeral ▁c orte ge ▁of ▁Jane ▁Se ym our . ▁ ▁When ▁King ▁Henry ▁took ▁as ▁his ▁fourth ▁wife ▁Anne ▁of ▁Cle ves , ▁Anne ▁returned ▁to ▁her ▁role ▁as ▁maid - of - hon our , ▁which ▁she ▁remained ▁in ▁when ▁Queen ▁Anne ▁was ▁sup pl anted ▁by ▁Catherine ▁Howard . ▁Following ▁Queen ▁Catherine ' s ▁arrest ▁for ▁ad ul tery , ▁Anne ▁Par r ▁was ▁entr usted ▁with ▁the ▁Queen ' s ▁jew els . ▁ ▁Mar riage ▁▁ ▁In ▁February ▁ 1 5 3 8 , ▁Anne ▁married ▁Sir ▁William ▁Herbert , ▁Es quire ▁of ▁the ▁King ' s ▁Body . ▁Herbert ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Sir ▁Richard ▁Herbert , ▁the ▁il leg it imate ▁son ▁of ▁William ▁Herbert , ▁ 1 st ▁Earl ▁of ▁P em bro ke . ▁It ▁is ▁likely ▁that ▁Anne ▁met ▁her ▁husband ▁at ▁court . ▁It ▁is ▁not ▁known ▁whether ▁or ▁not ▁the ▁marriage ▁was ▁a ▁love ▁match , ▁but ▁both ▁Anne ▁and ▁her ▁sister ▁Catherine ▁had ▁been ▁attracted ▁to ▁d ashing ▁men ▁of ▁action ▁who ▁were ▁slightly ▁dis re put able . ▁The ▁Her ber ts , ▁due ▁to ▁King ▁Henry ' s ▁newly ▁found ▁inf at uation ▁for ▁Catherine , ▁appeared ▁to ▁be ▁in ▁the ▁King ' s ▁favour , ▁as ▁for ▁the ▁next ▁few ▁years ▁Anne ▁and ▁her ▁husband ▁received ▁a ▁success ion ▁of ▁Royal ▁grants ▁which ▁included ▁the ▁Ab bey ▁of ▁Wil ton ▁in ▁W ilt shire ▁( pull ed ▁down ▁and ▁built ▁over ▁for ▁Wil
ton ▁House ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 5 4 0 s ), ▁Rem es bury ▁( n orth ▁W ilt shire ), ▁and ▁Card iff ▁Castle . ▁They ▁also ▁used ▁Bay n ard ' s ▁Castle ▁as ▁their ▁London ▁residence . ▁Anne ▁had ▁three ▁children ▁by ▁her ▁husband : ▁Henry , ▁who ▁succeeded ▁his ▁father ; ▁Edward ▁Herbert ; ▁and ▁Anne ▁Herbert . ▁For ▁the ▁birth ▁of ▁her ▁second ▁son , ▁Anne ' s ▁sister ▁loan ed ▁her ▁the ▁man or ▁of ▁Han worth ▁in ▁M idd les ex ▁for ▁her ▁lying ▁in . ▁After ▁the ▁birth , ▁Anne ▁visited ▁Lady ▁H ert ford , ▁who ▁had ▁also ▁just ▁given ▁birth , ▁at ▁Sy on ▁House ▁near ▁Richmond . ▁In ▁August , ▁the ▁queen ▁sent ▁a ▁b arge ▁to ▁bring ▁Anne ▁by ▁river ▁from ▁Sy on ▁back ▁to ▁West min ster . ▁ ▁Queen ' s ▁sister ▁ ▁Anne ▁Par r ▁was ▁a ▁witness ▁to ▁the ▁wedding ▁ceremony ▁performed ▁at ▁Ham pton ▁Court ▁Palace ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁July ▁ 1 5 4 3 , ▁when ▁King ▁Henry ▁married ▁her ▁sister ▁Catherine . ▁In ▁September ▁ 1 5 4 4 , ▁William ▁Herbert ▁was ▁kn ight ed ▁on ▁the ▁battle field ▁at ▁the ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁Bou log ne ▁during ▁the ▁King ' s ▁campaign ▁against ▁the ▁French . ▁Anne ▁was ▁her ▁sister ' s ▁chief ▁lady - in - wait ing ▁and ▁the ▁sisters ▁were ▁close . ▁Anne ▁was ▁also ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁cl ique ▁of ▁Protest ants ▁who ▁surrounded ▁the ▁new ▁Queen
. ▁In ▁ 1 5 4 6 , ▁fellow ▁Protest ant ▁Anne ▁As ke w ▁was ▁arrested ▁for ▁her es y . ▁Those ▁who ▁opposed ▁the ▁Queen ▁tried ▁to ▁gain ▁a ▁conf ession ▁from ▁As ke w ▁that ▁the ▁Queen , ▁her ▁sister , ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁women ▁were ▁Protest ants . ▁Queen ▁Catherine ▁and ▁some ▁of ▁her ▁closest ▁friends ▁had ▁previously ▁shown ▁favour ▁to ▁the ▁arrested ▁woman . ▁Stephen ▁Gard iner , ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Win chester ; ▁Thomas ▁W ri othes ley ; ▁and ▁Richard ▁Rich ▁were ▁involved ▁in ▁tort uring ▁Anne ▁As ke w ▁and ▁interrog ating ▁her ▁about ▁her ▁connections ▁to ▁the ▁ladies ▁at ▁court ▁who ▁were ▁suspected ▁to ▁be ▁Protest ants , ▁in ▁particular : ▁Anne ▁Par r ; ▁the ▁Queen ; ▁K atherine ▁Will ough by ; ▁Anne ▁Stan h ope ; ▁and ▁Anne ▁C alth or pe , ▁Count ess ▁of ▁Sus sex . ▁Gard iner ▁and ▁W ri othes ley ▁obtained ▁the ▁King ’ s ▁permission ▁to ▁arrest ▁and ▁question ▁the ▁Queen ▁about ▁her ▁religious ▁beliefs . ▁ ▁Catherine ▁visited ▁the ▁King ▁in ▁his ▁bed ch amber ▁and ▁ad roit ly ▁managed ▁to ▁persu ade ▁the ▁King ▁that ▁her ▁interest ▁in ▁the ▁new ▁religion ▁had ▁been ▁undert aken ▁solely ▁as ▁a ▁means ▁to ▁provide ▁stim ulating ▁conversation ▁to ▁distract ▁the ▁King ▁from ▁the ▁pain ▁caused ▁by ▁his ▁ul cer ous ▁leg . ▁Henry ▁was ▁appe ased , ▁and ▁before ▁the ▁arrest s ▁were ▁due ▁to ▁take ▁place , ▁he ▁was ▁reconc iled ▁to ▁Catherine . ▁On
▁ 2 8 ▁January ▁ 1 5 4 7 , ▁the ▁King ▁died . ▁After ▁Henry ▁VIII ' s ▁death , ▁when ▁the ▁queen ▁dow ager ' s ▁household ▁was ▁at ▁Chelsea , ▁both ▁Anne ▁and ▁her ▁son ▁Edward ▁were ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁household ▁there . ▁Her ▁husband , ▁William ▁Herbert ▁was ▁appointed ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁guard ians ▁to ▁the ▁new ▁king , ▁Edward ▁VI . ▁Catherine ▁shortly ▁afterward ▁married ▁Thomas ▁Se ym our , ▁Lord ▁S ude ley , ▁Lord ▁High ▁Admiral ▁of ▁England , ▁who ▁was ▁an ▁uncle ▁of ▁King ▁Edward . ▁In ▁September ▁ 1 5 4 8 , ▁following ▁the ▁birth ▁of ▁a ▁daughter , ▁Mary ▁Se ym our , ▁Catherine ▁Par r ▁died ▁of ▁p uer per al ▁fever . ▁ ▁Later ▁life ▁On ▁ 1 0 ▁October ▁ 1 5 5 1 , ▁Anne ' s ▁husband ▁was ▁raised ▁to ▁the ▁peer age ▁as ▁Baron ▁Herbert ▁of ▁Card iff ▁and ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁October ▁ 1 5 5 1 ▁was ▁created ▁Earl ▁of ▁P em bro ke . ▁In ▁ 1 5 5 3 ▁he ▁received ▁the ▁dis gr aced ▁Duke ▁of ▁Som erset ' s ▁W ilt shire ▁est ates , ▁including ▁Ram sb ury ▁and ▁a ▁newly ▁built ▁m ansion ▁at ▁Bed win ▁Bro il , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁extensive ▁wood land ▁on ▁the ▁borders ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁Forest . ▁The ▁Her ber ts ▁had ▁been ▁friends ▁of ▁Som erset ▁until ▁he ▁fell ▁from ▁favour . ▁Herbert ▁was ▁also ▁granted , ▁on ▁the
▁att ain der ▁of ▁Sir ▁Thomas ▁A rund ell , ▁Ward our ▁Castle ▁and ▁park , ▁and ▁he ▁obtained ▁some ▁property ▁which ▁had ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁di oc ese ▁of ▁Win chester . ▁ ▁The ▁Ward our ▁property ▁subsequently ▁re verted ▁to ▁the ▁A rund ell ▁family ▁by ▁exchange ▁and ▁purchase , ▁but ▁P em bro ke ' s ▁increase ▁of ▁wealth ▁exceed ed ▁that ▁of ▁any ▁of ▁his ▁colleagues . ▁ ▁Anne ▁died ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁February ▁ 1 5 5 2 . ▁At ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁her ▁death , ▁she ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁ladies ▁of ▁the ▁Lady ▁Mary , ▁the ▁future ▁Queen ▁Mary ▁I . ▁William ▁married ▁as ▁his ▁second ▁wife , ▁Anne ▁Tal bot , ▁but ▁the ▁marriage ▁produced ▁no ▁children . ▁Through ▁her ▁sons , ▁Anne ▁has ▁many ▁descend ants , ▁including ▁the ▁present - day ▁Earl s ▁of ▁P em bro ke , ▁Mont gomery , ▁and ▁Carn ar v on . ▁ ▁Anne ▁was ▁buried ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁February ▁ 1 5 5 2 ▁in ▁the ▁Old ▁St ▁Paul ' s ▁Cat hedral ▁in ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁London , ▁next ▁to ▁her ▁ancest or ▁John ▁of ▁Ga unt , ▁ 1 st ▁Duke ▁of ▁Lanc aster . ▁Her ▁husband ▁died ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁March ▁ 1 5 7 0 ▁and ▁by ▁his ▁wish ▁was ▁also ▁buried ▁in ▁St ▁Paul ' s . ▁Anne ' s ▁memorial ▁there ▁described ▁her ▁in ▁Latin ▁as ▁" a ▁most ▁faithful ▁wife , ▁a ▁woman ▁of ▁the ▁greatest
▁p iety ▁and ▁discret ion ". ▁ ▁Issue ▁ ▁Anne ▁Par r ▁and ▁William ▁Herbert ▁had ▁three ▁children : ▁▁ ▁Henry ▁Herbert , ▁ 2 nd ▁Earl ▁of ▁P em bro ke ▁( c . ▁ 1 5 3 9 – 1 6 0 1 ). ▁On ▁ 2 1 ▁May ▁ 1 5 5 3 , ▁married ▁Catherine ▁Grey . ▁The ▁marriage ▁was ▁ann ull ed ▁in ▁ 1 5 5 4 . ▁His ▁second ▁wife ▁was ▁Catherine ▁Tal bot , ▁daughter ▁of ▁George ▁Tal bot , ▁ 6 th ▁Earl ▁of ▁Sh rew sb ury . ▁His ▁third ▁wife ▁was ▁Mary ▁Sid ney ▁by ▁whom ▁he ▁had ▁children , ▁including ▁William ▁and ▁Philip , ▁both ▁of ▁whom ▁would ▁acc ede ▁to ▁the ▁E ar ld om ▁of ▁P em bro ke . ▁ ▁Sir ▁Edward ▁Herbert ▁( 1 5 4 7 – 1 5 9 5 ), ▁married ▁Mary ▁Stanley , ▁by ▁whom ▁he ▁had ▁issue ▁including ▁William ▁Herbert , ▁ 1 st ▁Baron ▁Pow is . ▁ ▁Lady ▁Anne ▁Herbert ▁( 1 5 5 0 – 1 5 9 2 ), ▁married ▁Francis , ▁Lord ▁Tal bot , ▁son ▁of ▁George ▁Tal bot , ▁ 6 th ▁Earl ▁of ▁Sh rew sb ury . ▁There ▁is ▁no ▁known ▁issue ▁from ▁this ▁marriage . ▁ ▁Dep ictions ▁in ▁television ▁and ▁film ▁▁ ▁Anne ▁Par r ▁( L ady ▁Herbert ) ▁was ▁depicted ▁by ▁Irish ▁actress , ▁Su zy ▁Law lor ▁in ▁the ▁fourth ▁and ▁final ▁season ▁of ▁The ▁T ud ors
. ▁In ▁the ▁programme ▁she ▁is ▁a ▁lady - in - wait ing ▁to ▁Queen ▁Catherine ▁Howard ▁( T am zin ▁Mer chant ) ▁and ▁chief ▁maid - of - hon or ▁to ▁her ▁sister , ▁Queen ▁Catherine ▁Par r ▁( Jo ely ▁Richard son ). ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁▁ ▁google ▁books ▁preview ▁ ▁Category : English ▁count ess es ▁Category : W omen ▁of ▁the ▁T ud or ▁period ▁Category : 1 5 1 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 5 5 2 ▁deaths ▁Category : English ▁ladies - in - wait ing ▁Category : 1 6 th - century ▁English ▁women ▁Category : 1 6 th - century ▁English ▁nob ility ▁Anne ▁Category : B ur ials ▁at ▁St ▁Paul ' s ▁Cat hedral ▁Category : P arr ▁family <0x0A> </s> ▁, ▁officially ▁the ▁, ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁▁ ▁in ▁the ▁province ▁of ▁, ▁. ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁, ▁it ▁has ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ ▁people . ▁ ▁Former ly ▁known ▁as ▁Cab unt og , ▁it ▁is ▁home ▁to ▁annual ▁international ▁and ▁national ▁surf ing ▁compet itions ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁Cloud ▁ 9 ▁waves . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁the ▁town ▁has ▁the ▁reputation ▁as ▁the ▁" Sur f ing ▁Capital ▁of ▁the ▁Philippines ." ▁ ▁Ge ography ▁General ▁L una ▁is ▁located ▁ ▁east ▁of ▁D apa ▁and ▁about ▁ ▁from ▁Sur ig ao ▁City . ▁The ▁islands ▁of ▁An ah aw an , ▁D aku , ▁and ▁La ▁Jan u za ▁are ▁within ▁the ▁municip ality ' s
▁juris diction . ▁The ▁area ▁is ▁protected ▁within ▁the ▁ ▁Si arg ao ▁Islands ▁Prote cted ▁Land sc apes ▁and ▁Se asc apes ▁( S IP L AS ) ▁under ▁Republic ▁Act ▁ 7 5 8 6 ▁( N IP AS ▁Act ). ▁ ▁Bar ang ays ▁ ▁General ▁L una ▁is ▁polit ically ▁sub div ided ▁into ▁ 1 9 ▁bar ang ays , ▁fifteen ▁( 1 5 ) ▁of ▁which ▁are ▁located ▁on ▁Si arg ao ▁Island ▁while ▁four ▁( 4 ) ▁are ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁outer ▁islands . ▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁ ▁Cl imate ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁renamed ▁cities ▁and ▁municipal ities ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁General ▁L una , ▁its more fun int he ph il ipp ines . com ▁ ▁Philipp ine ▁Standard ▁Ge ographic ▁Code ▁ ▁Philipp ine ▁Census ▁Information ▁ ▁Local ▁Govern ance ▁Performance ▁Management ▁System ▁ ▁Category : M unicip al ities ▁of ▁Sur ig ao ▁del ▁N orte <0x0A> </s> ▁NGC ▁ 3 1 9 ▁is ▁a ▁sp iral ▁galaxy ▁in ▁the ▁const ell ation ▁Phoenix . ▁It ▁was ▁first ▁discovered ▁on ▁September ▁ 5 , ▁ 1 8 3 4 ▁by ▁John ▁H ers chel . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : G al ax ies ▁discovered ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 4 ▁ 0 3 1 9 ▁ 1 8 3 4 0 9 0 5 ▁Category : P ho en ix ▁( const ell ation ) ▁Category : Inter mediate ▁sp
iral ▁galaxies <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Was ps ▁() ▁is ▁the ▁fourth ▁in ▁chron ological ▁order ▁of ▁the ▁eleven ▁surviving ▁plays ▁by ▁Arist oph anes , ▁the ▁master ▁of ▁an ▁ancient ▁genre ▁of ▁drama ▁called ▁' Old ▁Com edy '. ▁It ▁was ▁produced ▁at ▁the ▁L ena ia ▁festival ▁in ▁ 4 2 2 ▁BC , ▁a ▁time ▁when ▁At hens ▁was ▁enjoying ▁a ▁brief ▁res pite ▁from ▁the ▁Pel op on nes ian ▁War ▁following ▁a ▁one - year ▁tr uce ▁with ▁Sp arta . ▁ ▁As ▁in ▁his ▁other ▁early ▁plays , ▁Arist oph anes ▁sat ir izes ▁the ▁dem agog ue ▁Cle on , ▁but ▁in ▁The ▁Was ps ▁he ▁also ▁ridic ules ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁At hen ian ▁institutions ▁that ▁provided ▁Cle on ▁with ▁his ▁power ▁base : ▁the ▁law ▁courts . ▁The ▁play ▁has ▁been ▁thought ▁to ▁exempl ify ▁the ▁convent ions ▁of ▁Old ▁Com edy ▁better ▁than ▁any ▁other ▁play , ▁and ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁world ' s ▁greatest ▁comed ies . ▁ ▁Plot ▁The ▁play ▁begins ▁with ▁a ▁strange ▁scene — a ▁large ▁net ▁has ▁been ▁spread ▁over ▁a ▁house , ▁the ▁entry ▁is ▁bar ric aded ▁and ▁two ▁slaves , ▁X anth ias ▁and ▁S os ias , ▁are ▁sleeping ▁in ▁the ▁street ▁outside . ▁A ▁third ▁man ▁is ▁positioned ▁at ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁an ▁exterior ▁wall ▁with ▁a ▁view ▁into ▁the ▁inner ▁cour tyard ▁but ▁he ▁too ▁is ▁asleep . ▁The ▁two ▁slaves ▁wake ▁and ▁we ▁learn ▁from ▁their
▁ban ter ▁that ▁they ▁are ▁keeping ▁guard ▁over ▁a ▁" mon ster ." ▁The ▁man ▁asleep ▁above ▁them ▁is ▁their ▁master ▁and ▁the ▁monster ▁is ▁his ▁father — he ▁has ▁an ▁unusual ▁disease . ▁X anth ias ▁and ▁S os ias ▁challenge ▁the ▁audience ▁to ▁guess ▁the ▁nature ▁of ▁the ▁disease . ▁Add ictions ▁to ▁gambling , ▁drink ▁and ▁good ▁times ▁are ▁suggested ▁but ▁they ▁are ▁all ▁wrong — the ▁father ▁is ▁add icted ▁to ▁the ▁law ▁court : ▁he ▁is ▁a ▁ph ile li ast es ▁() ▁or ▁a ▁" t rial oph ile ." ▁The ▁man ' s ▁name ▁is ▁Phil oc le on ▁( which ▁suggests ▁that ▁he ▁might ▁be ▁add icted ▁to ▁Cle on ), ▁and ▁his ▁son ' s ▁name ▁is ▁the ▁very ▁opposite ▁of ▁this — B d ely cle on . ▁The ▁symptoms ▁of ▁the ▁old ▁man ' s ▁addiction ▁include ▁ir regular ▁sleep , ▁obs ess ional ▁thinking , ▁par ano ia , ▁poor ▁hy g iene ▁and ▁ho arding . ▁Coun selling , ▁medical ▁treatment ▁and ▁travel ▁have ▁all ▁failed ▁to ▁solve ▁the ▁problem , ▁and ▁now ▁his ▁son ▁has ▁turned ▁the ▁house ▁into ▁a ▁prison ▁to ▁keep ▁the ▁old ▁man ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁law ▁courts . ▁▁ ▁B d ely cle on ▁w akes ▁and ▁he ▁sh outs ▁to ▁the ▁two ▁slaves ▁to ▁be ▁on ▁their ▁guard — his ▁father ▁is ▁moving ▁about . ▁He ▁tells ▁them ▁to ▁watch ▁the ▁dr ains , ▁for ▁the ▁old ▁man ▁can ▁move ▁like ▁a ▁mouse ,
▁but ▁Phil oc le on ▁surpr ises ▁them ▁all ▁by ▁emerging ▁instead ▁from ▁the ▁chim ney ▁disgu ised ▁as ▁smoke . ▁B d ely cle on ▁is ▁luck ily ▁on ▁hand ▁to ▁push ▁him ▁back ▁inside . ▁Other ▁attempts ▁at ▁escape ▁are ▁also ▁barely ▁defeated . ▁The ▁household ▁sett les ▁down ▁for ▁some ▁more ▁sleep ▁and ▁then ▁the ▁Ch orus ▁arrives — old ▁jur ors ▁who ▁move ▁war ily ▁through ▁the ▁mud dy ▁roads ▁and ▁are ▁esc orted ▁by ▁boys ▁with ▁l amps ▁through ▁the ▁dark . ▁Learning ▁of ▁their ▁old ▁com rade ' s ▁imprison ment , ▁they ▁leap ▁to ▁his ▁defense ▁and ▁sw arm ▁around ▁B d ely cle on ▁and ▁his ▁slaves ▁like ▁was ps . ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁this ▁f ray , ▁Phil oc le on ▁is ▁still ▁barely ▁in ▁his ▁son ' s ▁custody ▁and ▁both ▁sides ▁are ▁willing ▁to ▁settle ▁the ▁issue ▁peace fully ▁through ▁debate . ▁ ▁The ▁debate ▁between ▁the ▁Phil oc le on ▁and ▁B d ely cle on ▁focuses ▁on ▁the ▁advantages ▁that ▁the ▁old ▁man ▁personally ▁der ives ▁from ▁volunt ary ▁jury ▁service . ▁Phil oc le on ▁says ▁he ▁enjo ys ▁the ▁fl attering ▁att ent ions ▁of ▁rich ▁and ▁powerful ▁men ▁who ▁appeal ▁to ▁him ▁for ▁a ▁favour able ▁ver dict , ▁he ▁enjo ys ▁the ▁freedom ▁to ▁interpret ▁the ▁law ▁as ▁he ▁ple ases ▁since ▁his ▁decisions ▁are ▁not ▁subject ▁to ▁review , ▁and ▁his ▁jur or ' s ▁pay ▁gives ▁him ▁independence ▁and ▁authority ▁within ▁his ▁own
▁household . ▁B d ely cle on ▁respon ds ▁to ▁these ▁points ▁with ▁the ▁argument ▁that ▁jur ors ▁are ▁in ▁fact ▁subject ▁to ▁the ▁demands ▁of ▁pet ty ▁officials ▁and ▁they ▁get ▁paid ▁less ▁than ▁they ▁deserve — re ven ues ▁from ▁the ▁empire ▁go ▁mostly ▁into ▁the ▁private ▁tre as uries ▁of ▁men ▁like ▁Cle on . ▁These ▁arguments ▁have ▁a ▁par al ys ing ▁effect ▁on ▁Phil oc le on . ▁The ▁ch orus ▁is ▁won ▁over . ▁▁ ▁Phil oc le on ▁ref uses ▁to ▁give ▁up ▁his ▁old ▁ways , ▁so ▁B d ely cle on ▁offers ▁to ▁turn ▁the ▁house ▁into ▁a ▁court room ▁and ▁to ▁pay ▁him ▁a ▁jur or ' s ▁fee ▁to ▁judge ▁domestic ▁disput es . ▁Phil oc le on ▁agrees , ▁and ▁a ▁case ▁is ▁soon ▁brought ▁before ▁him — a ▁dispute ▁between ▁the ▁household ▁dogs . ▁One ▁dog ▁( who ▁looks ▁like ▁Cle on ) ▁acc uses ▁the ▁other ▁dog ▁( who ▁looks ▁like ▁L aches ) ▁of ▁ste aling ▁a ▁Sic il ian ▁cheese ▁and ▁not ▁sharing ▁it . ▁W itness es ▁for ▁the ▁defense ▁include ▁a ▁bowl , ▁a ▁p est le , ▁a ▁cheese - gr ater , ▁a ▁b raz ier ▁and ▁a ▁pot . ▁As ▁these ▁are ▁unable ▁to ▁speak , ▁B d ely cle on ▁says ▁a ▁few ▁words ▁for ▁them ▁on ▁behalf ▁of ▁the ▁accused . ▁A ▁group ▁of ▁pupp ies ▁( the ▁children ▁of ▁the ▁accused ) ▁is ▁us her ed ▁in ▁to ▁soft
en ▁the ▁heart ▁of ▁the ▁old ▁jur or ▁with ▁their ▁pl aint ive ▁c ries . ▁Phil oc le on ▁is ▁not ▁soft ened , ▁but ▁his ▁son ▁easily ▁fool s ▁him ▁into ▁putting ▁his ▁vote ▁into ▁the ▁ urn ▁for ▁acqu itt al . ▁The ▁old ▁jur or ▁is ▁deeply ▁shocked ▁by ▁the ▁outcome ▁of ▁the ▁trial — he ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁conv ictions — but ▁his ▁son ▁promises ▁him ▁a ▁good ▁time ▁and ▁they ▁exit ▁the ▁stage ▁to ▁prepare ▁for ▁some ▁entertainment . ▁ ▁While ▁the ▁actors ▁are ▁off stage , ▁the ▁Ch orus ▁addresses ▁the ▁audience ▁in ▁a ▁conventional ▁par ab asis . ▁It ▁pra ises ▁the ▁author ▁for ▁standing ▁up ▁to ▁mon sters ▁like ▁Cle on ▁and ▁it ▁ch ast ises ▁the ▁audience ▁for ▁its ▁failure ▁to ▁appreciate ▁the ▁mer its ▁of ▁the ▁author ' s ▁previous ▁play ▁( The ▁Cloud s ). ▁It ▁pra ises ▁the ▁older ▁generation , ▁ev okes ▁memories ▁of ▁the ▁victory ▁at ▁Mar athon , ▁and ▁bitter ly ▁de pl ores ▁the ▁gob bling ▁up ▁of ▁imperial ▁reven ues ▁by ▁un worthy ▁men . ▁Father ▁and ▁son ▁then ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁stage , ▁now ▁arguing ▁with ▁each ▁other ▁over ▁the ▁old ▁man ' s ▁choice ▁of ▁att ire . ▁He ▁is ▁add icted ▁to ▁his ▁old ▁jur yman ' s ▁clo ak ▁and ▁his ▁old ▁shoes ▁and ▁he ▁is ▁suspicious ▁of ▁the ▁fancy ▁wo ollen ▁gar ment ▁and ▁the ▁fashion able ▁Sp art an ▁foot wear ▁that ▁B d ely cle on ▁wants ▁him
▁to ▁wear ▁that ▁evening ▁to ▁a ▁sophisticated ▁dinner ▁party . ▁The ▁fancy ▁clothes ▁are ▁forced ▁upon ▁him , ▁and ▁he ▁is ▁instruct ed ▁in ▁the ▁kind ▁of ▁man ners ▁and ▁conversation ▁that ▁the ▁other ▁guests ▁will ▁expect ▁of ▁him . ▁At ▁the ▁party , ▁Phil oc le on ▁decl ares ▁his ▁reluct ance ▁to ▁drink ▁any ▁wine — it ▁causes ▁trouble , ▁he ▁says — but ▁B d ely cle on ▁ass ures ▁him ▁that ▁sophisticated ▁men ▁of ▁the ▁world ▁can ▁easily ▁talk ▁their ▁way ▁out ▁of ▁trouble , ▁and ▁so ▁they ▁depart ▁optim istically ▁for ▁the ▁evening ' s ▁entertainment . ▁▁ ▁There ▁is ▁then ▁a ▁second ▁par ab asis ▁( see ▁Note ▁at ▁end ▁of ▁this ▁section ), ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁Ch orus ▁touches ▁briefly ▁on ▁a ▁conflict ▁between ▁Cle on ▁and ▁the ▁author , ▁after ▁which ▁a ▁household ▁slave ▁arrives ▁with ▁news ▁for ▁the ▁audience ▁about ▁the ▁old ▁man ' s ▁app alling ▁behaviour ▁at ▁the ▁dinner ▁party : ▁Phil oc le on ▁has ▁got ▁himself ▁ab us ively ▁drunk , ▁he ▁has ▁insult ed ▁all ▁his ▁son ' s ▁fashion able ▁friends , ▁and ▁now ▁he ▁is ▁assault ing ▁anyone ▁he ▁meets ▁on ▁the ▁way ▁home . ▁The ▁slave ▁depart s ▁as ▁Phil oc le on ▁arrives , ▁now ▁with ▁ag g riev ed ▁victims ▁on ▁his ▁heels ▁and ▁a ▁pretty ▁fl ute ▁girl ▁on ▁his ▁arm . ▁B d ely cle on ▁appears ▁moments ▁later ▁and ▁an gr ily ▁rem on str ates ▁with ▁his ▁father ▁for ▁kidn
apping ▁the ▁fl ute ▁girl ▁from ▁the ▁party . ▁Phil oc le on ▁pret ends ▁that ▁she ▁is ▁in ▁fact ▁a ▁torch . ▁His ▁son ▁isn ' t ▁fool ed ▁and ▁he ▁tries ▁to ▁take ▁the ▁girl ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁party ▁by ▁force ▁but ▁his ▁father ▁kn ocks ▁him ▁down . ▁Other ▁people ▁with ▁g riev ances ▁against ▁Phil oc le on ▁continue ▁to ▁arrive , ▁demanding ▁compensation ▁and ▁threatening ▁legal ▁action . ▁He ▁makes ▁an ▁iron ic ▁attempt ▁to ▁talk ▁his ▁way ▁out ▁of ▁trouble ▁like ▁a ▁sophisticated ▁man ▁of ▁the ▁world , ▁but ▁it ▁infl ames ▁the ▁situation ▁further . ▁Finally , ▁his ▁al armed ▁son ▁dr ags ▁him ▁ind o ors . ▁The ▁Ch orus ▁s ings ▁briefly ▁about ▁how ▁difficult ▁it ▁is ▁for ▁men ▁to ▁change ▁their ▁habits ▁and ▁it ▁comm ends ▁the ▁son ▁for ▁fil ial ▁dev otion , ▁after ▁which ▁the ▁entire ▁cast ▁returns ▁to ▁the ▁stage ▁for ▁some ▁spir ited ▁dancing ▁by ▁Phil oc le on ▁in ▁a ▁contest ▁with ▁the ▁sons ▁of ▁Car cin us . ▁ ▁Note : ▁Some ▁ed itors ▁( such ▁as ▁Bar rett ) ▁exchange ▁the ▁second ▁par ab asis ▁( lines ▁ 1 2 6 5 – 9 1 ) ▁with ▁the ▁song ▁( lines ▁ 1 4 5 0 – 7 3 ) ▁in ▁which ▁B d ely cle on ▁is ▁comm ended ▁for ▁fil ial ▁dev otion . ▁ ▁Historical ▁background ▁ ▁Cle on ▁and ▁the ▁At hen ian ▁jury ▁system ▁About ▁two ▁years ▁before ▁the ▁performance ▁of
▁The ▁Was ps , ▁At hens ▁had ▁obtained ▁a ▁significant ▁victory ▁against ▁its ▁rival , ▁Sp arta , ▁in ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁S ph acter ia . ▁Right ly ▁or ▁wrong ly , ▁most ▁At hen ians ▁cred ited ▁Cle on ▁with ▁this ▁victory , ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁then ▁at ▁the ▁height ▁of ▁his ▁power . ▁Constitution ally , ▁sup reme ▁power ▁lay ▁with ▁the ▁People ▁as ▁voters ▁in ▁the ▁assembly ▁and ▁as ▁jur ors ▁in ▁the ▁courts , ▁but ▁they ▁could ▁be ▁manip ulated ▁by ▁dem agog ues ▁skilled ▁in ▁or atory ▁and ▁supported ▁by ▁networks ▁of ▁satell ites ▁and ▁inform ers . ▁Cle on ▁had ▁succeeded ▁Per icles ▁as ▁the ▁dominant ▁speaker ▁in ▁the ▁assembly , ▁and ▁increasingly ▁he ▁could ▁manip ulate ▁the ▁courts ▁for ▁political ▁and ▁personal ▁ends , ▁especially ▁in ▁the ▁prosecut ion ▁of ▁public ▁officials ▁for ▁mis management ▁of ▁their ▁duties . ▁▁ ▁Jur ors ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁citizens ▁over ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁thirty ▁and ▁a ▁corps ▁of ▁ 6 0 0 0 ▁was ▁en rolled ▁at ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁each ▁year , ▁forming ▁a ▁con sp ic uous ▁presence ▁about ▁town ▁in ▁their ▁short ▁brown ▁clo aks , ▁with ▁wooden ▁st aves ▁in ▁their ▁hands . ▁The ▁work ▁was ▁volunt ary ▁but ▁time - consum ing ▁and ▁they ▁were ▁paid ▁a ▁small ▁fee : ▁three ▁ob ols ▁per ▁day ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁The ▁Was ps . ▁For ▁many ▁jur ors , ▁this ▁was ▁their ▁major ▁source ▁of ▁income ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁virtually ▁an ▁old - age
▁pension . ▁There ▁were ▁no ▁judges ▁to ▁provide ▁j uries ▁with ▁legal ▁guidance , ▁and ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁legal ▁appeal ▁against ▁a ▁jury ' s ▁ver dict . ▁Jur ors ▁came ▁under ▁the ▁sway ▁of ▁lit igious ▁politicians ▁like ▁Cle on ▁who ▁provided ▁them ▁with ▁cases ▁to ▁try ▁and ▁who ▁were ▁influential ▁in ▁persu ading ▁the ▁Assembly ▁to ▁keep ▁up ▁their ▁pay . ▁However ▁it ▁is ▁not ▁necessarily ▁true ▁that ▁Cle on ▁was ▁explo iting ▁the ▁system ▁for ▁ven al ▁or ▁corrupt ▁reasons , ▁as ▁argued ▁in ▁The ▁Was ps . ▁▁ ▁Arist oph anes ' ▁plays ▁promote ▁conservative ▁values ▁and ▁support ▁an ▁honour able ▁peace ▁with ▁Sp arta , ▁whereas ▁Cle on ▁was ▁a ▁radical ▁democr at ▁and ▁a ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁pro - war ▁f action . ▁Mis under stand ings ▁were ▁inevitable . ▁Cle on ▁had ▁previously ▁attempted ▁to ▁pro sec ute ▁Arist oph anes ▁for ▁sl and ering ▁the ▁pol is ▁with ▁his ▁second ▁play ▁The ▁Bab ylon ians , ▁and ▁though ▁the ▁legal ▁result ▁of ▁these ▁efforts ▁is ▁unknown , ▁they ▁appear ▁to ▁have ▁sharp ened ▁the ▁poet ' s ▁sat irical ▁edge , ▁as ▁ev id enced ▁later ▁in ▁the ▁un rel ent ing ▁attack ▁on ▁Cle on ▁in ▁The ▁Kn ights . ▁The ▁second ▁par ab asis ▁in ▁The ▁Was ps ▁implies ▁that ▁Cle on ▁ret ali ated ▁for ▁his ▁dr ub bing ▁in ▁The ▁Kn ights ▁with ▁yet ▁further ▁efforts ▁to ▁intimid ate ▁or ▁pro sec ute ▁Arist oph anes , ▁and ▁the ▁poet ▁may
▁have ▁publicly ▁yield ed ▁to ▁this ▁pressure ▁for ▁a ▁short ▁time . ▁Whatever ▁agreement ▁was ▁reached ▁with ▁Cle on , ▁Arist oph anes ▁gle ef ully ▁re ne ged ▁on ▁it ▁in ▁The ▁Was ps , ▁presenting ▁Cle on ▁as ▁a ▁tre acher ous ▁dog ▁manip ulating ▁a ▁cor rupted ▁legal ▁process ▁for ▁personal ▁gain . ▁ ▁Some ▁events ▁that ▁influenced ▁The ▁Was ps ▁ 4 3 1 : ▁The ▁Pel op on nes ian ▁War ▁comm enced . ▁ 4 2 6 : ▁Arist oph anes ▁won ▁first ▁prize ▁at ▁the ▁City ▁D ion ys ia ▁with ▁his ▁second ▁play , ▁The ▁Bab ylon ians ▁( now ▁lost ), ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁subsequently ▁prosecut ed ▁by ▁Cle on ▁for ▁being ▁the ▁author ▁of ▁sl and ers ▁against ▁the ▁pol is . ▁ 4 2 5 : ▁At hens ▁obtained ▁a ▁significant ▁victory ▁against ▁Sp arta ▁in ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁S ph acter ia ▁and ▁Cle on ▁successfully ▁claimed ▁responsibility ▁for ▁it . ▁ 4 2 4 : ▁Arist oph anes ▁won ▁first ▁prize ▁at ▁the ▁L ena ia ▁with ▁The ▁Kn ights ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁lamp oon ed ▁Cle on ▁mer cil ess ly . ▁ 4 2 3 : ▁At hens ▁and ▁Sp arta ▁agreed ▁to ▁a ▁one - year ▁tr uce . ▁Arist oph anes ' ▁play ▁The ▁Cloud s ▁came ▁third ▁( i . e . ▁last ). ▁ 4 2 2 : ▁The ▁Was ps ▁was ▁performed ▁at ▁the ▁L ena ia , ▁winning ▁second ▁place . ▁
▁Pl aces ▁and ▁people ▁mentioned ▁in ▁The ▁Was ps ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁a ▁character ▁in ▁Pl ut arch ' s ▁D inner - table ▁Dis cussion , ▁( written ▁some ▁ 5 0 0 ▁years ▁after ▁The ▁Was ps ▁was ▁produced ), ▁Old ▁Com edy ▁needs ▁comment ators ▁to ▁explain ▁its ▁ab stru se ▁references , ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁way ▁that ▁a ▁ban quet ▁needs ▁wine ▁wait ers . ▁Here ▁is ▁the ▁wine ▁list ▁for ▁The ▁Was ps ▁as ▁supplied ▁by ▁modern ▁scholars . ▁ ▁Pl aces ▁▁ ▁Meg ara : ▁a ▁neighbour ▁and ▁histor ically ▁a ▁rival ▁to ▁At hens , ▁it ▁is ▁mentioned ▁in ▁line ▁ 5 7 ▁as ▁the ▁reput ed ▁origin ▁of ▁comic ▁drama . ▁Law ▁Cour ts : ▁At hens ▁had ▁ten ▁law ▁courts ▁in ▁ 4 2 2 ▁BC , ▁of ▁which ▁these ▁three ▁are ▁mentioned ▁here ▁by ▁name : ▁The ▁New ▁Court ▁in ▁line ▁ 1 2 0 , ▁The ▁Court ▁at ▁Ly k os ▁in ▁line ▁ 3 8 9 ▁ ▁and ▁The ▁O de ion ▁in ▁line ▁ 1 1 0 9 . ▁Asc le pie ia : ▁T empl es ▁dedicated ▁to ▁the ▁god ▁of ▁healing , ▁the ▁one ▁mentioned ▁in ▁line ▁ 1 2 3 ▁was ▁located ▁near ▁At hens ▁on ▁the ▁island ▁of ▁A egin a . ▁Del phi : ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁sacred ▁sites ▁in ▁Greece , ▁it ▁is ▁said ▁by ▁Phil oc le on ▁in ▁line ▁ 1 5 9 ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁source ▁of ▁a ▁fear ful
▁prop he cy ▁concerning ▁himself . ▁Sc ione : ▁A ▁city ▁on ▁the ▁prom ont ory ▁of ▁Ch al cid ice , ▁it ▁revol ted ▁against ▁At hen ian ▁rule ▁two ▁days ▁after ▁the ▁At hen ian ▁tr uce ▁with ▁Sp arta ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁now ▁under ▁sie ge ; ▁this ▁was ▁the ▁only ▁fighting ▁At hen ians ▁were ▁engaged ▁in ▁at ▁that ▁time . ▁B d ely cle on ▁says ▁in ▁line ▁ 2 1 0 ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁rather ▁serve ▁there ▁than ▁guard ▁his ▁father . ▁By z ant ium : ▁Origin ally ▁captured ▁from ▁Pers ian ▁forces ▁by ▁the ▁Gree ks ▁in ▁ 4 7 8 ▁BC , ▁and ▁subsequently ▁taken ▁from ▁the ▁control ▁of ▁P aus an ias ▁by ▁the ▁At hen ians ▁in ▁ 4 7 6 , ▁a ▁g arr ison ▁had ▁been ▁station ed ▁there ▁ever ▁since ▁its ▁revol t ▁from ▁At hen ian ▁rule ▁in ▁ 4 4 0 - 4 3 9 . ▁The ▁Ch orus ▁of ▁old ▁jur ors ▁mention ▁it ▁in ▁line ▁ 2 3 6 ▁while ▁rem inis cing ▁about ▁their ▁time ▁as ▁soldiers ▁there . ▁Sam os : ▁An ▁island ▁that ▁had ▁revol ted ▁from ▁At hen ian ▁rule ▁in ▁ 4 4 0 ▁BC , ▁it ▁is ▁mentioned ▁in ▁line ▁ 2 3 8 ▁in ▁reference ▁to ▁a ▁Sam ian ▁( poss ibly ▁a ▁man ▁named ▁C ary st ion ) ▁who ▁had ▁bet rayed ▁his ▁own ▁pol is ▁out ▁of ▁his ▁reput ed ▁love ▁for ▁At hens ▁and
▁who ▁had ▁recently ▁been ▁acqu itted ▁of ▁some ▁charge . ▁Th r ace : ▁A ▁region ▁of ▁strategic ▁significance ▁in ▁the ▁Pel op on nes ian ▁War , ▁the ▁Ch orus ▁ment ions ▁it ▁in ▁line ▁ 2 8 8 ▁in ▁relation ▁to ▁the ▁im pending ▁trial ▁of ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁' trait ors ' ▁there ▁( poss ibly ▁a ▁reference ▁to ▁Th uc yd ides , ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁prosecut ed ▁by ▁Cle on ▁the ▁previous ▁year ▁after ▁the ▁At hen ian ▁defeat ▁at ▁Am ph ip ol is . ▁N ax os : ▁Sub j ug ated ▁by ▁the ▁At hen ians ▁around ▁ 4 7 0 ▁BC , ▁the ▁Ch orus ▁ment ions ▁it ▁in ▁line ▁ 3 5 5 ▁while ▁recall ing ▁a ▁soldier ' s ▁pr ank ▁perpet rated ▁there ▁by ▁Phil oc le on . ▁Pont us ▁and ▁S ard in ia : ▁M ention ed ▁in ▁line ▁ 7 0 0 ▁by ▁B d ely cle on ▁as ▁the ▁eastern ▁and ▁western ▁limits ▁of ▁the ▁At hen ian ▁empire . ▁Mar athon : ▁The ▁site ▁of ▁the ▁celebrated ▁At hen ian ▁victory ▁against ▁Pers ia , ▁it ▁is ▁mentioned ▁in ▁line ▁ 7 1 1 ▁by ▁B d ely cle on ▁in ▁reference ▁to ▁what ▁is ▁o wed ▁to ▁At hen ians ▁by ▁other ▁Gree ks . ▁E ub o ia ▁S ett led ▁by ▁At hen ians ▁through ▁a ▁cler uch y , ▁it ▁was ▁a ▁key ▁source ▁of ▁grain ▁and ▁is ▁mentioned ▁in ▁line
▁ 7 1 5 ▁by ▁B d ely cle on ▁as ▁a ▁syn onym ▁for ▁vote - bu ying . ▁Sic ily : ▁The ▁island ▁was ▁famous ▁for ▁its ▁che es es ▁and ▁its ▁mention ▁in ▁line ▁ 8 3 8 ▁helps ▁to ▁identify ▁the ▁cheese - ste aling ▁dog ▁Lab es ▁as ▁a ▁comic ▁representation ▁of ▁the ▁At hen ian ▁general ▁L aches , ▁who ▁led ▁an ▁At hen ian ▁force ▁there ▁in ▁ 4 2 7 ▁BC . ▁K ud at hen a ion ▁and ▁Z ix one : ▁Res pect ively ▁the ▁de me ▁of ▁C ylon ▁in ▁At hens ▁and ▁the ▁acc using ▁dog , ▁and ▁the ▁de me ▁of ▁L aches ▁and ▁the ▁accused ▁dog ▁( on ▁the ▁coast ▁about ▁eight ▁miles ▁south ▁of ▁At hens ) ▁– ▁both ▁dem es ▁are ▁mentioned ▁in ▁line ▁ 8 9 5 . ▁Th y ma it ado i : ▁A ▁village ▁near ▁the ▁Pir ae us , ▁it ▁was ▁a ▁source ▁of ▁rough ▁clo aks ▁that ▁the ▁uns oph istic ated ▁Phil oc le on ▁is ▁unable ▁to ▁distinguish ▁from ▁the ▁expensive ▁clo aks ▁worn ▁in ▁S ard is ▁and ▁w oven ▁in ▁E cb at ana ▁( common ▁dest inations ▁for ▁At hen ian ▁diplom ats ), ▁as ▁stated ▁in ▁lines ▁ 1 1 3 8 – 4 3 . ▁Par os : ▁An ▁island ▁that ▁Phil oc le on ▁once ▁visited ▁for ▁two ▁ob ols ▁a ▁day ▁( i . e . ▁as ▁a ▁row er ▁in ▁the
▁At hen ian ▁navy ) ▁– ▁which ▁was ▁as ▁close ▁to ▁becoming ▁a ▁diplom at ▁as ▁he ▁ever ▁got ▁( line ▁ 1 1 8 9 ). ▁ ▁Po ets ▁and ▁other ▁artists ▁▁ ▁E ur ip ides : ▁F requ ently ▁a ▁target ▁of ▁Arist oph anes ' ▁plays , ▁the ▁tragic ▁poet ▁is ▁mentioned ▁in ▁line ▁ 6 1 ▁as ▁the ▁butt ▁of ▁tired ▁old ▁jokes ▁that ▁are ▁made ▁by ▁other ▁comic ▁po ets . ▁There ▁are ▁also ▁mock - hero ic ▁references ▁to ▁his ▁plays ▁B eller oph on , ▁C ret an ▁Women ▁and ▁In o ▁in ▁lines ▁ 7 5 7 , ▁ 7 6 3 , ▁ 1 4 1 4 . ▁Ec phant ides : ▁A ▁comic ▁poet ▁of ▁a ▁previous ▁generation ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁obsc urity , ▁he ▁is ▁referred ▁to ▁in ▁line ▁ 1 5 1 ▁by ▁his ▁nick name ▁Cap n ias ▁( S mo key ). ▁Ph ry n ich us : ▁A ▁celebrated ▁tragic ▁poet ▁of ▁an ▁earlier ▁generation , ▁he ▁is ▁mentioned ▁favour ably ▁several ▁times ▁by ▁Phil oc le on ▁and ▁the ▁jur ors ▁in ▁lines ▁ 2 2 0 , ▁ 2 6 9 , ▁ 1 4 9 0 , ▁ 1 5 2 4 . ▁The ▁first ▁mention ▁is ▁in ▁a ▁comic , ▁compound ▁word ▁() ▁which ▁includes ▁a ▁reference ▁to ▁a ▁popular ▁song ▁about ▁Sid on ▁written ▁by ▁Ph ry n ich us . ▁The ▁tragic ▁poet ▁is ▁mentioned ▁in ▁three ▁other ▁plays . ▁P
ind ar : ▁The ▁great ▁ly ric ▁poet ▁of ▁Bo e ot ia ▁is ▁not ▁mentioned ▁here ▁by ▁name ▁but ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁famous ▁vers es ▁is ▁absurd ly ▁quoted ▁out ▁of ▁context ▁in ▁line ▁ 3 0 8 ▁Phil oc les : ▁A ▁tragic ▁poet ▁( who ▁won ▁first ▁prize ▁when ▁Soph oc les ▁competed ▁with ▁O ed ip us ▁R ex ), ▁yet ▁sat ir ized ▁by ▁comic ▁po ets ▁for ▁a ▁harsh ▁style , ▁he ▁is ▁said ▁in ▁line ▁ 4 6 2 ▁to ▁have ▁an ▁em bit ter ing ▁influence ▁on ▁old ▁men . ▁He ▁is ▁mentioned ▁again ▁in ▁The sm op hor iaz us ae ▁and ▁The ▁Bird s . ▁A es op : ▁Then , ▁as ▁now , ▁a ▁source ▁of ▁instruct ive ▁f ables , ▁he ▁receives ▁four ▁ment ions ▁in ▁lines ▁ 5 6 6 , ▁ 1 2 5 9 , ▁ 1 4 0 1 , ▁ 1 4 4 6 ▁and ▁he ▁is ▁later ▁mentioned ▁in ▁two ▁other ▁plays . ▁O i ag ros : ▁A ▁tragic ▁actor , ▁he ▁is ▁said ▁in ▁line ▁ 5 7 9 ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁acqu itted ▁in ▁a ▁trial ▁after ▁rec iting ▁vers es ▁from ▁a ▁play ▁titled ▁Ni obe . ▁Ni obe ▁was ▁possibly ▁a ▁play ▁by ▁Soph oc les ▁that ▁was ▁performed ▁shortly ▁before ▁Was ps . ▁Altern atively ▁Ni obe ▁was ▁a ▁play ▁by ▁A esch yl us , ▁mentioned ▁again ▁later ▁in ▁The ▁Fro gs . ▁Ac est or ▁Sac as
: ▁A ▁tragic ▁poet ▁of ▁foreign ▁birth ▁and ▁a ▁frequent ▁target ▁of ▁comic ▁po ets , ▁he ▁is ▁mentioned ▁in ▁line ▁ 1 2 2 1 ▁as ▁the ▁father ▁of ▁one ▁of ▁Cle on ' s ▁circle . ▁He ▁is ▁mentioned ▁also ▁in ▁The ▁Bird s . ▁Al ca e us : ▁The ▁great ▁ly ric ▁poet ▁of ▁My til ene , ▁he ▁is ▁not ▁mentioned ▁by ▁name ▁but ▁he ▁is ▁the ▁author ▁of ▁some ▁well - known ▁vers es ▁that ▁Phil oc le on ▁ad ap ts ▁to ▁a ▁sc ol ion ▁directed ▁against ▁Cle on ▁in ▁lines ▁ 1 2 3 2 – 3 5 . ▁Ari ph r ades : ▁Poss ibly ▁a ▁comic ▁dram at ist ▁and ▁a ▁student ▁of ▁An ax ag or as , ▁he ▁is ▁m ocked ▁in ▁this ▁play ▁in ▁line ▁ 1 2 8 0 ▁and ▁in ▁other ▁plays ▁for ▁sexual ▁ecc entric ities . ▁His ▁musician ▁brother , ▁Ar ign ot us , ▁is ▁mentioned ▁with ▁him ▁but ▁not ▁by ▁name ▁in ▁The ▁Was ps . ▁St hen el us : ▁A ▁tragic ▁poet , ▁whose ▁verse ▁was ▁later ▁considered ▁by ▁Arist ot le ▁to ▁be ▁luc id ▁but ▁und ign ified , ▁he ▁is ▁mentioned ▁in ▁line ▁ 1 3 1 3 ▁as ▁the ▁ep it ome ▁of ▁a ▁man ▁who ▁is ▁lacking ▁something . ▁Las us : ▁A ▁poet ▁from ▁Herm ione ▁who ▁lived ▁in ▁the ▁latter ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁Century , ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁d
ith yr amb ic ▁cont ests ▁in ▁At hens ▁and ▁cred ited ▁with ▁writing ▁the ▁first ▁book ▁on ▁music , ▁he ▁is ▁quoted ▁in ▁line ▁ 1 4 1 0 ▁ ▁as ▁the ▁author ▁of ▁a ▁ban al ▁statement : ▁" It ▁means ▁little ▁to ▁me ". ▁Simon ides : ▁The ▁famous ▁ly ric ▁poet ▁from ▁Ce os , ▁he ▁is ▁said ▁by ▁Phil oc les ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁the ▁man ▁to ▁whom ▁the ▁above ▁statement ▁was ▁addressed . ▁He ▁is ▁mentioned ▁in ▁three ▁other ▁plays . ▁The sp is : ▁According ▁to ▁At hen ian ▁tradition , ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁dram at ist ▁to ▁write ▁for ▁an ▁actor ▁separate ▁from ▁the ▁Ch orus . ▁He ▁is ▁mentioned ▁in ▁line ▁ 1 4 7 9 ▁as ▁typical ▁of ▁Phil oc le on ' s ▁old - f ashion ed ▁tastes . ▁Car cin us : ▁An ▁At hen ian ▁general ▁in ▁ 4 3 1 , ▁he ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁dram at ist ▁and ▁a ▁d ancer . ▁He ▁is ▁mentioned ▁with ▁his ▁sons ▁here ▁in ▁line ▁ 1 5 0 1 ▁and ▁in ▁other ▁plays . ▁His ▁sons ▁( or ▁d ancers ▁mas quer ading ▁as ▁his ▁sons ) ▁d anced ▁in ▁the ▁ex od os ▁in ▁this ▁play ▁in ▁competition ▁with ▁Phil oc le on . ▁Their ▁performance ▁is ▁m ocked ▁by ▁Phil oc le on ▁and ▁it ▁is ▁even ▁m ocked ▁by ▁the ▁Ch orus ▁of ▁a ▁later ▁play ▁( Pe ace ▁lines ▁ 7 8 1 - 6
). ▁One ▁son , ▁X en oc les , ▁was ▁a ▁traged ian ▁who ▁later ▁defeated ▁E ur ip ides ▁at ▁the ▁City ▁D ion ys ia ▁in ▁ 4 1 5 ▁but ▁his ▁abilities ▁as ▁a ▁dram at ist ▁are ▁ridic ul ed ▁by ▁Arist oph anes ▁in ▁The sm op hor iaz us ae ▁and ▁The ▁Fro gs . ▁ ▁At hen ian ▁politicians ▁and ▁gener als ▁▁ ▁Cle on : ▁The ▁popul ist ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁pro - war ▁f action ▁in ▁At hens , ▁he ▁is ▁the ▁arch - v ill ain ▁in ▁all ▁of ▁Arist oph anes ' ▁early ▁plays . ▁We ▁are ▁assured ▁in ▁lines ▁ 6 2 - 3 ▁that ▁Arist oph anes ▁won ' t ▁make ▁min ce me at ▁of ▁him ▁again ▁but ▁promises ▁mean ▁nothing ▁in ▁a ▁comedy ▁and ▁he ▁receives ▁more ▁treatment ▁in ▁lines ▁ 1 9 7 , ▁ 2 4 2 , ▁ 4 0 9 , ▁ 5 9 6 , ▁ 7 5 9 , ▁ 1 2 2 0 , ▁ 1 2 2 4 , ▁ 1 2 3 7 , ▁ 1 2 8 5 ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁numerous ▁indirect ▁ment ions , ▁notably ▁as ▁an ▁un tr ust worthy ▁dog . ▁The orus : ▁An ▁associate ▁of ▁Cle on , ▁he ▁is ▁presented ▁in ▁lines ▁ 4 2 , ▁ 4 7 , ▁ 4 1 8 , ▁ 5 9 9 , ▁ 1 2 2 0 , ▁ 1 2 3 6
▁as ▁an ▁ign ob le ▁fl atter er . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁target ▁also ▁in ▁earlier ▁plays . ▁Al c ib i ades : ▁Later ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁d ashing ▁general ▁and ▁a ▁winning ▁arist ocr at , ▁he ▁was ▁not ▁yet ▁a ▁major ▁public ▁figure ▁and ▁here ▁he ▁is ▁mentioned ▁in ▁line ▁ 4 4 ▁only ▁for ▁his ▁l isp . ▁He ▁was ▁mentioned ▁earlier ▁in ▁The ▁Ach arn ians ▁as ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Cle in ias ▁and ▁he ▁is ▁mentioned ▁later ▁in ▁The ▁Fro gs . ▁Am yn ias : ▁A ▁general ▁this ▁year ▁( 4 2 3 / 2 ), ▁he ▁was ▁sat ir ized ▁by ▁comic ▁dram at ists ▁as ▁eff em inate ▁and ▁pret ent ious . ▁Here ▁he ▁is ▁m ocked ▁for ▁gambling ▁habits , ▁long ▁hair ▁() ▁and ▁his ▁role ▁in ▁a ▁diplom atic ▁mission ▁to ▁The ss aly ▁in ▁lines ▁ 7 4 , ▁ 4 6 6 , ▁ 1 2 6 7 . ▁He ▁is ▁mentioned ▁also ▁in ▁The ▁Cloud s . ▁Nic ost r atus : ▁Poss ibly ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Die it rep hes ▁and ▁a ▁sk il ful ▁general ▁mentioned ▁by ▁Th uc yd ides , ▁he ▁is ▁said ▁in ▁line ▁ 8 1 ▁to ▁call ▁out ▁from ▁the ▁audience ▁about ▁Phil oc le on ' s ▁disease , ▁identifying ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁' h ospital ity '. ▁L aches : ▁A ▁general ▁who ▁had ▁led ▁a ▁small ▁At hen ian ▁force ▁to ▁Sic ily ▁in ▁ 4
2 7 ▁and ▁who ▁had ▁proposed ▁the ▁one - year ▁tr uce ▁in ▁ 4 2 3 , ▁he ▁is ▁mentioned ▁in ▁line ▁ 2 4 0 ▁and ▁he ▁appears ▁as ▁the ▁good ▁watch dog ▁accused ▁of ▁ste aling ▁a ▁Sic il ian ▁cheese , ▁suggesting ▁that ▁Cle on ▁was ▁in ▁fact ▁int ending ▁to ▁pro sec ute ▁him ▁for ▁corruption . ▁Th uc yd ides : ▁The ▁political ▁rival ▁of ▁Per icles , ▁he ▁is ▁mentioned ▁in ▁line ▁ 9 4 7 ▁and ▁earlier ▁in ▁The ▁Ach arn ians ▁in ▁relation ▁to ▁a ▁trial ▁in ▁which ▁s lick ▁lawyers ▁took ▁full ▁advantage ▁of ▁his ▁old ▁age . ▁Hy per bol us : ▁A ▁popul ist ▁and ▁eventually ▁Cle on ' s ▁success or , ▁he ▁is ▁named ▁in ▁line ▁ 1 0 0 7 ▁as ▁an ▁example ▁of ▁someone ▁who ▁c yn ically ▁manip ulates ▁j uries . ▁He ▁receives ▁numerous ▁ment ions ▁in ▁other ▁plays . ▁The ogen es : ▁A ▁prominent ▁politician ▁often ▁sat ir ized ▁by ▁comic ▁po ets ▁as ▁a ▁fat , ▁greed y ▁br agg art , ▁he ▁is ▁quoted ▁in ▁line ▁ 1 1 8 3 ▁as ▁somebody ▁who ▁ab uses ▁d ung - collect ors ▁. ▁He ▁is ▁also ▁ ▁mentioned ▁in ▁later ▁plays . ▁And ro cles : ▁Another ▁popul ist , ▁often ▁sat ir ized ▁in ▁Old ▁Com edy ▁as ▁poor ▁and ▁imm oral , ▁he ▁was ▁later ▁influential ▁in ▁ex iling ▁Al c ib i ades . ▁He ▁is ▁mentioned ▁iron ically
▁in ▁line ▁ 1 1 8 7 ▁ ▁as ▁an ▁example ▁of ▁the ▁kind ▁of ▁man ▁who ▁represents ▁At hens ▁on ▁sacred , ▁diplom atic ▁missions . ▁Ant iph on : ▁An ▁or ator ▁and ▁later ▁a ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁o lig arch ic ▁government ▁in ▁ 4 1 1 ▁BC , ▁he ▁is ▁named ▁in ▁line ▁ 1 2 7 0 , ▁ 1 3 0 1 ▁as ▁a ▁hungry ▁kind ▁of ▁man ▁and ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁sophisticated ▁dinner ▁guests ▁ab used ▁by ▁Phil oc le on . ▁Ph ry n ich us : ▁A ▁politician ▁and ▁later ▁a ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁o lig archy ▁of ▁The ▁Four ▁H undred , ▁he ▁is ▁a ▁central ▁figure ▁at ▁the ▁sophisticated ▁dinner ▁party ▁attended ▁by ▁Ant iph on , ▁The op hr ast os , ▁Ly kon , ▁L ys istr atus , ▁B d ely cle on , ▁Phil oc le on ▁et ▁al ., ▁as ▁stated ▁in ▁line ▁ 1 3 0 2 . ▁Ly con : ▁A ▁little - known ▁politician ▁who ▁later ▁assist ed ▁in ▁the ▁prosecut ion ▁of ▁S ocr ates ▁and ▁whose ▁wife ▁Rh od ia ▁was ▁often ▁a ▁target ▁of ▁comic ▁po ets ▁( as ▁for ▁example ▁in ▁L ys istr ata ), ▁he ▁is ▁named ▁here ▁merely ▁as ▁another ▁dinner ▁guest ▁with ▁Ph ry n ich us . ▁ ▁At hen ian ▁personal ities ▁▁ ▁Cle onym us : ▁An ▁associate ▁of ▁Cle on ▁and ▁frequently ▁a ▁target ▁in ▁other ▁plays , ▁he ▁is ▁mentioned
▁in ▁lines ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 5 9 2 , ▁ 8 2 2 ▁as ▁the ▁fig ment ▁of ▁a ▁slave ' s ▁dream , ▁as ▁a ▁fl attering ▁patron ▁of ▁jur ors ▁and ▁as ▁the ▁image ▁of ▁the ▁image ▁of ▁the ▁image ▁of ▁the ▁hero ▁Ly c us , ▁and ▁each ▁mention ▁is ▁in ▁relation ▁to ▁a ▁not orious ▁incident ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁threw ▁away ▁his ▁shield . ▁S os ias : ▁Un known ▁otherwise , ▁he ▁is ▁mentioned ▁in ▁line ▁ 7 8 ▁as ▁a ▁well - known ▁tip pler . ▁However ▁this ▁could ▁simply ▁be ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁a ▁character ▁in ▁the ▁play ▁accidentally ▁trans posed ▁into ▁the ▁dialogue ▁by ▁an ▁ancient ▁sc ribe ). ▁Phil ox en us : ▁A ▁not or iously ▁eff ete ▁cat am ite , ▁he ▁becomes ▁the ▁source ▁of ▁a ▁misunder standing ▁in ▁line ▁ 8 4 ▁because ▁his ▁name ▁is ▁a ▁pun ▁for ▁' h osp itable '. ▁P yr il amp es : ▁Pl ato ' s ▁step father ▁and ▁a ▁prominent ▁personality ▁in ▁Per icle an ▁At hens , ▁he ▁is ▁mentioned ▁in ▁line ▁ 9 8 ▁as ▁the ▁father ▁of ▁Dem us , ▁a ▁handsome ▁young ▁man ▁whose ▁name ▁appears ▁around ▁At hens ▁in ▁am orous ▁gra ff iti . ▁Dr ac ont ides : ▁He ▁is ▁named ▁in ▁line ▁ 1 5 7 ▁as ▁somebody ▁await ing ▁trial ▁and ▁because ▁his ▁name ▁is ▁a ▁pun ▁for ▁' ser pent '. ▁Modern ▁scholars ▁have ▁various ▁theories ▁about ▁his ▁identity
▁and ▁spec ulation ▁has ▁even ▁been ▁used ▁to ▁date ▁a ▁treat y ▁between ▁At hens ▁and ▁Ch al c is . ▁Pro x en ides : ▁Phil oc le on ▁would ▁rather ▁be ▁Pro x en ides ▁or ▁smoke ▁or ▁the ▁victim ▁of ▁a ▁thunder bol t ▁than ▁be ▁imprison ed ▁at ▁home ▁any ▁longer , ▁as ▁assert ed ▁in ▁line ▁ 3 2 5 . ▁He ▁is ▁mentioned ▁as ▁a ▁br agg art ▁in ▁The ▁Bird s . ▁G org ias : ▁The ▁famous ▁teacher ▁of ▁rhet oric , ▁he ▁is ▁named ▁in ▁line ▁ 4 2 1 ▁as ▁the ▁father ▁or ▁teacher ▁of ▁Phill ip us , ▁a ▁recent ▁victim ▁of ▁ir ate ▁jur ors . ▁A isch ines : ▁He ▁is ▁mentioned ▁as ▁an ▁associate ▁of ▁Cle on , ▁a ▁syn onym ▁for ▁smoke ▁and ▁a ▁br agg art ▁in ▁lines ▁ 4 5 9 , ▁ 1 2 2 0 , ▁ 1 2 4 2 . ▁He ▁is ▁mentioned ▁also ▁in ▁The ▁Bird s . ▁Eu ath l us : ▁An ▁associate ▁of ▁Cle on ▁and ▁a ▁prosecut or ▁of ▁the ▁aged ▁Th uc yd ides ▁( for ▁which ▁he ▁was ▁mentioned ▁in ▁The ▁Ach arn ians ), ▁he ▁is ▁said ▁by ▁Phil oc le on ▁in ▁line ▁ 5 9 2 ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁patron ▁of ▁jur ors . ▁Other ▁less ▁well - known ▁prosecut ors ▁( Sm icy th ion , ▁Te isi ades , ▁Ch rem on ▁(' Ne edy '), ▁P her ede ip
n us ▁(' Wait er ') ▁and ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Ch aire as ) ▁are ▁named ▁in ▁lines ▁ 4 0 1 , ▁ 6 8 7 . ▁E uchar ides : ▁A ▁gre eng ro cer ▁imm ort al ized ▁with ▁a ▁brief ▁mention ▁in ▁line ▁ 6 8 0 . ▁L ys istr atus : ▁A ▁high - soc iety ▁man - about - town ▁who ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁m util ation ▁of ▁the ▁her ma i ▁in ▁ 4 1 5 , ▁he ▁is ▁mentioned ▁in ▁lines ▁ 7 8 7 ▁and ▁ 1 3 0 2 ▁as ▁a ▁practical ▁j oker ▁who ▁passes ▁off ▁fish ▁scales ▁as ▁coins ▁and ▁who ▁also ▁happens ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁sophisticated ▁dinner ▁guest . ▁He ▁receives ▁ment ions ▁also ▁in ▁other ▁plays . ▁C yn na : ▁A ▁prost itute , ▁her ▁fl ashing ▁eyes ▁are ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁ev oc ative ▁of ▁Cle on ▁in ▁line ▁ 1 0 3 2 . ▁M ory ch us : ▁A ▁not orious ▁g our mand ▁who ▁was ▁possibly ▁also ▁a ▁tragic ▁poet , ▁he ▁is ▁named ▁in ▁lines ▁ 5 0 6 ▁and ▁ 1 1 4 2 ▁as ▁em blem atic ▁of ▁a ▁pam per ed ▁life ▁and ▁because ▁his ▁soldier ' s ▁kit ▁re semb les ▁a ▁Pers ian ▁gown . ▁He ▁is ▁mentioned ▁also ▁in ▁two ▁other ▁plays . ▁Cle ist hen es : ▁A ▁by word ▁for ▁eff em in acy , ▁he ▁is ▁frequently ▁a ▁target ▁for ▁jokes ▁in ▁other
▁plays ▁and ▁appears ▁as ▁a ▁character ▁in ▁The sm op hor iaz us ae . ▁He ▁is ▁mentioned ▁iron ically ▁in ▁line ▁ 1 1 8 7 ▁as ▁another ▁dign itary ▁sent ▁by ▁At hens ▁on ▁a ▁sacred ▁diplom atic ▁mission . ▁Le og or as : ▁The ▁father ▁of ▁the ▁or ator ▁And oc ides , ▁he ▁was ▁lamp oon ed ▁by ▁comic ▁po ets ▁for ▁his ▁wealth ▁and ▁his ▁lux urious ▁lifestyle . ▁He ▁is ▁mentioned ▁in ▁line ▁ 1 2 6 9 ▁as ▁someone ▁whose ▁d inners ▁are ▁a ▁bench mark ▁of ▁cul inary ▁op ul ence . ▁Cha ere ph on : ▁The ▁loyal ▁friend ▁and ▁disc iple ▁of ▁S ocr ates , ▁he ▁appears ▁as ▁the ▁sum mons ▁witness ▁for ▁a ▁female ▁bread ▁vendor ▁and ▁he ▁is ▁compared ▁in ▁lines ▁ 1 4 0 8 – 1 2 ▁to ▁a ▁s allow ▁In o ▁cl inging ▁to ▁the ▁feet ▁of ▁E ur ip ides . ▁He ▁receives ▁ment ions ▁also ▁in ▁two ▁other ▁surviving ▁plays . ▁Pitt al us : ▁A ▁doctor ▁who ▁is ▁mentioned ▁also ▁in ▁Ach arn ians , ▁he ▁is ▁recommended ▁by ▁Phil oc le on ▁in ▁line ▁ 1 4 3 2 ▁to ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁victims ▁of ▁his ▁own ▁drunk en ▁out r ages . ▁ ▁Relig ious ▁and ▁historical ▁ident ities ▁▁ ▁K ory b antes : ▁Associ ated ▁with ▁ec static ▁dancing ▁in ▁the ▁worship ▁of ▁the ▁Ph ry g ian ▁god dess ▁Cy be le , ▁they ▁are ▁referred ▁to
▁in ▁lines ▁ 8 ▁and ▁ 1 1 9 ▁as ▁examples ▁of ▁man ic ▁behaviour . ▁They ▁are ▁mentioned ▁also ▁in ▁later ▁plays . ▁Sab az ius : ▁Another ▁Ph ry g ian ▁div inity ▁associated ▁with ▁man ic ▁behaviour , ▁mentioned ▁here ▁in ▁line ▁ 9 ▁and ▁also ▁in ▁later ▁plays . ▁Her acles : ▁A ▁hero ▁in ▁myth , ▁he ▁is ▁a ▁stock ▁joke ▁for ▁gl utton y ▁in ▁comedy . ▁He ▁is ▁mentioned ▁in ▁that ▁capacity ▁here ▁in ▁line ▁ 6 0 ▁and ▁he ▁even ▁appears ▁as ▁a ▁gl utton ous ▁buff oon ▁in ▁two ▁later ▁plays , ▁The ▁Bird s ▁and ▁The ▁Fro gs . ▁Od ys se us : ▁A ▁hero ▁in ▁myth , ▁he ▁is ▁a ▁pro verb ▁for ▁c unning ▁sub ter f uge , ▁as ▁indicated ▁in ▁lines ▁ 1 8 1 ▁and ▁ 3 5 1 . ▁D ict yn na : ▁Origin ally ▁a ▁C ret an ▁god dess ▁of ▁hunting , ▁associated ▁with ▁Mount ▁D ic te , ▁she ▁is ▁ev oked ▁by ▁Phil oc le on ▁in ▁line ▁ 3 6 8 ▁as ▁he ▁che ws ▁on ▁a ▁net ▁( dict u on ), ▁possibly ▁as ▁a ▁pun ▁though ▁she ▁was ▁in ▁fact ▁identified ▁with ▁Art em is , ▁the ▁god dess ▁of ▁hunting ▁n ets . ▁D io pe it hes : ▁A ▁religious ▁ze al ot ▁who ▁once ▁proposed ▁a ▁dec ree ▁for ▁the ▁im pe achment ▁of ▁at he ists ▁and ▁astronom ers , ▁his ▁name ▁appears ▁in
▁line ▁ 3 8 0 ▁as ▁an ▁iron ic ▁syn onym ▁for ▁Ze us . ▁He ▁receives ▁ment ions ▁also ▁in ▁two ▁other ▁plays . ▁Ly c us : ▁An ▁At hen ian ▁hero , ▁possibly ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Pand ion , ▁he ▁is ▁mentioned ▁in ▁lines ▁ 3 8 9 ▁and ▁ 8 1 9 ▁because ▁his ▁shr ine ▁is ▁adjacent ▁to ▁the ▁court ▁named ▁after ▁him . ▁Cec ro ps : ▁The ▁myth ical ▁first ▁king ▁of ▁At hens , ▁he ▁is ▁invoked ▁by ▁Phil oc le on ▁in ▁line ▁ 4 3 8 ▁as ▁his ▁def ender ▁against ▁his ▁son ' s ▁slaves ▁because ▁they ▁are ▁foreign ers . ▁He ▁is ▁mentioned ▁also ▁in ▁two ▁other ▁surviving ▁plays . ▁H ippi as : ▁A ▁by word ▁in ▁At hens ▁for ▁t yr anny , ▁he ▁is ▁mentioned ▁in ▁that ▁capacity ▁here ▁in ▁line ▁ 5 0 2 ▁and ▁also ▁in ▁other ▁plays . ▁E ury cles : ▁A ▁prop het ▁with ▁abilities ▁as ▁a ▁vent ril o qu ist , ▁he ▁is ▁mentioned ▁in ▁line ▁ 1 0 1 9 ▁as ▁the ▁met aphor ▁of ▁a ▁comic ▁poet ▁whose ▁plays ▁are ▁produced ▁in ▁somebody ▁else ' s ▁name . ▁Har mod ius : ▁A ▁famous ▁t yr ann icide , ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁favourite ▁theme ▁for ▁sc olia , ▁as ▁here ▁in ▁line ▁ 1 2 2 5 . ▁He ▁is ▁named ▁also ▁in ▁three ▁other ▁surviving ▁plays . ▁Ad met us : ▁A ▁legendary ▁The ss al ian ▁king
▁and ▁the ▁husband ▁of ▁Al c est is , ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁a ▁popular ▁sc ol ion , ▁as ▁in ▁line ▁ 1 2 3 8 . ▁ ▁Foreign ▁ident ities ▁▁ ▁Bras idas : ▁The ▁leading ▁Sp art an ▁general ▁of ▁the ▁time , ▁he ▁is ▁mentioned ▁by ▁the ▁Ch orus ▁in ▁line ▁ 4 7 5 ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁B d ely cle on ' s ▁associ ates . ▁E ph oud ion : ▁an ▁ath lete ▁from ▁Arc ad ia ▁and ▁a ▁vict or ▁at ▁the ▁Olympics ▁in ▁ 4 6 4 ▁BC , ▁he ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁have ▁performed ▁well ▁in ▁a ▁recent ▁contest ▁against ▁a ▁much ▁younger ▁opponent , ▁As cond as , ▁as ▁mentioned ▁in ▁lines ▁ 1 1 9 1 ▁and ▁ 1 3 8 3 . ▁Ph a ull us : ▁A ▁famous ▁ath lete ▁who ▁once ▁commanded ▁the ▁only ▁Italian ▁ship ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Sal am is ▁in ▁ 4 8 0 ▁BC , ▁he ▁is ▁said ▁by ▁Phil oc les ▁in ▁lines ▁ 1 2 0 6 - 7 ▁to ▁have ▁lost ▁to ▁him ▁in ▁court ▁on ▁a ▁charge ▁of ▁ab usive ▁language . ▁Pen est es : ▁The ss al ian ▁ser fs , ▁they ▁are ▁the ▁bench mark ▁of ▁poverty , ▁as ▁indicated ▁in ▁line ▁ 1 2 7 3 . ▁ ▁Dis cussion ▁Some ▁scholars ▁regard ▁The ▁Was ps ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁greatest ▁comed ies ▁in ▁literature . ▁Var ious ▁factors ▁contribute ▁to ▁its ▁appeal ,
▁as ▁for ▁example : ▁The ▁central ▁figure , ▁Phil oc le on , ▁is ▁a ▁' tri umph ▁of ▁character ization '; ▁The ▁jur ors ▁have ▁been ▁considered ▁the ▁most ▁vivid ly ▁realized ▁Ch orus ▁in ▁Old ▁Com edy ; ▁The ▁jur or ' s ▁son ▁has ▁been ▁viewed ▁as ▁the ▁most ▁lif el ike ▁child ▁in ▁Greek ▁drama . ▁Phil oc le on ▁is ▁a ▁complex ▁character ▁whose ▁actions ▁have ▁comic ▁significance , ▁psychological ▁significance ▁and ▁alleg or ical ▁significance . ▁When , ▁for ▁example , ▁he ▁strikes ▁his ▁son ▁for ▁taking ▁the ▁dancing ▁girl ▁away , ▁the ▁violence ▁is ▁comic ▁because ▁it ▁is ▁unexpected ▁of ▁an ▁old ▁man ▁yet ▁it ▁is ▁psych ologically ▁appropriate ▁because ▁he ▁is ▁struggling ▁to ▁overcome ▁an ▁addiction ▁and ▁it ▁represents ▁in ▁alleg or ical ▁form ▁the ▁theme ▁expressed ▁by ▁the ▁Ch orus ▁in ▁the ▁par ab asis : ▁the ▁old ▁customs ▁are ▁better ▁and ▁more ▁man ly ▁than ▁the ▁new ▁f ash ions . ▁When ▁the ▁play ▁opens , ▁Phil oc le on ▁is ▁a ▁prisoner ▁of ▁his ▁son ▁and , ▁when ▁the ▁Ch orus ▁enters , ▁the ▁old ▁jur ors ▁are ▁found ▁to ▁be ▁virtual ▁prisoners ▁of ▁their ▁sons ▁too ▁– ▁they ▁rely ▁on ▁the ▁boys ▁to ▁help ▁them ▁through ▁the ▁dark , ▁mud dy ▁streets . ▁The ▁Ch orus ▁leader ' s ▁boy ▁takes ▁full ▁advantage ▁of ▁the ▁situation , ▁threatening ▁to ▁abandon ▁his ▁elderly ▁father ▁if ▁he ▁won ' t ▁buy ▁him ▁some ▁fig s . ▁The ▁deb il itating ▁effects ▁of ▁old
▁age ▁and ▁the ▁de human izing ▁effects ▁of ▁an ▁addiction ▁( Phil oc le on ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁re semble ▁a ▁jack d aw , ▁a ▁mouse , ▁a ▁lim pet , ▁smoke , ▁a ▁don key ' s ▁fo al , ▁a ▁cut ▁of ▁meat , ▁Od ys se us ▁and ▁Nobody ) ▁are ▁som ber ▁themes ▁that ▁lift ▁the ▁action ▁beyond ▁the ▁scope ▁of ▁a ▁mere ▁far ce . ▁ ▁The ▁Was ps ▁and ▁Old ▁Com edy ▁The ▁Was ps ▁has ▁been ▁thought ▁to ▁exempl ify ▁all ▁the ▁convent ions ▁of ▁Old ▁Com edy ▁at ▁their ▁best ▁– ▁structural ▁elements ▁that ▁are ▁common ▁to ▁most ▁of ▁Arist oph anes ' ▁plays ▁are ▁all ▁found ▁in ▁this ▁play ▁in ▁a ▁complete ▁and ▁readily ▁ident ifiable ▁form . ▁The ▁table ▁below ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁one ▁scholar ' s ▁interpretation ▁of ▁the ▁play ' s ▁structural ▁elements ▁and ▁the ▁poet ic ▁meters ▁associated ▁with ▁them . ▁ ▁Mis cell aneous ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 9 , ▁the ▁English ▁composer ▁Ralph ▁V augh an ▁Williams ▁created ▁popular ▁incident al ▁music ▁for ▁the ▁play ▁– ▁see ▁The ▁Was ps ▁( V augh an ▁Williams ). ▁ ▁Trans l ations ▁ ▁William ▁James ▁H ick ie , ▁ 1 8 5 3 ▁– ▁pro se , ▁full ▁text ▁ ▁Benjamin ▁B . ▁Rogers , ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁– ▁verse ▁ ▁Arthur ▁S . ▁Way , ▁ 1 9 3 4 ▁– ▁verse ▁ ▁Dou glass ▁Parker , ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁–
▁verse ▁ ▁Alan ▁H . ▁Som mer stein , ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁– ▁pro se ▁and ▁verse ▁ ▁Un known ▁transl ator ▁– ▁pro se : ▁full ▁text ▁ ▁Peter ▁Me ine ck , ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁– ▁pro se ▁ ▁George ▁Theod or id is , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁– ▁pro se : ▁full ▁text ▁ ▁The ▁Att ic ist , ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁– ▁pro se ▁and ▁verse ▁with ▁comment ary : ▁full ▁text ▁ ▁Moses ▁H adas : ▁available ▁for ▁digital ▁loan ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : Pl ays ▁by ▁Arist oph anes ▁Category : An c ient ▁Greek ▁law ▁Category : Pl ays ▁about ▁slavery ▁Category : Pl ays ▁set ▁in ▁ancient ▁Greece ▁Category : F ict ional ▁H ym en opter a <0x0A> </s> ▁R ak ha ▁M ines ▁railway ▁station ▁is ▁a ▁railway ▁station ▁on ▁How rah – N ag pur – M umb ai ▁line ▁under ▁K har ag pur ▁railway ▁division ▁of ▁South ▁Eastern ▁Railway ▁zone . ▁It ▁is ▁situated ▁at ▁R ak ha ▁M ines , ▁K ul di ha ▁in ▁East ▁Singh bh um ▁ ▁district ▁in ▁the ▁Indian ▁state ▁of ▁J h ark hand . ▁It ▁is ▁ ▁from ▁T atan ag ar ▁Jun ction . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁in ▁East ▁Singh bh um ▁district ▁Category : K har ag pur ▁railway ▁division <0x0A> </s> ▁Ant ón io ▁José ▁da ▁Silva ▁G
arr ido ▁O I H ▁( 3 ▁December ▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁– ▁ 1 0 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 4 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Portuguese ▁football ▁ref eree . ▁ ▁Career ▁Born ▁in ▁V ie ira ▁de ▁Le ir ia , ▁Mar in ha ▁Grande , ▁G arr ido ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁Portuguese ▁ref eree ▁to ▁off ici ate ▁a ▁European ▁Cup ▁final ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁He ▁ref ere ed ▁three ▁matches ▁in ▁the ▁FIFA ▁World ▁Cup , ▁two ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁and ▁one ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁– ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁place ▁play - off ▁match . ▁He ▁also ▁ref ere ed ▁one ▁match ▁in ▁the ▁UEFA ▁Euro ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁leg ▁of ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁European ▁Super ▁Cup . ▁ ▁On ▁ 3 ▁August ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁G arr ido ▁received ▁the ▁title ▁of ▁Officer ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Prince ▁Henry . ▁Although ▁he ▁was ▁an ▁account ant ▁by ▁profession , ▁he ▁continued ▁involved ▁in ▁football ▁after ▁his ▁forced ▁retirement ▁as ▁a ▁ref eree ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁due ▁to ▁age ▁limit . ▁He ▁then ▁had ▁several ▁positions , ▁becoming ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁F PF ' s ▁Referee ing ▁Board ▁( for ▁ 4 ▁years ), ▁FIFA ▁ref eree ▁instructor , ▁UEFA ▁observer , ▁and ▁ref ere es ▁commission er ▁in ▁World ▁Cup s ▁( for ▁ 2 0 ▁years ). ▁ ▁In ▁ 2
0 0 5 , ▁G arr ido ▁was ▁heard ▁as ▁a ▁witness ▁in ▁Portuguese ▁corruption ▁scandal ▁Ap ito ▁D our ado ▁( Gold en ▁Wh ist le ) ▁for ▁being ▁t apped ▁talking ▁to ▁P into ▁de ▁S ous a ▁( Ch air man ▁of ▁the ▁F PF ' s ▁Referee ing ▁Board ) ▁and ▁Valent im ▁Lou re iro ▁( Ch air man ▁of ▁the ▁Portuguese ▁League ▁for ▁Professional ▁Football ). ▁▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁World ▁Cup ▁G arr ido ▁off ici ated ▁the ▁match ▁between ▁the ▁hosts ▁Argentina ▁and ▁Hung ary . ▁ ▁UEFA ▁Euro ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁ ▁G arr ido ▁also ▁off ici ated ▁the ▁match ▁between ▁Italy ▁and ▁Belgium ▁at ▁UEFA ▁Euro ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁and ▁death ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁G arr ido ▁admitted ▁to ▁have ▁become ▁a ▁supp orter ▁of ▁FC ▁Port o , ▁despite ▁being ▁himself ▁a ▁declared ▁supp orter ▁of ▁Sport ing ▁CP ▁before ▁ending ▁his ▁ref eree ▁career . ▁He ▁was ▁accused ▁of ▁collabor ating ▁with ▁the ▁former ▁club , ▁a ▁claim ▁which ▁he ▁denied . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 0 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁he ▁died ▁after ▁a ▁long ▁illness . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 4 ▁deaths ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Le ir ia ▁District ▁Category : Port ug uese ▁football ▁ref ere es ▁Category : FI FA ▁World ▁Cup
▁ref ere es ▁Category : 1 9 7 8 ▁FIFA ▁World ▁Cup ▁ref ere es ▁Category : 1 9 8 2 ▁FIFA ▁World ▁Cup ▁ref ere es ▁Category : UE FA ▁Euro ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁ref ere es <0x0A> </s> ▁Advanced ▁therm opl astic ▁compos ites ▁( AC M ) ▁have ▁a ▁high ▁strength ▁fib res ▁held ▁together ▁by ▁a ▁therm opl astic ▁matrix . ▁Advanced ▁therm opl astic ▁compos ites ▁are ▁becoming ▁more ▁widely ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁a eros pace , ▁marine , ▁autom otive ▁and ▁energy ▁industry . ▁This ▁is ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁decre asing ▁cost ▁and ▁superior ▁strength ▁to ▁weight ▁rat ios , ▁over ▁metall ic ▁parts . ▁Adv ance ▁therm opl astic ▁composite ▁have ▁excellent ▁damage ▁tolerance , ▁cor ros ion ▁res istant , ▁high ▁fract ure ▁tough ness , ▁high ▁impact ▁resistance , ▁good ▁fat igue ▁resistance , ▁low ▁storage ▁cost , ▁and ▁infinite ▁shelf ▁life . ▁Th erm opl astic ▁compos ites ▁also ▁have ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁be ▁formed ▁and ▁reform ed , ▁rep aired ▁and ▁fusion ▁wel ded . ▁ ▁F usion ▁bond ing ▁fundament als ▁ ▁F usion ▁bond ing ▁is ▁a ▁category ▁of ▁techniques ▁for ▁wel ding ▁therm opl astic ▁compos ites . ▁It ▁requires ▁the ▁mel ting ▁of ▁the ▁joint ▁interface , ▁which ▁decre ases ▁the ▁vis cos ity ▁of ▁the ▁poly mer ▁and ▁allows ▁for ▁inter m ole cular ▁diffusion . ▁These ▁poly mer ▁chains ▁then ▁diff use ▁across ▁the ▁joint ▁interface ▁and ▁become ▁ent angled , ▁giving ▁the ▁joint
▁its ▁strength . ▁ ▁Wel ding ▁techniques ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁many ▁wel ding ▁techniques ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁fusion ▁bond ▁therm opl astic ▁compos ites . ▁These ▁different ▁techniques ▁can ▁be ▁broken ▁down ▁into ▁three ▁class ifications ▁for ▁their ▁ways ▁of ▁generating ▁heat ; ▁fr ict ional ▁heating , ▁external ▁heating ▁and ▁elect romag netic ▁heating . ▁Some ▁of ▁these ▁techniques ▁can ▁be ▁very ▁limited ▁and ▁only ▁used ▁for ▁specific ▁joint s ▁and ▁ge omet ries . ▁ ▁Fr iction ▁wel ding ▁ ▁Fr iction ▁wel ding ▁is ▁best ▁used ▁for ▁parts ▁that ▁are ▁small ▁and ▁flat . ▁The ▁wel ding ▁equipment ▁is ▁often ▁expensive , ▁but ▁produces ▁high - quality ▁wel ds . ▁ ▁Line ar ▁vibr ation ▁wel ding ▁ ▁Two ▁flat ▁parts ▁are ▁brought ▁together ▁under ▁pressure ▁with ▁one ▁fixed ▁in ▁place ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁vibr ating ▁back - and - for th ▁parallel ▁to ▁the ▁joint . ▁Fr ict ional ▁heat ▁is ▁then ▁generated ▁till ▁the ▁pol ym ers ▁are ▁soft ened ▁or ▁melt ed . ▁Once ▁the ▁desired ▁temperature ▁is ▁met , ▁the ▁vibr ation ▁motion ▁stops , ▁the ▁poly mer ▁solid ifies ▁and ▁a ▁w eld ▁joint ▁is ▁made . ▁The ▁two ▁most ▁important ▁wel ding ▁parameters ▁that ▁affect ▁the ▁mechanical ▁performance ▁are ▁wel ding ▁pressure ▁and ▁time . ▁Develop ing ▁parameters ▁for ▁different ▁advance ▁therm opl astic ▁composite ▁can ▁be ▁challenging ▁because ▁the ▁high ▁el astic ▁mod ulus ▁of ▁the ▁material ▁will ▁have ▁a ▁higher ▁heat ▁generation , ▁requiring ▁less ▁w eld ▁time . ▁The
▁pressure ▁can ▁affect ▁the ▁fiber ▁orientation ▁which ▁also ▁greatly ▁impact ▁the ▁mechanical ▁performance . ▁Lap ▁she ar ▁joint s ▁tend ▁to ▁have ▁the ▁best ▁mechanical ▁performance ▁from ▁the ▁higher ▁volume ▁fraction ▁of ▁fib ers ▁at ▁the ▁w eld ▁interface . ▁Overall ▁linear ▁vibr ation ▁wel ding ▁can ▁achieve ▁high ▁production ▁rates ▁with ▁excellent ▁strength , ▁but ▁is ▁limited ▁to ▁the ▁joint ▁ge omet ries ▁that ▁are ▁flat . ▁ ▁Sp in ▁wel ding ▁ ▁Sp in ▁wel ding ▁is ▁not ▁a ▁very ▁common ▁wel ding ▁technique ▁for ▁advanced ▁therm opl astic ▁compos ites ▁because ▁this ▁can ▁only ▁be ▁done ▁with ▁parts ▁that ▁have ▁a ▁circular ▁geometry . ▁This ▁is ▁done ▁by ▁one ▁part ▁remaining ▁station ary ▁while ▁the ▁other ▁is ▁continuously ▁rot ated ▁with ▁pressure ▁applied ▁to ▁the ▁w eld ▁interface . ▁Rot ational ▁velocity ▁will ▁vary ▁throughout ▁different ▁rad ii ▁of ▁the ▁Inter face . ▁This ▁will ▁result ▁in ▁a ▁temperature ▁gradient ▁as ▁a ▁function ▁of ▁the ▁radius , ▁resulting ▁in ▁different ▁shr ink age ▁for ▁the ▁fib ers ▁causing ▁high ▁resid ual ▁stress es . ▁The ▁orientation ▁of ▁the ▁fib ers ▁will ▁also ▁contribute ▁to ▁high ▁resid ual ▁stress ▁and ▁reduction ▁in ▁strength . ▁ ▁Ul tr ason ic ▁wel ding ▁ ▁Ul tr ason ics ▁wel ding ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁commonly ▁used ▁technique ▁for ▁wel ding ▁advanced ▁therm opl astic ▁compos ites . ▁This ▁is ▁due ▁for ▁its ▁ability ▁to ▁maintain ▁high ▁w eld ▁strength , ▁her metic ▁se aling , ▁and ▁high ▁production ▁rates . ▁This ▁wel