sentence: Although previous studies have investigated odor associations ( e.g ., Belkin et al ., 1997 ; Crisinel et al ., 2013 ; Spence , 2020c ; Deroy et al ., 2013 ; de Valk et al ., 2017 ) and the development of odor identification ( Cain et al ., 1995 ; Cavazzana et al ., 2017 ; Goubet et al ., 2014 ; Lehrner et al ., 1999 ; Monnery-Patris et al ., 2009 ) , few studies have systematically investigated associations between odors and a range of perceptual modalities using real perceptual stimuli in the same participants .