sentence: No serious problem of multicollinearity was observed ; the mean VIF was < 2 for all exploratory variables in both multivariable models.Female sex ( p < 0.001 ) , being married ( p < 0.001 ) , pain intensity ( p < 0.001 ) , and pain frequency ( all p < 0.001 ) were positively associated with the APSs , while the age groups of 80 – 84 and ≥ 85 years ( p < 0.01 ) , total GWBS ( p < 0.001 ) , and EQ-5D-VAS ( p < 0.001 ) were negatively associated with the APSs ( Table 3 , multivariable model 1 ) .