sentence: Previous studies implicated the ERAD complexes in the recognition , ubiquitination , and retrotranslocation of substrates ( Baldridge and Rapoport , 2016 , Carvalho et al ., 2010 , Christianson et al ., 2011 , Denic et al ., 2006 , Gauss et al ., 2006 , Stein et al ., 2014 ) .